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A stereo FM radio transmission system with FMX transmission and reception capability includes a transmitter that transmits a pilot-coherent FMX-tone indicator signal at a frequency of an exact integer submultiple of the pilot frequency. The system also includes a receiver for dividing the frequency of the received pilot signal by various submultiples, nearly equal to the exact submultiple, toward quickly finding a match in phase of the received tone and the received pilot and finally dividing the pilot by the exact submultiple to establish an operational lock mode of the receiver tone detector to keep-on an FMX-indicator lamp, to change the receiver decoder to an FMX-reception operating mode and to stand by to quickly recapture the pilot and FMX-tone in the event of multipath or other interfering signals.
1. A stereo FM radio transmission system of the type including a transmitter and at least one remote receiver, wherein said transmitter comprises a signal generator means for generating a supersonic subcarrier and a quadrature subcarrier which is of the same frequency and is 90° out of phase with the subcarrier; means for generating a supersonic pilot signal having a frequency that is an integer sub-multiple of the frequency of the subcarrier; means for forming a composite signal by combining stereophonically related audio left (L) and right (R) signals to form an M-band that is the audio signal sum L+R, for forming an S-band and an S'-band that are respectively sidebands of the subcarrier and the quadrature subcarrier after being AM modulated respectively by the L-R signal and a compressed L-R signal; an adder means for summing the M-band, the S- band and S'-bands, and the pilot signal to form the composite signal; a means for FM modulating a high frequency FM-carrier signal by the composite signal and for effecting radio transmission of the FM-modulated FM-carrier; and
said system including at least one FM receiver comprising means operative in response to the reception of the FM modulated signal for recovering the composite signal, and means in said receiver for recovering the L-R and compressed L-R difference signals from the S-band and S'-band components respectively of the composite signal, wherein the improvement comprises;
said transmitter additionally comprising a tone generating means for generating a subaudible tone-indicator signal of frequency that is an integer sub-multiple of and is phase coherent with respect to said pilot frequency; and an amplitude modulating and adding means connected to said tone generator means and to said subcarrier generating means for generating and adding to the composite signal a quadrature-subcarrier signal that is AM modulated by the tone indicator signal;
said receiver additionally comprising means for demodulating said S-band and said S'band signals; a tone signal detecting means for detecting the tone-indicator signal; a phase-locked loop comprised of a dividing means for dividing the frequency of the pilot signal by said integer submultiple to provide a reference signal and means for comparing the reference signal with said subaudible-tone-indicator signal; and an enabling means connected to said phase-locked loop for enabling combining and maintaining the combining of the L-R S-band and the L-R S'-band signals only when the subaudible-tone-indicator signal is found to be of exactly the same frequency and phase as are the frequency and phase of the reference signal.
2. A tone detector comprising:
(a) a composite-signal input conductor adapted for connection to a source of a stereo composite signal that includes a pilot signal of a supersonic frequency and a sideband of a suppressed subcarrier signal which has a frequency that is an integer multiple of the supersonic frequency, the subcarrier signal also being modulated by a tone component of sub-audible frequency that is a predetermined integer submultiple of the pilot frequency;
(b) a demodulator means connected to said input conductor for retrieving the supersonic tone component;
(c) a pilot detector means connected to said input conductor for retrieving the pilot signal; and
(d) a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit means comprised of a phase-locked loop having a tone-signal input connected to the output of said demodulator and having a pilot-signal input connected to the output of said pilot detector means
for when during a period corresponding to a PLL tone indicator operating mode, dividing the frequency of the retrieved pilot signal to generate a first-reference signal of frequency that is an another integer submultiple of the pilot frequency which another submultiple is different than but within 5-10% of said predetermined integer submultiple; and
for generating in said loop the product of the tone component and first reference signal which product is a first beat note signal of frequency that is the difference between the frequencies of the tone component and the first-reference signals; and
for providing a unique indication output signal level to indicate the presence of the tone-component signal in the composite signal when the first beat note signal has an amplitude exceeding a predetermined value.
3. The tone detector of claim 2 additionally comprising an indicator lamp, connected to said PLL circuit means, for being illuminated only when the unique indication output signal is present.
4. The tone detector of claim 2 wherein said PLL circuit means is additionally for after the tone-indicator-mode period, dividing in a later period, corresponding to a simulated lock mode, the frequency of the retrieved pilot signal to alternately generate a pair of second-reference signals of frequencies which are equally greater and less than the pilot frequency divided by the predetermined submultiple and are within 0.03 to 3% of the tone signal frequency, and generating in said loop a product signal of the tone and the pair of second reference signals to further indicate the presence of the tone component in the composite signal.
5. The tone detector of claim 4 wherein the pilot signal frequency is 19 Khz and the predetermined integer submultiple is 1920.
6. The tone detector of claim 5 wherein the different integer submultiple is 2048.
7. The tone detector of claim 2 wherein said PLL circuit means is comprised of a phase-locked loop including a level detector means connected to the output of said demodulator means for generating one type logical signal when the beat note signal and thus the tone signal are absent in said loop and for generating the unique indication signal when the tone signal is present in said loop and the beat note signal has peak values exceeding a fixed magnitude.
8. The tone detector of claim 7 wherein said PLL circuit means additionally includes a frequency divider means having a main input connected to the output of said pilot detector means and having a multiple-logical-control-signals input, for dividing the pilot signal frequency by the another integer submultiple only when the combination of the control signals at said multiple-logical-control-signals input includes a first binary control signal in one binary state and additionally for dividing the pilot signal frequency by the predetermined integer submultiple only when the combination of the control signals includes the first binary control signal in the other binary state.
9. The tone detector of claim 8 wherein said PLL means additionally includes a multiplier circuit having a reference-signal input that is connected to the output of said frequency divider means and having a tone-input that is connected to the output of said demodulator means for producing a difference signal that is the product of the signals at said reference-signal input and at said tone-input to produce said beat note signal, the multiplier circuit output connected to the input of said level detector means.
10. The tone detector of claim 9 wherein said PLL circuit means additionally includes a divider-controller means, having an input connected to the output of said level detector and an output connected to said at least one logical-control inputs of said divider means, for causing said divider means to generate the first or second reference signal and at any moment for producing at the output of said multiplier circuit means the products of the tone and the reference signal present at that moment.
11. A tone detector comprising:
(a) a composite-signal input conductor adapted for connection to a composite signal source the composite signal having (1) a pilot signal, and (2) at least one AM sideband of a suppressed subcarrier signal wherein the side band includes an audio portion and a subsonic tone component of frequency that is phase-coherent with and is a predetermined integer submultiple of the pilot frequency;
(b) demodulator means connected to said input conductor for retrieving the subsonic tone component;
(c) reference signal generator means having a main input connected to said input conductor for detecting the pilot signal and having a control input (1) for in a first period when a control signal of one kind is applied to said control input, dividing the pilot frequency by a factor that is near but not equal to the predetermined submultiple and (2) for in another period when a control signal of another kind is applied to said control input, dividing the pilot frequency by a factor that is exactly equal to the predetermined factor, and for both conditions (1) and (2) generating an in-phase and quad-phase reference signal at one and another generator outputs respectively;
(d) multiplier phase comparator means connected to said one generator output of said reference signal generating means and to said demodulator means for mixing the reference signal and the demodulated composite signal;
(e) level detector means connected to said multiplier means for producing a tone-indicator signal only during a tone-indicator operating mode when the amplitude of the mixed signal in said multiplier means exceeds a preestablished level; and
(f) divider control means connected to the output of said level detector means and having an output connected to said divider-means control input for producing a control signal of the one kind when the tone indicator signal is not present at the level detector means output and for producing a control signal of the another kind when the tone indicator is present.
12. The tone detector of claim 11 wherein the first kind signal from divider control means is a search mode initiating signal to said divider means when said tone component of said composite signal is absent and the another kind signal is a lock mode initiating signal to said divider means when said tone component is present, said reference signal generator means having switchable search and lock operating modes for generating the in-phase reference signal by dividing the pilot frequency by a number which is unequal but close to said predetermined integer sub-multiple when operating in the search mode and by dividing the pilot frequency by said predetermined sub-multiple when operating in the lock mode.
13. The tone detector of claim 12 wherein the quad-reference signal is shifted 90° in phase with respect to the in-phase reference signal, and said tone detector is additionally comprised of a zero-crossing detector means connected to said another output of said reference signal generating means, for producing a logical one signal when the product of the tone signal and the quadrature signal has one polarity and producing a logical zero signal when the product of the tone signal and the quadrature signal has the opposite polarity.
