text:
A system, method, and user interface for interacting with electronically displayed content is disclosed. In response to a selection of an object, a list of menu options is displayed close to the selected object. In one embodiment, the list of menu options is displayed in a font larger than that used to display the selected object. Through the use of the invention, a user is provided with a technique for actively reading displayed content with minimal distractions from the user interface.
1. A computer-implemented method for providing a list of menu options for a graphical user interface comprising the steps of:
receiving a first tap indication from a designating device at a first tap location;
identifying an object displayed below the first tap location;
highlighting the object and displaying a window containing a list of menu options related to the object, wherein at least one of the menu options is associated with a second tap indication being prior in time to said first tap indication, and the at least one of the menu options is displayably juxtaposed to said identified object.
2. The computer-implemented method according to
displaying the list of menu options adjacent to said first tap location wherein said at least one of the menu options is displayably juxtaposed within a distance of 0.20 to 0.50 inches therefrom said identified object.
3. The computer-implemented method according to
displaying the list of menu options so as to overlie said first tap location wherein said object is displayable through said window.
4. The computer-implemented method according to
receiving third tap indication from said designating device outside the window at a third tap location; and,
closing the window.
5. The computer-implemented method according to
receiving a third tap indication from said designating device for designating one of said menu options inside the window; and,
executing said designated one of said menu options.
6. A computer readable medium having computer-executable instructions performing steps for providing a list of menu options for a graphical user interface comprising:
storing a first menu option selection associated with a first tap indication;
receiving a second tap indication from a designating device at a second tap location;
identifying an object displayed below the second tap location;
highlighting the object and displaying a window containing a list of menu options including a second menu option related to the object and the first menu option being related to the object, wherein the first menu option is displayably juxtaposed to said highlighted object wherein the first tap indication is made prior in time to said second tap indication.
7. The computer readable medium according to
8. The computer readable medium according to
9. A computer-implemented method of providing a selectable menu for a graphical user interface comprising the steps of:
receiving a first tap indication from a tapping element at a first tap region;
identifying a graphical object having at least a portion thereof being displayed in the first tap region;
highlighting the identified graphical object, and displaying a window which includes a sequence of graphical objects being related to the identified graphical object, in which at least one of the graphical objects in said sequence is associated with a second tap indication being prior in time to said first tap indication, and the at least one of the graphical objects in said sequence is displayably juxtaposed to said identified graphical object.
10. The computer-implemented method according to
11. The computer-implemented method according to
12. The computer-implemented method according to
13. The computer-implemented method according to
14. A user interface for providing a list of menu options in response to a designation of an electronic document comprising:
a first display portion having a plurality of graphical objects in a non-modifiable portion of a document;
a second display portion having a selection of at least one of the graphical objects being displayed below a first tap location;
a third display portion having a list of menu options relevant to said selection, such that the second display portion and the third display portion are displayed responsive to receiving a first tap indication within the first display portion defining the first tap location; wherein said third display portion includes at least one of the menu options being associated with a second tap indication within the first display portion, in which said second tap indication is prior in time to said first tap indication, and the at least one of the menu options is displayably juxtaposed to said selection of at least one of the graphical objects in said second display portion.
15. The user interface according to
16. The user interface according to
17. The user interface according to
18. The user interface according to
This application is related to the following applications:
U.S. Ser. No. 09/456,127, filed Dec. 7, 1999, entitled "Bookmarking and Placemarking a Displayed Document in a Computer System;"
U.S. Ser. No. 09/455,754, filed Dec. 7, 1999, "Method and Apparatus for Installing and Using Reference Materials In Conjunction With Reading Electronic Content;"
U.S. Ser. No. 09/455,805, filed Dec. 7, 1999, entitled "System and Method for Annotating an Electronic Document Independently of Its Content;"
U.S. Ser. No. 09/455,806, filed Dec. 7, 1999, entitled "Method and Apparatus For Capturing and Rendering Annotations For Non-Modifiable Electronic Content;" and,
U.S. Ser. No. 09/455,807, filed Dec. 7, 1999, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Capturing and Rendering Text Annotations For Non-Modifiable Electronic Content."
A. Technical Field
The disclosure generally relates to the electronic display of documents. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a user interface for use with viewing electronically displayed documents.
B. Related Art
Many factors today drive the development of computers and computer software. One of these factors is the desire to provide accessibility to information virtually anytime and anywhere. The proliferation of notebook computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and other personal electronic devices reflect the fact that users want to be able to access information wherever they may be, whenever they want. In order to facilitate greater levels of information accessibility, the presentation of information must be made as familiar and comfortable as possible.
In this vein, one way to foster success of electronic presentations of information will be to allow users to handle information in a familiar manner. Stated another way, the use and manipulation of electronically-presented information may mimic those paradigms that users are most familiar with, e.g., printed documents, as an initial invitation to their use. As a result, greater familiarity between users and their "machines" will be engendered, thereby fostering greater accessibility, even if the machines have greater capabilities and provide more content to the user beyond the user's expectations. Once users feel comfortable with new electronic presentations, they will be more likely to take advantage of an entire spectrum of available functionality.
Paper books have a simple user interface. One opens a book and begins to read it. If a user wants to do something to the book (for example, add a textual annotation), he may use a pen or pencil to add a notation in the margin next to a relevant passage of the book. Here, the objects presented to the user include the paper page of the book with two regions (the margin and the text on the page itself) and the writing implement. Other types of actions are also available including bookmarking the page (for example, by folding over the top corner of the page), adding a drawing (using the same pen or pencil discussed above), and highlighting a passage (with a pen or pencil of different color). With these simple objects and tools, a user is able to interact quickly and easily with the pages of the book, creating an environment of active reading with a transparent user interface. Here, for example, a user concentrates on the text, not on the highlighter or pen in her hand when actively reading and annotating (adding a note or highlighting, for instance) the text.
The transition of active reading from the paper environment to the electronic book environment has not projected the same transparent user interface. Rather, electronic documents commonly provide a user interface where one selects an action from a tool bar located at the top of a display (for example, turns on a highlighting tool) then selects the object. This sequence of actions can become cumbersome when switching between actions. For instance, switching between adding a text annotation to adding a drawing requires moving a user's hand (or other cursor designating device) from the text area to the tool bar (step 1), selecting the drawing tool (step 2), moving the user's hand back to the text area (step 3), then selecting the object to be annotated (step 4). This number of steps can be compounded if a mistake is made. For example, the user intends to select the drawing tool, but instead selects the highlighting tool. The user then has to move back to the tool bar (step 5), select the correct tool (step 6), move back to the text area (step 7), then select the object to be annotated (step 8). For large displays, the distance one needs to control the cursor to travel is distracting. Importantly, for stylus-controlled input devices, this large distance translates into significant hand or arm movement that requires the user to change the focus of his attention from the text to be annotated to precise navigation over an extended distance. Performed many times, this change in attention may become a significant distraction and eventually force the user to refrain from actively reading a document or book.
While some electronic document editors include the option to display a list of menu items based on a right mouse click over selected text, this option is not readily apparent to all users. One needs to become familiar with a windowing, operating environment prior to learning about this feature. In short, because the right mouse button is a lesser know interface, any listing of options based on the operation of the right mouse button is not intuitive. To most users then, the use of this interface is not known and all advantages that may be potentially available for the users will remain a mystery. To this end, despite the programmers' efforts to the contrary, all benefits that remain shrouded behind the right mouse click are as if they never existed.
The present invention provides a technique for allowing a user to interact with the electronic display of documents with a simple user interface. Through use of the interface, a user experiences immediate gratification in response to selection of an object or objects. In a first embodiment, a selection of an object results in a display of a list of menu items relevant to the selected object. The user interface for the object is determined based on the type of object selected. Instead of displaying a general user interface for all potential selectable objects, the user interface is tightly associated with the selected object. Through being customized for the selected object (word, margin, page number, title, icon, equation, or the like), the user interface is quick, simple, and unobtrusive. In one embodiment, the goal associated with the user interface includes being functionally transparent to the user. The present application also relates to the mechanism underlying the functionality of the display and operation of the user interface. In the context of the present invention, a "document" or "book" encompasses all forms of electronically displayable information including but not limited to books, manuals, reference materials, picture books, etc. Further, the documents or books may include catalogs, e-commerce publications, articles, web pages, and the like.
"Object" as used herein encompasses all displayed information. With reference to looking up information regarding the object, the object may be a word or a group of words, symbols, icons, reference point on a page, page number, equation, margin, title, title bar, corner of the screen, and the like.
