text:
Novel superconducting materials in the form of compounds, structures or phases are formed by performing otherwise known syntheses in a highly oxidizing atmosphere rather than that created by molecular oxygen at atmospheric pressure or below. This leads to the successful synthesis of novel superconducting compounds which are thermodynamically stable at the conditions under which they are formed. The compounds and structures thus formed are substantially nonsusceptible to variations in their oxygen content when subjected to changing temperatures, thereby forming a temperature-stable substantially single phase crystal.
1. A process for producing a superconducting material, said process comprising:
(a) forming a composition by admixing (i) a compound of a metal selected from the group consisting of yttrium and rare earth metals with (ii) a compound of barium and (iii) a compound of copper, said compounds selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrates and carbonates thereof, in relative amounts such that the atomic ratio of said metal to barium to copper in said composition is approximately 1:2:4;
(b) heating said composition in an oxygen-containing atmosphere having an oxidizing potential greater than 50% molecular oxygen at a pressure of at least 30 atmospheres to a temperature and for a length of time sufficient to effect interdiffusion of said compounds and the formation of a substantially single phase crystalline or polycrystalline lattice structure having approximately the empirical formula RBa2 Cu4 O8 where R is said metal of compound (i), which lattice structure is temperature stable at temperatures below about 750� C.
2. A process in accordance with claim in which said oxygen-containing atmosphere of step (b) is at least about 50% molecular oxygen.
3. A process in accordance with claim 1 in which said oxygen-containing atmosphere of step (b) is at least about 90% molecular oxygen.
4. A process in accordance with claim 1 in which said oxygen-containing atmosphere of step (b) is substantially 100% molecular oxygen.
5. A process in accordance with claim 1 in which said pressure of step (b) is at least about 50 atmospheres.
6. A process in accordance with claim 1 in which said pressure of step (b) is at least about 80 atmospheres.
7. A process in accordance with claim 1 in which said metal of compound (i) of step (a) is a member selected from the group consisting of yttrium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium and thulium.
8. A process in accordance with claim 1 in which said metal of compound (i) of step (a) is yttrium.
9. A process in accordance with claim 1 in which said compounds (i). (ii), and (iii) are oxides.
10. A process in accordance with claim 1 in which said compound (iii) is CuO.
11. A process in accordance with claim 1 in which said compound (ii) is a member selected from the group consisting of BaCO3 and BaO, and said compound (iii) is CuO.
12. A process in accordance with claim 1 in which R is yttrium, said compound (i) is Y2 O3, compound (ii) is BaO, and compound (iii) is CuO.
13. A process in accordance with claim 1 in which step (b) comprises heating said composition to a temperature of at least about 800� C. for at least about 8 hours.
14. A process in accordance with claim 1 in which step (b) comprises heating said composition to a temperature of at least about 900� C. for at least about 10 hours.
The invention described herein arose in the course of or under Contract No. DE-AC03-76-SF-00098 between the Department of Energy and the University of California at Berkeley.
This is a continuation of Ser. No. 263,750, filed on 10-28-88, now abandoned.
This invention relates to superconductor systems. and in particular to crystalline structures having superconducting properties.
Theoretical and experimental research in the field of superconducting materials by thousands of researchers has led to the discovery of a handful of oxide compounds which become superconducting at relatively high temperatures (TC). i.e., within the range of 40-126 K. All of the known high temperature superconductors are oxides, and contain (1) copper and/or bismuth, (2) barium or other alkaline earths such as strontium or calcium, and (3) trivalent elements such as yttrium. Rare earth elements 57 to 71 (lanthanum to lutecium), thallium or bismuth are substituted for yttrium in some materials. Notable superconductors are as follows:
(1) oxide materials containing lanthanum, strontium and copper, bearing the formula La2-x Srx CuO4, commonly referred to as L-S-C-O;
(2) oxide materials containing yttrium, barium and copper, bearing the formula YBa2 Cu3 O7-δ, commonly referred to as 1-2-3 (rare earth elements can be substituted for yttrium, and the resulting compounds are also superconducting);
(3) oxide materials containing bismuth strontium, calcium and copper, bearing such formulas as Bi2 CaSr2 Cu2 O8+x and commonly referred to as B-C-S-C-O;
(4) oxide materials containing thallium, barium, calcium and copper, bearing such formulas as Tl2 Ba2 CuOx, Tl2 CaBa2 Cu2 Ox, Tl2 Ca2 Ba2 Cu3 Ox, Tl2 Ca3 Ba2 Cu4 Ox, TlCaBa2 Cu2 Ox, and TlCa2 Ba2 Cu3 Ox, commonly referred to as T-C-B-C-O; and
(5) oxide materials containing bismuth, barium, potassium and copper, bearing the formula Ba1-x Kx BiO3, identified as B-K-B-O.
Each of these high temperature superconducting materials has drawbacks. For example:
La2-x Srx CuO4 has a TC of only 40 K.
YBa2 Cu3 O7-δ has an oxygen content which varies with temperature, and is only superconducting when the oxygen content is high (δ<0.4). A unique feature of the 1-2-3 compound is the variable oxygen stoichiometry, and rapid and reversible oxidation/reduction above 400� C. Changing the oxygen content changes the superconducting transition temperature TC and also the normal state resistivity. The required high oxygen content is only reached in equilibrium at low temperatures (˜400� C.). At relatively high temperatures, the oxygen content of the crystal structure has an equilibrium value which is lower than the equilibrium value at lower temperatures. Temperature changes encountered during the processing of this material thus brings about changes in chemical composition and crystal structure, occurring slowly and nonuniformly. At the high temperatures needed for synthesis, grain growth and densification, the oxygen loss is severe, and is frequently accompanied by the formation of a liquid phase and the reordering of the crystal structure to segregate the material into two solid phases as the liquid phase resolidifies. The presence of two phases of different crystal structure and empirical composition is detrimental to the uniformity of atomic structure near grain boundaries and introduces certainty and nonuniformities in the critical temperature. In addition above about 700� C., with loss of oxygen, the structure changes from orthorhombic to tetragonal. During cooling after synthesis, the structure changes back to orthorhombic as oxygen is absorbed. The existence of two phases gives rise to internal stresses in the material during cooling, causing twinning and its associated detrimental effects.
B-C-S-C-O has a soft flaky structure, while T-C-B-C-O contains highly toxic thallium. B-K-B-O is extremely sensitive to moisture and decomposes readily. In addition. B-K-B-O has a very low TC ≈30 K.
Materials (1), (2), (3) and (4) all contain copper as an essential constituent. The copper in these materials is in a highly oxidized state, with a formal valence greater than +2. This means that either some of the copper is in the rare trivalent state, or the oxygen is of a valency smaller than the normal -2.
The need for additional high temperature superconductors is great, not only to achieve superconductors with higher TC 's, but also to achieve superconductors with improved mechanical properties, stability and ease of processing. The discovery and study of new high temperature superconductors varying in composition and structure also provides the benefit of insight into the superconducting phenomenon, which will aid in finding a theoretical explanation. This will lead to a more systematic design of superconductors with needed properties.
It has now been discovered that novel superconducting materials in the form of compounds, structures or phases are formed by carrying out the synthesis in atmospheres which are highly oxidizing, i.e., having a substantially stronger oxidizing potential than an atmosphere of 100% molecular oxygen at atmospheric pressure. Such highly oxidizing atmospheres are achieved by molecular oxygen at superatmospheric pressures, by ozone at substantially any pressure, preferably atmospheric or superatmospheric, by atomic oxygen generated in a variety of ways at substantially any pressure, preferably atmospheric or superatmospheric, or by any compound which generates oxygen at oxidation potentials comparable to those created by the above systems.
It is well known that superconducting cuprates are all very highly oxidized compounds. All have copper in a valency higher than +2. For example, in the original La2-x Srx CuO4 superconductor, the average valency of Cu is 2.15, while in YBa2 Cu3 Ox, the average Cu valency is 2.33.
In accordance with the present discovery, when an oxide is heated, it tends to lose oxygen to its environment. Oxides therefore tend to be partially reduced by heating to high temperature, and compounds with relatively low oxygen content will be formed at high temperatures. This is particularly true when the metal has more than one possible valency. The reduction in oxygen content can be prevented by reacting the constituent metal oxides in high pressure oxygen. This will thermodynamically favor the formation of highly oxidized compounds or structures.
The present discovery leads to the expectation that many new superconductors will be discovered by the use of high pressure oxygen in the synthesis procedure, since this favors the formation of highly oxidized phases.
One result of the present discovery is the successful synthesis of novel superconducting compounds. It has been found that when powdered oxides of barium and copper in combination with a third metal are intimately mixed and then heated in high pressure oxygen to an elevated temperature, they will react to form superconducting compounds with novel composition, structure and properties. The new compounds are thermodynamically stable under the conditions of temperature and oxygen pressure at which they are formed. In addition, however, the new compounds and structures are substantially nonsusceptible to variations in the oxygen content when subjected to changing temperatures, thereby forming a temperature-stable substantially single phase crystal, lacking the problems delineated above in association with the yttrium-barium-copper-oxygen superconducting materials of the prior art.
In one embodiment of the invention, the invention resides in superconducting materials having the empirical formula RBa2 Cu4 O8, where R is either yttrium or a rare earth metal, and this material is formed by heating the metals or compounds of the various metals involved, which compounds may each contain one or more than one metal and may themselves be insulating or conductive or superconductive, in an oxygen-containing atmosphere at elevated pressure, substantially in excess of 1 atmosphere, at a temperature and time sufficient for interdiffusion and substantially uniform crystal formation to take place. The term "oxygen-containing atmosphere" is intended to include any gas or mixture of gases containing molecular oxygen. The term "substantially single phase lattice structure" is intended to include at most minor amounts of other phases of differing empirical formula, i.e., amounts which will have anything more than a negligible effect on the superconducting character of the material as a whole. The term as used herein is intended to include polycrystalline structures, i.e., grain networks where each grain is substantially identical in its empirical formula and crystalline lattice array.
It has also been found that barium may be partially substituted by strontium and/or calcium with similar results.
Under appropriate conditions of oxygen pressure and temperature, a different novel compound is formed. In this embodiment of the invention, the compound has the empirical formula R2 Ba4 Cu7 Ox, with TC ≈40 K.
This invention is not limited to the constituent elements of the 1-2-3 material, but is of general application to the synthesis of high temperature oxide superconductors.
Advantages of the present invention include the fact that the material can be prepared in thermodynamic equilibrium as bulk polycrystalline material, single crystals or thin films, rather than being formed as one phase in a structure containing multiple phases which cannot be isolated by practical means, and the fact that the material can be processed under a wide range of conditions with substantially no change in its superconducting properties.
Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the description which follows.
The present invention is applicable to superconductor materials which contain or are fabricated from metals or metal oxides. Preferred metals have several valence states. Among these, copper and bismuth are particularly preferred.
These metals or metal oxides may be combined with other metals or metal oxides. Preferred among the latter are the divalent metals barium, strontium, calcium and cadmium, and other metals which also possess large electric polarizabilities, and trivalent metals such as yttrium, scandium, bismuth, thallium, transition metals, and the rare earth elements (lanthanum through lutecium). Preferred among the rare earth elements are neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, dysprosium, holmium, erbium and thulium.
The metals used in the process by which the superconducting materials of the present invention are prepared may be in the form of the metals themselves, their oxides, nitrates, carbonates, oxalates, tartrates, and any other form which yields the oxide upon heating in oxygen.
The metals used in the process may also be in the form of mixed oxides or compounds, that is to say, compounds each of which incorporate more than one of the metals. In the preferred embodiment, the metal oxides are chosen to be in a chemical and physical form which will render them highly reactive at elevated temperatures. This may include use of finely divided oxides to provide large surface energies and chemical forms such as peroxides or mixed oxides which have lower chemical binding energy than the desired product or than other possible compounds which can be formed from the metals or metal oxides. Oxides are preferred. In the case of barium, the preferred compounds are BaO and BaO2. In the case of copper, the preferred form is CuO. The other metals are generally preferred to be in their oxide form, a prominent example being yttrium oxide Y2 O3. The metal compounds are combined in relative amounts such that the atomic ratio of the metals is approximately the same as that of the superconductor to be formed. For example, when the desired compound is YBa2 Cu4 O8, the yttrium, barium and copper metals are combined in the ratio 1:2:4.
As an alternative, the metals or oxides can be combined by applying them in an intimate mixture as a coating on a suitable substrate to form a film on the substrate. This may be done by high vacuum evaporation, plasma coating, decomposition of organometallics, laser ablation coating or other known coating methods. As another alternative, a superconducting film of the desired 1-2-4 compound may be formed on a substrate of the 1-2-3 compound or another compound containing one or more of the constituent metals of the 1-2-4 compound by heating the substrate in concentrated or high pressure oxygen. In this case no film deposition at all is required if all of the constituents of the desired superconductor are incorporated in the substrate. Clearly the procedure may be reversed, and a film of the 1-2-3 superconductor may be formed on the surface of a 1-2-4 substrate by heating in an environment lacking high pressure or concentrated oxygen. Furthermore, patterning of films with different compounds being formed in different regions or through the thickness of the film may be achieved by heating the film while exposing only part of it to the appropriate oxygen environment. The resulting film is then heat treated in the following manner.
The general procedure for heating the constituent materials in accordance with the present invention is one involving an environment containing concentrated and/or active oxygen. The term "active oxygen" is intended to mean atomic oxygen or ozone.
Another means included in the scope of this invention to supply oxygen to form highly oxidized superconductive compounds is by oxygen which is incorporated in a chemical compound which will release it to aid in formation of a second highly oxidized compound which is a superconductor. Such oxygen supplying compounds include but are not limited to peroxides of the constituent metals. They also include other highly oxidized compounds which may themselves be superconductors. The constituent materials of the compound which is to be formed may be placed in contact with or mixed intimately with the compound which is to act as a source of oxygen.
A further means included within the scope of the invention to supply oxygen to form highly oxidized superconductive compounds is by means of electrical current such as in an electrochemical cell containing a suitable electrolyte such as, for example, ZrO2 which provides oxygen to a substance placed in close proximity or in contact with it when electrical current is passed. This and the preceding means may reduce or eliminate the need for elevated temperature for synthesis of the desired compound.
The preferred procedure for heating the constituent materials in accordance with the present invention is one involving an oxygen-containing atmosphere at high temperature and high pressure. The oxygen-containing atmosphere is either a gas or a mixture of gases which contains molecular oxygen (O2) or ozone (O3) or atomic oxygen. Molecular oxygen is preferred. When molecular oxygen is used, the gas mixture is preferably at least about 50% molecular oxygen, more preferably at least about 90% oxygen, and most preferably substantially 100% molecular oxygen. With molecular oxygen, the pressure is substantially superatmospheric, preferably at least about 2 atmospheres, more preferably at least about 10 atmospheres, and most preferably at least about 60 atmospheres.