14. The tone detector of claim 13 additionally comprising a polarity detector means connected to the output of said multiplier comparator means for producing a square wave signal of the same frequency and phase as is the signal at the output of said multiplier phase-comparator means.
15. The tone detector of claim 13 additionally comprising a first time delay means for terminating the indicator period after a predetemined time amounting to about 100 msec.
16. The tone detector of claim 15 wherein said divider control means, is for during said phase search operating mode, choosing and producing one of a pair of second-reference signals of frequencies which are equally greater and less respectively than the pilot frequency divided by the predetermined integer submultiple, the pair of frequencies being the pilot frequency divided by twin submultiples that are within ±0.03 to ±3% of the integer submultiple, to cause said tone detector to operate in the matter of a conventional phase-locked loop locked to the tone-signal frequency, when the exact-integer-submultiple divided pilot signal and the incoming tone signal are either exactly in phase or exactly 180° out of phase.
17. The tone detector of claim 16 wherein the signal output of the zero-crossing detector means is connected to said control input of the divider control means, and the output of said polarity means is connected to said divider control means and said divider control means is additionally for, producing a divider control signal having a square waveform of the same frequency but 180° out of phase with the output signal of the zero-crossing detector and causing said tone detector to lock at either the exact tone-signal phase or 180° out of phase with the tone signal.
18. The tone detector of claim 17 additionally comprising a second time delay means connected to said divider control means to terminate the simulated PLL lock mode after approximately two seconds by enabling generation of the lock mode signal, causing said divider means to divide the pilot signal frequency by exactly said predetermined submultiple, and initiating the lock operating mode.
19. The tone detector of claim 1 additionally comprising a single pole low pass filter connected between said multiplier means and said level detector means, having a 6 db-down/octive and a 3 db-down point of about 0.6 Hz.
This invention relates to detectors in an FM stereo receiver for detecting a tone in a multiplexed stereo radio signal, and more particularly for detection of an FMX indicator tone and then for switching the operating mode of the receiver from standard stereo mode to FMX stereo mode.
"FMX" and "FMX Stereo" are TRADEMARKS of Broadcast Technology Partners, Bloomfield Hills, Mich. FMX broadcasting of stereo FM signals entails broadcasting the conventional FM signal modulated with a multiplexed stereo composite signal that includes the standard low frequency M-band containing the L+R audio signal, the standard 19 Khz pilot signal, and the standard S-band containing the AM modulated L-R audio signal with a suppressed 38 Khz/0° subcarrier. The broadcast FMX composite signal additionally includes within the frequency spectrum of the standard S-band, a companded (amplitude compressed) version of the L-R, signal herein referenced to as an S'-band, having a suppressed phase-shifted subcarrier of 38 Khz/90°. The angle is taken relative to the phase (zero crossings) of the 19 Khz pilot.
This FMX transmission is compatible with standard FM stereo receivers that will be capable of providing stereo reception of the FMX broadcast signal but without the FMX reception advantage. An FMX receiver, however, will be capable of receiving that FMX transmitted signal over a greater physical range. An FMX receiver includes a composite-signal decoding circuit with a 38 Khz/0° subcarrier generator and a multiplier to produce the conventional L-R (the left audio minus the right audio) signal, but in addition includes a decoding circuit with a 38 Khz/90° subcarrier generator and a multiplier to produce a second L-R audio frequency signal. That second L-R audio signal that was companded and transmitted modulated on the subcarrier that is 90° out of phase with the conventional subcarrier carrying the L-R signal, is then passed through an expander circuit in the receiver to restore it to its original condition as it was before being companded in the transmitter. The expanded L-R S'-band and S-band signals are demodulated then summed and combined with the L+R M-band in a standard matrixing circuit in the receiver for producing separate left audio and right audio signals, as is more fully explained by Torick et al in U.S. Pat No. 4,485,483 issued Nov. 27, 1984 and now assigned to Broadcast Technology Partners. An FMX transmitter and receiver are shown respectively in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.
When an FMX-capable receiver is tuned to a non-FMX stereo transmission, it is necessary to disconnect the second L-R audio signal (demodulated from the S'-band) to avoid noise and distortion. The suppressed subcarrier 38 Khz/90° of the S'-band is AM-modulated with a tone of subaudible frequency to serve as an FMX indicator tone that can be detected in the receiver and used in the receiver to switch in the S'-band decoder circuits and thus enable FMX-mode receiver operation. The detection of the tone also is used to turn on a lamp indicating to the listener that an FMX-type signal is being received. A tone frequency of about 10 Hz is usually chosen.
A tone detector circuit used in receivers of the prior art is illustrated in FIG. 2. This circuit is basically the same phase-locked loop circuit as has been employed in conventional FM stereo radios to detect the 19 Khz pilot.
Tone detector circuit 10 of FIG. 2 has an input conductor 12 typically connected to the output of a 38 Khz/90° demodulator 14 having an input connected to the composite signal conductor 13 at the output of the discriminator of the FMX receiver. This FMX composite signal includes the 10 Hz FMX indicator-tone. Referring to the prior art tone detector 10 of FIG. 3, the demodulator signal is passed through a three-pole low pass filter 15 having a bandpass at 3 db down of about 100 Hz or lower that removes almost all but the 10 Hz tone indicator signal. The output of filter 15 is connected to a mixer 16 that is in turn connected to a level detector 18 via a low pass filter 20. When the FMX tone is detected, the output of the level detector 18 changes from one state or level to another indicating at conductor 17 the reception of an FMX signal transmission. The output of filter 15 is also connected to the phase-locked loop reference signal generator 11 that includes a mixer 22, a single pole low pass filter 24, an oscillator circuit 26 that locks up at a multiple (e.g. 32) of the 10 Hz tone signal, and a frequency divider 28 that divides the 25 oscillator frequency by the same multiple factor (e.g. 32).
Filter 15 removes most of the quadrature L-R audio from the signal presented at the input 12. The low pass filter 20 removes or greatly reduces signal components above about 10 Hz. The voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) 26 is phase-locked to a multiple of the tone signal and the frequency divider 28 divides by the same multiple and provides at output 30 a 10 Hz/0° signal in phase with the incoming 10 Hz tone component of the phase-shifted (quadrature) L-R audio signal (S') at input 12, while at output 32 the quadrature-phase shifted 10 Hz/90° signal is produced for closing the phase-locked loop. The level detector output at conductor 17 is the tone indicator signal, and is also the mode-switch control signal.
Alternative to the phase-locked loop tone detector of FIG. 3 is a detector (not shown) having at least one multipole low pass filter and a counter for dividing down from the 19 Khz pilot signal by 1920 to generate the 10 Hz FMX indicator signal.
The phase-locked loop tone indicators of the prior art have a long response time approaching 2 seconds, have an oscillator requiring factory adjustment (e.g. via variable resistor 34), and have no means to cancel out the 10 Hz signal before or at the FMX expander. The 10 Hz signal in the expander tends to produce unwanted modulation products in the lower part of the audio spectrum. Thus there is required a multipole filter 15 preceeding the phase-locked loop to prevent lockup on odd harmonics of the oscillator, and leads to the need for a number of discrete components and requires a corresponding number of IC pads for connection of the discrete components to the integrated circuit that preferably contains most of the tone indicator circuitry. A substantial part of the cost of the prior art tone detector is attributable to the later two features.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an FMX radio transmission and recovery system having a pilot-coherent FMX-transmission tone indicator signal carried in the transmitted composite signal, and a receiver having a tone detector with a fast detection response time.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a low cost tone detector for use in an FMX-capable stereo radio receiver for cancelling the subaudio FMX-mode-indicating tone in the L-R expander circuit of the receiver.
A stereo FM radio transmission system of the FMX kind that includes a transmitter for transmitting a high frequency carrier FM modulated by a standard FM stereo composite signal comprised of a L+R M-band, a pilot signal, a L-R S-band and an L-R S'-band. In one aspect of this invention the S'-band includes a subaudible FMX-tone signal added in the S'-band. That tone has a frequency that is an exact integer submultiple of the frequency of the pilot signal and is therefore coherent therewith.
