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MikeMoose's's Gamespot Rank
MikeMoose's Emblems
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Voted in 2005 Readers' Choice Awards.Administered to those who sounded off in GameSpot's 10th-annual Readers' Choice Awards, celebrating the best games of 2005.
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For taking part in GameSpot's 2006 World Cup festivities. Go soccer! Or football, depending on where you're from! Watch the World Cup US vs. UK Grudge Match!
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Lady Highlanders notch huge comeback vs. Fulton
The Gatlinburg-Pittman hoops squads hosted District 3-AA rival Fulton on Friday night and split a pair with the visiting birds.
The Lady Highlanders made a dramatic 17-point fourth-quarter comeback for a 65-62 win, while the G-P boys fell into a big early hole en route to a big 76-56 loss to the Falcons.
Despite trailing by as many as 17 points in the fourth quarter, the Lady Highlanders (10-2 overall, 4-0 in District 3-AA) managed a dramatic come-from-behind win over the visiting Lady Falcons (6-2, 4-1).
When sophomore Dannie Luczak made a nice power move to the basket for a layup with 9 seconds on the clock for a 63-62 Blue-and-Gold lead, the Lady Highlanders had their first second-half lead of the contest.
G-P sophomore guard Haris Price — in her first game action since returning from an injury — then forced a Fulton turnover, and senior Karsen Sims iced it with a pair of charity shots to make it the three-point final with 1.6 seconds.
"I think the (G-P) girls just finally pulled together and just decided it was something they wanted more than (Fulton)," said G-P coach Katie Parton. "The girls just played with a lot of heart and emotion in the fourth quarter."
The Lady Highlanders remain unblemished in District 3-AA action with the dramatic victory and have now posted wins against perennial district powerhouses Pigeon Forge and Fulton.
"It was a great win for the girls, and I'm just really excited for them," said Parton.
"It will be a great experience for us to look back on, because we'll know we've been down by 17 points and have the ability to come back.
"Hopefully that will help us later in the season when we need it."
After a sloppy turnover-filled third quarter, G-P found itself in desperate straits and trailing 55-38 heading into the fourth frame.
"We played a terrible, terrible third quarter," said Parton.
But the Lady Highlanders kept plugging away, and when Sims hit a pair of free throws with 3:57 in regulation, G-P had cut it back to single digits, 58-49.
Luczak then grabbed a rebound and put it back in for two before hitting a pair of charity shots on consecutive possessions to cut it to 58-53 with 2:51, and Price followed with a pair from the stripe to cut it to a single-possession game, 58-55, with 2:35.
After a basket by Fulton's Brittanie Whiteside, Price again came through with a pair of free throws and a fastbreak layup to cut it to 60-59 with 1:26.
Fulton's Victoria Griffin answered with an 8-footer with 49 seconds to give the Lady Falcons a 62-59 lead.
But G-P junior Micki Werner hit a layup off a nice assist from Price, who had just made a hustle play to retrieve a loose ball, to cut it to 62-61 with 25.4 seconds.
The Lady Highlanders had a nice start against the Lady Falcons.
When G-P freshman Macee Tinker dished a fast-break assist to teammate sophomore Bethany Sutton to close out the first quarter scoring, the Lady Highlanders held a slim 15-12 edge heading into the second frame.
But seven missed second-quarter free throws by G-P, combined with some hot shooting by Fulton's Jayda Johnson — who scored nine of her 15 first-half points in the second quarter — saw the visiting Lady Falcons to a 32-27 lead at the break.
Luczak led the Lady Highlanders with 21 points, Sims followed with 18, Sutton had eight, Price added seven, Werner and sophomore Alicia Sumeriski had four apiece, freshman Julia Maloney had a deuce and freshman Macee Tinker added a charity shot in the win.
Fulton's Johnson led all scorers with 24 points, Tyanna Castle added 10, Moneisha Thomas had nine, Griffin had seven, Nataya Roller had six, Brittanie Whiteside had four and Bri Greenlee added a deuce in the heartbreaking loss.
The Highlanders (8-5 overall, 1-3 in District 3-AA) had a tough night against the district rival Falcons (6-2, 4-1) with a 20-point loss to the visitors on Friday night.
G-P struggled to keep pace with Fulton throughout the first half, trailing 12-5 at the end of the first en route to an 18-point 37-19 deficit by intermission.
Things didn't improve in the third frame as the Falcons maintained that same 18-point margin, 54-36, heading into the fourth.
"Fulton came out and got on us early," said G-P coach A.J. Bennett. "And we didn't match their energy.
"But we can't worry about this, because we've got (district rival) Austin-East on the road on Monday, and we've got to have a better effort."
G-P junior Steffan Schroeder led the Highlanders with 17 points, senior Blade Durbin added 10, senior Davis Soehn and junior Clay Leatherwood had nine apiece, junior Thomas Mackey had six, junior Christian Maloney had three, and junior Riley Trotter had a deuce in the loss.
Micah Goss led Fulton and all scorers with 24 points, Blake Golden added 19, Bryan Smith had eight, Kentel Williams had seven, Josh Nance and Brody Stone had six apiece, Kelvin Jackson had three, Derek Delaney had a deuce, and Chase Hamilton added a charity shot in the win.
The G-P squads next travel to district rival Austin-East on Monday, while the Fulton squads next host Farragut on Wednesday.

subset: commoncrawl


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Information on membership, press releases, calendars, education, business resources, legislative affairs and military affairs.
Offers fiber optic products, copper products and preterminated shelves. With details on specific products and contact information.
Forest resource management and consulting firm. With links to services, real estate, branches, directory, newsletter and contact details.
Grassroots organization composed of peanut producers. Includes information on events and contact details.
Producer of shelled pecans and pecan treats for fund raising programs. Links to fund raising, retail orders, products, fund raising tips and contact details.


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DES MOINES, Iowa--Rick Santorum may not have won this weekend's Florida GOP straw poll, but neither did Rick Perry nor Mitt Romney. And that, says the former senator from Pennsylvania, is a positive sign for his candidacy.
Santorum was back in Iowa on Sunday, fresh off a swing through Florida that included another strong debate performance and a surprising fourth-place finish in the straw poll.
"I think what you saw yesterday in Florida is a reflection of what I'm hearing from Iowans and everybody else," Santorum told the press outside a gun show at the Iowa state fairgrounds. "People are tired of being told that these are the only two candidates they get to choose from, because they're not particularly happy with either of those two candidates, and they're looking for somebody else."
As Perry's poll numbers continue to drop and as Romney's difficulty exciting the conservative base remains, Santorum senses an opening, even though he remains near the bottom in recent polls, behind former House Speaker Newt Gingrich and Herman Cain, who won the Florida straw poll.
"They both have major issues to winning this nomination," Santorum said of Perry and Romney. "I feel good about the position we're in right now--slow and steady."
In his first trip back to Iowa since his fourth-place finish in the state's straw poll on Aug. 13, Santorum was quick to acknowledge that his campaign is running on a shoestring budget. He compared his low-budget strategy to the famous line from the 1989 film set in the Iowa cornfields, Field of Dreams.
"I really have the Iowa campaign; I mean, 'If you build it, they will come,' " Santorum quipped. "And so I'm doing that. I'm trying to build the organization, I'm trying to build the support on the grassroots, and I've not focused on spending a lot of time on raising money. I've just got to keep my expenses down, and I've just got to be the Energizer Bunny candidate."
Santorum was well received at the gun show, where he spent almost two hours taking questions and shaking hands. Dave Clark, a Boone, Iowa, resident who has been following the candidates closely, said that the former senator has slowly won him over.
"At the very beginning, I kind of liked Michele Bachmann," Clark said. "But as time went on, Rick [Santorum] to me has kind of come out a little bit further ahead than the other candidates. "
Perhaps sensing that some of Bachmann's supporters may be up for grabs, Santorum appeared to take a swipe at the representative from Minnesota when he described to reporters his record in Congress as one of a "conservative bomb thrower" who was also elected to a leadership role.
"So it tells you, not only can I get things done and can I shake things up, but I've earned the respect of my colleagues for doing it," Santorum said. "I wasn't considered an outcast."
Bachmann, herself considered a conservative firebrand, has been criticized by some of her congressional colleagues for working only with a small group of like-minded conservatives and, at times, undermining the House Republican message.


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Ellington's offers exciting, fresh, three-course menus. Price of a full meal is $10.00 including beverages and tips. Reservations are recommended. Menu options for this date include:
Borscht (Vegetarian)
Thick, hearty and filled with delicious root vegetables such as beets, carrots, and turnips, onions and tomatoes. Topped with a dollop of sour cream and dill.
Eggplant Caviar (Vegetarian)
A medley of roasted eggplant, tomatoes, onion, green peppers with lemon juice and salt
& pepper seasoning. Served with pita chips.
Beef Stroganoff
A Russian Tradition: Tender sautéed beef strips, onions and mushrooms in a sour cream sauce on top of noodles. Served with a side of honey glazed tarragon carrots.
Pirozhki (vegetarian)
Light, flaky puff pastry filled with potatoes, cabbage, boiled eggs and dill.
Served with a side of honey glazed tarragon carrots.
Light, sweet egg white meringue topped with fresh strawberries soaked in orange juice garnished with whipped cream.
Orange Russian Cream
A smooth, sweet orange yogurt custard, served cold with a sprinkle of chocolate.
Rye Bread
Freshly baked Russian Rye bread with a crisp crust. Served with whipped butter.
Pepsi, Diet Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Sierra Mist, Raspberry Ice Tea, Lipton Brisk Iced Tea,
Coffee, Decaffeinated Coffee and Hot Tea.
Wine Options
Salmon Creek Chardonnay $4.50
Salmon Creek Merlot $4.50
College of Health & Human Sciences, School of Family, Consumer & Nutrition Sciences, Ellington's (Student Luncheons)


