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To assist water engineers to utilize an advanced water distribution system optimizer, a user-friendly interface, database support, and mapping utilities have been integrated into ArcView 3.1 GIS using AVENUE and the Dialog Designer extension. This decision support system (DSS) is developed into an ArcView extension called WADSOP - Water Distribution System Optimizer. WADSOP optimizes pipe sizing and layout, as well as pump station sizing and layout, to improve cost-effectiveness and reliability over most existing water distribution models based on less effective pipe simulation algorithms. GIS provides functions for development and preparation of accurate spatial information for input into the network design optimization model, which include network layout, connectivity, pipe characteristics and cost, pressure gradients, demand patterns, cost analysis, network routing and allocation, and effective color graphic display of results.
Municipal water distribution systems represent a major portion of the investment in urban infrastructure and a critical component of public works. The goal is to design water distribution systems to deliver potable water over spatially extensive areas in required quantities and under satisfactory pressures. In addition to these goals, cost-effectiveness and reliability in system design are also important.
Municipal water distribution systems are inherently complex because they are:
The optimal design of municipal water distribution systems is a challenging optimization problem for the following reasons:
The current focus in optimal design models is on improving the efficiency and realism of the optimization techniques, with little attention given to spatial database requirements and dialog interfaces to enhance practical usage. A wide variety of techniques have been proposed, with one of the most oft studied being the Linear Programming Gradient (LPG) method and its extensions (Alperovits and Shamir, 1977; Eiger, et al., 1994). However, Bhave and Sonak (1992) claim that the LPG method is inefficient compared with other methods.
Some approaches attempt to employ efficient combinatorial methods to the optimal design problem. Gessler (1982) linked a network hydraulic simulation model to a filtering subroutine to efficiently enumerate all feasible solutions in pipe network design. This model selects both the optimal design, as well as several near-optimal solutions for tradeoff analysis, and is perhaps the most widely used optimization model. Other authors have formulated the optimal design problem as a nonlinear programming problem with discrete pipe sizes treated as continuous variables. Chiplunkar, et al. (1986) employed the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell method to design a water distribution under a single demand loading scenario. Lansey and Mays (1989) coupled the generalized reduced gradient (GRG) algorithm with a water distribution simulation model to optimally size pipe network, pump stations, and tanks. The primary disadvantage of these NLP methods is the required rounding off of optimal continuous decision variables to commercially available sizes, which can lead to network infeasibilities as well as raise questions as to optimality of the adjusted solution.
Methods based on the use of linear programming (LP) have been developed which are capable of maintaining the constraint on discrete pipe sizes without the need for rounding off solutions. Morgan and Goulter (1985) modified the procedure of Kally (1972) to link a Hardy-Cross network solver with linear programming model. The model is designed to optimize both the layout and design of new systems and expansion of existing systems. It is a highly efficient method, with the main disadvantage being the generation of split pipe solutions (i.e., with some pipe sections requiring two pipe sizes). The latter indeed reduces system costs, but may not be attractive to design engineers.
More recent literature emphasizes reliability issues in water distribution system design, with consideration of the probabilities of satisfying system flow and pressure requirements. Lansey, et al. (1989) employed a chance constrained model to consider uncertainties in demands, pressure head, and pipe roughness. Bao and Mays (1990) applied Monte Carlo simulation methods to measure system reliability. Although reliability-based water distribution system models are useful for analysis of the problem, they may be impractible for designing large-scale systems. The use of multiple demand loading scenarios may be a means of indirectly including system reliability issues at more practical computational expense.
Recent studies have attempted to apply a variety of heuristic programming methods to the optimal design of water distribution systems. These include the application of genetic algorithms (Savic and Walters, 1997) and simulated annealing (Cunha and Sousa, 1999). The advantages of these methods are that they allow full consideration of system nonlinearity and maintain discrete design variables without requiring split pipe solutions. The disadvantages include:
The WADSOP application was developed exclusively in ArcView GIS (3.1) as an extension using AVENUE programming and ArcView project customization capabilities. All dialogs were developed using the Dialog Designer extension to ensure that the application could be used on any platform. The CAD Reader extension was used to permit CAD drawing input, mapping, and conversion, and the Spatial Analyst extension was used for digital elevation model input and usage. One of the most useful extensions incorporated was the Network Analyst for routing new pipes and rerouting old ones, allocating water supply to demand zones, and for developing pressure zones.
WADSOP Menu System
The figure below depicts the WADSOP menu system which functionality can also be accessed through a toolbar that can be activated from the WADSOP button in the button bar or toggle on or off from the menu system. Modules include data development, optimization, results, route, allocate, and help. The development of each of these modules will be discussed in detail in the following sections.
Pipe Edit Dialog
Upon selecting data development from the WADSOP menu or input
from the WADSOP toolbar, the Data Development Switchboard is produced
for developing optimization model input. The first option is to Edit
Pipe Links. If data already exists in the ArcView project for
the pipe network, the Pipe Editor dialog is produced along with
a table of attributes, one record for each pipe. The user can choose
a pipe from the drop down list to begin editing it, or choose it directly
from the table. The Select button permits the user to directly
select a pipe from the map for editing. Attributes include the Hazen-Williams
coefficient, and the diameter and length of the pipe. Note that the
user is permitted to add a second diameter and length if the pipe is to
be split to reduce overall system costs. The optimizer automatically
splits pipes in two to use two different diameters to increase system cost-effectiveness
when possible unless the user chooses to not exercise this option.
From the Pipe Editor menu, the user can also choose the Add Pipe
tool to add new pipes to the system. Nodes are automatically generated
at the ends of each pipe added. If the end of a new pipe is drawn
within a user-defined tolerance of an existing node, the existing node
serves as the end node for that pipe.
Edit Nodes
The next data development option is to add pipe nodes and attributes including elevation and up to four demand scenarios. Using multiple demand scenarios insures that the resulting optimized system is robust. It ensures that a pipe is not eliminated as unnecessary or undersized. As with pipes, nodes can be selected directly from the map for editing as well as added or deleted from the Node Edit dialog. Two different kind of nodes can be added, supply or demand nodes. As opposed to demand nodes, supply nodes are added to represent a water supply tank or a reservoir.
Although not entirely functional yet, a script is being developed to allow all node elevations to be estimated from a map of ground elevation contours or a digital elevation model (DEM) grid minus a constant depth-to-pipe factor. Although this is a rough method, it makes data editing easier if values close to what they should be are already in the elevation field of the table. It also allows a rough optimization run to be executed to determine general areas of concern in pipe network design and expansion.
Edit Pipe Diameters and Costs
The third data development option is to set up a table of commercially
available pipe diameters and costs.
By requiring the optimization model to only choose from available diameters, the feasibility and optimality of the solution is more certain. Updating pipe costs to current market prices will ensure that the optimal wds design results reflect reality. The Edit Pipe Cost Factors option allows design costs to be further adjusted for soil type, landuse and street width to improve realism, too.
WADSOP incorporates and effective way to optimize pump design as well
as pipe design requiring minimal input. Only the amount of time each
pump is set to run for each loading scenario and its load efficiency are
required in the Edit Load and Pump Data dialog. Pumping head
is automatically adjusted in the optimization model so that all minimum
pressure requirements are satisfied. The Edit Energy and Cost
Data dialog allows parameters to be set to determine when the cost
of additional pumping is less than the cost of increasing pipe sizes, to
compute an overall least cost solution for the wds.
In addition to the cost of a pipe itself, installation costs can be significantly affected by a number of site conditions, three of which include landuse (developed land being more expensive to excavate), road width (narrow roads causing more disturbance when under construction), and soil type (loose soils requiring shoring and firm soils more time and energy to excavate than typical). The Edit Pipe Cost Factors dialog allows these factors to considered by applying a factor to the cost of pipe based on site conditions. Road buffer, soils and landuse maps are prepared and spatial joins of their linked attributes used to develop an overall factor to apply to each pipe. The user can adjust the cost factors in the dialog and recalculate pipe costs before proceeding to optimization at any time. Adjusting costs and reruning the optimizer is a good way to determine how sensitive results are to changing conditions.
Currently, every dialog includes a help button to obtain text-based information to assist the user in proceeding through the options as well as more general help accessed from the menu-system with details about the WADSOP application. A future goal is to replace this help system with a standard Windows-based one that includes hyperlinks, graphics, and a find function.
After completing each dialog in the Data Development module the
user is ready to use the WADSOP optimizer. Currently only the optimizer
is available, but the simulator to analyze existing systems will soon follow.
The Data Verification Check dialog allows the users to review information
about the system and return to the editing mode if necessary before proceeding.
When the user chooses Optimize from this dialog, all the tables
developed during the input phase are converted to comma deliminated text
and sent to the WADSOP executable. Results are written to the pipe
and node tables, and map displayed colored coding changes to the original
network and displaying pipes with a graduated symbol related to pipe diameter.
Split pipes are also noted in the results with text labels.
The Crystal Reports extension can be used to generate typical wds reports of interest, as well as customized reports if desired.
Network Routing
Although the main purpose of WADSOP is network optimization, ArcView GIS can provide a great deal of additional functionality. Through the use of the Network Analyst extension, the least cost path can be determined for planning a new pipe along an existing road network. The user only has to indicate from where to where they wish to route, and if length or some other impedance factor will determine which way is the "longest".
The final WADSOP module being developed to date aids in network allocation. Two common uses are for determining which water supply sources can supply which sectors of a municipality, or for defining pressure zones as the distance out from a pressure supply head (pump) that can be serviced before impedance along pipes causes the minimum pressure to be reached.
Although significant progress has been made on the WADSOP extension to ArcView GIS to date, it is not ready for commercial distribution at this time. However, the authors would look forward to entities that would like to test the beta and offer recommendations for improvements. Some of the most pressing work includes the following:
Alperovits, E. and U. Shamir, Design of optimal water distribution
systems, Water Resour. Res., 13 (6), 885-900, 1977.
Bao, Y. and L. Mays, Model for water distribution system reliability, J. Hydraul. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 116 ( 9), 1119-1137, 1990.
Bhave, P., and V. Sonak, A critical study of the linear programming gradient method for optimal design of water supply networks, Water Resour. Res., 28 (6), 1577-1584, 1992.
Chiplunkar, A., S. Mehndiratta, and P. Khanna, Looped water distribution system optimization for single loading, J. Env. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 112 (2), 264-279, 1986.
Cunha, M. and J. Sousa, Water distribution network design optimization: simulated annealing approach, J. Water Res. Plan. Manage. Div. Soc. Civ. Eng., 125 (4), 215-221, 1999.
Eiger, G., U. Shamir, and A. Ben-Tal, Optimal design of water distribution networks, Water Resour. Res., 30 (9), 2637-2646, 1994.
Gessler, J., Optimization of pipe networks, Proc. of the Ninth International. Symposium on Urban Hydrology, Hydraulics and Sediment Control, Univ. of Ky., Lexington, July 27-30, 1982.
Goulter, I., Systems analysis in water distribution system design: from theory to practice, J. Water. Res. Plan. Manage. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 118 (3), 238-248, 1992.
Lansey, K., N. Duan, L. Mays, and Y. Tung, Water distribution system design under uncertainties, J. Water Res. Plan. Manage. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 115 (5), 630-645, 1989.
Lansey, K. and L. Mays, Optimization model for water distribution system design, J. Hydraul. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 115 (10), 1401-1418, 1989.
Morgan, D., and I. Goulter, Optimal urban water distribution design, Water Resour. Res., 21 (5), 642-652, 1985.
Savic, D. and G. Walters, Genetic algorithms for least-cost design of water distribution networks, J. Water Res. Plan. Manage. Div. Soc. Civ. Eng., 123 (2), 67-77, 1997.
Taher, S. and J. Labadie, Optimal design of water distribution networks with GIS, J. Water Res. Plan. Manage. Div. Soc. Civ. Eng., 122 (4), 301-311, 1996.
John W. Labadie, P.E.
Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering
Colorado State University
Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1372
Tel: 970-491-6898
Fax: 970-491-7727
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Margaret T. Herzog, P.E.
Civil Engineer / GIS Coordinator
Foothill Engineering Consultants, Inc.
350 Indiana Street, Suite 315
Golden, Colorado 80401
Tel: 303-278-0622
Fax: 303-278-0624
Home: 303-237-4158
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Republican voters are warming to Mitt Romney, who has stormed back to tie Newt Gingrich for the GOP presidential nomination, according to a CNN/ORC International poll released on Monday.
Gingrich and Romney, the former Massachusetts governor, are the coleaders, with each drawing 28 percent of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents surveyed. Rep. Ron Paul, R-Texas, is a solid third with 14 percent. Rep. Michele Bachmann, R-Minn., is at 8 percent, followed by Texas Gov. Rick Perry at 7 percent, former Sen. Rick Santorum, R-Pa., at 4 percent, and former Utah Gov. Jon Huntsman at 2 percent.
The poll is the first survey that CNN has conducted in nearly a month, when it found Gingrich with a narrow, 4-point lead over Romney. That poll also included beleaguered businessman Herman Cain, who suspended his campaign amid numerous sexual-harassment allegations.
In the previous poll, Gingrich garnered the support of 31 percent of tea party supporters; now, he is at 32 percent among that group. But among those Republicans who describe themselves as moderates, Gingrich is at just 16 percent, trailing Romney (35 percent) and Paul (21 percent).
Although Gingrich has gained in electability--Republicans are split when asked which candidate is most likely to win the GOP nomination and which candidate has the best chance to beat President Obama--Republican voters are increasingly confident that Romney's priorities reflect what is important to them. Asked whom they are most likely to agree with on the issues that matter most, 23 percent say Romney, while 22 percent say Gingrich. In mid-November, 25 percent said Gingrich, and only 16 percent said Romney.
Twenty-one percent of conservative voters, and 22 percent of tea party supporters, pick Romney as the candidate with whom they are most likely to agree. In mid-November, just 13 percent of conservatives and 11 percent of tea party supporters, chose Romney.
The CNN/ORC International poll was conducted Dec. 16-18, surveying 436 Republicans and Republican-leaning independents. The margin of error is +/- 4.7 percentage points.

