text:
A method for forming an electrically isolated via in a multilayer ceramic package and an electrical connection formed within the via are disclosed. The method includes punching a first via in a first layer, filling the first via with a cross-linkable paste, curing the paste to form an electrical insulator precursor and forming the via in the insulator precursor. The electrical connection formed includes an insulator made from a cross-linked paste supported by a substrate of a multilayer ceramic package and a conductive connection supported by the insulator.
1. A method for forming an electrically isolated conductive path in a multilayer ceramic package, said ceramic package having at least a first ceramic layer, said first ceramic layer capable of functional operation above a temperature of about 500� C., said method comprising:
forming a first via in said first ceramic layer;
filling said first via with hardenable paste;
hardening said hardenable paste to form an insulator precursor forming a second via in said insulator precursor;
filling said second via with a conductive paste, said conductive paste being isolated from said first layer; and
sintering said multilayer ceramic package to form a substantially monolithic structure.
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The present invention relates to multilayer ceramic devices, and more particularly to a method for forming a multilayer ceramic package having an electrically isolated via and an isolated electrical connection.
Certain multilayer ceramic packages are formed by layering a ceramic layer such as green tape (e.g., alumina tape, zirconia tape or the like) with one or more additional layers, such as conducting layers provided in a paste or other form. Thereafter, the conductive layers and the green tape layers are densified, such as by sintering. Some of these ceramic layers could be conductive (ionic or electronic) at high temperatures (e.g., zirconia) and a multilayer ceramic package designer may desire to form one or more electrically isolated vias in one or more of the conductive layers of a multilayer ceramic package. There is therefore a need for a method of efficiently and effectively forming electrically isolated vias in multilayer ceramic packages and for electrical connections formed with such vias.
FIG. 1 illustrates a sequence for processing a layer for a multilayer ceramic package so that the layer includes a via and an electrical connection according to one aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of a layer having multiple electrical connections formed according to an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates a cross-sectional view of multiple layers, each having an electrical connection formed according to an aspect of the present invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of a sensor incorporating a ceramic layer in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4(a) illustrates a cross-sectional view of the sensor of FIG. 4 taken along line 4A—4A; and
FIG. 4(b) illustrates a cross-sectional view of the sensor of FIG. 4 taken along line 4B—4B.
FIG. 4(c) illustrates a top view of a layer of the sensor of FIG. 4.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a method is employed for forming an electrically isolated via in a layer of a ceramic device. In general, the method includes the steps of providing a ceramic green tape and forming a first via in the green tape. A hardenable non-conductive paste is placed in the first via and is hardened. A second via is formed in the hardened non-conductive paste and within the first via. Thereafter, a conductive paste is placed in the second via for forming an electrical connection.
More specifically, according to one step of the method, and referring to FIG. 1, a first ceramic layer 10 is provided. The first ceramic layer 10 has a first surface 12 and an opposing second surface 14 separated by a thickness "t". The first layer 10 is preferably an unsintered ceramic material, e.g., a ceramic material in its green state. By way of example, the ceramic material is provided as a green tape which optionally is layered adjacent a metal pad or a ground-plane structure. In one preferred embodiment, the first layer 10 is formed from a suitable ceramic material such as a metallic oxide, nitride, boride or the like. Specific preferred examples include, but are not limited to, zirconia, yttria stabilized zirconia or the like.
A first via 30 is formed in the first layer 10 wherein the first via 30 is at least partially defined by a wall surface 32 of the first layer 10. The first via 30 may be formed using any suitable method of material removal, including punching, drilling, ablating, laser cutting, chemical removal techniques or another suitable technique.
In a preferred embodiment, the first via 30 is formed by registering the first layer 10 in a conventional via-punching machine and punching the first via 30 in the layer 10. Accordingly, the first via 30 is a generally cylindrical passageway bounded by a wall surface 32 which is generally annular in shape. However, the skilled artisan shall appreciate that the first via 30 may be formed in many alternative geometric configurations.
Once the first via 30 is formed, the first via 30 is filled with a hardenable fill paste 40. The fill paste 40 preferably is of sufficient composition and viscosity that it is capable of delivering a non-conductive material to the first via 30, which, upon firing (e.g., at the firing temperature of the first layer 10), will bond to the wall 32 of the layer 10. Moreover, the paste 40 is preferably capable of hardening prior to firing to maintain the non-conductive material fixed to the wall 32 during subsequent pre-firing processing steps. Thus, the fill paste 40 preferably includes a dispersion of particles of non-conductive material in a binder matrix that is capable of hardening.
Any suitable mode of hardening the binded matrix may be employed and will be specific to the desired composition. For example, the material for the fill paste 40 may be a multicomponent curable material, a radiation curable material, an air curable material, a thermally curable material, a moisture curable material or the like. One such fill paste 40 includes an inorganic phase such as alumina, glass or other non-conductive phase and a curable or cross-linkable binder that can form a binder matrix. In one preferred embodiment, the inorganic phase is different from the ceramic material of the first layer 10. Thus, the inorganic phase may be an oxide, such as alumina, and the binder may include a cross-linkable polymer, such as a UV cross-linkable binder or a thermally activated cross-linkable binder. Additionally, the fill paste 40 may include other components such as a dispersant, a solvent or both.
A particularly preferred example of a fill paste 40 includes approximately equal parts (e.g., about 9% by weight) of a UV curable binder such as DuPont 5018 (which is commercially available from E. I. duPont deNemours and Company, Wilmington, Del.); and a solvent such as Alpha Terpineol (which is commercially available from Fisher Scientific, Pittsburgh, Pa.); approximately 1.3% by weight dispersant such as CC-42 NS (which is commercially available from Goldschmidt Chemical, Dublin, Ohio); and approximately 80.7% by weight alumina powder (e.g., A16-SG, which is commercially available from Alcoa, Pittsburgh, Pa.).
It is also possible to employ a plurality of different fill pastes 40, one or more of which may include a conductive material in a hardenable binder matrix.
The fill paste 40 may be inserted within the first via 30 in a variety of manners. In one preferred embodiment, the paste 40 is screen printed or otherwise stenciled into the first via 30.
After the first via 30 is filled with the hardenable fill paste 40, the paste 40 is hardened within the first via 30, thereby forming a solid or at least semi-solid electrical insulator precursor 50. For example, with reference to the above specific teachings, hardening may be accomplished by exposing the fill paste 40 to UV light if the paste 40 includes a UV cross-linkable binder, or by exposing the fill paste 40 to elevated temperatures (e.g., about 70� C. to 90� C.) if the paste includes a thermally initiated cross-linkable binder.
Once the insulator precursor 50 is formed, in a like manner as the first via 30, a second via 60 is formed within the insulator precursor 50 such that the precursor 50 includes a second wall surface 62 for at least partially defining the second via 60. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate 10 is reregistered in the via-punching machine that punched the first via 30 into the substrate 10 and the machine punches the isolated second via 60 with a smaller punch (e.g., a punch of smaller diameter) than the punch used for forming the first via 30. In a preferred embodiment, the second via 60 is generally cylindrical and the wall surface 62 defining the via 60 is generally annular and is spaced approximately 2-5 mils within the surface 32 defining the through hole 30. Again, however, the skilled artisan shall appreciate that the second via 60 may be formed in many alternative geometric configurations.
After the second via 60 is formed, the second via 60 is filled with a suitable conductive paste 70 including a dispersion in a paste matrix of particulated conductive material such as that based upon gold, silver, palladium, platinum, combinations of these materials or the like. Different conductive pastes may be chosen depending upon desired characteristics of the paste, and their firing compatability with the selected ceramic green tape.
Once the second via 60 is filled with the conductive paste 70, the first layer 10, the insulator precursor 50, and the conductive paste 70 are each densified (optionally with other ceramic layers in a package), such as by sintering or co-firing, thereby forming a conductive connection 90 within an insulator 96.
As can be seen, the resulting layer 10 includes a conductive electrical connection 90 supported within and adjoining the insulator 96, which is supported within and adjoins the layer 10. Each of the layer 10, the electrical connection 90 and the insulator 96 have a common thickness "t" defined by coplanar side surfaces.
Referring to FIG. 2, multiple connections 110 may be formed in a single layer 120 by carrying out the previously delineated steps involved in the method of the invention multiple times at multiple locations either in sequence or concurrently.
Referring to FIG. 3, multiple layers 130, 130′ of a multilayer ceramic package 144 may include vias that align with each other when the layers 130, 130′ are stacked on each other thereby allowing the formation of an electrical connection 140 through the multiple layers 130, 130′ of the package 144. To form such a connection 140, separate ceramic layers 130, 130′ each having an electrically insulated conductor precursor formed therein may be stacked prior to co-firing. Alternatively, multiple layers 130, 130′ may be brought together and the insulated conductor formed at the same time in both layers 130, 130′.
The skilled artisan will appreciate that the isolated via and connection formed according to the present invention is suitable for applications requiring isolated electrical connections within multilayer ceramic packages. It is particularly suitable for sensor systems, such as, hydrocarbon (HC) exhaust gas sensors such as a heated exhaust gas oxygen (HEGO) or a universal exhaust gas oxygen (UEGO) sensors. It is also useful as a component in a fuel cell or fuel cell reformer. It may also be employed in multilayer ceramic integrated circuit (MCIC) devices with internal or external buried ground planes.
Referring to FIGS. 4-4(c), one or more isolated electrical connections formed according to the present invention may be used to form a gas sensor, such as an oxygen sensor 200. The oxygen sensor 200 has a first ceramic layer 202, a second ceramic layer 204, a third ceramic layer 206, a first electrode 208, a second electrode 210, a heater 212, input/output (I/O) pads 214 and a pair of electrical connections 216 for connecting a pair of the I/O pads 214 to the heater 212.
In the embodiment disclosed, the first ceramic layer 202 is formed (e.g., starting with an alumina tape) and includes a first surface 220, a second surface 222, the I/O pads 214 and an aperture 224 for receiving the first electrode 208 (the latter being formed by any suitable material removal step). The second ceramic layer 204 is of a like material (e.g., alumina tape) as the first layer 202 and also includes a first surface 226 and a second surface 228. Furthermore, the second ceramic layer 204 includes a cavity 232 and the heater 212 (which may be a resistive heater) within the layer 204.
The third ceramic layer 206 differs from the first and second layers 202, 204. The third ceramic layer 206 is formed of a yttria stabilized zirconia and also includes a first surface 234 and a second surface 236. The third ceramic layer 206 is disposed between the first and second layers 202, 204. Insulated electrical connections 216 are formed through the third layer 206 to electrically connect a pair of the I/O pads 214 in the first layer 202 to the heater 212 in the second layer 204. In one exemplary embodiment, in accordance with the principles outlined previously, the connections 216 are formed by, first, punching a pair of first vias 240 in the zirconia layer 206. Thereafter, the first vias 240 are filled with cross-linkable insulating paste and the paste is cured to form insulator precursors. Then, the insulator precursors are punched to form second vias 244 and the second vias 244 are filled with conductive paste such that the zirconia layer 206, the insulator precursors and the conductive paste can be cofired to form the electrical connections 216 which are isolated from the zirconia layer 206 by insulators 242.
Before or after the electrical connections 216 are formed, the first and second electrodes 208, 210 are printed onto the first and second surfaces 234, 236 of the third layer 106 in an opposing manner.
Then, the first and second ceramic layers 202, 204 are respectively conventionally laminated to the first and second surfaces 234, 236 of the third ceramic layer 206 such that the first electrode 208 resides in the aperture 224 of the first ceramic layer 202 and the second electrode 210 resides in the cavity 232 of the second ceramic layer 204. During this step, the first and second electrodes 208, 210 are conventionally electrically attached to a first and second of the I/O pads 214, and the electrical connections 216 electrically connect a third and fourth of the I/O pads 214 to the heater 212. Furthermore, a porous layer 250 may be applied to the first electrode 208 for protecting the electrode 208 from degradation caused by impurities in gasses such as exhaust gasses to which the electrode 208 may be exposed. Thereafter, the entire structure is cofired at approximately 1500-1600� C.
The structure described above can also be fabricated entirely using the yttria stabilized zirconia tapes only. A suitable thickfilm alumina insulating paste can be used to provide electrical isolation between the zirconia layers and the embedded electrical heaters and its interconnections. Isolated vias fabricated in the zirconia layers according to this invention provides the electrical connections to the I/O pads on the first zirconia top surface and the embedded heaters in the middle layers. On the top surface, thickfilm alumina insulating layer printed on the first zirconia layer provides the electrical isolation between the I/O pads and the zirconia layer. Thereafter the entire structure is cofired at approximately 1550-1660� C. to form a monolithic ceramic structure.
In operation, the oxygen sensor is positioned such that the coated electrode 208 is exposed to a first or testable mixture of gasses having an unknown percentage of O2 gas such as exhaust gas from an automotive vehicle. The second electrode 210 is exposed to a second or reference mixture of gasses having a known percentage of O2 gas such as air of the earth's atmosphere.
Once properly positioned, a current is induced across the heater 212 through the I/O pads 214 and, therefore, through the electrical connections 216. Consequently, the heater 212 elevates the temperature of the zirconia layer 206 and the zirconia layer 206 becomes oxygen ion conductive. If the O2 partial pressure of the first or testable gas is different from the O2 partial pressure of the second or reference gas, an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage is induced across the first and second electrodes 208, 210 which can be conventionally measured. Accordingly the partial pressure of O2 within the first or unknown mixture of gasses can be conventionally computed using an equation such as:
and solving for PO2first wherein PO2second is the partial pressure of oxygen in the second or reference mixture of gasses, R is the gas constant, T is absolute temperature in Kelvin, E is the electromotive force, F is Faraday's constant and PO2first is the partial pressure of oxygen in the first or testable mixture of gasses.
Advantageously, the electrical connections 216 are electrically isolated from the zirconia layer 206 such that minimal interference is experienced between the electrodes 208, 210.
Advantageously, the method of forming an electrically isolated via according to the present invention provides a efficient and effective manner in which to form electrically isolated electrical connections in multilayer ceramic packages.
Although various embodiments of this invention have been shown and described, it shall be understood that variations, modifications and substitutions, as well as rearrangements and combinations of the preceding embodiments can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the novel spirit and scope of this invention.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
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Two years ago, a piece of faulty computer code infected Iran's nuclear programme and destroyed many of the centrifuges used to enrich uranium.
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26 March 2012
Last updated at 15:34 ET
ITV Digital was plagued by piracy of its smartcards and went into administration in 2002
A News Corporation company recruited a pay-TV "pirate" to post hacked details of a rival's secret codes online, BBC Panorama has found.
Lee Gibling set up a website in the late 1990s known as The House of Ill-Compute or Thoic.
He said NDS, a pay-TV smartcard maker, then funded expansion of the Thoic site and later had him distribute the set-top pay-TV codes of rival ITV Digital.
NDS denied this and said Thoic was only used to gather intelligence on hackers.
It says Lee Gibling worked as a consultant who was used legitimately to inform on hackers.
ITV Digital was first launched as "On Digital" and was set up as a rival to News Corporation's Sky TV in 1998.
But the widespread availability of the secret codes meant ITV Digital's services could be accessed for free by pirates. The company went bust in 2002.
'Killer blow'
ITV Digital's former chief technical officer, Simon Dore, told the programme that piracy was "the killer blow for the business, there is no question".
"The business had its issues aside from the piracy… but those issues I believe would have been solvable by careful and good management. The real killer, the hole beneath the water line, was the piracy. We couldn't recover from that."
Lee Gibling told Panorama the codes on the Thoic site originated from NDS.
Continue reading the main story
"They delivered the actual software to be able to do this, with prior instructions that it should go to the widest possible community," he said.
NDS manufactures smartcards for all News Corporations' pay-TV companies across the world.
Its UK security unit was 50% funded by Sky. But the satellite broadcaster, chaired by James Murdoch, told the programme it had no involvement in how the unit was run and was not aware of Thoic.
Two former senior policemen ran the NDS UK security unit. Ray Adams had been head of criminal intelligence at the Metropolitan Police and Len Withall, who had been a chief inspector in the Surrey force.
Both men were secretly filmed by Panorama.
Ray Adams claimed he "would have arrested" Lee Gibling if he had known ITV Digital's code had been published on Thoic and denied having the codes himself.
But internal NDS documents, obtained by Panorama, show a hacked code was passed to Len Withall and Ray Adams from a technology expert inside the company.
'Their baby'
Lee Gibling said NDS paid for Thoic's servers and was across all of its hacking and TV piracy.
"Everything that was in the closed area of Thoic was totally accessed by any of the NDS representatives," he said.
He added that although Thoic was in his name, in reality the website belonged to NDS.
There is no evidence that James Murdoch knew about the events reported by Panorama
"It was NDS. It was their baby and it started to become more their baby as they fashioned it to their own design."
Once ITV Digital's codes were published on Thoic, Mr Gibling said his site was then used to defeat the electronic countermeasures that the company used to try to stop the piracy.
Mr Gibling said new codes created by ITV Digital were sent out to other piracy websites.
"We wanted people to be able to update these cards themselves, we didn't want them buying a single card and then finding they couldn't get channels. We wanted them to stay and keep with On Digital, flogging it until it broke."
James Murdoch was a non-executive director of NDS when ITV Digital was hacked, although there is no evidence that he knew about the events reported by Panorama.
'Fit and proper'
Ofcom, the television regulator, is currently examining whether James Murdoch and News Corporation are "fit and proper" persons to be in control of BSkyB, the company that runs Sky TV. News Corporation currently owns 39% of BSkyB.
Tom Watson MP, a member of the Culture, Media and Sport Select Committee that has been examining the phone-hacking scandal, has called for Ofcom to examine these new allegations in their assessment.
"Clearly allegations of TV hacking are far more serious than phone hacking," he said. "It seems inconceivable that they (Ofcom) would not want to look at these new allegations. Ofcom are now applying the fit and proper person test to Rupert and James Murdoch. It also seems inconceivable to me that if these allegations are true that Rupert Murdoch and James Murdoch will pass that test."
NDS declined to be interviewed but said in a statement that it never authorised or condoned the posting of any code belonging to any competitor on any website.
Panorama: Murdoch's TV Pirates, BBC One, Monday, 26 March at 20:30 BST and then available in the UK on the BBC iPlayer.
Article source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/go/rss/int/news/-/news/uk-17494723
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text: Comments by gbminard - MLive.com tag:profile.mlive.com,2015:gbminard/732683 2012-05-23T01:11:11Z Movable Type Enterprise 4.29-advance Comment on New Kalamazoo Farmers Market rules anger vendors no longer able to sell there tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf//4132.20675541 2012-05-23T01:11:11Z 2012-05-23T01:11:11Z I tend to agree, that it is a FARMER'S MARKET and not a FLEA MARKET. No one is taking anybody's rights away from them. They are not telling you that you can't sell your products, they are tell you to gbminard http:// Comment on YWCA director said she's 'surprised how bias, hate and homophobia are alive in our community' after LGBT advocate snubbed tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf//4132.20629751 2012-05-19T00:43:33Z 2012-05-19T00:43:33Z Where do you think you live? You are in the midwest, in the state of Michigan. It is basically a conservative state. It's know that conservatives have a problem with changes. Also they like hiding behind the "Bible" for anything gbminard http:// Comment on Kalamazoo Gay Lesbian Resource Center questions why Jase Bolger, Margaret O'Brien and Tonya Schuitmaker did not sign proclamation for LGBT advocate tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf//4132.20623630 2012-05-18T16:20:02Z 2012-05-18T16:20:02Z They are politians, did they have a chance to read it complete? They don't sign anything without reading it completely. @bakin: Being predegist is not being a good christian, it is just being predegist. If you think that it is gbminard http:// Comment on Occupy Kalamazoo to finish week-long protest outside of Bank of America downtown tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf//4132.20475941 2012-05-08T04:19:36Z 2012-05-08T04:19:36Z Great numbers. I guess when people found out what they were really about, they left. The Occupy Movement is over. RIP. No one is paying any attention to them. Why bother. gbminard http:// Comment on Kalamazoo high school walkout shines light on immigration reform tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf//4132.20400785 2012-05-02T11:30:39Z 2012-05-02T11:30:39Z I don't see that here. I have a number of friends in class that didn't problems getting student visas. Look at Western to confirm this. Also have a friend that got a work visa quite quick. So taking 20-30 years gbminard http:// Comment on Dozens of Occupy Kalamazoo protesters rally downtown, some with plans to stay the night tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf//4132.20397454 2012-05-02T01:28:15Z 2012-05-02T01:28:15Z The numbers says it all. Occupy Wall Street movement is dying. Rest In Peace. gbminard http:// Comment on Kalamazoo Today: Occupy Kalamazoo to camp out downtown; meetings planned for Allied Paper site, downtown infrastructure and oil rights in Barry County tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf//4132.20385825 2012-05-01T14:13:44Z 2012-05-01T14:13:44Z @garythomas, They really don't bother anybody anymore. We have become immune to their protests. To the protesters: While you eat your breakfast (at home or at a restaurant), reading your newspaper (today is Tuesday), and calling on your cell phone gbminard http:// Comment on Occupy Kalamazoo to protest May 1; Kalamazoo oil spill worker John Bolenbaugh to speak tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf//4132.20366661 2012-04-30T02:52:05Z 2012-04-30T02:52:05Z That is not what May Day means today. gbminard http:// Comment on People's Food Co-Op to stock fewer Kashi products after GMO flap tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/business/west-michigan/index.ssf//3453.20356688 2012-04-29T06:29:28Z 2012-04-29T06:29:28Z Here's real red flag that everybody needs to know: We have over 7 Billion people on the planet. We are currently growing enough food for 4 billion people. That means we will have 3 billion that will starve to death. gbminard http:// Comment on People's Food Co-Op to stock fewer Kashi products after GMO flap tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/business/west-michigan/index.ssf//3453.20356683 2012-04-29T06:26:23Z 2012-04-29T06:26:23Z Here's real red flag that everybody needs to know: We have over 7 Billion people on the planet. We are currently growing enough food for 4 billion people. That means we will have 3 billion that will starve to death. gbminard http:// Comment on Occupy Kalamazoo to protest May 1; Kalamazoo oil spill worker John Bolenbaugh to speak tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf//4132.20350468 2012-04-28T18:07:58Z 2012-04-28T18:07:58Z The joke continues. Why? And didn't the Russians have the military parades on May 1 while the Soviet Union existed? Makes you think what the real reason of the Occupy Movement. gbminard http:// Comment on People's Food Co-Op to stock fewer Kashi products after GMO flap tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/business/west-michigan/index.ssf//3453.20350389 2012-04-28T18:02:17Z 2012-04-28T18:02:17Z Wow, what is the flap about genetically altered food? There is nothing wrong with it. They have been making genetically alter food for at least 40 years. Besides, you are eating genetically altered food, natural or man-made, all your life. gbminard http:// Comment on Possible injury won't scare away real-life superheroes from fighting crime in Michigan tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/news/flint/index.ssf//2552.20345829 2012-04-28T12:02:43Z 2012-04-28T12:02:43Z Let's get this straight, these guys are not real life superheros. Police and fire fighters are the real life superheros. gbminard http:// Comment on Possible injury won't scare away real-life superheroes from fighting crime in Michigan tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/news/flint/index.ssf//2552.20345737 2012-04-28T11:51:48Z 2012-04-28T11:51:48Z Stupid is as stupid does. gbminard http:// Comment on No shame to his game: Detroit judge proud of shirtless pic sent to women (video) tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/news/detroit/index.ssf//5352.20294653 2012-04-25T14:40:40Z 2012-04-25T14:40:40Z What is wrong with this picture? Nothing. You see this on the beach, gym, swimming pools, etc. every day. What he did was wrong? No. It was not pornography. Unethical, maybe, but is it worth the time and money to gbminard http:// Comment on Concealed gun survey 'bought and paid for by a radical gun-control group' tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/politics/index.ssf//3203.20272089 2012-04-24T03:38:37Z 2012-04-24T03:38:37Z @Bill S, One question, please explain why Texas' violent crime rate is below the nation's violent crime average? gbminard http:// Comment on Concealed gun survey 'bought and paid for by a radical gun-control group' tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/politics/index.ssf//3203.20268803 2012-04-23T22:49:20Z 2012-04-23T22:49:20Z Polls/Surveys taken/paid for by biased groups will always go in their political view, always. Why else would they have it/pay for it. The survey is unscientific and doesn't mean anything. Next, a gun free zone for law biding citizens means gbminard http:// Comment on New survey finds most voters oppose concealed weapons in schools, college classrooms and other forbidden places tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/politics/index.ssf//3203.20214227 2012-04-19T18:18:07Z 2012-04-19T18:18:07Z Wow, I didn't realized that criminals observe boundries? Oh that's right, they don't!!!!! That is why they are called criminals. And I wouldn't put any survey to heart, people. They can manipulated any survey to say whatever the people paying gbminard http:// Comment on Michigan Coney Dog Project to visit Kalamazoo as part of three-day quest to name state's best coney tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/entertainment/kalamazoo/index.ssf//4565.20190143 2012-04-18T12:38:06Z 2012-04-18T12:38:06Z That's not a good picture of hot dogs. First. where is the sauce? All I see is dry cooked ground beef in a bun. Next, where is the hot dog? Does anybody see a hot dog? This picture isn't going gbminard http:// Comment on Large bronze bust of Eric Zapata to be centerpiece of downtown memorial garden honoring slain Kalamazoo officer tag:www.mlive.com,2015:/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf//4132.20171003 2012-04-17T04:57:51Z 2012-04-17T04:57:51Z No, i'm not being negative. I'm making an observation. If you are taking it that way, I'm sorry that you don't understand. And where are your getting your information on officers that have been killed on duty in Kalamazoo County? gbminard http://