For the purpose of this disclosure, annotations are generally related to textual annotations. However, other annotations that may be used include highlighting, drawings (as one would expect to do with a pencil or pen to a paper book), and bookmarks. While the annotations are to be displayed in conjunction with the document, the underlying document is not modified. Related annotations and techniques for creating them are described in the following disclosures:
U.S. Ser. No. 09/456,127, filed Dec. 7, 1999, entitled "Bookmarking and Placemarking a Displayed Document in a Computer System;"
U.S. Ser. No. 09/455,754, filed Dec. 7, 1999, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Installing and Using Reference Materials In Conjunction With Reading Electronic Content;"
U.S. Ser. No. 09/455,805, filed Dec. 7, 1999, entitled "System and Method for Annotating an Electronic Document Independently of Its Content;"
U.S. Ser. No. 09/455,807, filed Dec. 7, 1999, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Capturing and Rendering Text Annotations For Non-Modifiable Electronic Content;" and,
U.S. Ser. No. 09/455,806, filed Dec. 7, 1999, entitled "Method and Apparatus For Capturing and Rendering Annotations For Non-Modifiable Electronic Content"
which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for any enabling disclosure.
These and other novel advantages, details, embodiments, features and objects of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from following the detailed description of the invention, the attached claims and accompanying drawings, listed herein, which are useful in explaining the invention.
FIG. 1 shows a general purpose computer supporting the display and annotation of an electronic document in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows a displayed document on a computer screen in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
FIGS. 3A and 3B show a displayed document with an object selected in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows a displayed document with a first reference window in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows a displayed document with a second reference window in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
FIGS. 6A and 6B show two file formats for annotations in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 7 shows a method for operating a user interface in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
The present invention relates to an improved user interface for use with the electronic display and active reading of documents or books.
Although not required, the invention will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, scripts, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with any number of computer system configurations including, but not limited to, distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices. The present invention may also be practiced in personal computers (PCs), hand-held devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a computing environment in which the present invention may be implemented. The present invention may be implemented within a general purpose computing device in the form of a conventional personal computer 200, including a processing unit 210, a system memory 220, and a system bus 230 that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 210. The system bus 230 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. The system memory includes read only memory (ROM) 240 and random access memory (RAM) 250.
A basic input/output system 260 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the personal computer 200, such as during start-up, is stored in ROM 240. The personal computer 200 further includes a hard disk drive 270 for reading from and writing to a hard disk, not shown, a magnetic disk drive 280 for reading from or writing to a removable magnetic disk 290, and an optical disk drive 291 for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk 292 such as a CD ROM or other optical media. The hard disk drive 270, magnetic disk drive 280, and optical disk drive 291 are connected to the system bus 230 by a hard disk drive interface 292, a magnetic disk drive interface 293, and an optical disk drive interface 294, respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for the personal computer 200.
Although the exemplary environment described herein employs a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk 290 and a removable optical disk 292, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer readable media which can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, Bernoulli cartridges, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment.
A number of program modules may be stored on the hard disk, magnetic disk 290, optical disk 292, ROM 240 or RAM 250, including an operating system 295, one or more application programs 296, other program modules 297, and program data 298. A user may enter commands and information into the personal computer 200 through input devices such as a keyboard 201 and pointing device 202. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 210 through a serial port interface 206 that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, game port or a universal serial bus (USB). A monitor 207 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 230 via an interface, such as a video adapter 208. In addition to the monitor, personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers.
The personal computer 200 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 209. The remote computer 209 may be another personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to the personal computer 200, although only a memory storage device 211 has been illustrated in FIG. 1. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 1 include a local area network (LAN) 212 and a wide area network (WAN) 213. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.
When used in a LAN networking environment, the personal computer 200 is connected to the local network 212 through a network interface or adapter 214. When used in a WAN networking environment, the personal computer 200 typically includes a modem 215 or other means for establishing a communications over the wide area network 213, such as the Internet. The modem 215, which may be internal or external, is connected to the system bus 230 via the serial port interface 206. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the personal computer 200, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.
In addition to the system described in relation to FIG. 1, the invention may be practiced on a handheld computer. Further, purpose-built devices may support the invention as well. In short, handheld computers and purpose-built devices are similar in structure to the system of FIG. 1 but may be limited to a display (which may be touch-sensitive to a human finger or stylus), memory (including RAM and ROM), and a synchronization/modem port for connecting the handheld computer and purpose-built devices to another computer or a network (including the Internet) to download and/or upload documents or download and/or upload annotations. The description of handheld computers and purpose-built devices is known in the art and is omitted for simplicity. The invention may be practiced using C. Also, it is appreciated that other languages may be used including C++, assembly language, and the like.
FIG. 2 shows a displayed document on a computer screen in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. As preferred, the document is displayed in a form that closely resembles the appearance of a paper equivalent of the e-book and, in this case, a paper novel. The document reader window 101 may comprise a variety of portions including a title bar 101A listing the title of the document and a body 102. In the body 102 of the display window, various portions of a document may be displayed. FIG. 2 shows an example where a title 104, a chapter number 105, a chapter title 106, and the text of the chapter 107 are displayed. Similar to an actual book, margins 108, 109, 110, and 111 appear around the displayed text. As referred to herein, the displayed elements may be independently referenced. Here, for example object 103 "sleepy" has a drawing annotation placing a box around it as placed there by the user. The presence of icon 112 indicates that a text annotation is present in the line of text adjacent to the icon 112. While the icon 112 is represented as the letter "T" in a circle, it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that other representations may be used to designate the presence of an annotation. For example, other letters may be used (for instance, the letter "A" for annotation) or other symbols may be used (for instance, a symbol of an open book) or any other representation that indicate that an annotation exists. Tapping on (or otherwise activating) the icon (or other designation) results in the display of a stored annotation. In an environment where a stylus is used to tap directly on a displayed image, the selection of the object provides an environment where the user physically interacts with the displayed image by actually tapping the image of the object itself.
FIG. 3A shows a displayed window after an object has been selected. Here, for example, the object "beginning" 301 in the first line of text 107 was selected. The object may be selected through tapping it with a stylus or a user's finger. Alternatively, a user may position a cursor over the object then select the object (by clicking a mouse button or by operating a designation source). As shown in FIG. 3A, the object may be inverted, meaning that the pixels that make up the object and surrounding pixels are inverted. Alternative embodiments include changing the color of the pixels surrounding the object or highlighting the object in some other way as is known in the art.
In this example of FIG. 3A, a user used a stylus to tap on a display screen. The tap point (the point receiving the tap from the user's stylus) in this example was the center of the second "g" of the selected object 301 (here, the word "beginning").
After an object has been selected, window 302 is displayed close to the physical location of object 301. Window 302 contains actions operable on the selected object. In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 3A, window 302 is shown close to object 301. By having window 302 close to selected object 301, the user interface minimizes the distance a user needs to move a cursor or pointing device (including stylus or finger tip) from the object to the menu items provided in window 302. A variety of distances and configurations of window 302 may be used. An example includes a showing of the menu options, with the centers of adjacent menu options no more than 0.2 inches apart from each other. Also, the first of the menu options may be displayed no more than 0.3 inches away from the tap point used to select object 301. The distances shown above are merely exemplary and do not limit the scope of the claims. Other examples of values include 0.5 and 1.0 inches, respectively. Again, these values are merely used for example.
FIG. 3B shows an embodiment where window 302 overlies selected object 301. Overlaying object 301 with the window 302 provides a further minimization of the distance that needs to be traveled by the cursor or pointing device. As shown in FIG. 3B, window 302 is opaque. Selected object 301 is completely hidden. Alternatively, window 302 of FIG. 3B may be semi-transparent and allow a ghost or grayed out image of selected object 301 to show through window 302. Other techniques for projecting the identity of object 301 through window 302 without diminishing the display of menu items in window 302 include projecting selected object with thin lines, italicized font formats, different colors, active shifting colors (for example, the outline of each letter or character of the object being traced with alternating bouncing black and white or shifting colored lines) and the like. An advantage of overlying window 302 over selected object 301 is that the actual distance needed to move between the selected object and the menu items of window 302 is reduced.
The location of window 302 as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B may be modified to present the user with the most recently selected menu item juxtaposed to the selected object. For example, in FIG. 3A, a user may have previously added a bookmark to the displayed text 107. Remembering this action, the system presents window 302 on selection of object 301 with the menu option of "Add Bookmark" closest to the insertion point. With respect to FIG. 3B, the previous action may have been to add a highlight to the displayed content. Accordingly, the position of the window 302 is modified to position the menu option of "Add Highlight" closest to the insertion point. It is readily appreciated that the window 302 may be positioned so that the text of the last selected menu item (in FIG. 3B, "Add Highlight") does not directly overlie the ghosted image of the selected object 301 to improve readability of the selected object 301.
Here, the events as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B are based on the primary input function including a left mouse click or a single tap of a stylus, among other things. The primary input function becomes the initial operational interface device revealed to the user. So, when a user first initiates a document active reading system as described herein, the options available through window 302 will become readily apparent with the first selection of an object 301. Moreover, the same movement (i.e., tapping object 301) controls both the pointing to and selection of the object. Visual feedback occurs immediately at or near the selection. The
As represented in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the following options are displayed:
Add Bookmark
Add Highlight
Add Note
Add Drawing
Find . . .
Copy Text
Lookup . . .