subset: commoncrawl


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On the eve of the State of Hawaii becoming the first jurisdiction to ban sales of shark fin soup, local and international conservation groups praised the ground-breaking move as a first step to halting the decimation of global shark stocks.
WildAid's innovative awareness campaigns have been entered in Nau's Grants 4 Change online competition. The winner receives $10,000 for their project. We need this to launch a new airmedia campaign to educate travellers about the illegal wildlife trade - and what NOT to buy abroad. Follow the instructions below to help win $10,000 for endangered species. Every vote counts! A few minutes of your time could win $10,000 for endangered species!
UPDATE: Absentee bidding is now open for our silent auction!
Our online supporters get a sneak peek at the auction items and a chance to bid before event night! Act now and take something home, with all proceeds benefitting endangered wildlife!
This year, 2010, is the Year of the Tiger. In honor of this noble creature, we are working to help save wild tigers. Tiger Claw's 2nd KungFuMagazine.com Championship and Shark City Nationals are cooperating with the non-profit Tiger Claw Foundation to bring attention to the plight of the tiger. We are all supporting WildAid, an international non-profit organization. Their mission is to end the illegal wildlife trade within our lifetimes.
On Wednesday , February 10, 2010 Peter Knights, Executive Director of WildAid will address the TED Conference in Long Beach, California about the threats to marine protected areas and the successful enforcement chain developed by WildAid for the Marine Protected Area of the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.


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|Merrie of Petite Career Girl
Cynthia: One of the best things about being a blogger is meeting new friends from all over the world. It's awesome. It's fun. It's life affirming.
|Merrie of Petite Career Girl
1. What is your #1 fashion tip?
3. Which bloggers inspired you to blog?
Carol and Kathryn of In Pursuit of Pretty Things
Brooke Shaden of Promoting Passion
Freddy of Atomic Tango
Jenni of Gnome Lover
4. Best dressed celeb?
5. What is your favorite movie?
7. What is your must-have splurge?
Cynthia: Nice jeans
9. Nail polish or natural nails?
10. What is your opinion of the blogging community?


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|Chapter 17: The Lord Travels to Vṛndāvana
Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Śrī Caitanya Caritāmṛta Madhya 17.97
nirantara duńhe cinti tomāra caraṇa
'sarvajña īśvara' tumi dilā daraśana
nirantara — incessantly; duńhe — we two; cinti — think of; tomāra caraṇa — Your lotus feet; sarva-jña — omniscient; īśvara — Supreme Personality of Godhead; tumi — You; dilā daraśana — gave Your audience.
"My dear Lord, we two think of Your lotus feet incessantly. Although You are the omniscient Supreme Personality of Godhead, You have granted us Your audience.
<<< >>>
Copyright © The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc.
His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda, Founder Ācārya of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness


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TRICARE and Military OneSource will host a webinar to discuss health plan options available to beneficiaries after they lose TRICARE eligibility on Thursday, August 15, 2013, 1:00 p.m. to 2:00 p.m. EDT.
During this time of transition, many service members leaving active duty before retiring want to know what their options are to maintain health care coverage for themselves and their families.
Mr. Mark Ellis is a senior health program analyst with the TRICARE Management Activity who manages the Continued Health Care Benefit and TRICARE Young Adult programs. These programs offer transitional health care coverage to former service members and their family members after they lose eligibility for TRICARE. Mr. Ellis has 35 years of experience working in the Military Health System.
To register for TRICARE's webinar with Military OneSource go to www.militaryonesource.mil/webinar. Registration is on a first-come, first-served basis and is limited due to system capacity. Participants must avoid sharing personal health information when asking a question.
To get tailored information about TRICARE eligibility visit www.tricare.mil and answer a couple of easy questions to enter your profile.
Last Updated 6/8/2015


