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A bone staple includes a body and a pair of angled arms oppositely threaded into opposite ends of the body. The body has at least one generally flat periphery striking surface and a corresponding relatively sharp outward protrusion at an opposite side of the body from the striking surface. According to the disclosed method, the bone staple is implanted by driving the staple partly into two bone members and then rotating the body to threadably adjust the positions of the arms and thereby exert a force between the bone members. The staple is next driven further by striking the striking surface until the protrusion embeds beneath a bone surface to prevent rotation of the body. A driver tool useful for implanting the staple has a clamping head which receives the staple body and rigidly clamps the angled arms.
1. Bone staple apparatus for exerting and maintaining a force between two bone members, comprising:
a body having opposite axially aligned ends threaded axially in opposite directions to one another, a substantially flat peripheral striking surface, and a relatively sharp outward protrusion disposed laterally across said body from said striking surface; and
a pair of angled arms each having a threaded end portion in axial threaded engagement with a respective one of said axial ends of said body and a free end portion extending substantially perpendicular to the axis of said body for implantation into a bone member.
2. Bone staple apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said striking surface is planar.
3. Bone staple apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said protrusion defines a peripheral edge portion extending axially of said body.
4. Bone staple apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said arms are substantially right angular.
5. Bone staple apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said free end portion is serrated and has a sharpened tip.
6. Bone staple apparatus according to claim 5, wherein said free end portion has a serrated inner side and a smooth outer side.
7. Bone staple apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said body has a plurality of said striking surfaces facing outward of said body in different directions and a plurality of said protrusions, there being one of said protrusions disposed laterally across said body from each of said striking surfaces.
8. Bone staple apparatus according to claim 7, wherein said plurality of striking surfaces includes three striking surfaces defined by respective sides of a portion of said body which is substantially triangular in cross section.
9. Bone staple apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said portion of said body is enlarged and disposed intermediate said opposite ends of said body.
10. Bone staple apparatus according to claim 8, wherein said one protrusion is formed by a junction region of two of said three striking surfaces.
11. Bone staple apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said three striking surfaces are planar, forming sharp edges at their junctions.
12. Bone staple apparatus according to claim 8, in combination with a wrench having a head configured to receive said portion of said body and to engage said striking surfaces for rotating said body.
13. A method of exerting and maintaining a force between two bone members, comprising
providing a bone staple including a body having laterally outward protrusion means and axially aligned opposite ends, said ends being threaded axially in opposite directions to one another, and a pair of angled arms each having a threaded end portion in axial threaded engagement with a respective one of said ends of said body and a free end portion extending substantially perpendicular to the axis of said body,
partially inserting the free end portions of said arms into said two bone members, respectively,
rotating said body to threadably adjust the relative positions of said arms axially of said ends of said body, and
further inserting said free end portions within said bone members and embedding said protrusion means beneath a bone surface to prevent further rotation of said body.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of rotating includes turning said body in such a direction as to draw said arms together and compress said bone members against each other.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of rotating includes applying a wrench to a triangular peripheral section of said body and turning said body with said wrench and wherein the step of embedding includes embedding a junction region of two sides of said triangular peripheral section beneath said bone surface.
16. The method of claim 13, wherein the step of further inserting includes subjecting said striking surface to an impact force.
The subject invention relates to surgical methods and apparatus for repairing bone injuries and disorders and is more particularly concerned with that aspect of bone repair involving the use of implants. The invention pertains specifically to a bone staple for exerting and maintaining a force between two pieces of bone and to a driver tool useful in implanting the staple. The invention also pertains to a method of implanting a staple of the aforementioned type.
Among their many uses, orthopedic implants are frequently employed for the dual purpose of exerting a force between a pair of bone members to adjust their relative positions and then holding the bone members under pressure so that, over a period of time, they grow to assume their adjusted positions permanently. For example, in the case of bone fractures, implants are often used to place and retain the affected bone fragments in tight compression against each other. This procedure ensures rigid fixation at the fracture site, and thus proper union of the fragments, and accelerates the healing process as well.
In one of its principal aspects, the invention provides a bone staple which is generally applicable for exerting and maintaining a force between two bone members and which is especially useful for placing and retaining fractures in compression. Generally speaking, a bone staple in accordance with the invention comprises a body which has opposite axially aligned ends threaded in opposite directions, a substantially flat peripheral striking surface, and a relatively sharp outward protrusion disposed laterally across the body from the striking surface. The staple further includes a pair of angled arms threadably engageable with the opposite ends of the body, respectively.
As will be explained more fully hereinafter, the staple utilizes the basic principle of a turnbuckle for adjustment of the relative positions of the angled arms in order to exert a selected force between respective bone members in which the arms have been partially inserted. Following adjustment of the staple, the staple arms are driven further into the respective bone members by hitting a striking surface of the body either directly or indirectly with an impact tool until the protrusion, which is located generally opposite the striking surface, embeds beneath a bone surface (perhaps in a complementary osteotomized recess). So embedded, the protrusion prevents rotation of the staple body and, consequently, any change in the force exerted by the staple arms. In a preferred embodiment, the staple includes three striking surfaces defined by respective sides of a triangular portion of the body, each striking surface having a corresponding protrusion formed at an opposite side of the body by the junction area of the two remaining striking surfaces.
It has been found in trial applications of the inventive staple that it may be especially advantageous in certain cases to hold the angled arms fixed relative to each other as the staple is initially implanted, prior to adjustment. Hence, another major aspect of the invention pertains to a tool suitable for this purpose. More particularly, the invention provides a tool for holding and driving a bone staple of a type having a generally central body with opposite ends and a pair of angled arms respectively receivable by the opposite ends of the body and rotatable on an axis extending between the ends of the body when so received. The tool includes first and second members defining a clamping head having two pairs of opposed jaws adjacent opposite ends of a recess configured to receive the staple body. The tool further includes means cooperable with the clamping head defining members for urging the opposed jaws together to clamp the angled arm members rigidly.
A further major aspect of the invention pertains to a staple and driver tool combination, the staple and driver having the characteristics described in the preceding paragraph.
According to yet another major aspect of the invention, there is provided a method for exerting and maintaining a force between two bone members. The method comprises the steps of providing a bone staple which includes a body having laterally outward protrusion means and which further includes a pair of angled arms oppositely threaded to opposite axially aligned ends of the body, with end portions of the arms freely extending laterally beyond the periphery of the body; partially inserting the end portions of the arms into respective bone members; rotating the staple body to threadably adjust the relative positions of the arms axially of the body; and further inserting the end portions of the arms within the respective bone members and embedding the protrusion means of the body beneath a bone surface.
The features and advantages of the invention will be more fully appreciated from the following description of the preferred embodiments taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a plan view showing a bone staple according to the invention implanted to repair a fractured bone;
FIG. 2 is a side elevation view of the staple of FIG. 1 with the staple arms in an open or spread condition;
FIG. 3 is an end view of the staple;
FIG. 4 is a side elevation view of the staple with the staple arms drawn in, as for compressing a fracture site;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a wrench for adjusting the staple;
FIG. 6 is a top plan view of a driver tool for use in implanting the staple;
FIG. 7 is a side elevation view of the driver tool with the staple received therein;
FIG. 8 is a bottom plan view of the driver tool with the staple received therein; and
FIG. 9 is a an end view showing a clamping head of the driver tool with the staple received therein.
Referring now to the drawings, FIGS. 2 and 3 depict a preferred bone staple 10 in accordance with the invention. The staple includes a generally central body 12 and a pair of angled arms 20,30 received by opposite axial ends 14,16 of body 12, respectively. Staple 10 may be made of any appropriate surgical material, such as titanium, which is of suitable strength and rigidity to perform the functions hereinafter described.
In the form shown, body 12 is constructed as a turnbuckle, having an internal axial bore 15 extending betweens its opposite ends 14,16. Bore 15 is internally threaded at the opposite ends of the body, as shown particularly in FIG. 2. The ends of bore 15 are threaded in opposite directions. Arms 20,30 have respective externally threaded ends 22,32 threadably received in the opposite ends of body 12. It will be appreciated that the relative positions of the angled arms 20,30 may be adjusted axially of body 12 simply by rotating the body on its axis about the received arm ends--rotation in one direction causing the arms to move apart and rotation in the opposite direction causing the arms to move toward each other.
In order that the staple may be implanted, arms 20,30, which are substantially right angular in the illustrative embodiment, have respective freely extending portions 24,34. These portions project laterally beyond the periphery of body 12 for impaction or otherwise being inserted into corresponding bone members in a manner to be explained shortly. To facilitate impaction, the extensions 24,34 have respective sharpened tips 26,36. For most applications, the staple is contemplated for permanent implantation in the patient, and the extensions 24,34 are therefore provided with bone engaging serrations, such as barbs 27,37, to prevent the extensions from backing out of the associated bone members once the staple has been implanted. The illustrative staple 10 is designed for the purpose of compressing bone fractures, and the barbs 27,37 are thus disposed only on the inner sides of the associated extensions to grip the associated bone fragments as the staple arms are drawn together. The outer sides 28,38 of the extensions are smooth and flattened to reduce bulk.
In accordance with an important aspect of the invention, body 12 of the staple has at least one relatively flat striking surface, as at 17, with a relatively sharp outward protrusion disposed laterally across the body from the striking surface, as at 18. The striking surface facilitates implantation of the staple by providing an impact surface which may be struck, either directly or indirectly, with an appropriate tool to drive arm extensions 24,34 into respective bone members. The protrusion, as will be explained in more detail shortly, acts to prevent rotation of body 12 once the staple has been fully implanted. Preferably, as in the exemplary embodiment, body 12 has three striking surfaces facing outwardly in different directions and defined by respective sides of a triangular peripheral portion of the body. A corresponding outward protrusion is formed opposite each striking surface by the junction region of the remaining two surfaces, each junction region providing a sharp axial edge portion on the body. To avoid confusing the drawings, only one of the three striking surfaces (17) and the corresponding protrusion (18) have been specifically designated with reference numerals. In the illustrative staple 10, body 12 is generally cylindrical, with the triangular portion being constituted by an enlarged central portion of the body. This offers certain advantages in practice which will be discussed shortly.
The following discussion provides a procedure for implanting the staple in the exemplary context of bone fracture repair and will serve to illuminate the functional significance of the various features of staple 10 described above. FIGS. 1 and 4 depict staple 10 implanted to repair a fracture F between two bone fragments A and B. To repair the fracture, the surgeon initially manipulates fragments A and B to bring them substantially together at the fracture site. Next, staple 10 with arms 20,30 spread apart (as shown in FIG. 2) is placed with one of the tips 26,36 of each angled arm resting on each fragment at a desired penetration point and with a striking surface facing outwardly, directly away from the fractured bone. The position of the staple is preferably such that the protrusion opposite the striking surface is located to one side of the fracture F, as will be appreciated from FIGS. 1 and 4. Following placement of the staple in this manner, extensions 24,34 of the angled arms are partially driven or otherwise inserted into the respective fragments A and B until, for example, the uppermost of barbs 27,37 have entered the corresponding fragments. Partial insertion may be accomplished by applying an impact force on the exposed (i.e., outwardly facing) striking surface, and correct location of the sharpened tips 26,36 may be ensured by drilling a small pilot hole at each penetration point. The penetration points may be marked for drilling for tapping lightly on the staple with the aforementioned tips resting at the penetration points. It should be noted that the top barbs of the extensions 24,34 are situated to provide sufficient clearance between the body 12 and bone fragments A and B so that the bone fragments will not interfere with rotation of the body when the extensions are partially implanted.
With the staple partly inserted as just described, the surgeon rotates body 12 in order to draw arms 20,30 axially into the body. The movement of the arms draws the associated bone fragments A and B together at the fracture site. The surgeon continues to rotate body 12 until the bone fragments are held tightly against one another by the compressive force generated by rotation of the staple body. The surgeon selects the actual force to be applied across the fracture site by rotating body 12 through an appropriate number of turns, and he should stop the adjustment process with a striking surface of body 12 facing outwardly away from the fractured bone (and thus fully exposed for striking by an impact tool) and a protrusion facing inwardly toward the fractured bone.
For the purpose of adjusting the staple in the manner just described, a wrench of the form shown in FIG. 5 may be used. The illustrated wrench 40 has a handle 42 joined to a head 44 having jaws 46,47,48 disposed to receive and engage the triangularly arranged striking surfaces.
Once the staple has been fully adjusted to compress the fracture as desired, the surgeon strikes the exposed striking surface using a conventional impactor, for example, to drive the extensions 24,34 further into fragments A and B. The staple should be driven until the protrusion opposite the exposed striking surface embeds beneath the underlying bone surface, as is depicted in FIG. 4. A portion of this bone surface may be osteotomized prior to staple implantation in order to provide a complementary recess for receiving the protrusion. This additional step may be advantageous depending upon the sharpness of the protrusion.
It will be appreciated that the relatively sharp protrusion projecting into the fractured bone acts as a stop to prevent rotation of staple body 12. Thus, the compressive force exerted between bone fragments A and B by the staple will be reliably maintained, and the fracture will heal properly and quickly.
From the preceding discussion, it will be apparent that the presence of a plurality of striking surfaces offers certain advantages in practice. For example, the surfaces provide facets for engagement by a wrench to facilitate rotation of the staple body for adjustment purposes. In addition, a plurality of striking surfaces admits of a finer adjustment capability than a single surface. In the illustrative staple, for instance, for each 1/3 turn of body 12 a striking surface will be exposed for the application of an impactor or the like and a corresponding rotation preventing protrusion will be positioned for receipt beneath an underlying bone surface. Also, with a triangular striking surface arrangement, the planar striking surfaces themselves provide sharp-edged protrusions for embedding beneath the bone surface. The specific striking surface arrangement shown, being limited to an intermediate portion of the staple body, avoids unnecessary bulk of both the staple body and the rotation preventing protrusions.
As was indicated briefly in the introductory summary, it may be desirable in certain applications of the inventive staple to have the angled arms stabilized--more particularly, held fixed against rotation--relative to one another, at least as the staple is initially being inserted. When the angled arms are not secured during insertion of the staple, the opposite ends of the staple might rock in opposite directions when tips 26,36 are resting upon or only slightly inserted into corresponding bone members. A small degree of rotation of the arms on the body axis occurs during this motion. Such rocking can make proper implantation of the staple more difficult. However, when the angled arms are fixed against rotation, the staple presents a rigid structure and cannot rock in the foregoing manner.
FIGS. 6-9 depict a tool for stabilizing the angled arms and for driving the staple into a pair of bone members. In the form shown, the driver, designated by reference numeral 50, has a generally flat clamping head 52 formed by the respective front ends 62,72 of two elongate arm members 60,70. The driver also has a handle 54, formed by rearwardly extending portions of arms 60,70. The rear portion of arm 60 has a central opening 63 in which a narrowed rear end of arm 70 is received and connected to arm 60 by hinge means, such as hinge pin 56 which extends through aligned transverse bores in the arms 60,70, as shown. Thus, clamping head 52 may be opened and closed by pivotal movement of arms 60,70 at the hinged connection just described.
Addressing the clamping head 52 in more detail, the front end of each arm has two forwardly depending jaws at its opposite sides. Specifically, arm 60 has forwardly depending jaws 64,66 while arm 70 has forwardly depending jaws 74,76, as is best seen in FIG. 9. Jaw pairs 64,74 and 66,76 form two sets of opposed jaws which may be brought together to effect a clamping action. The jaw pairs are aligned with one another and define, respectively, opposite sides of a recess 58 in the clamping head, which recess is configured to receive the staple body 12, as shown. The driver arms have respective end surfaces 68 and 78 extending between the associated depending jaws to define the base 59 of recess 58. The jaw pairs are spaced apart from one another at a distance slightly greater than the length of staple body 12. Thus, when body 12 is positioned within recess 58, arms 20 and 30 are positioned respectively between the two pairs of opposed jaws. Recess base 59 is disposed to rest on the periphery of staple body 12 when the staple is received within clamping head 52. Consequently, an impact force may be applied to the staple body via driver tool 50, as by striking a flat rear end 69 of the tool formed at the rear end of arm 60. Preferably, the recess base 59 is contoured to conform to the body of the received staple, at least around part of the periphery of the body. Thus, in the case of illustrative staple 10, the recess bottom is generally flat (i.e., surfaces 68 and 78 are generally flat) to engage one of the striking surfaces of the staple body.
In order to secure the staple arms tightly between the respective pairs of jaws, driver 50 has tightening screw means cooperable between arms 60 and 70. The tightening screw means, as depicted in FIG. 7, may include a bolt 80 having a head 82 situated on top of arm 60 and a shank 84 which extends downward freely through a vertical bore 67 within arm 60 and which has a free end threadably received in a vertical bore 77 within arm 70. Bolt head 82 may have an enlarged portion 82 with a knurled circumference to facilitate rotation of the bolt by hand.
It will be appreciated that staple 10 may be secured within clamping head 52 by loosening bolt 80, inserting the staple body into recess 58 with staple arms 20,30 aligned and projecting forward of the driver and a striking surface resting on base 59 of recess 58, as shown, and then tightening the bolt 80 to draw the front ends 62,72 of arms 60,70 together so that the opposed jaws rigidly clamp the interposed staple arms. The forwardly directed tips of the arms may then be placed at desired bone penetration points, and the staple may be implanted by striking the rear end 69 of the driver. The driver should then be detached from the staple so that the latter may be adjusted, whereupon the staple may be further implanted by striking the exposed striking surface of the staple body, as previously described. Further use of the driver will usually be unnecessary since the staple arms would ordinarily be sufficiently stabilized by the bone members in which they are implanted.
While the invention has been described in the context of its preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made within the principles of the invention, the scope of which is set forth in the appended claims. For example, staple body 12 might be of triangular shape along its entire length. Or, for applications involving the distraction of bone members, the freely extending portions of the angled arms could be serrated only on their outer sides. Alternatively, when the staple is not to be permanently implanted, the extending portions could simply be smooth surfaced. Finally, other applications of the invention besides fracture compression could include arthrodesis (fusion) of small joints, compression fixation of osteotomies, epiphysiodesis (surgical growth arrest) of long bones, and correction of short segment scoliosis curves when anterior fusions are performed. In the latter case, the convex side of the curve would be compressed after the staple arms have been driven into the vertebral bodies.
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The Summer 2015 edition of the BMW Motorcycle Magazine is hot off the press featuring road tests of the new roadsters, BMW's best selling models after the perennially favorite GS. First, the just launched BMW R1200R with its water-cooled engine is without a doubt the most dynamic boxer roadster BMW has produced. Its exciting style… Continue Reading »
BMW Motorrad and Alpinestars announced an exclusive agreement to cooperate in motorcycle safety clothing systems today. The first product to be launched under this agreement will be a BMW Motorrad jacket jointly developed by BMW Motorrad and Alpinestars which will include an airbag developed using Alpinestars technology. The new BMW Motorrad jacket, being branded by… Continue Reading »
On the heels of a record-setting sales year and the launch of three new models, BMW Motorrad has introduced two more models including one that opens an entirely new market for them. The Spring 2015 issue of BMW Motorcycle Magazine has the reveal of the new 2016 BMW S1000XR "Adventure Sport" — a concept similar… Continue Reading »
This has been a busy time for BMW Motorrad with three new 2015 models being introduced at the International motorcycle show in Germany but the latest issue of BMW Motorcycle Magazine covers all the details. A new naked roadster, the R1200R, has been launched powered by the same cutting-edge, water-cooled engine as the R1200GS and… Continue Reading »
BMW Motorrad USA has launched a national parts website at parts.bmwmotorcycles.com so BMW riders can shop online for original BMW motorcycle repair and maintenance parts as well as accessories. The website presents the complete catalog of original BMW parts and acts as a hub to direct riders to their closest participating online retailers to complete… Continue Reading »
BMW has introduced their "Ride" and "Style" apparel collections for 2015. While you might not find all these items on dealer shelves you should be able to order most of them. Some items, such as Helmets, won't be available in the US market. Here's what BMW Motorrad has to say: State-of-the-art products that have stood… Continue Reading »
The latest issue of BMW Motorcycle Magazine is out and includes the full spectrum of BMW Motorrad's past, present and future. With motorcycle manufacturers gearing up for the Intermot show in Germany, it's not surprising to hear about future models being spied testing in this issue but BMW also takes the wraps off early on a… Continue Reading »
Both founded in the 1920s, BMW Motorrad and Belstaff are two tradition-steeped brands that have built their success on premium quality, high-tech materials and distinctive design. It is perhaps surprising that the two style-setting companies took so long before deciding to work together, but if the Spring/Summer 2015 collection recently presented at Milan men's fashion… Continue Reading »
The summer issue of BMW Motorcycle Magazine is as hot as the season! Inside you'll find four exciting road tests of the newest BMW models: the customizable R nineT, the aggressive R1200GS Adventure, the classic R1200RT tourer, and even the latest power roadster, the S1000R. Every detail is inspected, the new tech is tested, and… Continue Reading »
BMW Motorrad received a total of nine awards in the German Motorrad magazine "Motorcycle of the Year 2014" readers' choice awards including three category victories. BMW Motorrad has never won so many top places in the reader survey before. As was the case last year, the BMW HP4 took first place in the "Sports Bike" category with a… Continue Reading »