These options as provided in window 302, in conjunction with object 301, present two types of feedback in response to a user selection. Here, both highlighting of the object 301 and presentation of the list of choices (the menu in window 302) occur based on the single user selection (tapping or clicking) of object 301. Various aspects of the actions associated with these menu options are treated in greater detail in the following disclosures,
U.S. Ser. No. (BW 03797.80027), filed December, 1999, entitled "Bookmarking and Placemarking a Displayed Document in a Computer System,"
U.S. Ser. No. (BW 03797.84619) filed, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Installing and Using Reference Materials In Conjunction With Reading Electronic Content,"
U.S. Ser. No. (BW 03797.78802), filed December, 1999, entitled "System and Method for Annotating an Electronic Document Independently of Its Content,"
U.S. Ser. No. (BW 03797.84618), filed December, 1999, entitled "Method and Apparatus for Capturing and Rendering Text Annotations For Non-Modifiable Electronic Content," and,
U.S. Ser. No. (BW 03797.84617), filed December, 1999, entitled "Method and Apparatus For Capturing and Rendering Annotations For Non-Modifiable Electronic Content," which are incorporated herein by reference for any essential disclosure.
Alternatively, window 302 may also include options that may affect the display of the content as well. For example, window 302 may include menu options that allow for switching from one book to another. An advantage of displaying more information to the user may include a net reduction in the number of navigation steps required to perform a process. For example, by providing a menu option to allow one to change which book is currently being displayed, a user may switch between books with a few navigational commands. However, the total options available to a user at any given may be substantial. Due to the overcrowding of window 302, displaying all options decreases the intuitive nature of adding an annotation to a page.
As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the number of options available to the user are limited. By providing a limited number of options, the menu quickly becomes tailored to the intention of the user. By minimizing the actions displayed to the user, the desire is to provide pure functionality to the user without cluttering the user's reading space.
Further, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the size of the font as displayed in text 107 may be different from that displayed in window 302. For example, the size of the font used for text 107 may be a 14-point font. The size of the font used for the menu items in window 302 may be an 18-point font. Thus, based on user selection of an object 301, the choices available (menu options in window 302) are displayed in a larger font and close to the selection 301. The resulting user interface will be easier to operate based on an analysis of the interface using Fitt's Law. Fitt's Law defines an index of difficulty for human responses as ID=(log2(2A/W)) where A to is the amplitude or size of a movement and W is the width of a target. Fitt's Law indicates that movement time=a+b(ID) where a and b are constants. Here, the smaller the movement and the larger the target, the smaller the index of difficulty. More information regarding Fitt's Law may be found at http://psych.hanover.edu/classes/hfnotes2/sld041.html.
At least in one embodiment, the present invention improves the user interface presented to the user by minimizing the distance traversed to select a menu option as well as increases the size of the target area (for example, by increasing the font size) of the menu options.
FIGS. 4 and 5 show further examples of the present invention with respect to display portions. FIG. 4 shows a reference window 402 having been opened based on the selection of object 401 (here, the word "natural") and the "Lookup . . . " option (from FIG. 3, window 302). Reference window 402 displays the results of looking up a definition for the word "natural." In the example, of FIG. 4, only one reference document was consulted as only one document may have been installed in conjunction with the lookup functionality. As shown here, where only reference exists, the system may skip directly to the sole reference, rather than displaying to the user a choice of only one item. If multiple reference documents have been installed with the lookup functionality, then multiple choices relating to the documents installed may be available for the user for selection. In an alternative embodiment, a user may also be given the option of editing the form of the selected object (for lookup purposes).
FIG. 4 also shows the page number "i" as 403. In one embodiment, the page number is always displayed in order to provide the user with standard window appearance for reference window 402. In another embodiment, the page number 403 may be omitted where there is only enough information to fill one reference window 402 and included where there is more information than space available in a single window 402.
FIG. 5 shows an example of a second page of uncovered reference information relating to the object "natural." The second page of reference information is shown as reference window 404 with page number 405. It will be appreciated that changing from reference window 402 to reference window 404 may or may not involve navigating to a new window. If multiple windows are employed, each reference window (402, 404) may overlie one another. Alternatively, they may be cascaded allowing a user to jump pages by selecting new windows. Further, there may only be a single reference window 402 with different content displayed therein with the content being altered only to display additional information regarding the selected object or on navigation to display new information for a newly selected object.
The menu choices available to users include a number of annotation features. These annotation features can add value to the book. For example, while a textbook alone may not have much value, the textbook with annotations from Albert Einstein or Stephen Hawking may be extremely valuable. However, if one were to purchase a book with annotations, one would not readily want to modify the purchased book (at least for copyright concerns) based on his own annotations or other active reading activities. At least one aspect of the present invention allows users the freedom to read actively a displayed text without the burden of contemplating how one is modifying the underlying document. Here, the user may be shielded from modifying the underlying document by having all annotations added to separate document or to a modifiable portion of the document apart from the displayed, non-modifiable portion. FIGS. 6A and 6B described how annotations may be captured and stored.
FIGS. 6A and 6B show various storage techniques for storing annotations in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 6A shows a reference B 701 as having been annotated. The file structure of FIG. 6A has modifiable (703-706) and non-modifiable (702) portions. Files of this type include Infotext file formats as are known in the art. Annotations 706 may be stored in combination with the non-modifiable content 702. An annotation 706 may be stored in a file with header 703 and body 706. The header 703 includes, for example, the file position 704 of the object with which the annotation 706 is associated. It may also include an indication of the type of annotation 706 in file portion 705. As discussed above, the annotation 706 may include a highlight, a bookmark, a drawing to be overlaid over the object, or a text annotation.
FIG. 6B shows the non-modifiable content of reference B 702 as a separate file apart from the annotation file 707. The annotation file 707 of FIG. 6B has similar constituent elements to that of annotation file 707 of FIG. 6A. Annotation file 707 may include a file portion 708 that indicates to which non-modifiable document (here, 702) it is linked. Using the approach set forth in FIG. 6B, one file may store all annotations for a user with the non-modifiable content portions 702 being stored separately. This approach has the advantage of being able to quickly scan all annotations at one time rather than accessing all documents 701 (as including non-modifiable portions 707 of FIG. 6A) to obtain all annotations stored therein. Greater detail on how to create and store annotations is disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 09/455,806, filed Dec. 7, 1999, entitled "Method and Apparatus For Capturing and Rendering Annotations For Non-Modifiable Electronic Content," whose contents are incorporated by reference for any essential disclosure.
FIG. 7 shows a method for controlling the display of a user interface in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 7 is described with reference to the use of a stylus as an input device for tapping on a computer screen. For the purposes of FIG. 7, a "tap" may be defined as an event defined as a contact with the surface of the display screen and a subsequent release that is near the initial contact point in both time and distance across the surface of the display screen. It will be readily appreciated that a mouse with the operation of the primary mouse button as may be used as well. Starting with step 801, a tap is received. Next, the system selects the object under the tap point of the computer screen as represented by step 802. Menu option window 302 is rendered with options relevant to selected object 301, as shown in step 803. If a timeout interval is in operation, the system determines whether a subsequent tap was received within a given time interval from the initial tap of step 801. If a timeout interval is in operation and if no subsequent tap was received (or was received after time interval T), then the menu option window 302 is released (step 805) and waits for the next tap (step 801). If the subsequent tap was received within time interval T, the system determines whether the subsequent tap was inside the menu option window 302 or outside the menu option window 302 (step 806). If inside the window, the system executes the selected option (step 807). If outside menu option window 302, the menu option window 302 is released and the system waits for the next tap (step 801).
In the foregoing specification, the present invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. Although the invention has been described in terms of various embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications, embodiments or variations of the invention can be practiced within the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. All are considered within the sphere, spirit, and scope of the invention. The specification and drawings are, therefore, to be regarded in an illustrative rather than restrictive sense. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited except as may be necessary in view of the appended claims.
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By Alia Malik, San Antonio Express-News : March 20, 2014 : Updated: March 20, 2014 3:57pm
Photo By Bexar County Sheriff's Office
Mathew Williams
SAN ANTONIO — Deputies with the Bexar County Sheriff's Office arrested a New Mexico man early Thursday and charged him with sexual assault of a 16-year-old San Antonio boy.
A deputy stopped Matthew Williams, 34, at Pue Road and Sunset Place in West Bexar County after Williams ran a stop sign, according to an arrest warrant affidavit. The deputy reported finding an adult male in the front passenger seat of Williams' car and the youth in the back seat.
The deputy had spoken with the teen Tuesday and recognized him, according to the warrant. He separated the trio and asked Williams what he was doing.
William told the deputy he had picked up the other two and "they were going to mess around," according to the warrant.
The teen said he met Williams online and that Williams had picked him up in front of his house Tuesday night. They parked and had sex, the teen told deputies.
Williams admitted to having sex with the teen that day but said he thought the teen was older, according to the affidavit.
His bail was set at $75,000.
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an Impact
Three members of the Moravian College faculty and staff were presented recently
with Impact Awards, in recognition of significant contributions to the campus community.
Receiving the awards were:
Cecilia Fox, assistant professor of biology and premedical advisor,
for her organization and support of the "Relay for Life" held on the "All-College Community
Service Day in honor of Martin Luther King, Jr." As a result of her efforts,
more than 200 participants raised $10,200 to help fight cancer. The award was presented
by Beverly Kochard, vice president of student affairs and dean of students.
