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My husband and I haven't had sex in 7 months. Any suggestions?
We have been married 7 years. During a fight he told me it was because I had gained weight. I'm 5'10, 185lbs. I know I'm overweight. It has made me really resentful since he said that to me. I work 2 jobs, do everything in the world for him. Is it reallyall about the physical attraction? I see alot of people bigger than me that have some one showing them attention. I would appreciate suggestions. It really makes me want to talk to someone that will make me feel good about myself again.
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Ant O
You're not big for your hight.
You should let him know he hurt you, and how you feel about it.
So how many jobs does he have if you are working two?
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He can only treat you how you treat yourself. The resentment and self hatred you hold inside is not hidden, he can see it too. You have to love yourself with the extra weight in all. Someone once told me that we show men how to treat us and you are not showing your husband how to treat you because you don't treat yourself that way. He is not to blame, he is only a mirror image of what you are doing to yourself internally. You told yourself that you hate the extra pounds before he did.
The only advice I have for you is to get active on losing the extra pounds, join the gym learn a new dance like salsa, jog etc.
You can sign up for alot of activities and do alot of stuff but it won't make the difference until you get honest with youself. Ask youself, honestly, why you decided to put on weight in the first place. something happened,and you told yourself that you were not good enough.
Forgive yourself for that decision and then do something about it and let that old part of yourself shed away with the pounds.
He will start to notice your confidence coming back.
Good luck, and let me know how you progress. By next week you should have done something loving for yourself.
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If you feel overweight just try to loose a coupla pounds. If your husband said it in a fight there was some truth behind it. You will feel better and he will wanna - you know - Maybe you could try something really erotic to get his attention. Come on strong like you are a ***** Men usually cant resist it. I bite my guy on his stomach and right below his waist. The rise is instant every time. Good luck honey. I hope it works out ok
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Sounds like you need to find another man. This one sounds like a selfish pig! Why would you want to be with someone that makes you feel bad about yourself! Love is about what is inside and how you make each other feel, not about appearances. Most men loss their hair and get guts in their old age, not to mention ear hair and all that other unattractive stuff that they fall victim to, so should you turn away from him because he doesn't look like the man that you meet? If he is only in this for the looks then you can do soooooo much better.
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I would lose the weight and then when you look really hot and he wants you again....leave him for good. Even if you were with him for 50 years that's no reason to take his emotional abuse...get a clue and smarten up - why the hell are you working 2 jobs when you have a husband? Some women are so rediculous.
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Of course it's all about physical attraction - always has been, always will be. And yes, you are way overweight. However, it is his responsibility just as well as yours to confront the problem, get it out in the open, and deal with it like two civilized adults. You are married, till death do you part. You made a covenant with God so there is always a way to work it out. Get serious and get positive - stop waiting for someone else to make a move or offer solution. You do it. Diet, work out, loose that weight and regain your true beauty. It is not okay to be big - it is unhealthy and unsightly. It is not okay to be a jerk about it, either, so if he's not confronting the issue then be brave enough to confront him with it. Do it now - stop waiting.
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I don't know why you would want to have sex with him. If he loved you, he would love you no matter what you looked like. For your height, you aren't that much over weight. I would be looking into divorce if he is really that shallow of a person.
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Hang in if he is the one, otherwise leave the situation
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stop working so much..................... spent time with him.. go to the gym and get toned and in shape if that will make him happy. attraction is all about attitude. it is true.... if you love yourself others will love you too
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Its ok to be big, if you lost a few pounds you would feel better though, same for me.
Maybe you are working too much, spend some time and figure out WHY you don't have sex, maybe with therapy too. If it can't work, get somebody new. You still should find out why so that next time it has more chance of working.
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Are you sure he's not getting 'it' somewhere else?
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krystal s
he's an a ss for saying that. and yes-men are totally about physical appearance because they are dogs. i suggest a divorce or vibrator
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day dreamin baby
He sounds like a real jerk honey. I am so sorry about that. It should not be that way. He needs to grow up and realize that intimacy, truly connecting is what it is all about. Yu are not that big. 185 is fine really for a woman that is 5 ft 10.
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Well, maybe you could lose some weight. Men are visual when it comes to sexual arousal. I don't think it means he doesnt love you though.
Don't be mad and resentful at him if you have put on a noticable amount of weight. Reverse the tables.
It does not mean you are not a good, loving person but you are talking about sexual attraction in this question not love. Keep the problem in context. Stop doing everything for him and don't "chase him". If he thinks its easy he wont want it.
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doctor know
I'm sorry to say but i've had sex with skinny,medium plump and kinda fat women and the best is are the ones who are over weight hands downand their personlity is more apealing also, so dont kick yourself---------- you are a ----okay in my book and i'd be as good to you as can be so dont waste your time with a dick head unless he changes/// Be proud of yourself there are a lot of good guys out here who will treat you respectively and with compassion and honestly !!!
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Male escort.
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me-the girl
he is cheating on you
go get a **** buddy
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Kelly s
It's called shallowness. I am 190 when my hubby and I met 8 years ago I was 159. If you work 2 jobs to support him and those type things there is a big problem. You have the right to be resentful as well. When you got married you said the vows. I'm sure he isn't going to be much better. Honey if you feel happy with your weight then good. My hubby loves me for all I am. Yeah, well the not having sex is probably because he made you feel bad. Do you have children? That doesn't make losing weight any easier. Bigger isn't always bad. As long as you are healthy and fit what is wrong with being on the heavier side. I am healthier than some thinner women. You should not let some prick make you feel bad because he doesn't like changes. If he wasn't going to accept changes he should have thought twice about getting married. :) Sry, my hubby tells me every day I am the most beautiful woman on the planet.
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There is a reason he stays with you. He enjoys marriage with you but doesn't give you credit or compliments. The weight is a shield he hides behind to mask his underlying problems.
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when you feel better about yourself , he will wonder what is going on. and realize how he has been treating you. feel better about yourself an others will look at you differently.
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Mark M
I've been married going on 14 years, and my wife has always had some junk in her trunk. It's not what's on the outside, It's what's on the inside that counts. Did he marry you for your looks, or just out of convenience (a quick piece)? Your vows tell it all
: For better or worse, richer or poorer, sickness and in health, forsaking all others, until death do you part. However, if he is cheating on you, dump the s***h*** and get on with your life. More than one fish in the sea to hook!
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What makes you think he is suppose to accept you being overweight? He didnt marry you overweight, so what makes you think its suppose to be ok now? did he forget what you looked like the day you got married did you turn into a fat slob automatically when he said "I do"?????? NO! You should want to look good for your man anyway...and whats more you should want to look and feel good for yourself, being overwieght causes all sorts of medical problems as well, so get off of your pity party and think about it....wouldnt you rather live happily with your man AND look and feel good about yourself? ...OR....do you really want to keeep things the way they are and lose your man because you want to feel sorry about your self inflicted misery by staying overweight. Be honest with yourself and if you are things will work out in the best interest of your marriage.
...and dont believe that other people really want overweight partners, people would rather settle down with someone who is more health conscious these days....dont believe/fall for that why cant he love me fat thinking,fat people dont always get love... make you and your man happy! One of the worse mistakes a woman can do in a marriage is to let themselves go...men are visual creatures, if they dont like what they see its a total turn off. dont stop turning him on visually, love aint got nothin to do with this trust me!
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That just pisses me off !! He should love u for u (whats inside) not out!! At first looks are inportant but in the end love should be all it takes. I've been married for ten years! When I got married I weighed 130 lbs now ten years and two kids later I weigh 210 lbs and I'm 5'6 and ya know my husband loves me just the same!! And if ur hubby is any kind of a man he will understand that people change and Love U For U!! I hope this helps and good luck !!
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make the first move.
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Usually it is the woman that does'nt want sex. He is probably dealing with some personal issues and is holding you responsible.
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He was just wasnt thinking straight during an argument, dont take it to the heart.
People tend to blur stuff out when they are angry/sad/drunk.
Just have a talk with him, Good Luck.
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keep ya head up dont let this man have you doubting yourself, once you look good dont care about the rest, in the end big girls need love too,
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DON'T CHEAT! That won't help the situation at all. Talking to him is probably the best thing to do if you want to remedy this situation. You don't want to make him feel like he has to have sex with you, because if you use that approach, it won't be too beneficial. He'll either still not have sex with you, or he'll do it and neither one of you will like it.
If the issue is about actually getting HIM to have sex with you, then there's a lot of ways to approach that. Be creative. Make it interesting for both of you...
If you just want sex PERIOD, then get some toys and have fun! lol
But be sure to let him know how you feel. If that doesn't work, it might be time to reevaluate your situation.
Good luck and God bless.
P.S. Being 5'10" and 185 lbs. really isn't that bad at all. I'm sure you are still as gorgeous as the day he met you.
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he is a heartless pig to treat you in this way. dump his ungrateful @ss now
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I know that 5'10", 185 pounds is technically overweight, but I'll bet you actually don't look that pudgy. (Speaking as someone who is six inches shorter and, cough-cough, has a few pounds on you. And whose husband hasn't had, um, problems with the fat issue in the bedroom.)
I don't think the not having sex is about the weight per se. He might prefer you a little thinner, but what he said strikes me as the kind of thing someone might toss out in the heat of anger.
Sex can be kind of a thermometer for the health of a marriage. There are lots of reasons couples quit having sex - physical problems, control issues or stress in the marriage, getting bored. You may be able to figure out some of what's going on in your particular situation if you think back to what's happened in the last few years. For example, did the sex sort of taper off in quality and quantity? Are the two of you having money or kid issues? What kinds of things are hot buttons for the two of you other than sex?
A frank, non-accusatory discussion with your husband about your marriage might be in order. A good place to start might be seeing a therapist. Often men are leery of seeing therapists because they don't want to be ganged up on by their wife and the therapist, or they don't want to be dunned with complaints. They also tend to not enjoy discussions about "the relationship". But see if you can get him to go - explain to him that you really just want the marriage to work, and this isn't so much about who's right or wrong.
If he won't, try to go yourself. The therapist may have some ideas for things you can do or try yourself, or some idea about what's really going on. And yes, the therapist can also help you work on feeling good about yourself again, which is incredibly important - not only do you deserve that, but if you don't feel good about yourself, it's going to be hard to do anything positive about your marriage.
Good luck!
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Here's Willy's RED SWEATER with RED RHINESTONE BUTTONS!
Just found out that one of my favourite knitting books (published in the 80s) is available to read for free online! It's very difficult to get hold of - I am lucky to have my grandmother's copy. The book, written by Vibeke Lind, was translated into English as "Knitting in the Nordic Tradition" but I guess those copies are just as difficult to find.