The temperature and heating time may vary, depending on the materials used. Higher temperatures will generally require less heating time.
In preferred embodiments, the heating is done at a temperature of at least about 700� C. for at least one hour, more preferably at least about 900� C. for about 10 hours.
The following examples are offered primarily for purposes of illustration, and are intended neither to limit nor define the invention in any manner.
Polycrystalline materials bearing the empirical formula R1 Ba2 Cu4 Ox where R is Y, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, and Tm were prepared as follows. Stoichiometric quantities of R oxide, BaO, and CuO powders (all 99% or better) were mixed thoroughly and pressed at 25 kg/mm2 into 6 mm diameter pellets, which were calcined in oxygen held at 120 atmospheres pressure for 7 hours at 930� C. The reacted mixtures were then cooled at 5� C. per minute to 700� C., 2� C./min to 600� C., 1� C./min to 500� C., 0.5� C./min to 450� C., 1� C./min to 390� C., and furnace cooled at about 4� C./min. The mixtures were then finely ground with an agate mortar and pestle, pressed into 6-mm-diameter tablets at 25 kg/mm2, and sintered in oxygen at the same temperature, pressure and time schedule as used for the calcining. In the case of the Ho, Er and Tm compounds, the calcining and sintering were both carried out at 60 atmospheres pressure at a maximum temperature of 980� C. Cooling rates were the same as described above. The pellets were wrapped in gold foil before the calcining and sintering operations were carried out; no reaction with the gold was observed. It was found that if the constituent oxides are mixed in the 1-2-3 stoichiometry instead of the 1-2-4 stoichiometry and then the process given in the first example herein is carried out, the result is the formation of the desired 1-2-4 compound along with residual phases which incorporate the excess Y and Ba oxides which are left over. In contrast, attempts made to synthesize the 1-2-4 compound from 1-2-3 compound by heating samples of the 1-2-3 compound in high pressure oxygen were unsuccessful. The 1-2-3 compound had been previously synthesized in the common way by heating the constituent oxides in oxygen at atmospheric pressure. Apparently conversion of the 1-2-3 compound to the 1-2-4 compound is more sluggish than formation from the constituent oxides and the time and/or temperature used in the attempt was insufficient for the conversion to take place.
The structures of the products were confirmed as single phase polycrystalline structures by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray powder diffraction. X-ray powder diffraction was performed on a Scintag automated powder diffractometer using Cu K.sub.α radiation. Diffraction patterns of each of the samples were examined for evidence of the superconducting phases 1-2-4 and/or 1-2-3, as indicated by the presence of peaks at approximately 13.6 Å and 11.5 Å. respectively. For each of the samples that showed the 1-2-4 structure as the major phase, unit cell parameters were refined by the Reitveld method, assuming space group Ammm and the model structure reported in P. Marsh, et al., Nature 334, 141 (1988). These studies indicated that the atomic structure of the 1-2-4 phases was consistent with that of Marsh, et al. The lattice parameters are given in the table below.
The powder diffraction pattern for YBa2 Cu4 O8 showed minor amounts of Ba cuprate and an unidentified phase (peaks at 7.49, 3.09 and 3.00 Å), but no evidence to a 1-2-3 component. Because, however, the calculated intensity of the diagnostic 11.5 Å line for the Y-bearing 1-2-3 compound is very weak (4.2%), a small amount of that material in the sample would not be revealed by x-ray diffraction. However, calculated powder patterns for 1-2-3 structure phases show that the intensity of the 11.4 peak increases with increasing atomic number of the element substituted for Y, e.g., to a relative intensity of 33% for the Eu and Gd cases. Therefore, even minor quantities of a 1-2-3 phase should be apparent in powder diffraction patterns of the rare-earth substituted samples. The pattern for the Dy sample indicated nearly pure 1-2-4 and no 1-2-3. The Sm and Nd sample patterns, however, showed both 1-2-3 and 1-2-4.
All the compounds were bulk superconductors and showed strong Meissner diamagnetic transitions. The TC 's of the different compounds vary, and are correlated with lattice parameters a and b, and with orthorhombic distortion which increases for the heavier (smaller) rare earth ions. Axial ratios b/a range from 1.004 in SmBa2 Cu4 O8 to 1.010 in TmBa2 Cu4 O8. Although the Ho and Y compounds have nearly identical lattice parameters, the TC of HoBa2 Cu4 O8 is about 3 K lower, possibly because the larger magnetic moment of Ho suppresses the coupling between the CuO2 planes.
In the Eu and Gd systems, in addition to the 1-2-4 phase, an additional 2-4-7 phase was found, with alternating 1-2-3 and 1-2-4 blocks analogous to Y2 Ba4 Cu7 Ox. Diffraction peaks appearing at about 12.55 A are interpreted to be the 004 reflection of compounds with 2-4-7 structure. The lattice parameters of the 1-2-4 phase were determined by refining together with the 1-2-4 phase, with the results shown in the table. Although the 2-4-7 phase contains 1-2-3 blocks, axial ratios are even smaller than the corresponding 1-2-4 compounds. Also, the c axes of the 2-4-7 compounds are shorter than the sum of the corresponding 1-2-3 and 1-2-4 compounds, giving unit cell volumes approximately 0.6% smaller, and indicating larger Madelung energies. The same is true for Y2 Ba4 Cu7 Ox, according to the lattice parameters given by Bordet, P., et al., Nature 334,308 (1987), and using the values for YBa2 Cu4 O8 from the table. Nearly pure polycrystalline materials bearing the empirical formulas Eu2 Ba4 Cu7 Ox and Gd2 Ba4 Cu7 Ox were prepared in exactly the same manner as described in the first example except that the pressure of oxygen used during calcining and during sintering was 30 atmospheres instead of 120 atmospheres. X-ray powder diffraction spectra of the samples showed the strong peak at the angle corresponding to a D-spacing of about 12.55 Å which is characteristic of the 2-4-7 compound, and no peaks were seen at the angles corresponding to the D-spacing of the 1-2-3 compound (11.6 Å) or of the 1-2-4 compounds (13.6 Å). Meissner diamagnetic curves indicated a large diamagnetic superconducting fraction with a critical temperature of about 40 K in both cases. Small diamagnetism persisted up to about 70 K indicating that a small fraction of 1-2-4 phase was also present. It is evident that at some synthesis pressure below 30 atmospheres but above one atmosphere the 1-2-4 phase would no longer form, and the entire sample would be 2-4-7 phase. Experiments were carried out in which other rare earth elements were substituted and calcining and sintering were carried out at 30 atmospheres pressure. X-ray powder diffraction measurements showed the presence of 1-2-4 and 2-4-7 phases and also phases with more complicated sequences of 1-2-3 and 1-2-4 phases than the simple alternation found in the 2-4-7 phase. In the case of holmium for example, phases were present with D spacings corresponding to sequences of 4 layers of the 1-2-3 structure followed by one layer of the 1-2-4 structure and sequences of 2 layers of the 1-2-3 structure followed by 3 layers of the 1-2-4 structure. Thus many new and more or less complex chemical and structural phases can be prepared by the use of this invention. All of the samples, with the exception of Nd, contained minor amounts of an unknown phase that had a characteristic diffraction peak at about 7.5 Å.
In the table, the superconducting temperature TC was determined by observation of bulk diamagnetism. Note that the TC 's of the different compounds are significantly different, and are correlated with lattice parameters a and b, and with orthorhombic distortion which is larger for the heavier (smaller) rare earth ions. The symbol χ20K represents the flux expulsion on cooling to 20 K in a constant Oe field, and is expressed in units of 10-4 emu/g. The symbol 4πρχ20K represents the diamagnetic volume fraction. The density ρ is calculated from the measured unit cell volume. The superconducting fraction may be larger, because some expelled flux will be trapped in the pores of these ceramic samples. The relative amounts of the phases were estimated from x-ray powder diffraction patterns and Reitveld refinements. To determine the lattice parameters, the Reitveld procedure was used and a sample displacement correction was refined along with the unit-cell parameters. The refinement included 1-2-3 or 2-4-7 phases when present. The unit-cell parameters found for the Dy compound did not differ significantly from those determined using a Cr2 O3 internal standard.
__________________________________________________________________________SUPERCONDUCTING AND STRUCTURAL PARAMETERS OF RBa2 Cu4 O8COMPOUNDSSuperconductingParameters Phases Present Lattice Parameters of 1-2-4 [2-4-7] PhaseR Tc (K) χ20K 4πρχ20K 1-2-3 2-4-7 1-2-4 a (Å) b (Å) c (Å) V (Å) b/a__________________________________________________________________________Y 80.5 -25 20% no no all 3.8395(2) 3.8703(2) 27.231(1) 404.7 1.0080Nd 57 -3.5 3% trace no minor ˜27.3Sm 70 -11 10% 70% no 30% 3.872(1) 3.886(1) 27.308(5) 410.9 1.0036Eu 68.5 -24 21% no 40% 60% 3.8650(6) 3.8837(5) 27.279(4) 409.5 1.0048 [˜40] [-10] [9%] [3.879(2)] [3.886(1)] [50.39(3)] [759.6] [1.0018]Gd 73 -18 16% no 60% 40% 3.867(1) 3.881(1) 27.26(1) 409.1 1.0036 [˜40] [-9] [8%] [3.868(2)] [3.882(1)] [50.43(2)] [757.2] [1.0036]Dy 77 -19 17% no no all 3.8463(3) 3.8726(3) 27.237(1) 405.7 1.0068Ho 77 -20 18% no no all 3.8404(6) 3.8704(6) 27.221(5) 404.6 1.0078Er 78 -22 20% no no all 3.8366(5) 3.8685(5) 27.230(4) 404.1 1.0083Tm 77 -11 10% no no all 3.827(1) 3.864(1) 27.18(1) 401.9 1.0097__________________________________________________________________________
Comparing the data in the table for YBa2 Cu4 O8 with that reported by Marsh, et al., referenced above, the lattice parameters are in general agreement, but with higher precision. The average value of the a and b crystallographic axes (3.855 Å) is close to that of 1-2-3 in both its orthorhombic (3.853 Å) and tetragonal (3.857 Å) variants. The axial ratio b/a=1.0080 corresponds to less than half the distortion of fully oxidized YBa2 Cu3 O7 (b/a=1.017).
Phases in the polycrystalline samples were characterized by optical and electron microscopy, x-ray powder diffraction, and electron microanalysis. All phases appeared black and optically opaque, with average grain sizes no larger than one micron. Electron microanalyses of samples in the Y-Ba-Cu-O system were obtained on a JSM Model 35 scanning electron microscope, operated at 20 kV and 0.01 μA beam current with a 2.5 μm spot size. Standards included pure Cu metal, NBS microprobe standard K253 for Ba, and Y standard REE3 as described in Drake, M. J., et al., Chem. Geol. 10, 179 (1972). Portions of disks of the Y-Ba-Cu-O samples were embedded in epoxy cement and polished for microprobe analysis. Scanning electron microscopy of the polished surface revealed smooth areas well suited for electron microanalysis, as well as considerable intergranular porosity characteristic of ceramic superconductors.
The predominant phase in the Y-Ba-Cu-O samples was a ternary oxide with cation ratios of Y:Ba:Cu close to 1:2:4, though a few analyses yielded only 3.7 to 3.8 Cu per three of the Y/Ba. No analyses close to a 1:2:3 stoichiometry were obtained. From this it is concluded that the 2-4-8 compound was the predominant bulk superconductor in these samples. A second ternary compound, corresponding to the transparent green phase Y2 BaCuO5, occurred in one point analysis. The absence of a green phase in the optical examination may imply a fine-scale mantling of the transparent 2:1:1 phase by opaque phases. In addition to the ternary compounds, occasional grains of an yttrium cuprate and a barium cuprate, both with 1:1 cation ratios, were observed.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction, and x-ray analytical electron microscopy (AEM) were performed on the yttrium compound using a Philips 420ST microscope equipped with an EDAX energy-dispersive detector and a PGT 4000 analyzer. Selected-area electron diffraction patterns and AEM analyses from numerous grains of the crushed sample confirmed the x-ray diffraction results that most of the material was well crystallized, bulk 2-4-8 structure. The data were consistent with the x-ray unit cell parameters and space group Ammm. Single crystals of the yttrium 1-2-4 phase were observed up to several tens of micrometers across. The electron diffraction patterns indicated that most of this pattern was well-ordered, though streaking parallel to the c* indicated that some crystals possessed some structural disorder affecting the periodicity of the (001%) planes.
High resolution lattice images showed that at least part of the disorder resulted from the insertion of occasional layers that were either smaller or larger than the 13.6 Å (002) layers of the ideal 1-2-4 structure. Similar defects have been observed in the Bi- and Tl-based high-TC superconductors and in YBa2 Cu3 O7-δ, all of the prior art. In the present material, a few ordered crystals of an additional pure Y-Ba-Cu phase with layer spacing of approximately 14.6 Å also were found. In addition to these complications related to layer spacing, electron diffraction patterns and lattice images from 1-2-4 indicated that many crystals were ordered parallel to the a axis, producing the modulations and superstructures in this direction having multiples of the 3.84 Å axis repeat.
The foregoing is offered primarily for illustrative purposes. It will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that substitutions, modifications and variations in the procedures and materials disclosed above may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Swapps! launcher is always there, when you play, read or listen, you can always swipe and switch to another app.
As most of you have probably been informed already, Google has decided to remove Google Reader from its portfolio starting July 1st. That being the case and with the official apps gone from the Store the best alternative there is remains Feedly that offers a magazine type layout for reading the news.
From Developer: Feedly is a new way to browse the content of your favorite sites, rss feeds, tumblr blogs and YouTube channels. Instead of having to hunt down for information, feedly uses RSS to aggregate the contents of the news sites you like and deliver them as a fast mobile-optimized experience.
Z – Device Test
If you are among the few that stay thorough when it comes to their device's health than you need the tools for the job. This app offers the ability to test about every hardware component and sensors for getting a good idea of the device's shape.
From Developer: Z-DeviceTest lets you check your Android device sensors "health" in an intuitive and comprehensive way offering in-depth analysis all the characteristics of your Smartphone.
This app allows you to use Microsoft Word®, Excel® and PowerPoint® on your Android Tablet and Phone to create, review and edit documents. You can also rename, delete and manage documents with your Dropbox, Box, Google Drive and SkyDrive accounts.
From Developer: CloudOn brings Microsoft Office® to your Android Tablet and Phone and links it to your Box, Dropbox, Google Drive and SkyDrive accounts.
If that isn't enough, the built-in Adobe Reader and File Viewer lets you open and view virtually any file type, including PDF, JPG, PNG, GIF, etc.
Chatting with style and including the best features in this regard, sharing of YouTube videos, iTunes songs and digitally scribbled-on photos. The app provides a very clean and attractive UI and has already gathered a large number of adopters.
From Developer: MessageMe is the fastest and most fun way to chat. Drop the need for SMS and exchange one-on-one or group text messages with your friends and family worldwide at absolutely no cost.
WeVideo for Android
The app is now in Beta and available for a limited number of devices only provides a combination of interacting o the most popular social networks, for sharing videos in an original manner.
From Developer: The WeVideo Editor helps you capture memories and moments wherever they happen, and turn them into amazing videos to share with others, across your favorite social networks.
webcamaze – amazing webcams
This app is good for providing access to Thousands of webcams take pictures of interesting places, cities, landscapes, beaches or mountains around the world. For each webcam, webcamaze compiles most interesting, beautiful or thrilling webcam images of the last month in a slideshow that waits to be discovered.
From Developer: With the webcamaze application, you can browse thousands of webcams and view not only the live image but also explore the history of the webcam. The image processing technology inside webcamaze automatically selects the most important images recorded by a webcam. The summaries are constantly updated.
Vire Launcher
Vire Labs have posted the public beta for what looks like a very promising offer in the Android launcher department. The app features custom icon themes, smooth action and superb animations.
From Developer: Join our public beta phase and try it now for free! This fast, fluid and power friendly custom home screen makes low-end Android phones feel like high-end and adds realistic 3D effects into all devices. Vire Launcher previews some cool features, such as real-time lighting, 3D transitions and automatic theming of all UI elements, including widgets and icons.
Just snap a picture of any contact list or email a digital list to the app and Ringya transforms it into a smart, shareable, organized list. Due to some highly advanced OCR features this app can easily prove very valuable.
From Developer: Put all your work contacts, class lists, club and sports team contacts onto your phone in a snap! Know who's calling you and how they fit into your world with contextual caller ID (eg. Matt Johnson, CFO, Axiom Corp / Sarah Jones, Tommy Jones' Mother, Fairview School).


