text:
Polyolefins may be prepared using a cocatalyst conforming to the formula:
AIRz(Xz)nLz m
wherein Rz is a linear or branched organic moiety having at least 5 carbons and Xz is a linear or branched organic moiety having at least 5 carbons or a heterocyclic moiety having at least 4 atoms and can be anionic or di-anionic. The aluminum complex may also be in the form of an adduct complex where Lz is a Lewis base and m=1-3. The cocatalyst Rz components are selected such that they do not react with water under polymerization conditions to form a species that is highly soluble in the polymerization diluent. Use of the specified cocatalyst reduces fouling during metallocene-catalyzed runs and "post-metallocene hangover" when the same production equipment is transitioned to non-metallocene catalyst runs using catalysts such as chromium.
1. A process for preparing a polyolefin comprising:
including as components in a polymerization mixture a metallocene catalyst supported on MAO/silica, wherein the catalyst selected from the group consisting of a CpFlu catalyst, a bis-indenyl catalyst, bridged mono-ligand metallocene compounds, and a combination thereof, and a polymerization diluent;
selecting a cocatalyst selected from the group consisting of tri-n-octylaluminum (TNOAl), partially hydrolyzed tri-n-octylaluminum (TNOAl), tri-n-hexylaluminum (TNHAl), and combinations thereof;
precontacting the metallocene catalyst and cocatalyst; and
contacting at least one monomer under polymerization conditions with the polymerization mixture to produce a polyolefin.
2. The process of
3. The process of
4. The process of
5. The process of
6. The process of
7. The process of
8. The process of claim wherein the polymerization mixture futher includes an activator, scavenger, or both, and wherein the activator, scavenger, or both, is a cocatalyst selected from the group consisting of tri-n-octylaluminum (TNOAl), partially hydrolyzed tri-n-octylaluminum (TNOAl), tri-n-hexylaluminum (TNHAl), and combinations thereof.
9. A process for preparing a polyolefin comprising:
providing a reactor;
including as components in a polymerization mixture, a metallocene catalyst, supported on MAO/silica a polymerization diluent, and an olefin monomer;
a cocatalyst selected from the group consisting of tri-n-octylaluminum (TNOAl), partially hydrolyzed tri-n-octylaluminum (TNOAl), tri-n-hexylaluminum (TNHAl), and combinations thereof; and
wherein the cocatalyst does not cause production of undesired olefin byproducts that decreases activity of a catalyst as compared to using triisobutyl aluminum (TIBAl) or tri-ethylaluminum (TEAL) as a cocatalyst.
10. The process of
11. The process of
12. The process of
preparing a metallocene catalyzed polyolefin in the production equipment;
removing the metallocene polymerized polyolefin from the equipment; and
subsequently polymerizing an olefin with a chromium catalyst in the reactor previously used for the metallocene catalyzed polymerization.
13. The process of
preparing a metallocene catalyzed polyolefin;
recovering the diluent for recycling; and
subsequently polymerizing an olefin with a chromium catalyst using the recovered diluent previously used for the metallocene catalyzed polymerization.
14. The process of
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to polymers. More particularly, it relates to processes for the preparation of polymers using metallocene catalysts.
2. Background of the Art
Over the last several years it has been shown by a number of researchers that use of metallocene catalysts offers improvements in polymer properties when compared with production of similar polymers using Ziegler-Natta catalysts. For example, metallocene catalyzed polypropylene materials typically have lower xylene solubles than Ziegler-Natta catalyzed polymers. Such polyolefins typically have narrow molecular weight distributions. For example, films produced using metallocene catalyzed polyethylene resins may be used to produce films with increased clarity as compared to otherwise similar films produced with Ziegler-Natta resins. At least some of the improvements are attributable to the increased control of stereochemistry, molecular weight distribution, and comonomer incorporation obtainable with the metallocenes. This control enables tailoring of the final polymer and may offer improvements in areas as diverse as optical performance, strength performance, and the like.
Frequently cocatalysts are employed with metallocene catalysts. Frequent and effective choices for metallocene production runs are, for example, tri-isobutylaluminum ("TIBAl") and tri-ethylaluminum ("TEAl"). Such catalyst systems may be employed in conventional polymerization equipment such as, for example, loop reactors.
Unfortunately, TIBAl, for example, tends to decompose at elevated temperatures to form isobutylene. Isobutylene is a molecule that is very similar in molecular weight and boiling point to the isobutane diluent often employed in polymerization reaction mixtures. The result of this similarity is that a high steady-state isobutylene level may result during polymerization because the isobutylene is not readily separated from the isobutane diluent in the recycle purification system. In some cases, these materials can lower catalyst mileage. Additionally, the presence of alkenes not readily removed from the diluent can lead to production issues as this results diluent contaminated with alkene byproduct, in the case of TIBAl isobutylene, being sent to portions of the process where olefins can detrimentally affect the product process, for example, the catalyst feed and flush systems as well as various mechanical seal flushes.
In one aspect, the invention is a process for preparing a polyolefin, the process including using as components in a polymerization mixture a metallocene catalyst, a polymerization diluent, and a cocatalyst conforming to the formula
In another aspect, the invention is a polyolefin including the product of polymerizing an olefin monomer according to a process for preparing a polyolefin, the process including using as components in a polymerization mixture a metallocenee catalyst, a polymerization diluent, and a cocatalyst conforming to Formula I wherein Rz is a linear or branched organic moiety having at least 5 carbons and Xz is a linear or branched organic moiety having at least 5 carbons or a heterocyclic moiety having at least 4 atoms and can be anionic (n=2) or dianionic. The aluminum complex may also be in the form of an adduct complex where Lz is a Lewis base and m=0-3. The cocatalyst Rz and Lz components are selected such that they do not react with water under polymerization conditions to form a species that displays high solubility in the polymerization diluent. The polymerization is carried out in the substantial absence of other cocatalysts, activators and scavengers that react with water under polymerization conditions to form species that are soluble in the diluent.