subset: commoncrawl


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July 24, 2010
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Sabre The Village Sunglasses $
These are the Sabre Village Sunglasses. Classic in shape, with the hint of the wayfarer but contemporary and cool, The Village is rounded and grounded. Sabre detailing throughout. Available in colorways as seen below.
- CR39 Lenses with 100% UV Protection
- Handmade Acetate Frame
- French Comotec hinges


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As always in continuing with the random picture threads here is round 4 taken on 3/2/07. I have about 153 pictures and may use the ones I didn't here for Round 5. Feel free to comment of course. For trip report though it was a smooth day lot of pictures and ran into people I haven't seen in ages like my cousin. I noticed the Wharf area had more water than normal how long has this been?
Also I love the new muppet mobile lab(forgot the chracters names)
Besides having a great day here is the Random Pics


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Published on July 15th, 2013 | by Rob0
BlackBerry Q10 Video Review
In our latest YouTube upload, join us as we dive deep into a BlackBerry Q10 Video Review. As a major release from the Canadians, the Q10 see's the return of the QWERTY smartphone in glorious fashion.
Grooved keys on the BlackBerry Q10 ensure your thumbs text and type happy at a fast pace. Combine the keyboard with swiping gestures on the 3.1 inch touchscreen for a really fluid user experience. We love the easy access users have to the BlackBerry Hub with an effortless Peek.
As a 4G smartphone, the BlackBerry Q10 is compatible with the UK's fastest internet service. Mix this speed with a great browser experience as BlackBerry 10 currently offers the best mobile web browser experience. To see these features in action, watch our BlackBerry Q10 video review below.
BlackBerry Q10 Video Review
Order the Q10 from e2save
Currently available in Black or White, the Q10 offers a premium design with coloured keys to match the exterior of the smartphone.
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They're telling junior bankers to work less, but will they listen?
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Jan 17, 2014 The big banks are telling young workers they're required to take time off, as some talent leaves Wall Street for tech or other fields.
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Nov 11, 2013 USAA, the bank for military members and their families, pioneered mobile banking technology.
Simple: Is the future of banking your smartphone?
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Interview by
Nov 8, 2013 As more and more consumers lodge complaints against big banks for their higher fees and lower customer service, some startups are looking to sidestep all that legacy banking.
Your bank teller will live inside an ATM
Mark Garrison
Oct 30, 2013 The future of retail banking is becoming increasingly high tech. Whether customers like it or not.
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Interview with
Oct 30, 2013 We buy (and throw away) our mobile phones at an alarming rate.
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Bankers go to boot camp
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Nov 4, 2013 USAA goes to unusual lengths to ensure its staff understand their customers.
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Queena Kim
Oct 17, 2013 Unlike personal checking and savings accounts, business accounts are not protected from hackers.


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Reviewed By Brennan T (MORIAH CENTER, NY) —6/24/2015 1:03 PM
Easy to install/remove and keeps all the water and mess from our lab contained (to an extent of course).
Reviewed By kathleen o (new port richey, FL) Reviewed for a 2015 Chevy Equinox —6/13/2015 10:37 AM
I had tried other pet pads but they always wrinkled into a pile, thus still leaving hair. This pad stays and hair does not stick. If it gets dirty, I just hose it off. If your dogs ride in the carve area, this is the pad to buy. Worth every penny.
Reviewed By Mark H (Mayfield Heights, OH) Reviewed for a 2012 Hyundai Sonata —12/27/2014 5:58 AM
I am very happy with the fit and quality of my Covercraft trunk mat. It fit the trunk of my 2012 Hyundai Sonata like a glove. It is much nicer than the mat that came with the car. Items in my trunk do not slide around like they did with the previous mat. For the price, in my opinion it is a very good trunk mat.


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Celebrity Central / Top 25 Celebs
Prince William
- 2013
Heir He Is
At 4:24 p.m. London time, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge welcome their first child, a son, at St. Mary's Hospital. The baby boy weighs 8 lbs., 6 oz., and was delivered naturally after about 14 hours of labor. "We would like to thank the staff at the Lindo Wing and the whole hospital for the tremendous care the three of us have received," the couple says in a statement, shortly before the baby makes his debut. His name – George Alexander Louis – is announced a day later.
First Family Photo
Eschewing tradition, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge release the first official family photos with Prince George, which instead of being portraits, are taken by Kate's father Michael at her parents' home in Bucklebury. The couple, who sat in the family's garden for the photos and also posed with cocker spaniel Lupo and the Middleton's retriever, Tilly, believed having her father serve as photographer would be the "best way to capture the couple in a relaxed manner," a Palace source tells PEOPLE.
Military Man No More
Following seven years of service, Prince William announces he is leaving the Royal Air Force to better focus on his royal duties and philanthropic work. "He will expand his work in the field of conservation, particularly in respect of endangered species," reads a statement from Kensington Palace. "The Duke will continue to work with his charities on issues relating to children and young people, veterans and serving members of the Armed Forces."
Baby's Big Day
Three months after his birth, Prince George is christened at St. James's Palace in a ceremony led by the Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby. The future heir has water from the River Jordan splashed three times on his head, and Prince Harry and Pippa Middleton recite verses from the Bible as the two lessons. The event is also attended by George's seven godparents, which include Zara Tindall and William van Cutsem.
- 2014
An Adventure Down Under
The royal family – Prince William, Princess Kate and 8-month-old Prince George – embark on a nearly three-week tour of New Zealand and Australia, where they meet with locals, attend charity functions and accompany Prince George on his first royal playdate. "The couple have been bowled over by the extraordinarily warm welcome shown to them as a family by people everywhere they went," says a royal spokesman upon their departure.
Twice as Nice
Guess who's going to be a big brother? The palace confirms that Kate is expecting again, sharing that "the Queen and members of both families are delighted with the news." As with her first pregnancy, Kate suffers from Hyperemesis Gravidarum, a severe form of morning sickness, making it "a tricky few days," William tells reporters. "But we're immensely thrilled. It's great news."
Photo Credits
BIOGRAPHY (top to bottom): Xposure; Michael Middleton; Reuters/Landov; REX USA; Splash News Online; Hagen Hopkins/Getty
- Name
- Prince William
- Real Name
- Prince William Arthur Philip Louis Windsor
- Date of Birth
- June 21, 1982
- Birth Place
- London, England
- Relationships
Kate Middleton, wife (2002 to present)
Arabella Musgrave, ex-girlfriend (June 2001 to October 2002)
- Children
- George Alexander Louis, son (7/22/2013)


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Congratulations to the 2013-2014 PRCHS Blue Angels!!
Jonna Tomei- Captain
Alyssa Lee- Co-Captain
Abby Russell
Abby Unbehagen
Aleea Burge
Alix Moody
Ashlyn Lossett
Brynn Al-Jabi
Cameron Steelman
Chaise Gilbert
Faith Baucum
Hannah Ingram
Jade Long
Jessie Besanson
Katelyn Wilcox
Kortney Smith
Kristi Smith
Kylie Ballard
Lynsey Lauzon
Makenzie Bean
Fitting after school on Tuesday, March 19th. Thank you to all who tried out!
Thank you to all who tried out!