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The Top 10 OMG Moments of Fall 2010 New York Fashion Week
The Top 10 OMG Moments of Fall 2010 New York Fashion Week
Sure, the clothes on the runway made us swoon. But some of the most memorable Fashion Week moments happened in the front row, backstage and at parties. Read on for some of Fashion Week's most shocking, entertaining, stylish and exciting highs and lows.SEE MORE
10. Watching Kim in the Kardashians for Bebe front row was a little like watching our TiVo.It was tough keeping up with the Kardashians (badum-bum) with all the reality-show starlets sitting in the Bebe audience: Not only did Kim—the show's guest designer—sit front row, but Jersey Shore's resident bad girl (and sometime "fashion designer") Jenni "JWoww" Farley perched in a prime seat and looked like she was concentrating awfully hard on the clothes.
9. Christina Hendricks fought the snow—and totally won.If we didn't worship the ground Mad Men's Christina Hendricks walked on, we might, just might, have been jealous that she managed to look so picture-perfect while braving the storm after Bagdley Mischka's show. Another point for the girl-crush count.
8. Kelly Osbourne (and her puppy) went to more fashion shows than we did.This season, Kelly Osbourne swiftly left reality starlets and 90210 beauties far behind in the race to become the unofficial celebrity queen of New York Fashion Week (tangent: Are all the Gossip Girls on vacation? What the heck?!). She hit the catwalk as a model in both the Betsey Johnson and Fashion for Relief shows, and she's also been a front-row fixture—looking better than ever, too.
7. Donna Karan packed the house with red carpet VIPs.When the week started off, we were a little disappointed about the low celeb quotient (we like to ogle-but-not-look-like-we're-ogling as much as the next gal). Fortunately, Donna Karan did her part to redeem the whole darn industry by hosting a serious triumvirate of A-listers in her front row: Susan Sarandon, Demi Moore and Brooke Shields, all oohing and aahing over Karan's chicly neutral collection.
6. Kelly Rutherford and Beth Ostrosky Stern wore the same Nicole Miller dress—to the Nicole Miller show.Gossip Girl's Kelly Rutherford and model/wife of Howard Stern Beth Ostrosky both showed up to the Nicole Miller show wearing a white sheath dress by the designer—and were forced to sit directly next to each other! It's pretty much the ultimate faux pas, but both ladies laughed it off and even posed for photos in their matching frocks. Now that's chic.
5. Tavi, the 14-year-old style blogger, dyed her hair gray and gave great advice.Fourteen-year-old blogger Tavi Gevinson of Style Rookie is officially a fashion-world superstar, being honored by Rei Kawakubo and Comme des Garçons, skipping school to attend the Paris haute couture shows and inspiring Kate and Laura Mulleavy's Rodarte for Target line. So naturally, when we ran into her backstage at Alexander Wang—where she was sporting dyed bluish-gray hair, no less—we asked her if she had any advice for aspiring fashion bloggers: "Just write what you think," she said. " You have to just be honest. Write about what you know, and make sure it really comes from the heart."
4. There was a whole lotta crazy going on at the Blonds show.Guests at the the Blonds show got pretty confused: Were they supposed to look at Adam Lambert's clawlike gloves or the designers' stuffed-animal-trimmed faux-fur jackets? Most watched the show tennis-style, glancing back and forth between the two.
3. The guys in Calvin Klein's front row made us breathless.We're not afraid to admit that when we saw this snapshot of the front row at Calvin Klein's menswear show, we were tempted to print it out and kiss it. (Don't worry, we fought the urge.) The suited-up A-list guest list included Jared Leto, Chace Crawford, Ryan Phillippe and Kellan Lutz—bona fide man candy, each and every one.
2. Agyness Deyn took a tumble (twice!) on the runway.Even veteran runway strutters have high-heel hang-ups from time to time: This season, supermodel Agyness Deyn took not one but two tumbles at Naomi Campbell's Fashion for Relief. Her ankle-strap platforms took her down once, and she laughed it off like a true pro, clapping her hands and giving a mischievous smile. When they tripped her up again, she smartly took them off and continued down the runway.
1. The fashion world lost one of its greats—Alexander McQueen.Fashion-design legend Alexander McQueen was found dead by suicide in his London home on February 11, at just 40 years old. He was a master of drama, a genius at turning fashion into theater and beloved by celebrities across the globe. Fashion-lovers around the world mourned the loss, and at Naomi Campbell's Fashion for Relief Event, she and a slew of fellow supermodels paid a teary-eyed tribute to the designer by walking the runway in dramatic dresses from his recent collections.


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Recipe Index Coming SOON!!!
Here you will find recipes I use over and over again
Italian Cookie Recipe
1 1/2cups butter melted and cooled (10 minutes)
5 cups flour
1 ¾ cups sugar
2 tsp baking powder
2 tsp vanilla
In medium bowl whisk eggs and melted butter.
In large bowl stir together flour, sugar and baking powder, make a well in the center of the dry ingredients and add the egg mixture then vanilla. Mix until shiny. About 2 minutes. Cover bowl with waxed paper and let the dough stand at room temperature for 20 minutes
Heat oven to 350 degrees roll out dough with flour and cut with cookie cutter. Place on a cookie sheet lined with a silpat (silicone mat) or parchment paper. Bake 12 minutes
Makes at least 5 dozen (3inch) cookies.
Let cookies completely cool before icing.
2 cups confectioners' (powdered) sugar
4 Tablespoons milk
1 Tablespoon corn syrup
In small bowl mix together until smooth add more milk if too thick or confectioners' sugar if too thin.
Add food coloring and mix well.
Let icing set on decorated cookies before storing, this takes about 12 hours.
The cookies won't go stale, the icing is covering the tops preserving the freshness.
Perfect Chocolate Cupcakes
1 cup unsweetened cocoa
2 cups boiling water
2 3/4 cups sifted flour
2t. baking soda
1/2 t. salt
1/2 t. baking powder
1 cup butter
2 1/2 cups sugar
4 eggs
1 1/2 t. vanilla
In a medium bowl combine cocoa and water mixing with a whisk until smooth. Cool completely. Sift flour with baking soda, salt, and baking powder.
Preheat oven to 350 degrees.
Beat on high butter, sugar, eggs, and vanilla 5 minutes.
On low blend in flour mixture and cocoa mixture
Do Not Overbeat
bake approx 12 to 15 minutes
Cream Cheese Frosting
1/2 package cream cheese
1/2 cup butter
2 cups powdered sugar
1/2 tsp vanilla
beat all together until smooth and creamyButtercream Frosting
1 cup butter
1 cup shortening
6 cups powdered sugar
2-4 Tablespoons milk
1 teaspoons vanilla extract (or what ever extract flavor you would like)
beat butter, add sugar and milk along with extract until smooth and creamy
1 cup shortening
6 cups powdered sugar
2-4 Tablespoons milk
1 teaspoons vanilla extract (or what ever extract flavor you would like)
beat butter, add sugar and milk along with extract until smooth and creamy
Chocolate Strawberry scone
2 cups flour
1/4 cup sugar
3 tsp baking powder
1 tsp salt
1/2 cup butter
1 cup fresh strawberries, diced
3/4 cup chocolate chips
1/2 cup buttermilk or {1/2 cup milk and 1/2 T vinegar}
2 eggs
chocolate to melt for drizzling on top
In a large mixing bowl combine flour, sugar, baking powder and salt. Cut in butter until mixture resembles coarse crumbs. Add buttermilk, one egg and one egg yolk {reserve white}, Mix until blended then add strawberries and chocolate chips, mix in but don't crush berries.Drop dough onto lightly foured surface and knead delicately, just until dough comes together.
Flour hands and pat dough into a rectangle and cut into triangles.
brush tops with reserved egg white.
Bake at 350 for 20-25 minutes
Vanilla cake/cupcake Recipe
3 2/3 cups flour
2 tsp baking powder
1 1/4 tsp salt
1 1/3 cups butter
2 1/3 cups sugar
5 eggs. lightly beaten
4 tsp vanilla
1 1/3cups milk
Sift flour baking powder and salt set aside
In mixer bowl, beat butter on medium until creamy, then add sugar until fluffy almost 5 minutes. Stopping to scrape sides down, add the eggs a little at a time, beating well after each addition. Mix in vanilla.
Reduce speed to low and add the flour mixture in three portions alternating with the milk beginning and ending with flour.
Bake at 325
I use this recipe for my giant cupcakes which take 70 minutes to bake
Cupcakes usually take 25-30 minutes.
Chocolate Frosting Recipe
1/2 cup butter
1/2 cup shortening
1/2 cup unsweetened cocoa
5 cups powdered sugar
3 T. milk
Beat butter and shortening then add cocoa, powdered sugar and turn on mixer while adding milk, mix until well blended.
Lemon Scone Recipe
2 cups flour
1/4 cup sugar
3 tsp baking powder
1 tsp salt
1/2 cup butter
1/2 cup skim milk
3 T lemon juice
zest of 1 lemon
1 tsp lemon extract
2 eggs
Mix together flour, sugar, baking powder and salt. Cut in butter until mixture resembles coarse crumbs. Add milk, lemon juice, zest and extract along with one egg and one egg yolk (reserve other white) Mix until blended. Knead on a floured surface for a rectangle then cut into triangles. Brush tops with reserved egg white. Bake at 350 degrees for 20 -25 minutes until golden brown.
Lemon Icing
Mix 1 cup powdered sugar with 3 T lemon juice and 1 tsp lemon extract and tint if yellow if desired. Then drizzle on top of scones when they are cool.
What a light and refreshing taste!
Marshmallow Fondant
below is a marshmallow fondant covered cookie
below is a marshmallow fondant covered cookie
Marshmallow Fondant
16 oz mini marshmallows
2-5 T water
2 lbs powdered sugar
1/4 cup Crisco
I made mine on a silicone mat, which made it very easy to work with,
if you don't have a silicone mat, just grease a cutting board and it will work fine.
Put the entire bag of mini marshmallows in a microwave proof bowl and add 2T water.
Heat in microwave for 2 1/2 minutes but be sure to stop every 30 seconds and stir it.
It will all be all melted, then grease the dough hook and mixing bowl.
{if you do not have a dough hook on you mixer you can mix it on the silicone mat or greased cutting board}
Add 1/2 of the powdered sugar, mix well and then add the other 1/2 of the sugar, knead well.
{If you mix by hand you will need to grease your hands it's very sticky}
as you are kneading
if it tears easily it's too dry, add water as needed 1/2 tsp at a time.
Once it's blended pour out onto your mat and make sure your hands are greased to knead it completely.
I made it the night before I needed to use it, so just grease the fondant and store in a ziploc bag removing as much air as possible, until ready to use.
Keeps well in refrigerator for two weeks,
I had mine out on the counter for a week and it worked great and was fresh.