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My two favorite abstract shots of Amanda and Constance from our Dr.Sketchy's event back in May.
Tuesday, September 28, 2010
Sketchy in black and white.
Posted by m e l i g r o s a at 9/28/2010
Labels: art vitamins, chicas y bikes, events in SF 2010, fun, sketchy's
2 comments:
I read every comment, frequently with coffee in hand.
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Fund houses have
started informing investors about holding SIP units in demat by publishing
Fund houses will allow investors to hold their SIP units in dematerialized form
from January, 2012.
through its circular issued on May 19, 2011 had asked fund houses to allow
investors to receive allotment of units in demat account from October 2011. The
regulator had observed that AMCs were offering investors to hold units in
either physical or demat in close-ended schemes. However, no such option was
allowed in open-ended schemes. Fund houses have already started issuing
addendums to this effect.
for SIP in demat will entail additional cost for investors transacting through
the demat route. Some industry officials feel that the move would not mean any
benefit to investors as consolidated account statements are already being
issued. The advantage of holding SIP units in demat is to get a consolidated
view of stocks and mutual fund units.
registrar has to process it and the money gets credited on a weekly basis in
the demat account. The units will be credited only after realization of money.
Earlier the option to hold units in demat was available through NSE's Mutual
Fund Service System (MFSS)
and BSE's StAR MF Platform. Now, investors can hold their units in demat
through the offline mode as well. All the fund houses now have an ISIN. There
will be a cost on each transaction for investors transacting through demat route,"
says Jimmy Patel, CEO, Quantum Mutual Fund.