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Ride Info
The Sydney to Surfers Charity Bike Ride is an initiative of and continues to be fully run by the Rotary Club of Engadine.
This is a fully supported ride for 7 days.
Morning tea and 3 meals a day supplied, excellent stopover sites, group vehicle support during the ride, lifts up the hilly bits …..(just kidding – we're checking to see if you're still reading!), daily briefings and ride marshals to help you as needed.
Adult riders of all ages and of reasonable ability able to average in excess of 20km/hour are most welcome on the ride (you will be matched with riders of your own standard).
Full mechanical assistance, personal luggage carried, full hygienic facilities available, first aid, medical assistance.
The Ride
Average daily distance approximately 120 kms (see The Course for more info). All commercial facilities available at each stopover. We provide a Ride kit, and a help service with your fundraising.
A Souvenir Cycle Shirt and Knicks will be made available to all participants.
You Will Need To Bring
- Your own bike (you can try riding 1,000 kms without a bike… but it's quite difficult!)
- Helmet
- Basic tool kit
- Tubes
- Clothing for variable weather
- Swimming clothes
- Camping gear including tent, toiletries and any personal items (i.e. medications)
You Will Be Responsible For….
the safekeeping of all your equipment, except when it is lodged in the official ride truck.
Riders Insurance
Personal insurance is the riders responsibility. The Bicycle Institute in your State offers insurance including Personal Accident and Injury Insurance.
Useful Documents
Click here for useful documents related to the ride.
Entry Fee
$1,190 basic entry fee.
For those who raise $1,500 or more in donations over the basic $1,190 fee and your entry fee will be refunded.
A deposit of $200 is required with your entry.
If you withdraw your application before 1st March 2013, or raise in excess of $1500, a refund of $150 will be made. A $50 administration fee is held from the deposit.
All fundraising receipt books and deposit books are provided, and are to be returned after the ride.
The major prize draw will be held after the close of the event. Every rider who raises $1,500 will automatically receive an entry to the prize draw to win a new car donated by Macsim Fastenings Pty Ltd.
An additional entry will be made for each additional $500 raised over the $1,500.
Volunteer Support vehicles and drivers are most welcome.
For further information ring Ken Robinson on 02 9520 9820 (B) or 0418 976 231 (mobile).


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Below is the poem entitled Stalker which was written by poet
Kopec. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Patrycjusz Kopec
The humans were gone from this island for twenty million years
Its twenty million years in to the future and those islands are new frontiers
The mother giant lemur her children rears
One of lone lemurs nearby cleans his ears
He jumps on large baobab tree
But this baobab is not the largest tree
He will see
There is one right next to it and related but ninety meter tall beauty
He climbs up and looks at the appearing visage of majestic moon
It will be lemurs' time to go to sleep pretty soon
The silver blue light of the full moon
Illuminates the deep lagoon
This is the time when like a shadow from the dark
Giant relative of fossa looks to make his mark
In his powerful like moving train but very elastic gate he makes an arc
He is relative of mongoose looks like a cat dog cross but does not bark
Instead he howls like a demon at the night
To fear this animal for any creature would be right
The moon is shinning bright
But even in total darkness fossa has incredible sight
But unlike human age fossa this one is over three meters long not counting the tail
And it looks like it came straight from hell when its teeth it will unveil
His claws also the prey can impale
And prowling this primeval looking forest is this sleek and very dangerous male
He sees a lemur in moons light
He stalks him during part of the night
With fear hundred and sixty kilogram lemur's face turns white
When giant fossa begins to bite
The fight goes from tree tops to the ground
But other predators hear the sound
The giant crock does not waste time to sit around
He wants fossas' prey that's sent he smells like a bloodhound
For a moment fossa is dumfound
Fighting off another predator by fossa gives lemur time to escape without a sound
The crock tries to grab the fossa but fossa jumps back just to rebound
By the demonic agility of fossa the crock is spellbound
Fossa grabs the crock and with enormous strength of the jaw she bites through crocks' head
Just like that the crock falls dead
The ground turns blood red
And primordial predator continues ahead
Once again he looks to the mysterious moon
Howling to it with melancholic and dreadful tune
He will find another prey soon
Chasing after it with a force of typhoon
A comment has not been posted for this poem. Encourage a poet by being the first to comment.


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Geek Speak
Geek Speak is where the world of Geekdom comes alive.
Posts filtered on Tag
Spider-Man joins original Fantastic Four members in March's 'FF' No. 1
Guess if you can't have the Human Torch on your team, you might as well have his favorite web-slinging frenemy. Marvel just released some covers and info for FF No. 1 — its follow-up to the death of the Torch and the end of the Fantastic Four as we've known it for many decades — […] [Read More]


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Judge Hurley Slaps Electronic Monitoring on Local Track Coach Arrested for Molestation
First Appearance Judge Hurley is not taking the charges against track coach Matthew Love lightly, requiring the accused to wear an electronic monitoring bracelet while out on bond. Love stands accused of molesting a 15-year-old girl who was a student and athlete at the University School in Davie.
View more videos at: http://nbcmiami.com.


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Indiana Court of Appeals
Jimmie E. Jones, Jr. v. State of Indiana
Criminal. Affirms conviction for felony murder, stating that the trial court did not err by refusing Jimmie Jones's tendered instructions on reckless homicide and involuntary manslaughter, as evidence suggests Jones knowingly and willingly killed the victim.
Indiana Court of Appeals
James S. Tracy v. Steve Morell, et al.
Civil plenary. Affirms trial court's ruling that James Tracy failed to meet his burden of proof on his fraud claim in the sale of a tractor. Reverses court's ruling that Tracy owed a balance on the promissory note, stating the contract for sale of the tractor is unenforceable because there was a mutual mistake of fact between the parties and the contract violates public policy. Holds that Tracy is entitled to the contract for sale of the tractor and to a money judgment in the amount he has paid on the note together with interest.
D. Coleman v. State of Indiana
Criminal. Affirms Coleman's conviction of and sentence for attempted murder. The Double Jeopardy Clause of the U.S. Constitution doesn't preclude the state from retrying a defendant where in the first trial the jury acquitted him of murder with respect to one person but failed to return a verdict on a charge of attempted murder with respect to another man.
Indiana Court of Appeals
Citimortgage, Inc. v. Shannon S. Barabas, et al.
Civil collection. Affirms grant of amended default judgment in favor of ReCasa Financial Group and Rick Sanders. The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it found that Indiana Code Section 32-29-8-3 precluded Citimortgage's claim because Citimortgage failed to intervene more than a year after it first acquired interest in the property. When Irwin Mortgage filed a petition and disclaimed its interest in the foreclosure, MERS, as mere nominee and holder of nothing more than bare legal title to the mortgage, did not have an enforceable right under the mortgage separate from the interest held by Irwin Mortgage. Judge Brown dissents.
Indiana Court of Appeals
Wachovia Financial Services, Inc. v. Dune Harbor, LLC, et al.
Mortgage foreclosure. Reverses summary judgment order that a vendor lien was created in favor of and in force for Lefty's Co-Ho Landing when Wachovia recorded its mortgages, stating that a genuine issue of material fact remains as to whether the lien, if created, was in force. Remands for further proceedings.


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Keith explains going to see a variety of movies over the month of March, including Pan's Labyrinth, Blood Car, and Ghost Rider.
Keith strives to explain things. Sometimes it's funny. Sometimes it's a train wreck. You'll have to watch to decide which.
Discover the best in original web series.
© 2014 Blip Networks, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Blip is part of Maker Studios


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Polar vortex
From AMS Glossary
polar vortex
A planetary-scale mid- to high-latitude circumpolar cyclonic circulation, extending from the middle troposphere to the stratosphere. The Northern Hemisphere vortex often features two centers—one near Baffin Island and the other over northeast Siberia—with analogous circumpolar asymmetry atypical in the Southern Hemisphere. The westerly airflow is largely a manifestation of the thermal wind above the polar frontal zone of middle and subpolar latitudes. The vortex is strongest during the winter in the upper troposphere and stratosphere when the pole-to-equator temperature gradient is strongest. The stratosphere component of the circulation may be referred to separately as the "polar stratospheric vortex." In summer, the strongest westerly circulation is largely confined to the troposphere, and the polar stratospheric vortex reverses in the upper stratosphere because of solar heating during the polar day.
Reference: Simmons, A., M. Hortal, G. Kelly, A. McNally, A. Untch, and S. Uppala, 2005: ECMWF analyses and forecasts of stratospheric winter polar vortex breakup: September 2002 in the Southern Hemisphere and related events. J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 668–689. [1]
Term Edited 30 January,2014