In another aspect of this invention the stereo FM radio transmission system receiver includes a tone detector for recovering the composite signal from the carrier and for recovering the components of the composite signal. The receiver additionally has a novel phase-locked loop capable of generating a signal of the same frequency and phase as is that of the recovered FMX-tone signal, by dividing the frequency of the recovered pilot by the exact integer submultiple to obtain a reference signal, comparing the retrieved tone signal to the reference signal and when the tone signal and reference signal are found to be of the same phase, enabling the combining of the S-band and S'-band signals and for turning on an FMX-mode-indicating lamp.
An advantage of the present invention of using a phase-locked loop with a divider in the tone detector for detecting a pilot-frequency coherent FMX tone signal, is that a divider needs no adjustment: whereas an FMX tone detector of the prior art includes a phase-locked loop with a voltage controlled oscillator that requires adjustment of its uncontrolled oscillating frequency at manufacturing.
However, a phase-locked loop with divider as used in the invention, will lock when the phases of the FMX tone-signal and the pilot-divided reference signal are either in phase or 180° out of phase. In order that the reference signal have the same phase as that of the tone signal, there is added a divider control means capable of directing the divider to initially divide by a different submultiple, to generate in the phase-locked loop a beat note of very low frequency, e.g. @about 0.6 Hz. When the amplitude of the beat note exceeds a predetermined value, a unique output-logic signal level is produced to indicate the presence of the tone signal.
When the first beat note zero crossing becomes coincident with that of the reference signal from the divider, as indicated by an equal phase detector, then the divider control circuit will thereafter direct the divider to divide by the exact integral submultiple to produce a reference signal of same frequency and phase as that of the tone signal. That in-phase condition is then locked in the loop.
This feature has the advantage of generating in the loop, a reference signal of the same frequency and phase as that of the tone signal, which reference signal can be used to cancel the tone signal from the S'-band signal before it enters the FMX expander. It also leads to faster acquisition times.
In another aspect of this invention, in the phase-locked loop the divider provides Walsh function signals, e.g. W1 and W7, the comparator mixer is a dual mixer for using Walsh function, W1 and W7, reference signals. The combination in such a mixer of W1 and W7 Walsh function signals produces a stair stepped approximation to a sine wave with greatly attenuated odd harmonics content. This feature leads to yet another advantage of the tone detector of this invention, namely that only a simple single pole bypass filter is needed for filtering out essentially all of the 38 Khz demodulated L-R bands from the signal entering the phase-locked loop.
FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a prior art FMX transmitter.
FIG. 2 shows a block diagram of a prior art FMX receiver.
FIG. 3 shows in a more detailed block diagram the prior art tone detector block in the receiver of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of an FMX transmitter of the present invention providing a pilot-phase-coherent tone component.
FIG. 5 shows a frequency spectrum of the FMX signal transmitted by the transmitter of FIG. 4.
FIG. 6 shows a block diagram of a tone detector of this invention with a tone-signal phase locking feature.
FIG. 7 shows a more detailed and expanded block diagram of the tone detector of FIG. 6.
The FMX transmitter shown in FIG. 4 differs from the prior art transmitter of FIG. 1 in the means for generating the sub-audio tone. In the preferred embodiment of the FIG. 4 transmitter, the tone generator 37 is comprised of a phase-locked loop that includes a multiplier serving as a frequency divider that divides the 19 Khz pilot signal from the pilot and subcarrier generator 40 by a submultiple of 1920 to generate at the output of the divider 37 a tone signal of frequency 19 Khz/1920 or 9.895833 Hz, abbreviated in places herein as 9.9 Hz or 0.0099 KHz. In addition, the 9.9 Hz tone signal is locked in phase with the pilot signal and is written 9.9 Hz/0°. This feature of the transmitted FM signal wherein the frequency of the subsonic FMX tone signal is exactly an integer submultiple of and is phase coherent with respect to the 19 Khz pilot signal distinguishes this transmitter from those of the prior art and makes possible the use of the receiver of this invention.
The FM signal transmitted by the transmitter of FIG. 4 consists of the FM carrier that is frequency modulated by a composite signal which composite signal has the features shown in FIG. 5. The tone signal appears in the composite signal as a subsonic portion of the two "side bands" at (38+0.0099) Khz and (38-0.0099) Khz and both are products of modulation of the quadrature subcarrier 38 Khz/90° and lie in the quadrature S'-band. The conventional composite signal includes the in-phase portions of M-band, pilot and S-band. For FMX transmission the composite signal further includes the quadrature S'-band.
Turning to FIG. 6, the tone detector 44 of this invention is to be substituted for the prior art tone detector 10 in the FMX receiver shown in FIG. 2 except that it additionally requires connection directly to the composite signal conductor 13 for detecting the phase and frequency of the pilot signal.
The 38 Khz quadrature demodulator 14, as has been noted, demodulates the S'-band portion of the composite signal. The single pole low pass filter 56 has an upper cut off frequency of about 100 Hz to pass the 9.9 Hz tone signal with little attenuation while filtering out the expanded audio (L-R) portion of the S'-band so that only very low frequency audible and subaudible signals including the tone signal, if present, appears at conductor 58. Conductor 58 is the input to the in-phase or zero angle Walsh-type phase comparator or multiplier that is comprised of discrete multipliers 60 and 61, and the summing network 68 that is an auxillary part of a phase-locked loop described below.
This Walsh phase comparator or demodulator is supplied with two zero angle or in-phase 9.9 Hz Walsh function reference signals, namely 9.9 HzW1/0° and 9.9 HzW7/0° from the frequency divider 64. Walsh mixer operation is described in the patent application of 0. Richards and T. Field filed simultaneously herewith and assigned to the same assignee as is the present invention. A Walsh function signal generator and Walsh type demodulator are described in the above-noted application filed simultaneously herewith. The 9.9 HzW1/0° is a 9.9 Hz square wave signal. These Walsh signals are generated by divider 64 and are herein designated "10 Hz" reference signals.
At the output of the in-phase Walsh demodulator comprised of multipliers 60 and 61 and summing network 68 there is produced a beat note signal of frequency that is the difference between the respective frequencies of the tone signal from the filter 56 and the Walsh function signals from the frequency divider 64. The output signal from network 68 will at times be a little different from that of the tone signal but at other times will be identical to the 9.895833 Hz tone signal frequency. In the later case the beat note frequency is zero (e.g. DC) and the average magnitude of the beat note signal will be maximum. If Walsh function divider circuits (e.g. 64) and Walsh mixer circuits (e.g. 60, 61 and 68) are not used in a phase-locked loop portion of tone detectors of this invention and simple conventional square wave divider and mixer circuits are used instead, an expensive multipole filter must be used instead of filter 56 because Walsh demodulators themselves "filter" out the troublesome odd harmonics.
Each of the single pole low pass filters 70 has a 3 db down point of about 0.6 Hz. The bi-level level detector 72 has a voltage threshold set at a magnitude such that beat note signals of frequency greater than about 8 Hz will not trip the level detector, eliminating the audio and Walsh reference signal itself as potential tripping signals.
When the level detector 72 is tripped, its binary logic output signal changes, e.g. from the "zero" state to the "one" state, for indicating that the composite signal contains a subsonic tone. This tone indicating signal on conductor 17 is delayed a few hundred milliseconds in the divider control circuit 74 and presented at output conductor 75 for changing the receiver mode control switch (see FIG. 2) to the FMX-operating-mode position, and if desired to turn on an FMX mode lamp mounted at the control panel of the receiver.
This delayed mode-control signal is also translated in divider control logic circuit 74 into a multibit digital divider control signal for controlling at any instant which among several predetermined integral factors the divider 32 will use to divide the frequency of the pilot signal. Six operating modes are outlined in Table I.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ PLL OP. MODE19 KHz9.9 Hz INAC- TONE FMX PHASE SIMULATEDPILOTTONE TIVE SEARCH INDICATOR SEARCH LOCK LOCK__________________________________________________________________________O O XX O XX X XX X XX X XX X X__________________________________________________________________________
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________ PLL OP. MODEWALSH REFERENCE INAC- TONE FMX PHASE SIMULATED BEAT NOTEFREQUENCY ("10 Hz") TIVE SEARCH INDICATOR SEARCH LOCK LOCK FREQUENCY__________________________________________________________________________none X none19 KHz - 64 × 32 = X none9.277344 Hz19 KHz - 64 × 32 = X -0.61849 Hz9.277344 Hz19 KHz - 61 × 32 = X X -0.162227 Hz9.733607 Hz ↑ ↑and/or or alternating ↓ ↓19 KHz- 59× 32 = X X +0.16222710.063559 Hz19 KHz- 60× 32 = X 0.0 Hz (DC)9.895833 Hz__________________________________________________________________________
When no composite signal is present at conductor (FIG. 6), there are of course no pilot or tone signals at the outputs of detectors 14 and 78 respectively. This first condition is referred to as the inactive operating mode.