In still another aspect, the invention is an article of manufacture comprising a polyolefin film, fiber, blow molded, or injection molded article including the product of polymerizing an olefin monomer according to a process for preparing a polyolefin, the process including using as components in a polymerization mixture a metallocene catalyst, a polymerization diluent, and a cocatalyst conforming to Formula I wherein Rz is a linear or branched organic moiety having at least 5 carbons and Xz is a linear or branched organic moiety having at least 5 carbons or a heterocyclic moiety having at least 4 atoms and can be anionic (n=2) or dianionic. The aluminum complex may also be in the form of an adduct complex where Lz is a Lewis base and m=0-3. The cocatalyst Rz and Lz components are selected such that they do not react with water under polymerization conditions to form a species that displays high solubility in the polymerization diluent. The polymerization is carried out in the substantial absence of other cocatalysts, activators and scavengers that react with water under polymerization conditions to form species that are soluble in the diluent.
Use of the invention enables polyolefin production with less fouling and with a reduced incidence of "post-metallocene hangovers" when the production equipment is transitioned to runs using non-metallocene catalysts such as chromium.
Each of the appended claims defines a separate invention, which for infringement purposes is recognized as including equivalents to the various elements or limitations specified in the claims. Depending on the context, all references below to the "invention" may in some cases refer to certain specific embodiments only. In other cases it will be recognized that references to the "invention" will refer to subject matter recited in one or more, but not necessarily all, of the claims. Each of the inventions will now be described in greater detail below, including specific embodiments, versions and examples, but the inventions are not limited to these embodiments, versions or examples, which are included to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make and use the inventions, when the information in this patent is combined with available information and technology. Various terms as used herein are shown below. To the extent a term used in a claim is not defined below, it should be given the broadest definition persons in the pertinent art have given that term as reflected in printed publications and issued patents.
In some embodiments, practice of the invention may result in a reduction in the amount of undesired olefin byproducts during the production of a polyolefin. The presence of such materials, for example isobutylene, may cause problems during the production of polyolefins. For example, it may decrease reactivity of certain metallocene catalysts during the course of a production run. Another problem that may be associated with the presence of isobutylene in polyolefin productions is a problem known colloquially as "post-metallocene hangover." This problem may be encountered when, for example, a loop reactor that has previously used a metallocene-catalyst system in combination with an aluminum alkyl, such as TIBAl, is then used for preparing olefins with chromium catalysts. Other catalyst systems, such as, for example, those based on chromium, may be sensitive to olefin byproducts of the cocatalyst, for example isobutylene produced by TIBAl, in these cases may show extremely poor activity. The reduction in activity may alter the melt flow values of the polymers being produced and/or the ultimate polymer properties leading to increases in the occurrence of undesirable off-grade product.
Other cocatalysts not within the scope of Formula I, such as TEAl for example, are as troublesome as TIBAl in polymerization. TEAl does not result in a build-up of isobutylene, but it does produce 1-butene. Like isobutylene, this C4 alkene is also not readily removed from reactor recycle streams and can become an unwanted source of co-monomer and thus may also be undesirable in some applications. In some applications, isobutylene and butene and their effects may persist into succeeding, non-metallocene-catalyzed runs leading to production problems and higher off grade material. The invention offers an easy and effective means of avoiding production problems that have heretofore resulted from use of metallocene catalysts with cocatalysts that may include or degrade to or result in the production of undesirable olefin byproducts such as isobutylene, including, but not limited to TIBAl.
In addition, the use of a cocatalyst selected to conform to Formula I avoids a second problem that, it is hypothesized, may result initially from the almost unavoidable presence of small amounts of water in the polymerization mixture. This water, which may be present at a level of only a few parts per million, tends to react with TIBAl for example, to form highly soluble reaction products that may then operate to remove the metallocene from its support. The freed metallocene may then catalyze monomers under less controlled conditions, producing the undesirable results noted above, especially fouling. The resulting reaction products can persist, particularly in loop reactors, into succeeding runs. In some applications, fouling of reactor and/or powder processing equipment may result in excess strain on circulation pumps or, in extreme cases, heat transfer limitations from build-up of fouling material on the reactor walls.
For the purposes of the invention, the term "highly soluble" means that the partial water byproduct of the cocatalyst, presumably an aluminumoxane type species of the class, [Rz 2Al]2O, is sufficiently soluble to serve as an effective reagent to remove the metallocene from the MAO-support commonly used in the art. For purpose of this invention, the term "undesired olefin" refers to any olefin that cannot be readily isolated from the diluent employed for the reaction or used in various other functions in the production process such as seal flushes or to slurry the catalyst. For example, in a process occurring in a diluent such as isobutane, the process will be negatively affected by isobutylene. Similarly, a hexane based process will be negatively affected by undesired production of hexene.
In contrast, cocatalysts conforming to Formula I do not readily decompose to provide undesired olefins inherently difficult to separate from the diluent recycle streams. In addition, these materials tend to react with water, if at all, to form poorly soluble species. Such species, particularly by virtue of their limited solubility, do not serve to extract the metallocene from the support and can minimize fouling by free metallocene during the run.
The cocatalysts may be in the form of Formula I that has the general formula:
In Formula I, Rz is a linear or branched hydrocarbyl moiety having at least 5 carbons while Xz may be selected from a wide variety of organic moieties. Such moieties may include, for example, alkyls, cycloalkyls, halides, alkenyls, substituted alkyls, aryls, arylhalides, alkoxys, amides mixtures thereof, and the like. For example, in one embodiment, the cocatalyst may be Al(Octyl)(OBu)2.
Heterocyclic moieties may also be selected. The ring of the heterocyclic compound may, for example, include at least one nitrogen, oxygen, and/or sulfur atom. In one embodiment, Xz is a heterocyclic moiety and includes at least one nitrogen atom. Such heterocyclic compounds may include 4 or more ring members in one embodiment, and 5 or more ring members in another embodiment.
Where a heterocyclic compound is selected for use, it may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or a combination of substituent groups. Examples of suitable substituents include halogen, alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl radicals, cycloalkyl radicals, aryl radicals, aryl substituted alkyl radicals, acyl radicals, aroyl radicals, alkoxy radicals, aryloxy radicals, alkylthio radicals, dialkylamino radicals, alkoxycarbonyl radicals, aryloxycarbonyl radicals, carbomoyl radicals, alkyl- or dialkyl-carbamoyl radicals, acyloxy radicals, acylamino radicals, aroylamino radicals, straight, branched or cyclic, alkylene radicals, and any combination thereof. The substituents groups may also be substituted with halogens, particularly fluorine or bromine, or heteroatoms or the like.