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Hope you little ones like my hand-me-downs.
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What's The Craziest Experience You've Had As A Twin?
It takes two.
Kelcie Willis 2 weeks ago 18 responses
What's The Most Messed Up Thing You've Ever Done To A Sibling?
Can't live with them, can't live without them.
Kevin Smith 2 weeks ago 62 responses
Tell Us About The Time You Caught Your Parents Having Sex
Kayla Yandoli 2 weeks ago 52 responses
What Made You Change Your Mind And Decide To Have Kids?
Going from "I hate kids" to "I've got kids" is quite a ride.
Mike Spohr 2 weeks ago 25 responses
What's The Funniest Thing You Confessed In Your Diary As A Kid?
Maybe you were a Harriet the Spy wannabe? Or your journal was more like Amelia's Notebook?
Candice Darden 2 weeks ago 90 responses
What Common Cliché Is Actually True?
You don't know what you've got till it's gone.
Logan Rhoades 2 weeks ago 21 responses
If You Had The Chance What Would You Tell Your Teenage Self?
"Just stop worrying. FOR GOODNESS' SAKE."
Scott Bryan 2 weeks ago 23 responses
What's The Most Embarrassing Thing Your Pet Has Done?
"I'm sorry my dog pooped in your house."
Kelcie Willis 2 weeks ago 36 responses
Where's The Best Cupcake Shop In The Whole World?
Nom nom nom.
Kayla Yandoli 2 weeks ago 26 responses
Ladies, What's The Biggest Turnoff On Tinder?
*Swipes left eternally*
Anna Kopsky 2 weeks ago 21 responses