Heikke Lempa, assistant professor of history, for organizing
the international conference "Self,
Community, World: Liberal Arts and Moravian Education." Scholars from around
the world gathered to discuss the adaptation of traditional Moravian practices to
the secular liberal arts classroom. The award was presented by Ann Stehney, vice
president of planning and research.
Phyllis Walsh, coordinator of community service, for her coordination
of the first "All-College
Community Service Day in honor of Martin Luther King, Jr." More than 900 students,
faculty, and staff participated in on- and off-campus community service activities.
The award was presented by Dennis Domchek, vice president for administration.
Several Moravian College faculty members played significant roles in the recent
national meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS) in Atlanta. Professors presented
lectures on a number of topics, chaired sessions, attended workshops, and represented
On March 18, psychology major Wesley Bush '06 presented "Profiles in
Coping with Work-Family Conflict Based on Spirituality and Religious Levels and Orientation" at
the Eastern Psychological Association in Baltimore, MD. The paper was co-authored
with classmate, Laura DeValdenebro '06 and Robert
Brill, associate professor
of psychology. The paper was developed as part of an independent study project Wes
and Laura did with Dr. Brill during the Fall semester. Wes' trip was partially funded
by a SOAR Travel Grant.
Psychology major, Erica Engelhardt '06, was selected to be one of Lehigh Valley
Hospital's "Human Resource Scholars" for this spring semester. Erica has
been working with an HR Mentor developing a comprehensive tool for managers to use
to help them decide when to resolve an issue on their own or when to report the issue
to HR. Erica is in charge of researching the policies that will be included in this
reference tool, surveying HR consultants and their managers to determine what common
issues they deal with and then presenting this tool to the vice president of human
Cecillia Fox, assistant professor of biology, coordinated Brain Awareness
Day activities which took place at the Da Vinci Discovery Center on March 18th.
This project was designed to promote public awareness of the functions of the central
nervous system as well as current advances in brain and spinal cord research. Students
studying neuroscience from Moravian, Muhlenberg and Cedar Crest colleges assisted
on the implementation of "hands-on" neuroscience activities for children
(K-8th grade) and provided general neuroscience information for their families.
Over 400 children came through our program. Elementary and middle school teachers
in the Lehigh Valley also participated and were provided packets of information
regarding the details of the activities to share in their science classroom experience.
Cecilia Fox accompanied two SOAR students, Rachel
Siegfried '02 and Paras
Varvarelis '06, to present research at the Pennsylvania Academy of Science
Conference in Hershey, Pa., on March 25. The title of their presentation was: Selenium
as a Potential Neuroprotective Agent in the 6-OHDA Striatal Lesion Model. On April
8th, The group headed to the NEURON Conference at Hunter College in NY to present
this same research. Cecilia also co-lead a workshop with Jennifer Swann from Lehigh
University entitled: Diversity in the Neurosciences. They discussed the present status
of "diversity" at our institutions and nationwide, the challenges faced
in enhancing diversity on campuses as well as potential initiatives to increase diversity
in the future.
Cecilia Fox, worked with Sarah Mueller '06 to conduct research for Mueller's
honors project entitled Long Term Selenium Administration as a Protective Agent
in the 6-OHDA Lesion Model. The project won 2nd place in the John C. Johnson Award for
Excellence in Student Research at the Northeast Region District II Beta Beta Beta
Convention on March 25th.
Associate professor of English, Joyce Hinnefeld's novel manuscript PILGRIM'S
SONG was one of nine finalists for the 2006 Bellwether Prize in Fiction. The Bellwether
Prize (officially the Bellwether Prize for Fiction in Support of a Literature of
Social Change) was founded by author Barbara Kingsolver and is sponsored by the National
Writers' United Service Organization. The prize is intended to "advocate
serious literary fiction that addresses issues of social justice and the impact of
culture and politics on human relationships."
Shalahudin Kafrawi, assistant professor of religion and philosophy,
took part in a panel discussion on "Media Mockery: Religion, Freedom of Speech and the Power
of the Press" at DeSales University on March 14, 2006. Panelists include Martin
Till (publisher of the Express Times), Matt Kerr (former WAEB radio director and
current director of communications for the Allentown Catholic Diocese) and Kafrawi.
His working paper was entitled "In the Name of God or in the Name of Freedom?"
Joanne McKeown, associate professor of French, reports a pending
publication: "Visions
as Illness and Inspiration: Young Estelle L'Hardy and Sister Anne-Catherine Emmerich
in works of Doctor Antoine Despine and Poet Clemens Brentano," which should
appear in Journal of Christianity and Foreign Languages Vol 7, 2006, in April.
Gary Olson, professor and chair of the political science department,
attended two recent conferences. The first was "U.S. foreign policy toward Venezuela," February
17-19, 2006 in New York City. Some 150+ representatives from the U.S., Canada and
Venezuela, including Bernardo Alvarez, Venezuela's Ambassador to the United States,
discussed the Bush administration's campaign against the Bolivarian Revolution now
underway in Venezeula. On March 10-13, 2006, Olsen participated in the Left Forum,
a gathering of hundreds of activists and intellectuals from around the world, held
at the Cooper Union in New York City. There were eight-four panels on topics ranging
from the recent "NO" vote against the EU treaty in France and Holland and
The Politics of Hip-Hop Music to Threats to Civil Liberties and Iraq: Exit Strategies.
Gary's recent piece, "Venezuela's Threat," published as a ZNet Commentary,
was translated and widely circulated within Venezuela. It also appeared on forty
web sites, including German and Italian translations.
Gary Olson attended the Inter-Institutional Meeting of the Washington Semester Program
at The American University in Washington, D.C. from March 31 - April 2, 2006. Over
the years, 115 Moravian students have spent a semester in this program which involves
seminars and internships. Yo-Ju Lee (Foreign Policy Semester) and Elyse
Jurgen are
enrolled this term. Elyse is currently on a three week study trip to South Africa
as part of the International Development Semester. If you have students who are interested
in studying in Washington, please contact Gary who is Moravian's adviser for the
Joel Nathan Rosen, assistant professor of sociology, whose book,
The Dimming of the Competitive Fire: American Sport and the Retreat from Excellence,
will be published by McFarland in Spring 2007, recently returned from the 13th
Annual Spring Training Conference in Tucson, Arizona, where he presented "Fandom, Failure, and Despair:
An Introspective Look at Professional Baseball in Cleveland" hosted by NINE:
A Journal of Baseball and American Culture. NINE's latest edition also features an
article Dr. Rosen delivered at last year's Cooperstown Symposium on Baseball and
American Culture entitled "The Mouth Roars No Longer: Pete Franklin, Sports
Talk, and Cleveland Indians Baseball, 1967-1987." He and co-editor David C.
Ogden of the University of Nebraska--Omaha have also been invited back to Cooperstown
for this summer's symposium where they will discuss the first of their five volume
series on sport and the construction of reputation entitled Separating Wheat from
Chaff. Dr. Rosen would like to extend his gratitude to FDRC for providing much of
the funding for his 2005-2006 travels.
The Ohio Newspaper Association awarded Robert Stinson,
emeriti professor of history, a second prize in its annual competition for writers
of original columns at its convention in Columbus in February. Bob writes a column
called "A Second Look" for
the Oberlin News-Tribune, the weekly paper where he now lives. He writes
on local affairs and sometimes national or more general topics. Bob was just a tad
put out, though, because last year he won first prize.
Joel Wingard, professor of English, attended the Conference on College
Composition and Communication in Chicago, 22-25 March. Wingard attended a meeting
of the Council of Writing Program Administrators Network for Media Action, of which
he is a member of the steering committee; attended the opening general session;
chaired a session on "Re/Reading Our Professional Texts"; attended seven other concurrent
sessions and wrote reviews of them for the online journal Kairos; attended a featured
session on "Writing and the Secretary of Education's Commission on the
Future of Higher Education"; attended a talk by featured speaker Patricia J.
Williams, law professor, author, and columnist. He also met with the Small-College
Composition Special Interest Group.
Erica Yozell, assistant professor in Spanish, presented a paper titled "Next
Generation: Albertina Carri's 'Los rubios'" at the 53rd Annual SECOLAS (Southeastern
Council on Latin American Studies) conference in Charlotte, NC, April 6-8.
This special issue of InCommon
Light, containing the Gaudeamus column, will serve to keep
the campus community apprised of notable faculty and staff achieve-ments
during the InCommon newsletter's temporary hiatus.


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A high potency dietary composition for treating patients suffering from malnutrition and other related disorders. The dietary compositions comprise sufficient protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals and trace elements to meet the nutritional requirements of the patient, wherein the protein ingredient is derived from amaranth. The amaranth content and proportions of other nutrients of the compositions can be varied, depending on the particular condition to be treated, to provide better patient tolerance and a lower incidence of side effects. The amaranth-containing dietary compositions are suitable for use by low birthrate infants, malnourished children suffering from a nutrient deficiency, as well as by adult patients having a chronic illness.