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#12 Cabled Pullover by Shiri Mor
Welcome! You are browsing as a guestWould you like to see 6 projects made from this pattern and much more? join Ravelry now What am I missing?
© Vogue Knitting
#12 Cabled Pullover
This pattern is available for download for $6.00.
Pattern Description from Vogue Knitting, Winter 2008/09: "Thanks to a central lace panel mirrored on the back, Shiri Mor's textured turtleneck is tinged with romance. Cables appear to pop out of the insert pockets on the front, through the twists and side panels (whose pattern continues along the sleeves) are actually completed first. The piece is worked with 'Zara' by Filatura Di Crosa/Tahki.Stacy Charles."
"Standard-fitting pullover with standing mock neck, and pockets in a variety of vertical patterns."
Knitted Measurements:
- Bust 34.5 (37, 40, 48.5)"/87.5 (94, 101.5, 123)cm
- Length 22.25 (22.25, 22.75, 24.5)"/56.5 (56.5, 58, 61.5)cm
- Upper arm 13 (13, 13.75, 16)"/33 (33, 35, 40.5)cm
- 13 (14, 15, 19) 1.75oz/50g balls (each approx 137yd/125m) of Filatura di Crosa/Tahki Stacy Charles, Inc. Zara (merino wool) in #1396 off white
- One pair size 5 (3.75mm) needles or size to obtain gauge
- Cable needle, stitch holders, stitch markers
Additional Gauges:
- 20 sts and 28 rows = 4"/10cm over lace pat using size 5 (3.75mm) needles
- One 16-st lattice cable panel = 2"/5cm wide
Pages: 64 & 92-93.
For more information, see: http://www.shiridesigns.com/index.php?option=com_con...


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Jul 26, 2011
TEL AVIV [MENL] -- Israel's military has been preparing to receive a newmissile defense system.
Jul 20, 2011
CAIRO [MENL] -- Iranian-backed Shi'ite rebels have renewed their war inYemen.
Mar 02, 2011
ABU DHABI [MENL] -- The United Arab Emirates plans to be the first MiddleEast state to acquire an advanced U.S.-origin unmanned aerial vehicle.
Feb 05, 2011
TEL AVIV [MENL] -- An Israeli defense major has developed a concept for ageneric battle management for missile and rocket defense.


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Villa Punto de Vista – Costa Rica's Premier Luxury Wedding Villa & Venue (*Official Video!)
- at May 2, 2012
- by admin
- In Luxury Wedding
- 1
Villa Punto de Vista's brand New Video!
Villa Punto de Vistas Stunning Surroundings and Details were incredibly captured in HD making this Costa Rica Destination Wedding Villa shown like any other in Costa Rica. The Villas 10 Ensuite Bedrooms, social spaces were really captured with the incredibly talented Jonathan Yonkers at the Helm (www.jonathanyonkers.com) Be sure to see our other Videos on our Youtube Channel!
Plan the Perfect Costa Rica Destination Wedding
- at January 23, 2012
- by admin
- In Luxury Wedding
- 0
The destination wedding is quickly becoming a popular choice among today's couples. The beach is, of course, the number one spot for any wedding, with a Costa Rica destination wedding high on the list of most desirable. If you would like to plan a destination wedding in Costa Rica, it really is easier than you might think. This island is gorgeous and welcoming, ready to help you make the most amazing memories on your perfect day.
The old-world charm of Costa Rica makes the perfect backdrop for any vacation, while the pristine beaches are the best possible setting for a Costa Rica destination wedding. You can bring your entire wedding party together in one place by renting a vacation villa that everyone can share. These villas vary in sizes and amenities, so you can be sure there will be something that fits perfectly within your tastes and budget. All of your most beloved can stand alongside you as you say your vows on the beautiful beaches and then celebrate together in a private villa for the duration of your stay.
Because these villas are more affordable than you might think, a destination wedding in Costa Rica could be well within your reach. You could seek out hotels and resorts for your Costa Rica destination wedding, or you could choose the privacy that a beachfront villa can offer. Because you already have the villa arranged, there will be no need to find a venue for the vow exchange, either. To make everything even more perfect, you can find plenty of professional wedding planners help all of your in-country details, from flowers and photographs to food and music. It doesn't take a lot of effort to put together the most perfect Costa Rica destination wedding you could possibly imagine.
Once you have made your vows, your destination wedding in Costa Rica can then become your honeymoon. There will be no need to travel to an exotic location because you will already be here! You can either arrange for your own private villa to enjoy the rest of your stay, or you can enjoy the privacy you receive when your guests all head back home. No matter how you plan your dream wedding, it can all be arranged with ease. Start dreaming today, and let those dreams carry you all the way to your Costa Rica destination wedding!
Finding a Luxury Venue in Costa Rica
- at January 23, 2012
- by admin
- In Luxury Wedding
- 0
For your destination wedding in Costa Rica, you will certainly need a perfect venue. Most people think first of staying in hotels or resorts for their destination wedding, but this will require you to find an additional space where you can exchange your vows. To simplify planning and even save some money, you may want to consider a private villa for your stay. Your vacation rental can then double as a luxury venue for a Costa Rica wedding. The villas that line the beaches are all beautiful, private, and full of luxurious amenities. It's a great way to combine your accommodations with your wedding venue.
After you have your luxury venue in Costa Rica set, the rest of the wedding planning comes next. Fortunately, you can find plenty of wedding planners on the island that are well versed in the destination wedding. A Manuel Antonio wedding is one of the most sought after on the island for many reasons. Wouldn't you love to put all of your concerns in the hands of an experienced wedding coordinator? You wouldn't need to worry about arranging flowers, photographs, videographers, music, or even food. The professionals that arrange a Manual Antonio wedding know how to take care of everything for you so that you have the most luxurious destination wedding you ever dreamed of.
The best thing about using your beach house as a luxury venue in Costa Rica is that you can keep your whole wedding party together for the event. Everyone can enjoy the privacy of the beach villa, attend the ceremony, and then relax for the rest of the vacation. You and your partner can either enjoy the rest of the vacation with them all, or you can find a smaller villa for your honeymoon. And how wonderful would it be to know that you are already in your honeymoon destination the moment you finish your vows?
It really is a great way to save a lot of money while still enjoying the luxury that a destination wedding can bring. You won't need to worry about multiple hotel rooms, venue rentals, or transportation to and from both. With a Manuel Antonio wedding, everything else will be taken care of, too. There is no better way to put together an amazing wedding with minimal effort and cost. Best of all, you will enjoy every last minute of your wedding and honeymoon!
Why Costa Rica May Work for You?
Paradise is always a great option for a destination wedding, and that's why so many people are considering a Costa Rica wedding rather than the traditional local weddings. Though there are hundreds of beaches around the world that would make a beautiful backdrop for your vows, you must admit that the old world charm and pristine beaches of Costa Rica make it a far superior choice when it comes right down to it. Aside from the sheer beauty of the Manuel Antonio, there is also the matter of affordability. When you take everything into consideration, there may be no better choice than a Costa Rica wedding.
The best option available to you is to rent a villa for the duration of your stay. A villa wedding Costa Rica is something you will never forget for many reasons. These villas are available in many different sizes for any budget, so there is surely something that will work for you. Your guests can stay with you in your beautiful and private home on the beach so that you can all be together for the vows and then the celebration after. A villa wedding in Costa Rica costs less than you might think, too, especially when compared to the costs of hotel or resort accommodations for you and your guests.
The beauty of a Costa Rica wedding isn't just the cost, either. Imagine for a moment that you have made your vows in your villa wedding in Costa Rica. Where will you go for your honeymoon? You're already there! You and your partner can begin celebrating your union right away in the paradise that Costa Rica offers while your guests enjoy the rest of their vacation. Separate villas can easily be arranged, and you will still save money on your accommodations. Villas offer privacy that hotels and resorts just can't promise, plus you'll all be together.
It's easier than ever to plan a Costa Rica wedding. You can seek out rentals for your villa wedding in Costa Rica by performing a simple web search. After you have made your lodging arrangements, you can find one of several wedding planners on the island. These planners are prepared to help you arrange the rest of your wedding details so that your villa wedding in Costa Rica will be perfect. You can get the flowers, cake, photographs, and even music arranged before you even arrive!
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In the last six months, most media reports coming out of Pakistan focus on the country's polarizing politics and position within the international arena. Development challenges and efforts in the country have been largely passed over in favor of headlines questioning Pakistan's future. However, development is back on the public agenda with the results of a 2011 household survey on the status of education in the country. The results have been qualified as "shocking" and implicate the urgent need for education reform in the country.
According to the Pakistan Education Task Force, a kindergarten child in Pakistan has just a 1% chance of reaching the 12th grade. This figure represents a clear failure on the part of the Government of Pakistan and of the education system currently in place. The household survey called the "Annual Status of Education Report (ASER), Pakistan 2011" – conducted by the South Asia Forum for Education Development in collaboration with the Open Society Institute, Department for International Development, National Commission for Human Development and Oxfam/Novib – collected data that shows how poor literacy has paved the way towards incomplete elementary and secondary education.
Data collection for ASER was executed in 85 districts throughout Pakistan, including urban centers like Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar. Nearly 49,000 volunteer surveyors participated in collecting detailed information on 143,826 children between the ages of three and 16, where 59% were male and 41% were female, from 3,466 public and private schools. Across various states in the country, there is a high incidence of poor literacy: nationally, as many as 58% of children cannot read a single sentence in either Urdu or their regional language, and 75% of children in Pakistan are unable to read a single sentence in English. For example, in Sindh it was found that 81.2% of Class-V students could not read Class-II level sentences in English, while 59.5% could not read a story in Urdu or Sindhi. Math skills were also found lacking where 76% of students could not do simple division.
Literacy is one part of the education challenge, but so too is access. School matriculation seems to have decreased in 2011 compared to 2010 where government school attendance of children in the six to 16 age group decreased to 66.9% from 67.2%. In the three to five age group, 57.3% of children were not enrolled in pre-school while 32.3% of children under five years old were out of school.
A key reason behind diminished attendance rates is explained by the limited education of mothers: in Punjab alone, 58.4% of mothers in surveyed households were found to be illiterate. This would directly affect the education of girl children – who predictably lag behind in literacy and school attendance rates across the country. Further research and analysis is needed to construct a narrative of how education is being valued by households in today's modern Pakistan, as well as its availability and quality as deciding factors in school attendance.
Earlier this month at a seminar entitled, "Education and Human Development," at the Sustainable Development Policy Institute in Islamabad, Dr. Shaukat Farooq, President of the Knowledge-Based Welfare Society, stated that poverty and ignorance were Pakistan's "biggest evils" and that the "national identity can only be achieved by making education uniform, compulsory and free for all and increasing its quality." Dr. Farooq went on to cite how Western world progress is distinguished by industrial and social development that depended on education and knowledge; basic education was made mandatory in these countries over 100 years ago, and Pakistan needs to follow suit so that it can rise and meet the needs and challenges of the 21st century.
The government has not ignored the education sector needs of the country, but it has adopted some dubious solutions that call into question the depth of awareness and understanding of the national problem. For instance, in December 2011, Chief Minister Shahbaz in Punjab had instated a "free laptops" scheme whereby eligible college and university students would receive a free laptop in efforts to improve technology access and experience. There were a few problems with this approach, the first of which is clearly that this does not address the critical education needs of young children, which was already a notable issue. The second problem is that this scheme would have been quite costly at a time when the country, at the state and national levels, is struggling with a staggering deficit. The third problem highlights a larger issue with regard to the next stages of education. Basic literacy is a problem, but alongside this is the clear challenge of digital literacy, which is found to be an obstacle in the capital city. This last problem does not only point to perhaps a more "advanced" educational need, but it points to a trend that is already widely felt in the country between the poor and all other, higher social strata. Bridging the gap between an incomplete and complete education, in any discipline and at any level, means that reform must be the guiding light of forward-thinking education strategy for the government.
The argument for a uniform education system is not new, but in light of the survey's recent results, immediate and decisive action is needed for the sector. With the recent passage of the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, the Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency has said that the government should now take steps towards establishing a uniform education system. The specific nature of the reforms that need to be adopted are not yet defined, but they should definitively reexamine the current approach to literacy and how that can be rectified. There is also a real need to address school attendance rates, particularly with girl children who will only become further disenfranchised without a proper, basic education.
Reforming the education sector will not only involve a new approach or perspective, but also money. The need for Pakistan to ramp up investment in its education sector is pressing: currently, the country allocates only 1.5% of its GDP to education, whereas the UN standard is 5%. Until the Government of Pakistan makes education a greater priority and goes beyond intellectualization to actually affecting the necessary changes, next year's ASER may show similar, if not more discouraging, statistics, and that would point to not just the failure of the education system, but of the government as a whole.