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We offer our clients with security products and security instruments, manufactured as per industrial standards by using high graded raw material. These security instruments are being tested stringently on various parameters before being supplied to the clients. Moreover, we can provide these security instruments and products in customized sizes to meet their varied requirements of the clients.
We are offering our clients with CE approved high security tube stile offering highest security for environment susceptible to theft, sabotage. The tube stile is full height Turnstile with a two stage security check giving maximum protection in server rooms, clean room, R & D facility, Strong room, sensitive manufacturing facility and credit card manufacturing.
The salient features are given below: Bi-directional control
We manufacture retractable flap barrier available in two kinds such as RB-1 and RB-2 retractable flap barrier. The RB-1/2 are used for unraveling problems like quick access for staff & visitors, while protecting assets, information & personnel from the danger of unauthorized entry, in an aesthetic environment. These retractable flap barrier comprise of two or more adjacent housings with a barrier panel to create high-speed pedestrian walkways. Moreover, the housings (with two barrier panel & electronics back to back in one housing called as inter lane) may be inserted to increase the number of lanes of access. The barrier is fully bi-directional and its panel reacts with a valid card read & retracts inside the housings (in normally closed applications). Moreover, in normally open mode of application flaps are always open (Optional).
The salient features of oue retractable flap barrier are as follow:


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Pat McMahon
Glendale gamble
Let me introduce myself. I'm a non-gambler who doesn't live in Glendale.
Notice I didn't say I'm neither an anti-gambler nor am I negatively disposed toward one of the really nice cities in the West Valley.
Listen, almost everyone I know enjoys blackjack, poker or the slots. I just find most games of chance, for me, to be as exciting as macramé. But I sure do love the casinos we have in Arizona. I like the money that goes to the state. I like the employment opportunities. And I really like what the revenue has meant to the native people on the reservations.
That's why I continue to be puzzled at the passionate opposition critics have taken to the Tohono O'odham's successful quest for a casino in Glendale after years of negotiations.
The Glendale City Council approved it, Washington has approved it — but there are still those whose moral high ground stance is opposed because they feel schools and churches nearby will be tainted somehow.
Senators McCain and Flake are even attempting to block it.
Gee, I wonder where they were when Native Americans were attempting to find the billions of their money the government simply lost a while back.
I'm Pat McMahon.


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Event Highball Glasses, Set of 4 1 1
Very nice glasses Just purchased these glasses and I absolutely love them. I plan on purchasing another set. October 11, 2011
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UPPAbaby G-Luxe Review
Best Umbrella Stroller Reviews – The UPPAbaby G-Luxe Stroller is considered the lightest full size reclining umbrella stroller in the US weighing it at only 11 pounds. It has great features such as a fully retractable canopy and reclining seat. It is specifically built for day to day strolling to the park, grocery visits or just walking around town.


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[Webinar] Lesser Known Webtools That'll Knock Your Socks Off
Who doesn't love learning about new FREE tech tools! Please join us at our next online webinar as we share what's coming up in the EdTech UNconference and technology integration tips and tricks for your classroom.
What: Live online webinar - "Hidden Webtools for 2011 PLUS What's New in the EdTech UNconference"
When: Thursday, February 17, 2:30 PM - 3:30 PM Eastern Time, USA
Who: All are welcome, but space is limited.
Cost: Free!
How to Enroll: Click here to register, or copy and paste the following URL:
Join us as we introduce our eBook, "Hidden Webtools: 11 Tools for 2011".
Kimberly Warrner, the EdTech UNconference Chair and Grace Dunlap, Technology Integration Team Member, will pick their favorite webtools for teachers and explain:
- What the tool is
- The basics of using the tool
- Applications for classroom use
In addition to seeing examples from SimpleK12's "Hidden Webtools: 11 Tools for 2011" eBook, you will have an exclusive "sneak peek" of what's to come this year in the EdTech UNconference.
Space is limited - click here to reserve your spot now.
**SPECIAL BONUS: All session attendees will receive a FREE copy of the eBook "Hidden Webtools: 11 Tools for 2011" … so sign up today!
PS - This is a repeat of our webinar held on January 19. 90% of the information covered will be the same as before. Check out what attendees said about it last time....
"The presentation was great. I loved the way the speakers presented in such a kind manner and were energetic about the tools and made you want to go try everything." - Bobbi C.
"I enjoyed actually seeing the tools work. Many times ideas are presented to us without an opportunity to see how they could be used in our classes. This was not one of those times." - Helen H.
"thank you for this presentation, it was very informative as it provided webtools I have not heard about in other webinars." - Elizabeth L.
"Brilliant as always! Can't wait for the next one." - Justine H.
"I enjoyed most hearing the good discussion on the value of the tools for the classroom." - David C.
"Nice introduction to some new webtools without too much talk. Quick overview and then on to the next." - Sandy A.


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Palestinian Child Killed in West Bank Attack7/31/2015 7:59AM
Facebook Unveils Drone to Spread the Internet7/31/2015 9:15AM
Beijing Awarded 2022 Olympic Winter Games7/31/2015 8:37AM
What's a 'Blue Moon' in 60 Seconds7/31/2015 3:26AM
Man Stabs Six People in Israel's Gay Pride Parade7/31/2015 3:25AM
Calais Migrant Crisis: What You Need to Know7/30/2015 12:43PM
For the Mets' Wilmer Flores, There Is Crying in Baseball7/30/2015 5:11PM
Nevada 'Car Forest' Is a Junkyard Oasis7/30/2015 4:29PM
Google Quietly Distributes New Version of Glass7/30/2015 7:07PM
Redefining Chilean Cuisine7/30/2015 4:35PM
Trevor Noah: Don't Expect Major 'Daily Show' Changes7/30/2015 4:17PM
House of the Day: Luxury Homes in Australia7/31/2015 8:18AM
From an urban waterfront home on the Gold Coast to an American-style colonial house in Brisbane, this week we take a peek inside some beautiful Australian properties. Photo: Saul Goodwin
$180 Phone Perfect for Clumsy Cheapskates? Moto G7/31/2015 8:00AM
Summer's Cocktail Escapes7/31/2015 7:30AM
SNL Star on How to Impersonate Obama7/31/2015 7:00AM
Jay Pharoah on Comedy Special, Saturday Night Live7/31/2015 7:00AM
Can Algorithms Replace Mom's Home Cooking?7/30/2015 4:35AM
Can algorithms replace the intricate process for making roti, the traditional Indian flatbread? The WSJ's Joanna Stern and Geoffrey Fowler test the Rotimatic at the Converge technology conference.
Forbes Park: Manila's Exclusive Enclave7/30/2015 10:00AM
Dramatic Video Shows Plane Landing During Violent Storm7/26/2015 11:52PM
Lakeside Living in the Luxury Boathouse7/30/2015 9:00AM
Five Things to Know About 1MDB7/31/2015 3:56AM
Karachi's Struggle With Gangs and Militants7/30/2015 5:52PM
Swaths of Pakistan's largest city and main commercial center were overtaken by jihadists and criminal gangs in recent years. A government crackdown is trying to restore order, but it isn't easy.
Hackers Dupe Businesses Into Wiring Them Large Sums7/30/2015 2:59PM
MH370: Debris to Be Probed for Link to Missing Plane7/29/2015 7:33PM
MH370 Relatives Respond to Debris Discovery7/30/2015 8:14AM
Former Top Gear Stars Move to Amazon Prime7/30/2015 8:25AM
MediaMath is reshaping online marketing2/11/2015 2:37AM
Dealer Socket, automotive CRM software maker2/25/2015 1:43AM
Bringing affordable healthcare to everyone12/9/2014 5:54PM
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Can Jane Birkin Influence How Hermès Bags Are Made?7/30/2015 1:45PM
Jane Birkin, who has the world's most coveted handbag named after her, has asked Hermès to remove her name from crocodile skin purses in the name of animal rights. WSJ style columnist Christina Binkley discusses what this means for Hermès. Photo: Getty
Weekend Sip: A Vodka That Benefits Snow Leopards7/30/2015 11:50AM
Can You Quit the 'Facebook Cult'?7/30/2015 11:44AM
How to Get Hotel-Quality Sleep at Home7/30/2015 1:45PM
Four Things to Know About Cecil the Lion7/29/2015 7:36PM
Can the Airbnb Model Work in China?7/31/2015 2:17AM
Can the Airbnb model work in China? Melissa Yang, co-founder and chief technology officer of vacation home rental startup Tujia.com, provides insight at the Converge technology conference in Hong Kong.
Angry Birds 2 Launches for iOS and Android7/30/2015 11:47AM
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Film Clip: 'Phoenix'7/30/2015 12:00PM
Watch a film clip from "Phoenix," starring Nina Hoss, Ronald Zehrfeld and Nina Kunzendorf. Photo: Sundance Selects