1. An infant food composition for use in the feeding of low birthrate infants which provides 65 to 85 Kcal of energy and comprises about 10.0 to 30.0 g of amaranth protein, 4.0 to 5.5 g of fat, 6.0 to 9.0 g of carbohydrate per 100 ml, and vitamins and minerals in amounts generally equivalent to or greater than those present in human milk on a per calorie basis, whereby the nutritional needs of said infants are met without imposing metabolic stress.
2. The composition according to claim 1 wherein the amaranth protein is a finely powdered, precooked amaranth flour.
3. The composition according to claim 1 wherein said vitamins and minerals are selected from the group consisting of vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, and E, folic acid, niacinamide, biotin, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc and iodine.
4. The composition according to claim 1 wherein said fat is a vegetable oil selected from the group consisting of corn oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil.
5. The composition according to claim 4 wherein the fat component includes medium-chain triglycerides.
6. The composition according to claim 1 wherein said carbohydrate is selected from the group consisting of sugar, sucrose, maltose, lactose, fructose, glucose, corn syrup and malodextrin.
7. A high caloric, nutritionally complete therapeutic diet formulation suitable for use in malnourished and chronically ill patients which provides about 250 to 350 Kcal of energy and comprises about 40.0 to 70.0 g of amaranth protein, 10.0 to 30.0 g of fat, about 150.0 to 200.0 g of carbohydrate per 100 ml, and vitamins and minerals in amounts sufficient to fulfill the recommended daily allowances of said patients when ingested in a 24 hour period.
8. The formulation according to claim 1 in the form of a liquid which is administered by enteral feeding.
9. The formulation according to claim 1 wherein said vitamins and minerals are selected from the group consisting of vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, E and K, folic acid, niacinamide, biotin, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc and iodine.
10. The formulation according to claim 1 wherein the fat component is a vegetable oil selected from the group consisting of corn oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil.
11. The formulation according to claim 10 wherein said fat component includes medium-chain triglycerides.
12. The formulation according to claim 7 wherein the carbohydrate component is selected from the group consisting of sugar, sucrose, maltose, lactose, fructose, glucose, corn syrup and malodextrin.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a high potency dietary composition for the treatment of malnutrition and other related diseases. More particularly, this invention pertains to nutritionally complete dietary compositions containing amaranth which are suitable for use by low birthrate infants, malnourished children suffering from a nutrient deficiency, as well as by adult patients having a gastrointestinal disease or chronic illness.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A deficiency of protein causes the malnutrition disease kwashiorkor which is usually seen in children in the postweaning years, ages 1 to 4. The classic syndrome of kwashiorkor is one of retarded growth and development with mental apathy, edema and muscular wasting. Marasmus is another such disease that occurs mainly in children and is caused by chronic dietary undernutrition, both of protein and kilocalories. This disease is most common in infants 6 to 18 months of age and is characterized by gross underweight. There is atrophy of both muscle mass and subcutaneous fat, giving its victims an almost cadaverous appearance. Growth rate declines progressively in marasmus victims, emotional impairment is also present, and diarrhea is common.
Treatment for these nutritional deficiency diseases usually involves immediate therapy and follow-up care during the first 24 hours of therapy. Correction of water and potassium depletion takes priority, especially if diarrhea and consequent dehydration have been severe. Diuresis occurring after about 7 days of treatment indicates a favorable response to initial therapy. Thereafter, the kilocalorie content of the diet is increased by the addition of mixed foods that supply sufficient vitamins and minerals. However, kwashiorkor and marasmus usually occur in underdeveloped regions of the world where socioeconomic factors combine to make nutritious food products unavailable to the child.
Deficiency-related diseases may also occur in United States hospitals among patients with long-term illnesses, who often lose their ability to ingest normal amounts of food products necessary to maintain adequate nutritional levels. Typical of such seriously ill patients are those having gastrointestinal diseases or various oroesophageal cancers, strokes, neuromuscular dystrophy and Parkinson Disease. Many cancer therapy routines, for example, require periods of abstinence and other therapies cause nausea and vomiting which result in the interruption of a patient's normal eating habits. Obviously, such patients are at risk of dehydration and eventually become malnourished. Resort must be made to some form of diet therapy in order to sustain these patients. Feeding by enteral hyperalimentation is usually the treatment of choice since it produces fewer side effects than the introduction of nutrients directly into a vein. However, compositions presently marketed for enteral hyperalimentation generally have a low fat content and contain less than 2 Kcal/ml, which are insufficient to reverse the effects of severe malnutrition. These low fat compositions preclude higher intakes of kilocalories because of volume limitations and are not well tolerated by many seriously ill patients.
In addition, many low birthweight infants and especially preterm infants are unable to tolerate proprietary infant foods in which the protein source is derived from milk products. Since milk is an importance source of riboflavin, the lower the protein intake, the more riboflavin is excreted and loss. Also, the condition of hyperbilirubinaemia is quite commonly encountered in preterm infants. Newborn infants with this condition have shown signs of riboflavin deficiencies even when supplements were provided. Because riboflavin is sensitive to light, considerable loss can occur when infants with hyperbilirubinaemia are treated by phototherapy.
The survival rate of premature or preterm infants has increased dramatically in recent years and the substantial percentage of deaths occurring among children and adults due to poor nutrition and related causes has been a major worldwide concern. There is, therefore, an imminent need for alternatives to therapeutic diets that may be made available to world populations and are capable of meeting the nutritional requirements of low birthweight infants and other malnourished individuals, without imposing metabolic stress.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,911,943 to Slimak there is disclosed a variety of different food products prepared from amaranth which serve as substitutes for grains, eggs and milk. In a particular embodiment, this patent describes an infant formula consisting essentially of amaranth flour and water. However, the nutritional requirements of preterm infants, for example, are unique and are not satisfied by feeding such infants with foods formulated with the needs of normal birthweight infants in mind.
It is, accordingly, a primary object of the present invention to provide a high potency dietary composition for the treatment of malnutrition and other deficiency-related diseases.
It is another object of the invention to provide a infant food which is specifically formulated to meet the nutritionally requirements of low birthweight infants and more particularly preterm infants without causing metabolic stress.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a nutritionally complete dietary composition for enteral feeding which is capable of use in patients having a chronic illness in order to reverse the effects of malnutrition without causing side effects.
Briefly, these and other objects are accomplished in accordance with the present invention which provides improved high potency dietary compositions specially formulated for treating certain malnourished patients comprising sufficient protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals to meet the nutritional requirements of the patient, wherein the total protein content of the composition is derived from amaranth. The present amaranth-based compositions are thus nutritionally complete therapeutic diets capable of use in malnourished adults as well as infants. The amaranth content and proportions of other nutrients of the compositions can be varied, depending on the condition to be treated, to provide better patient tolerance and a lower incidence of side effects.
The forgoing and other features, advantages and objects of the invention may be more fully appreciated by reference to the following detailed description.
In accordance with the present invention, the dietary compositions are formulated from processed amaranth seeds, cooked and uncooked meals or flours and other species of the Amaranthaceae family. While various species of amaranth seeds are known to exist throughout the world, those generally containing about 10-20% protein, 1-10% fat and about 60-70% parts by weight carbohydrate are preferably used for purposes of this invention.
Amaranth seeds may first be reduced to flakes or a coarse to fine powder by grinding, pulverizing and the like to produce a particulate material with substantially all the nutrient components of the seed remaining in the product. Alternatively, the conventional step of toasting or popping the amaranth seeds prior to reducing them to uniform particles has been found to significantly improve digestibility of the resulting products. The particulate product may then be combined with water in relative proportions of from about 1:3 to 1:10 and cooked under conditions suitable to form a homogeneous fluid or paste.
Approximately 60 gms of cooked amaranth, processed as set forth hereinabove, contain about 200 calories; 8 gms of protein; about 35 gms carbohydrate; and 3 gms fat. This fluid mixture may be adjusted to the appropriate consistency before the addition of individual nutrients. Preferably, the amaranth mixture is dried by any suitable means and pulverized to a fine powder for storage, prior to adding the remaining nutrient components of the present dietary compositions.
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, the present compositions when formulated to satisfy the dietary requirements of low birthrate and preterm infants preferably provide 65 to 85 Kcal of energy and contain about 10.0 to 30.0 g of amaranth protein, 4.0 to 5.5 g of fat and 6.0 to 9.0 g of carbohydrate per 100 ml. The amaranth component consists of all eight essential amino acids, including a high amount of lysine which is indispensable for controlling protein absorption. Its high nutritional value and quality is matched only that of whole milk and this ingredient conveniently provides 100% of the total protein content of the present infant composition. The protein, fat and carbohydrate components all contribute to the energy requirements of preterm babies who generally grow better and are less metabolically stressed when fed the present diet food in which the protein source is derived exclusively from amaranth.
The fat portion of the present infant dietary composition is preferably contributed by vegetable oils due to their ready availability, ease of formulation, absence of cholesterol and lower concentration of saturated fatty acids. Typical vegetable oils suitable for use in the composition of the present embodiment are those such as corn oil, sunflower oil and soybean oil. Partially hydrogenated fats may also be utilized.