For Xz, non-limiting examples of hydrocarbon substituents include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl and phenyl groups and the like, including all their isomers, for example tertiary butyl, isopropyl, and the like. Other examples of substituents include fluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, difluoroethyl, iodopropyl, bromohexyl and chlorobenzyl.
In one embodiment, the heterocyclic compound may be unsubstituted. In another embodiment one or more positions on the heterocyclic compound are substituted with a halogen atom or a halogen atom containing group, for example a halogenated aryl group. In one embodiment the halogen is selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine and fluorine, and selected from the group consisting of fluorine and bromine in another embodiment, and the halogen is fluorine in yet another embodiment.
Non-limiting examples of heterocyclic compounds which may be utilized as the Xz moiety include substituted and unsubstituted pyrroles, imidazoles, pyrazoles, pyrrolines, pyrrolidines, purines, carbazoles, and indoles, phenyl indoles, 2,5,-dimethylpyrroles, 3-pentafluorophenylpyrrole, 4,5,6,7-tetrafluoroindole and 3,4-difluoropyrroles.
If Xz is a monoanionic ligand, then n=2. If Xz is a dianionic ligand, then n=1. Where n=2, Rz and Xz may be the same or different. For example, in one embodiment, a particularly useful cocatalyst is tri-n-octylaluminum (TNOAI). In another embodiment, a particularly useful cocatalyst is tri-n-hexylaluminum. Combinations of cocatalysts of the invention may also be used. Mixtures of suitable catalysts may also be employed so long as the criteria above are met.
Lz , if present, is a Lewis base selected from ethers, aliphatic amines, aromatic amines and phosphines. Mixtures of Lewis bases may also be used. For example, in one embodiment, Lz is diethyl ether. In another embodiment, Lz is a mixture of diethyl ether and triethylamine. When present, the Lz component may be present at a molar ratio of Lz to cocatalyst of up to 3:1. As aluminum species are known to exchange ligands of this class according to the process:
excess ligand, L, may also be present to retard ligand dissociation and the formation of lower coordination; conversely, a slight amount such as 0.1 equivalents may be added to favor the formation of a slightly high coordination about the aluminum center:
AIRz(Xz)nLZ m+Lz′
It is important to note that at least some of the foregoing moieties and compounds arising therefrom, listed hereinabove relative to the cocatalyst selection, may also or alternatively be selected to serve as activators and/or scavengers. Regardless of official denomination in a given polymerization mixture, however, it is important to note that none of these polymerization mixture components should be selected such that they do not undesirably interfere with the production improvements that may be attained through use of the invention. Such interference would occur if they serve to produce, under polymerization conditions, soluble species that are difficult to separate from the polymerization diluent using, for example, distillation, and which are therefore undesirable.
If activators per se are included, in addition to at least one material defined or implicitly or explicitly described hereinabove as a potential cocatalyst adhering to Formula I, such may alternatively be selected from those described in WO 98/07515, which is incorporated by reference herein. Such possible activator selections include, for example, tris (2,2′,2″-nonafluorobiphenyl)fluoroaluminate. Other activators include aluminum/boron complexes, perchlorates, periodates and iodates including their hydrates; lithium (2,2′-bisphenyl-ditrimethylsilicate)-4T-HF; and silylium salts in combination with a non-coordinating compatible anion. Also, methods of activation, such as using radiation, electro-chemical oxidation, and the like, are also contemplated as activating methods for the purpose of rendering the neutral metallocene-type catalyst compound, or precursor to a metallocene-type cation, capable of polymerizing olefins. Other activators or methods for activating a metallocene-type catalyst compound are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,849,852, 5,859,653 and 5,869,723; and WO 98/32775, which references are incorporated herein by reference.
In general the cocatalysts of the invention are desirably present within the range of from about 5 ppm to about 1000 ppm in the solvent used to prepare the catalyst used in the polymerization, which is often isobutane. Where an activator is also selected, it may be desirably combined in mole ratios of activator to catalyst of from about 1000:1 to about 0.1:1 in one embodiment, and from 300:1 to 1:1 in another embodiment, and from 150:1 to 1:1 in a still another embodiment, wherein a desirable range may include any combination of any upper mole ratio limit with any lower mole ratio limit described herein.
The activators may or may not be associated with or bound to a support, either in association with the catalyst component (e.g., metallocene) or separate from the catalyst component, such as described by Gregory G. Hlatky, Heterogeneous Single-Site Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization 100(4) CHEMICAL REVIEWS 1347-1374 (2000). The cocatalyst, may function to activate the metallocene, scavenge water and even act as a chain transfer agent, is some applications.
The metallocene used in conjunction with the cocatalyst conforming to Formula I may be selected from any known metallocene catalysts useful for olefin preparation. Metallocene catalysts may be characterized generally as coordination compounds incorporating one or more cyclopentadienyl (Cp) groups (which may be substituted or unsubstituted, each substitution being the same or different) coordinated with a transition metal through n bonding. The Cp substituent groups may be linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbyl radicals. The cyclic hydrocarbyl radicals may further form other contiguous ring structures, including, for example indenyl, azulenyl and fluorenyl groups. These additional ring structures may also be substituted or unsubstituted by hydrocarbyl radicals, such as C1 to C20 hydrocarbyl radicals.
A specific example of a metallocene catalyst is a bulky ligand metallocene compound generally represented by the formula:
The metal atom "M" of the metallocene catalyst compound may be selected from Groups 3 through 12 atoms and lanthanide Group atoms in one embodiment; and selected from Groups 3 through 10 atoms in a more particular embodiment, and selected from Sc, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, and Ni in yet a more particular embodiment; and selected from Groups 4, 5 and 6 atoms in yet a more particular embodiment, and Ti, Zr, Hf atoms in yet a more particular embodiment, and Zr in yet a more particular embodiment. The oxidation state of the metal atom "M" may range from 0 to +7 in one embodiment; and in a more particular embodiment, is +1, +2, +3, +4 or +5; and in yet a more particular embodiment is +2, +3 or +4. The groups bound the metal atom "M" are such that the compounds described below in the formulas and structures are electrically neutral, unless otherwise indicated.