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IBM ranked a leader in Multichannel Campaign Management
What makes for a leadership position in customer solutions? It really comes down to sharing a strategic vision and the ability to deliver on it so customers can solve their business problems – successfully, every day.
Gartner just released the 2014 Magic Quadrant for Multichannel Campaign Management, and, for the third year in a row, IBM is ranked as leader. Additionally, IBM is positioned with significant distance between it and the nearest other ranked vendors. Let's examine the key differentiators for IBM ExperienceOne that led Adam Sarner and team at Gartner to this positioning.
- Gartner suggests IBM ExperienceOne for organizations with a strategic need for omnichannel marketing. Given the need for all marketers to engage in a dialog with their customers with the right offer, in the right channel and in context, IBM is positioned to win in the market.
- IBM is clearly recognized for its proven on-premise and cloud options that provide the breadth and depth of capabilities needed for true multichannel campaign management, leaving the deployment decision to the customer, and the specific business needs.
- The complementary solutions from IBM's Digital Marketing Partner Network expand the capabilities of ExperienceOne and further solidify IBM's leading position in the marketplace.
- There is a caution by Gartner regarding IBM's social and mobile vision. I believe, the assessment requires a deep dive into IBM's Social Business and MobileFirst initiatives that both drive IBM's strategy and vision, and also provide tangible benefits for IBM ExperienceOne customers.
- The research and survey for this Magic Quadrant was conducted immediately prior to IBM's acquisition of Silverpop. Consequently, Silverpop's strengths and capabilities were not included in IBM's survey responses. However, these capabilities even further strengthen IBM's position in behavioral marketing, SaaS-based delivery of marketing capabilities, and offerings to the midmarket in both B2B and B2C contexts.
This adds to the great momentum for IBM ExperienceOne and extends the list of positive responses and leadership positions in 21 major analyst reports released since 2012.
Download a complimentary copy of the report from the IBM ExperienceOne web site.
Want to stay in touch? Follow @IBMExpOne on twitter or join the IBM ExperienceOne LinkedIn group.
Ulrich – congrats to you and your team!
This is no small accomplishment, since there is such innovation and competition in the marketing technology space. And the battle for personalization & loyalty is only intensifying, e.g. Wal*Mart's entrance recently (http://www.aginity.com/blog/new-loyalty-program-walmart/).
I'll be interested to see how the ExperienceOne initiative pulls all the thought leadership together over the coming months…
Thank you Ted! Yes a lot of hard work going into this. But having a clear vision, an excellent roadmap, and solid customer support is crucial.
We will continue the drumbeat of success for IBM ExperienceOne and Business Partners like Aginity and their customer engagement solutions have to be part of it.
Great story on Walmart. Keep them coming!


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Bob's Red Mill, Whole Seed Chia, 16 oz (453 g)
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Good Chia
7 people found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer1408147 on Mar 12, 2011
We have been using Chia for some time now and thought we would try Bob's Red Mill as we use a few of their other items. It is cheaper than other brands that we us and to quality is Bob's standard, excellent.
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Good product!
Posted by Reviewer3008134 on Jun 01, 2011
This is a great source of fiber, and good for my stomach. I think, this Bob´s Red Mill-label is fantastic, great prices and quality.
Good product
Posted by Reviewer2927113 on Jul 21, 2011
quick service and good product
Posted by Reviewer1747032 on Aug 12, 2011
quick service and a good product
Good product & company
Posted by Reviewer3193199 on Sep 08, 2011
I have been using this for a few weeks now and have no complaints. I do believe the extra fiber is doing me good. I use it in the morning in my coffee/protein drink as my breakfast and find it keeps me full longer. Great service from the company with order being shipped the next day and received in less than a week. After much searching, you can't beat the price either!