When a 19 Khz pilot signal is first detected by the pilot detector 78, a 19 Khz signal is provided to the main input of logic-controlled frequency divider 80 and the bi-level detector 72 will not have detected a tone signal and produces a binary low output signal. The divider control circuit 74 that is connected to the output of the level detector 74 sends via multiple-logic-signal connection 82 a tone-search mode signal to divider 80 causing it to divide the 19 Khz signal by 64 and sends a 0.296875 Khz signal to the divider 64. Divider 64 then divides by 32 to produce the two zero angle Walsh function reference signals W1/0° and W7/0° both of frequency 0.0092774 Khz (9.2774 Hz). The main phase-locked loop is comprised of demodulator mixers 62 and 63 plus summing network 66, filter 70, zero crossing detector 76, divider controller 74, and tandem connected dividers 80 and 64. The loop is under these conditions said to be in the tone search mode. This condition is seen in the context of the other operating modes by referring to Table I and Table II. The tone search mode persists until a tone signal is detected.
When a composite signal having been derived from a conventional non-FMX FM radio signal is present, then a pilot signal but no tone signal is present which condition corresponds to a tone search operating mode. When an FMX FM radio signal is first tuned to, the tone detector will initially operate also in this tone search mode.
When a tone signal is detected by detector 14 the operating condition of the phase-locked loop changes to the FMX indicator mode, and the 9.895833 Hz tone beats with the 9.277344 Hz Walsh function reference signal to produce a 0.61849 Hz beat note in the phase-locked loop at the input of bi-level detector 72. The binary high or "1" output signal of bi-level detector 72 produces a signal on line 17 as soon as the amplitude of the beat note exceeds the threshold of bi-level detector 72. That binary high signal is delayed in control circuit 74 by a brief 100 to 200 msec before changing the binary output signal at conductor 75 e.g. to a high or "1" level. This signal is the FMX indicator signal that is used for switching on the receiver's FMX-signal receiving circuitry.
The low pass filter 70 has a 3 db down corner point at about the beat note frequency, 0.61849 Hz, so it passes this beat note with an attenuation of about 0.7 and with a phase shift of around forty degrees. That phase shift is too great to permit searching for the phase at which the incoming tone and beat note are the same. It is highly desirable to establish that in-phase condition to generate a 9.895833 Hz signal in this tone detector circuit which because it is in phase with the tone signal is capable of being used to cancel the tone signal from the L-R signal passing through the FMX receiver's expander circuit.
Such an in-phase condition is established during a subsequent phase search operation mode that is initiated by the divider control circuit 74 at the termination of the approximately 200 msec delay ending the FMX indicator mode. The divider control circuit 74 produces a binary logic phase-search mode signal that causes the divider 80 to divide by either 59 or by 61 so that a simulated lock mode operation will be achieved. The outputs of the in-phase and quad-phase mixers corresponding to the outputs of summing networks 68 and 66, are connected to the inputs of an exclusive OR circuit (not shown) that is part of the equal phase detector 76, and the output of that exclusive 0R circuit is the instruction to the divider 80 to select in the phase search mode divisor 59 or 61.
For the beat note to be maximally positive or maximally negative, the W1 Walsh signal produced at the output of divider 64 must be either in phase or exactly 180° out of phase with the incoming tone signal. Phase-lock loops stabilize at a phase of the incoming (tone) signal which will produce either a maximally positive or a maximally negative value as seen at the input of the bi-level detector 72 but not both. (See the book Phaselock Techniques by Floyd M. Gardner, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1966, page 42.) This detector can lock on either phase of incoming (tone) signal because the polarity detector 76 monitors polarity at the input to bi-level detector 72. The phase of the zero-crossing detector inside polarity detector 76 is either inverted or not inverted depending on the polarity at the signal at the input of bi-level detector 72. This feature allows the phase-lock loop to lock on either phase of the incoming (tone) signal and just about halves the time (a full beat note cycle or 1.6 seconds) it could take if this capability to lock on the first to occur zero crossing were not present.
When the correct phase is thus found the divider control circuit 74 causes the divider 80 to alternately divide by 59 and 61 maintaining apparent phase-lock at the tone frequency as though division were by 60, a condition corresponding to the simulated lock mode.
After about 2 seconds of this simulated lock mode operation, determined by a delay circuit in the divide control block 74, that block 74 causes the divider 80 to divide by 60 to establish operation in the lock mode. In the lock mode the control signal generated by the divider control circuit 74 causes the divider 80 to divide the 19 Khz signal by exactly 60 producing the Walsh function signals at exactly 9.895833 Hz, the frequency of the transmitted tone.
The quadrature comparator demodulator of mixers 62 and 63, and the summing network 66 receives from divider 64 Walsh function quadrature reference signals W1/90° and W7/90° that are, as is the in-phase demodulator above it, operating at the "10 Hz" frequency produced by divider 64.
The decoder illustrated in FIG. 7 shows the decoder of FIG. 6 wherein the equal phase detector 76 is broken into the zero crossing detector 100 and the polarity indicator 102. The zero crossing detector 100 is ambivalent 5 with respect to whether the two signals are either at 0° or 180° with respect to each other.
The polarity detector 102 has a logical output that is high only when the polarities of the tone and beat note are the same but is low when they are not the same polarity. Thus the divider control circuit 104 is enabled to instruct the divider 80 to produce alternating 9.73607 Hz and 10.063559 Hz reference Walsh signals and to initiate the simulated lock operating mode. This repetitive switching will provide an apparent lock of the loop on the tone signal and will endure for 2 seconds as determined by the timer 106 to terminate the simulated lock mode operation and initiate via the divider control circuit 104 the lock operating mode.
Likewise the bi-level level detector 72 of FIG. 6 becomes the full wave rectifier 108 and the level detector 110 which is now a simple voltage comparator or Schmitt trigger circuit. The timer 112 delays the logical output of the level detector 110 about 100 msec primarily to prevent "10 Hz" ripple on the -0.61849 Hz beat note from causing premature level detection by a momentary loss of level detection or by noise. Such "10 Hz" ripple arises because the demodulator 14 is a 38 Khz quadrature Walsh demodulator (mixers 60 and 61) of the double balanced mixer type that as a practical matter have a finite amount of offset which is direct coupled to the input of the "10 Hz" demodulators. This DC offset voltage causes the "10 Hz" ripple to appear at adder 68 and the filter 70 to appear superimposed on the beat note at the input of the level detector 110 and zero crossing detector 100. This could without the small delay timer 112 cause the divider control circuit 104 to hunt between instructions to operate in the search and simulated-lock or lock modes.
Timer 106 is implemented in the preferred embodiment using a switched-capacitor delay circuit. The 100 msec timer 112 is a clocked shift register delay circuit, clocked to the retrieved pilot signal. Both timer blocks delay setting their logic outputs to a high state when the inputs go high. Both likewise delay to turn low. But if input to the 100 msec timer 112 goes low before output of timer 112 goes high, timer 112 is reset so that input to timer 112 must remain high for an additional 100 msec to 200 msec before timer 112 output goes high. A high on the output of timer 112 initiates the FMX mode control signal, initiates the simulted lock mode and starts the 2 sec timer 106. Once output of 100 msec timer goes high input must go low for 100 msec to 200 msec before output 112 will begin to go low. Timer 112 thus helps prevent the ripple or noise causing false FMX indications. If output of timer 112 remains high for 2 seconds then output of timer 106 goes high initiating lock mode. The timer 112 output must now remain low for 2 seconds before lock mode will be turned off.
The logic outputs of the timers 112 and 106 are connected to the OR gate 114 that then generates the logic FMX mode control signal. That signal is high to turn on the FMX indicator lamp and the mode switch (FIG. 2) to the FMX position.
The FMX tone cancel signal is generated by the summing network 118 that sums the outputs of the two exclusive OR gates 120 and 122. It is exactly the same frequency and phase as is the tone signal itself and one input of each exclusive OR gate 120 and 122 is connected to the output of the polarity indicator 102. The other input receives the in-phase Walsh reference signals W1 and W7, respectively, from the divider 64.