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Posted at: 03/31/2013 11:40 AM
By: The Associated Press
CLOVIS, N.M. (AP) - Police in Clovis say they've arrested a man on a murder charge stemming from a disturbance.
Authorities say 27-year-old Ricardo Sena is charged in the death of 17-year-old Devin Saiz.
The victim died after he and two men were found stabbed shortly after midnight Saturday morning in the 1300 block of Reid Street.
Police say the other victims, 23-year-old Jose Lopez and 20-year-old Havier Bara, suffered non-life-threatening wounds.
Police say a 17-year-old girl was arrested on a charge of aggravated battery with a deadly weapon.
Her name has not been released because of her age. Authorities say the investigation is continuing.
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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Bobbi Brown Illuminating Bronze Collection
Bobbi Brown Illuminating Bronze Collection
This summer, Bobbi Brown is making it easier than ever to get the look of healthy, sun-kissed skin without the damaging effects of the sun. Take your pick from a flattering array of options, designed for all complexions from fair to dark.
Bobbi Brown All Over Body Brush (New, Limited Edition) ($85.00)
The softest, most luxurious brush imaginable. The new All Over Body Brush is the perfect companion to our Shimmer Brick for Body. It's designed with ultra soft bristles that feel amazing on the skin and offer sheer, even application.
Bobbi Brown Shimmer Brick for Body (New, Limited Edition) ($75.00)
Create head-to-toe glamour with our Shimmer Brick for Body. Lightweight, silky powder can be used on arms, legs, décolleté, or anywhere you want to glow. The deluxe oversized compact features three shimmering bars of color.
Available: Now at BobbiBrown.com
See more photos!
Discussion and debate are highly encouraged, and we expect community members to participate respectfully. When asking a question, please check the FAQ section (above) for information about purchasing, price, dupes, and the like. If you have general feedback or need technical support, please contact us.
Comments that include advertisements, self-promotion, insults, etc. may be in violation of our comment policy and subject to deletion. Please see our comment policy for more information.