The bulky ligand generally includes a cyclopentadienyl group (Cp) or a derivative thereof. The Cp ligand(s) form at least one chemical bond with the metal atom M to form the "metallocene catalyst compound". The Cp ligands are distinct from the leaving groups bound to the catalyst compound in that they are not highly susceptible to substitution/abstraction reactions.
The Cp group typically includes fused ring(s) and/or substituted ring or fused ring systems. The ring(s) or ring system(s) typically include atoms selected from group 13 to 16 atoms, for example, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, phosphorous, germanium, boron, aluminum and combinations thereof, wherein carbon makes up at least 50% of the ring members. Non-limiting examples include cyclopentadienyl, cyclopentaphenanthreneyl, indenyl, benzindenyl, fluorenyl, tetrahydroindenyl, octahydrofluorenyl, cyclooctatetraenyl, cyclopentacyclododecene, phenanthrindenyl, 3,4-benzofluorenyl, 9-phenylfluorenyl, 8-H-cyclopent[a]acenaphthylenyl, 7-H-dibenzofluorenyl, indeno[1,2-9]anthrene, thiophenoindenyl, thiophenofluorenyl, hydrogenated versions thereof (e.g., 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindenyl, or "H4Ind"), substituted versions thereof, and heterocyclic versions thereof.
Cp substituent groups may include hydrogen radicals, alkyls, alkenyls, alkynyls, cycloalkyls, aryls, acyls, aroyls, alkoxys, aryloxys, alkylthiols, dialkylamines, alkylamidos, alkoxycarbonyls, aryloxycarbonyls, carbomoyls, alkyl- and dialkyl-carbamoyls, acyloxys, acylaminos, aroylaminos, and combinations thereof. More particular non-limiting examples of alkyl substituents include methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, benzyl, phenyl, methylphenyl, and tert-butylphenyl groups and the like, including all their isomers, for example tertiary-butyl, isopropyl, and the like. Other possible radicals include substituted alkyls and aryls, optionally containing halogens such as, for example, fluoromethyl, fluroethyl, difluroethyl, iodopropyl, bromohexyl, chlorobenzyl and hydrocarbyl substituted organometalloid radicals including trimethylsilyl, trimethylgermyl, methyldiethylsilyl and the like; and halocarbyl-substituted organometalloid radicals including tris(trifluoromethyl)silyl, methylbis(difluoromethyl)silyl, bromomethyldimethylgermyl and the like; and disubstituted boron radicals including dimethylboron for example; and disubstituted Group 15 radicals including dimethylamine, dimethylphosphine, diphenylamine, methylphenylphosphine, Group 16 radicals including methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, phenoxy, methylsulfide and ethylsulfide. Other substituents R include olefins such as but not limited to olefinically unsaturated substituents including vinyl-terminated ligands, for example 3-butenyl, 2-propenyl, 5-hexenyl and the like. In one embodiment, at least two alkyl groups, two adjacent alkyl groups in one embodiment, are joined to form a ring structure having from 3 to 30 atoms selected from the group consisting of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, germanium, aluminum, boron and combinations thereof. Also, a substituent alkyl group such as 1-butanyl may form a bonding association to the element M.
Each anionic leaving group is independently selected and may include any leaving group, such as halogen ions, hydrides, C1 to C12 alkyls, C2 to C12 alkenyls, C6 to C12 aryls, C7 to C20 alkylaryls, C1 to C12 alkoxys, C6 to C16 aryloxys, C7 to C18 alkylaryloxys, C1 to C12 fluoroalkyls, C6 to C12 fluoroaryls, and C1 to C12 heteroatom-containing hydrocarbons and substituted derivatives thereof; hydride, halogen ions, C1 to C6 alkylcarboxylates, C1 to C6 fluorinated alkylcarboxylates, C6 to C12 arylcarboxylates, C7 to C18 alkylarylcarboxylates, C1 to C6 fluoroalkyls, C2 to C6 fluoroalkenyls, and C7 to C18 fluoroalkylaryls in yet a more particular embodiment; hydride, chloride, fluoride, methyl, phenyl, phenoxy, benzoxy, tosyl, fluoromethyls and fluorophenyls in yet a more particular embodiment; C1 to C12 alkyls, C2 to C12 alkenyls, C6 to C12 aryls, C7 to C20 alkylaryls, substituted C1 to C12 alkyls, substituted C6 to C12 aryls, substituted C7 to C20 alkylaryls and C1 to C12 heteroatom-containing alkyls, C1 to C12 heteroatom-containing aryls and C1 to C12 heteroatom-containing alkylaryls in yet a more particular embodiment; chloride, fluoride, C1 to C6 alkyls, C2 to C6 alkenyls, C7 to C18 alkylaryls, halogenated C1 to C6 alkyls, halogenated C2 to C6 alkenyls, and halogenated C7 to C18 alkylaryls in yet a more particular embodiment; fluoride, methyl, ethyl, propyl, phenyl, methylphenyl, dimethylphenyl, trimethylphenyl, fluoromethyls (mono-, di- and trifluoromethyls) and fluorophenyls (mono-, di-, tri-, tetra- and pentafluorophenyls) in yet a more particular embodiment; and fluoride in yet a more particular embodiment.
Other non-limiting examples of leaving groups include amines, phosphines, ethers, carboxylates, dienes, hydrocarbon radicals having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, fluorinated hydrocarbon radicals (e.g., —C6F5 (pentafluorophenyl)), fluorinated alkylcarboxylates (e.g., CF3C(O)O−), hydrides and halogen ions and combinations thereof. Other examples of leaving groups include alkyl groups such as cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, methyl, heptyl, tolyl, trifluoromethyl, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, methylidene, methyoxy, ethyoxy, propoxy, phenoxy, bis(N-methylanilide), dimethylamide, dimethylphosphide radicals and the like. In one embodiment, two or more leaving groups form a part of a fused ring or ring system.