The digestion or absorption of fat is less efficient in low birthrate and preterm infants because of immature digestive functions. Fat utilization can be improved by additionally including in the fat portion of the present composition, a proportion of dietary fat in the form of a medium-chain triglyceride, e.g., fractionated peanut oil. Good digestibility resulted when medium-chain triglycerides represented about 50% of the fat intake.
The carbohydrate portion of the infant food of the present invention makes an important contribution to the energy requirement and is typically sugars, which would include such food substances as sucrose, maltose or edible lactose. Also suitable for use are fructose, glucose, corn syrup, malodextrin, and polysaccharides.
The infant foods of the invention preferable include vitamins and minerals in amounts generally equivalent or greater to those present in human milk on an energy or per calorie basis. Typically, vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, B12, C, D, and E, folic acid, niacinamide, biotin, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, manganese, copper, zinc and iodine. While iron is usually included in infant food formulations for low birthrate infants, this trace element is advantageously excluded as an added ingredient since the amaranth component of the present composition supplies the recommended amount of iron.
In accordance with another embodiment of the invention, the present compositions when formulated as a complete therapeutic diet especially for enteral feeding preferably provide about 250 to 350 Kcal of energy and contain about 40.0 to 70.0 g of amaranth protein, 10.0 to 30.0 g of fat and about 150.0 to 200.0 g of carbohydrate per 100 ml. These high caloric formulations additionally contain such vitamins and minerals in amounts sufficient to fulfill the recommended daily allowances of children and adults when ingested in a 24 hour period. The present formulations are thus nutritionally complete dietary compositions capable of use in malnourished and chronically ill patients.
Typically, the patient will best be fed about 1.5 liters/24 hour period of the composition of the present embodiment administered by enteral hyperalimentation. This will generally provide about 3500-5000 Kcal per day, which will not only sustain the patient but, in most cases, provide sufficient calories to afford a desirable weight gain.
The fat and carbohydrate portions of present compositions may be contributed by those corresponding components set forth hereinabove. However, where animal fats such as lard or butter are available, these components may be used since they have substantially the same caloric and nutritional values as fats from a vegetable source. Also, since the patient to be treated usually has a compromised absorption function, the addition of a medium-chain triglyceride is recommended to improve the digestion of the fat. The medium-chain triglycerides can represent as much as 75 to 225 g of the daily fat intake.
The concentrations of vitamins and minerals in the high caloric compositions of the present invention can be adjusted in any appropriate manner so that the patient's recommended daily allowances will be met. Generally, the amounts included are somewhat less than prior art formulations of this type since larger volumes of the present compositions are better tolerated.
The dietary compositions comprising the embodiments of the present invention is prepared by conventional techniques and can be obtained as a ready-to-use formula by mixing the individual nutrients. Water may be included as an aqueous medium for the nutrients providing the energy requirements set forth hereinabove within the appropriate fluid volumes. More particularly, the processed amaranth-protein component can be dissolved in the water and the remaining ingredients can then be added to the solution and homogenized. When adding the fat component, vigorous blending with the other components, preferably using a laboratory or commercial homogenizer, should be made to ensure a physically stable fluid having a suitable shelf life. This liquid composition can then be filled into any suitable container and appropriately sealed for storage.
The dietary compositions of the present invention can be sterilized in accordance with conventional practice and also stored as concentrates or in substantially solid form. The concentrates or solid can be obtained by drying the liquid compositions prepared as indicated above using such convenient methods as evaporation and spray-drying. These products can be reconstituted by adding an appropriate volume of sterile water prior to use.
The following specific examples is given to further illustrate the present invention, wherein amounts of ingredients are specifically indicated.
A liquid composition formulated to satisfy the dietary requirements of preterm infants was prepared according to the procedure as described hereinabove by mixing the following ingredients:
______________________________________ Amounts per 100 mls______________________________________Protein (Amaranth flour) 30.0 gCarbohydrate (Lactose) 8.0 gFat (Corn oil/medium chain triglycerides) 5.0 gVitamin A 175 unitsVitamin D 250 unitsVitamin E 6 unitsVitamin B1 (Thiamine HCl) 0.13 mgVitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 0.05 mgVitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) 7.50 mgVitamin B6 (Pyridoxine HCl) 0.05 mgVitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) 0.04 mgNiacinamide 0.60 mgFolic Acid 6.25 mgCalcium 25 mgPhosphorus 30 mgChloride 35 mgSodium 15 mgPotassium 6.25 mgMagnesium 7.50 mgCopper 0.40 mgZinc 0.40 mgIodine 4.50 mgWater to 100 ml volume______________________________________
The above infant food composition provides about 85 Kcal per 100 ml volume and can be used with particular advantage for the nourishment of both healthy and low birthrate infants, as well as preterm infants. This infant food can be fed by any appropriate method, but in general will be fed enterally by a nasogastric tube.
A high caloric dietary composition formulated is prepared using the following ingredients:
______________________________________ Amounts per 1000 mls______________________________________Protein (Amaranth flour) 60.0 gCarbohydrate (Corn syrup) 165.0 gFat (Corn oil/medium chain triglycerides) 1000.0 gVitamin A 5000 unitsVitamin D 400 unitsVitamin E 60 unitsVitamin B1 (Thiamine HCl) 3 mgVitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 3 mgVitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) 300 mgVitamin B6 (Pyridoxine HCl) 3 mgVitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) 12 mcgVitamin K 200 mcgNiacinamide 40 mgCalcium 50 mgPhosphorus 1 gMagnesium 400 mgCopper 2 mgZinc 15 mgIodine 150 mgWater to 1000 ml volume______________________________________
The above diet contains about 3600 Kcal per 1000 ml volume is indicated for malnourished children and patients with limited tolerance for dietary volume. This composition can best be administered via a feeding tube for most patients requiring enteral hyperalimentation.
This composition can also be taken orally as a concentrate when used as a high caloric supplement to improve the intake of nutrients. The bland taste of the composition can be improved by the addition of artificial flavorings.
It should be understood that there may be various changes and modifications of the representative embodiments herein selected for purposes of illustration without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing examples art not to be interpreted as restrictive of the invention beyond that necessitated by the following claims.
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Sensors 2010, 10(2), 1041-1061; doi:10.3390/s100201041
A Multiscale Region-Based Motion Detection and Background Subtraction Algorithm
Received: 1 December 2009 / Revised: 15 January 2010 / Accepted: 22 January 2010 / Published: 28 January 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motion Detectors)
View Full-Text | Download PDF [2303 KB, uploaded 21 June 2014] | Browse Figures
AbstractThis paper presents a region-based method for background subtraction. It relies on color histograms, texture information, and successive division of candidate rectangular image regions to model the background and detect motion. Our proposed algorithm uses this principle and combines it with Gaussian Mixture background modeling to produce a new method which outperforms the classic Gaussian Mixture background subtraction method. Our method has the advantages of filtering noise during image differentiation and providing a selectable level of detail for the contour of the moving shapes. The algorithm is tested on various video sequences and is shown to outperform state-of-the-art background subtraction methods.
Keywords: motion detector; background subtraction; iterative subdivision; region-based; histograms; Gaussian Mixture
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Varcheie, P.D.Z.; Sills-Lavoie, M.; Bilodeau, G.-A. A Multiscale Region-Based Motion Detection and Background Subtraction Algorithm. Sensors 2010, 10, 1041-1061.View more citation formats
AMA Style
Varcheie PDZ, Sills-Lavoie M, Bilodeau G-A. A Multiscale Region-Based Motion Detection and Background Subtraction Algorithm. Sensors. 2010; 10(2):1041-1061.Chicago/Turabian Style
Varcheie, Parisa Darvish Zadeh; Sills-Lavoie, Michael; Bilodeau, Guillaume-Alexandre. 2010. "A Multiscale Region-Based Motion Detection and Background Subtraction Algorithm." Sensors 10, no. 2: 1041-1061.