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They'll each receive a gift basket filled withPillsbury® Baking products.
She won a $10,000 kitchen makeover, plus a gift basket with Pillsbury®
baking products and other assorted items.
The makers of Pillsbury baking products asked families to share an essay describing
why they love to bake and why they consider themselves Pillsbury
People for the chance to win $10,000 towards a kitchen makeover. The winner, Misty
N. of Collinsville, OK shared how she bakes up smiles: "One Pillsbury
cake mix. Check. Two
smiley kids clad in their oversized adult aprons. Check. One mother ready to make
memories. Check, and double check."
Misty wrote about her love of baking as a way to bond with her children, and together
they have made everything from cupcakes to cookies using Pillsbury
baking mixes and frostings. "As they bite into their pieces of chocolate cake, their
eyes light up like they were opening presents on Christmas morning. This is why
I love to bake. I am a Pillsbury person and I'm raising the world's
most wonderful Pillsbury people."
Misty and her two children recently hosted the Pillsbury® Doughboy
for a photo shoot in their kitchen. The family was elated to share their love of
baking with everyone and can't wait to make many more memories with Pillsbury.
The Pillsbury® People Celebrate More Photo Contest ("Contest") begins on September 21, 2011 at 12:00 p.m. noonEastern Time (ET) and ends on November 30, 2011 at 11:59 a.m. ET ("Contest Period").
Privacy Policy | Site Map | ©/TM/® The J.M Smucker Company.
Pillsbury, the Barrelhead logo and the Doughboy character are trademarks of The
Pillsbury Company, LLC, used under license. Important Note: The activities described
on this Web site require adult participation and supervision.