L and A may be bridged to one another. In catalysts where there are two L groups, they may be bridged to each other. A bridged metallocene, for example may, be described by the general formula:
Non-limiting examples of bridging groups (X) include divalent hydrocarbon groups containing at least one Group 13 to 16 atom, such as but not limited to at least one of a carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, aluminum, boron, germanium and tin atom and combinations thereof; wherein the heteroatom may also be C1 to C12 alkyl or aryl substituted to satisfy neutral valency. The bridging group may also contain substituent groups as defined above including halogen radicals and iron. More particular non-limiting examples of bridging group are represented by C1 to C6 alkylenes, substituted C1 to C6 alkylenes, oxygen, sulfur, R2C═, R2Si═, —Si(R)2Si(R2)—, R2Ge═, RP═ (wherein "═" represents two chemical bonds), where R is independently selected from the group hydride, hydrocarbyl, substituted hydrocarbyl, halocarbyl, substituted halocarbyl, hydrocarbyl-substituted organometalloid, halocarbyl-substituted organometalloid, disubstituted boron, disubstituted Group 15 atoms, substituted Group 16 atoms, and halogen radical; and wherein two or more Rs may be joined to form a ring or ring system. In one embodiment, the bridged metallocene catalyst component has two or more bridging groups (X).
Other non-limiting examples of bridging groups include methylene, ethylene, ethylidene, propylidene, isopropylidene, diphenylmethylene, 1,2-dimethylethylene, 1,2-diphenylethylene, 1,1,2,2-tetramethylethylene, dimethylsilyl, diethylsilyl, methyl-ethylsilyl, trifluoromethylbutylsilyl, bis(trifluoromethyl)silyl, di(n-butyl)silyl, di(n-propyl)silyl, di(i-propyl)silyl, di(n-hexyl)silyl, dicyclohexylsilyl, diphenylsilyl, cyclohexylphenylsilyl, t-butylcyclohexylsilyl, di(t-butylphenyl)silyl, di(p-tolyl)silyl and the corresponding moieties, wherein the Si atom is replaced by a Ge or a C atom; dimethylsilyl, diethylsilyl, dimethylgermyl and/or diethylgermyl. The bridging groups may also have carbons or silicons having an olefinic substituent.
In another exemplary catalyst, the bridging group may also be cyclic, and include 4 to 10 ring members or 5 to 7 ring members in a more particular embodiment. The ring members may be selected from the elements mentioned above, and/or from one or more of B, C, Si, Ge, N and O in a particular embodiment. Non-limiting examples of ring structures which may be present as or part of the bridging moiety are cyclobutylidene, cyclopentylidene, cyclohexylidene, cycloheptylidene, cyclooctylidene and the corresponding rings where one or two carbon atoms are replaced by at least one of Si, Ge, N and O, in particular, Si and Ge. The bonding arrangement between the ring and the Cp groups may be cis-, trans-, or a combination thereof.
The cyclic bridging groups may be saturated or unsaturated and/or carry one or more substituents and/or be fused to one or more other ring structures. If present, the one or more substituents are selected from the group hydrocarbyl (e.g., alkyl such as methyl) and halogen (e.g., F, Cl) in one embodiment. The one or more Cp groups which the above cyclic bridging moieties may optionally be fused to may be saturated or unsaturated and are selected from the group of those having 4 to 10 ring members, more particularly 5, 6 or 7 ring members (selected from the group of C, N, O and S in a particular embodiment) such as, for example, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and phenyl. Moreover, these ring structures may themselves be fused such as, for example, in the case of a naphthyl group. Moreover, these (optionally fused) ring structures may carry one or more substituents. Illustrative, non-limiting examples of these substituents are hydrocarbyl (particularly alkyl) groups and halogen atoms.
The metallocene catalysts also includes the CpFlu family of catalysts (e.g., a metallocene incorporating a substituted Cp fluorenyl ligand structure) represented by the following formula:
Another family of the metallocene catalyst includes bridged mono-ligand metallocene compounds (e.g., mono cyclopentadienyl catalyst components). In this embodiment, at least one metallocene catalyst component is a bridged "half-sandwich" metallocene catalyst. In yet another aspect of the invention, the at least one metallocene catalyst component is an unbridged "half sandwich" metallocene. The "half sandwich" metallocenes above are alternatively and further described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,069,213, 5,026,798, 5,703,187, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,406, including a dimer or oligomeric structure, such as disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,026,798 and 6,069,213, which are incorporated by reference herein.
Non-limiting examples of metallocene catalyst components include:
Metallocene catalysts may be supported or unsupported. Typical support materials may include talc, inorganic oxides, clays and clay minerals, ion-exchanged layered compounds, diatomaceous earth compounds, zeolites or a resinous support material, such as a polyolefin. Specific inorganic oxides include silica, alumina, magnesia, titania and zirconia, for example. The inorganic oxides used as support materials may have an average particle size of from 5 microns to 600 microns, or from 10 microns to 100 microns, a surface area of from 50 m2/g to 1,000 m2/g, or from 100 m2/g to 400 m2/g, a pore volume of from 0.5 cc/g to 3.5 cc/g, or from 0.5 cc/g to 2 cc/g.
Desirable methods for supporting metallocene ionic catalysts are known in the art and described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,643,847, which is incorporated by reference herein. The methods generally include reacting neutral anion precursors that are sufficiently strong Lewis acids with the hydroxyl reactive functionalities present on the silica surface such that the Lewis acid becomes covalently bound. Activators may also be incorporated onto the support, using processes such as those disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,777,366 and 6,777,367, both to Gauthier, et al., and incorporated herein by reference.
To prepare a polymer it is necessary, in general, to contact the monomer or mixture of monomers and the given metallocene catalyst and the described cocatalyst(s). In certain cases it is desirable that the catalyst has been preactivated. Those skilled in the art will understand that this refers to subjecting the metallocene catalyst to conditions that promote the desired interaction between the activator or cocatalyst and the metallocene. The most commonly employed method of activating a catalyst is simply heating it to a sufficient temperature and for a sufficient time, determined as a matter of routine experimentation. This is discussed further in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,732, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Other methods can be used. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that modifications in the above generalized preparation method may be made without altering the outcome. Therefore, it will be understood that additional description of methods and means of preparing the catalyst are outside of the scope of the invention, and that it is only the identification of the prepared catalysts, as defined herein, that is necessarily described herein.