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The last six years have been pretty rough for the job market, so if you're among the few movers and shakers who are actually heading up the ladder instead of falling off it, then you probably have a good handle on professionalism and what it can mean to your future. You know that even if you're leaving a job, it's good practice not to burn […]
Want a writing career? There are some things you'll need to know before you set out down this path. First, some good news. I've been doing it full-time for six years, and am by no means a great writer. Translation: you don't have to be to earn a living. Now the bad news: despite the opportunities available, very few make it in this business. (And […]
The curriculum is an integral part of any type of modern education system. Various educationists have come up with varied approaches towards curriculum but one thing they all agree on is that education has to be planned, from how and what students learn in a classroom, within a district, state and in the whole country. In spite of the many theories, all curriculum and instruction […]
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Jargon is used in every industry and profession, and business jargon ranks as one of the most commonly used forms of jargon. These over-used terms add little to the speaker's statements, can be distracting, and are often grammatically incorrect. Furthermore, numerous research studies have found that business jargon makes people think you're lying and that using complex language in place of simple language makes other […]
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LONDON (TrustLaw) – The study of corruption and anti-corruption as an academic topic and a subject for professional certification is increasing around the world, experts say, spurred by the greater readiness of international organisations to talk about, and tackle, the problem.
Law students can take courses in anti-corruption law, compliance officers can receive certifications that prove their expertise, prosecutors can get professional training and social science students can not only take classes but also entire graduate degrees devoted to the topic.
"I see every day new programmes stepping up, people creating masters programmes in corruption and anti-corruption," Professor Alina Mungiu-Pippidi of Berlin's Hertie School of Governance told TrustLaw.
"It means that there is some expectation out there that the topic will grow, that this is a cross-disciplinary topic which will get important attention and funding in the next 10 years," Mungiu-Pippidi said.
Edith Wilson, a public affairs expert at the World Bank who specialises in anti-corruption initiatives, said she thinks the growth in the study of corruption as an academic topic is an indication of a wider phenomenon.
"The anti-corruption movement, after years of not going anywhere, is finally getting institutionalised and that is reassuring," Wilson said. "I think you are seeing yet another manifestation of truly international engagement with anti-corruption."
There are a number of reasons for the rise of corruption studies in academic circles, not least because the topic is now talked about openly in a way that it was not before, experts say.
"Over the last 10 to 15 years, (corruption) has become much more trendy, some would even say a sexy issue..." said Martin Kreutner, head of the International Anti-Corruption Academy (IACA) in Vienna and a former Austrian anti-graft prosecutor.
While the IACA is partly funded by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF), international organisations were not always so keen to become involved in anti-corruption efforts.
International institutions historically did not talk about corruption, it was considered outside their remit, said Dan Hough, a reader in politics at the UK's University of Sussex and head of its Masters in Corruption and Governance programme.
It was not until James Wolfensohn, the then head of the World Bank, famously described corruption as a cancer in 1996 that the topic came out into the open, Hough said.
"The Wolfensohn speech was the catalyst for organisations like the World Bank, the IMF and the OECD to start taking corruption more seriously when thinking about development," Hough said.
The shift in thinking among the international banks, the United Nations and the OECD has been so profound that not only are anti-corruption specialists hired at those organisations, but they are encouraged to share their knowledge with the public.
Pascale Dubois is in charge of deciding the appropriate punishment for companies found to have used World Bank funds corruptly. She is also an adjunct professor at Georgetown Law where she teaches a course on international anti-corruption.
"Teaching has been tremendously helpful for me to look at my own job from a distance and reassess what I do... it forces me to be on top of what goes on out there," Dubois said. "Several of my former students work at the bank now in areas related to anti-corruption.
Academic topics rely heavily on funding to flourish and corruption is no exception.
Last year, the European Union gave anti-corruption researchers led by Mungiu-Pippidi eight million euros ($10.4 million) to investigate the factors that promote or hinder the development of effective anti-corruption policies. She said it was the largest social science grant ever disbursed by the EU.
The 24/7 media and investigative journalism in particular have also done a lot to expose corruption, Hough said. "Investigative journalism has changed the way we view corruption. There is not necessarily more of it but there is more awareness of it," he said.
Compliance officers (many of them non-lawyers) are also looking for ways to improve their knowledge of anti-corruption procedures and also to prove their expertise in the field, said Alexandra Wrage, president of TRACE Anti-bribery Specialist Accreditation (TASA).
"These people are good at their job, they are very sophisticated but they do not have a credential, they almost certainly have a university degree but they do not have a university degree in anything relevant to what this position has evolved into," Wrage said.
Also, as the enforcement of anti-corruption laws around the world increases, companies are willing to spend more money on securing the resources to ensure that their employees do not pay bribes.
"It is a very hot job market. In a sluggish economy, it is one of the areas where almost everybody is hiring and there is a lot of mobility and if you can take a credential with you, I think that helps as well," Wrage said.
The short time that anti-corruption has existed as an academic topic and the fact that it is so difficult to measure corruption means that few people can point to concrete results, experts said.
"I keep comparing it with human rights, it took mankind one hundred or two hundred years to have a common standard of human rights and still they are being violated. The international anti-corruption agenda has been known internationally for only 10 to 15 years so you can't expect Rome to be built in a day," Kreutner said.
Hough acknowledged that increased funding for anti-corruption academics and the media focus on corruption has come with increased pressure to 'solve corruption.'
"There is clearly no right answer to this," Hough said. "The next thing I publish will not solve the corruption conundrum and the danger is that people expect to find solutions which they can implement and then the world will change."
"It is not a technocratic problem... it is a long game," he said.


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or call 800-621-FEMA (3362). Disaster assistance applicants who have a
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directly; for those who use 711 or Video Relay Service (VRS), call
Submit Complaint Online >> Other Important links:About Fair HousingHealth and Environmental Concerns Renter Info and Sample Lease ContractContact the Houston Apartment Association at (713) 595-0300 on Wednesday from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. and Thursday and Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m. to 4:00 p.m. to speak with a trained consultant to ask questions about renter rights and leases. Your call will be taken on a first come, first served basis.
For more information on Texas law and the rights and responsibilities of renters, visit the Texas Apartment Association Web site at www.taa.orgAlso, read an "Overview of Tenant Rights" provided by the Texas Attorney General's Office.Adobe PDF - Download Reader


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I'm usually not drawn to girly fabrics…but I JUMPED at the chance to sew with these when I saw them at Quilt Market.
The line is Flirt by Dear Stella and the colors are perfect.
I love that these fabrics work equally well for a baby or a teenager. So you can make a baby quilt that they won't outgrow it in a year!
With that stack up there I made a baby quilt using my Playful pattern. The different pinks work so well together.
I quilted it with diagonal straight lines, and machine bound it using this method. After a quick wash and dry it's ready to deliver to a new baby girl!
Flirt is in stores now. These photos don't do this fabric justice!
You can find Flirt at these shops: Pink Chalk Fabrics and Fat Quarter Shop


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Tuesday 03 August 2010
1,000 families sheltered in Pakistan by ShelterBox
This family was rescued from the floods in Pakistan and are now sheltered in a ShelterBox tent. Photograph courtesy of NRSP
Aid for 1,000 families in Pakistan has been delivered in the last 48 hours thanks to ShelterBox.
Families whose homes were destroyed in the floods have now found emergency shelter beneath the canvas of ShelterBox tents after 1,000 ShelterBox tents were distributed in Kyber Pukhtunkwa (KPK) and Punjab regions of Pakistan in the past two days.
Each ShelterBox disaster relief tent can house an extend family of up to ten people. The tents undergo rigorous testing in wind and rain tunnels and can withstand extremes of high and low temperatures.
ShelterBox's partners in Pakistan, the NRSP (National Rural Support Programme), delivered the aid to families who have been rescued from Pakistan's worst floods in living memory.
The tents were pre-positioned in Pakistan by ShelterBox Field Operations Advisor, Mark Pearson, a month ago on NRSP's advice.
'We knew a particularly bad monsoon season was going to hit,' said Mark. 'We were operating in response to Cyclone Phet and the flooding in the Hunza Valley and it made sense to keep boxes on standby in readiness for any potential flooding.
'I worked closely with NRSP and trained them on the best way to distribute our kit. They've been fantastic in getting aid to families most in need immediately after the floods hit.'
Incredible support
ShelterBox Head of Operations, John Leach, added: 'We've been working in Pakistan since early June and monitoring the situation in the Hunza Valley since the landslide happened there in January.
'We've worked with NRSP since the Kashmir earthquake in 2005 and it's because of this partnership that we've been able to deliver aid to survivors of the floods so quickly. A distribution of this scale and magnitude wouldn't have been possible without their efforts and the efforts of our supporters around the world.
'It's vital we're always ready for the next disaster and our supporters have been magnificent this year. As we've seen with the floods in Pakistan, we don't know when the next disaster will hit. To stay ready, we need your help, however great or small that may be.'
Since 2005, ShelterBox has worked in Pakistan in response to earthquakes, conflict, flooding, cyclones and landslides.
The images below are from NRSP:


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Located between Franklin Field and the Palestra, the Ringe Squash Courts are a convenient option for those looking to get some court time. The facility features 10 glassback international squash courts, the Al Molley Exhibition Court, and the Intercollegiate and Penn Squash Halls of Fame. Ringe has plenty of space for players.
To view more of the Ringe Squash Courts click here.
Accessing the Courts
A valid PennCard is required to access any Recreation Facility. Effective October 1, 2014 a Membership Fee will be associated with use of the Ringe Squash Courts. Penn Recreation and Fox Only Members will continue to have access to Ringe as part of their membership until August 31, 2015. Effective September 1, 2015 the Ringe Squash Courts will no longer be affiliated with Penn Recreation. For more information please refer to the Penn Tennis Center. Please note, all Penn Students will continue to have free access to the Ringe Squash Courts regardless of this change.
Booking the Courts
Reservations are taken Monday through Friday, 6:30 AM to 9:15 PM, by phone at (215) 898-4741 or visit the Penn Tennis Center. Reservations are taken no earlier than one day in advance. Reservations are one hour in length and are forfeited after 10 minutes. Each person may make only one reservation per day.
Courts without reservations are available on a first-come, first-served basis. Please note that court availability may vary during the year due to the intercollegiate season, Recreation squash group, private instruction, and other activities.