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Viewers: in countries Watching now:
In OneNote 2010 Essential Training, instructor David Rivers demonstrates how OneNote can be used to take notes, organize thoughts, do research, and collaborate with others on projects. This course shows how to quickly add rich content to notebooks, format the content with OneNote's new formatting and styles capabilities, organize information to suit individual needs, and retrieve information effectively. It also shows how to take advantage of the robust OneNote 2010 sharing and collaboration features like Outlook integration, change highlighting and page versioning, wiki-style linking, and the OneNote web applications. Exercise files accompany the course.
Hi, and welcome to Microsoft OneNote 2010 Essential Training. I'm David Rivers. OneNote is known for giving you the ultimate place to store and share your information in a single easy to access location. We'll begin with a tour of an existing notebook in OneNote 2010, browsing through the various sections, pages and subpages to get you up and running and feeling comfortable with the types of content you can store in the OneNote notebook, while exploring best practices for staying organized. With OneNote, you can share your notebook and simultaneously take and edit notes with other people, even access your notes from multiple computers.
Then it's onto the user interface, which receives a full makeover to the new Ribbon, and a new docking feature that allows you to keep track of your notes and where they come from. We'll explore techniques for organizing a notebook. And then it's on to adding content, which could be as simple as typing a note or as advanced as recording your own audio or video. Staying organized in OneNote 2010 is simple. So we'll explore features like Fast Search functionality, Wiki Linking and Quick Filing to help with importing information.
So with all these topics and so many more to cover, let's get started.
There are currently no FAQs about OneNote 2010 Essential Training.
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Click on text in the transcript to jump to that spot in the video. As the video plays, the relevant spot in the transcript will be highlighted.