text:
A semiconductor laser is disclosed wherein a grid-like conductive current mask is fabricated between the active region of the laser and one of its electrodes. In one embodiment, the conductive current mask is fabricated in the bottom regions of a corrugated pattern that is created along the length of the semiconductor laser. In a second embodiment, the conductive current mask is totally embedded within a lightly doped buffer layer that is grown proximate to the active region.
1. In a semiconductor laser having an active region and at least two electrodes between which a potential can be established to cause a pump current to flow through said active region, the active region being disposed between the electrodes, characterized in that said semiconductor laser has at least one gating electrode for regulating light output from the semiconductor laser, said gating electrode being comprised of a conductive material and being disposed intermediate a space separating one of either of said two electrodes and said active region.
2. The combination as defined in claim 1 wherein said gating electrode is fabricated as a single layered structure positioned in a lightly doped buffer layer proximate to said active region.
3. The combination as defined in claim 1 wherein said gating electrode is fabricated in the bottom regions of a corrugated structure created along the length of said semiconductor laser.
4. The combination as defined in claim 3 wherein said corrugated structure has a period, Λ.
5. A semiconductor device adapted for use as a laser comprising a substrate of III-V semiconductor material having a first electrode fabricated on one of its surfaces and a plurality of epitaxial layers grown on an opposite surface, one of said plurality of layers including an active region which generates light in response to a pumping current, a second electrode structure fabricated on said plurality of epitaxial layers such that a potential can be applied between said first and second electrodes to develop a pumping current which flows through said active region, the active region being disposed between the electrodes, characterized in that said semiconductor device has at least one current mask for regulating light output from the semiconductor device said current mask being comprised of conductive material and being positioned intermediate a space separating said second electrode and said active region.
6. A semiconductor device as defined in claim 5 wherein said plurality of epitaxial layers includes a lightly doped buffer layer proximate to said active region and said conductive current mask is disposed within said lightly doped epitaxial layer.
7. A semiconductor device as defined in claim 5 wherein said plurality of epitaxial layers is notched to create a corrugated pattern, and said conductive current mask is fabricated in the bottom regions of said corrugated pattern.
8. A semiconductor device as defined in claim 7 wherein said corrugated pattern is fabricated to have a period, Λ.
9. A semiconductor device adapted for use as a laser comprising a substrate of one type conductivity having a first electrode means fabricated on one surface and a first epitaxial layer of said one type conductivity grown on an opposite surface of said substrate, an active layer epitaxially grown on said first epitaxial layer, a plurality of cladding layers of opposite conductivity grown on said active layer, and a second electrode means fabricated on the top surface of said cladding layers, said first and second electrode means responsive to an applied potential for causing a pumping current to flow through said active layer characterized in that said plurality of cladding layer has at least one grid-like conductive current mask to which a potential can be applied for regulating the flow of said pumping current, said grid-like conductive current mask being comprised of conductive material and being positioned between said second electrode means and said active layer.
10. A semiconductor device as defined in claim 9 wherein said plurality of cladding layers includes a lightly doped layer, and said grid-like conductive current mask is disposed within said lightly doped cladding layer.
11. A semiconductor device as defined in claim 9 wherein a notched pattern is created in said plurality of cladding layers along the length of said active layer, said second electrode means is positioned at the topmost regions of said notched pattern and said grid-like conductive current mask is positioned at the bottom regions of said notched pattern.
12. A semiconductor device as defined in claim 11 wherein said notched pattern is fabricated with a period, Λ.
This invention relates to semiconductor lasers and, more particularly, to semiconductor lasers having a current mask.
One type of laser which does not require end mirrors is the distributed feedback lasers described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,760,292 issued Sept. 18, 1973 to H. W. Kogelnik et al. In the distributed feedback laser the gain medium or the index of refraction is modulated at periodic intervals in order to provide reflections along the entire length of the gain medium. One form of distributed feedback laser that is proposed in the Kogelnik et al patent is a semiconductor laser in which a current mask is positioned within the laser structure in order to permit pumping or energizing current to pass through the active region of the laser only at periodic intervals along the length of the laser. Such a laser is shown in FIG. 5 of the Kogelnik et al patent. The net effect of the current mask is to produce a periodic gain variation within the semiconductor laser.
A new type of three terminal device was disclosed at the International Electron Devices Meeting in Washington, D.C., 1979 by scientists from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, MA. This device is shown and described on page 130 of Electronics, Dec. 6, 1969. As shown in Electronics, the device is a permeable base transistor whose base consists of a layer of tungsten that has been patterned into a 3200 Å period grating layer which layer is epitaxially embedded in a single crystal of n-type gallium arsenide. This transistor wherein the base is a grid-like metallic structure is said to provide many advantages over gallium arsenide field effect transistors.
In accordance with the present invention, a grid-like conductive current mask is fabricated between the active region in a semiconductor laser and one of the electrodes between which the pump current flows. Changing the potential that is provided to this conductive current mask can regulate the light output from the semiconductor laser and also provide a means for adjusting the output wavelength in those lasers where the conductive current mask is sufficiently close to the active region to cause it to function as a distributed feedback laser. For maximum regulation, the conductive current mask is placed in a lightly doped buffer layer so that maximum modulation of the depletion depth around the current is obtained. Doping of this buffer layer must be sufficiently great, however, so that sufficient current to operate the laser is available.
In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention a semiconductor laser structure is etched in order to establish a pattern of grooves or notches over the active region along the length of the laser structure. A conductive terminal is deposited over the top parts of the notches that are not affected by the etching, and a conductive terminal is deposited over the entire bottom of the semiconductor laser structure thereby forming the two terminals through which the pump current flows. A third conductive layer is deposited at the bottoms of the grooves or notches to form the gate electrode which controls the pump current.
In accordance with the second embodiment a cladding region is epitaxially grown over the active region, and growth is terminated so that a conductive metallic grid can be deposited over the cladding layer. Epitaxial growth is then resumed and a top buffer layer of low conductivity is grown over the grid structure followed by a cap and contact layer. In this second embodiment, the grid structure is totally embedded within the cladding and top buffer layers, and contact to the grid structure must be made by grooves that are etched along the length of the semiconductor laser.
The invention will be more readily understood after reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a pictorial drawing of a section of a semiconductor laser constructed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional diagram of the device illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3 and 4 are top and end views, respectively, of a second embodiment constructed in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 5 is a cross sectional diagram of the device illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4.
One embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in the pictorial view shown in FIG. 1. A cross sectional view designated by the numeral 2 in FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 2. The features and layers of this device are exaggerated in order to illustrate the construction. The device as shown is constructed by growing an epitaxial n-type buffer layer 11 of indium phosphide on an n+ substrate 10 of indium phosphide. This is then followed by an epitaxial growth of a quaternary layer 12 having a composition which will lase at the chosen wavelength. For the materials system used in this device using indium, gallium, arsenic and phosphorous, a wavelength of 1.3 μm would be typical. The active quaternary layer 12 is then covered by a cladding layer 13 of p-type indium phosphide which is grown relatively thick (about 2.5 μm) for the chosen wavelength of 1.3 μm. The cladding layer is then followed by the growth of a contact layer 14 of high conductivity p-type indium phosphide or quaternary material. The doping of cladding layer 13 should be sufficiently light so that the grid structure to be described hereinafter will be able to pinch off a channel width of about Λ/2 where Λ is the period of the grid structure. However, the doping must be sufficiently high to carry the necessary current to operate the laser. The entire top structure of the epitaxially grown device is then covered with a silicon nitride layer 15.
Silicon nitride layer 15 is then coated with a photoresist, and the photoresist is exposed to produce a pattern which will permit etching of the layers in the indented areas of the device illustrated by the pictorial view in FIG. 1. This etching is initiated by a reactive ion etch using CHF3 or a CF4 +O2 mixture in a plasma etch geometry to cut through the silicon nitride layer. This step is then followed by a reactive ion etch using pure Cl2 in order to cut away all of contact layer 14 and approximately 1 μm of the indium phosphide cladding layer 13 in the areas being etched. In order to alleviate problems that might result when using a photoresist, one could also use a titanium and aluminum mask over the silicon nitride and Cl2 +O2 for a reactive ion etch of the indium phosphide cap layer.
At this point in time, the device will begin to resemble the one illustrated in FIG. 1. A 5 second immersion of the device in concentrated hydrochloric acid is used to smooth the InP and slightly undercut the silicon nitride layer in order to produce an overhang of the silicon nitride layer of approximately 0.2 μm as illustrated in FIG. 1. This overhang is desirable in order to prevent the material which is deposited in the following step from adhering to the sidewalls of the posts in the corrugated pattern produced during the reactive ion etch. Alternatively, if the corregation period Λ is sufficiently large, the etching may be wholly accomplished with HCl alone. It is important that the mask be oriented as shown in FIG. 1 so that the side walls of the corrugated pattern be (011) or (011) crystal planes after HCl etching.
A material that will form a good blocking contact with the cladding material is then deposited over the top surface of the device in order to create a gating electrode 16 which exists not only in the bottom-most regions of the notches that are created but also extends out over portion 26 of the cladding region which is exposed at the front edge of the device illustrated in FIG. 1. In this context, a blocking contact is defined as one which will cause a depletion of the surrounding material when the appropriate bias is applied. This action can be provided by reverse biased p-n, Schottky barrier, or metal-insulator-semiconductor junctions. In the embodiment illustrted in FIGS. 1 and 2, where the cladding layer is p-type InP, the gating electrode can be fabricated from a gold-germanium-alloy. Firing at a suitably elevated temperature may be used to improve the blocking quality of the gate. The gold-germanium that is deposited over the mask covering the ridges is then removed by using the appropriate resist stripper to remove the photoresist mask, or by using sodium hydroxide to remove a titanium+ aluminum mask.
A second resist pattern is then formed over the device to create windows in the top posts of the corrugated pattern. A plasma etch can be used to cut through the silicon nitride in these windows and a gold-zinc layer 17 can then be deposited in the windows and fired if necessary in order to produce a good ohmic contact with the high conductivity contact layer 14. A third mask pattern using a photoresist material is then utilized to create a chromium gold layer 18 which not only makes contact with the windowed layers 17 but also extends out over the rear portion of the device shown in FIG. 1 in order to provide an extended contact to the anode of the diode which has been constructed.
The devices on a single wafer can then be separated either by sawing or by using a bromine-methanol solution. It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that end mirrors can then be formed by cleaving or by a suitable etching procedure in those cases where the device may be part of a more complicated integrated optics structure.
If the spacing d is made sufficiently small (˜λ) and the period is chosen to satisfy the Bragg condition, distributed feedback section will occur. Then the output surfaces would not have to be mirrors, and they could be AR coated to prevent unwanted reflection. The device should in FIGS. 1 and 2 is utilized by applying a positive potential to anode contact 18 and a negative potential to the cathode contact 19 which is a gold-zinc contact that has been deposited over the entire bottom surface of substrate 10. Application of a negative potential to the gating electrode 16 then creates depletion regions of the type shown and designated in FIG. 2 as regions 21. These depletion regions can be utilized to pinch off current that is flowing from anode 18 before this current passes through the active layer 12 in a manner illustrated by the current lines 22 shown in FIG. 2. Hence gating electrode is not only a current mask but is a current mask that can change its degree of effectiveness depending on the potential that is applied.
A second embodiment of the present invention can be constructed to provide a device of the type illustrated in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5. FIGS. 3 and 4 are top and side views of the device, and FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of the device through a plane designated by the numeral 5 in FIG. 3. This embodiment is constructed by first growing a p-type buffer layer 41 of indium phosphide on p+ substrate 40 of indium phosphide. This growth is followed by an undoped active quaternary layer 42 and an n-type cladding layer 43 of indium phosphide. These layers are identical to those which are grown for a typical double heterostructure laser fabricated on a p-type substrate except the n+ contact layer normally grown on a double heterostructure is left off. For distributed feedback action, cladding layer 43 is grown to a thickness (d) that is sufficiently small to permit the evanescent field of the optical mode to reach its top surface.
The growth of layers 41, 42 and 43 illustratively involves the preparation of a (100) cadmium or zinc doped substrate with a Bromine-methanol polish-etch. The substrate is inserted into the liquid phase epitaxial system and heated to approximately 650 degrees C. and permitted to cool at a rate of about 0.5 degrees C. per minute, while melts suitable for growing the first set of layers shown in FIG. 5 are alternately slid into position on the substrate.
After the cladding layer 43 has been grown, the device is removed from the liquid phase epitaxial system and the cladding layer 43 is immediately coated with a photoresist and exposed with the desired grating period, Λ. If distributed feedback operation is desired, the period, Λ, is chosen to provide Bragg reflection at the laser wavelength.
At this point, a tungsten or conductive carbon gating electrode 48 may be evaporated over the photoresist pattern. If desired, shallow grooves may first be formed by plasma etching in order to allow the tungsten or carbon gating electrode 48 to be recessed into the surface of the n-type cladding layer 43. This recessing can provide a planar surface for the growths which are to follow.
After solvent cleaning, the entire substrate is then placed into the liquid phase epitaxial system and a lightly doped n-type top buffer layer 44 of indium phosphide is grown over the gating electrode 48. This top buffer layer 44 is followed by an n-type cap layer 45 of indium phosphide and a heavily doped quaternary contact layer 46. Contact is made to the gating electrode 48 by etching channels along the entire length of the device as illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4. A cathode electrode 47 of gold and tin is then deposited over the entire length of the device, and a gold-zinc anode electrode 49 is formed over the entire bottom surface of substrate 40.
By choosing the electrical bias applied to gating electrodes 16 and 48 in either of the described embodiments and selecting various layer thicknesses and dopings during growth, several modes of operation are possible for both embodiments. If the separation d between the gating electrode 16 or 48 and the active layer is large, that is, d is much greater than the operating wavelength, there will be no distributed feedback action and the devices will function only as modulated Fabry-Perot lasers with end mirrors required. The gating electrode under these circumstances can be utilized to modulate the level of the laser output. High modulation efficiency and speed will be provided through the transistor action of the gating electrode.
If, however, the gating electrode is brought to within a wavelength of the active quaternary layer and the period Λ chosen to meet the Bragg criteria, distributed feedback action will be added by the resulting spatially periodic gain. In the latter case all of the reflections required can be provided by the gating electrode, and the end mirrors are no longer necessary, thereby permitting the device to be incorporated into a complex integrated optics structure. Wavelength control is expected to be possible while the laser provides a constant output by simultaneously varying the anode bias and the voltage applied to the gating electrode. Again, high modulation efficiency and speed is realized by modulating only the gate electrode.
What has been described hereinabove are two illustrative embodiments of the present invention. The first describes a p on n configuration while the second describes an n on p configuration. Two more embodiments are possible by interchanging n for p and vice-versa in both cases, provided only that the associated contacting materials are also changed in accordance with the layer to which they are applied.
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Scarborough delays decision on dogs at beaches
SCARBOROUGH — Amid what Chairman Ron Ahlquist called "active negotiations" with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service over a fine against the town for the death of a protected bird, the Town Council on Wednesday night delayed a decision on whether to tighten restrictions on unleashed dogs at town beaches.
With Councilors Richard Sullivan and Katherine St. Clair opposed, the council voted 5-2 to take up the issue again at its Oct. 2 meeting.
But the postponement didn't stop more than 20 people from expressing opinions about the proposal to prohibit beach-going dogs from running without leashes and only under "voice control."
The speakers were nearly unanimous in their opposition to the change in the town's Animal Control Ordinance.
Between June 15 and Sept. 15, the town now allows unleashed dogs on the beaches from sunrise to 9 a.m. daily. Dogs are banned entirely from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. during those three months, and leashes are required after 5 p.m.
The proposed change would eliminate the early-morning exception, and would push up the start of the ban and leash requirement from June 15 to April 1.
The council began considering the proposal after an off-leash dog killed a piping plover chick on July 15 at Pine Point Beach. The incident prompted the Fish and Wildlife Service to threaten the town with a $12,000 fine, claiming Scarborough had ignored repeated warnings that its ordinance did not sufficiently protect the plovers, an endangered bird species protected by federal law.
But the Fish and Wildlife Service is "over-reaching," Brian Rayback told the council.
The town can't be held liable for the bird's death because the Environmental Species Act doesn't require municipalities to take "affirmative action" to meet federal standards, said Rayback, an environmental lawyer with Portland firm Pierce Atwood.
"(The Fish and Wildlife Service) is trying to put their duty on you, and I think you should push back," he said.
Grand Avenue resident Elaine Richer urged the council not to change the ordinance, but to have it better enforced and better communicated to the public. And she reminded councilors that "people and dogs are also inhabitants of the natural world, too."
"How did we get to the point where the piping plover is king of the beach and the dog is public enemy No. 1?" she asked.
Some people spoke emotionally about letting their dogs run on the beaches, with one woman breaking into tears at the podium. Most speakers said the council should at least wait for better information before making any change to the ordinance.
"I object to a federal agency setting environmental policies that are not based on real data," former Councilor Sue Foley-Ferguson said. "You do not have evidence before you that supports a stricter leash law."
The council heeded the advice, deciding to wait until the ordinance could be considered along with any settlement of the federal fine. But councilors acknowledged the complexity of the issue and the need for compromise.
"This is a multi-dimensional issue. It's not as simple as plovers," Councilor Jessica Holbrook said at the end of the meeting. "Ultimately, no one's going to be happy."