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Herbert Haseltine, ca. 1930
Physical Details: Photographic print : 1 item : b&w ; 19 x 23 cm.
Creator: Whitney Studio Club, photographer
Description: Identification on verso (handwritten): Herbert Haseltine at work on model of St. James owned by George Widener. Courtesy Whitney Studio.
Forms part of: Forbes Watson papers, 1840-1967, bulk 1900-1960
Rights Statement: Current copyright status is undetermined
Citation: Herbert Haseltine, ca. 1930
Digital ID: 2147
- Artists at or with their work
- Artists' studios
- Haseltine, Herbert
- Sculpture


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|Head Coach
|18th Season
|Previous College:
|Maine-Presque Isle '77
Michael Jackson enters his 18th season as the
head coach of the University of New Hampshire women's soccer
program. A 1977 graduate of the University of Maine-Presque Isle,
Jackson was named the America East Coach of the Year in 2002 and
1998, and led a staff that garnered America East Coaching Staff of
the Year honors in 2007.
In 17 years, Jackson has compiled a 126-170-31 overall record, including a 43-30-9 record in conference play for a .580 winning percentage, coached five of the program's top seven leading point scorers and the only All-America First Team selection – goalkeeper Maja Hansen – in UNH history. He has also had 14 America East All-Conference First Team honorees, as well as three players named to the North Atlantic Conference All-Conference First Team, a Goalkeeper of the Year award winner (Kristen Ouellette, 2002), three Striker of the Year recipients (Chiara Best, 2004 and Michelle Sheehan, 2007 and 2008) and a Midfielder of the Year honoree (Caitlin Whelan, 2007).
Jackson, who has made 14 tournament appearances with the 'Cats, led UNH to the title game in 1998 and 2007, as well as semifinal appearances in 1995, 1996, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006. He also led the 'Cats to America East tournament appearances in 2000, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011.
In 2011, the Wildcats finished the season 5-12-2 overall and 3-4-1 in conference play, leading them to their 11th consecutive America East Championship tournament appearance. The Wildcats unfortunately bowed out in the first round, ultimately ending their season.
In 2010, Jackson and the Wildcats qualified for the tournament for the 10th straight season. The 'Cats were unable to advance in a first-round loss, ending their tournament run.
Jackson put together what may have been his most impressive year while at the helm for the Wildcats in 2007. He led his team to an 11-7-2 record, good for a .632 winning percentage. While the 11 victories tied the second highest win total in a single season, which he had already done twice (1998, 2004), the winning percentage was Jackson's highest during his career in Durham. His 6-1-1 record in the conference garnered a share of the Wildcats' second ever America East regular season title, which also gave them their first America East tournament No. 1 seed in program history. For the sixth consecutive year, the Wildcats made it as far as the semifinal round. Jackson surpassed that, however, guiding the 'Cats to the championship game for the second time in school history – the first time as a No. 1 seed and host of the title game.
UNH advanced to the semifinals of the America East Championships in 2006 and finished 6-11-1 overall with seven shutouts. Two years prior, Jackson led the Wildcats (11-8-2 overall) to their first America East regular-season title as UNH shared the crown with a 6-3-0 conference record. In 2002, Jackson guided UNH to a second-place finish in the conference with a 5-2-1 record. The Wildcats reached double digits in wins (10-7-1 overall) and tied the school record for shutouts by blanking the opposition nine times. Jackson was honored as the conference's Coach of the Year in 1998 after leading the 'Cats to a third seed in the league tournament with a 7-2-0 America East record. UNH advanced to the conference championship game and finished that season with an 11-9-0 mark.
Before assuming the head coaching position at UNH, Jackson served as an assistant coach at the University of Connecticut from 1990-94. During his tenure with the Huskies, UConn qualified for the NCAA tournament five consecutive seasons. In his last season at UConn, the team advanced to the NCAA semifinals. They advanced to the championship game in 1990 and made quarterfinal appearances in 1991 and 1993. The Huskies produced seven NCAA Division I All-America selections, 14 All-New England and 12 All-Regional players, as well as one Academic All-American in Jackson's five years of service.
Prior to joining the UConn coaching staff, Jackson served as the girls varsity soccer coach, as well as special education teacher at East Hampton (Conn.) High School from 1986-89. He helped produce the school's first-ever All-State player during his rookie season. In his second year at the helm, the team qualified for its first-ever tournament and produced another All-State selection.
Jackson began his coaching career with the boys' soccer program at Waterford (Conn.) High School (1981-85). He directed the team to the state tournament four times, including three conference championships. In 1982, his team advanced to the state final and generated the school's first-ever All-America selection.
Jackson has also been involved in the Connecticut Junior Soccer Association's Olympic Development Program, as well as with the Under-15 through Under-19 State teams. He has also been involved in various soccer camps throughout Connecticut and Massachusetts. In addition to his coaching background, Jackson also possesses several years of playing experience. He was a member of the varsity soccer program at the University of Maine-Presque Isle and played for the Waterford Soccer Club, an amateur men's team.
Jackson received his Bachelor's Degree in Behavioral Science from Maine-Presque Isle in 1977 and attained his Master's Degree in Education from the University of Connecticut in 1986. As a member of the National Soccer Coaches Association, Jackson holds an Advanced National Diploma. He also earned a 'B' coaching license from the United States Soccer Federation. Jackson is a native of New London, Conn., and resides in Lee (N.H.) with his wife Cate.


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Abolone Shell
Price: $7.00
These beautiful abolone shells make a wondefull & decorative holder for your smudge sticks or censor for your incenses. If you plan to use them with charcoal discs it is recommended that you use the incense sand with them to prevent damage to your shell.
We're sorry. This item is not in stock.
Recommended Items
White Sage Smudge Stick
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...as I neared home I bowed right and left to amicable and smiling neighbors, who waved me good-day from their doors. So did my Newfoundland, who broke his chain and leaped upon my shoulders, flourishing his tail—overjoyed to salute the returning Ulysses.
Lippincott's Magazine of Popular Literature and Science
Vol. XV, No. 85 [pg 29]
January, 1875
courtesy of the Gutenberg Project