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Tickets on sale Friday morning for Unknown Hinson
HUNTINGTON — Halloween 2013 continues to get creepier, campier and cooler. Not only is Alice Cooper hitting Huntington the weekend before Halloween, but the V Club has just announced that campy guitar hero Unknown Hinson will return for a concer Saturday, October 26.
Tickets will go on sale at 10 a.m. Friday, July 26. Tickets will be $15 advance or $18 day of show for the 18 and up concert.
Opening will be Justin Wells of Fifth on the Floor.
Looking somewhat like Dracula's nasty little brother who spent some hard years drinking and working as a carnival barker for a second-rate freak show, Unknown Hinson translates that vibe to his style of country and western-tinged psychobilly.
He's toured with Hank3, Rev. Horton Heat, the Boxmasters and Willie Nelson, appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live and other syndicated programming,
Hinson seems to collect quite a few celebrity fans. Billy Bob Thornton names Unknown as "one of my favorite songwriters and a genius picke." Matt Groening (creator of The Simpsons) labels Unknown as a "guitar maniac (and funny as hell to boot!)" Hank3 has Unknown's face tattooed on his bicep.
Unknown was asked to join The Rolling Stones for sound check at their last show in Charlotte, NC. You must witness the encounter with Ed King (Lynyrd Skynyrd) in Nashville (http://www.youtube.com/Unknown Hinson, Ed King). You'll find Unknown Hinson's music everywhere from Snoop Dogg's movie "LA Spectacular" to the newest version of the action-adventure open world video game "Saints Row 3".
Unknown is gaining notoriety in the 18-34 demographic as the voice of lead character "Early Cuyler" in the popular show from Cartoon Network - "The Squidbillies."
Go online at http://www.unknownhinson.com and http://fifthonthefloor.com for more info.
The V Club has a slew of other national shows rolling in as well: Just a few of those incoming shows include: Aug. 17, Catherine Irwin (a founding member of the alt-country group Freakwater), Old Baby and The Weeks; Aug. 20, Mike Dillon Band; Aug. 27, Those Poor Bastards, Sept. 12, David Gans; Sept. 20, David Mayfield Parade; Oct. 1, Zack Deputy.
For a full schedule, go online at www.vclublive.com


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Stanford Professor's Take On 3D Print Liability Law
Associate Professor Nora Freeman Engstrom comments on the possible legal ramifications of successful 3-D printing for Engineering.com.
Nora Freeman Engstrom, Associate Professor of Law at Stanford has published a paper in which she examines some aspects of the legal implications of 3D printing. Many of us have been concerned about what may happen, but she states the problem eloquently:
Following any significant technological breakthrough, legal scholars, practitioners, and policymakers must consider how the innovation meshes with—or poses challenges to—our existing laws and system of governance. Will it fit? What must change? Where are the pitfalls and opportunities? 3-D printing is no exception. The laws it implicates are numerous, and the challenges it poses are profound.
Engstrom examines one particular problem in the space, namely that of product liability. The gist of the existing law is that those who engage in selling defective products are liable for any carnage that may result. Does this apply to 3D printed models that might be sold by owners of personal 3D printers? She says:
... even assuming that the product is unambiguously defective, a plaintiff will have trouble prevailing in a PL (product liability) action against any one of these three possible defendants (printer operator, printer manufacturer, 3D model designer).


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Bordetella pertussis is a slow-growing organism that requires specialized conditions for growth. It is the most fastidious species within the genus. One of the media used for its cultivation is charcoal agar supplemented with 10% horse (or sheep) blood and cephalexin.
Plates are incubated in air without elevated CO2 at 35°C for a minimum of 7 days before being reported as negative (most isolates are detected in 2 to 4 days). Colonies are small, shiny and round. With age they become whitish grey. Repeated subculture of B.pertussis leads to loss of
fastidiousness and laboratory adaptation to a variety of media.
Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative, aerobic coccobacillus of the genus Bordetella, and the causative agent of pertussis or whooping cough. Unlike B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis is non-motile.
There does not appear to be a zoonotic reservoir for B. pertussishumans are its only host.
The bacterium is spread by coughing and by nasal dripping. The incubation period is 714 days.
Pertussis (or whooping cough) is an infection of the respiratory system and characterized by a whooping sound when the person breathes in. In the US it killed 5,000 to 10,000 people per year before a vaccine was available. Worldwide in 2000, according to the WHO, around
39 million people were infected annually and about 297,000 died. Bordetella pertussis infects its host by colonizing lung epithelial cells. The bacterium contains a surface protein, filamentous hemagglutinin, which binds to sulfatides that are found on cilia of epithelial cells.
Once anchored, the bacterium produces tracheal cytotoxin, which stops the cilia from beating. This prevents the cilia from clearing debris from the lungs, so the body responds by sending the host into a coughing fit. These coughs expel some bacteria into the air, which are free
to infect other hosts. Bordetella pertussis has the ability to inhibit the function of the host's immune system. Two toxins, known as the pertussis toxin (or PTx) and adenylate cyclase (CyaA), are responsible for this inhibition. CyaA converts ATP to cyclic AMP,
and PTx inhibits an intracellular protein that regulates this process. The end result is that phagocytes convert too much ATP to cyclic AMP, which can cause disturbances in cellular signaling mechanisms, and prevent phagocytes from correctly responding to an infection.
The infection occurs most with children under the age of one when they are unimmunized or children with faded immunity, normally around the age 11 through 18. The signs and symptoms are similar to a common cold: runny nose, sneezing, mild cough, and low-grade fever.
The patient becomes most contagious during the catarrhal stage of infection, normally 2 weeks after the coughing begins. It may become airborne when the person coughs, sneezes, or laughs. Pertussis vaccine is part of the DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis) immunization.
The paroxysmal cough precedes a crowing inspiratory sound characteristic of pertussis. After a spell, the patient might make a whooping sound when breathing in, or vomit. Adults have milder symptoms, like prolonged coughing without the whoop. Infants less than 6 months may not have the typical whoop.
A coughing spell may last a minute or more, producing cyanosis, apnoea and seizures. However, when not in a coughing fit, the patient does not experience trouble breathing. This is because Bordetella pertussis inhibits the immune response and therefore very little mucus is generated in the lungs.
A prolonged cough may be irritating and sometimes a disabling cough may go undiagnosed in adults for many months.
Abbreviated from Wikipedia.
Bordetella sp.
Bordetella pertussis
Pertussis(whooping cough)


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[VIDEO] Mizzou Antler Jerks Off Behind His Own Team's Free Throw
Categories: Mizzou
|Image via
|Laurence Bowers gets photobombed
So classy, in fact, that these infamously mischievous student super-fans will happily photobomb a free throw taken by their own beloved Missouri Tigers.
At one point in last night's match-up between Mizzou and South Carolina State, senior forward Laurence Bowers stepped up to the line on his way to becoming the 44th player in school history to score more than 1,000 points in his career.
So how did the Antlers support him?
By jerking off to the camera.
h/t Joe Sports Fan
Sponsor Content


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Tim Schafer has said that Double Fine Productions will be splitting the release of upcoming crowd-funded adventure game Broken Age into two parts and that money raised from the first chapter will be used to fund development of the second.
With an initial target of $400,000, Broken Age managed to rack up $3.3M on Kickstarter in early 2012, but Schafer sent a note to backers saying the increased scope of the game meant that the studio now required more money to finish the project. "Even though we received much more money from our Kickstarter than we, or anybody, anticipated," said Schafer, "that didn't stop me from getting excited and designing a game so big that it would need even more money."
"I think I just have an idea in my head about how big an adventure game should be, so it's hard for me to design one that's much smaller than Grim Fandango or Full Throttle. There's just a certain amount of scope needed to create a complex puzzle space and to develop a real story. At least with my brain, there is."
The team at Double Fine looked into initially releasing just the first half of the game, but the team's predictions showed that this wouldn't be ready until June 2014, with the final build of the game not being finished until sometime in 2015. "My jaw hit the floor," said Schafer.
"This was a huge wake-up call for all of us. If this were true, we weren't going to have to cut the game in half, we were going to have to cut it down by 75%!"
Broken Age's original release date was aiming for October 2012, but after increasing the scope of the game, the release was then pushed back to January 2014.
Schafer continued, saying that the studio would need to find more money to finish developing Broken Age in its current form and without any major cuts. "You guys have been very generous in the tip jar (thanks!) but this is a larger sum of money we were talking about. Asking a publisher for the money was out of the question because it would violate the spirit of the Kickstarter, and also, publishers. Going back to Kickstarter for it seemed wrong."
The team then decided to release the first half of the game--with some "modest cuts," adds Schafer--in January 2014 using Steam's Early Access program, which allows developers to charge for software that is currently in development.
"Backers still get the whole game this way - nobody has to pay again for the second half," asserts Schafer, adding that the game's design is now "100 per cent done… and it's not going to get any bigger."
"With this shipping solution I think we're balancing the size of the game and the realities of funding it pretty well. We are still working out the details and exact dates, but we'd love to hear your thoughts," concluded Schafer.
Double Fine Productions' second Kickstarter project, Massive Chalice, recently ended after raising $1.2m. The turn-based strategy game is being developed simultaneously alongside Broken Age, and the project is being headed up by Iron Brigade lead developer Brad Muir.