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Shawn M. Bouwens
Position: G
Height: 6-5 Weight: 293 lbs.
Born: May 25, 1968 in Lincoln, NE
High School: Lincoln Northeast
College: Nebraska Wesleyan
Drafted by the New England Patriots in the 9th round (226th overall) of the 1990 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 21 (4564th overall since 1950)
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1995 Game Log: Regular Season · Playoffs · vs.


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Punisher: War Zone Movie PostersFriday, November 28th, 2008
Release date: Friday December 5, 2008
Genre: Action/Crime/Drama/Thriller
Running time: 1 hour 47 minutes
Director: Lexi Alexander
Studio: Maple Pictures/Lionsgate
Screenplay: Matthew Holloway, Art Marcum, Nick Santora, Kurt Sutter, Lexi Alexander
Producer(s): Avi Arad, Gale Anne Hurd
Cast: Ray Stevenson, Dominic West, Doug Hutchison, Colin Salmon, Wayne Knight, Dash Mihok, Julie Benz
Official Site: thepunishermovie.com
Rating: R for pervasive strong brutal violence, language and some drug use
Available film art: Punisher: War Zone movie posters
Waging his one-man war on the world of organized crime, ruthless vigilante-hero Frank Castle sets his sights on overeager mob boss Billy Russoti. After Russoti is left horribly disfigured by Castle, he sets out for vengeance under his new alias: Jigsaw. With the "Punisher Task Force" hot on his trail and the FBI unable to take Jigsaw in, Frank must stand up to the formidable army that Jigsaw has recruited before more of his evil deeds go unpunished.
You can purchase Punisher: War Zone movie posters at All Movie Replicas.


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LUBBOCK (August 14, 2012) -- Sophomore starting offensive lineman Brian Thomas and sophomore safety Urell Johnson have left the Texas Tech Red Raiders.
The 6-3, 319-pound Thomas was a two-year starter at guard, but coach Tommy Tuberville says he was sliding down the depth chart because of conditioning and medical issues.
Tuberville says Johnson was leaving to transfer to Southern Mississippi nearer to New Orleans, his hometown.


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Make Up For Ever Eye Prime
New Primer on the Block
Make Up For Ever Eye Prime ($22.00 for 0.18 oz.) is described as a "light nude" primer that "reinforces eyeshadow hold and intensifies its color." It's supposed to help your eyeshadows look more true-to-color and prevent them from creasing and fading. While it appears to be a pale beige if you swatch it on your skin, once blended onto the skin as a thin layer, it's invisible against my skin tone. I would only imagine seeing the slightest lightness on darker complexions, because it pretty much blends to an invisible layer of product. For the purpose of this review, I used "pigmentation" as the metric to measure whether the primer made colors look true-to-pan or not.
As a result, this formula is most comparable to popular primers Urban Decay Primer Potion and Too Faced Shadow Insurance. Both have a similar consistency and look. The differences are negligible, and I don't think most would notice unless you were really looking for them. Make Up For Ever Eye Prime seems a little wetter and more emollient in a way, as it slides across even dry areas well without emphasizing them. It helps lids look smoother, and it does prevent eyeshadow from creasing and fading. I tested some eyeshadows that typically crease and fade if worn alone over this, and I saw improved wear–none of the creasing/fading that would have occurred had I applied them over my bare lids. I don't think it necessarily amped up my eyeshadow, but it didn't subdue it, either, which some primers can do, depending on their coloring.
You might know this already, but Urban Decay's Original Primer Potion creases on me after six hours or so–sometimes it holds up better, sometimes it doesn't. Too Faced I haven't had problems with, and I can use other shades of Urban Decay's (like Eden). I would also say it compares favorably with NARS Smudgeproof, which looks white when swatched and goes on invisible once blended out. NARS has a slightly more velvety feel after it dries down.
Make Up For Ever's is the most expensive of the bunch at $122/oz. Urban Decay is $54/oz., Too Faced is $51/oz., and NARS is $92/oz. Both Make Up For Ever and NARS come in an opaque tube with a doe-foot applicator, while Urban Decay and Too Faced come in squeeze-tubes.
Which of these primers have you tried? Does one work better than the other?
The Glossover
Eye Prime
|As always, your mileage may vary. I know the original Urban Decay Primer Potion works for many, many people. I've heard some readers say NARS was one of the worst. Others love Too Faced. Make Up For Ever is the most recent primer added to the line-up. If you've never tried any of them, all four are worth considering.
|Login or Register to be able to add this to your Vanity or Wishlist! Plus rate and review!


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Learn Russian at LSI Riga
With a population of nearly 800,000 people, Riga is one of the largest cities in northern Europe. With the quaint beauty of the Old Town, the splendid architecture, the various stretches of parkland and the nearby beach resort of Jurmala, Riga provides something for everyone. In Riga, you will find a typical European city with many cosmopolitan shops. Morever Riga is an important centre of learning demonstrated by the many cultural events, international exhibitions, scientific conferences and seminars that take place every year in this, Latvia's historic captial city. Here in Riga you can enjoy Russian culture, go to the Russian Theatre, enjoy Russian cuisine, visit the orthodox churches and, if you come in summer time, you can experience the many Russian festivals taking place in Jurmala. Riga provides the ideal environment to learn Russian. You can stay with Russian-speaking hosts and there are many newspapers and magazines, radio and TV channels, cinemas and theatres all in Russian.


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Request a quote here OR simply call us for a quote.
Remember that by getting a quote, there's absolutely no obligation to buy. We simply want you to give us the opportunity to see how easy and valuable our service is to you.
Our #1 goal: To have customers that love us!