Cancellation of the tone signal in the L-R signal is accomplished by applying the L-R signal and the tone cancel signal to the two inputs of a subtract circuit (not shown) and adjusting the amplitude of the L-R signal (and the tone signal it contains) so that the difference is zero.
More detailed description relating to the operation of standard FM- and FMX-capable receivers under multipath conditions is provided in the patent application to 0. Richards entitled Stereo Decoder With Variable Bandpass and the application by 0. Richards and T. Field entitled Blend-On-Noise Stereo Decoder. Both applications are assigned to the same assignee as is the present invention and both applications were filed concurrently with the present application.
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Welcome to ColoradoBiz Exclusives and
, your go-to source for great insights, tips, how-tos and advice from more than 600 top Colorado business professionals.
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Is your website obsolete?
No matter what industry you're in, the website is an absolutely critical element to your success. A company's website is its online sales person with 100 percent of its content correct and available to clients 24/7, 365 days a year. Planning to replace this asset every two to four years in the budget will keep businesses current with what's trending online. This doesn't mean you need to scrap everything and start from scratch. It is an opportunity to look at your analytics and build something new based on what that information tells you.
By Keith Roberts
Reaffirming your passionate purpose in 2014
My mother always said, "Life is short. Death is sure." The beginning of the year (and every day thereafter) is the right time to ask yourself in the words of Mary Oliver, "Tell me, what is it you plan to do with your one wild and precious life?" On this winter's day, stop. Stop racing from to-do list to action items. Now it is the time for you to write your poem. What is your story for 2014 and for your life?
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From an industry trade show for hundreds to wildflower Vail weddings to a group of lawyers from across the country more interested in skiing than meeting, the Antlers at Vail meeting and banquet facilities receive all kinds of group requests and can handle up to 100 people comfortably, depending on the type of event. In addition, the smaller venue ensures that a dedicated conference services manager oversees a group's experience from the time of booking to "day of" details, through checkout.
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Architectural Vest in COTTON CLASSIC LITE - Errata
Please note for Fronts: The Dec Row by itself decreases the overall row by 1 st, but doesn't immediately make for fewer chart sts. Decreases that are initially done outside of the field of the chart are noted in the chart. Your sts from Row 1: K3 (9, 5, 9, 5, 9) will be decreased away before your chart sts are decreased.
Right Front Cable Chart - Beg and End marks are reversed.


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She wanted him to chase her back to her house. Happened to me once ahah
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Cycling in Australia - New South Wales (Chapter)
This is the New South Wales chapter from Lonely Planet's Cycling Australia guidebook. New South Wales offers the cyclist a rich, varied choice of destinations and terrain. Sydney repeatedly lives up to visitors' expectations, as does the sunny 2000km-long coastline, freckled with sparkling beaches and lively... 2nd Edition, Aug 2009. 58 pages.
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The Reality of the Myth
History is an Act of the Imagination
Is it really possible to know what it was like in a previous era by trying to re-live it? Historical reenactors would suggest that it is. They are hardly the first. From 19th century world's fairs to historical pageants, the act of embodying past lives has been used to create many histories. During this talk and media presentation, Andrew Francisco will show how historical reenactment has become a potent means of modern myth-making.


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Brittney Ezell puts her first East Tennessee State women's basketball team on the floor for public display today.
The Lady Bucs host Shepherd University in their only exhibition game of the preseason, and Ezell doesn't expect them to look like a finished product by any means.
"I don't think it will be a great reflection of who we're going to be," she said, "but it is a sneak peek. I think we'll play hard. We may suffer some paralysis by analysis early on, which is to be expected. The only think I'm looking for is people playing hard."
The Lady Bucs will tip off at 1:30 against Shepherd, an NCAA Division II team from the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference. It's the only tuneup before the season opener at Memphis next Friday.
Ezell, the former Belmont head coach, is trying to re-energize a program coming off back-to-back eight-win seasons. She inherited an experienced roster led by all-conference forward Destiny Mitchell.
The 5-11 senior from Bluffton, Ga., has been bothered by injury issues but still carries career averages of 14.4 points and 8.7 rebounds. She appears poised for a big finish to her college career.
"Destiny has been our most consistent player in practice; her effort has been incredible," said Ezell. "Our other kids look to her."
The other probable starters today are senior Shawn Randall and junior Cara Bowling in the backcourt, and juniors Serena Clark and Tiana Burley in the frontcourt, though Ezell wasn't committed to that lineup.
"We're trying to toy with some things and then decide how to go," she said. "We have a little bit of tape on Shepherd and we'll look at some matchups and chemistry. I won't say whoever starts on Saturday will start at Memphis."
One of the young players who has caught the coach's eye in camp is Chandler Christopher. The sophomore guard from Greeneville helps tie the whole package together.
"She has a good grasp on her role," said Ezell. "We want her to be able to knock down shots and be a calming influence. She's a really good off-the-ball defender and is like our quarterback on defense, getting people in the right spots."


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Weatherford, Oklahoma Pet Friendly Hotels & Lodging
United States » Oklahoma » Weatherford
Looking for a hotel in Weatherford, OK that you can bring your pet to? We made sure that each one of the hotels below are pet friendly, so you can enjoy your trip with your pet by your side! Once you have found a pet friendly hotel, you can book your stay instantly from our website or call 866-212-1803 to speak with a pet travel agent.
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2016 West Eagle Road - Weatherford, OK (Map)
When you stay at Americas Best Value Inn in Weatherford, you'll be close to Heartland of America. This motel is within the vicinity of Stafford Air and Space Museum and Prairie West Golf Club.
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525 E Main Street - Weatherford, OK (Map)
With a stay at Best Western Plus Mark Motor Hotel in Weatherford, you'll be close to Heartland of America and Stafford Air and Space Museum. This motel is within close proximity of Prairie West Golf C...
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I filmed a little opening segment for my TV at Sensōji Temple in Asakusa, Tokyo, Japan with Elli. It is a beautifully big temple and the most well-known in the Tokyo area. With this year almost over, it felt good to feel cleansed and at peace with everything that this year has brought me. I was able to look back and realize what changes need to be made and what my goals are for the year to come.
Lots of Peace and Love to you.


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Tales from the Dugout : The Greatest True Baseball Stories Ever Told: The Greatest True Baseball Stories Ever Told
McGraw Hill Professional, Jan 11, 1998 - Sports & Recreation - 256 pages
Batter up--here comes the most memorable collection of anecdotes about the national pastime ever assembled. Tales from the Dugout brings together never-before-told stories from baseball personalities such as Roger Maris, Ken Griffey Jr., Pete Rose, Phil Rizzuto, and Gaylord Perry in this illustrated, one-of-a-kind compendium.
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1 page matching rob dibble temper in this book
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Review: Tales from the Dugout: The Greatest True Baseball Stories Ever ToldUser Review - John Orman - Goodreads
Lots of interesting stories and opinions in these essays written as told to the author by the subject person or someone who them well. I liked the interviews with Yogi Berra, Koufax, Lasorda, Mantle, Maris, Mays--and Tom Selleck! Read full review
Review: Tales from the Dugout: The Greatest True Baseball Stories Ever ToldUser Review - Scott Seeland - Goodreads
not the greatest collection of stories but a good read Read full review
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In the Kingdom of Coal: An American Family and the Rock That Changed the World
Dan Rottenberg
No preview available - 2003
Duty, Honor, Victory: America's Athletes in World War II
Gary L. Bloomfield
Limited preview - 2004


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Interview with Rogier de Boevé
A new week has started and we hope everyone had a wonderful weekend. We did! It was actually quite busy and tiring, but it was really fun. What it even makes better is that we returned with a new interview with Belgian artist Rogier de Boevé! He' s been so kind to make us a truly wicked wallpaper and took the time to give his opinion about online community activity and what has been his inspiration for his wonderful work. Get to know this great artists and grab his lovely artwork to put on your desktop.


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TestNG is a test automation framework, inspired by the JUnit/NUnit unit testing frameworks. TestNG is intended to support more than just unit testing, allowing functional, end-to-end, integration, etc.
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How and where to store dynamic result/data using webdriver java
I want to know "How and where to store dynamic (Search results) result/data", I am getting the results and not sure what to do next. Also, after saving these results I want to use this in another ...