text:
Resumen disponible en
Reclamaciones disponible en
Descripción (El texto procesado por OCR puede contener errores)
D. L. BOOS Oct. 27, 1970 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR HAVING CARBON PASTE ELECTRODES Filed May 29, 1968 FIG. 3
mvENToR; DONALD L. 8008 ATTORNEY United States Patent Ofiice 3,536,963 Patented Oct. 27, 1970 3,536,963 ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR HAVING CARBON PASTE ELECTRODES Donald L. Boos, Garfield Heights, Ohio, assignor to The Standard Oil Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio Filed May 29, 1968, Ser. No. 733,120
Int. Cl. H01g 9/00 U.S. Cl. 317-230 16 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE There are two commercial types of electrolytic capacitor: aluminum and tantalum. Aluminum electrolytics provide the greatest capacity per dollar and are produced with capacity ratings from a few microfarads at several hundred volts to a farad at 1.5 volts. They are generally used in the filter sections of power supplies, in audio-frequency bypass applications, and in audio coupling where D.C. isolation is needed. Because of their low price, aluminum electrolytics are used extensively in radio and television circuits.
Tantalum capacitors exhibit higher values of capacity per unit volume than aluminum types, but they are more expensive per microfarad and are produced with ratings.up to about 600 microfarads. In addition to being smaller per unit capacity, they are also more reliable than aluminum electrolytics. This is especially true of the dry-solid tantalum type, which is used largely in military electronics and computers, as well as in some television circuits.
The present invention relates to a miniaturized, high capacitance, low voltage electrolytic carbon paste electrode capacitor. This capacitor consists of at least one pair of carbon paste electrodes, a separator which functions as an electronic insulator and an ionic conductor. The novel feature of the capacitor resides in the carbon paste electrode structure. The electrodes are manufactured by mixing finely divided carbon particles with an electrolyte to form a paste, and then subsequently compressing the paste to form the electrodes.
Applications for the carbon paste electrode capacitor generally fall into two classifications: replacement of conventional electrolytic capacitors and applications where an extremely high capacitance is required, such as supplying DC. power pulses in flashing warning lights, supplying DC. power at lower rates for longer periods such as shortterm high beam for hand lights and motorized toys, aircraft engine starters, pulsed radio transmitters, etc. This capacitor is particularly suitable for computer power supplies because the logic circuits in digital computers require high amperage and low voltage direct current. With respect to many AC applications, the product of impedance measured at 120 c.p.s. and the volume of the total capacitor package in cubic inches divided by voltage squared (ZV/E should be minimized to save space. The merit factor, ZV/E can be effectively used as an index of competitiveness of the carbon paste electrode capacitor and the aluminum electrolytic capacitors in a particular voltage range. For example, a carbon paste electrode capacitor exhibiting a merit factor of 0.0015 is competitive with aluminum electrolytics in the voltage range of up to about 30 volts. This means that at voltages below 30 volts, the carbon paste electrode will be smaller than an aluminum electrolytic capacitor for a given impedance at a frequency of c.p.s. Since impedance of the carbon paste electrode capacitor is frequency independent in the range of 500 50,000 c.p.s. and decreases in the range of 0.5500 c.p.s., and since impedance of the aluminum electrolytics increases at higher frequency, it becomes apparent that at higher frequency, the paste capacitor will be competitive with the aluminum electrolytics over a greater voltage range and therefore will possess a merit factor which would be less than 0.0015. It is therefore desirable to construct carbon paste electrodes exhibiting low merit factors. Initial indications are that merit factors of less than 0.0005 are attainable.
The paste electrode capacitor possesses several important advantages over the capacitors disclosed by the closest prior art known. Whereas the U.S. Patent No. 2,800,616 to Becker alleges a capacitance of up to 10 farads per cubic inch of the submerged porous carbon when charged to 1.5 volts D.C., the carbon paste electrode capacitor of the present invention has a capacitance of about 430 farads per cubic inch of the active volume of the electrode or about 200 farads per cubic inch of total capacitor volume at substantially the same voltage level. Whereas the electrodes of the capacitors disclosed in Pat. No. 2,800,616 and No. 3,288,641 are solid, porous structures subject to cracking and breaking, the carbon paste electrodes of the present invention are flexible enough to resist cracking and breaking. Whereas the carbon electrodes of the prior art are limited to certain minimum dimensions because of inherent brittleness, the paste electrodes are not so limited, and can be manufactured in miniature size. Whereas the minimum thickness of the prior art electrodes is limited by the fragile nature of the material, the thickness of the paste electrode is not so limitedthe carbon paste electrode can be deposited on a support surface as a very thin film by known techniques, such as spraying or roll coating. Since electronic resistance is directly proportional to the thickness of an electrode, reducing the thickness of an electrode would produce a concomitant reduction in electronic resistance as well as reduction of the re-equilibration charge on interruption of the discharge current.
Referring now to the drawing, FIG. 1 depicts a slnglecell electrolytic capacitor consisting of a pair of identical electrode assemblies 10, 11. Each electrode subassembly consists of an electric conducting and ionic insulating member 12 which can be made of, for example, carbon, lead, iron nickel tantalum or any impervious conducting material. Member 12 is characterized by its electrical conducting property and its chemical inertness to the particular electrolyte employed at the potential impressed upon it. Its primary functions are as a current collector and an inter-cell ionic insulator. If the particular electronic and ionic insulating member is susceptible to corrosion by the electrolyte or is not completely impervious, thus permitting the electrolyte to seep through and corrode adjoining components, the surfaces of the member can be provided with a coating of a noble metal or a substance such as colloidal graphite in a solvent such as alcohol, to minimize such problems. This procedure is also effective in reducing leakage currents by better than a factor of 10.
Annular means or gasket 14 is preferably cemented or in some manner affixed to conducting member 12. Since electrode 13 is not a rigid mass but is to some extent flexible, the principal function of gasket 14 is to confine electrode 13 and prevent the mass of the electrode material from creeping out. Gasket material is preferably an insulator, although it need not necessarily be that. It should be flexible to accommodate expansion and contraction of the electrode. Other obvious ways of confining the electrode would be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Separator is generally made of a highly porous material which functions as an electronic insulator between the electrodes yet affording free and unobstructed movement to the ions in the electrolyte. The pores of the separator 15 must be small enough to prevent carbon-tocarbon contact between the opposing electrodes, since such a condition would result in a short circuit and consequent rapid depletion of the charges accumulated on the electrodes. The separator can also be a nonporous ion-conducting material, such as the ion exchange membranes. Of the numerous ion exchange membranes, polyzirconium phosphate is of particular significance. Any conventional battery separator should be suitable, and materials such as porous polyvinyl chloride, glass fiber filter paper, cellulose acetate, mixed esters of cellulose, and Fiberglas cloth have been tried and were found to be useful. Prior to its use the separator is saturated with electrolyte. This can be accomplished by soaking the separator in the electrolyte for about 15 minutes or less. A surfactant, such as a photographic wetting agent, may be added to the electrolyte for the purpose of facilitating Wetting the separator. Surfactants also promote wetting of the carbon material. Photographic wetting agent seems to be effective only with neutral electrolytes.
Carbon electrode 13 consists of activated carbon particles and an electrolyte held captive thereby. Activation of the carbon is the process by means of which greatly improved adsorption properties and surface area are imparted to a naturally occurring carbonaceous material. Because electrical energy storage of a capacitor is apparently based on surface area, an increase in energy storage can be expected from an increase in surface area, as by activation.
Active carbon, which is utilized in the preparation of the carbon paste electrodes, has surface area in the range of 100-2000 meters /g., and preferably in the range of 500l500 meters /g. as measured by the Brunauer- Emmet-Teller method. The surface area is mainly internal and may be generated by numerous activation methods, some of which are hereafter discussed. In general, active carbon contains upward of 80 percent carbon, as well as hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur and inorganic salts that leave an ash combustion. It is a sequiture that the pores in the activated carbon material must be large enough to permit electrolyte penetration.
The initial stage in the preparation of an active carbon is carbonization or charring of the raw material, usually conducted in the absence of air below 600 C. Just about any carbon-containing substance can be charred. After the source material is charred, the second step is activation. The method used most extensively to increase the activity of carbonized material is controlled oxidation of a charge by suitable oxidizing gases at elevated temperatures. Most of the present commercial processes involve steam or carbon dioxide activation between 800 C. and 1000 C., or air oxidation between 300 C. and 600 C. Alternately, gases such as chlorine, sulfur dioxide and phosphorous may also be used. The time required for activation varies from 30 minutes to 24 hours, depending on the oxidizing conditions and the quality of active carbon desired. Inhibitors or accelerators can be mixed with the carbon to develop the increased activity. Other activation methods include activation with metallic chlorides and electrochemical activation. The latter is a process whereby capacity of an electrode can be increased by electrochemical cycling. For example, a capacitor using a pair of solid carbon electrodes experienced an increase in capacity from 145.5 f. to 154.5 f. after 3000 cycles.
Another general method of activation is the dolomite process. Substances such as dolomite, sulphates and phosphoric acid are mixed with the carb n. On activation, the
material continuously releases a uniform distribution of oxidizing gases to the carbon surface.
Some of the activated carbon is made from hard and dense material. This material is usually carbonized, crushed to size, and activated directly to give hard and dense granules of carbon. In other cases, it is advantageous to grind the charcoal, coal, or coke to a powder, form it into briquettes or pellets with a tar or pitch binder, crush to size, calcine to 500-700" C., and then activate with steam or flue gas at 850-950 C. The latter procedure gives particles with a tailor-made structure which are easier to activate because they possess more entry channels or macro pores for the oxidizing gases to enter and the reaction products to leave the center of the particles.
In preparation of a carbon paste electrode, activated carbon, in the form of powder or fine particles, is mixed with an electrolyte to form a thick slurry. The use of coarse carbon particles should be avoided since the jagged feature of the coarse particles would penetrate the separator and establish carbon-to-carbon contact between the opposing electrodes, thus causing a short. Water or other diluent can be used to facilitate preparation of the slurry. After the slurry is formed and the carbon and the electrolyte are well dispersed, excess water or diluent is extracted by conventional means, leaving a viscous paste. An electrode pellet is formed from the paste by placing a batch of the paste under a ram and applying a predetermined pressure. Upon application of pressure, some liquid will generally exude from the paste.
The electrolyte should consist of a highly conductive medium such as an aqueous solution of an acid, salt, or a base. Examples of suitable aqueous electrolytes are: ammonium chloride, sodium chloride, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, potassium carbonate, sulfuric acid, fluoroboric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, etc. In applications wherein conductivity of an electrolyte determines its selectivity, 30 percent sulfuric acid and 32 percent fluoroboric acid were found to be especially desirable.
Nonaqueous electrolytes can also be used. Candidate solutes are metal salts of organic and inorganic acids, ammonium and quaternary ammonium salts, etc. Candi date solvents are nitriles such as acetonitrile, propionitrile; sulfoxides such as dimethyl-, diethyl-, ethyl methyl-, and benzylmethyl sulfoxide; amides such as dimethyl formamide; pyrrolidones such as N-methylpyrrolidone; and carbonates such as propylene carbonate. Raymond Jasinskis book entitled High Energy Batteries and publications of the Proceedings of Nineteenth and Twentieth Annual Power Sources Conference disclose other candidate nonaqueous electrolytes.
The electrolyte in the electrode structure serves three functions: (1) as a promoter of ion conductivity, (2) as a source of ions, and (3) as a binder for the carbon particles. Sufficient electrolyte should be used to accommodate these functions. A separate binder can be used to perform electrolytes binder function, however, the binder would add an element of resistance which is undesirable.
The pressure applied to form the electrodes is dependent on many variables such as dimensions of the elec trode, particle size of the carbon material, particular electrolyte used, etc. It should be limited to a figure which would leave an amount of electrolyte within the electrode structure suificient to accomplish its three functions referred to above. Experiments have shown that at pressures below about p.s.i., the structural integrity of the electrode pellets was inadequate. The pellets were flaky and crumbled easily. At molding pressure of 2,400 p.s.i., the electrodes possessed adequate structural integrity. A capacitor assembled with a pair of electrodes molded at 4,000 p.s.i. exhibited a capacity of 4.32 farads and a resistance of only 0.090 ohm. Electrodes molded at higher pressures showed a higher capacity and higher resistance. A capacitor constructed from electrodes molded at 45,000 p.s.i. had a capacity of 6.1 farads and a resistance of 0.120 ohm. Another capacitor which utilized a pair of electrodes molded at 80,000 p.s.i. exhibited a capacity of 6.8. farads and 0.150 ohm of resistance. From a practical standpoint of view, it is doubtful that molding pressures of 100,000 p.s.i. would be exceeded.
A pair of electrodes thus produced are placed within a separate annular member 14 which is affixed to a circular plate 12. A separator membrane saturated with the electrolyte is interposed between the two electrodes and this capacitor cell is disposed on a lower platen of a press. The upper platen is brought down upon the cell until the surfaces make contact and a concentric ring is slipped over the cell. At this point, the capacitor cell is confined by the upper platen, the lower platen, and the concentric ring. The cell is then compressed at a pressure sufficient to render the cell a coherent structure. Pressure of the order of about 2,000 p.s.i. has been found suflicient.