The metallocene catalysts described herein are used to make homopolymers, copolymers and terpolymers using monomers including ethylene and/or propylene. A variety of processes may be employed to prepare the polymers. Among the varying approaches that may be used include procedures set forth in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,678, which is incorporated herein by reference. The equipment, process conditions, reactants, additives and other materials will, of course, vary in a given process, depending on the desired composition and properties of the polymer being formed. For example, the processes discussed in any of the following patents may be useful, each of which is incorporated herein by reference: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,420,580 6,380,328 6,359,072 6,346,586 6,340,730 6,339,134 6,300,436 6,274,684 6,271,323 6,248,845 6,245,868 6,245,705 6,242,545 6,211,105 6,207,606 6,180,735 and 6,147,173.
The catalyst systems described herein, including the identified family of cocatalysts, may be used over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. The temperatures may be in the range of from about 20° C. to about 280° C., or from about 50° C. to about 200° C. and the pressures employed may be in the range of from 1 atmosphere to about 500 atmospheres or higher. In general the temperatures, as well as other polymerization conditions including, for example, pressures, are frequently those at which previously employed cocatalysts, such as TIBAl and/or TEAl, tend to form species which are soluble in the polymerization diluent. It is this ability to offer production improvements under the same or similar production conditions that is an important advantage of using the invention. Such polymerization processes include solution, bulk, gas phase, slurry phase, high pressure processes, and combinations thereof.
Examples of solution processes are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,271,060 5,001,205 5,236,998 and 5,589,555 and are incorporated herein by reference.
One example of a gas phase polymerization process generally employs a continuous cycle, wherein a cycling gas stream (otherwise known as a recycle stream or fluidizing medium) is heated in a reactor by heat of polymerization. The heat is removed from the recycle stream in another part of the cycle by a cooling system external to the reactor. The gaseous stream containing one or more monomers may be continuously cycled through a fluidized bed in the presence of a catalyst under reactive conditions. The gaseous stream is withdrawn from the fluidized bed and recycled back into the reactor. Simultaneously, polymer product is withdrawn from the reactor and fresh monomer is added to replace the polymerized monomer. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,543,399 4,588,790 5,028,670 5,317,036 5,352,749 5,405,922 5,436,304 5,456,471 5,462,999 5,616,661 and 5,668,228
The reactor pressure in a gas phase process may vary from about 100 psig to about 500 psig, or from about 200 to about 400 psig, or from about 250 to about 350 psig. The reactor temperature in a gas phase process may vary from 30° C. to 120° C. or 60° C. to 115° C. or 70° C. to 110C. or 70° C. to 95° C.
Other gas phase processes contemplated by the process includes those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,627,242 5,665,818 and 5,677,375 and European publications EP-A-0 794 200 EP-A-0 802 202 and EP-B-634 421 all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Slurry processes generally include forming a suspension of solid, particulate polymer in a liquid polymerization medium, to which monomers and optionally hydrogen, along with catalyst, are added. The suspension, including the polymerization diluent, may be intermittently or continuously removed from the reactor where the volatile components may be separated from the polymer and recycled, optionally after a distillation, to the reactor. The liquefied diluent employed in the polymerization medium is typically an alkane having from 3 to 7 carbon atoms, preferably a branched alkane. The medium employed should be liquid under the conditions of polymerization and relatively inert, such as hexane or, in one particularly desirable embodiment, isobutane.
The catalyst as a slurry or as a dry free flowing powder may be injected regularly to the reactor loop, which can itself be filled with circulating slurry of growing polymer particles in a monomer. Hydrogen, optionally, may be added as a molecular weight control. The reactor may be maintained at a pressure of from about 27 bar (2.7 mPa) to about 45 bar (4.5 mPa) (and a temperature of from about 38° C. to about 121° C. Reaction heat can be removed through the loop wall since much of the reactor is in the form of a double-jacketed pipe. The slurry may exit the reactor at regular intervals or continuously to a heated low pressure flash vessel, rotary dryer and a nitrogen purge column in sequence for removal of unreacted monomer and comonomers. The resulted hydrocarbon free powder can then be compounded for use in various applications. Alternatively, other types of slurry polymerization processes can be used, such stirred reactors is series, parallel or combinations thereof.
A slurry and/or polymerization process generally includes pressures in the range of 1 to 50 atmospheres (0.10 to 5.06 mPa) and even greater and temperatures of from about 0C to about 120° C.
A solution process can also be used. Examples of solution processes are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,271,060 5,001,205 5,236,998 and 5,589,555; which are incorporated herein by reference.
Selection of monomers to prepare the polyolefins, including homopolymers, copolymer, terpolymers and the like, will be within the skill of those in the art. Such polymers may include those prepared using ethylene, propylene, propylene-ethylene, propylene-ethylene-butylene, propylene-ethylene-octene, propylene-ethylene-hexene and the like. Other terpolymers include those referred to as ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) resins prepared using propylene, ethylene and one or more of group consisting of dicyclopentadiene (DCPD), ethylidene norbornene (ENB) or 1,4 hexadiene; 5-vinylnorbornene and mixtures thereof. The EPDM resins can be prepared using a diene having a terminal and an internal unsaturation.
Generally, the polymers produced as disclosed herein and blends thereof may be useful in such forming operations as film, sheet, pipe and fiber extrusion and co-extrusion as well as blow molding, injection molding and rotary molding. Films include blown or cast films formed by coextrusion or by lamination useful as shrink film, cling film, stretch film, sealing films, oriented films, snack packaging, heavy duty bags, grocery sacks, baked and frozen food packaging, medical packaging, industrial liners, membranes, etc. in food-contact and non-food contact applications. Fibers include melt spinning, solution spinning and melt blown fiber operations for use in woven or non-woven form to make filters, diaper fabrics, medical garments, geotextiles, etc. Extruded articles include medical tubing, wire and cable coatings, geomembranes and pond liners. Molded articles include single and multi-layered constructions in the form of bottles, tanks, large hollow articles, rigid food containers, toys, and the like.
One aspect of the invention is the discovery that there may be an interaction between the decomposition products of TEAl and TIBAl and the solvent. In one embodiment, the invention may be practiced using TEAl and TIBAl as co-catalysts by selecting as the reaction solvent a solvent from which butene and isobutylene may be easily and effectively separated.
The following examples are provided to more fully illustrate the invention. As such, they are intended to be merely illustrative and should not be construed as being limitative of the scope of the invention in any way. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that modifications may be made to the invention as described without altering its scope. For example, selection of particular monomers or combinations of monomers; and modifications such as of catalyst concentration, feed rate, processing temperatures, pressures and other conditions, and the like, not explicitly mentioned herein but falling within the general description hereof, will still fall within the intended scope of both the specification and claims appended hereto.