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Freeware / MP3 Players / MP3Box v0.6
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UNICOI — Kenneth L. Kerns, age 85, of Unicoi, passed away on Wednesday, January 4, 2012, at the Center on Aging and Health.
Mr. Kerns was a Unicoi County native, born on June 25, 1926, the son of the late Walter C. and Gladys Nelson Kerns. He lived in Walbridge, OH, until his mother died in 1941, and he returned to Erwin.
Mr. Kerns was a World War II Veteran, having served in the U.S. Navy aboard the USS Franklin and the USS Midway from 1944 to 1946.
Mr. Kerns was a member, former Elder and former deacon of First Christian Church in Erwin, a charter member of Watauga Valley Chapter of the National Railroad Historical Society, a charter member of the Erwin Emergency and Rescue Squad, a retired member of the Carter County Rescue Squad and a 50 year member of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Union.
He retired in 1988 as an electrician from the Clinchfield Railroad after 38 years of service. He attended East Tennessee State University.
In addition to his parents, Kenneth is preceded in death by his wife, Agnes Kerns, in 2010; stepmother, Ocey Kerns; daughter, Saundra Kerns Booher; uncle, Carl Nelson; and aunt, Mae Nelson.
Kenneth is survived by: Son: Bryce and Darlene Hollifield Kerns, of Unicoi; Grandsons: Bryan Kerns, Douglas and Sherrie Kerns, of Weaverville, NC; Great Grandchildren: Caleb Bryce Kerns and Katelyn Grace Kerns; Special Cousin: Laurence Nelson.
Funeral services for Kenneth L. Kerns will be held at 12 noon on Saturday, January 7, 2012, in the Chapel of Valley Funeral Home with Dr. Todd Edmondson and Dr. David Roberts officiating. Vocal selections will be provided by Shelton Thompson.
The family will receive friends on Saturday from 11:00 a.m. until service time at Valley Funeral Home.
A graveside committal service will be conducted at Roselawn Memory Gardens following the service. Active pallbearers will be Bryan Kerns, Doyle Hopson, David Eunson, Seth Jones, Andy Frazier and Tommy Phillips.
In lieu of flowers, memorial contributions may be made to First Christian Church, 307 S. Main Ave, Erwin, TN 37650.
Condolences and memories may be shared with the family and viewed by visiting our website at www.valleyfuneralhome.net.
These arrangements are made especially for the family and friends of Kenneth L. Kerns through Valley Funeral Home, 1085 North Main Avenue, Erwin, Tennessee 37650. 423-743-9187


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6 Shouts - 3,606 Scrobbles
Windowseat began as a group of lusty thespians playing jazz-folk in their spare time after rehearsals for high school theatre in Northern Virginia. Although their numbers have always been in flux, the men and women who play in Windowseat, past, present, and future remain deeply bound through friendship and love for music. Now based out of Richmond, VA, Windowseat draws inspiration from moments of hope and isolation, the dreams and passions of their peers, and the inherent beauty of nautical imagery.
Read more about Windowseat on Last.fm.
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Welcome to The Outsiders Wiki
The wiki about The Outsiders that anyone can edit!
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Meet the gang.
And find out why there called "The Greasers".
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Former Congressman Patrick Kennedy spoke to the APA Assembly on November 9, 2013, the day after the final rule on mental health parity was issued. He recognized APA's leadership in stopping stigma for those suffering in silence, such as our veterans, from "invisible wounds" and the importance of mental health care advocacy at the state level. (Click to listen to audio recording.)
© 2015 American Psychiatric Association. All Rights Reserved.
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Fifty Shades Of Grey[Paperback]
(258 ratings)
- Format:
- Paperback
- Pages:
- 528
- Publisher:
- Cornerstone
- Publication Date:
- 12 April 2012
- Category:
- Romance
- 9780099579939
Showing 1-4 out of 277 reviews. Previous | Next
I'm going to skip including the premise of this book…and actually I am going to write this review for the whole "Shades" series.I was reading the Huffington Post Books section and ran across a story about this series and it piqued my curiousity. Here is a "nutshell" version of what the article said…This series is inspired by Stephanie Meyers's "Twilight". It was originally on a site Twilight Fan Fiction and it was referenced as "Mommy Porn", which, frankly, got my attention.In an effort to see what all the hub bub was about…I downloaded them. I started the first book, "50 Shades of Grey" on Wednesday afternoon and had finished the whole 3 book series by midnight on Thursday. As this was Twlight fan fiction I thought it was going to involve vampires…I was WRONG. Rather than vampirism as the central theme it was BDSM – for those of you unfamiliar with the term that is Bondage, Disciple, Sadism, Masochism. Yep, as in "whips and chains". Now I am not a prude, by any means, but it's the first time I'd encountered this particular theme in a book I was reading, and I was surprised, to say the least. It's the BDSM that is drawing all the media attention! But the story was so much more than just BDSM.Here is where my "review" starts…This was a story of redemption. The male protagonist, Cristian, spent his formative years in an UGLY atmosphere and it was with the introduction of submission that became his coping mechanism during those highly hormonal teenage years. After he learned that "control" he switched over to the "Dominant" role…and that dominance is what allowed him to continue coping…but at a huge cost. His level of self-loathing is astounding…he often said he was "50 shades of fu**ed up".Enter our female protagonist, Ana…it's through it's through her reticense to participate in his lifestyle, that causes him to re-examine and re-evaluate his life. Was this the best written book I've ever read…NO! Was it an incredibly fun read…YES! Did it make me want to run out and sign up to be someone's submissive…NO! Did it give me ideas of new areas I might want to try out with my husband…YES! Will I read it again…OH YES!
From: Claire Sent: 08 December 2011 12:45To: Christian GreySubject: Best Book Ever?Dear Mr GreyOr should I call you Sir? I have recently finished the first part of your trilogy about the romance between yourself and Miss Anastasia Steele and like Miss Steele I thought it would be easier for me to write my feelings down in an e-mail to you. You see I don't tend to read books like the one written about you. In fact if you take a look at my bookshelf you will see less than five. So where shall I begin? Well I think I should start with my feelings for you. To put it bluntly Mr Grey you beguile me. Even though I have only known you for four days I am a little embarrassed to say that I cannot stop thinking about you Sir. It seems that my every waking moment is about you. I have even dreamt about you. I have been so addicted to your story that I have grabbed every moment I could to read about you. I have skipped meals because that would take me away from you, I have stayed up late reading about you and I have also been late for work because yes you guessed it I was reading about you. I do not think you would have been happy about my behaviour Mr Grey and I fear that if I were yours my behind would be fifty shades of black and blue. I would also like to say how much I approve of Miss Steele. You have a wonderful girlfriend, she is clever and funny and I like her very much. I loved reading the e-mails between you both they were very witty and entertaining.I must admit that I have seen your book around for a while and many of my friends have read it and raved about it but I didn't even give you a look until this week but I am so glad I did. I see that your story is classified as erotica but I'm afraid I do not agree with this and I would class it as romance. Yes there is BDSM in your story and very hot scenes of you and Miss Steele but for me it is a love story. I have read a couple of erotica books before and they are nothing like yours. Unlike the others, which seemed to be just about sex, your book has a plot and a story that needs telling. Have you ever read a book Mr Grey and wished that you had written it and that it was your words on the page? Well that is how I feel about this book, I absolutely love it. I love the authors words and style of writing, it has bewitched me. Could this be the best book that I have ever read? You know what, I think it could be. This book has completely taken over my life, a first for me I must say. I have even listened to Spem In Alium by Thomas Tallis this morning. You know, the music you make Ana listen to when you…well I won't go into that here.I need to go now and give my life away to you again in book 2 Fifty Shades Darker. I hope I find out more about you Sir and why you are fifty shades of f**ked up. So until next time Mr Grey I bid you farewell.I wish I was yours.Claire x
Oh.My.God. I don't care what anyone else has said about this book. I loved it. I will admit that I had a bit of trouble with the first couple of chapters of Ana's dialogue and it dragging on, but pushing past that and really getting into the story.....oh. My. God. Break out the fans, the ice water, the pool....anything to cool off! E L James has created one fascinating start to a fantastic series filled with so much more than erotic scenes and kinky romance. She's filled it with amazingly complex characters, humor and deep meaning.Right now, I'm trying to decide whose character spoke to me the most and became my favorite. I loved both Anastasia and Christian in ways that were different. I loved Ana with her witty self. Her inner goddess and her subconscious often spoke to her and left a smile on my face. I found myself smiling and cheering Ana on as she deals with her feelings and inner turmoil about choosing whether or not to become Christian Submissive.And Christian.....wow. I absolutely adored his character. Not because he was a Dom, but because he had so much inner turmoil, and secrets from his past, that I wanted to reach out and play the ever caring mama role and hug his past away. Don't get me wrong, though. He's controlling side is out of this world wowza! I loved it. But, you can really see the inner struggle he goes through, especially after meeting Anastasia in the meeting. That being said, I did hate Christian and his bossiness and stuffiness at first. Together, these two characters flow perfectly to bring out a complex, meaningful story of facing fears, learning to trust and relinquishing control. It really pulls the reader to the center of the story and keeps them planted until the very last page. With a mix of humor with some really laughable emails between the characters, your never left for wanting with this novel. I can definitely say that this is my favorite book of 2012 by far. I didn't think that I would like it after reading and hearing about the issues people had with it, but it's more than the BDSM and control....it's about finding your true self, about facing fears, and learning to let go. I definitely recommend this with 5 Books and I've already got book 2 sitting on my Kindle and am looking forward to finding the chance to read it as well. This a series that is sure to stay on my reader and I'll go back again and again. A bit of warning though.......make sure you have lots of uninterrupted reading time to devour this book.