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Israel News - Stay Informed, Pray Informed
Many children in Israel live below the poverty line with one in three children affected.
The OECD average of child poverty is 13 percent; Israel is in last place of the OECD rank. Around 750,000 children in Israel are affected by poverty, mostly among the Arab and ultra-Orthodox communities.
In general, the larger a family is the higher the probability that they will be affected by poverty. According to the Israel National Children's Council's 2014 report, almost half of all families with four children and 60 percent of families with five or more children were classified as poor.
In a few short days, Jewish families will gather around the Passover Seder table with family, friends and neighbors.
Passover is a major holiday in Israel and in Jewish communities all over the world. The Jewish people have been remembering the Exodus from Egypt every year on Passover since the commandment to celebrate and observe Passover was given, some 3300 years ago.
The head of the family or a rabbi tells the story of the Exodus from Egypt through the Passover Haggadah. In addition to remembering the historical events, the Haggadah also has words of wisdom, and questions for the children to keep them interested.
All evening and into the night of the first night of Passover (starting March 25 this year) , the Jewish people will read through the Hagaddah and perform symbolic actions such as eating bitter vegetables to remember the bitterness of slavery and dripping wine or grape juice on a napkin or plate to symbolize the plagues that the Egyptians faced. As the night draws to a close, songs of joy and celebration are sung and the lyrics of the songs are thoughtful and meaningful. On this evening and throughout the week-long holiday, this holy celebration and commandment is passed on to the next generation.
For most families, the Passover meal is a true celebration of freedom, as they can afford to live comfortably in a home with their families and provide for them. There are families however, who cannot afford to celebrate this holiday properly. They desperately want to share this celebration with their children, to pass this important mitzvah (commandment) to the next generation. There are many of Israel's children who know the daily struggle for survival.
During this time of Passover and the month of Nissan, we are called to take care of our brother, to reach out to those who have less or nothing at all.
You can play a part of this great mitzvah just by sending a gift of provisions to disadvantaged families. Your gift of support will provide them with a package that will include kosher for Passover foods.
Join Israel Today in our efforts that these families should not go without. Your contribution can make a difference in the next generation. You can give the children of Israel a happy Passover! Don't hesitate, give your gift today!