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Tuesday, February 11, 2014
Timberland High has announced its 2014-15 Teachers of the Year.
Lori Cox is the Teacher of the Year and Nicole Cox is the Rookie Teacher of the Year.
Teachers are nominated and then elected by the faculty. The teachers were recognized at the schools recent Coming Home Pep Rally.
THS Principal Daugherty presented them with roses at the ceremony.
Drum, Dance Ensemble
The Fine Arts Department of Timberland High School will celebrate Black History Month with a performance on Feb. 25 at 10:15 a.m. in the schools auditorium. The performance will feature an original play written and performed by Timberland students as well as a special performance by Adande African Drum and Dance Ensemble.
The public is invited to attend.
Tickets will be on sale at Timberland High School for $2 for adults through Feb. 21. For more information on attending this event contact Ms. Agnew in the THS drama department at (843) 567-8110.
Happy February Birthday
Michael E. Rodin, Shanell Smalls, Ashleigh Howard, Sierra Carroll, Willie Levine Jr., Juan Levine, Calvin Beaufort, Vivian Beaufort, Alton Hawkins, Jr., Amber Danyelle Belcher, Zion G. Prioleau, Susan Chance, Calvin Witherspoon, Sr., Ken Wilson (Proud to be 82), Rivers Reames, Pat Van Doren, Robin Guerry, John Thompson, Jr., Linda Hill, Megan Guerry, Tim Bone, Ferndenia Fayall, Dianetta Fayall, Barbara L. Fayall, Allison Lawrence, Levolia McNeil, Lavar Wilson, PJ Perkins, Victoria Giles, Michael McHoney, Asia Singleton, Kim Shaw-Johnson, Vicki Coker Powers, Latesha White, Chapelle Capers, Tiffany Morris, Cheryl Rogers, Justin Scott, Dustin Scott, Johnell Peoples, Sherry Addison Hannah, Teia Wright, Renette Capers, Renee Reid, Rica Johnson, Carter Hawkins, Annette Taylor, Ella Middleton and Antonio Paige Sr.
Prayer List
Sanfanae Reese, Linda Morgan, Tammy Britt, Lorrine Gaskins, Sandy Wilson, Jr., Evelyn Scott-Smalls, Lance Britt, Debra Gaskins, Ray Snider, Wilton Green, Ernest Foster (Margaret Maybanks brother), Ila Shuler, Debbie Beauford, Christine Reames, Phillip and Debbie Rowland, Leon Bradshaw, Ausy McConnell, Lorenzo McConnell, Bernice Taylor, Flora Beauford, Cleecy Lewis, Diane Mazyck, Walter Taylor, Marvin Brunson and Shirley Smith. Please remember our law enforcement, our military, and their families.
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Imac lags extremly!
Hi, my iMac lags. TOO MUCH!
It takes me ages to write, or open something...
What can i do?
Impossible to give specific advice without knowing your iMac's specs and what you use it for.
But to improve performance, you will want adequate free space on your hard drive, adequate RAM, limit the number of apps open at one time.
If you want to purchase a new HDD, look for 7200RPM and be sure you will give yourself at least 20% free space. As a general rule of thumb, at least 4GB of RAM would be recommended too. But that's not a steadfast rule or anything.
It couldn't hurt to Repair Permissions as well.
Open Disk Utility via Applications>Utilities Click on your HD in the left column and then make sure the First Aid tab is clicked. Now hit the Repair Permissions tab. Sit back and once it done log out then back n and see of that makes any difference.
With the very little info you have given us like MYmacRox posted, it is hard to give specifics.
So if you do return Mac Specs, What OS you have usually is a good start :)
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Frankfurt working papers on East Asia
Year of publication
- 2011 (4) (remove)
- China (3)
- Geopolitik (2)
- Japan (2)
- Weltpolitik (2)
- Bilaterales Monopol (1)
- Energiepolitik (1)
- Energieversorgung (1)
- Familie (1)
- Familien-GmbH (1)
- Familienbetrieb (1)
- 6
- From resource advantage to economic superiority : development and implications of China's rare earth policy (2011)
- Rare Earth Elements (REE) have become the new strategic economic weapon for the modern age. Used in the manufacturing of products ranging from mobile phones to jet fighter engines, REEs have become the new "oil" of today in terms of economic and strategic importance. Currently, 95% of REEs mined globally are mined in China, giving China a monopoly on the industry. Deng Xiaoping foresaw the importance of REEs in 1992 when he commented: "as there is oil in the Middle East, there is rare earth in China." Recently, China temporarily stopped exports of REEs to Japan, the EU and the US as an unofficial response to varying political and economic issues. This stoppage raised concerns as to the dependability of China and REE exports. Using the theory of neo-mercantilism, this paper analyzes China's actions in the REE market and its subsequent economic and political implications. It concludes with a look at how countries are trying to position themselves away from a dependency on China.
- 5
- Japan's quest for energy security : risks and opportunities in a changing geopolitical landscape (2011)
- For much of the 20th century, economic growth was fueled by cheap oil-based energy supply. Due to increasing resource constraints, however, the political and strategic importance of oil has become a significant part of energy and foreign policy making in East and Southeast Asian countries. In Japan, the rise of China's economic and military power is a source of considerable concern. To enhance energy security, the Japanese government has recently amended its energy regulatory framework, which reveals high political awareness of risks resulting from the looming key resources shortage and competition over access. An essential understanding that national energy security is a politically and economically sensitive area with a clear international dimension affecting everyday life is critical in shaping a nation's energy future.
- 4
- Japan's silver market: creating a new industry under uncertainty (2011)
- It has often been asked whether today´s Japan will be able to move into new and promising industries, or whether it is locked into an innovation system with an inherent inability to give birth to new industries. One argument reasons that the thick institutional complementarities among labour, innovation, and finance among its enterprises and the public sector favour industrial development in sectors of intermediate uncertainty, while it is difficult to move into areas of major uncertainty. In this paper, we present the case of the silver industry or, somewhat more prosaically, the 60+ or even 50+ industry, for which most would agree that Japan has indeed become a lead market and lead producer on the global market. For an institutional economist, the case of the silver industry is particularly interesting, because Japan´s success is based on the cooperation of existing actors, the enterprise and public sector in particular, which helped overcome the information uncertainties and asymmetries involved in the new market by relying on several established mechanisms developed well before. In that sense, Japan´s silver industry presents a case of of what we propose to call successful institutional path activation with the effect of an innovative market creation, instead of the problematic lockin effects that are usually associated with the term path dependence.
- 3
- A different capitalism? : Guanxi-capitalism and the importance of family in modern China (2011)
- The emergence of Capitalism is said to always lead to extreme changes in the structure of a society. This view implies that Capitalism is a universal and unique concept that needs an explicit institutional framework and should not discriminate between a German or US Capitalism. In contrast, this work argues that the 'ideal type' of Capitalism in a Weberian sense does not exist. It will be demonstrated that Capitalism is not a concept that shapes a uniform institutional framework within every society, constructing a specific economic system. Rather, depending on the institutional environment - family structures in particular - different forms of Capitalism arise. To exemplify this, the networking (Guanxi) Capitalism of contemporary China will be presented, where social institutions known from the past were reinforced for successful development. It will be argued that especially the change, destruction and creation of family and kinship structures are key factors that determined the further development and success of the Chinese economy and the type of Capitalism arising there. In contrast to Weber, it will be argued that Capitalism not necessarily leads to a process of destruction of traditional structures and to large-scale enterprises under rational, bureaucratic management, without leaving space for socio-cultural structures like family businesses. The flexible global production increasingly favours small business production over larger corporations. Small Chinese family firms are able to respond to rapidly changing market conditions and motivate maximum efforts for modest pay. The structure of the Chinese family proved to be very persistent over time and to be able to accommodate diverse economic and political environments while maintaining its core identity. This implies that Chinese Capitalism may be an entirely new economic system, based on Guanxi and the family.


text: /> "That's what I've been impressed with most this season is our consistency," said Nick Collison. "We've developed a base line and a habit of who we are defensively and effort-wise, which has allowed us to be in almost every game and to win a lot of them." Improving to 25-3 when it scores 100 points, Oklahoma City essentially led wire-to-wire, trailing only once in the opening stages. Brooks said it was one of the Thunder's most complete games. The Thunder held the Bosh-less Raptors to 43.7 percent shooting. The 119 points were the third highest behind a recent win in New York and a season-high 127 against the Wizards Thanksgiving week. "You could throw this game up there," Brooks said. "We played (well) on both sides of the ball. After a little lull, we came back and played good defense and made them miss a lot of shots." With six weeks left in the season, OKC has posted 35 wins, which leads to the question: is 50 wins doable? "If we continue to play the way we have and don't have a major letdown, that's definitely possible," Collison said. "As long as we have consistency with our defense and our effort, we're tough to beat. Who knows what will happen?" Text "OKTHUNDER" to 65360 for your chance to win an Adidas OKC Thunder Embroidered Midweight Jacket. NewsOK OKC Thunder news text alerts sponsored by Totally Tickets. Box score from Sunday's game