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This impressive work is a detailed, technical study of the most innovative and significant astronomical system for generating annual almanacs in Chinese history. It was also a key element in the Chinese imperial and bureaucratic system, and as Sivin shows, instrumental in the Mongol strategy to rule the recently conquered country. This is also the first time that a major Chinese astronomical treatise has been translated into English, and for historians of astronomy, it will prove an indispensable addition to comparative studies of Greek, Islamic, Indian and European astronomical traditions. Reflecting the culmination of more than a thousand years of mathematical astronomy in China, Sivin's study illuminates "what the norms of practice were with respect to such matters as computation, the recording of time and celestial locations, the use of instruments, the keeping of records and the social and political organization of astronomical work." In short, this is a comprehensive study that encompasses much more than the astronomical system itself. Above all, Sivin situates the Seasons Granting System in its much broader social context, explaining its inner workings and wider significance.
In addition to explaining what Chinese astronomers accomplished, Sivin also wants to know how and why they approached astronomy as they did. Moreover, given that the Seasons Granting System was designed to inaugurate the newly established rule of the Mongols over China under the Great Khan, Sivin also explain how "occupation politics," as he puts it, were closely allied with astronomical reform. In so doing, he also explores the reciprocal influences of Islamic and Chinese astronomers on each other, and how their exchanges are reflected in the new calendar.
Sivin characterizes his study as the analysis of a cultural manifold: "I aim to portray the technical methods of astronomy as part of a continuum that enfolds every dimension of human activity, from algorithms to political maneuvering." But given the complexity of the manifold he has chosen to explore, Sivin narrows his focus to five of its most representative dimensions: the cultural, political, bureaucratic, personal, and technical facets of the Seasons Granting System. Chapter by chapter, the story unfolds as follows.
The first chapter considers astronomical reform and its political significance. Here Sivin focuses on the history of Khubilai Khan, grandson of Chinggis Khan, and his most important advisor, Liu Ping-chung, a Ch'an monk who became Khubilai's most important political advisor. Adept at mathematics, astrology and divination, Liu emphasized the value of astronomical reform as a traditional Chinese means of asserting legitimate imperial authority. Although Liu died before the plan could be carried out, Khubilai understood that ritually marking the unification of China was of the utmost significance. Moreover, the calendar then in use, the so-called Revised Great Enlightenment System (Ch'ung-hsiu Ta-ming li) of 1180, was nearly a century old when the charge came to establish an Astrological Commission (T'ai-shih yuan) in 1278, which included 77 officials, 44 student observers, and a coterie of employees about whom no historical records survive. As Sivin explains: "One reason the new Chinese-style system was so impressive is that this was by all accounts the most elaborate and expensive reform ever carried out. It involved a new observatory, outfitted with a set of large bronze armillaries and other instruments, some of them unprecedented in design. Kuo Shouching also built two 40-foot high brick gnomons with a kind of pinhole camera that determined with remarkable exactitude the length of the tropical year." The reformers not only carried out their own observations, but drew on centuries of Chinese astronomical records to test their ability to predict eclipses to the nearest quarter of an hour.
With this background in mind, the following chapter is devoted to a general introduction to the social organization of astronomy in China. This includes a discussion of the various meanings attached to the Chinese word "li," usually translated as "calendar," but Sivin explains why he prefers to render this as "mathematical astronomy," something broader than "calendrical science" and encompassing an entire astronomical system concerned with astrology as well as the ritual issuing of yearly almanacs, from which the system takes its name: "Granting the Seasons." This was all of direct concern to the emperor and the success of his reign.
As the Son of Heaven, the emperor was expected to maintain the harmony of the state and cosmos through various rituals, including promulgation of the annual almanac and his participation in the various important matters of state that accompanied this. Sivin explains at length the politics of astronomical reform in the context of the Mongol reign, the related history of observatories in China, and the mathematical tools used by Chinese astronomers. This section of the book will be of special interest to historians of mathematics. Here Sivin explains how rods representing numbers were manipulated on counting boards to carry out arithmetic computations. He explains the Chinese decimal place-valued number system and how fractions were used, along with trigonometry, metrology, chronology, date reckoning, and the division of the tropical year into 12 ch'i, each approximately 30.4 days long. He also provides details about time reckoning, the Chinese system of recording celestial position (which was equatorial), celestial motions, and eclipse records (both observed and calculated). Chapter 2 concludes with a comparison of Chinese astronomy and various more familiar systems devised by Islamic and European astronomers.
Chapter 3 goes into greater detail about the origins and process of the astronomical reform undertaken at the inception of the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368). Sandwiched between the Song and Ming, the Season-Granting System was intended to mark the transition to the Yuan dynasty, and in fact, the calendar was maintained virtually unchanged well into the Ming. The season-granting project began in 1276, with the appointment of two officials to plan it. The next two years were spent hiring personnel and reviewing previous astronomical systems to determine their strengths and weaknesses. In 1279 this all coalesced into an official Commission, accompanied by the construction of instruments and a building to accommodate its work, whereupon an empire-wide survey of latitudes began. The following year, the Season Granting System was submitted to the throne for approval. It was officially adopted the following year, in 1281, but the observatory meant to support the Commission's work was not actually completed until 1286, and the instruments and complete documentation of the new system were not finalized until 1290. The goal was a system that could generate accurate ephemeredes indefinitely, and the fact that it was able to do so for nearly four centuries suggests how successful the reform actually was.
Chapter 4 is devoted to the astronomers who actually participated in the astronomical reform, including Liu Ping-chung (the season-granting reform was his "brainchild"), Wang Hsun (who was in charge of the project), Kuo Shou-ching (who tested the system and eventually succeeded Wang as Grand Astrologer, Kuo was also responsible for documenting the entire project), Chang I (skilled in divination and a supervisor of the astronomical reform), and Hsu Heng (who urged the importance of accurately determining the winter solstice and the exact length of the tropical year, both crucial to issuing dependable ephemeredes over a long period of time). Others like Chang Wen-ch'ien, Yang Kung-I, and Ch'en Ting worked with a retinue of specialists that included computists, timekeepers, editors, printers, various clerks and students. Particularly interesting is Sivin's characterization of these as self-made men, not specialists but "civil-service generalists."
Chapter 5 describes the observatory and its instruments. Construction of the headquarters for the project and the observatory commenced in 1279, of which today virtually nothing survives. To support the reform project, Kuo Shou-ching designed more than a dozen instruments for the observatory, along with others to be used by the astronomers conducting the empire-wide survey accompanying the project. Copies of three of these instruments survive in Nanjing, at the Purple Mountain observatory — an armillary sphere based on one designed by Shen Kua, the so-called "simplified instrument," and a bronze gnomon. Sivin describes the most important instruments and evaluates their unique features. Remarkably, only two were ready before 1280, and Sivin concludes that there is no clear evidence that the new instruments played any role in the new system that was submitted to the emperor in 1280. Thus the Season-Granting System itself depended on observations made with old instruments and prototypes. In 1279 a plan was approved to build five large gnomons, 10 meters high, in 5 major cities; today only one of these survives, at an ancient observatory built in Gaocheng, Henan. Two instruments accompanied the gnomons: the shadow aligner and the observing table. The so-called "ingenious instrument, 玲瓏儀ling-lung yi, is only known from vague descriptions, and was probably a thirteenth-century prototype of the surviving fifteenth-century armillary sphere. The "simplified instrument" was a modified version of more elaborate armillary spheres, and was supplemented by two additional instruments, a standing revolving instrument and a pole-observing instrument. The "upward-facing instrument" was a bowl-shaped scaphe sundial; the "direction-determining table" was a device for setting up mobile instruments, a mechanically driven celestial globe, and a variety of other instruments, some designed for travelling survey teams, including a "ball gnomon" — a suspended standard instrument (probably a plumb line) — and a mounted "standard instrument" (most likely a horizontal level).
After its victory over the Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Ming maintained its predecessors' observatory in Ta-tu (Pei-ching/Beijing). It also erected a new observatory in 1385 at its new capital, Nan-ching (Nanjing). When the government moved back to Beijing between 1409-1421, it built a second observatory there. Unlike its Mongol predecessor, the Ming government did not devise a new astronomical system to establish a new celestial order, but simply relied on the old Yuan system to generate annual almanacs. Thus the Season-Granting System remained in official use for some 350 years — a record as Sivin says. This only changed in 1644, when the Manchu government handed authority for almanacs over to Jesuits astronomers. Based on documentary evidence, Sivin concludes that the instruments that survive from the Ming were basically copies of their Yuan predecessors, as originally designed by Kuo Shou-ching.
Among their technical innovations, Yuan astronomers substantially improved arc-sagitta methods that originated two centuries earlier, in ways analogous to spherical trigonometry. None of this was further developed in the Ming. Moreover, when the Han overthrew the Mongols, one of the first things the emperor T'ai-tsu did was to forbid the study of both astrology and mathematical astronomy outside of the court, with severe penalties for violators. The outcome: no one applied for positions in the astronomical bureau, which would have been tantamount to admitting having studied mathematics. As Sivin puts it: "Both Khubilai and Ming T'ai-tsu were among the most prominent of those rulers whose administrations became instruments of their wills. And in China, as this study makes abundantly clear, astronomy, astrology, and divination were affairs of state."
An important question Sivin asks: Was there much influence from Islamic culture in the west on the Mongols of the east? Jamāl al-Dīn built Muslim instruments and as co-director of the Palace Library in 上都 Shangdu (Xanadu) during the period of reform, also had some authority over both the Chinese Directorate of Astronomy as well as the Muslim Directorate. Did Jamāl's instruments influence those built in China or the cosmological ideas of the Yuan Chinese? Sivin concludes that influence was missing or negligible. Islamic astronomers were not part of the Yuan astronomical reform team, and there is no evidence of any Islamic astronomical manuals or handbooks translated into Chinese or Mongolian during the Mongol period. However, in the Ming dynasty such translations became common.
Sivin emphasizes that our knowledge of the Season-Granting System relies upon documents that survive, and the records of the entire process are a complex combination of technical reporting and political positioning. As he explains: "Historians take their sources where they find them. But the Season-granting system offers an exceptional opportunity to explore how technical bureaucracy formed the original record, and historiographic bureaucracy shaped the final one" (227). Chapter six is devoted to a study of the surviving records.
After reviewing of the standard histories kept by each imperial dynasty, whose rationales were both didactic and political, Sivin turns to the transmission and publication of the astronomical treatises. The most interesting part of this chapter is devoted to studies of the Yuan reform. Both Korea and Japan adopted the Yuan system, and this served to increase the level of mathematical ability in both Korea and Japan. But what really inspired study of the Yuan astronomical reform in all three countries was the 考證 k'ao-cheng/kao zheng (Evidential Studies movement) beginning at the end of the Ming dynasty in the 17th century, the basic aim of which was to recover the ancient classics with the intent of showing that they anticipated Western knowledge as transmitted to China by the Jesuits. The leading figures of this movement in China were 黄宗羲 Huang Tsunghsi/Huang Zongxi and Mei Wen-ting/Mei Wending, while in Japan, Seki Takakazu (Kōwa) and his disciple Takebe Katahiro also made careful studies of the Season-Granting System.
The earliest foreign evaluation of the Yuan system was made by the Jesuit Antoine Gaubil, who was intent on introducing Chinese mathematical astronomical computational methods to Europe. Much later, the "indefatigable" Scots missionary Alexander Wylie, who worked in China for 30 years for the London Missionary Society, also provided important accounts of Chinese mathematical and astronomical accomplishments. But not until Joseph Needham's Science and Civilisation in China did the "ignorance and prejudice" that underlay most Western evaluations of Chinese science began to change. Sivin's evaluation of Needham's important volume 3 on Chinese mathematics and astronomy is instructive, especially for historians of mathematics: "Needham's curiosity about quantitative matters was less acute than about other topics, so that he relied more than elsewhere on old secondary sources. He failed to understand the centrality of the almanac in the astronomical tradition, dismissing the reiterated astronomical reforms as 'of minor scientific interest,' and discussing them only cursorily." Sivin also mentions other surveys of Chinese astronomy and the Season-Granting System by Japanese scholars (notably Yabuuchi Kiyoshi and Nakayama Shigeru), and in China by Ch'en Mei-tung/Chen Meidong.
Chapters 7 through 10 provide Sivin's translation of the Season-Granting System, the first two of which are devoted to an elaborate evaluation of the new system, comparing it to earlier systems and using hundreds of historical observations to test the accuracy of the Season-Granting System. Chapter 7, "Evaluation of the Season Granting System," opens with the introduction written by the compilers of the Yuan History. Here it is pointed out that irregularities "are inherent in the celestial motions," and hence it was not part of the Chinese approach to astronomy to expect one model of the heavens to serve in perpetuity to make accurate predictions. It was assumed that adjustments would always be necessary from time to time, i.e. "correcting them is unavoidable." When the Yuan dynasty began, for a brief period of time it made use of the preceding Chin dynasty's (revised) Great Enlightenment System of 1180. But in 1220, during a military campaign in the midst of which a predicted lunar eclipse did not materialize, Chinggis ordered that adjustments be made to correct the system. However, it was at the time of a grand conjunction in 1210, when the sun, moon and five planets were aligned like "strung pearls" that "vouchsafed … the Grand Progenitor's assumption of the Mandate." (Indeed, this was taken to be "the most splendid sign of a new cosmic and political order." Here separate sections are devoted to:
1. "Determination of Ch'i from Observation." This describes a number of instruments and how they were used to determine 氣 chi/qi (i.e. divisions of the year). Subsections cover computation of the winter solstices (for 1277, 1278, and 1279) and summer solstices (for 1278 and 1279).
2. "Year Surplus and Annual Difference." Here the tropical year faction is computed and accounts given for precession of the equinoxes, 歲差 sui-ch'a/sui-cha. This includes comparison of the Season-Granting System with five other Chinese astronomical systems, and a general evaluation of the exactitude of ancient as well as contemporary astronomical systems.