1,2-ethylenebis(tetrahydroindenyl)zirconium dichloride (THl) supported on MAO/silica using standard methods known to those in the art is employed for all testing. Polymerizations are carried out under standard conditions known to those in the art. The reactor is first charged with isobutane and then catalyst, hydrogen and then the monomers. The target productivity is ca. 7,000 g PE/g catalyst. The length of time taken to reach target is recorded. Activity is defined as the productivity divided by the time (or, stated another way, the average ethylene consumption rate for the run).
To compare performance of TIBAl, TNOAl and tri-n-hexyl aluminum ("TNHAl"), polymerizations at varying aluminum concentrations are performed under the standard conditions shown in Table 1. Activity data are provided in Table 2. Here, it can be seen that activity is not greatly compromised with the invention. Thus TNOAl and TNHAl, which will not readily produce or decompose to provide alkene products such as isobutylene or butene, can be effectively employed as cocatalysts for metallocene resins. This gives them great value in eliminating "post-metallocene hangovers" stemming from alkene contaminated when compared to TIBAl or TEAl.
During the polymerization studies it is noted that, with TIBAl cocatalyst, a slight buildup occurs on the blades of the agitator and a fine film is deposited on the walls and baffles of the reactor. From visual observations, the polymerization with THl and TNOAl showed less fouling as gauged by the degree of skinning of the walls on the bench reactor walls, baffles, and agitator. This observation is more pronounced at higher TNOAl levels, at which no significant skinning is observed. With TNOAl, the polymer does not agglomerate on the leading edge of the stirrer blades, as normally occurs with TIBAl polymerizations.
This example builds on the qualitative observations of Example 1 and describes experiments that compare quantitatively the degree of reactor fouling experienced using TIBAl and TNOAl. The general polymerization conditions are as described in Table 1. Here a cocatalyst level of 320 ppm relative to the isobutane diluent was employed. To probe the effects of trace water on the fouling potential, a partially-hydrolyzed cocatalyst was generated by addition of water the cocatalyst at a ratio of one mole of H2O per two moles of cocatalyst. Activity and agitator fouling results from these studies are shown in Table 3.
While TIBAl alone does not lead to high agitator build up, it can be seen that the introduction of moisture into the system results in a six-fold increase in the amount of fouling as gauged by agitator build-up. It is noted that while activity levels without water are comparable between the two cocatalysts, there is a substantial decrease in the level of fouling encountered employing TNOAl or partially hydrolyzed TNOAl in the runs.
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Despite Economic Woes, Nation's Community Banks Continue to Lend
ICBA to Congress: Focus on Small Business Needs, Rein in Overzealous Examiners and Too-Big-To-Fail Banks
Washington, D.C. (July 8, 2009)—The Independent Community Bankers of America (ICBA) today told Congress that our nation's more than 8,000 community banks continue to lend and urged lawmakers to focus on the policy needs of the small business sector, rein in overzealous bank examiners and prevent too-big-to-fail banks from threatening the health of our entire financial system in the future.
"Community banks played no part in causing the financial crisis fueled by exotic lending products, subprime loans and complex and highly leveraged investments," said Jack Hopkins, president and CEO of CorTrust Bank, Sioux Falls, S.D., in testimony before the Senate Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs Committee's Subcommittee on Financial Institutions. "Although the current financial crisis is impacting all financial institutions, most community banks are well-positioned. Community banks have continued their prudent lending practices, worked with borrowers and even increased lending during this latest period of economic contraction."
Hopkins stressed the importance of the small business sector, saying that it will help lead us out of the recession and boost needed job growth, especially in rural communities that have not been immune to the economic downturn. He said that because Small Business Administration (SBA) loan programs are an important component of community bank lending, those SBA programs must remain a viable and robust tool in supplying small business credit. "Even though community banks represent about 12 percent of all bank assets, they make 20 percent of all small business loans and more than half of all small business loans under $100,000. In fact, 48 percent of small businesses get their financing from banks with $1 billion and under in assets," Hopkins said. He went on to say that the frozen secondary market for small business loans continues to impede the flow of credit to small businesses and recommended changing existing programs to unleash their full potential.
The South Dakota community banker also said mixed messages from bank examiners and policymakers are a serious issue for community banks. "Field examiners have created a very harsh environment that is chilling lending as examiners criticize and require banks to write down existing loans, resulting in capital losses, while policymakers are encouraging lending from every corner. Some community bankers are concerned their regulators will second-guess their desire to make additional loans, and others are under pressure from their regulators to decrease their loan-to-deposit ratios and increase capital levels," Hopkins said.
In discussing ICBA's position on the Obama administration's regulatory reform proposals, Hopkins said ICBA strongly supports efforts to rein in too-big-to-fail institutions to avoid a similar crisis in the future. He went on to say that community banks support the dual banking system of state and federal bank charters to provide checks and balances that promote consumer choice and a diverse and competitive financial system. "Community bankers already work with their customers and use a wide variety of options to keep customers in business," Hopkins said. "As Washington moves forward with regulatory reform, Congress should allow community banks to continue to work with their customers during these troubled times rather than adding unnecessary costs and complexity to the process."
ICBA thanks Senate Banking subcommittee Chairman Tim Johnson (D-S.D.), Ranking Member Mike Crapo (R-Idaho) and the other members of the subcommittee and looks forward to working with Congress to ensure the nation's common-sense community banks have the wherewithal to continue to lend to their customers both within rural communities and throughout Main Street America.
To read ICBA's testimony, visit www.icba.org.