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Ahmet Murat Karayilan
Ahmet Murat Karayilan
Izmir, Turkey
About Ahmet Murat Karayilan
I've studied Mathematics, Woodworks Industrial Engineering and Fine Arts. My art is influenced by Heidegger. Indeed, each figure of mine is 'Dasein': aware of existing in time temporarily and feeling one's existence constantly. In my paintings, the figures being alone represent the human being's "situation of being on your own" which is the obligatory requirement to comprehend 'time' as pure. In terms of inspiration process, I think it largely comes from my Greek origin. I am especially curious about Greek mythology, especially those behind the constellations and Greek philosophy (Herakleitos, Parmenides, etc). The watch rotor, often present in my work, symbolizes the continuousness of time. Moreover, I emphasize space and time sometimes using magazine pages as backgrounds. Why are my figures white or black? They become clearer while not being there. Not being there reinforces their visibility. Like a missing piece of the puzzle. I usually start by sketching and taking notes. I make quick sketches because I like to make decisions while painting. I love that uncertain process. My works are included in private collections throughout the UK, Denmark, Holland, Turkey, Switzerland, Colombia, Greece, Australia and the United States. I am currently living and working in Izmir / Turkey. email@example.com
Istanbul Marmara University / Ataturk Faculty Of Education /
Mathematics Education Department
Ankara Hacettepe University / School Of Vocational Technology /
Woodworks Industrial Engineering Department
Bursa Uludag University / Faculty Of Education / Fine Arts Education
Department / Arts and Craft Education
Izmir Dokuz Eylul University / Buca Faculty Of Education /
Department Of Fine Arts / Fine Arts Education
Izmir Dokuz Eylul University / Institute Of Social Sciences /
Department Of Fine Arts Education Postgraduate Programme
Izmir Dokuz Eylul University / Institute Of Fine Arts / Department Of
Painting Postgraduate Programme
2014 'Dreaming Reality' Corridor Gallery, New York
2012 31st Turgut Pura Foundation International Painting and Sculpture Competition Exhibition / Izmir Painting and Sculpture Museum
2011 11th Sefik Bursali Painting Competition Exhibition / The State Museum of Painting and Sculpture, Ankara
2011 Art in Mind Group Show 'Memory Box' / The Brick Lane Gallery, London
2011 The 21st International Istanbul Art Fair / ARTIST 2011
1999 Association for the Support of Contemporary Living Group Show / Hadigari Art Gallery, Bodrum
1999 Epsilon Art Gallery, Bodrum
1998 Mazhar Zorlu Art Gallery, Izmir
1998 Oasis Art Gallery, Bodrum


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An article of manufacture is provided comprising a polycrystalline cubic aluminum oxynitride having a density of at least 98% of theoretical density, and being transparent to electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range from 0.3 to 5 micrometers with an in-line transmission of at least 20% in this range.
A method of preparing the optically transparent aluminum oxynitride is also provided comprising the steps of forming a green body of substantially homogeneous aluminum oxynitride powder and pressureless sintering said green body in a nitrogen atmosphere and in the presence of predetermined additives which enhance the sintering process. Preferred additives are boron and yttrium in elemental or compound form.
1. A body of polycrystalline cubic aluminum oxynitride having a density greater than 97.2% of theoretical density, a sample of said body having an in-line transmission of at least 20% in the wavelength range of 0.3-5 microns said sample having a thickness of 1.90 millimeters.
2. A body of polycrystalline doped cubic aluminum oxynitride material having a density greater than 97.2%, a sample of said body having an in-line transmission of at least 20% in the 0.3-5 micron wavelength range, said sample having a thickness of 1.90 millimeters.
3. The aluminum oxynitride body of claim 2 wherein:
said aluminum oxynitride body is formed of substantially single phase aluminum oxynitride and is doped with boron and yttrium.
4. The aluminum oxynitride body of claim 3 wherein:
said body has an average grain size of 200 microns.
5. The body of aluminum oxynitride of claim 1 wherein the sample of said body has an optical resolving angle of less than 3 mrad.
6. A body of polycrystalline cubic aluminum oxynitride having a density greater than 99% of theoretical density.
7. A body of polycrystalline doped cubic aluminum oxynitride having a density greater than 99% of theoretical density.
8. The body of aluminum oxynitride of claim 7 wherein said aluminum oxynitride body is formed of substantially single-phase aluminum oxynitride.
9. The body of aluminum oxynitride of claim 8 wherein said aluminum oxynitride body is doped with boron and yttrium.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 297,896 filed Aug. 31, 1981 now abandoned.
This invention relates to durable transparent ceramic compounds. There is a need for these compounds in applications requiring substantial transmission and imaging capabilities in the visible range and the infrared range. These requirements can be found in both military and commercial applications. For example, infrared transparent domes are needed for missiles and transparent envelopes are needed in different types of vapor lamps. Many transparent materials are not adequately durable for these applications, thus, the search has been directed towards developing transparent ceramics. Although many ceramic compounds satisfy the durability requirement, they are not transparent to a sufficient degree for these applications. For instance, alumina is a very hard material but the main problem is that it is not sufficiently transparent and scatters light to an excessive degree. An additional consideration for a candidate material in the cost of manufacturing, thus, methods that require individual processing of these windows are bound to remain an unfeasible alternative from a cost point of view. From this perspective, forgoing and hot-pressing methods are not desirable. This leaves batch processing methods as a desirable feasible alternative and sintering lends itself to the manufacture of a plurality of units in a single run. However, the sintering of transparent ceramics is not widely known or practiced.
Aluminum oxynitride is a promising candidate for applications requiring multi-spectral transmission capabilities. The only known prior attempt at producing a sintered aluminum oxynitride body is found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,241,000, wherein precursor powders are mixed and the sintering step is used to both react and sinter the precursor powders to produce an aluminum oxynitride body. As described therein, the maximum density obtained for the sintered body was 97.2% of theoretical density. The problem is that the resulting material is not sufficiently transparent for the applications mentioned hereinabove.
These and other problems are solved by the present invention which provides for the sintering of cubic aluminum oxynitride to produce a transparent ceramic window. It was found that starting with a homogenous powder of cubic aluminum oxynitride and using specific additives leads to an adequately transparent window in both the visible and infrared range. It was further found that the sintering parameters of the present invention are such that a liquid phase at grain boundaries occurs during the early stages of sintering.
This invention provides for a cubic aluminum oxynitride body having a density of at least 98% of theoretical density, an in-line transmission of at least 20% in the wavelength range of 0.3 to 5 microns, and a resolving angle of better than 3 mrad.
This invention further provides for a method of manufacturing a substantially transparent aluminum oxynitride body comprising the steps of forming a homogenous single phase aluminum oxynitride powder, pressing said powder into a green body of predetermined shape, and sintering in a nitrogen atmosphere said green body in the presence of dopants. Preferably, said aluminum oxynitride powder has an average particle size less than 1.0 micrometers, said dopants comprise boron and yttrium or compounds thereof, and said sintering step is at a temperature higher than 1900� C., but lower than the solidus temperature of aluminum oxynitride and for a period of at least 20 hours.
The method of the present invention uses a substantially homogenous aluminum oxynitride powder to produce a transparent sintered aluminum oxynitride body. The homogenous cubic aluminum oxynitride powder may be prepared by the following method. A mixture is prepared comprising 30-37 mole % aluminum nitride and 70-63 mole % aluminum oxide (alumina). The aluminum oxide normally consists of the alpha type. Both components are fine particle powders having a particle size not greater than 74 micrometers. The aluminum nitride has a purity level of 97-98% while the aluminum oxide is 99.9% or greater. The mixture is ball-milled in alumina mills with alumina grinding media and with methanol as the milling medium. The preferred duration of milling is 16 hours. The mixture is then dried and placed in alumina crucibles for calcination. Calcining is done at a temperature range of 1600�-1750� C. for four hours with a stagnant atmosphere of nitrogen at a pressure range of 0-5 psig. During the calcination, alumina reacts with the aluminum nitride to form a cubic aluminum oxynitride compound. The calcined aluminum oxynitride powder is additionally ball-milled in alumina mills with alumina grinding media and methanol as the milling medium. The preferred duration of the milling is 72 hours. This results in a single phase aluminum oxynitride powder having an average particle size smaller than 1.0 micrometers. The slurry is then thoroughly dried. A small amount of doping additive, as discussed herein below, may be added at this point to the aluminum oxynitride or prior to the second milling step. Alternatively, the doping additive may be added later. The only requirement is that the total amount of the additive present in a body during the sintering step not exceed approximately 0.5% by weight of the green body. The aluminum oxynitride powder is placed in rubber molds having predetermined shapes and is isostatically pressed at pressures greater than 15,000 psi to produce green bodies to be used in sintering. The fabricated green bodies are set in containers in the sintering chamber. The containers are composed either entirely of boron nitride or partly of boron nitride and partly of molybdenum metal. The small quantity of the doping additive may alternatively be added now in the containers with the fabricated green bodies. The additive may be in the form of a mixture of aluminum oxide, aluminum nitride and the additive, with the additive comprising up to 100% by weight of the mixture. The preferred additive is yttrium oxide, but elemental yttrium or other compound forms may also be used. Sintering is then performed in a stagnant atmosphere of nitrogen at 0-5 psig. Sintering temperatures used were higher than 1900� C., but lower than the solidus temperature of aluminum oxynitride which is approximately 2140� C. Sintering may be performed for a minimum of 20 hours up to 100 hours. The resulting polycrystalline sintered body has an average grain size of 200 microns.
The unexpected transparency obtained by the method of the present invention was dissolved after the sintering in a boron nitride container of a first undoped oxynitride green body together with a second oxynitride green body containing 5 weight percent yttrium oxide. Spectrographic analysis revealed that the first sample contained trace amounts of both boron and yttrium. For a sintering temperature of 1925� C. and a duration of 24 hours, the transparent oxynitride body has an additive doping of 100 parts per million (ppm) boron and 600 ppm yttrium. If yttrium oxide were to be used in the mixture as the source of yttrium, then the weight percent of Y2 O3 needed would be 0.075% of the green body. The density of this aluminum oxynitride sintered sample is greater than 99% of theoretical density, the in-line transmission, for a sample thickness of 1.78 mm, at 4 microns is 43% and the resolving angle is 0.5 mrad. The in-line transmission is at least 40% in the range of 0.3 to 5 microns.