3. "Angular Extensions of the Lunar Lodges along the Celestial Perimeter." The Chinese used a system of 28 stars and the arcs between them to divide the celestial equator into lodges, 宿 hsiu/su (xiu), which were not equal but varied considerably in the distances spanned by each lodge. Their widths also changed over the centuries, and the Evaluation contains a table of their varying equatorial extensions between the Han and Yaun eras. These changes were due in part to the effect of precession on the positions of the determinative stars, and to different choices of the determinative stars that marked the different lodges, as well as to difficulties in mistaking a determinative star for a brighter one nearby.
4. "Tread of the Sun." Here determination of the apparent position and motion of the sun is considered with respect to the lunar lodges.
5. "Expansion and Contraction of the Solar Motion." This refers to the differences between the angular motions of the sun in winter and summer.
6. "Slackening and Hastening of the Lunar Motion." This treats the lunar anomaly.
7. "Crossing Cycle of the White Way." Here the problem arises of the "crossing cycle," 交周 chiao chou/jiao zhou, or nodical month, i.e. the time it takes the moon, from the moment its orbit intersects the sun's path, the ecliptic, to return to its next intersection. Because the Chinese used equatorial coordinates, it was necessary to consider the projection of both the lunar orbit and the ecliptic on the equator. The lunar nodes are essential for eclipse prediction.
8. "Day and Night Marks." This explains determination of the lengths of day and night at different times of the year for locations north and south of the capital.
In Chapter 8 Sivin continues his discussion of the "Evaluation of the Season-Granting System," divided here into the following sections (for which numbering continues from the preceding chapter):
9. "Eclipses." This section begins with a paragraph that summarizes its intent: "The test of an astronomical system's exactitude is its treatment of eclipses. In this art of pacing the celestial motions, exactitude is hard to come by." This section includes consideration of numerous eclipses from past records, including two ancient solar eclipses and 37 eclipses recorded in the Spring and Autumn Period (722-481 BCE). In fact, Sivin includes a table of eclipses, the "Evaluation" having omitted a partial eclipse of 655 BCE; Sivin also includes modern computations. The Evaluation also lists 35 solar eclipses from the Three States on (221-280 CE), where comparisons with the Great Enlightenment system are offered as a systematic proof of the superiority of its immediate successor, i.e. the Season-Granting System. Another subsection here is devoted to lunar eclipses of former eras, 45 in all, with scores for the accuracy of lunar eclipse predictions included for both the Season Granting-System and the Great Enlightenment System.
10. "Corrected Conjunctions." This refers to the determination of a celestial position by adding a correction to its mean value. This section considers how the concept evolved and its use in the Season Granting System.
11. "Disuse of Accumulated Years and Day Divisor." These were two features of early systems that the Yuan astronomers rejected. The first, "accumulated years," was the practice of counting all cycles from a single epoch in the very distant past. The second was the use of what Sivin dubs "elaborate fractional parts," for example, calculating the synodic month as 29 499/940 days. This section also contains a comparison of 44 astronomical systems. As Sivin emphasizes, their use (or disuse) was often a matter of technical quality or court politics: "If we wish to understand their content and originality, comprehending the political and personal as well as the astronomical dimension is indispensable."
The next two chapters are devoted to translation and commentary on the "Canon of the Season-Granting System." Here Sivin divides the Canon into two parts, corresponding to the two chapters of the original Canon. Chapter 9 includes the following four sections:
1. "Pacing the Ch'i and Lunations." This concerns the basic lunar-solar divisions of the civil calendar, computation of the date of the winter solstice for a given year, and other phenomena, including dates of mean quarter moons, the full moon, and following conjunction, the dates at which to insert 16-day rather than the standard 15-day ch'i, and dates at which to insert 29-day rather than 30-day months. The Canon directs explicit computations for determining the various dates under consideration.
2. "Pacing the Putting Forth and Gathering In." This chapter is devoted to the determination of when intercalary months needed to be inserted into the calendar, determination of the ch'i divisions of the tropical year, and various basic time conversions. The tropical year was divided into twelve ch'i (30.44 days long); these were further subdivided into two halves, nodal and medial halves of 14.22 days, and these were in turn further subdivided into three phases, or hou, of 5.07 days. Since each ch'i is nearly 30 ½ days long, intercalary months were needed to adjust for this accumulating surplus.
3. "Pacing the Tread of the Sun." 日躔 jih-ch'an/ri chan refers to the apparent rather than mean motion of the sun. Among computations explained here are those to determine solstices, lunar syzygies, the apparent equatorial position of the sun at winter solstice, equinoxes and summer solstice, midnight and noon positions, in particular midnight and noon preceding solstices and equinoxes.
4. "Pacing the Travel of the Moon." Like the previous section for the sun, this section is devoted to computing various aspects of the motion of the moon, including quarter moons, full moons, and next conjunctions, tabulation of the moon's equation of center, apparent daily motion, apparent lunar syzygie, equatorial positions of the apparent moon for solstices and equinoxes, as well as times of midnight, dawn and dusk, for the apparent moon at syzygie.
Chapter 10 brings the Canon to an end, with three chapters consecutively numbered from the preceding section as follows:
5. "Pacing the Centered Star." The "centered star," 中星 chung-hsing/zhong xing, is whatever star crosses the meridian at a given moment. This was a means for telling the time at night based upon knowing when a particular star crossed the meridian. Here computations are explained for determining declination and polar distance of the ecliptic, the lengths of night and day, times of sunrise and sunset, the times and lengths of night watches and their subdivisions, the nightly arc of stellar motion, the positions of stars that culminate at dusk, dawn and each night watch, and the day and night marks for any latitude.
6. "Pacing Crossing Coincidences." 交會 Chiao-hui/jiao hui; "crossing coincidences" refers to conjunctions, jiao meaning intersection and hui a gathering or meeting. Here computations determine when the sun or moon transits lunar nodes, solar eclipses taking place at the lunar node, lunar eclipses at opposite nodes. Computations include times for lunar opposition, conjunction, the midnight preceding apparent conjunction and opposition, corrections for the effect of parallax on the time of the maximal phase of an eclipse, determination of the apparent sun at maximal phase of eclipse, parallax corrections, intervals from node to syzygy for lunar and solar eclipses (including their magnitude and duration), determination of lunar eclipses in night watches, the magnitudes of solar and lunar eclipses at sunrise or sunset, and the sun's ecliptic location at maximum phase of solar or lunar eclipses.
7. "Pacing the Five Stars." This section of the Season-Granting System was copied almost in its entirety from its predecessor, the Revised Great Enlightenment System of 1180. This is devoted to planetary theory, with the derivation of three constants used for all five planets, and then separate computations of constants and tabular models for their various phases of motion. The planets were named according to the five Chinese elements: Jupiter, 木星 mu-hsing/mu xing, the wood star; Mars, 火星 huo xing, the fire star; Saturn, 土星 tu xing, the earth star; Venus, 金星 jing xing, the metal star; and Mercury, 水星 shui xing, the water star. In this section solar conjunctions with each of the planets are computed, along with the changes in apparent velocity for the planets, the apparent positions of each planet at midnight, as well as last and first appearances for each of the planets. Velocities were also carefully measured to compute retrogradations and stationary points.
After 550 pages of introductory material, translated text and commentary, Sivin devotes his closing Chapter 11 to his "Conclusion." Overall, he sees no real history of continued progress in Chinese astronomy—not all successively later systems were better than their predecessors. Some changes that were praised as advances turned out to be retrograde astronomically, while other excellent systems were rejected, often with severe criticism, for political reasons, despite their technical merits. As Sivin points out: "Pitched battles were not only due to technical disagreements; the importance of the almanac to state ritual made computational systems a natural target for attacks by political factions. Evaluations after the fact by historians carry their own difficulties." With this in mind, Sivin then sets out to evaluate the overall significance of the Season-Granting System and its technical achievements.
He begins by pointing out how far the history of science has come since Joseph Needham launched his multi-volume study of Chinese science and technology. Largely assuming that the standard of excellence was how well ancient Chinese theories compared with modern practice, this meant determining to what extent something like the Season-Granting System gave correct answers, or how often and to what extent was it wrong? Instead, Sivin's approach attempts to understand the cultural manifold within which the Season-Granting System came into existence, and his goals are correspondingly much more illuminating and ambitious: "What I am trying to reconstruct is the complex of social, political, intellectual, and technical relations and meanings within which individual astronomers did their own work." He lists his three major goals explicitly:
1. What were the authors or planners trying to accomplish?
2. To what extent did they accomplish this goal?
3. To what extent is it worth accomplishing?
As to the first question, the Yuan Evaluation makes it clear that the major goal of the Season Granting System was to improve on the failed techniques of its predecessor, the Revised Great Enlightenment System. New instruments were built for this project, observations of polar altitudes and other data were made across the empire, with special attention paid to winter solstices, length of the tropical year, apparent solar and lunar motions, motion of the lunar nodes, and the variable lengths of day and night. Kuo Shou-ching also introduced new methods for computing apparent solar and lunar motions, converting between equatorial right ascension and ecliptic longitude for determining the obliquity of the ecliptic, and for converting the moon's position on its orbit to ecliptic longitude. However, in reply to his second question, Sivin suggests there is "good reason to believe that the reformers aimed for more innovation than they attained."
Beyond this, Sivin points out that because the astronomers involved in the Yuan astronomical reforms were establishing the political legitimacy of a new dynasty, they were "dedicated functionaries of the Mongol regime in North China, and in all of their very diverse careers worked to spread its power to the south, to reunite China." This meant that social and moral, as well as political goals, were always in mind.
In retrospect, the Season Granting System was largely successful in so far as it remained with only minor modifications the official astronomical system used in China until the Jesuits arrived and the official Astronomical Bureau was placed in their hands. This was done with the intent of using the more accurate methods of western astronomy for Chinese purposes, but that did not happen until 1644. Meanwhile, in Korea and Japan, the Season-Granting System remained in use considerably longer.
To conclude, Sivin turns to the difficult but necessary question of what should be the rightful place of Chinese or East Asian astronomy generally in the overall history of astronomy? Until recently, Asian astronomy has largely been ignored by historians of astronomy, who write as if the entire history of the subject were simply a western development, a succession of modifications of Hellenistic astronomy until the time of Newton. But as Sivin emphasizes, European thought in mathematics, astronomy, and natural philosophy were all influenced by such non-European novelties as Arabic numerals and algebra, Indian trigonometric functions, and Chinese paper and printing. In fact, Sivin sees early modern (western) science as "an endless series of territorial, ethnic, and racial mixings."
Considered for its own intrinsic interest, if the value of the Season-Granting System is reflected in its accuracy (as Sivin points out, one of the goals of the Yuan system was to achieve "unprecedented accuracy"), then for the most basic data needed for the calendar — predictions of solstices and lunations, for example — the Season-Granting System is far more accurate than needed for purely practical purposes. As for eclipses, the accuracy of the Season Granting System's predictions reflect the quality of a number of related matters — including quality of determining apparent solar and lunar motions, the obliquity of the lunar orbit with respect to the ecliptic, and the accuracy of timekeeping. By Sivin's own calculations and those recounted in the Evaluation, "the Season-granting system indeed attained the clear superiority in accuracy that the Evaluation claimed." The one area in which the system did not pretend to present any innovations was its wholesale adoption of the system for "Pacing the Five Stars" (7 above), to be found in the Revised Great Enlightenment System of 1180. The reason for this, most probably, was that planetary positions were not as important in the Chinese context as they were for western astrology. Nevertheless, precision and accuracy are not the only measures of success that matter. As Sivin wisely puts it: "Given our ignorance, it will be some time before the results of investigations can make possible a textured estimate of the Yuan astronomers' accomplishment."
As the most mature development in Chinese astronomy that prevailed for 350 years, the Season Granting System has an important place in the history of Chinese science. In particular, in the history of astronomy it serves to show the remarkable attainments of Chinese computational methods. Moreover, as Sivin points out, it was the result of "a bureaucratic project of larger dimensions than was conceivable elsewhere." He goes on:
China's rich records can throw light on the intermarriage of various technical traditions in the Islamic world that eventually made possible the emergence of modern astronomy in Europe. Chinese astronomy, in any open-minded history of astronomy, will reward attention commensurate with its importance. The Season-granting system has allowed us a close look at the high point of that tradition, which spanned without interruption nearly two thousand years.
Two appendixes in Sivin's account are also noteworthy and deserve readers' attention. The first, Appendix A, is devoted to the instruments designed by Kuo Shou-ching and described in detail in the "Treatise on Astrology" that was included as part of the Yuan History. Although Sivin shows that the actual instruments built for the Ta-tu observatory differed in significant ways from these specifications, unfortunately none of which survive, several are pictured. The second Appendix B is an edited "account of conduct," namely of the life and works of the astronomer Kuo Shou-ching, based upon the account by his colleague, the astronomer and polymath Ch'i Lü-ch'ien, to be found in the official biography in the Yuan History.
Suffice it to say that historians of science will find this an eye-opening and informative book, well worth the attention it deserves to be read carefully. It is full of detail on every page, from which a good, basic understanding of the goals and achievements of Chinese astronomy may be derived. But the attentive reader will also find that in his approach to illuminating the cultural matrix within which he situates a broader understanding of the Season Granting System, Sivin has done much more than simply provide the detailed analysis of a significant example of astronomical theory and practice—he has shown how the accomplishments of Chinese science deserve to be studied and considered on a comparatively equal footing with that of western science.
Joseph W. Dauben is Professor of History at Herbert H. Lehman College and at The Graduate Center, City University of New York.
Preface.- Introduction.- Astonomical reform and occupation politics.- Orientation.- The Project: origins and process.- The Astronomers.- The Observatory and its instruments.- The Records.- Evaluation of the season-granting system, part 1.- Evaluation of the season-granting system, part 2.- Canon of the season-granting system, part 1.- Canon of the season-granting system, part 2.- Conclusion.- Appendix a: the instruments of kuo shou-ching.- Appendix b: the account of conduct of kuo shou-ching.- Appendix c: technical terms.- Acknowledgments.- Bibliography.- Index-glossary.