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MAC Cosmetics – Green 013
True Chartreuse pigment on inner lid, Emerald Green pigment on outer lid, Overgrown e/s on inner lid (p.s. this is exactly the same as True Chartreuse, seriously!), Guacamole e/s on middle of lid, Humid e/s on outer lid and crease, Lucky Green e/s above crease, Juxt e/s on brow, Metamorph e/s on brow, and Humid e/s on lower lash line.
Discussion and debate are highly encouraged, and we expect community members to participate respectfully. When asking a question, please check the FAQ section (above) for information about purchasing, price, dupes, and the like. If you have general feedback or need technical support, please contact us.
Comments that include advertisements, self-promotion, insults, etc. may be in violation of our comment policy and subject to deletion. Please see our comment policy for more information.


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Primary navigation
Catalogue number: WP7/99(2)
Manuscript by Wallace entitled Science in 1907, dated December 1907.
Wallace wrote three pages of text on lined notepaper for the newspaper New York World. When asked to write a review of science in 1907, Wallace manages to seize the opportunity to write about evolution, unaware of any particularly important scientific developments that year. 'As regards the science with which I am most interested - that of organic Evolution - the last few years have seen a considerable advance towards the establishment of Darwin's theory of Natural Selection on a more extended basis of observation and experiment than had previously been possible.' He goes on to outline the work of Mr W.L. Tower and Professor E.B. Poulton.
For enquiries about the Wallace Collection please email the library
View high resolution scans and transcripts of Alfred Russel Wallace's correspondence, including all surviving letters between him and Charles Darwin.


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Posted at: 12/20/2012 9:28 PM
Updated at: 12/21/2012 8:41 AM
By: KOB.com staff
It was a victory on Capitol Hill for one New Mexico lawmaker.
A bill backed by New Mexico's U.S. Sen. Tom Udall has passed the Senate.
The measure calls for registry to track the health problems of veterans affected by burn pits. It would also update veterans on potential treatments.
The proposal now heads to the U.S. House of Representatives.
Udall started working on it after meeting Master Sgt. Jessey Baca.
Baca is currently battling cancer and several other health problems believed to have been caused by exposure to burn pits in Iraq.


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We, the peoples of moana nui, connected by the currents of our ocean home,
declare that we will not cooperate with the commodification of life and land.
We invoke our rights to free, prior and informed consent.
We choose cooperative trans-Pacific dialogue, action, advocacy, and solidarity
between and amongst the peoples of the Pacific, rooted in traditional cultural practices and wisdom.
E mau ke ea o ka aina i ka pono. A mama. Ua noa.
adapted from the closing statement of the Moana Nui 2011 conference
If you must feel tortured
Respect your misery
And be happy about it
Only the nonsensical is
At ease with the Absolute
James Broughton
"I don't want to hear your philosophy if you cannot grow corn." Winona LaDuke, Anishinaabekwe Ojibwe
Interesting submission! Nice pictures and some food for thought! :)
Karekare, North Island, Aotearoa (New Zealand)21 Aug
Titahi Bay, North Island, New Zealand29 Jul
Beautiful shot, wouldn't mind being there right now! :)
Check out tchelseats' Flickr Photostream !
Wairere Falls, North Island, New Zealand16 Dec
So I've been up to see Wairere Falls before but never managed to get to the top. The half way point seemed good enough, haha. But this time I wanted to get to the top. It was a great day and, compared to the other couple of times I have walked up there, it seemed easier this time. Add on an extra 40 mins and we were at the top!!!
You can see right over Matamata and the surrounding towns far below and stand on a platform, of sorts, that sits next to the waterfall so you can see down where the lookout point is half way up. I can really believe I didn't go all the way up before but I will be doing it again before I go!!!
It's 2 weeks until the families new Au Pair arrives, which seems crazy, and then I will have all of 2 weeks ish to help her settle in and sort my stuff out before heading back to Waiuku for Christmas!!
I'm not sure what will happen in between. Hopefully I can finish sorting out some travelling down to the south island but come May, when I need to leave the country, I will be flying to America to start a new year as an Au Pair!! No details on where yet. !'m hoping for California, hehe, but I'm filling in the application and putting down plans to get my visa sorted while I search for a family. I'm on to the next adventure and so excited but it's hard to see other people leave and leave others behind. :) One day I will be back and hopefully when I turn up on their doorsteps, they'll remember me, haha.
Great view, and good luck in America!
Check out Adventures and Photographs !
Kare Kare Beach, New Zealand17 Oct
11 Years Ago
Kare Kare 2001, photo taken by Arwen McMahon.
Spectacular hearts running and leaping through the raw light of day.
This brilliant day.
Over the Sea and far away
my love waits for me
night and
and counting
before my feet are on
another land
before my heart breathes in
her blissful spirit.
The Earth smiling for us
for she too knows
what it means.
The stars laughing
and playing
Their inner child
Kellie Jagoe 2012
Check out artheoryinlife !