FIG. 2 shows an assembled capacitor cell. Identical reference numerals to those used in FIG. 1 denote corresponding components of the cell.
FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the capacitor which utilizes elongated carbon paste electrodes which are triangular in cross-section. Same reference numerals, as in FIG. 1, are used to denote corresponding parts.
EXAMPLE I A slurry was prepared by mixing 2.6 grams of 30 percent H 80 15.0 grams of water, and 2.0 grams of activated carbon particles 1 meeting the following specifications:
Colorblack. Odor-none. Taste-none. Fineness:
Thru 100 mesh-9l-99. Thru 200 mesh70-90. Thru 325 mesh-50-75. Density, lbs. cu./ft.-17. Surface area, B.E.T. (meters /g.)700-950. Pore volume (cc./g.)-0.8. Iodine value90-96. Water solubles3% maximum. Total ash-6% maximum. Moisture3% maximum when packed. Typical pore area distribution:
A.-512. 20-30 A.1l5. -40 A.-77. -50 A.-36. -60 A.9.0. -80 A.7.5. 80-100 A.--1.9.
A paste was obtained by drying the slurry until 15.0 grams of water were removed. 0.25 gram of the paste was weighed out, placed in a die and the die was disposed under a ram. The carbon paste was compressed to 20,000 p.s.i., and in the process of compressing the paste, a couple of drops of electrolyte were squeezed out.
The gasket was stamped out of a sheet of ethylenepropylene elastomer and cemented by means of an acrylic resin adhesive to a circular sheet or disk of a flexible graphite material. The gasket had the dimensions of 0.0156 inch in thickness, 0.75 inch I.D., and 1.00 inch OD. The circular sheet material served the function of an electronic conductor and an ionic insulator. It was stamped out of a flexible graphite tape having highly directional properties and was 0.005 inch in thickness and 1.00 inch in diameter.
The electrode pellet was placed into the cavity created by the gasket and the graphite disk. Any portion of the electrode protruding above the gasket was shaved Carbon material meeting above specifications can be obtained from West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company.
01f so that the electrode pellet was flush with the gasket.
A pair of such electrode assemblies was prepared. A regenerated cellulose membrane was soaked in 30 percent H for 15 minutes and interposed between a pair of the electrode assemblies to form a cell. The membrane served the function of electronically insulating the opposed electrodes. Its dimensions were 0.001 inch in thickness and 1.00 inch in diameter. The particular membrane material used was a thin-walled cellulose membrane.
The cell was then placed under a ram and compressed to 2,000 p.s.i., a pressure suiiicient to render the cell a compact unit. Electrical connections to the upper and lower platens enabled determination of the following variables at charging voltage of 1 volt:
Capacity6.0 f.
Resistance-0.1 ohm.
Leakage current-3.5 ma.
Volume of carbon material0.016 inch The capacitor cell was then packaged by inserting it 111 a 1 inch I.D. phenolic tube. Since it is cumbersome to aifix a lead wire to graphite disk, a 40-mesh copper screen, having a soldered copper wire lead extending outwardly, was cemented to the graphite disks by means of a con ducting silver epoxy cement. A 1.00 inch O.D., 0.0625 inch in thickness polymethylmethacrylate insulating disk, with an opening in the center, was slipped over the lead wire and pressed against the copper screen at both ends of the capacitor cell. Both ends were then coated with an epoxy resin to completely encapsulate the capacitor cell. The polymethylmethacrylate disk served to provide structural rigidity and otherwise prevented the electrode material from bulging out.
It is possible to reduce the 3.5 ma. leakage current to a value of 0.1 ma. or less by coating the graphite disks with a noble metal or colloidal graphite in a solvent, such as alcohol. The purpose of this operation is to render the graphite disk more impermeable to the electrolyte. This procedure can be utilized with disks made from other similarly suitable materials.
EXAMPLE II A capacitor cell was constructed as in Example I, with the exception that the 30 percent H 80 electrolyte was omitted from the carbon paste preparation. Some water was retained in the electrode pellet after pressing for the purpose of maintaining the electrode material coherent. When charged to a potential of 1 volt, the cell gave the following results:
Capacity-2.3 f. Resistance-0.85 ohm. Leakage current-3.5 ma.
Above data confirms the necessity of providing electrolyte within the electrode structure. As is evident from above data, the electrodes molded without electrolyte are unacceptable because of high resistance.
In another experiment identical to Example II, the resistance was 036 ohm initially, however, it increased to 0.65 ohm after 16 hours. The rise in resistance points to the fact that the electrolyte slowly diffused from the separator into the carbon structure. Since now there was less electrolyte in the separator, the conductivity decreased and the resistance increased.
EXAMPLE III A capacitor cell was assembled as in Example I with the exception that a dry membrane was used. The cell was charged to 1 volt and data below was obtained:
Run II Capacity Resistance Although the capacity was somewhat lower and the internal resistance substantially higher, there is no reason why capacitors using dry membrane separators cannot be or should not be constructed. There seems to be an adequate amount of electrolyte in the electrodes to permeate the membrane separator. It is desirable to provide a slight excess of electrolyte in the carbon paste electrodes when the capacitor is assembled with a dry membrane separator.
EXAMPLE IV The following data was obtained on a cell constructed in accordance with Example I with the exception that the cell was charged to 1.5 volts, instead of 1 volt:
Capacity-$228 f. Resistance0.145 ohm. Leakage current-20 ma.
As was expected with the higher voltage, greater capacity was obtained with an undesirable increase in leakage current.
- EXAMPLE V To achieve higher voltages per cell, it is necessary to employ nonaqueous electrolytes because of their higher decomposition potentials. A one-cell capacitor was assembled, as previously described in Example I, using glass fiber filter paper and a 40-60 volume percent mixture of saturated tetraethyl ammonium p-toluene sulfonate in dimethyl formamide. The following results were achieved:
Voltage-2.5 volts. Capacity-2.5 farads. Resistance-0.44 ohm.
It has been stated that the capacitor of this invention is limited to low voltages. This is believed to be true because the electrolytes are aqueous solutions and the decomposition potential of water is below 2 volts. Higher voltages per cell are attainable with nonaqueous electrolytes, as has been demonstrated in Example V. The principle of this invention, however, is well adapted to use in capacitors requiring high voltage ratings. This result is achieved by stacking a plurality of capacitor cells in series.
EXAMPLE VI A capacitor consisting of six cells was assembled. Each cell was constructed as in Example I, except that a gasket was cemented to both sides of the five intermediate graphite disks and only to the inwardly facing sides of the terminal graphite disks. This capacitor possessed the following characteristics:
Capacity1 f.
Resistance0.6 ohm.
Leakage currentl ma.
Volume of carbon material-0.0825 inch Voltage-6 volts.
The six-cell capacitor has been packaged in the same manner as described in Example I. It has endured over 500 charge-discharge cycles over a three-week period.
EXAMPLE VII There are many applications which require a capacitor with a quick-charge feature. The paste electrode capacitor can be charged in less than 5 seconds. The charging time can further be reduced by reducing the resistance.
Although in the case of prior art capacitors impedance rises with frequency, this is not so for the paste electrode capacitor. Experiments have shown that in the frequency range of 50050,000 c.p.s., impedance is essentially frequency independent, while in the frequency range of 0.5- 500, impedance increases with frequency. At frequencies above 50,000 c.p.s., the behavior of the impedance will depend, at least in part, on the manner in which the capacitor is packaged. The essentially frequency independent impedance characteristic of the herein described capacitor obviates the necessity of providing a second low capacitance capacitor in parallel to shunt the first capacitor and thus prevent impedance increase with rising frequencies.
Capacitance of the herein described capacitor is temperature dependent. A six-cell capacitor, which exhibited an initial capacity of 1.75 farads at 20 C., had a capacity of 1.05 farads at 20 C.
The object of the foregoing disclosure was to describe the invention in principle. The invention as disclosed is not intended to be limited to the particular embodiments described and illustrated. The electrodes and other components of the capacitor can be manufactured in other shapes and sizes. The specific configuration of the electrodes and the other components of the capacitor can be determined by a man skilled in the art as dictated by the requirements of a particular application.
I claim:
1. An electrolytic capacitor comprising a housing, at least one pair of spaced carbon paste electrodes in said housing, said electrodes being self-supporting bodies compressed from a viscous paste of carbon particles and an electrolyte, and an ionically conductive separator means between and in contact with said electrodes electronically separating said electrodes from each other.
2. Capacitor of claim 1 wherein said carbon paste electrodes comprise activated carbon material having a surface area in the range of -2000 meters /g, admixed with said electrolyte.
3. Capacitor of claim 2 wherein the surface area of said activated carbon material is in the range of 500- 1500 meters g.
4. Capacitor of claim 1 wherein said separator is a porous separator saturated with an electrolyte.
5. Capacitor of claim 4 wherein said saturated porous separator includes a wetting agent facilitating saturation of said separator with said electrolyte.
6. Capacitor of claim 1 including an electrically conducting member on the surface of each of said electrodes facing away from the separator-contact surface, said member functioning as a current collector and as an impervious barrier to the passage of said electrolyte.
7. Capacitor of claim 6 including an annular insulating flexible means for confining the periphery of said electrodes held captive by said member.
8. The capacitor of claim 6 wherein the assembly of the component parts is compressed under a pressure of about 2000 p.s.i. to render said capacitor a compact unit.
9. An electrolytic capacitor comprising a plurality of cells connected in series, each cell consisting essentially of a pair of self-supporting carbon paste electrodes, an ionically conducting separator means interposed between and electronically separating said electrodes, and a conducting member functioning as a current collector and as an impervious barrier to the passage of said electrolyte disposed between said cells, each of said electrodes consisting essentially of a mixture of activated carbon material having a surface 'area in the range of 100-2000 ,meters /g. and an electrolyte in an amount sufiicient to impart to said mixture a consistency of a viscous paste.
10. Capacitor of claim 9 wherein said separator is 9 saturated with said electrolyte and said activated carbon material has a surface area in the range of 500-1500 meters g.
11. Capacitor of claim 9 including an insulating flexible annular means held captive by said members for confining periphery of said electrodes.
12. An electrical storage device comprising a housing, at least one pair of carbon paste electrodes consisting essentially of a mixture of activated carbon material and an electrolyte in an amount sufiicient to impart to said mixture a consistency of a a viscous paste, and an ionically conductive separator means interposed between said electrodes for the purpose of insulating said electrodes from each other.
13. Device of claim 12 wherein product of its impedance and volume divided by voltage squared is less than 0.0015.
14. Device of claim 12 including a member on the backside of each of said electrodes functioning as a current collector and as an impervious barrier to the passage of said electrolyte.
15. Device of claim 14 wherein said separator is a porous separator saturated with said electrolyte and said carbon material has a surface area in the range of 100- 2000 meters /g.
16. Device of claim 15 wherein said carbon material has a surface area of 500-1500 meters g.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,005,279 6/1935 Van Geel et a1. 317233 X 2,299,667 10/ 1942 Waterman 317230 2,800,616 7/1957 Becker 317230 3,288,641 11/1966 Rightmire 317--231 JAMES D. KALLAM, Primary Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 136-6
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Warrensburg, Mo. - Nineteenth ranked Central Missouri scored 20 points in the fourth quarter and rebounded from an early 10-0 deficit to defeat the Lions 27-17 today in Warrensburg.
Last week, it was the Lions (3-6, 3-5 MIAA) scoring points in the fourth quarter to overcome a deficit, but the tables were turned today as the Mules (8-2, 6-2 MIAA) scored 20 points in the fourth to defeat the Lions and keep their playoff hopes alive.
Southern scored first as the Lions took advantage of a fumble from the Mules' DeMarco Cosby that was recovered by Jabarri Wesley and returned 11 yards to the Central Missouri 45-yard line. Roland Thompson completed two passes for for 16 yards and ran for another 13, before Andrew Gassen booted a 29-yard field goal to put Southern up on top, 3-0.
Central turned the ball over on its first two possessions as on the first drive of the game, Nick Teer sacked quarterback Eric Czerniewski and forced a fumble that Domenique Butler recovered.
The Lions took a 10-0 lead early in the second quarter after Johnny Johnson capped off a 12-play drive that took up 61 yards and 3:38 off the clock when Johnson found the end zone on a four-yard run. Thompson completed passes of 24, 10 and 14 on the drive.
The Mules answered back quickly and after the Lions had a three and out, Central took just two plays to score when Czerniewski found Bobby Guillory for a 47-yard catch to cut the Lions' lead to 10-7 heading into halftime.
Neither team scored in the third, but Central scored just two minutes into the fourth on a one-yard run from Czerniewski. Guillory made the score 20-10 when he scampered to the end zone on a 33-yard touchdown. Each team added a late score for the final tally.
The Lions were out-gained 480-337 today, but were close in most every other category with the Mules. Central held a 20-19 advantage on first downs, and time of possession was nearly identical. Both teams had three turnovers with the Lions throwing three interceptions, but picking up three of the five Central Missouri fumbles. The big stat where Central had an advantage was on punt and kickoff returns. The Mules averaged 21.3 yards per punt return as opposed to the Lions 5.5 and 11.7 yards on kickoffs to the Lions' 4.4.
Thompson was the Lions leading rusher with 44 yards and a touchdown score. He averaged 6.3 yards per carry. He also went 21-47 for 239 yards. Landon Zerkel had 94 yards on seven catches, while Johnson and Toderick Hunt each rushed for 12 and 14 carries, respectively.
Defensively, Dusty Bratzler led the Lions with eight tackles and a pass breakup. Jairius Jarvis had a sack to bring his season total to 9.5, just a half sack from tying the single-season record at Southern. Teer also had a sack, while Antwoine Brown, Wesley, and Butler picked up fumble recoveries.
The Lions will wrap up the 2009 campaign next week as Southern plays host to Fort Hays State at 2 pm in Hughes Stadium. The Lions will honor their ten graduating seniors on Senior Day.