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Banner Data Standards Information
Purpose of Modification
|Summary of Modification for PWPBMSU
|PWPBMSU (version 8.7.C) This OUS-developed process validates the PWRPBMS table data (excluding those On-Hold) coming from the PEBB.BENEFITS system. Validated records are then updated in the Banner tables; PDRBDED, PDRDEDN, PERDHIS, PDRBENE and PDRBCOV. There is one condition when rows can be deleted from the PDRBDED and PDRDEDN tables - if the transaction code equals D and the row in PDRDEDN has an Effective Date in the future, the deduction can be removed since payroll has not been processed. PWRPBMS data is populated by the PWPBMSL program and modified by the PWABMSM form. If the input parameter indicates `Update', any data that does not contain errors is used to update various Banner tables; rows are inserted into PWHPBMS (history table) and deleted from PWRPBMS. Rows containing errors remain in PWRPBMS. Reports are created reflecting Banner rows updated and rows remaining in PWRPBMS due to errors. If the input parameter indicates `Audit', data is validated but does not update Banner, and no tables are modified and only one report is produced. Modifications made to fix the PXM limit in PWPBMSU from $5,000 to $2,500.


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Learn how to PaddleBoard!
Stand-Up Paddle boarding is an ancient form of surfing that can be traced back early Polynesia. It's most recent history dates back to the 1940′s when the beach boys (surf instructors) on Waikiki beach used to stand up and paddle out to the break using a one bladed paddle. As time moved on board designs and fashions changed, the paddle was all but lost in the history of surfing. Come with us and rediscovering the benefits of the paddle board. Try your hand at this new sport with a paddle board surf lesson.
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CALL 704-222-7731 get on the water today!
- One-hour, private lesson: $70 per-person
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- One-hour, 3-6 people, detailed instruction: $45 per-person
What to Bring
- Come sunscreen protected
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- Be ready for Instant success and to be stoked!


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Leather Motorcycle Jackets, Vests, & Other Leather Accessories
Take on the open road on your motorcycle knowing you have the best quality leather apparel to protect you and enhance your style. Ride to Live Leather is your online resource for motorcycle jackets, leather vests, and other apparel for riders. From motorcycle gloves to protect your hands, to leather chaps to cover your legs and help prevent scrapes in case of an accident, quality leather apparel is only a click away. Our selection of premium leather motorcycle jackets should satisfy even the most discriminate of tastes.
Find quality leather motorcycle apparel at RideToLiveLeather.com
Don't let anything keep you from enjoying the wide open roads on your trusty motorcycle! We've got a great selection of gear that will help keep you comfortable, safe, and incredibly well-dressed. Check out our selection of leather jackets, leather vests, leather chaps, and motorcycle gloves.
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So embrace your adventurous side! Check out our hard-working motorcycle clothing today. We offer the best products at the best deals—why? Because our customers deserve it. We also strive to give you excellent customer service and support. If you ever have concerns or questions about any of our items, let us know! Email us at , and we'll get back to you as soon as possible.


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Sunday, January 19, 2014 - Sunday, January 19, 2014
12:00 pm - 5:30 pm
Cost: Free
Sponsored by: Creative Cauldron
Creative Cauldron will open its doors to the public on Saturday, January 18th from 9 am to 5:30 pm and on Sunday, January 19th from 12 noon to 5:30 pm for a series of family-friendly performing and visual arts workshops, demonstrations and free performances. The workshops will be led by veteran members of Creative Cauldron's circle of teaching artists, along with special ethnic performers who are participating in the 2014 Passport to the World Festival Series.
Event Contact Info:


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An improved method of preparing a molten glass composition is presented. The constituents of the molten glass composition are classified into two or more melting groups according to mutual melting properties or characteristics such as volatility, corrosiveness or fusion point. Of the constituent groups one is selected and prepared as a molten base glass composition into which the remaining groups are sequentially introduced and homogenized into the base glass forming a molten glass composition of desired forming characteristics.
1. A process for forming a borosilicate glass fiber of a predetermined chemical composition containing 5-15% B2 O3 comprising:
(a) separating the batch ingredients for said predetermined fiber composition into ingredients for forming a host glass and for forming a B2 O3 -containing additive glass, said host glass having a higher liquidus than said additive glass and said additive glass being more corrosive than said host glass;
(b) melting said ingredients for forming said host glass in a horizontally disposed, continuous flow, main-melter;
(c) flowing said molten host glass from said main melter to a location where said fibers are formed;
(d) separately melting said additive glass and combining, with forceful mechanical mixing, said molten additive glass with a larger portion of said molten host glass prior to said fiber forming location to form a fiberizable borosilicate glass, and
(e) forming said borosilicate fiber at said fiber forming location from said fiberizable glass, at least a major proportion of the B2 O3 content of said fiber being supplied by said additive glass, said melter exhibiting longer life and the volatilization losses of B2 O3 being substantially less than that obtained when melting the ingredients of said additive and host glass together in said melter.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein substantially all the B2 O3 of said fiber is supplied by said additive glass.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein said fiber includes fluorine, substantially all of which is supplied by said additive glass.
4. The process of claim 1 wherein the composition of said host glass is such that its viscosity and/or liquidus temperature are unsuitable for practicable forming and said additive glass is added in an amount so that the combined glass is suitable for practicable forming.
5. The process of claim 1 wherein said ingredients for forming said host glass are pelletized and preheated to a temperature below which they will agglomerate prior to melting in said melter.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein about 11% by weight of the ingredients of said fiber are supplied as said additive glass.
7. The process of claim 1 wherein about 8% by weight of the ingredients of said fiber are supplied as said additive glass.
The application is a continuation, of application Ser. No. 680,841, filed May 5, 1976, which is a continuation-in-part of my co-pending application Ser. No. 624,616, filed Oct. 23, 1975, which is a continuation-in-part of my co-pending application Ser. No. 526,876, filed Nov. 25, 1974 all now abandoned.
The present invention relates to an improved method for preparing molten glass compositions. Heretofore, molten glass compositions have been prepared by charging a formulation of batch ingredients, containing all constituents desired in the glass composition, into a melter or furnace wherein heat is applied in sufficient quantity to cause the batch ingredients to fuse and react with each other forming a mass of molten constituents. The resulting molten mass is generally homogenized or refined within the melting apparatus forming a molten glass composition from which glass products are produced.
In the mass production of glass products, preparation of molten glass is preferably a continuous process wherein the melting unit contains a reservoir of molten constituents into which the batch formulation is charged at a rate responsive to the molten glass withdrawal or pull rate. During the time the molten constituents reside within the melter they further react with one another forming a homogenized molten glass of the desired composition. A typical constituent residence time for a melter producing 150 tons of molten glass per day is approximately 24 to 48 hours or greater. The temperature of the molten constituents residing in the melter must be maintained at a sufficient level to react the incoming batch ingredients. Hence, a portion of the molten constituents which volatilize at temperatures below the established melter operating temperature are lost as flue gas. Therefore, to obtain a given molten glass composition, suitable for forming, the batch formulation must compensate for the proportion of constituents lost by volatilization during melter residence.
The prior glass melting methods restrict glass compositions to compositions containing only those constituents which can survive the environment of the glass melting apparatus. By currently known methods of preparing molten glass, having particular properties or forming characteristics, it is necessary to introduce into the melting furnace all of the constituents that must be present in the final molten glass composition to produce those properties or characteristics. Many times the presence of those constituents in the melter is undesirable because of their volatility, corrosiveness, or environmental affects. The consequence, recognized for years is that the compositions of some glasses are impractical to produce commercially because of the volatility, corrosiveness or environmental affect of their constituents.
Certain hostile glasses, however, have desirable properties and are commercially produced under such adverse conditions as to add significantly to their cost. For example, borosilicate glass compositions generally contain volatile constituents such as boric oxide (B2 O3), fluorine (F2), and sodium borate Na2 O XB2 O3). These constituents not only volatilize at melter operating temperatures but also shorten melter life by their chemical attack upon refractory materials.
The present invention relates to an improved method for preparing molten glass compositions suitable for subsequent forming into useful glass products. By my method of making glass the constituents of the desired molten glass composition are selectively classified into two or more melting groups. The melting groups are separately prepared, preferably as molten masses. One group, generally the one of greatest mass, is chosen as a base or host glass into which the other groups may be sequentially mixed and homogenized to form the desired molten glass composition.
The classification criteria for example by which the melting groups are formulated may be based upon fusion temperature of the constituents, or any other mutual processing characteristic such as corrosiveness, softening point, volatility etc. The classification criteria of one group need not necessarily exclude constituents of other groups. For example, if the constituents are classified according to fusion temperature, the temperature range of one constituent group may overlap the temperature range of other constituent groups. Thus, two or more constituent groups may contain a common constituent. It may also be found desirable in formulating a particular melting group to include a constituent, otherwise excluded by the group classification criteria to assist melting of that group or in some other way alter its properties to obtain the most desirable processing characteristics for that melting group.
Applying the principles of my invention to the preparation of a molten fiberizable glass composition comprising silicon oxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2 O3), calcium oxide (CaO), boric oxide (B2 O3), fluorine (F2), and sodium oxide (Na2 O), two melting groups may be identified. The highly volatile constituents, B2 O3, F2 and Na2 O.XB2 O3 are preferably grouped together as a volatile oxide group. The remaining constituents SiO2, Al2 O3, Na2 O and CaO may be grouped together as a relatively non-volatile group. The non-volatile group is recognized as soda lime glass, a composition relatively common to the glass industry and may be prepared as a molten base glass in a high production glass melting furnace of the continuous type common to the glass making industry. To this relatively non-volatile molten base glass composition the volatile constituent group may be added either as a molten composition or as a batch formulation. The volatile constituent group may be introduced into the molten base composition at any convenient location downstream of the non-volatile constituent group' s melting area. Preferably the volatile constituent group is introduced to the molten base glass immediately downstream of the base glass melter's exit throat thereby taking advantage of the base glass' exit temperature and residual heat. However, the volatile constituent group might be introduced directly into the base glass melter's throat area or any other favorable or otherwise advantageous location between the base glass melting area and the glass forming position.
The base composition will generally be identified as that melting group representing the larger volumetric portion of the total composition. Thus, for most known commercial glasses the ratio of base to additive will lie within the range of 1:1 to 20:1.
By my multi-step method of making glass a freedom of melter design can be realized heretofore unknown in the industry. Melter design and operation need no longer be dictated by the molten glass composition produced therefrom. Hostile glass compositions may be formulated into two or more melting groups such that the more troublesome constituents such as the highly volatile, may be removed from the composition and prepared separate and apart from the less troublesome constituents. Generally speaking the volatile constituents of most concern in present day glass making operations are, boric oxide (B2 O3), sodium borates (Na2 O.xB2 O3) resulting from the presence of Na2 O and B2 O3, fluorine (F2), and lead oxide (PbO). These constituents generally represent a minor portion of the total glass composition and have relatively low fusion temperatures. Therefore, they may be melted in a specially designed melter smaller in size than the base glass melter and operated at a lower temperature. Thus, less volatilization loss will occur and since the volatile melter is small compared to commercial tank melters, pollution prevention problems are significantly reduced.
Most volatiles in glass compositions are also solvents of known refractory materials. Therefore, any amount of volatile reduction in the glass melter may be expected to extend melter life. In commercially melting of borosilicate glasses those having at least 3% B2 O3, I have found that melter life may be extended approximately 100% by a 50% reduction of B2 O3 in the melter.
According to the concepts of the present invention a desired composition of glass can be made by separating the high temperature and the low temperature constituents of the composition into at least two portions and separately processing each, the high temperature constituents being processed to a molten condition. With the high temperature material in a molten state the low temperature materials can be combined directly therewith whereupon the two are quickly if not immediately subjected to a vigorous working or intermixing of incremental segments by application of external forces to a degree such that the combination is in effect homogenized. Before appreciable effluence of the low temperature constituents can occur if the high temperature homogenized combination is not then to be used directly, it is preferably lowered in temperature closer to its new softening temperature to reduce tendencies for the volatile ingredients to evolve as effluents.
Another feature of the invention is that the high temperture portion of the composition in the absence of the constituents of the low temperature portion can be efficiently preheated in a batch state to a much higher temperature prior to initiation of conversion to a molten mass than when the two portions are in combination in a common batch as in conventional glass producing process.
Energy consumption, effluent evolution and the size of the melter can all be reduced according to the concepts of the present invention. In addition, the life of the refractory for containing the major portion of the molten material can be increased considerably. Still further, since the residence time of the low temperature materials in high temperature zones is greatly reduced, consumption of the low temperature materials required to produce a composition is much less than experienced in producing glass by conventional melting techniques. Such low temperature materials include fluxes required to lower the melting temperature and additives for improving the durability of the final glass. These constituents are usually considerably more expensive then the base silica material of the composition. Accordingly to produce a glass of the desired composition, the cost of raw input material can also be reduced considerably.