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Nov. 1, 2005
Cambridge, Mass. - Holy Cross sophomore forward Marsalis Beckford's (Brantford, Ontario) goal in the 64th minute of play stood up as Holy Cross topped Harvard by a score of 2-1 in a non-conference game at Ohiri Field Tuesday afternoon.
The win moves Holy Cross to 8-7-0 overall while Harvard falls to 4-8-2.
Holy Cross opened the scoring at the 22:14 mark when Josh Trott (Glen Cove, N.Y.) gathered a pass from junior midfielder Andrew Lunney (San Diego, Calif.) and beat Harvard keeper Adam Hahn for a 1-0 Crusader lead.
But the Crimson evened things up at 1-1 just before the break when Charles Altchek found the back of the net just 45 seconds before intermission.
Beckford then tallied his sixth goal of the season, which proved to be the game winner, when he threaded a shot past Hahn at the 63:24 mark. Trott and Lunney were credited with assists on the play.
Holy Cross freshman keeper Keith Bauer recorded his first win in his first career start after making six saves on the afternoon. Hahn also finished with six stops for Harvard.
The Crusaders had a 16-13 shot advantage, while Harvard had a 6-5 edge on corner kicks.
Holy Cross closes out the regular season on Saturday, Nov. 5, when it plays host to Colgate at 1:00 p.m. on Senior Day.


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Kimpton Hotels' Global Business Program: Perks and Savings for Today's Business Traveler
Get down to business in Washington, DC with style. Through the Kimpton Global Business Program, small to mid-size businesses, associations and clubs can receive discounted rates and enjoy exclusive luxurious corporate travel benefits at the Topaz Hotel usually reserved for major corporations. There's no membership fee. Simply register now to get started.
Here's our Story and We're Sticking to it
- Complimentary Manager's Hosted Wine Reception 5-6p daily
- 24 hour business center with computer, printer, and ATM
- Enjoy the outstanding restaurants, bars, lounges, and nightlife of our historic DuPont Circle neighborhood
- Work off the food and drinks with access to a 6 story fitness facility ½ block away w multiple fitness centers, free weights, rock climbing, track, Olympic sized swimming pool and more!
- Electric Tea Pot in every room and complimentary morning coffee in the lounge
- Meet the neighbors.Check out some of our nearby companies and businesses
• IRG International Resources Group
• ASM American Society for Microbiology
• NAB - National Association of Broadcasters
• World Bank
• SEIU Service Employees International Union
• Johns Hopkins University
• National Geographic
• Brookings Institute
• DC Improv
• PFC Energy
Time to Get Down to Business Let's Talk Benefits!
- We offer exclusive rates starting at 10% off our Best Flexible Rate - guaranteed seven days per week. Not everyone works those Monday - Friday, 9 to 5's! **
- Not a morning person? If available, we will spot you some time to get some extra shut eye with a late check-out *
- Complimentary high-speed WiFi on all devices during every stay for Kimpton Karma Rewards members.
- No fine print on fees here - there are none!
- Just to throw in another perk, we'll give you access to exclusive promotions and weekend specials
The Fine Print aka Terms and Conditions
** Rate is Non-Commissionable. To inquire about group availability, please contact your Kimpton Hotel of choice directly and identify yourself as a Global Business Program member and provide your booking code. Groups are subject to availability and the rate cannot be used in conjunction with another promotion towards groups already contracted at a Kimpton Hotel. Group rates are net, non-commissionable


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Chinatown and Little Italy Food Fest Tour
when: May 2, 2013 at 10:30 am to 1:30 pm
where: Chinatown and Little Italy, 200 Canal Street, New York, Ny
cost: Adult ticket $49 and $36.00 for children 12 and under
ages: 8+
add to calendar: Google iCal/Outlook
add to my play listSave all your favorite RT finds right here. How cool is that?
the scoop:
Friendly guides bring Chinatown and Little Italy to life through fascinating historical stories and culinary delights. This 3-hour all-ages NYC food and walking tour is a must if you're a local or visitor looking to get off-the-beaten path. Expect several delicious food tastings, sampling the best of the local cuisine such as the original egg roll from the Nom Wah Tea Parlor, the oldest tea parlor in Chinatown and fresh mozzarella and prosciutto from Alleva Dariy, the oldest Italian cheese shop in the United States.
more info:
Be the first to RSVP


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Faculty/Staff only. Fully featured version, available for download. This product allows for personal use on a single machine, not for use on shared workstations. You must be a faculty or staff member of an academic institution to qualify for purchase.
For visual mapping, outlining, writing and making presentations, use Inspiration® 9, the ultimate thinking and learning tool. Brainstorm ideas, structure your thoughts and visually communicate concepts to strengthen understanding with the Diagram and Map Views. To take notes, organize information, and structure writing for plans, papers and reports, use the integrated Outline View to focus on main and supporting ideas and to clarify thinking in written form. With Inspiration's Presentation Manager, transform your diagrams, mind maps and outlines into polished presentations that communicate ideas clearly and demonstrate understanding and knowledge.
Students build graphic organizers, including concept maps, webs, mind maps and idea maps, in Inspiration to:
System Requirements
Pentium III 450 MHz or higher
Windows 98, 2000, ME, XP (including Tablet PC Edition), Vista or Windows 7
250 MB available hard drive
PowerPC G4 700 MHz or higher
OS X 10.3 or higher
250 MB available hard drive space
* For downloaded products, the computer on which the downloaded product is installed must be connected to the Internet for the product to be activated.


text:
Thermal Imaging Driving Assistant System
Featured with sharp live imaging, extremely wide viewing range, N-Driver™ thermal camera sees through total darkness, thick smoke, dense fog, heavy rain and snow, reveals unexpected obstacles, improves visibilities of road. It is designed for instant installation on any vehicles with high affordability and is the perfect choice of driving assistant vision system.
Features and Benefits of Thermal Imaging Driving Assistant System
Rugged and compact design
Short response time & high refreshing frequency
NUC-free IR images with high quality during the whole driving process
Super-wide viewing range (Wide-angle lens)
4 times further detection range than traditional headlight
Hermetically sealed water & dust proof
Technical Specifications ofN-Driver™ Thermal Imaging Driving Assistant System
|Imaging Performance
|Detector Type
|Microbolometer UFPA 384 x 288,25μm
|Spectral Range
|8 to14μm
|Field of View
|40.5° x 31°
|Focus/Min Focusing
|13mm lens,1m
|Image Frequency
|50Hz PAL
|PAL/NTSC composite video
|Connector Type
|LEMO-HEAOB309/FGAOB309 plug
|Input Voltage
|Power dissipation
|Environmental Specifications
|Operating Temperature Range
|-20℃ to +50℃
|Storage Temperature Range
|-40℃ to +60℃
|Hermetically sealed enclosure
|Physical Characteristics
|Camera Weight
|Top≤0.68kg; Front≤0.6kg
|Camera Size
|Top: 84×86×78mm Front: 76×58×75mm
|Detection Range
|2.3m vehicle >800m 1.7m people >200m
Specifications are subject to change without prior notice.
Described company name and model are brand name or registration of trademark.


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[Sweet!!!] Tamia & Grant Hill Perform Frank Ocean's 'Thinking About You'
A couple that makes sweet music together, stays together.
Retired NBA player Grant Hill has some hidden talent, and he showed them off recently in a video with his wife of 14 years, Tamia. While she sang a beautiful version of Frank Ocean's "Thinking About You," recently in an intimate home video, Grant assisted her on the keys.
Not only are these two still holding it down for healthy marriages in the industry, but Grant is steady supporting his woman in her career. Such a lovely couple!
Check the video below:
Via Tumblr | Kempire Daily