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Below is the poem entitled Terrible Two's which was written by poet
Leccese. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Nathan Leccese
Such a wonderful stage of maturing,
that every parent goes though enduring.
Terrible two's is the name of this phase,
makes parents pull their hair in amaze.
You end up sounding like a broken record,
as you repeat yourself you feel ignored.
You tell them to come here at least five times,
as you raise your voice to screaming sometimes.
You know they can hear you but choose to ignore,
they kick and scream throwing fits on the floor.
At this point a time out has been earned,
they are up and about when you have returned.
If they have brothers or sisters around,
the civil rivalry is profound.
They push your buttons to test your will,
to raise and train them and give them skills.
But just remember when you've had enough,
keep your cool and don't be so rough.
These are just kids and this is what they do,
you love them to death this much is true.
They are just learning trying to find their way,
following your steps each and every day.
Nathan Bane Leccese
©All Rights Reserved 05/26/2009


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This is the era when the coupes were big, fast, and brilliant. This 1964 Ford Galaxie 500 is an ideal mixture of luxury... More
The Boss found a Goody here. This Rare, Super Clean, Triple Black, P coded, 1964 Ford Galaxie 500 shows the love and the care... More
The 1964 year model was the fourth and final year of this body style. Interior trim was much altered, and the exterior featured a... More
Convertible, Black/Black Ext/Int, 390 V8, Auto, Pwr Steering, Vin:02923... More
1964 Ford Galaxie 500 fastback 2dr. hardtop. Nicely refinished in original color of Phoencian Yellow with the original black vinyl top in excellent condition.... More
1964 Ford Galaxy 500 2dr ht, 390 hi-po, fact 4 speed, ga car, good seats, new carpet and paint, newer tires, runs good. ... More


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Domestic Appliance Repairs and Sales in Southampton
Portswood Domestics have been established in domestic sales and repairs for over 16 years and during that time have built up a reputation for providing good value, reliable, reconditioned domestic appliances, such as:-
* Washing Machines
* Dishwashers
* Electric Ovens
* Fridges
* Freezers
* Vacuum Cleaners
All appliances are sold fully serviced and come with a 6 month parts and labour warranty, with free supply and fitting to existing connections. Delivery is guaranteed to be within 3 days and is free within the local area.
All major brands are stocked, including Hotpoint, Zanussi, Bosch, Indesit and Creda; please call in to our showroom to view the products on show and discuss your requirements with our friendly and efficient staff.
We also buy kitchen appliances in good condition, so, if you have a washing machine, fridge/freezer, dishwasher or electric cooker that you wish to sell, please call in or ring for a quotation.
As well as offering reconditioned domestic appliances, we also offer a call out repair service. For all our existing customers, this is a free service, otherwise a £10 call out charge is levied. All local areas are covered, including as far as Portsmouth, Winchester and the New Forest.
In addition to appliances, we also hold a comprehensive stock of domestic appliance spares - ranging from vacuum cleaner bags and belts to electric cooker elements and, if we don't have the item you need, we will generally obtain it for you within 24 hours.
Opening Times
9:00 - 17:00
Tel: 02380 584255
No CouponView
Cash redemption value 0.001p. Offer only valid with this coupon
Yellowtom is an international local marketing platform powered by NetTrackers


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Hover For Resource Information
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Candy Board Baseboards are non toxic, and you have the option of distressed or solid finish. We offer 25 colors to choose from! They are individually handcrafted which makes each baseboard unique in style. They are portable and lightweight. Use these to add flavor to any type and style of backdrop. These baseboards are sure to become a staple within your everyday photography photoshoots!
Manufactured by Pro Photo Baseboards


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You are here: DistanceLearningU.com >> Computer >> Business Management
Business Management Online Degrees in Computer
Business Management Distance Learning Programs Computer
A program in Business Management prepares students to acquire an understanding of all functional areas of a typical business. This includes concepts of accounting, finance, human resource management, production, information systems, and marketing. Successful graduates may find employment in entry-level management positions such as those of assistant managers, supervisors, or project managers. Some may also go into specialized fields like marketing, advertising, and so on. Coursework in Business Management includes fundamental concepts of leadership, communication, teamwork, business strategy, organizational operations, and standard financial and accounting courses. Graduates often continue their education at the Master's level. Current career prospects are good due to the wide scope made possible by a Business Management degree.
Results Found: 2 Business Management Distance Learning Programs & Online Degrees
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Choi + Shine Architects, who envisioned the beautiful Land of Giants in 2010, developed a new lighting system called the BIT Light™. BIT's name is primarily derived from the Korean word for light (빛) which is somewhat pronounced like "bit" in English. It also stands for Bulb with Integrated... View full entry »
California will soon be home to the world's two largest solar towers through an ambitious project known as The Palen Solar Electrical Generating System.
The announcement was made shortly after the US Department of Interior announced the country was to add 1.1 gigawatts to its clean energy capacity. California has also committed to have a third of their power must be derived from renewable sources by the year 2030. — DesignBuild Source
Nextek Power Systems... has developed a system for delivering power via DC to lights and motion sensors through a building's metal frame, instead of through wires.
Paul Savage, chief executive of Nextek... said the current was not enough to electrocute anyone.
"If you licked your fingers you might get a little bubbly feeling, like if you put a nine-volt battery on your tongue, but it is not noticeable if you're in a non-wet environment," he said. — NYTimes
A 6 to 17% gain in transmission efficiency is pretty significant! Plus you eliminate the third wire. View full entry »
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... an emerging Christian community based in Medway that is a creative and inclusive group seeking to travel a journey of Christian faith together, listening to each other as we grow into an intentional community ...
we are people that long, maybe even too scared to dream, of church being a place which really connects with people outside, but also with us.
We dream of a church where differences are celebrated and add to the communities flavour.
We are not worried so much about what people believe, but more concerned about how we believe: how we live out faith, how we are Christ-like.
We don't care so much about worship style, but interested in something that's authentic and enables all of us to connect with God where we are both emotionally and spiritually.
We really do believe and accept that faith is a journey, and that we can all exist at different points on the road, or even off it, with no fear of condemnation.
We are a growing community that does not judge a person by how they look, how they sound or by what they believe.
We want to see a community that loves and has people at its heart rather than being focused on a program that must be delivered.
We believe a community should be one that get together in a variety of ways regularly throughout the week to enjoy relationship with each other and with God, and is not restricted to any one day or meeting.
We are willing to pay the cost of time that comes with developing relationships.
We want to see 'the gathering' as a place where people belong because they are connected and on the journey, not a place where they can only belong if they turn up at a particular time, day and place.
We want to see a community that really believes in mission that makes a difference, that not only welcomes in strangers, but expects and allows the community to change due to what that new person brings with them.
We believe church is about participation and engagement of the majority, rather than being consumerist and led by a few specialists.
We are tired of being told the same stuff and want to discover together how to live Christian spirituality meaningfully in our world!
We long for their experience of church to inform their experience of the world and vice versa.


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Griffin Support
How can I check the firmware version and remaining battery life of my PowerMate Bluetooth?
First, make sure the "Show in menu bar" checkbox has been check in the PowerMate Manager. Then, click the PowerMate Bluetooth icon in the menu bar. You'll see a list of all available PowerMates. Hover your mouse over the PowerMate name to see information including firmware version, battery level, and configured actions.