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The Blender Girl's Top 50 Green Uses For Baking Soda
Did you know you can clean your house and go green quickly, easily and cheaply using food products in your kitchen?
This month I am on a crusade to spread the word about home made natural green cleaning ideas made with food, in an effort to help reduce the environmental pollutants that are washed down our drains and into our waterways every year from commercial cleaning products.
I don't know about you, but I think our ancestors had it right on so many levels. As we all attempt to go green and become more environmentally conscious about the way we live our lives, I find myself going green by doing things I watched my parents and grandparents doing before so many convenience products became available.
I have watched my grandmother and mother blend up home made concoctions using lemon juice, vinegar, baking soda and essential oils for years. Not only are these home made cleaning products green and better for the environment, they are safer for your health, super quick and easy to make, and are cheaper too!
My favourite green home made cleaning ingredients are baking soda, vinegar, lemon juice and essential oils. Rather than write an incredibly long post trying to cover all of these wonderful green cleaning ideas, I decided to write a series of posts focussing on each individual food and how it can be used.
So, today I start with baking soda, which would be my top green living tip for alkalizing, cleaning and deodorizing.
Baking soda (sometimes known as bi-carb soda) is pure sodium bicarbonate, a chemical compound that is available in the form of a powder. It releases bubbles of carbon dioxide when it is mixed with an acid and a liquid. These bubbles, when trapped inside a dough or batter help baked goods to rise. Baking soda is also a powerful alkalizing agent and helps neutralize acids and break down proteins making it a powerful deodorizer and PH balancing agent.
Whilst baking soda is typically used as a leavening agent in baking, there are literally countless ways you can utilize the magic of baking soda around your household. Baking soda can be used to clean surfaces and neutralize odours in much the same as commercial cleaners, without the hefty price tags and harsh chemicals.
Baking soda is extremely versatile, gentle, green and very inexpensive, making this wondrous product accessible to everyone. I always keep a few boxes of baking soda on hand. Baking soda can be used all over the household.
1. Use baking soda to alkalize your body:
I add a pinch of baking soda and Celtic sea salt to my filtered water when I drink it to help alkalize my body throughout the day.
2. Use baking soda as an antacid:
Simply dissolve 1 teaspoon in a glass of water to relieve heartburn and indigestion.
3. Use baking soda as a toothpaste:
Mix a paste out of baking soda and filtered water in place of conventional toothpaste to brush your teeth. You could also mix baking soda and a 3 percent hydrogen peroxide paste.
4. Use baking soda as mouthwash:
Dissolve one teaspoon in 1 cup of water and gargle to neutralize mouth odours. This is also good for relieving pan from canker sores and ulcers.
5. Use baking soda to clean oral appliances:
Brush dentures, retainers and other oral appliances with baking soda and dissolve two teaspoons of baking soda in a standard glass of water or bowl to loosen food particles and neutralize odours.
6. Use baking soda to clean and freshen hair styling utensils:
You can also clean hair brushes and combs in the same way to remove soap residue and grease.
If you have any stiff brushes lying around your house that you want to revive, try boiling them in a solution of 1 cup baking soda, ¼ cup white vinegar and a gallon of water. This will soften and freshen them up.
7. Use baking soda to soak and clean skin:
Dissolve ½ cup baking soda in the bath tub with a few drops of essential oil for a relaxing soak that also cleans the acids off your skin and softens it.
8. Use baking soda to relieve diaper rash on babies:
Dissolve a small amount of baking soda in the bath water to help relieve diaper rash on babies.
9. Use baking soda to soothe aching feet and neutralize foot odour:
Dissolve a few tablespoons of baking soda and a drop of essential oil in a small tub of water to soak tired aching feet and neutralize foot odour.
10. Use baking soda to make face and body scrubs:
Mix just enough filtered water or cold pressed almond oil to create pastes to exfoliate your face or body.
11. Use baking soda to neutralize odours on hands after cooking:
Use a paste of lemon juice and baking soda to neutralize odours from cutting foods like garlic.
12. Use baking soda to wash your hair:
Mix a bit of baking soda in the palm of your hand with your favourite shampoo to boost the cleaning power and remove residue from your hair.
13. Use baking soda to relieve itchy skin:
You can pat it directly onto your body like talcum powder as a natural soothing agent for itchy skin.
14. Use baking soda to treat insect bites and stings, sunburn and windburn:
Make a paste with baking soda and water and apply to relieve insect bites and stings or sunburn, windburn. This paste is also good for drawing out jelly fish stings and soothing bee stings.
15. Use baking soda to clear nasal congestion:
Add a teaspoon of baking soda to your vaporizer to clear nasal congestion.
16. Use baking soda to wash fruits and vegetables:
Dissolve 1 teaspoon of baking soda in a bowl of water to wash fruits and vegetables and remove acid residues.
17. Use baking soda to soften foods:
Baking soda is really helpful to soften and tenderize foods making them easier to work with. I will often soak dates and other fruits in a bit of water and baking soda to soften them before adding them to baked goods.
18. Use baking soda to reduce the acidity of foods:
I add a pinch to homemade tomato sauces and vegan soups to help reduce the acidity while cooking. A pinch of baking soda added into legumes helps to soften them and reduce the gas effect!
19. Use baking soda to clean stains on cutting boards:
A quick natural cleaner and bleach is to cut open a lemon and sprinkle some baking soda on the open juicy end or directly on the surface. This will clean most stains of cutting boards.
20. Use baking soda to as a drain cleaner:
If water has not started to back up, pour 1 cup of baking soda followed by 3 cups boiling water. Repeat this process if needed. OR pour 1/2 cup of baking soda followed by 1/2 cup of vinegar. Let this mixture fizz for a while, then pour down about 3 litres of boiling water down the drain.
21. Use baking soda to remove odours in your dishwasher:
Fill the detergent container with baking soda and fill the rinse container with vinegar. Run the dishwasher empty to remove odours.
22. Use baking soda to clean and remove odours from your oven:
Mix 1 cup with enough water to make a paste. Spread on the inside of the oven and leave for a few hours. Use a scourer to remove residue.
To remove odours from your oven follow this up by baking orange or lemon peels for 5 minutes at 180 C / 350 F.
23. Use baking soda to clean your microwave:
Mix two cups of water with 2 Tablespoons in a glass bowl. Place in the microwave and heat on high for about 1 ½ minutes. Wipe off food residue with a soft damp cloth.
24. Use baking soda to cleaning kitchen pots and pans:
To remove baked on food from dishes: sprinkle the bottom with baking soda. Then mix one part white vinegar to 3 parts hot water. Pour this solution into the dish and allow to soak for at least an hour. Leave overnight for really baked on particles. Food should lift off.
To clean off burnt bottoms of saucepans: Dissolve 2 Tablespoons in 2 cups of water and bring to the boil in the burnt saucepan. Allow to cool for about an hour or more if needed, and burnt base should wipe off.
25. Use baking soda to freshen up dishcloths and cleaning rags:
Soak cleaning cloths in a solution of baking soda and warm water to remove odours.
26. Use baking soda to clean coffee and tea pots:
To clean stains and odours from coffee and tea pots dissolve a few tablespoons in warm water and allow to soak. Rinse thoroughly and dry.
27. Use baking soda to deodorize garbage disposals:
Sprinkle some baking soda with lemon wedges to remove odours from your garbage disposal.
28. Use baking soda to absorb odours in the fridge, freezer, pantry and closet:
Keep an open box in the back of your fridge, freezer, pantry and closet to absorb odours and neutralize smells.
29. Using baking soda to deodorize trash cans and recycle bins:
Sprinkle some in the bottom of your trash cans before you line them to keep odours at bay. You can do the same for the recycle container.
30. Use baking soda to neutralize carpet odours and vacuum cleaners:
Sprinkle a generous amount over carpets and allow to set overnight before vacuuming up. This will neutralize odours in your carpet and vacuum cleaner in one step!
31. Use baking soda to deodorize cat litter boxes:
Sprinkle baking soda on the bottom of the litter box and then fill with kitty litter. You can also deodorize dog and cat beds by sprinking baking soda, allowing to sit and then vacuuming up or washing.
32. Use baking soda to neutralize odours in ash trays:
Sprinkle some baking soda in ash trays, allow to sit and then wipe out.
33. Use baking soda to clean and deodorize shoes:
Sprinkle baking soda in runners and other soft gym shoes and shake out before wearing to neutralize smelly odours.
34. Use baking soda to clean and deodorize bags:
You can also sprinkle in work out bags and shake or vacuum out.
35. Use baking soda to clean sports equipment:
To clean golf irons, baseball bats, tennis racquets simply dissolve a couple of tablespoons in some warm water and wipe over with a soft damp cloth.
36. Use baking soda to clean kitchen sinks and bath tubs:
To clean hazy film on sinks: sprinkle a bit of baking soda on a wet cloth. Rub sink well and then rinse to remove films and residues.
To clean soap scum and water residue: combine 1 1/2 cups baking soda with about 1/2 cup natural liquid castile soap and 1/2 cup water. Mix very welll and then add 2 tablespoons white vinegar. Use this solution to clean the sink with a damp cloth and then rinse well.
To clean bathroom tiles: pour vinegar onto a sponge and sprinkle with baking soda. Wipe the tiles over. Repeat this with a toothbrush to scrub in between the grout. Rinse the tiles down to remove any baking soda and vinegar residue.
You can also make a cream cleanser for bath and ceramic sinks and keep it in a squeeze bottle by mixing 1 and 3/4 cups of baking soda with about 2/3 cup of natural liquid detergent to create a cream like consistency. You could also add a few drops of essential oil to this mixture. Brands of detergent vary in composition so you may need to adjust the quantities of your mixture. Just don't make the solution too thick or you won't be able to squeeze it out.
37. Use baking soda to clean toilets:
Sprinkle baking soda around the bowl. Drip a few drops of natural liquid soap onto the toilet brush and scrub out the bowl. This will remove rings. To clean the outside of the bowl, sprinkle some baking soda onto a damp rag. Wipe over the lid and then rinse the cloth to wipe off any baking soda residue.
38. Use baking soda to clean floors:
Dissolve ½ cup baking soda in a bucket hot water to remove grease and odours.
You could add a drop or two of essential oil or a little lemon juice.
39. Use baking soda to boost the power of your laundry detergent:
To boost the power of washing detergent: place 1/2 cup baking soda to wash cycle to boost the power of the washing powder. By balancing the PH of the water clothes get cleaner and brighter.
40. Use baking soda to freshen clothes, linens and bedding:
Simply place ½ cup in with the rinse cycle. You can also add a couple of drops of essential oil.
41. Use baking soda as a natural fabric softener:
Add in 1/2 cup baking soda to the rinse cycle as a natural fabric softener.
42. Use baking soda to brighten whites:
You can soak cloth baby diapers or other whites in a solution of ½ cup of baking soda in a bucket of warm water to get them cleaner and whiter.
43. Use baking soda to clean silver:
To polish silver: dissolve ½ cup baking soda to about 5 litres of water in a stainless steel sink or bowl. Dip silver in this solution and wipe with a soft damp sponge to remove tarnishes.
44. Use baking soda to clean oil and grease stains in garages:
Simply sprinkle the affected area with a generous amount of baking soda and scrub with a wet brush. Rinse the area to clean thoroughly.
45. Use baking soda to clean and deodorize your car:
Simply dilute ¼ cup baking soda in a bucket of warm water to wash chrome, windows, car lights, handles and floor mats without fear of scratches. If you wipe your window with a solution of baking soda and water it helps to repel rain on your windshield. Deodorize your car by sprinkling generous amounts of baking soda over upholstery and allowing to sit before vacuuming.
46. Use baking soda to keep flowers fresh:
Mix in a tablespoon of baking soda into the vase of water to keep flowers fresher for longer.
47. Use baking soda to repel ants and cockroaches:
Instead of spraying harmful bug sprays, try sprinkling some baking soda along window sills to repel ants and cockroaches.
48. Use baking soda to stop animals eating your flowers:
Sprinkle some baking soda around your flower beds to stop rabbits from chomping on your flowers.
49. Use baking soda to make your tomatoes sweeter:
Just sprinkle some baking soda on the soil around your tomato plants to make them sweeter!
50. Use baking soda in your swimming pool:
Baking soda can be added to your swimming pool water to balance the pH and keep the water clear.
This is by no means an exhaustive list.
Please feel free to email me with any other great baking soda tips you have!
Check out my favourite healthy gluten free recipes using baking powder at Healthy Blender Recipes.
Follow me on Twitter @theblendergirl and @tessmasters.
Join the healthy food conversation on my Facebook Page.Tweet
Category: Go Green Kitchen
About the Author (Author Profile)
Tess Masters, a.k.a The Blender Girl is an actor, presenter, voice over artist, cook and writer. She writes a quirky food blog, Healthy Blender Recipes, sharing quick easy allergy free gluten free vegetarian recipes with whole foods. Tess writes the eco food blog for Go Green America TV and is a regular contributor to The Balanced Platter. She and her recipes have been featured on Chow.com, Epicurious.com, Glamour.com, and the LA Times, as well as countless websites and blogs around the world. Tess resides in Los Angeles, California with her partner and their dog, Cookie.Tweet
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Regional climate change impact assessments bridge the global and local, and can enlist local decision-makers in direct and culturally appropriate ways. Regional assessments help local leaders see what the future holds for the things their populations care about, understand the decisions they will need to make, and support their public communication. In addition, local knowledge and monitoring are required to identify the uncertainties and critical triggers of the climate system and anticipate the impacts.
Each region has a unique combination of interacting environmental, economic, and social factors, and its own ways of reaching decisions. Local participation is essential, as is communicating in terms local people understand. To earn the trust of local populations, each region should design and carry out its own assessments, with international support but not direction.
Knowledge Action Networks that focus on specific regions and impacts can link the global science, technology, and policy communities to local initiatives. These are sponsored social networks connecting the generators of pertinent knowledge with local decision makers. Modern information techniques can ensure good communication within and between the global, regional, and local levels.
Knowledge Action Networks create a two-way flow of information, knowledge and methods between local communities, scientists, opinion leaders and decision makers, and their regional, national and global counterparts. Different networks will have different spatial scales depending on their particular situations, and may also differ in the temporal horizons of their concerns and actions. Flexibility is required to enable Knowledge Action Networks to find their most appropriate scales of action.
Their functions should include:
Knowledge Action Networks: Connecting Regional Climate Change Assessments to Local Action
Climate Change: Think Globally, Assess Regionally, Act Locally
By Charles F. Kennel
For more information, please contact:
Kim McIntyre
Kristin Blackler