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Extra Life's Scott Johnson has sketched his rendition of Mario on what we hope is a brand new toilet seat. Of course, the jokes regarding an Italian plumber (never seen on the job, mind you) immortalized on porcelain are far too many.
Johnson is putting the seat on eBay; the proceeds go to the charitable cause of himself -- specifically, he's putting it towards Photoshop CS3. Current bid is $72 and the minimum for Photoshop is $199 for the basic CS3 upgrade.
The time lapse of his creation, featured on Extra Life TV #9 , is embedded after break.


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The Texans have one new starter on the NFL's second-ranked defense.
Unfortunately for Darryl Sharpton, he's not the replacement for DeMeco Ryans.
Bradie James is.
Sharpton, who rotated with Ryans last season until he suffered a torn quadriceps tendon that ended his season, continues to rehab and prepare for his return in training camp.
"Last season, I felt I was playing at a high level and getting better every week," Sharpton said after Thursday's OTA. "It's been really frustrating, but it's something that's going to make me stronger.
"(The injury) was a heartbreaker, a test of my character, but I've persevered in the past. I'll continue to do my rehab and work as hard as I can."
James, 31, played his first nine seasons with Dallas and led the Cowboys in tackles for six consecutive seasons. His head coach for 3½ seasons was Wade Phillips, Texans defensive coordinator. His linebackers coach was Reggie Herring, who has the same title with the Texans.
"I'm learning a lot from him," Sharpton said about James. "He's a student of the game, and he's got a lot of experience."
When the Cowboys didn't invite James to return for a 10th season, he accepted an offer to be reunited with Phillips and Herring. With Ryans' trade to Philadelphia and Sharpton's injury, the Texans had an opening next to Brian Cushing.
James knows Phillips' 3-4 system better than any of his new defensive teammates, who played it for the first time last year.
"It was a no-brainer for me to come here," James said. "The job is to build on what we did last year. I'm just trying to fit in and be productive.
"This (defense) is a hard-working group that flies to the ball. They're very hungry and not complacent about what they did last year. It's a very confident group that needs to continue to be tenacious and dominate."
James has finished his first six OTAs with the Texans. He's entrenched as the starter, and his coaches have confidence in him.
"We feel like we've gained back what we lost with DeMeco and then some, to be honest with you," Herring said last week. "On top of that, he knows our defense and knows how to run the show. And he brings a certain calm to our defense."
Phillips is entrusting James (6-2, 246) with a lot of responsibility.
"The guy's a field general, the quarterback on the (defense)," Phillips said. "He calls all the signals and all the audibles. He's familiar with what we're doing and how we want it done and what changes we need to make in the heat of the battle.
"You need a signal-caller that helps everybody, and Bradie does that. He can tell everybody, 'Hey, this is where we're playing. I cover this guy; you cover that guy. The safety's got him.'
"He knows the whole defense. A lot of players know their own position, but Bradie knows the whole defense. I don't see much difference in him than a year and a half ago."
That's when Phillips was fired as Cowboys coach midway through the 2010 season.
Phillips and Herring recommended James to coach Gary Kubiak.
"He's just what Reggie and Wade said he was," Kubiak said. "He's a leader, a very sharp guy. He knows our defense inside out. He's got very good movement skills, and he fit in with the group right away."
Meanwhile, Sharpton (5-11, 230) rides a stationary bike on the sideline during practice while James impresses his teammates and coaches.
"It obviously hurts him," Phillips said about Sharpton not being able to participate in OTAs. "Being out there watching and being in the meetings is one thing, but being out on the field and doing it is something else.
"Some guys can watch and play, and other guys can't. He played real well for us last year, and we're hoping he comes back."