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S.A.L.T. (Seniors and Law Enforcement Together) Council administers
surveys of the needs and concerns of older citizens;
Why is Triad necessary?
Older Americans comprise the most rapid growing segment of the older population. One in every eight Americans is already age 65 or older, a total of more than 33.6 million. Increased life expectancy is leading to new issues and problems for the criminal justice system as most communities experience a dramatic increase in the number of older persons. Call for service, crimes, victims - all are changing.
Bandera County Sheriff's Office
Sheriff James MacMillan heads up the Triad program, a liaison between law enforcement and senior citizens. TRIAD identifies issues affecting seniors and develops programs to address those needs.
The Sheriff's Office participates in the TRIAD program, which is group of community leaders, law enforcement agencies, state and federal agencies, health care professionals, and others dedicated to protecting senior citizens.
Bexar County Sheriff's Office
200 N Comal Street
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Tel: (210) 335-6000
Meets monthly on the third Wednesday of each month at the Caldwell Senior Citizen's Center, 210 W. Buck St, at 2:00 p.m. Meetings are open to the public. This organization offers programs benefiting citizens in Burleson County.
services include:
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Triad is an inter-agency agreement between Collin County Sheriff, the Chiefs of Police, AARP and older/retired leadership in the county who have agreed to work together to reduce the criminal victimization of seniors and to enhance law enforcement for older citizens. Public invited to participate. PH: 972-547-5167
The Triad/SALT (Seniors and Law Enforcement Together) meets at 9:30 a.m. third Fridays at the Comal County Sheriff's Office. All persons interested in obtaining information and discussing means of preventing scams, fraud, and abuse of seniors are invited to join the group. There are no dues, fees, or charges of any kind.
Program is coordinated through the Area Agency on Aging and Disability Services
of Texoma in conjunction with all the law enforcement agencies in Cooke County.
Meeting is held quarterly on the 3rd Thursday of February, May, August, and
November. Programs include:
Dallas County SALT Council is supported by the Dallas Area Agency on Aging, AARP, Dallas County District Attorney's Office, and The Senior News Source. The key contact is Paul Zobisch, Publisher/Editor, The Senior News Source. Tel: 972-248-2573.
The Triad solution: alone no more!
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of Texoma in conjunction with all the law enforcement agencies in Grayson
County. Meeting is held quarterly on the 3rd Thursday of March, June,
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The Hays County Triad/S.A.L.T. Council, comprised of Senior Citizens representing all areas of county, work with the Crime Prevention unit to reduce the victimization of Hays County Seniors as well as the rest of the population.. Works with Hays County Sheriff Don Montague's Crime Prevention
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Deputy Richard Mackintosh
The Hidalgo County, Texas Sheriff's Office participates in the Hidalgo County TRIAD, which is group of community leaders, law enforcement agencies, state and federal agencies, health care professionals, and others dedicated to protecting senior citizens.
Council meets the last Friday of each month at 9:00 AM in the 2nd Floor Training/Conference Room | Kerrville Police Department | 429 Sidney Baker, Kerrville, TX 78028. This meeting is open to the public.
Mailing Address:
Kerrville TRIAD
P.O. Box 293332
Kerrville, TX 78029-3332
TRIAD Chairman Phone: (830)895-3107
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FOR MORE INFORMATION ON TRIAD OR HOW TO BECOME A VOLUNTEER, contact the Medina County Sheriff's Office, 801 Ave Y, Hondo, Texas 78861- (830) 741-6150
S.A.L.T. Council of Tarrant County meets every month on the first Tuesday at 2pm. Locations vary month to month. SALT is an acronym for Seniors And Law enforcement Together. Seniors and local police working together to prevent Seniors from becoming crime victims. Contact Officer Hudgins (see below) to get on the mailing list.
Austin Police Department: For more information about S.A.L.T. or to schedule a presentation, contact Susie Mather-Ashford at the Office of Community Liaison at 974-4700.
All elderly and homebound people living alone in Williamson County are eligible to participate. There is no cost to the participant. Applications are available at the Georgetown Police Dept., the Sheriff's Dept., or any EMS station. You can also call 943-1300 or 352-7462 for an application or more information.
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