text:
Posted at: 07/02/2013 9:10 PM
Updated at: 07/02/2013 9:13 PM
Tracy Ahr of Express Legal Solutions talks about the importance for everyone to have life and estate planning.
Express Legal Solutions
(505) 797-6984
This Good Day New Mexico segment may include paid advertising content. It is not affiliated with KOB-TV's News Department.


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Yulman and his wife Janet, along with Jill and Avie Glazer, and Tom and Gayle Benson, are the major stadium donors.
Richard Yulman made the lead gift of $15 million to build the new on-campus stadium. (Photo by Paula Burch-Celentano)
November 5, 2012
New Wave staff
It was a storm named Katrina and a daughter named Katy that ultimately led to a stadium named Yulman, says the man who made the lead gift of $15 million to build the new on-campus stadium at Tulane University. More...
Office of Development, P.O. Box 61075, New Orleans, LA 70161-9986 | 504-865-5794 | 888-265-7576 | firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
On 23 May 2005, at 16:26, Allie D. wrote:
Niclas Sodergard said:On 5/22/05, Gaby vanhegan <gaby_(_at_)_vanhegan_(_dot_)_net> wrote:
What do you use to do IMAP under OpenBSD?
I've used Cyrus-IMAP successfully on OpenBSD. It is slightly more complex to setup than the other ones but it is really fast.
I have run courier-imap for years...
Thanks to everybody who replied :)
-- Junkets for bunterish lickspittles since 1998! gaby_(_at_)_vanhegan_(_dot_)_net http://weblog.vanhegan.net


text:
Below is the poem entitled Words which was written by poet
Bituna. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Ana-Maria Bituna
What significance has 'all' for us?
What significance has 'can' for me?
Ability if I would have
Love I'll convert it into all.
Can it be true to love?
To rumble in this riddle?
This helplessness is all I have
This helplessness is like a shield
It wants me to stay and not to speak.
This helplessness has won.
Until now I've been its.
Only if I could, just once,
To live my own life,
To run father away
And forget about the world.
What is love? What is life?
One life if I could have
I'll convert it all in what
Significance has love for us.
But what is it exactly?
Love doesn't die?
For eternity in me shall stay
If it would be love
Holy love or lusty love,
Indwelling love.
But who are you?
Didn't search for you,
How did I found you?
Have I fell in love?
Or it is just love?
It doesn't go if comes.
Will you love me?
Will you share with me?
In my eyes you'll find yourself
And then we'll rest
And forever we will be together
And we shall live our life
When everything will mean love.
A comment has not been posted for this poem. Encourage a poet by being the first to comment.


text:
|Zera William Holladay <zholla1@xxxxxxx>
|Fri, 4 Mar 2005 12:02:26 -0600 (CST)
On Fri, 4 Mar 2005, Martin P. Hellwig wrote: > Please define first what level op competence you expect of a *BSD > developer at the end of your course, somebody who can develop _on_ *BSD > or on and _for_ *BSD and in what language(s)? On and for *BSD in C. These are the goals I would like to obtain for myself. > What is the expected knowledge level of the students starting your > course? And how do you deal with students not having that minimal > starting knowledge? Assume that each student already knows C and C is the expected language. Students are expected to know IA-32 assembler, Intel architecture and C. I don't know how to deal with students without the minimal starting knowledge, generally it is just too bad if they don't have it and registered for the course. -Zera [rest cut]


text:
Katie and Brad's wedding is full of mishaps. Holden gives Carly advice; Lily plans to reunite Jack and Carly.
Katie is getting ready for the wedding when Kim announces she has about 10 minutes left. She gets fidgety and rips the dress! Mike walks in and asks if he can help. He calls her angel, upsetting her and she tells him to leave her alone! Mike says she wouldn't be on the verge of tears if she were really over him and in love with Brad. They argue. Kim comes in and tells him to get lost so Katie can concentrate. Mike leaves.
Jack walks in, surprised to see Mike. Henry is shocked to see both of Katie's other exes standing up for Brad and tells him to fix the problem. The minister arrives and an excited Brad comes out. Jack takes Brad aside and asks what he is trying to prove. Brad says nothing is going on. Jack starts to leave but Brad asks him to stay, as his brother. He does. Just then the music begins and Katie walks out of the office. The wedding gets underway but the minister freezes when the cameras go live! Henry tries to unfreeze him but the minister has stage fright. Brad asks everyone to stand by and sends the show to commercial. Katie suggests Henry but that leaves them short one man-of-honor. Katie refuses to allow Jack or Mike to attend to her so Kim okays her going ahead without an attendant.
Tom is surprised when Margo walks in from work. He asks what is going on and she says she is taking him up on his rain check offer! Tom asks if she is really going to stand Katie up! Margo settles herself and turns on the television as the minister freezes up. Margo watches as Brad comes back on-screen to announce that Henry is going to do the honors and invites the viewers to pretend to be Katie's attendant. Henry gets things going, talking about Elizabeth Barrett Browning and the fun of marriage. Katie and Brad can't take their eyes off one another. Tom tells Margo that she should give in and go to Katie. Margo leaves the house. She returns a few seconds later and asks him to come along. They leave together.
Back on television, Henry asks Brad and Katie if they are ready for the vows. He asks for objections. Jack scowls at Mike to keep him quiet; Henry asks the audience if they object and Katie punches him on the shoulder. He moves on. Brad and Katie join hands as Henry begins the "to have and to hold" part of the ceremony. Katie gets the hiccups and can't say I do! Kim sends a glass of water up but Katie accidentally drops it. They go to commercial and try several different things but Katie can't get rid of the hiccups. Margo rushes in, yells, "Cellulite", and scares the hiccups right out of Katie! The show comes back from commercial. Brad and Katie say their I Do's. They are about to exchange rings when Margo asks if she is really sure. Katie has almost said, "I thee wed", when she faints! Kim tells them that there are no commercials left and they need to either have a wedding or call the whole thing off. Brad asks everyone to leave and talks to Katie alone. He admits that asking Mike to stand up for him was a test and apologizes. He says he wants to marry her, have kids and grow old together but that is all up for negotiation if she isn't ready. This calms Katie down and she says she wants to marry him. Mike asks Jack if Katie fainted at their wedding and Jack says no. Mike is sure this means Katie doesn't want to marry Brad but Jack disagrees and says Katie loves Brad. Brad and Katie return to the set. Katie says her I Dos and they kiss. Brad feeds her cake a while later and smears icing all over her face. They are all smiles and laughs. Jack congratulates the couple. They sign off the show and Brad picks up Katie, telling her it is honeymoon time!
Brad and Katie return to her hotel room, talking about the life ahead of them. The room has candles and flowers all around. Brad places a lei around her neck and is about to kiss her when she says they need a first dance first! Brad turns on some music and they dance to "Tiny Bubbles". Brad tells her how happy he is to be married to her. She says she never wants to feel different than she felt today - minus the hiccups and fainting, of course. They kiss.
Henry returns to the diner to applause from his patrons. He offers pepperkokkar all around and then calls Vienna, who is still sick.
Mike returns to The Lakeview and takes the porcelain angel from his pocket. He orders a drink, staring at the figure. After finishing the drink, he leaves the angel behind.
At the farm, Lily looks through a few more things in Dusty's box and cries over him. Realizing she has to let go, she takes the box out to the trash but then takes the music tape and a few other things out to keep. She puts the items in a brown bag and hides them in the cupboard. "I'm sorry, Holden," she whispers.
At the pond, Carly tells Holden that her problems with Jack aren't the same as his problems with Lily and that things aren't over between him and Lily the way they are over for her and Jack. "He will always find fault with me," she says. Holden says he has to get back and Carly returns with him. When they return, Carly goes inside to talk with Lily. Sympathetic, Lily asks if she is sure things are over. Crying, Carly says she still wants a life with Jack. As they are talking Holden comes inside. Carly leaves the kitchen. Lily tells him they can't let Carly and Jack give up so easily! She thinks she has the perfect solution and when Carly returns suggests a quiet dinner party for the four of them. Carly agrees. After she is gone, Lily tells Holden this is the beginning of a second chance for them. He asks about Dusty's box and she says she is ready to move on.
Jack returns home where Carly is waiting. He tells her about the wedding. Carly wonders how he feels and he says it was good to see Katie happy. She tells him about the dinner party at the farm and asks him to come along. He accepts.
Next on As The World Turns:
Emily pushes Alison's buttons about Chris.
Mike and Meg go on a balloon ride.
Ameera kisses Noah!
Paul asks Sofie what she wishes for.
Thank-you for your comments and feedback! We do ask that our visitors abide by the Guidelines and try to keep all posts on the topic of the show. If you have a Spoiler that you want to post and/or discuss in the comments section below, please always remember to start your post with ***Spoiler Alert*** so others who do not wish to read spoilers can skim over your post. Please feel free to Contact Us if a moderator is required to handle any bad posts. Above all, have a great time posting!
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Deschutes Brewery Landmarks film, music by The Cave Singers
Categories —Beer, Chris Hornbecker, Craft Beer, Deschutes Brewery, landmarks, Landmarks Film, Music, Oregon, The Cave Singers, Film, Landmarks
Just had to share this - The Three Wise Men
From PortlandBeer.org via their Flickr stream
Categories —Abyss, Beer, Brewery, Craft, Deschutes Brewery, Dissident, Hop Henge, Portland Beer
Deschutes Brewery Red Chair Pale Ale shipping underway
Beer lovers rejoice! Deschutes Brewery is shipping out the latest Red Chair Northwest Pale Ale seasonal ale. Be sure to track some down as last year's batch sold out way in advance..
And don't forget to enter the Red Chair Sweepstakes to try and win a Winter escape for two at Mt Bachelor..
Categories —Beer, Brewery, Brews, Craft, Deschutes Brewery, Red Chair Pale Ale, Seasonal
Cyclo-Cross National Championships Bend Oregon
Returning to Bend's Old Mill District, the five-day USA Cycling Cyclo-cross National Championships introduces a new, challenging course for 2010. Competitors, fans and family can also take part in the Cross Culture: Art+Bike Festival, featuring live music, film screenings, parties and more. Go here for more info and course maps etc.
Categories —Beer, Bend Oregon, Championships, Cyclo-Cross, Deschutes Brewery, Giant Bicycles, Events
MPfree Monday
The 37th NW Film & Video Festival Is Underway
Local film lovers will be in full swoon starting this weekend as it marks the beginning of the 37th Northwest Film & Video Festival.