I don't usually follow the crowd but needed some holiday reading, and I'm glad I chose this. Lovely charcters and a good story line.
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Also by E L James
Grey: Fifty Shades of Grey as told by...
Fifty Shades Freed
Fifty Shades Darker
Fifty Shades Of Grey Film Tie-in


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Student Health Insurance
The University of West Florida does not require proof of insurance (with some specific exceptions) nor does Student Health Services bill insurance for services provided, but we highly recommend that students have coverage.
If you need to be referred to a specialist and/or need diagnostic testing that we do not offer, it is very helpful to have insurance to help cover those costs.
If you are on your parents' healthcare plan, make sure that you have "away from home" coverage if you do not live locally. You will need a copy of their insurance card and a copy of their prescription card if applicable.
If you are not otherwise covered, you should consider purchasing a health insurance policy from an established provider. One option is to purchase health insurance through the Florida State University System Student Health Insurance Consortium. The consortium was formed to provide a larger pool of participants in order to offer better and more affordable coverage to students.
New and returning UWF students can enroll in the State University System of Florida Student Health Insurance Plan, as well as create and manage their account online.


text:
Individuals wishing to purchase and/or apply restricted use pesticides in Illinois are required to successfully complete a competency examination and receive a license from the Illinois Department of Agriculture. The Department offers 5 license types (private, dealer, commercial, commercial not-for-hire, and public) and 17 licensure categories (aquatic, demonstration and research, field crop, forest, fruit, grain facility, livestock, mosquito, ornamental, plant management, regulatory, right-of-way, sewer line root control, seed treatment, soil fumigation, turf, and vegetable crop).
As part of the certification and licensing program, the Department conducts various types of inspections and pesticide application records checks and investigates alleged pesticide misuse. In 2011, the Department along with the U.S. EPA and several other Midwestern states launched the DriftWatch program in an attempt to promote better communications between pesticide users and sensitive crop growers. The DriftWatch program is an internet-based geographic information system which allows growers to register the locations of their sensitive crop production areas and allows pesticide users to access those locations.
Illinois Pesticide Act Licensing Requirements
A pesticide license is required of everyone applying Restricted Use pesticides. Also, anyone applying Restricted or general Use pesticides in the course of employment must have a license. A person applying a General Use pesticide on his or her own property is exempt. A Restricted Use pesticide will have "Restricted Use" displayed prominently on its label. A license is required to purchase Restricted Use pesticides but not General Use pesticides.
The Illinois Department of Agriculture certifies and licenses those applying pesticides in outdoor environments and in the production of agricultural commodities. The University of Illinois Extension, through a cooperative agreement with the department, provides training and study materials.
The Illinois Department of Public Health certifies and licenses individuals applying pesticides in and on man-made structures. This includes nuisance bird control, rodent control, wood treatment, and insect control. They can be contacted at (217) 782-4674. Illinois Department of Public Health
An applicator is the person(s) in an organization who has the responsibility for all pesticide purchasing, storage, handling, and use. Each organization must have at least one person licensed as an applicator at each facility location. The applicator's license categories dictate the areas in which a company may legally apply pesticides. An applicator is usually an owner, a supervisor, or a foreman. An applicator may use pesticides or supervise the use of pesticides by that person's licensed operators.
Applicator Licensing Requirements
Commercial applicators must pay a $60 annual license fee and provide a certificate of insurance with proper coverage. The insurance requirements will be sent with your application. Commercial not-for-hire and public applicators must pay a $20 annual license fee and no certification of insurance is required.
An operator is a person who uses pesticides at the job site. The operator is tied directly to the applicator's license. The operator cannot be licensed without an applicator being properly licensed. The operator can apply pesticides only under the direct supervision of the applicator and can apply pesticides only to areas covered by the applicator's license.
Supervision and direction of operators by an applicator is interpreted to mean that the applicator must be in daily contact with the operators. If the applicator is out of town or not available, the operator may not legally apply pesticides. An operator may not legally work for another applicator.
Operator Licensing Requirements
Commercial operators must pay a $40 annual license fee. Commercial not-for-hire and public operators must pay a $15 annual license fee.
Types of Licenses
Exams for the following are valid for a period of three years if no lapse occurs in licensure:
Private Applicator License – required for people applying Restricted Use pesticides to produce an agricultural commodity on property they own or control. Private Applicators must take the Grain Fumigation category examination in order to fumigate their own grain bins. For additional information: http://www.pesticidesafety.illinois.edu/ or 877-626-1650 ($30 fee for 3-year license).
Pesticide Dealer License – an individual selling Restricted Use pesticides must be licensed. Also, an individual selling non-restricted use (general use) pesticides for the production of an agricultural commodity in containers with capacities equal to or greater than 2-1/2 gallons or 10 pounds must be licensed. A test, license, and fee are reequied. Also, mandatory records must be kept for two years. Commercial Applicators and Structural Pest Control Licensees are exempt form the test and fee but must register with the Department of Agriculture as a Dealer ($100 fee for 1-year license).
Commercial Applicator or Operator License – required for individuals who purchase, use or supervise the use of pesticides classified for General or Restricted Use for hire. (Applicator - $60; Operator - $40; both 1-year licenses).
Public Applicator or Operator License – required for individuals who use or supervise the use of pesticides classified for General or Restricted Use as an employee of a state agency, municipality, or other duty constituted governmental agency or unit (Applicator - $20; Operator - $15; both 1-year licenses).
Commercial Not-for-hire Applicator or Operator License – required for individuals who use or supervise the use of pesticides classified for General or Restricted Use for any purpose on property of an employer when such activity is a requirement of the terms of employment and the application is limited to property under the control of the employer only. (Applicator - $20; Operator - $15; both 1-year licenses).
Categories of Licensure
Each category is designed for pesticide use requiring specific professional knowledge. A company's entire range of pesticide use must be covered by the categories on the applicator's license. Many applicators need multiple categories on their licenses. The following is a list of categories of licensure offered in Illinois:
Aquatic pest control – pesticide use in standing or running water;
Demonstration and Research – pesticide use during research or the teaching of pesticide and equipment use;
Field Crop pest control – pesticide use in corn, soybeans, small grains, forages, grasslands, etc.;
Forest pest control – pesticide use in forests, forest nurseries, and forest seed-producing areas;
Fruit Crop pest control – pesticide use in fruit and nut crops;
Grain Facility pest control – pesticide use in and around grain elevators or similar grain holding facilities, conveyances, and transportation facilities;
Livestock pest control – pesticides applied to livestock or livestock barns;
Mosquito control – insecticides applied to control mosquitoes;
Ornamental pest control – pesticide use on trees, shrubs, and ornamental plantings;
Plant Management pest control – pesticide use on portable plants used for interior landscaping and environmental enhancement;
Regulatory pest control – for government employees involved in the control of regulated pests with pesticides;
Right-of-Way pest control – chemical weed control on noncrop sites such as parking lots, along roads, in access rights-of-way, and in fence lines;
Sewer Line Root control – chemical control of roots in sewer lines;
Seed Treatment – pesticide use on seeds;
Soil Fumigation – pesticide use for soil fumigation;
Turf pest control – pesticide use on turf areas and sod farms; and
Vegetable Crop pest control – pesticide use in vegetable crops.