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LANDOVER, Md. — Russell Wilson raced ahead to throw the final block on Marshawn Lynch's go-ahead touchdown run, and the Seattle Seahawks finally had a victorious road show.
Robert Griffin III's knee buckled as he tried to field a bad shotgun snap, leaving the Washington Redskins an offseason to worry about their franchise player's health.
The last rookie quarterback standing in the NFL playoffs is Wilson – the third-round pick who teamed with Lynch on Sunday to lead the Seahawks to a victory over the Redskins.
Lynch ran for 131 yards, and Wilson completed 15 of 26 passes for 187 yards and ran eight times for 67 yards for the Seahawks, who overcame a 14-0 first-quarter hole – their biggest deficit of the season – and will visit the top-seeded Atlanta Falcons next Sunday.
Lynch's 27-yard touchdown run with 7:08 remaining and a 2-point conversion gave the Seahawks a 21-14 lead, and the play that essentially put the outcome to rest came shortly afterward.
On the second play of the Redskins' next possession, Griffin's heavily braced right knee buckled badly as he tried to field a bad shotgun snap on a second-and-22 at Washington's 12-yard line. He lay on the ground, unable to recover the ball as the Seahawks pounced on it.
Griffin walked off the field under his own power, but the Redskins announced he would not return. After a few minutes, Griffin walked back to the sideline and watched the end of the game. The extent of the injury was not immediately known.
Griffin was playing in his third game since spraining his right knee about a month ago against the Baltimore Ravens, and he had been looking gimpy since tumbling backward following an ill-advised sidearm throw in the first quarter.
Having recovered the fumble, the Seahawks kicked a short field goal to give them the insurance they needed. Fellow rookie Kirk Cousins, subbing for Griffin, was unable to rally the Redskins in the final minutes.
Griffin, the No. 2 overall pick and last year's Heisman Trophy winner who set several rookie quarterback record this year, finished 10 for 19 for 84 yards with two touchdowns and one interception. He also had five carries for 21 yards, including a laboring 9-yard run that made him look 32 years old instead of 22.
The loss ended a seven-game winning streak for the Redskins, who recovered from a 3-6 start to win the NFC East.
The Redskins opened the game threatening to make a mockery of the NFL's top scoring defense. Simple toss-to-the-right stretch plays netted 8, 9 and 18 yards for Alfred Morris in an 80-yard drive, and tight end Logan Paulsen barreled into linebacker Malcolm Smith after a catch to highlight a 54-yard drive.
Both possessions ended with 4-yard touchdown passes: one to Evan Royster for his first NFL TD catch and the other to Paulsen. The Redskins led 14-0 in the first quarter against a team that allowed a season-low 15.3 per game in the regular season, but Griffin had tweaked the knee on that second drive.
The Seahawks responded by getting Lynch involved more and scoring on three consecutive drives to pulled within a point at halftime. Steven Hauschka, who injured his left ankle during the first half and had to relinquish kickoff duties, nevertheless sandwiched field goals of 32 and 29 yards around a 4-yard touchdown pass from Wilson to Michael Robinson.
The Seahawks were poised to take the lead on the opening drive of the second half, moving the ball to 1-yard line with a pair of nice runs by Lynch and a leaping catch by Golden Tate.
But Lynch fumbled on second-and-goal from the 1, the ball popped loose and was recovered by defensive lineman Jarvis Jenkins. Then, on their next drive, the Seahawks drove to Washington's 28 before a sack forced a punt – rather than a long field goal attempt by an injured kicker.
With the Redskins' offense struggling, however, the Seahawks had more chances to take the lead – and finally did on the 79-yard drive capped by Lynch's touchdown run.
The playoff meeting between the two teams was the third, but first outside Seattle. The Seahawks won 20-10 in January 2006, and 35-14 in January 2008. Those were the last two postseason games played by the Redskins.
Seattle had outscored opponents 193-60 in its final five games of the regular season. But they were 3-5 on the road and had lost eight straight road playoff games. Their only road playoff win came in their first postseason road game, Dec. 31, 1983, at Miami.
And now they have another.
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Hopefully our suggested project ideas for Artyarns Rhapsody Glitter Light Yarn can help you come up with your next exciting new project idea!


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Rockin' 7 Ranch in Wyoming??
Hey there, just wondering if any of you have had any experience with the Rockin 7 Ranch in Wyoming? Looks like a really nice place & thought maybe I could surprise my husband with a fun trip! Thanks!
Sorry I have no exp. with Wyoming but give him a surprise anyway and take him there I'm sure you both will enjoy the hunt.
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Deadpool is far from your typical comic book character. Depending on who writes him, he's often portrayed as a wise-cracking (sometimes annoying) mercenary that will kill without a second thought while usually breaking the fourth wall. Makes you wonder who decided to make a video game based on a character like this.
As the game has been out for a while, the reviews have already been released. If we're being honest, some of the reviews haven't quite been in Wade Willson's favor. What it comes down to is who is the game made for and what exactly are they expecting from it.
In terms of gameplay, it's not a perfect game. There are some technical glitches you'll discover while playing, some points in the game require you to wander aimlessly searching for key items. There are the occasional platform-jumping portion and of course loads of repetitive fighting against a seemingly endless horde of similar looking villains (which, in some fairness, can be explained by story elements).
This doesn't mean it's a bad game. I actually had fun playing.
The game starts off with Deadpool aware he's in a "big budget" video game and has a bounty he's after. When a couple Marauders show up to save his target (Arclight and Vertigo), the story veers in a different direction. Soon you'll see cameos by Mr. Sinister, the X-Men (Wolverine, Psylocke, Rogue and Domino) as well as a trip to Genosha where Deadpool gets some time with Cable.
What you'll be doing is a lot of fighting. The game mechanics isn't too difficult. You can easily figure out the controls and between the two attack buttons (with your swords) and your heavy artillery, you can mix up your attacks and build up fighting combos. Defeating enemies gets you credits which you can use to buy and upgrade your weapons at any time during the game.
The best or worst thing in the game is Deadpool. Here, he talks. He talks a lot. If you enjoy his low level of humor, you will find the absurdity entertaining. Where it could be a problem is for the casual Deadpool fan. With elements of the gameplay having a repetitive nature, having to listen to Deadpool's banter, some of which will repeat ("Hey, that's my favorite bullet. Can I get it back?"), completing the game might be difficult but not due to the actual difficulty of the game.
The other thing to note is this is a hard M-rated game. There is plenty of profanity and suggestive comments thrown about during the game (pretty much all by Deadpool, of course). The violence is high as well. He has swords and guns. He slices, dices and shoots his opponents. Deadpool also takes severe damage.
This is a game where it makes sense for your character to be able to take abuse and recover quickly. There is no need for health or med-packs. When you start taking too much damage (and the screen starts going red), you simply run away to allow yourself to heal. Using your teleportation also makes avoiding damage a little easier as well.
This isn't a sophisticated video game. It's completely juvenile. That's how it's supposed to be. This is the chance to play as the Merc with a Mouth. You get to control a wacky killing machine that can easily recover from injuries. There are plenty of Easter Eggs in the game that will make you laugh.
The main thing is you have to like Deadpool and this sort of humor to really appreciate the game. The game doesn't really bring anything overly unique to the genre but it is fun to play. Those that don't know or like Deadpool will not appreciate the game unless they are open to this type of humor. Being able to be submerged in Deadpool's world is both fun and scary. Whether you rush out to play the game immediately or wait for the price to drop really depends on your level of affection towards Deadpool.
If I had to give this a rating, it'd be a very high 3 out of 5. It really depends on how much you love Deadpool and the idea of playing a video game with him. The game gets repetitive and a tad frustrating at moments, but it's still pretty fun for comic book readers to get to play as Deadpool.


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American Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, Jan. 21, 2007 Twelve U.S. soldiers were killed when the Blackhawk helicopter in which they were riding crashed northeast of Baghdad Saturday afternoon, Multinational Force Iraq officials reported today.
Initial reports erroneously claimed that 13 individuals were killed, officials said.
Emergency coalition forces responded and secured the scene following the crash.
The deceased include four crewmembers. The other eight soldiers aboard were passengers in the aircraft. Multinational Corps Iraq officials reported there were no survivors.
The names of the soldiers are being withheld pending notification of family members.
The cause of the incident is under investigation.