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In this section, we will generate an RSA key and then transfer it to card.
The pros : you may transfer your PEM key to a CD-ROM and store it in a safe place. Remove your key from the computer, so that it resides only on the smart card. If the smart card is lost or destroyed, you can initialize a new smart card.
The cons : this solution is not considered perfectly secure. If your computer is compromised, the secret key may be compromised.
Warning: always make a backup of the original file containing RSA keys and certificates.
Step 1: Generate an RSA key on your computer
To generate a private key id_rsa.pem using the RSA-2048 algorithm:
Transfer the key to smartcard/token:
Step 2: Configure OpenSSL to use smartcard cryptographic engine
For safety, we will be using OpenSSL with engine_pkcs11 to generate certificate using the smart card cryptographic engine.
Enter OpenSSL command prompt:
Copy the following line and paste it in OpenSSL command prompt:
[Success]: SO_PATH:/usr/lib/engines/engine_pkcs11.so
[Success]: ID:pkcs11
[Success]: LIST_ADD:1
[Success]: LOAD
[Success]: MODULE_PATH:opensc-pkcs11.so
Loaded: (pkcs11) pkcs11 engine
Under Mac OS X, you may need to enter the last command will full path to opensc-pkcs11.so, i.e.:
Do not exit the OpenSSL command prompt.
Step 3: Creating a self-signed certificate
We are going to generate a certificate using this RSA key.
Query available slots:
token label: François Pérou (User PIN)
token manuf: EnterSafe
token model: PKCS#15
token flags: rng, login required, PIN initialized, token initialized
serial num : 2998511513171109
The smart card is in slot 5.
The RSA key has ID c6f280080fb0ed1ebff0480a01d00a98a1b3b89a.
The corresponding SSL id is: slot_5-id_c6f280080fb0ed1ebff0480a01d00a98a1b3b89a
The syntax is slot_
Copy the following line, enter your values and paste it in OpenSSL command prompt:
Will then asked for PIN and certificate information:
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
into your certificate request.
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
For some fields there will be a default value,
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
Country Name (2 letter code) [AU]:FR
State or Province Name (full name) [Some-State]:Yvelines
Locality Name (eg, city) []:La Celle Saint-Cloud
Organization Name (eg, company) [Internet Widgits Pty Ltd]:GOOZE
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Customer support
Common Name (eg, YOUR name) []:François Pérou
Email Address []:fran****ou@goo*e.e*
You self-signed certificate was saved to cert.pem. The certificate can be verified against itself:
Step 4: Storing certificate on card
Now we can store the certificate on card, with same ID as the RSA key.
First, query the ID of the RSA key:
Private RSA Key [Private Key]
Com. Flags : 3
Usage : [0x4], sign
Access Flags: [0x1D], sensitive, alwaysSensitive, neverExtract, local
ModLength : 2048
Key ref : 1
Native : yes
Path : 3f005015
Auth ID : 01
ID : c6f280080fb0ed1ebff0480a01d00a98a1b3b89a
Now we store certificate on card:
Please enter User PIN:
After entering PIN code, the certificate is stored.
Your card is now usable for authentication.
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Ben Hubbert
Ben Hubbert, co-owner of Champion AC, is a former member of Special Operations in the Air Force, who's now committed to helping San Antonio reduce our community's demands on the energy grid. Visit championac.com or twitter.com/championac or call (210) 699-0022 for more information.
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Earth Day 2013 Activities
Today is Earth Day! Every year, April 22 is set aside as a day to honor environmental awareness and action. Here in San Antonio, there are plenty of things to do this week (and this weekend) in honor of Earth Day. Here are just a couple of events. HEB is once again giving away reusable […] [Read More]
Have You Tried e-Cycling?
Earth Day 2011 is two weeks away – April 22. One of the things our company tries to do is help customers accomplish small things to become more environmentally conscious. That's also the goal of Earth Day. You've probably heard the common tips to help "go green" a million times – things like carpooling, using […] [Read More]


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Shop All Brands
Whether you're exploring mountaintops, the ocean's shadowy depths - or the far reaches of your cable box - The 42-20 Chrono's got your back. With classic tank styling and all the features to boot, it's a serious timepiece with an appreciation for the finer things. 6 hand Japanese quartz movement controls time, sub dial, chrono and date with the utmost in Eastern precision, while a range of finishes, from raw steel to precious metals to custom Chromacoat, keeps you classy. Wherever you are.
Please select an option.
{"singleVariantMessage":"","widgetClass":"VariantMatrixWidget","backorderMessage":"Backordered","backorderMessageSingleVariant":"This item is backordered.","orderedSelection":true,"productVariantId":0,"variantIdField":"product55209_VariantId","backorderToMessageSingleVariant":"This item is backordered and is expected by {0}.","productId":55209,"priceVariance":true,"backorderToMessage":"Backordered to {0}","singleVariantId":54688,"updateLastSelector":true,"fireStatusEvents":true}


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Root nodule
Root nodules occur on the roots of plants (primarily Fabaceae) that associate with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Under nitrogen-limiting conditions, capable plants form a symbiotic relationship with a host-specific strain of bacteria known as rhizobia. This process has evolved multiple times within the Fabaceae, as well as in other species found within the Rosid clade.[1]
Within legume nodules, nitrogen gas from the atmosphere is converted into ammonia, which is then assimilated into amino acids (the building blocks of proteins), nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA as well as the important energy molecule ATP), and other cellular constituents such as vitamins, flavones, and hormones. Their ability to fix gaseous nitrogen makes legumes an ideal agricultural organism as their requirement for nitrogen fertilizer is reduced. Indeed high nitrogen content blocks nodule development as there is no benefit for the plant of forming the symbiosis. The energy for splitting the nitrogen gas in the nodule comes from sugar that is translocated from the leaf (a product of photosynthesis). Malate as a breakdown product of sucrose is the direct carbon source for the bacteroid. Nitrogen fixation in the nodule is very oxygen sensitive. Legume nodules harbor an iron containing protein called leghaemoglobin, closely related to animal myoglobin, to facilitate the conversion of nitrogen gas to ammonia.root nodules are present in leguminous plants (sweet pea)
Two main types of nodule have been described: determinate and indeterminate.[2]
Determinate nodules are found on certain tribes of tropical legume such as those of the genera Glycine (soybean), Phaseolus (common bean), and Vigna. and on some temperate legumes such as Lotus. These determinate nodules lose meristematic activity shortly after initiation, thus growth is due to cell expansion resulting in mature nodules which are spherical in shape. Another types of determinate nodule is found in a wide range of herbs, shrubs and trees, such as Arachis (peanut). These are always associated with the axils of lateral or adventitious roots and are formed following infection via cracks where these roots emerge and not using root hairs. Their internal structure is quite different from those of the soybean type of nodule.[3]
Indeterminate nodules are found in the majority of legumes from all three sub-families, whether in temperate regions or in the tropics. They can be seen in papilioinoid legumes such as Pisum (pea), Medicago (alfalfa), Trifolium (clover), and Vicia (vetch) and all mimosoid legumes such as acacias (mimosas), the few nodulated caesalpinioid legumes such as partridge pea They earned the name "indeterminate" because they maintain an active apical meristem that produces new cells for growth over the life of the nodule. This results in the nodule having a generally cylindrical shape, which may be extensively branched.[3] Because they are actively growing, indeterminate nodules manifest zones which demarcate different stages of development/symbiosis:[4][5][6]
- Zone I—the active meristem. This is where new nodule tissue is formed which will later differentiate into the other zones of the nodule.
- Zone II—the infection zone. This zone is permeated with infection threads full of bacteria. The plant cells are larger than in the previous zone and cell division is halted.
- Interzone II–III—Here the bacteria have entered the plant cells, which contain amyloplasts. They elongate and begin terminally differentiating into symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing bacteroids.
- Zone III—the nitrogen fixation zone. Each cell in this zone contains a large, central vacuole and the cytoplasm is filled with fully differentiated bacteroids which are actively fixing nitrogen. The plant provides these cells with leghemoglobin, resulting in a distinct pink color.
- Zone IV—the senescent zone. Here plant cells and their bacteroid contents are being degraded. The breakdown of the heme component of leghemoglobin results in a visible greening at the base of the nodule. This is the most widely studied type of nodule, but the details are quite different in nodules of peanut and relatives and some other important crops such as lupins where the nodule is formed following direct infection of rhizobia through the epidermis and where infection threads are never formed. Nodules grow around the root, forming a collar-like structure. In these nodules and in the peanut type the central infected tissue is uniform, lacking the uninfected ells seen in nodules of soybean and many indeterminate types such as peas and clovers.
Legumes release compounds called flavonoids from their roots, which trigger the production of nod factors by the bacteria. When the nod factor is sensed by the root, a number of biochemical and morphological changes happen: cell division is triggered in the root to create the nodule, and the root hair growth is redirected to wind around the bacteria multiple times until it fully encapsulates 1 or more bacteria. The bacteria encapsulated divide multiple times, forming a microcolony. From this microcolony, the bacteria enter the developing nodule through a structure called an infection thread, which grows through the root hair into the basal part of the epidermis cell, and onwards into the root cortex; they are then surrounded by a plant-derived membrane and differentiate into bacteroids that fix nitrogen.
Nodulation is controlled by a variety of processes, both external (heat, acidic soils, drought, nitrate) and internal (autoregulation of nodulation, ethylene). Autoregulation of nodulation controls nodule numbers per plant through a systemic process involving the leaf. Leaf tissue senses the early nodulation events in the root through an unknown chemical signal, then restricts further nodule development in newly developing root tissue. The Leucine rich repeat (LRR) receptor kinases (NARK in soybean (Glycine max); HAR1 in Lotus japonicus, SUNN in Medicago truncatula) are essential for autoregulation of nodulation (AON). Mutation leading to loss of function in these AON receptor kinases leads to supernodulation or hypernodulation. Often root growth abnormalities accompany the loss of AON receptor kinase activity, suggesting that nodule growth and root development are functionally linked. Investigations into the mechanisms of nodule formation showed that the ENOD40 gene, coding for a 12–13 amino acid protein [41], is up-regulated during nodule formation [3].
Connection to root structure[edit]
Root nodules apparently have evolved three times within the Fabaceae but are rare outside that family. The propensity of these plants to develop root nodules seems to relate to their root structure. In particular, a tendency to develop lateral roots in response to abscisic acid may enable the later evolution of root nodules.[7]
In other species[edit]
Root nodules that occur on non-legume genera like Parasponia in association with Rhizobium bacteria, and those that arise from symbiotic interactions with Actinobacteria Frankia in some plant genera such as Alnus, vary significantly from those formed in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis. In these symbioses the bacteria are never released from the infection thread. Frankia nodulates approximately two hundred species in the following orders (families in parentheses): Cucurbitales (Coriariaceae and Datiscaceae), Fagales (Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae, and Myricaceae), Rosales (Rhamnaceae, Elaeagnaceae and Rosaceae).[8] Actinorhizal symbioses account for roughly the same amount of nitrogen fixation as rhizobial symbioses.[8] All of these orders, with the Fabales, form a single nitrogen-fixing clade within the wider clade of Rosids.
Some fungi produce nodular structures known as tuberculate ectomycorrhizae on the roots of their plant hosts. Suillus tomentosus, for example, produces these structures with its plant host lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia). These structures have in turn been shown to host nitrogen fixing bacteria which contribute a significant amount of nitrogen and allow the pines to colonize nutrient-poor sites.[9]
- ^ Doyle, J. J. & Luckow, M. A. (2003). "The Rest of the Iceberg. Legume Diversity and Evolution in a Phylogenetic Context". Plant Physiology 131 (3): 900–910. doi:10.1104/pp.102.018150. PMC 1540290. PMID 12644643.
- ^ Martin Crespi & Susana Gálvez (2000). "Molecular Mechanisms in Root Nodule Development" (PDF). Journal of Plant Growth and Regulation 19 (2): 155–166. doi:10.1007/s003440000023. PMID 11038225.
- ^ a b Sprent 2009, Legume nodulation: a global perspective. Wiley-Blackwell
- ^ Fabrice Foucher & Eva Kondorosi (2000). "Cell cycle regulation in the course of nodule organogenesis in Medicago" (PDF). Plant Molecular Biology 43 (5–6): 773–786. doi:10.1023/A:1006405029600. PMID 11089876.
- ^ Hannah Monahan-Giovanelli; Catalina Arango Pinedo & Daniel J. Gage (2006). "Architecture of Infection Thread Networks in Developing Root Nodules Induced by the Symbiotic Bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti on Medicago truncatula". Plant Physiology 104 (2): 661–670. doi:10.1104/pp.105.072876. PMC 1361332. PMID 16384905.
- ^ Willem Van de Velde; Juan Carlos Pérez Guerra; Annick De Keyser; Riet De Rycke et al. (2006). "Aging in Legume Symbiosis. A Molecular View on Nodule Senescence in Medicago truncatula". Plant Physiology Review 141 (2): 711–20. doi:10.1104/pp.106.078691. PMC 1475454. PMID 16648219.
- ^ Yan Liang & Jeanne M. Harris (2005). "Response of root branching to abscisic acid is correlated with nodule formation both in legumes and nonlegumes". American Journal of Botany 92 (10): 1675–1683. doi:10.3732/ajb.92.10.1675.
- ^ a b Jeff J. Doyle (1998). "Phylogenetic perspectives on nodulation: evolving views of plants and symbiotic bacteria". Trends in Plant Science 3 (12): 473–778. doi:10.1016/S1360-1385(98)01340-5.
- ^ Paul, L.R.; Chapman, B.K.; Chanway, C.P. (2007). "Nitrogen Fixation Associated with Suillus tomentosus Tuberculate Ectomycorrhizae on Pinus contorta var. latifolia". Annals of Botany 99 (6): 1101–1109. doi:10.1093/aob/mcm061. PMC 3243579. PMID 17468111.