Individuals may qualify for licensure in the state of Illinois through reciprocity if they are currently licensed to conduct the same type of pesticide application in another state, provided that the licensure is from their current state of residency and licensure was based on the successful completion of a closed book examination within the previous three years. Individuals wishing to qualify for an Illinois license should submit a written request to the Illinois Department of Agriculture using the following application form: Reciprocity Request Form
Financial Responsibility Demonstration
A licensed commercial applicator must provide to the Director of the Illinois Department of Agriculture at the time of original licensing and license renewal evidence of financial responsibility protecting persons who may suffer personal injury or property damage or both as a result of the pesticide operation of the applicant in the form of a surety bond or a certificate of liability insurance. Specific requirements can be found at 415 ILCS 60/10, paragraph 3. Surety Bonds or Certificates of Insurance must be provided at the time of licensing and/or upon expiration of the current instrument. Please be advised that it is the licensee's and/or the company's responsibility to provide this surety bond or certificate of insurance to the Department prior to the expiration of the instrument.
A certificate of insurance submitted to meet the financial responsibility demonstration requirement must contain the following:
If you have any questions please feel free to contact the Department's licensing section at 217/785-2427. You can also fax us at 217/524-4882, or e-mail us at email@example.com.
Duplicate Licenses, Secondary Licenses, and Change of Information
Licensees that have misplaced or destroyed their current license card may request the Department issue a duplicate license using the form below. In addition, licensees wishing to be licensed under a second company may submit a request to the Department using the Secondary license request form. Licensees may also submit changes of information to the Department with regard to their licensure using the appropriate form below.
Duplicate license request form
Secondary license request form
Change of information form
Important Addresses and Phone Numbers
Licensing Information –
Return to Pesticide Use and Regulation Page
Return to Department's Home Page


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Flutterby9812 46-50, F 11 Answers 0 May 14, 2014 in Dating & Relationships
Never ending huh... That's pretty inviting! I love long passionate kisses. Just so long as it's not like a never ending grandma kiss then I'm in!
Best Answer
Not the die part but I'll take a kiss from you anytime...
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That would be sooooo lovely. :)
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No not particularly, my girlfriend would be just a little upset when she found out I died while kissing another woman ! Just saying..:)
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yes, sure.<br />
but only after the "never ending kiss" is over.
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Is your name Wendy? :)
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Please tell me this is another song!?
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I've never been a Springsteen fan, sorry! :(
Best Answer
Looking back through... I just got this one. ;-)
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URPL Lecture Series
A brownbag forum for exploration of research and professional issues
related to urban and regional planning
All lectures are open to the public and are held in 208 Old Music Hall, 925 Bascom Mall
Please direct inquiries about the 2014-15 Lecture Series to its organizer, Prof. Harvey M. Jacobs
Fall Semester Lectures
Overview Flier of Complete Spring 2015 Lecture Series
Friday, February 6, 2015, 12 - 1:30 p.m. Some Modern Day Musing on the Police Power. Professor Brian Ohm, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Wisconsin-Madison. [Read the Paper]
Friday, March 6, 2015, 12 - 1:30 p.m. More Than Gentrification: Eviction and Displacement in Los Angeles. Dr. Revel Sims, Honorary Fellow, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Wisconsin-Madison. [Read the Paper]
Friday, April 10, 2015, 12 - 1:30 p.m. Child Support Receipt, Mobility and Housing Quality. Associate Professor Marah Curtis, School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison. [Read the Paper]
Friday, May 1, 2015, 12 - 1:30 p.m. Mapping a Decade of Change: Urban expansion in East Asia, 2000-2010. Assistant Professor Annemarie Schneider, Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Published papers on this research are available to view here: A new urban landscape in East-Southeast Asia, 2000-2010. Environmental Research Letters (2015) volume 10, 034002 (Schneider et al.) ; Detecting change in urban areas at continental scales with MODIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment (2015) volume 158, 331-347 (Mertes et al.).


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Ashley Phosphate Road was shut down today in both directions near Southrail Road, causing a traffic mess in North Charleston, after a CSX train struck a truck that had stopped on the tracks.
"The driver could not move the vehicle off the track because of traffic in front and behind him," said Spencer Pryor, spokesman for the North Charleston Police Department. "The driver was able to get out of the truck before impact but a passenger remained inside."
There were, however, no injuries resulting from the collision, according to Pryor.
He said CSX inspectors were in route to scene.
Traffic was being redirected via Cross County Road, Palmetto Commerce Parkway and Stall Road. By 5:30 p.m., traffic on Ashley Phosphate Road was flowing again in both directions.
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Contact Us
If you have the slightest problem with any product you have purchased from us, please call us at 800.435.2225.
Today, as always, we owe Wine Tasting Network's success to you, our customer. We appreciate your patronage and look forward to serving you for many years to come.
578 Gateway Drive
Napa, CA 94558
Phone: 800.435.2225
Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. PST


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Serious, focused, immediately on the case, Fernando Alonso made his debut media appearance of the season on Thursday morning at the twenty third edition of Wrooom, in the Italian Dolomites.
He gave the impression of already being totally focused on the 2013 Formula One Championship season but, at the same time revealing that he did not feel any additional pressure after the long and hard battle for the 2012 title did not end up in his favour.
"I don't think there is necessarily an obligation to win," said the Spaniard. "Sport means sacrifice, work, enjoyment of what one does and for the past three years, I've been fortunate to be in the fight for important targets. There are 24 drivers in F1 and few of them can say they have won races and usually finished on the podium. Since I've been at Ferrari, two out of three times I have come very close to being world champion, which is the target for me and for a team like ours and I hope I can now make that three times out of four.
"I'm confident [that] I can start the season with a better car than the one we had in the first few months of last year," continued the man from Oviedo. "It was actually in the early races that we lost decisive points, when we had a car that was only good enough for seventh, as was the case in China or ninth in Bahrain. The fact [that] we are working with just one wind tunnel, the Toyota one in Cologne, could be a small advantage."
"The rules are continuing pretty much the same as last year in terms of aerodynamics. In 2012 we changed the exhaust position compared to 2011, and it was a little bit of a guess regarding what we found on the car. This year everything should be much more normal and we are much more confident, said Alonso.
He added, "We may be faster or slower but not 1.5 or two seconds off the pace [as at the start of 2012], because it was a record what we had last year. It is maybe impossible to be worse than last year, so I am confident."
Alonso has always praised his current team-mate, whom he has been paired with for his first three years in red and this remains the case, "I have always said that Felipe [Massa] [is] one of the best drivers around and I still remember that some people smiled when I said this last year."
"He and I have always helped one another, day by day and I expect him to always be very close to me in terms of performance. What was not normal was the difference between us over the past two years, but now I don't think that will be the case. That will be a very positive factor for me and especially for the team," admitted the double world champion.
Alonso sees the arrival of fellow Spaniard Pedro de la Rosa as being a very positive development for the Maranello team.
"When there are new arrivals in high level teams, it is always important," he said. "Pedro will work mainly on the simulator, an area where we were not at the same level as the best and his experience will be useful. Having said that, it's not the case that a new driver can change things or can do it in the simulator. There will be further and more significant new arrivals that can make the team grow." (Apex & Ferrari)
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Annual Events
Evergreen is known for its annual Sausage Festival, which celebrates all things sausage every fall. Another community favorite is the South East Regional Fly-In.
Castleberry Strawberry Festival
This event is held on the 3rd Saturday every April in downtown Castleberry. Offers a day of arts, crafts, entertainment, and plenty of fresh strawberries. For more information, call 251-966-2422.
Evergreen Sausage Festival
October 18, 2014 - The Evergreen Sausage Festival is a fall festival held each October in Downtown Evergreen. Come experience live entertainment, handmade arts and crafts, live music, children's activities, delicious food - featuring locally-made Conecuh Sausage. A new addition for 2012 is the Alabama BBQ Association Backyard Division Cook-Off! Sponsored by the Evergreen-Conecuh Chamber of Commerce. For more information, call 251-578-1707.
South East Regional Fly-In (SERFI)
To Be Announced - This spectacular aviation event is usually held the 4th Saturday each October at Middleton Field Airport in Evergreen. Visitors can view hundreds of aircraft from all over the Southeast, participate in seminars, attend an awards banquet, visit vendor booths, etc. www.serfi.org.