A feature of the present invention relates to an improved method for producing molten glass and products therefore, particularly although not necessarily glass fibers, and more particularly a method for eliminating, controlling, or simplifying the control of effluent to the atmosphere from the volatile bearing constituents in the batch formulation, consisting of at least 3% boric oxide bearing constituents with or without fluorine bearing constituents. For example, glass compositions suitable for glass fiber manufacture for the production of glass wool, or plastics reinforcements or other end products are generally borosilicate glasses and their compositions contain volatile constituents in quantities sufficient to affect their forming characteristics, such as boron oxide (B2 O3), fluorine (F2), and/or sodium borate (Na2 OxB2 O3). These constituents not only volatilze at melter operating temperatures, but also their presence in the melt shorten melter life by corrosive or chemical attack upon refractory materials.
When removing the volatile constituents from borosilicate glasses and particularly glasses used for the production of glass fibers it has been discovered that the remaining glass forming constituents can be practically melted in a conventional type furnace, either in that the remaining constituents form what may be regarded as a eutectic; that is, among the lowest liquidus melting temperature compositions, or at least the remaining constituents are sufficiently capable of being melted in a conventional furnace; but in either case, the forming characteristics of the remaining constituents when in the molten state are incapable of effective manipulation and forming into the desired end product, principally because viscosity and/or liquidus temperatures are excessive and unsuitable for forming in a practicable way. In accordance with the present invention, the volatilizable constituents are separately melted and then added to the molten mass of the remaining constituents, the intimately mixed, preferably by stirring mechanically, to homogenize and provide the proper forming characteristics, and thereafter formed into end products.
It is known in the industry that the efficiency of the glass making process may be improved by pre-heating of the formulated batch prior to charging it to the melter. However, the efficiency gain is recognized as being limited by the particular batch formulation sintering temperature. By application of my multi-step glass making technique the sintering temperature of the base glass batch formulation, which represents the greater bulk of the total, may be significantly raised by selectively eliminating the relatively low sintering ingredients such as soda ash. The lower sintering ingredients may be separately processed as a group, with or without pre-heating, in a manner most efficient for the particular ingredients therein. Thus, for a given desired glass composition a melting process and apparatus may be engineered to achieve the greatest thermal efficiency.
Thus, by my multi-step method of glass making it is no longer necessary to melt all of the desired glass compositions's constituents in a common glass melter as one all inclusive batch formulation. For a given desired glass composition a melting process and apparatus may now be engineered to achieve the most optimum process in view of environmental affects, energy expenditure, melter life or a combination thereof depending upon the goal to be achieved.
FIG. 1 presents a phase diagram for the SiO2 --Na2 O--CaO system showing isotherms for the Na2 O3CaO6SiO2 region.
FIG. 2 presents the phase diagram for the SiO2 --Al2 O3 --CaO system showing the eutectic point composition and related isotherms.
FIG. 3 presents a flow diagram for use in describing example VI.
FIG. 4 presents a plot of representative curves illustrating the viscosity differences between molten compositions of example II.
FIG. 5 shows a typical glass fiber forming operation embodying the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a pictorial view showing the general configuration of forehearth mixing apparatus suitable for practicing the invention.
FIG. 7 is a schematic plan view of the forehearth mixing apparatus of FIG. 6 showing the elements thereof.
FIG. 8 presents a side elevation taken along line 8--8 of FIG. 7 showing the molten glass flow pattern.
FIG. 9 presents an end elevation taken along line 9--9 of FIG. 7 looking upstream in the forehearth.
FIG. 10 presents an elevational schematic showing elements of a two zone glass melter suitable for practicing my invention.
FIG. 11 presents an elevational schematic showing elements of melting apparatus suitable for practicing my invention.
My invention is particularly useful for preparing borosilicate glasses as commonly used to manufacture glass fibers. However, as will be disclosed below, it offers advantages to all areas of the glass making industry. Although the following discussion will be especially directed toward the glass fiber industry it is to be understood that the broad principles of the invention may be practiced by other glass melting operations.
According to "The Handbook Of Glass Manufacture," 1974 edition by Dr. Fay V. Tooley, a glass composition may contain most any of the periodic table elements. However, few glass compositions are without substantial quantities of silicon, boron, or phosphorus. Most often these elements exist in oxide form. The glass making industry refers to these and other glass forming oxides as "glass formers" and those oxides which have little glass forming characteristics as "modifiers" with a group therebetween identified as "intermediates." Dr. Tooley, at page 3 of the above cited work, provides the following classification of glass formers, intermediates and modifiers:
TABLE I______________________________________Glass Formers Intermediates Modifiers______________________________________B2 O3 Al2 O3 MgOSiO2 Sb2 O3 Li2 OCeO2 ZrO2 BaOP2 O5 TiO2 CaOV2 O5 PbO SrOAs2 O3 BeO Na2 O ZnO K2 O______________________________________
The glass making potential of the above table of oxides decreases as you progress from top to bottom of each column moving left to right. Thus, B2 O3 exhibits the greatest glass forming characteristic and K2 O the least. No sharp line of distinction exists between As2 O3 and Al2 O3 nor between ZnO and MgO.
Dr. Tooley, at page 5 of the above cited work, lists the approximate commercial glass compositions presented in Table II. It is noted from Table II that the Borosilicate and Lead glass compositions contain two very good formers, B2 O3 and SiO2 along with Al2 O3 which although classified as an intermediate in Table I may act as a former. Thus, these glasses are especially good candidates for producing by my method of glass making. Each of these glasses may be formulated into two separate glass compositions or melting groups. For example, one formulation may use SiO2 as its glass former and the other B2 O3. Another possibility may be to take advantage of the glass forming characteristics of intermediate Al2 O3 and formulate three separate glass compositions, the third having Al2 O3 as its forming oxide. Each of these melting groups may in turn be formulated to obtain certain processing advantages depending upon the particular constraints confronting the glass maker.
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________Glass B2 O3 SiO2 Al2 O3 PBO MgO BaO CaO Na2 O K2 O SO3 F2 Fe2__________________________________________________________________________Container Flint -- 74.1 1.8 -- 1.4 0.2 8.8 13.0 0.4 0.1 0.3 --Container Flint -- 73.0 1.7 -- 1.2 -- 10.4 13.2 0.4 0.1 -- 0.Container Flint -- 71.6 1.6 -- 4.6 0.1 7.1 14.7 0.3 0.1 -- --Container Flint -- 71.70 0.96 -- 2.5 0.42 10.2 13.7 0.15 0.25 0.25 0.Borosilicate I 13.5 76.2 3.7 -- -- -- 0.8 5.4 0.4 -- -- --Borosilicate II 10.0 74.3 5.6 -- -- 2.2 0.9 6.6 0.4 -- -- --Borosilicate III 12.0 81.0 2.5 -- -- -- -- 4.5 -- -- -- --Lead Tableware 0.6 66.0 0.9 15.5 -- 0.5 0.7 6.0 9.5 -- -- --Lead Technical 0.6 56.3 1.3 29.5 -- -- -- 4.7 7.2 -- -- --__________________________________________________________________________
The container glass compositions given in Table II may also be prepared in accordance with the principles of my invention by again taking advantage of the forming characteristics of Al2 O3 as a forming oxide for one composition. However, a more practical possibility for producing these glasses in accord with my invention might be to formulate a common base composition of SiO2, Na2 O and CaO and an additive composition containing the remaining constituents plus an additional portion of SiO2 to act as a former therein. The exact composition and mixing ratio can be a compromise of desired melting characteristics of the two glasses. For example, if our goal is to reduce the melter operating temperature, we may desire to formulate a base composition from the SiO2 --Na2 O--CaO phase diagram, FIG. 1, that lies within the Na2 O3CaO6SiO2 region having a melter temperature between 800° C. and 1050° C. to obtain the lowest practical melter operating temperature. The additive composition and mixing ratio would accordingly be fixed.
Having a general idea of how my glass making method may be applied consider the following specific examples and benefits obtained thereby.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,877,124 and 2,882,173 teach glass compositions suitable for the manufacture of glass wood products. Preparing these compositions by my melting technique is particularly advantageous as will be seen from the following discussion. Generally, fiberizable wool glass compositions have the following composition by weight.
______________________________________ COMPOSITION RANGE TYPICALCONSTITUENT IN PERCENT COMPOSITION______________________________________SiO2 50-65 61.5Al2 O3 0-8 4.0CaO 3-14 8.0MgO 0-10 3.5Na2 O, K2 O, Li2 O 10-20 15.5B2 O3 5-15 7.5TiO2 0-8 --ZrO2 0-8 --BaO 0-8 --Fe2 O3 0-12 --MnO 0-12 --ZnO 0-2 --______________________________________
The primary volatile from the above molten glass composition is sodium borate which forms by the reaction of Na2 O and B2 O3 present in the molten glass composition. Accounting for the presence of sodium borate, the composition, may be written as:
______________________________________CONSTITUENT PERCENT BY WEIGHT______________________________________SiO2 61.5Al2 O3 4.0CaO 8.0MgO 3.5K2 O 1.0Na2 O 11.0*Na2 O 3.5*B2 O3 7.3______________________________________ *Sodium borate constituents
Within the principles of my invention the constituents may be classified according to their relative volatility into two melting groups.
______________________________________Group I (non-volatile constituents) COMPOSITION RANGE TYPICALCONSTITUENTS IN PERCENT COMPOSITION______________________________________SiO2 55-80 69.0Al2 O3 0-10 4.5CaO 3-10 9.0MgO 0-12 3.9K2 O 0-2 1.1Na2 O 8-16 12.3______________________________________Group II (volatile constituents) COMPOSITION RANGE TYPICALCONSTITUENTS IN PERCENT COMPOSITION______________________________________Na2 O 20-40 30.8B2 O3 60-80 69.2______________________________________
The group I composition may be identified as a soda lime silica glass closely resembling plate glass compositions, which although fiberizable are unsuitable as an insulating wool because of the absence of B2 O3. The presence of B2 O3 being necessary to provide thermal resistance and the necessary fiber surface chemistry to bond with phenol formaldehyde binders. However, soda lime silica glasses are less hostile to prepare than the desired borosilicate wool glass composition given above. The group II composition however, is highly volatile and corrosive. Therefore, the group I constituents are prepared as a molten base glass composition in a continuous glass melting unit common to the glass making industry. The sodium borate constituents of group II are then introduced into the molten base glass composition of group I either as a melt or raw batch formulation.
Since the group II composition represents approximately 11% by weight of the total glass composition, it may be melted in a significantly smaller melting unit and at a substantially lower operating temperature than the host composition. Thus, you may expect less sodium borate loss by volatilization simplifying the task of pollutant control. Further, since the soda lime silica glass of group I is approximately half as corrosive as the borosilicate wool glass composition one may expect a 100% increase in melter refractory life.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,334,961 teaches a borosilicate glass composition commonly referred to as E-glass which is easily formed into textile fibers and principally used as a reinforcement for plastics, tires etc. Generally, E-glass has the following composition by weight:
______________________________________ COMPOSITION RANGE TYPICALCONSTITUENT IN PERCENT COMPOSITION______________________________________SiO2 50-65 55.0Al2 O3 5-20 15.0CaO 5-25 22.0MgO 0-10 --B2 O3 0-11 7.0Na2 O 0-10 0.5TiO2 0-4 --F2 0-4 0.5Fe2 O3 0-2 --______________________________________
The volatile constituents of concern within this molten glass composition are B2 O3, F2 and Na2 O. Therefore, similar to the wool glass example above, two melting groups may be identified as follows:
______________________________________Group I (non-volatile constituents) COMPOSITION RANGE TYPICALCONSTITUENT IN PERCENT COMPOSITION______________________________________ A BSiO2 50-70 64.5 62.0Al2 O3 5-20 16.0 17.0CaO 5-30 13.0 21.0Na2 O 0-10 0.5 --Fe2 O3 0-2 -- --______________________________________Group II (volatile constituents) COMPOSITION RANGE TYPICALCONSTITUENT IN PERCENT COMPOSITION______________________________________ A BSiO2 0-20 5.0 8.0B2 O3 40-90 47.0 47.0F2 0-10 4.5 5.0Na2 O 0-10 -- 3.5Al2 O3 0-20 1.0 --CaO 0-50 40.0 33.0RO + R2 O3 0-5 1.5 3.5Fe2 O3 0-2 -- --MgO 0-10 -- --TiO2 0-10 -- --Fe2 O3 0-4 -- --______________________________________
By the above grouping the highly volatile constituents of group II, representing approximately 8% by weight of the desired fiberizable molten glass composition, may be separately prepared in a relatively small melter and added to the molten base glass composition realizing similar benefits as in preparation of the wool glass composition.
The present invention offers further advantages with respect to the preparation of E-glass compositions as discussed in example II above. Consider the CaO--Al2 O3 --SiO2 system phase diagram of FIG. 2. If the non-volatile group is reformulated to:
______________________________________CONSTITUENT PERCENT BY WEIGHT______________________________________SiO2 62.0Al2 O3 15.0CaO 23.0______________________________________
the eutectic composition is obtained. Thus, the main melter used to melt the group I non-volatile composition may be operated at a minimum operating temperature.
The remnant constituents are added to the group II volatile composition which now becomes:
______________________________________CONSTITUENT PERCENT BY WEIGHT______________________________________SiO2 13.0CaO 12.9Al2 O3 12.3B2 O3 54.0F2 3.9Na2 O 3.9______________________________________
A further advantage realized is that this formulation allows the use of less expensive raw materials, such as colemanite, as a partial source of B2 O3 reducing the need for more expensive boric acid.
A common glass composition useful in the manufacture of window or bottle glass is as follows:
______________________________________ PERCENT BY TYPICAL TYPICALCONSTITUENT WEIGHT BOTTLE WINDOW______________________________________SiO2 65-85 74.0 72.0Na2 O 10-20 13.0 14.3Al2 O3 0-10 1.8 1.3CaO 0-15 8.8 8.2MgO 0-5 1.4 3.5BaO 0-5 0.2 0.2F2 0-5 0.3 --K2 O 0-5 0.3 0.2SO3 0-1 0.1 0.3Fe2 O3 0-1 0.3 0.2______________________________________
These glass compositions contain a substantial percentage of Na2 O which has a high corrosive action upon the melter refractory. Thus, it would be advantageous to reduce the amount of Na2 O therein in the interest of melter life and economy.
In accord with the principles of my invention two possible melting groups may be identified as follows:
______________________________________Group I (low corrosive melt) PERCENT BY TYPICAL TYPICALCONSTITUENT WEIGHT BOTTLE WINDOW______________________________________SiO2 60-90 77.4 75.7Na2 O 0-5 1.1 1.2Al2 O3 0-10 2.9 2.1CaO 0-30 14.5 13.9MgO 0-10 2.3 5.9K2 O 0-10 0.5 0.4BaO 0-10 0.3 --F2 0-10 0.5 --Fe2 O3 0-2 0.3 0.3SO3 0-2 0.1 0.5______________________________________Group II (high corrosive melt) PERCENT BY TYPICAL TYPICALCONSTITUENT WEIGHT BOTTLE WINDOW______________________________________SiO2 60-75 68.6 66.5Na2 O 10-40 31.0 33.2Al2 O3 0-10 0.1 0.1Fe2 O3 0-2 0.2 0.2______________________________________
The group I low corrosive melt represents the largest portion of the two melts and therefore may be prepared as a base glass in a large continuous melter commonly used in the preparation of molten glass. The expected campaign life of the base glass melter will be extended by the substantial reduction of the composition's corrosiveness.
The group II high corrosive melt may be prepared in a relatively small melter and introduced to the base glass as a melt or a frit. Alternatively, the group II composition may be introduced to the molten base glass as a formulated batch thereby eliminating the need for an additive melter.
The liquidus temperature of the group I base glass in example IV is estimated at 3100° F., and 1600° F. for the group II additive glass. By reformulating the group I melt to its best eutectic composition of:
______________________________________CONSTITUENT PERCENT BY WEIGHT______________________________________SiO2 61.6Al2 O3 0.4CaO 29.7MgO 7.9Fe2 O3 0.3______________________________________
we may effectively lower its liquidus temperature to approximately 2380° F. for improved thermal efficiency in melting.
Accordingly the group II additive will become:
______________________________________CONSTITUENT PERCENT BY WEIGHT______________________________________SiO2 72.7Al2 O3 1.6CaO 3.9MgO 2.7Na2 O 18.3K2 O 0.3Fe2 O3 0.4______________________________________
FIG. 3 presents a flow diagram for a glass plant capable of producing a wool glass product, a textile glass product, an E glass product and a chemically resistant "C" glass product from one common glass composition. The master glass composition may comprise the composition:
______________________________________CONSTITUENT PERCENT BY WEIGHT______________________________________SiO2 63.4Al2 O3 16.0CaO 19.0TiO2 0.6______________________________________
Since the master composition is free of volatile and corrosive constituents a relatively long melter life may be expected and the problem of volatile loss with the corresponding pollutant emission has been eliminated.
By intermixing the master composition and the following additive compositions,
______________________________________CONSTITUENT ADDITIVE PERCENT BY WEIGHT______________________________________ #1 #2 #3 #4SiO2 60.2 47.3 -- 65.6Al2 O3 -- -- 4.9 --B2 O3 8.0 -- 48.6 7.2Na2 O 19.3 3.1 2.8 10.7CaO 4.2 26.6 7.7 12.3MgO 4.0 8.5 28.2 3.2F2 -- -- 4.2 --Fe2 O3 0.3 -- 2.8 0.3TiO2 -- 5.6 0.7 --ZnO -- 8.8 -- --K2 O -- -- -- 0.7BaO 3.1 -- -- --SO3 0.5 -- -- 0.1______________________________________
the following product glass compositions may be obtained:
______________________________________ WOOL TEXTILE E CCONSTITUENT GLASS GLASS GLASS GLASS______________________________________SiO2 61.1 58.3 54.6 65.2Al2 O3 3.6 10.9 14.5 4.0B2 O3 6.2 -- 6.9 5.4Na2 O 15.0 1.0 0.4 8.0CaO 7.7 21.9 18.0 14.1MgO 3.1 2.7 4.0 2.4F2 -- -- 0.6 --Fe2 O3 0.2 -- 0.4 0.2TiO2 0.1 2.2 0.6 0.1ZnO -- 2.8 -- --K2 O 0.3 -- -- 0.5BaO 2.4 -- -- --SO3 0.4 -- -- 0.1______________________________________
Because of the mix ratio of additive to master it may be physically preferred to introduce and homogenize the master glass composition into additive 1 and 4. Additive #2 however, again presents the problem of B2 O3 volatilization. It is suggested to those skilled in the art that by applying the principles of my invention to additive #1 it may in turn be prepared by the multi-step method. Thus, the wool glass product composition would be formed by the combining of three separately prepared compositions.
Almost any glass composition may be formulated into a base and one or more additive mixtures that when blended together and homogenized will produce a predetermined or desired product glass composition. The particular formulation of the base and additives will largely be a function of processing goals, physical properties of each composition, and raw materials available. Many trade-offs may be necessary to obtain desired processing goals whatever they may be.
Many problems heretofore confronting the glass making industry may be solved or reduced in scope by applying my multi-step glass making method.
Consider the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 2,900,264, issued to Wilbur F. Brown Aug. 18, 1959. Brown teaches a method of changing the glass composition, within a continuously operating tank type furnace, from "regular" to glare resistant glass or vice versa without costly shut down and clean out of the tank. Changing from "regular" to glare resistant glass according to Brown requires making up a 0.355% deficiency of Fe2 O3 within the tank. Brown's teaching requires a 72 hour period to accomplish the change over and produces a large amount of waste glass product. By the teachings of my invention herein a base glass composition may be formulated from which "regular," glare resistant or highly glare resistant glass may be produced by working into the base an appropriate additive composition. Thus, the long change over period, or tank down time, is no longer necessary and the amount of waste product is substantially reduced.
Consider further the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 2,934,444 issued to Rowland D. Smith Apr. 26, 1960. Smith teaches a method by which the loss of B2 O3 by volatilization from a glass melting tank might be reduced. Smith's teachings, however, require first synthesizing borax and boric acid to produce a sodium polyborate which may then be used as a batch ingredient. Such pre-processing of raw materials increases the cost of glass making and reduces the overall thermal efficiency. The problem may be more efficiently and economically solved by applying the principles of my invention as taught in my example I.
Still further, consider U.S. Pat. No. 2,411,031 issued to Alden J. Deyrup Nov. 12, 1946. Deyrup accounts for variations in optical glass compositions by the volatilization of constituents. The principles of my invention may be applied, as taught above, to solve the problem of volatile losses.
Also, consider the energy savings taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,607,190 issued to Harvey L. Penberthy by pre-heating of batch prior to introduction to the melter. Penberthy is cautious not to pre-heat the batch granules to their fusion or sintering temperature as they then become tacky and difficult to transport. The temperature to which batch may be pre-heated is limited by the lowest sintering temperature of the combined batch ingredients. Applying the principles of my invention the low sintering temperature ingredients may be removed from the base batch formulation thereby elevating the temperature to which the batch may be pre-heated.
Thus, greater thermal efficiency may be achieved. Further, since the removed volatiles are usually the more corrosive constituents to the refractory and the volatile emissions attack the tank crown, their removal provides additional cost savings by extending melter life.
In practicing my multi-step method of glass making it will most frequently be necessary to blend and homogenize molten compositions having significantly different properties, such as viscosity, density, softening point, working point, liquidus, surface tension, coefficient of expansion, modulus of elasticity and electrical resistivity into a workable glass composition having properties unlike any of the intermixed compositions. Therefore, the manner by which the molten compositions are intermixed and worked together to form the final desired glass composition becomes important.
Consider FIG. 4 presenting representative curves depicting molten viscosity-temperature relationships for the group I, group II and final homogenized product glass compositions of Example II. Curves representing fused silica glass 96% silica glass are plotted to provide a qualitative relationship between curves.
The viscosity of the group I host composition at 2683° F. is log 2.50 and that of the group II additive at 2000° F. is log 0.50. The final homogenized product glass composition has a viscosity of log 2.50 at 2339° F. Thus, intermixing the group II additive into the group I host may be compared to mixing ethylene glycol into corn syrup at room temperature.
FIGS. 5 through 9 present apparatus which has proven successful in producing textile fibers in accord with the principles of my invention. The apparatus and method presented in FIGS. 5 through 9 is disclosed and claimed in a separate patent application and is taught herein as an enabling means of practicing my invention. I have found it particularly desirable to mechanically blend the molten compositions immediately after they are brought together. This technique has been found necessary to prevent composition stratification which if permitted to occur, makes intermixing nearly impossible.