The density was measured by the Archinmedes method, in-line transmission was measured with a 457 Perkin-Elmer Grating Infrared Spectrophotometer, and the resolving angle was measured by using the Standard USAF 1951 Resolution Test Pattern.
A similar sample was sintered at a temperature of 1940� C. keeping the other process parameters the same. The boron doping remained the same at 100 ppm while the yttrium doping increased slightly to 800 ppm resulting in a Y2 O3 requirement of 0.10 weight percent for an equivalent doping. The density remained the same at over 99% of theoretical density, the in-line transmission, for a thickness of 1.78 mm, was 41% at 4 microns, and the resolution remained at 0.5 mrad.
Another sample was sintered at 1940� C. for 20 hours and resulted in a sintered body having a boron doping of 100 ppm, and a yttrium doping of 1500 ppm, corresponding to an equivalent Y2 O3 weight percent of 0.19, and having a density of over 98% of theoretical density, an in-line transmission, for a sample thickness of 1.90 mm, of 21% at 4 microns and a resolution of 3 mrad. Trace amounts up to an equivalent 0.5 weight percent of yttrium oxide doping may be used for producing a transparent aluminum oxynitride window having an in-line transmission of at least 20% across the 0.3 to 5 micron range.
A yttrium-doped sample with a yttrium doping equivalent to a Y2 O3 amount of 0.013 weight percent was sintered at 1925� C. for 24 hours. It resulted in an opaque sample, thus pointing to the need of a minimum amount of yttrium doping to achieve the improved optical qualities. By extrapolating the values of the samples available, the minimum amount of yttrium doping is believed to be equivalent to 0.02 weight percent of Y2 O3.
It should be understood that the yttrium additive itself need not be present in a nearby sample nor in a vapor form. For convenience, the additive may be mixed in with the aluminum oxynitride powder prior to sintering, but otherwise it need not be placed in direct contact with the green body. Again, it is sufficient that the selected additive be available within the sintering chamber for vapor doping the aluminum oxynitride. Similarly, it should be understood that the boron is also an additive, even though it is not mixed in with the other compounds. Its presence in the sintering chamber, as part of the compounds forming the container, is sufficient to provide boron vapor doping of aluminum oxynitride. Thus, this invention is considered to encompass other methods of introducing the additives in the sintering chamber to produce in situ vapor doping of the aluminum oxynitride compact.
The sintering is found to be enhanced by the presence of specific additives, and more specifically, by the yttrium used and the boron found in the container. It is believed that the mechanism is as follows. At sintering temperatures, the mixture of aluminum oxynitride and the excess alumina that might be present in the sample has a significantly high vapor pressure of Alx Oy gas species. The Alx Oy reacts with nearby boron nitride present in the container to produce B2 O3 gas and/or AlBO2 gas plus AlN solid. The B2 O3 and/or AlBO2 vapors transport to and react with aluminum oxynitride to produce a liquid phase at grain boundaries which enhances the early stages of sintering. The B2 O3 also interacts with the source of yttrium doping such as the yttrium oxide vapor from an adjacent source or from the Y2 O3 added to the sample to produce YBO2 gas. The YBO2 vapor transports to the aluminum oxynitride and dopes it with the boron and yttrium. It is believed that this additive doping aids the final stages of sintering by causing either solute drage or second phase precipitates to pin grain boundaries and thus preventing excessive grain growth which might otherwise trap pores within the grains.
It is understood that the above described embodiments of the invention are illustrative only and modifications thereof may occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is desired that this invention is not to be limited to the embodiments disclosed herein but is to be limited only as defined by the appeded claims.
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The Delaware County Sheriff's Office employs 43 full-time merit officers to fulfill its mission to the community.
The Delaware County Sheriff's Department utilizes a reserve officer force of 44 officers. These officers possess the same police powers as regular merit deputies, but volunteer their time and energies in helping make our community a safer place.
Delaware County Sheriff
100 W. Washington St.
Muncie, Indiana 47305
Office: 765.747.7885
Dispatch: 765.747.7878
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Over the past weekend, the Borger 11&12 year old Little League Girls Softball All-Star team won the district championship in a clean sweep, defeating Childress on Thursday 19-14 and Memphis on Saturday 20-12.
In Saturday's Championship game, pitcher Makenzie May had 12 strikeouts in five innings of work with Maegan Stone closing the game by getting a runner out at home.
The team is coached by Steven Willis and Cindy Willis and advanced to Sectionals to be held in Lubbock.
Local residents Levi Tidwell and Colten Howard show off the 7'3" bullsnake they found near FM 1551 over the weekend.


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The city of Juárez is ground zero for the drug war that is raging across Mexico and has claimed close to 60,000 lives since 2007. Almost a quarter of the federal forces that former President Felipe Calderón deployed in the war were sent to Juárez, and nearly 20 percent of the country's drug-related executions have taken place in the city, a city that can be as unforgiving as the hardest places on earth. It is here that the Mexican government came to turn the tide. Whatever happens in Juárez will have lasting repercussions for both Mexico and the United States.
The Fight to Save Juárez – Life in the Heart of Mexico's Drug War


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What do you think? Give us your opinion. Anonymous comments allowed.
Reply-1#431 to #56 - iamjustheretoroll (04/21/2013) [-]
**iamjustheretoroll rolled a random comment #1796372 posted by GodzillaFTW at Friendly ** :
Holait's a man that dresses like a woman and a woman that dresses like a man
damn right
damn right
#222 to #56 - dharkmoswen (04/21/2013) [-]
Guy who thinks like a woman and woman who thinks like a man.
Reply+328#70 to #56 - ragingbrony (04/21/2013) [-]
#62 to #56 - WhattheNorris (04/21/2013) [-]
People in the wrong body
Mentally a male, physically a female, and vice versa
Mentally a male, physically a female, and vice versa
#60 to #56 - mycatislookingatme (04/21/2013) [-]
That's talking about crossdressing, or being a man in a woman's body.|
I can't quite work out which.
I can't quite work out which.


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State Rep. Marty Moylan, a Des Plaines Democrat, and the Des Plaines Chamber of Commerce and Industry will host a community document shredding and electronic recycling event from 9 a.m. to noon Saturday, Feb. 16, in the parking lot of Juno Lighting, 1300 S. Wolf Road, in Des Plaines.
Along with paper documents, computer disks and recording tapes will be accepted. The program is free and open to the public.
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Eleven branches of the YMCA of Metropolitan Fort Worth have swimming pools - four are indoor and nine are outdoor. In addition, Camp Carter YMCA has an outdoor pool that is used during the summer camp season.
Learn more about our involvement with the Fort Worth Drowning Prevention Coalition and its Safe Swim Program .
YMCA aquatic programs include:
Check with these branches for specific aquatic program information:


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Virtual Cultural & Community Center
The Haitian Alliance Cultural & Community Center exists to provide our members with the opportunity to create a deep connection to Haiti.
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The Haitian Alliance
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Bike Park in St Luc at Val d'Anniviers
Here is what we found on the website of St Luc Bike Park:
Freeride and Downhill mountain bike
Over 500 vertical metres, 3 downhill courses for 3 different ability levels, fun, adrenaline and a funicular railway to take you back up to the top "almost" as quickly as you came down. Welcome to the St-Luc Bike Park, open from 9th June to 4th November 2012.
Blue – beginner; fun, wide and easy trail
Red – enthusiast; more exposed trail, jumps and wooden ramps
Black – expert; narrow fast trail in the forest, more technical
Each bike park trail is equipped with « north-shore » style wooden ramps, banked turns and jumps of different levels for maximum fun. The St-Luc Bike Park offers everyone, according to their ability, the possibility of mastering their technique, whilst enjoying one descent after another and maximizing their enjoyment whilst discovering an exceptionally beautiful wilderness area.
The trail description is pretty up to the point, not much more to say, just have a look at the pictures.
Here is what we think about the Bike Park at St-Luc:
Armin: Even tough I was not able to ride, I was stoked by the Saint Luc Bike Park. Funny to take pictures, amazing place to rest, drink and grill with a great view of the surrounding mountains (including Matterhorn).
Lukas: cozy, calm, diversified, beautiful landscape, friendly people (riders and employees), not crowded.
Bea: Trails ready for Girls who ride. It was good fun.
The other two didn't answer so far, but I will add their statements soon.
Anyway, the conclusion is easy. IF you are somewhen in Switzerland or the Valais and you want to go for a gravity oriented ride, St. Luc might be the choice for you. Sure, there is Crans Montana just on the other side of the vally, which has two nice trails, but it gets crowded fast and due to the high frequency break bumps are not unusual. And St Luc is still kind of a secret spot… Or at least it seems like that.. why else there are that few people around?!


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The mason jar is a simple, versatile piece that can be anything you wish it to be! Transform this set into lanterns, turn them into a jam keepsake, or use them as rustic glassware.