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A Boston-Based Lifestyle Blog
Tag Archives: confetti
A Graduation Fiesta.
It was a very festive weekend — we celebrated my little brother's high school graduation with a big backyard fiesta! I think my sister and I started planning this party almost a year ago when we realized our baby brother's graduation was impending — we love to throw a good party and this was a big reason to celebrate. The theme was inspired by some mexican blankets that we found at a thrift store for a few bucks a piece, and thought they would make awesome table linens for a summer fiesta. We had a taco bar for dinner and a make your own margarita station with festive drink stirrers. For decorations I ordered tons of papel picado and we strung the banners all along the backyard fence and above the bar. Of course it wouldn't be a fiesta without a few piñatas too (and I brought some confetti cannons which were a hit!). It was a perfect day of food, family, and fun.
Confetti Easter Eggs.
On Monday morning I did my normal check of the calendar to see what I had to look forward to the following weekend, and couldn't believe Easter is already this Sunday. I can't pass up an opportunity to get a little seasonal DIY in, and after getting some confetti from The Flair Exchange in the mail last week, I knew just the thing to use it for! I made some confetti-filled Easter eggs that I'm kindly referring to as 'confetti bombs.' The idea is to crack them up for a fun little confetti surprise — a good way to amp up your Easter egg hunt!
They're simple to make; I started with eggs and lightly cracked the top of them on the counter, peeling back some of the shell to make a hole just big enough to drain the yolk through. Once they were emptied, I gave the inside a rinse and then popped them into cups of vinegar and food coloring. After the eggs are at your desired color, take them out and let them dry over night.
Then comes the fun part — filling them with confetti! I filled mine generously up with the confetti mixture until they're almost all the way full. Then to close them off, I cut a small piece of washi tape in a similar color to seal them off (don't worry if it's not perfect, the tape will be on the bottom of the egg). From there you can put them on display and then when the moment is right, give those little eggs a smash for a pop of confetti! I guarantee this would be a hit with kids (given how much fun I had doing it as an adult!).
Confetti Plates DIY.
Nothing says "it's time to party!" like a handful of confetti — which is what inspired today's DIY project! To get that festive look I used Chinet's Cut Crystal to make confetti plates and cups. To start, I cut my own confetti using several colors of tissue paper. Then I spread a thin layer of clear-drying glue on the plates and for the cups, I painted a think layer about half way up the cup walls. Next comes the fun part — tossing the confetti over the plates, and into the cups. Using a second plate and cup, lightly coated with the glue, I pressed the plate down to seal the confetti in between the two plate layers, and repeated with the cups, stacking them to tightly seal the confetti between the cup walls. Finally, let them dry before using. I paired the cups with my confetti cocktail stirrers and was ready to party!
(Psst! Enter to win a $100 Amex Gift Card and Chinet Cut Crystal Party Pack so you can throw your own party!)
Please note, this post and giveaway is sponsored by Chinet, and all opinions are my own.
A Chinet Confetti Party + A Giveaway.
Chinet shared their new Cut Crystal party line with me and challenged me to design a party around them. With just a few simple materials, like wrapping paper and tissue paper, I created a tablescape that would be perfect for an Easter brunch, a Mother's Day celebration, or a bridal or baby shower. The result? A Spring-inspired party with a few of my favorite things: bright colors, handfuls of confetti, and a fun DIY — confetti plates and cups! Check back on the blog tomorrow for step by step instructions to make your own confetti plates and cups. And in the meantime, I want to share the fun with you — Chinet has given me a set of their new Cut Crystal party line to giveaway to one lucky reader, and a $100 Amex gift card so you can throw a party of your own!
Giveaway Details:
Prize package includes a $100 Amex Gift Card and Chinet Cut Crystal Party Pack so you can throw your own party!
- To enter to win leave a comment below telling me what sort of party you'd throw with your prize!
- For an extra entry, LIKE the Domestikatedlife Facebook page and Chinet's Facebook page and leave another comment below.
- For an extra entry follow @domestikateblog on Instagram and leave another comment below.
- This giveaway will end at 5:00 PM EST on Friday, April 11th and is open to US residents only.
- Please note, this post and giveaway is sponsored by Chinet, and all opinions are my own.
Confetti Drink Stirrers.
What's a girl to do when she has some extra confetti lying around? Make some confetti drink stirrers, of course. I was working on a project this weekend and had a little bowl of leftover confetti that I didn't want to go to waste, so I DIY'ed some festive little drink stirrers that were so simple to make. I pierced a tiny styrofoam ball with a wood skewer and covered the ball with glue. Then I just rolled the styrofoam in the plate of confetti until it was coated, and in any places that looked a little bald, I added on some more glue and dunked them back in for another coating. Then I just let them dry and they're ready to adorn some tasty cocktails!
A Blogging Birthday Giveaway.
Did you hear? This little 'ol blog turned 5 and we're celebrating! To share the celebratory spirit, I decided we need to host a little giveaway and have rounded up some of my favorite things, including lots of little festive details to have a party yourself! To enter to win, visit my new Domestikatedlife Facebook page and give it a 'like' — then leave a comment below telling me your favorite item from the giveaway! More entry details below:
Here's what you can win:
Polka Dot Pencils | Mrs Lilien's Cocktail Swatchbook | Sea Salt Soap | Rifle Paper Co Notebooks | Confetti Wands | Party Candles | Hair Ties | Striped Straws | Sweet Sticky Notes | Dotted Pink Matches
Giveaway Details:
- To enter to win, LIKE the Domestikatedlife Facebook page, and leave a comment below telling me your favorite item from the giveaway.
- For an extra entry follow @domestikateblog on Instagram and leave another comment below.
- This giveaway will end at 5:00 PM EST on Friday, March 7th and is open to US residents only.
- Please note, this giveaway is not sponsored or affiliated with any of the brands featured.
5 Years of Blogging.
A few weeks ago, someone asked me how long I had been blogging. I had to think about it for a second, part of me thought "gosh, forever?" — I can barely remember a time when this site wasn't part of my daily routine. At the same time, there are days when I open up a new blog post and I feel like it's the first time I've ever started writing. So when I got home after that conversation I looked up my very first blog post and realized it was actually 5 years ago on that very day that I had started writing. Five years! That's half a decade! I've been thinking about this ol' blog quite a bit after that realization, and like any good blogger, thought I'd share a few of those thoughts with my readers. In those past 5 years I've written over 1,000 posts, and those posts all grouped together have given me more than I could have ever bargained for.
One of the very best parts of this blog has been the people I've met along the way. I've gotten to be part of a rich community of creatives online; people I've only known through blog comments and tweets have become friends in real life that I meet up with when traveling to other cities. I've been so lucky to have developed relationships with tons of sweet, supportive local bloggers through the Boston Bloggers group that I run with Alison, and feel like I'm always exploring my city and doing fun new things with these inspiring women. In fact, I've become such good friends with some of them that I don't even call them my "blogger friends" any more!
This site has also brought me amazing opportunities. If you told me 5 years ago, when I closed my eyes, terrified to hit publish on that very first post, that I would end up working with brands and bloggers I idolize, and would have my work featured in magazines and some of my favorite online publications, I would have laughed (and knowing me, probably rolled my eyes). I've also learned so much about social media from working in the blogging community and I honestly don't think I'd be where I am in my career today if this blog hadn't existed. And gosh this blog has brought me a lot of adventures too; from getting to visit Martha Stewart headquarters, to little weekend inspiration excursions, I've consistently used this site as an excuse to explore and have fun.
More than anything, this blog has been an amazing journey of finding my passions and getting to look back at how they've evolved. When I first started posting I was toying around with the idea of going back to school for interior design, I was design-crazy and remember reading blogs like Apartment Therapy and Making it Lovely and obsessing over fixing up my first post-college apartment. As my interests evolved, this blog evolved alongside with them. I love looking back at old posts now and seeing the trends and style and ideas I was drawn to at a particular moment in time. Five years, 3 apartments, 3 jobs, a wedding, and 1,000 posts later I feel like it's a reflection of me more than ever before.
So! Thank you for reading along with me, whether it's just been the last few weeks, or since the beginning (in the beginning it was pretty much just my family and my girlfriends– so an extra special thanks to you!). It's been a lovely ride — and here's to another 5 more years!
Now, I'm done with my mushy, emotional blubbering and onto the important stuff — check back tomorrow for a fun giveaway to keep the celebration going!)
Sources: Sparklers | Matches | Confetti Wands
Happy New Year.
As I'm prepping for our annual New Year's Eve party today, I thought I'd share the invites we sent out from Paperless Post. The kelly green striped envelopes reminded me of our wedding — perhaps the best moment of this year — and the festive confetti pattern just screams 'let's party!' — am I right? Hope you have a wonderful New Year's Eve filled with champagne toasts and midnight kisses!
Confetti New Year's Eve Invites.
I wasn't just getting in the Christmas spirit this weekend, but also tackling some planning for our annual New Year's Eve party. I love sending out paper invites, because let's be honest — who doesn't love receiving them in the mail? I made a simple invitation on bright pink paper, and tucked them inside glassine envelopes filled with matching homemade confetti — perfect to set a festive tone for the fete!
Want to use these invites for your own New Year's Eve celebration? Download them here:


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We also have a container-freight station (CSF) that has the capacity to store one stop cargo such as wind turbines, containers etc. Furthermore, in order to avoid the risk of any damage to cargo during transportation, we see to it that cargo is handled with precaution and kept stable by offering lashing and securing solutions. Overall Cargo Services' Warehousing & CFS provide the following:
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- Operation of third party warehousing


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ICYMI: Secretary of State, Delbert Hosemann, joined the Gallo Radio Show this morning to discuss the election status. Check out a sound bite below:
Miss today's show? We have you covered:
Gallo Radio Show
7/17/14: 7:05 a.m.- Delbert Hosemann, Secretary of State, will be joining Gallo to discuss McDaniel calling on him to direct clerks to provide access to election records. | 7:30 am- Roger Wicker, US Senator, will be joining the Gallo Radio Show to discuss introducing 'End Trafficking Act' Legislation Aims to Combat Human Trafficking, Empower Victims.