FIG. 5 illustrates typical apparatus for producing glass fibers embodying the present invention. A continuous glass melter 10 is charged with the base glass batch formulation by traversing hopper 11. Molten base glass is withdrawn from melter 10 and flowed through forehearth 12. Positioned downstream of melter 10 within forehearth 12 is a molten glass mixing zone indicated by spiral stirrers 15 and 16. A more detailed description of the mixing zone and function of the stirrers is presented below. The molten additive composition is prepared in separate melting apparatus 20 and introduced to the mixing zone through a suitable conduit 21. By a combined mixing and pumping action of stirrers 15 and 16 the molten additive composition is worked into and homogenized with the molten base glass composition forming the final molten glass composition. The final molten glass composition is then conveyed through distribution forehearth 17 to glass fiber forming positions 22 and 23.
FIG. 6 presents a pictorial view of the forehearth mixing zone with stirrers 15 and 16 removed so that the configuration and orientation of stirrer mixing blocks 13 and 14 may be viewed more clearly. The general flow of molten glass is from the upper left of FIG. 6 to the lower right as indicated by arrow 30. Mixing blocks 13 and 14 are identical structures; the only difference being their general orientation within the forehearth channel. Therefore, to avoid redundant discussion, the structure of block 13 will be described with the understanding that block 14 is the same except for orientation and function as described.
Block 13 extends across the forehearth channel with its upstream face 31 acting as a barrier or dam to the flow of molten base glass. Cylindrical stirrer well 33 extends downward from the top surface 32 of block 13 communicating with slot 34 which in combination with the forehearth channel floor forms a rectangular passage extending longitudinally with the forehearth channel exiting at the block downstream face 35.
Mixing block 14, similar in configuration to block 13, is positioned downstream of block 13 with its slot 34a facing upstream and opposite slot 34 of block 13. Extending between mixing blocks 13 and 14 are key blocks 36L and 36R having an angular face 37L and 37R slanting from the forehearth side walls to the forehearth floor thereby forming in combination with the forehearth floor a flow channel communicating between slot 34 of block 13 and slot 34a of block 14.
FIGS. 7 and 8 present a plan and side crossectional elevation view respectively, of mixing blocks 13 and 14 with screw-type stirrers 43 and 44 positioned therein. Stirrers 43 and 44 comprise a spiral blade wrapped about a central shaft rotatably powered, as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 7, by any preferred means such as a geared electric motor (not shown). Upstream mixing block 13 acts as a dam to the flowing molten base glass composition causing the base glass to flow over the top of the block and into the region of influence of stirrer 43. Immediately upstream of stirrer 43 the molten additive composition is introduced to the flowing base glass composition, through conduit 21, as it flows over the upstream portion of mixing block 13. The molten additive is preferably introduced below the surface of the flowing base glass composition as shown.
Stirrer 43 mixes the molten base glass and molten additive while pumping the mixture downward through mixing block 13 causing the mixture to exit in a downstream direction from slot 34. Key blocks 36L and 36R channel a major portion of the exiting mixture to slot 34a of block 14 which acts as an intake port for block 14. As indicated by arrow 45 in FIG. 8 a portion of the molten mixture exiting from slot 34 flows upward and is drawn back into mixing block 13 and thereby recycled through stirrer 43. The portion of molten mixture channeled to slot 34a is then further mixed while being pumped upward through block 14, by action of stirrer 44. Exiting at and flowing over the top surface of block 14 is the final molten glass composition. A portion of the molten glass exiting the top of block 14 flows upstream, a major portion of which arrow 46 is returned to the intake port 24a of block 14 and recycled; the lesser portion continues upstream, as indicated by arrow 48, and is recycled through mixing block 13. The remaining molten composition indicated by arrow 47 flows downstream to distribution forehearth 17. The reverse flow patterns, arrows 45, 46 and 48 cause the natural occurrence of a fluidic front or dam to be established atop mixing block 13 as indicated by line 50. Upstream of fluidic front 50 is pure base glass. Thus, the presence of fluidic front 50 directs the flow of unmixed molten base glass through mixing block 13 preventing fluidic short circuiting. Alternatively, a structural dam may be constructed atop block 13 thereby assuring the flow of unmixed base glass through block 13.
FIG. 10 presents a cross-sectional elevation of a two zone furnace also suitable for practicing my invention. The main melting chamber 60 may employ electric joule effect heating or fossil fuel firing, whichever is preferred, to melt the base constituents. The molten base constituents flow through submerged throat 61 upward through riser 62 and into the pull or suction of downward pumping stirrer 63. The additive composition formulated to transform the molten constituents prepared in zone 60 into the final desired working or product glass composition is preferrably introduced upstream of stirrer 63 through suitable conduit means 64. It may be desired to forcefully blend the molten base composition as it proceeds upward through riser 62 by placing an upward pumping stirrer therein. Thus, the residence time for the molten base composition within zone 60 may be reduced.
Downward pumping stirrer 63 initially blends the base and additive compositions discharging the blended mixture into refining zone 65. Depending upon the volatility of the blended constituents residing in zone 65 it may be preferred to provide a hood and associated ducting to convey any volatile emissions to a scrubbing device, not shown.
From refining zone 65 the blended constituent mixture enters upward pumping stirrer 71 through entry port 70 therein being finally homogenized and flowing into supply forehearth 72 as a workable molten glass having the desired product forming characteristics.
Many alternatives to the apparatus of FIG. 10 are possible to improve functional operation. For example, heating electrodes may be placed in riser 62 to maintain the base constituent's exit temperature from melting chamber 60 or elevate its temperature to assist blending of the additive into the base composition. Mechanical or thermal mixing apparatus may be added to refining zone 65 to increase the rate of homogenization and reduce residence time therein.
Depending upon the composition being worked and their relative properties, such as viscosity or density it may be advantageous for example to introduce fluxing constituents in melter throat area 61 to lower the base composition viscosity in advance of further additive introduction. Thus, the base composition may be conditioned to receive additional additive constituents from conduit 64.
FIG. 11 presents apparatus for practicing my invention which is particularly advantageous where three melting groups, one of which may be in batch form are blended for homogenizing into a desired product formable glass composition. A molten base composition 80 is prepared in a melter, not shown, and flowed into forehearth 81. Positioned within forehearth 81 is mixing block 82 extending into a dam like manner across the forehearth similar to block 13 of FIG. 8. Extending from the top surface 83 of block 82 is cylindrical passage 84 communicating with exit 85, similar to block 13 of FIG. 9. Positioned within passage 84 is stirrer means 86 suitable for blending, homogenizing and forcefully pumping molten constituents downward through passage 84 and exiting through exit 85 into the downstream portion of the forehearth. A first additive formulation is prepared as a molten composition 90 in melter 91 and flowed to exit orifice 92. A second additive formulation prepared as a molten composition 95 is a separate melter, not shown, is flowed through nozzle 96 which extends through molten composition 90 and into exit orifice 92 discharging a stream 97 of molten composition 95 wherein the center of, and encompassed by, stream 98 of molten composition 90 thus forming a composite stream 100. Composite stream 100 comprising both the first and second additive flows into the molten base composition stream upstream of stirrer 86 and is drawn into stirrer 86 along with the molten base composition. Stirrer 86 blends and homogenizes the three molten compositions into the final desired product composition. Apparatus of FIG. 11 may be particularly advantageous where molten composition 95 is highly volatile as it may be completely surrounded by molten stream 98 preventing volatile losses from stream 97.
Molten composition 95 may be prepared in a melter of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,429,972 suitable for preparing molten compositions of mineral constituents having relatively high fusion temperatures such as SiO2. Molten composition 95 may be replaced by an unmelted batch formulation as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 2,371,213.
The apparatus of FIG. 11 may be conveniently modified for processing a product glass composition from two melting groups. Melters 91 and 96 may be used to prepare the base and additive compositions respectively. Composite stream 100 may then be feed directly into any suitable mixing apparatus known in the art. For example, the apparatus disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,942,968; 3,811,861; 3,725,025; 3,486,874; 3,174,729; 3,057,175; 2,730,338; 2,716,023; 2,688,469; 2,577,920; 2,570,079; 2,569,459 and 2,520,577 might be used.
By practicing my improved method of preparing molten glass compositions a new freedom of glass formulating is available. Not only may specific base glasses be formulated to improve the over all economics of the glass making process but highly volatile constituents, such as water, may now be formulated into the molten glass composition.
In conclusion, it is pointed out that while the illustrative examples constitute practical embodiments of the invention, it is not intended to limit the invention to the exact details shown since modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention disclosed.
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Property is in very high demand and likely to sell quickly, even if it is overpriced or not in the best condition. Sellers receive multiple offers and the price is usually bid up above the seller's initial asking price.
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The average home price in Thawville is $85,850, which is 243.4% higher than the average sold price in Thawville ($25,000) . The average home price per square foot in Thawville is $60 and about 1% of all homes in Thawville sold in the last 6 months. For Thawville home values, real estate prices, and city market trends, research the 151 property records or search our 2 recently sold or 6 homes for sale listings. The listings and properties in Thawville are only a part of the 3,885,535 properties and 92,974 homes for sale in Illinois. Because of this, the average home price and average home value of Thawville also influence the average home price $158,556 and average sale price $247,757 of Illinois. Listing counts, Thawville home prices and home values in Thawville are sourced daily from listing and property data on realtor.com®, which is the most up-to-date and accurate aggregation of real estate listings in the industry and includes approximately 800 regional MLSs and is the official website of the National Association of Realtors®.


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(14 year old rapper) Young Nez vs Ed Dogg – NEXT Utah Rap Battle
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Alcohol Use and Older Adults
Frequently Asked Questions
18. My father was alcohol dependent. Does that mean I will be, too?
Having a parent with alcohol problems does not always mean that a child will develop problems too. Some people inherit genes from a parent that increase the likelihood of alcohol dependence. High levels of stress, having friends and family members who drink, and ready access to alcoholic drinks also increase the chance of developing alcohol problems.