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Wright State University
Unclassified Staff Advisory Council
September 29, 2005
2:30 – 4:00 pm
E041 Student Union
Mendy Beverly, CATS
Linda Hockaday, College of Education and Human Services
John Sheidler, School of Medicine
Greg Kojola, School of Medicine
Kim Brumbaugh, University Center for International Education
David Huritz, University College
Gary Sutton, Student Loan Collections
Barb Bullock, Budget Planning and Resource Analysis
Mike Coyle, Grounds Maintenanct
The meeting was called to order by Mendy Beverly, USAC Chair.
Mendy Beverly opened the meeting with a welcome to the new academic year. At her request, all attendees introduced themselves and indicating their college or department. In addition, this year's USAC officers identified themselves to the grop.
There were no committee reports.
1. PMG Classification Study Update
Alan Boggs reports that work is ongoing in this area. He will attend the October 27th USAC meeting to share a more detailed update with the group.
1. Staff Development Day
The date for the next WSU Staff Development Day has been set for December 14th. Anticipated sessions will include: Banner Human Resources and Payroll, Myers-Briggs Typological Indicator, Stress Management, and Listening & Memory.
Lillie Howard will be the luncheon speaker – the topic cover the accreditation process.
2. USAC Website Update
Linda Hockaday reported that the USAC is now up to date. She will be working on the site from home, due to technology limitations in her office. This means that it may take a few days for new information to be loaded on the site.
Linda reported that she plans to streamline the website by change the existing archival minutes and agenda pages to PDF documents. All future documents will be added to the site as PDF documents instead of as individual web pages.
It was agreed by the group that the link to the 2003 USAC Survey Results could be removed from the homepage.
Linda encourages input from all staff as to ways to improve and update the USAC website. It was suggested that we review the CSAC website for ideas.
3. WSU Staff Council Meeting Update
Mendy Beverly reported that the WSU Staff Council held their first meeting on September 28, 2005. This group is a combination of classified and unclassified staff – providing a collaborative venue for discussion of issues that concern both groups.
Mendy reported that discussion primarily surrounded the flat rate payroll scale and its effects on classified staff.
Dr. Rickert, convener for the group, suggested that the group create an official proposal to close down over the holiday break. The group did not feel that this was possible for 2005/2006. This subject will be continued for consideration in future yeas.
Future topics for WSU Staff Council meetings are viewable on their website:
www.wright.edu/admin/staffcouncil/ . If anyone would like to suggest a topic for this group, please forward your ideas to a Staff Council member.
4. Strategic Planning Committee Retreat - MB attended.
Mendy Beverly attended this event which focused on reviewing the strategic plan and were the university stands. The most discussed item seemed to be the Wright Center for Innovation – a new building under construction.
5. CSAC/USAC Holiday Party
CSAC has invited USAC to share the holiday party again this year. It is scheduled for December 15th. After brief discussion it was agreed that we would join them in this event. Mendy Beverly will work with Tami Smith, CSAC Chair, on this.
6. Future Meeting Topics
Mendy Beverly encourages Unclassified staff to submit topics for discussion at future meetings.
The Meeting was adjourned by Mendy Beverly.
Next Meeting: Thursday, October 27, 2005
2:30 – 4:00 pm
040 Library Annex
Return to the Wright State University home page
Return to the Unclassified Staff Advisory Council home page


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[Webinar] Web Tools for Teachers
Written by Forrest 9 October 2012
If you haven't experienced a Smackdown Webinar yet, you don't know what you're missing! These fast paced webinars showcase a variety of free tech tools, everything from old favorites to newly released up-and-comers.
Normally, only Full Access Community Members can watch on-demand webinar recordings, but for a limited time, you can enjoy this on-demand webinar for FREE!
If you enjoy this on-demand recording, be on the look-out for upcoming Smackdown sessions. We normally offer about one each month. View and register for upcoming webinars inside SimpleK12's Teacher Learning Community.
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Nick Saban breaks down Bill Belichick's hybrid/subpackage defenders
|08.11.12 at 2:13 pm ET
Alabama coach Nick Saban worked with Bill Belichick for several seasons in Cleveland, and probably knows the intricacies of a Belichick defense better than most. That's what makes this video (from our friends at Smart Football so fascinating to watch — at a recent press conference, Saban was asked about the "star" and the "money" positions on defense, and he explains where he first heard them (with Belichick in Cleveland), how they were created, how they've evolved and what makes a quality player at those positions. (If the video doesn't start there automatically, jump to the 5:30 mark.) Really, some great insight here.