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Patient Testimonials Eyelid Surgery (Blepharoplasty)
Linda's Eyelid Surgery Testimonial
"Dr. Schaffer made us feel great the whole day"
I brought my mother in to see Dr. Schaffer about eyelid surgery. You were so kind and patient with my mother and me that I had to write to tell you how much I appreciated what you did.
As my mother ages, I must accompany her to more and more of her appointments. Of all the many medical persons with whom we come in contact, you by far have been the nicest. Both of us commented several times during the day on how kind you were. Your treatment of us made us feel great the whole day. You are a very special person and I pray God will bless you always, especially for your goodness towards the elderly.
— Linda
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Hedden Plastic Surgery & Spa Greystone
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Jim Gordon
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Join Date: May 2010
Location: Detroit, MI
Posts: 3,052
Jim Gordon
I couldn't find a thread in the Drummers forum dedicated to Jim, other than an old one from a couple years ago that never got a reply.
There was a thread larryace started last year about Jim's mental illness and the tragic circumstances that followed.
But what I came here to talk about is how f***ng good this guy was. I've been digging up some of the classics he played on (and there are a ton) and, man, he was just a spectacular, ahead-of-his-time musician.
The guy played on The Beach Boys' Pet Sounds. He played on Gordon Lightfoot's Sundown. He played on Derek and The Dominoes' Layla and he co-wrote the piano coda that the song ends with. He played on Glen Campbell's Wichita Lineman. He played on Carly Simon's You're So Vain. And Steely Dan's Ricki Don't Lose That Number. Traffic's Low Spark Of High-Heeled Boys. Nilsson's Nilsson Schmilsson album. Alice Cooper's Alice Cooper Goes To Hell. He did Joe Cocker's Mad Dogs And Englishmen tour. He played on Zappa's Apostrophe. He played on George Harrison's first solo album.
I'm just scratching the surface here.
His touch, his time, his DRUM SOUND... just incredible. So comfortable in so many styles of music, just playing for the song. The tag "studio drummer" often carries with it the connotation of someone who's too polished or refined. Not Jim Gordon! He had so much soul.
Not enough discussion about this guy's musical contributions.
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garden.com > Gardening > Planters & Pots > Planters > Item # G25338
promotional discount applied. Cart total will reflect savings.
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The Sloane range of window boxes and planters were designed by Harry Butcher, master plasterer, renowned for his work in restoring the fine elaborate ceilings in the City of London after World War 2. They are lightweight, durable and maintenance free, perfect and practical for modern life. The planting space is generous, and the design sits comfortably with classical or modern decor outdoors or indoors.
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I am a resident of Roane County and a Watts Bar Utility District customer. Recently I have encountered problems with a WBUD policy.
Being a "senior citizen," I sometimes have a problem understanding how the concept of right and wrong is so hard for some people to get. Back in the day, when one party damaged another party's property, the party causing the damage was expected to make restitution. Evidently that has changed.
This letter is intended for the person or persons responsible for the June 6 incidents when you took used motor oil and washed my late husband's chalkboard, and for spraying the little vegetable garden with weed killer.
You disrespected my late husband's property with such childish acts.
The chalkboard has been cleaned and the quotes will continue. Of course the vegetable garden is destroyed.
Shame on whoever put youngsters up to such a disrespectable act.
Connie Kirkland
By KEN PAULSON
First Amendment Center
A federal judge in Nevada is dissing editorial writers.
In a lawsuit filed by Righthaven, a Las Vegas company that specializes in suing alleged copyright infringers on the web, Judge Philip Pro ruled that a 19-paragraph editorial from the Las Vegas Review Journal could be freely reposted in its entirety because the writing was not significantly creative.
Iron stomachs.
Some folks have them. Some don't.
The fellow sitting in this chair is one of the latter.
I think it has to do with the fact that when I was a child, carsickness came easy for me.
I often had to ask my parents to stop so my head would quit spinning.
It's also well documented that when I get near water, moving or still, my ruddy face turns green.
On Saturday, June 11, the Avery Trace Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution held its annual Flag Day Golf Tournament at Southwest Point Golf Course.
DAR promotes patriotism within our local schools and community, supports our military veterans, and educates American youth in the history of our great country.
During the weeks leading up to the most recent election, Harriman mayoral and city council candidates were asked their thoughts on having a city manager.
It is an issue that has long been debated in the town, but one whose time has come.
Harriman has, in recent years, taken a step forward with a city coordinator.
We believe more progress can be made when it advances to a full city manager — provided the city hires the right person.
My 35th high school reunion is this summer. Both of them, actually.
I grew up in the Franklin County school system in Frankfort, Ky., until the middle of my junior year.
After my father took a promotion in Cincinnati, the family moved to the Boone County, Ky., school system just across the Ohio River from the big Queen City.
I grew up with the kids from the Franklin County schools, including my first two and a half years at the high school there.
One of the sweetest phrases a man will ever hear comes directly from the heart:
"I love you, Daddy."
Whether the words originate from the mouth of a toddler, teenager, full-grown offspring or somewhere in between, something magical happens when they're spoken.
Precious little girls can bat their eyes and melt their old man's heart, all the while wrapping him around their pinky fingers.
Little boys can lower their heads, shrug their shoulders and weasel themselves out of all sorts of trouble with the simple four-word phrase.
Copyright © 2015
The Roane County News is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Roane County and Kingston, Tennessee, and the surrounding area.


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Kevin Hart's Nerdiness Rescues Get Hard from Homophobia
By Amy Nicholson
By Stephanie Zacharek
By Stephanie Zacharek
By Alan Scherstuhl
By Calum Marsh
Men in Landslide in Force Majeure
By Calum Marsh
Witherspoon Hoboes Through Wild
By Stephanie Zacharek
Interview: Garfield's Jim Davis
By Amy Nicholson
The case spins out of control. Financing the vast medical and geological research the case requires themselves, Schlichtmann and his beleaguered partners soon face ruin, and once all their houses are lost and the office furniture has been hauled away, one of them (played by Fargo's William H. Macy) teeters on the comic edge of madness. But Schlichtmann, who wants more than anything to be a big dog on the legal battleground, refuses to settle, refuses to compromise. But he is as much stirred by conscience as by hubris, and that is what gives A Civil Action its keen edge.
Luckily, we get more to ponder than just his lonely fight: Schlichtmann's witnesses, and his adversaries, are some of the most vivid movie characters of the year. As the downtrodden mother of one of the dead children, Kathleen Quinlan is the portrait of good and right: Her Anne Anderson isn't interested in money, she wants only an apology for negligence -- from someone. The superb character actor James Gandolfini (Get Shorty) does a beautiful job as a tannery worker haunted by his knowledge of what went wrong at the plant, and actor/director Sydney Pollack does a nice turn as W.R. Grace's ultraslick, ultramanipulative negotiator Al Eustis: The scene in which he gently puts the screws to our hero in New York's Harvard Club is a little masterpiece of comic acting. As the bellowing judge in the case, John Lithgow paints rather broad strokes, but he has his moments.
Best of all we behold the great Robert Duvall as the eccentric slyboots who heads the high-powered legal team representing Beatrice. Duvall's Jerome Facher is a rumpled Boston Red Sox fanatic who carries his lunch in his battered briefcase, a man not above pocketing a hard roll or two from the hotel breakfast table. But underestimating him is usually fatal: It is this disarming master strategist who trips up the cocky Schlichtmann -- and who, for my money, provides the film's most pleasurable moments. Once a brilliant consigliere, always a brilliant consigliere.
Director Zaillian, who made his debut behind the camera with the underrated Searching for Bobby Fischer (1993), grasps both the absurdity and the gravity of Schlichtmann's quest. His courtroom, photographed by Academy Award winner Conrad L. Hall, is so darkly and ominously lit that you wonder if justice has any chance at all of seeping in. Zaillian virtually obsesses on shots of glistening water pitchers and water glasses, constantly reminding us of the origins of this huge moral tangle. And his screenplay, adapted from a rather unwieldy book, is Oscar-worthy -- every word carefully chosen, every joke and jibe and shock beautifully rendered. Witness the moment when Travolta, caught up in the moment, shoots the moon, extending his demands for multimillions in a breakfast meeting with the other side. His partners (Macy, Tony Shalhoub, Zeljko Ivanek) are dumbstruck, and their faces show just how far into madness they believe their colleague has sunk.
In summation, A Civil Action is not just another lawyer movie, but rather one of the most striking dramas of the year -- salted with dark wit and buoyed by an authentic moral issue. Some may complain that the film gives its wronged plaintiffs short shrift while focusing on their lawyer, but that's a difficult complaint to sustain in this case: As Jane Bryant Quinn once pointed out, after all, lawyers are operators of the toll bridge that anyone in search of justice must pass. So be it, Counselor Travolta.
-- Bill Gallo
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Texture memory, nvidia, and opengl
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Posts: 9
I think all openGL drivers would show the same behaviour. In a normal setup, the texture memory on the card is only a cache for most-used textures. As you load textures and draw them, they are cached in texture memory for speed. If the set of textures being used is larger than texture memory, then some textures will have to be swapped in and out of texture memory from main memory.
If you don't keep a copy of every texture in system memory, then when the drivers swap a texture out of texture memory it has to be copied back across the AGP bus, which is *slow*. So the drivers maintain two copies, allowing the texture to be 'swapped' out of texture RAM by just overwriting it and keeping a pointer to the current valid, fastest, copy.
You could possibly use the VAR extension to just use texture memory to store textures, although I've never tried this.
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Thursday 04 October 2012
10pm - 2am
Room 1
Zane's rather kicking Essential Mix with full tracklisting!
Support is provided by Warwick's favourite purveyor of 'Good Times' wobbly Mash-Ups, DJP. Here's P having his wicked way with Dizzee!
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