text:
Tuesday, Nov. 19, 1996
Comments on Zaire
(The following question and answer and subsequent^M announcement follow remarks before the Department of the Army^M Procurement Conference in Alexandria, Va.)
Q: Mr. Secretary, Army contracting elements are now deployed with advance elements in Africa. What do you see [as] our strategic interests there?
Secretary Perry: In Africa?
Q: Yes sir.
A: I try to divide our strategic interests into three categories. Vital national security interests -- an example of that was Desert Storm. We our vital national interest was threatened and we were ready to go to war. We did go to war.
In June of '94, when we saw North Korea developing nuclear weapons, we saw our vital national security interest [threatened] then, and we took actions which could have led to military conflict. Fortunately it did not. Those are examples where vital national security interests are involved.
There are other interests where national interests are involved but they are not vital. There we use military forces, but we're not prepared to go to war. An example of that was Bosnia, where for several years, the war in Bosnia raged on and we were asked to send U.S. forces over to get involved in that war to settle it, and we refused. Finally though, when we able to get a peace agreement we were willing to send U.S. forces over to sustain that peace agreement; and that's why they've been there for the last year.
So we had national security interests there. Mainly we did not want to see war extended beyond Bosnia. We were willing to use military forces to do that, but we were not willing to commit our forces to a war.
Finally, there are... Situations develop where humanitarian interests are challenged, and we want to provide some support to humanitarian relief. Two years ago, in Central Africa, there was a cholera epidemic among the refugees that had left Rwanda. We sent almost a thousand American soldiers over for the specific purpose of providing humanitarian relief. They took water purification equipment, distributed it [the water] to the refugees, and in three days time, stopped a cholera epidemic that had been killing 5,000 people a day. Our interest then in Central Africa -- the problems we see there today and the action we're taking on that that, which we may be taking this week -- are humanitarian based.
When we look at a humanitarian situation, we have to ask ourselves several questions. I've said before, and I will say it again, the U.S. Army is an Army. It is not a Salvation Army. We're not in the business of providing humanitarian relief. When do we decide it is important to do that? What are the exceptional cases?
First of all it has to be a catastrophe of large proportions. That was true two years ago, during this cholera thing -- 5,000 people a day were dying. It appears to be true today in the refugee problem in Rwanda and Zaire. Secondly it has to be something where the United States military forces have something unique that they can provide. Two years ago we were the only organization that had the combination of airlift, water purification equipment and engineers that could get in and solve that problem in time. So we did. And finally, it has to be an operation which is acceptably low risk, and in which we have an exit strategy.
All of those have applied to operations where we send forces to assist in humanitarian operations. Those are the criteria that we would be applying to any humanitarian operation which we get involved in Africa. (Additional unrelated question taken.)
...Before I leave, I want to take the opportunity to bring you and the media up to date on the ongoing developments in Rwanda and Zaire.
As you know from following the media, there have been more than 500,000 refugees that have peacefully returned to Rwanda in the last few days. This is a very positive development. And we are modifying our plans based on this dramatic change. We are still planning for a Canadian-led operation authorized by the U.N. Security Council Resolution 1080.
The focus however, will be the Security Council's call for a multinational force to facilitate the voluntary, orderly repatriation of refugees by the U.N. High Commissioner for Refugees. This force will require considerably fewer troops that originally envisioned, and will operate chiefly in Rwanda.
Our current thinking, is that the U.S. contribution to this effort will be less than a thousand troops and these will be support, logistics troops, rather than combat troops. We must still work with other participants -- both European and African - - to complete the necessary planning; and this will take a few days. Detailed planning will be led by the Canadians, later this week. Currently they are planning a meeting in Stuttgart on Thursday for that purpose.
Meanwhile, between now and then, our small team of less than a hundred personnel, will remain in Kigali. They will continue to assess the situation there. They will run a civil-military operation and will maintain liaison teams. We have deployed three additional advanced elements of what we call TALCEs (link to http://www.af.mil/pa/Nov96/an111896_18nov96_ 961156.html -- no longer available). TALCE is a Tanker Airlift Control Element for air traffic control. We've deployed those at three airfields -- In Mombasa, which in Kenya; in Kigali, which is in Rwanda; and Entebbe, which is Uganda.
These actions permit us to provide assistance to the repatriation effort in Rwanda pending completion of the details of this multinational force. These actions also proved the basis for a larger mission, should that become necessary.
I must emphasize that this situation remains fluid. For the moment, the peaceful return of so many refugees is a very positive development, but there still remain hundreds of thousands of refugees displaced outside the camps in Zaire. We do not have precise information on their number or location. The approach that we are taking is designed to help those that have returned, while at the same time leaving the multinational force prepared to help inside Zaire, if that were to become necessary.
Thank you very much.


text:
Friday Footnotes
January 11, 2013 View Archives
Questions, concerns, ideas? E-mail Brooke.
CHS Announcements
Calendar of Events
Note: More dates can be found on the CHS Sharepoint CalendarBack to Top
Muscle Forum
Nutritional Sciences Seminar Series
Don't forget to check for updates on The Staff Voice. Announcements made frequently.Back to Top Esther Dupont-Versteegden Receives
Undergraduate Research Enhancement Award
Dr. Esther Dupont-Versteegden has been granted an Undergraduate Research Enhancement Award. She will use grant funding in support of the undergraduate researchers for whom she is a mentor.Back to Top Submit Nomination for Kingston Award
Nominations are now being accepted for the Kingston Award.
The Kingston Award was established in recognition of Richard "Dick" Kingston's creativity and innovation in education. The award consists of a small monetary grant, an individual plaque and medal, and the addition of the recipient's name to a master plaque. This award initially (1984) "was instituted as a means for the College to recognize, reward, and encourage innovation in the classroom, laboratory, and clinic."
The Dick Kingston Award was originally developed to recognize a creative, innovative, original teaching project or "product" that directly supports the academic focus of the College of Health Sciences (CHS) and has been shown to be directly beneficial to CHS students. In 1991 the focus of the Kingston Award was broadened to also recognize outstanding contributions and/or long term consistent excellence in teaching.
Nominations must be made no later than January 14, 2012.
Deliver nomination or email to:
Nominations must be made no later than January 14, 2012.
Deliver nomination or email to:
Click here for a complete description of the award and nomination process.Deborah G. Kelly Earns DPT
Deborah G. Kelly, PT, MSEd, DPT completed her Doctor of Physical Therapy degree from Arcadia University in December of 2012. She has been working on the doctoral degree while performing her full time faculty role over the past two years. Congratulations to Dr. Kelly!!
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University Announcements
Women Leading Kentucky Scholarships Available
Women Leading Kentucky is now offering scholarships for female undergraduate students (freshmen, sophomores, juniors) who are enrolled fulltime at a Kentucky college or university. Students should have a GPA of 3.0 or better and demonstrate leadership abilities on campus and/or in their community. Awards of $1,000-$1,500 are available. Please share this information with eligible students. Applications are due February 1, 2013. Click here for further information & application.Back to Top