subset: commoncrawl


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Antique cast iron bundt pan
Recipes / Antique cast iron bundt pan (1000+)
Pomegranate Molasses Braised Shoulder of Lamb with Roasted Cauliflower Salad and Beetroot with Mint Yogurt
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onions and garlic in the bottom of a cast iron lidded pan , add the water Add the lamb on
Fresh Tomato's with Grilled Veggies and Spaghetti
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the veggies. Heat a griddle or large cast iron frying pan with the olive oil. Place the
Sweet and Spicy Ice Cream Chicken Cutlets
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first: Heat a large 10 inch cast iron frying pan with the olive oil. Over medium heat
Stuffed Bell Peppers
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Olive oil Heat a large 10 inch cast iron frying pan and place the peppers whole in the
Homemade Pizza with Sweet and Spicy Sauce
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oregano 2 tablespoons olive oil Heat a cast iron frying pan with the olive oil. Add the
Quick and Easy Left-Over Meat Sauce
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of your favorite macaroni Heat a large cast iron frying pan with the olive oil. Add the
Simple Fresh Tomato and Bread Stuffing featuring Lo Salt
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oil 2 tablespoons butter Heat a large cast iron frying pan with 2 tablespoons of olive oil
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garlic cloves and onion quarters in a cast iron pan; drizzle with olive oil and sprinkle
The Lemonade Cookbook featuring Greek Marinated Chicken w/ Tzatsiki
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Lemon Poppy Seed Bundt Cake and many Heat a large cast iron frying pan with a tablespoon
Elk Burgers
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in the house so I cooked mine in a cast iron pan with some bacon fat. I save it to use
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Caldero y Pilón
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and caribbean food at its best... Caldero (cast iron pot) is the Dominican cook weapon of
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ways to make pizza: thin crust or thick, pan pizza or hand tossed, baked on a stone or
Metric Kitchen
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Kitchen, America needs to drop the antiquated Imperial System for the Metric System. It
Cakes, cakes, and more cakes
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more cakes, Every kind of cake--from cupcakes, bundt cakes, layer cakes, snacking cakes to
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lodge pan users
lodge pan users, what I cook using a cast iron lodge pan, saute veggies - brown meats
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Lobster Bisque-Antique. Eggs A La Gilsey House-Antique. No Bake Peanut Butter Nanaimo ... Cast Iron Skillet Rhubarb Damp. Id Rather Have Tabouli For The. Seafood ...
bundt. wonderful. clean. marinara. bhaji. ez. family. tarragon. jack. rum ... cast. iron. supersweet. sodabread. norm. barcookies. char. shot. chickeny. mash. tasy. does. much ...
All Peetabear's Favorite Recipes
All My Recipes ... Corn In Cast Iron. Submitted 6 months, 1 week ago. 5 comments. 5. Sweet onion Pie. Submitted 5 months, 3 weeks ago. 6 comments. 5. Peaches and Cream Coffee Cake ...
Cheese Steak Sandwich Recipes selected by the collective tastebuds of the masses from Group Recipes. ... Make Custard With Lactaid Milk - Orange Pound Cake Recipe Bundt Pan ...


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Naples wine festival's new initiative gives kids glasses that stay at school
NAPLES - Four-year-old Evan Marshall hopped into a small blue chair and stared into a hand-held vision-screening camera a few feet away.One second later, Nancy Jeppesen, founder and President of Florida's Vision Quest, exclaimed that Evan had perfect vision.
"I didn't even feel it," Evan said at the YMCA of the Palms Early Learning Center.
Evan is one of the lucky ones.
Recent data shows that one out of every four children has a vision problem and that 90 percent of children who need eyeglasses don't have them. In at-risk populations, such as children born into poverty, this percentage is likely to be much higher.
The chairs of the Naples Winter Wine Festival saw the need for better and more comprehensive vision screenings and care. They dedicated this year's festival fund-a-need auction to pediatric vision and an initiative to give eligible students two pairs of glasses: one for school and one for home.
The annual wine festival, scheduled for this weekend, raises money for Collier County children's charities, mainly through an auction of rare wines, travel packages and big-ticket items, such as expensive cars. This year's special fund-raiser during Saturday's auction is for pediatric vision.
"We feel that the children whose lives we touch are already challenged in so many ways that if we initiate a program which will enable them to improve their vision, they will feel better about themselves and hopefully perform better in school," festival Chairwoman Joan Clifford said.
With the money raised, the Naples Children and Education Foundation will have Vision Quest screen every child at what the foundation believes to be the seven most underserved and high-need schools in the county: Parkside Elementary in East Naples, Golden Gate Elementary, Golden Terrace Elementary, Highlands Elementary in Immokalee, Golden Gate Middle, Immokalee Middle and Manatee Middle in East Naples.
An optometrist will examine those students identified with vision problems and determine an accurate prescription.
From the time of the exam, Jeppesen said, it takes less than a week for the glasses to be delivered.
Editor's note: This is one of a series of stories about Collier County children's charities, leading up to the Naples Winter Wine Festival dinners and auction this weekend.
■ RELATED STORY Wine festival sponsors see kids' needs grow in communities other than Immokalee
■ RELATED STORY Fun Time Nursery marks 50 years, gets support from Wine Festival, philanthropists
■ RELATED STORY Miracle after-school program taps wine festival to help Immokalee students achieve
■ RELATED STORY Naples Winter Wine Festival: Volunteers say rewards they reap are worth the work
■ RELATED STORY Hospitals team with Wine Festival sponsors to provide oral surgery to needy kids
■ RELATED STORY Marco YMCA, a Wine Festival charity, goes off-island to meet community needs
One pair goes to the school and stays there. The second pair goes to the student's home.
"We'd make glasses for school-age children, visit them later and find out that they'd sat (on them) on the bus, left them on the playground," said Todd Foege, acting executive director for the foundation. "Now with one pair of glasses never leaving the school, there's no excuse for not reading."
Foege said the foundation looks at the well-being of the whole child, not just academic needs.
"From the top of the head to the bottom of the feet," he said. "We can invest lots of money into early childhood education, but if a child can't see, it doesn't make a difference."
At the YMCA, 4- and 5-year-olds looked briefly into the vision-screening camera, listened to bird chirping noises coming from the machine to keep them focused and waited until the machine locked in on their eyes to determine their eyesight.
When one student squinted and turned his head from side to side struggling to focus his eyes, Jeppesen said to him: "Make big eyes like you see a ghost."
His eyes peeled wide open.
The machine instantly determines the prescription and any vision abnormalities, like an astigmatism.
Jeppesen started Florida's Vision Quest 17 years ago. Since then, the technology has improved dramatically. The big E Snellen chart isn't used today. Prescriptions are more accurate. The screenings go faster. Jeppesen can screen 100 kids an hour.
"Compared to the typical big E chart that missed or had errors 60 percent of the time, this doesn't over refer," she said, speaking of the new vision reader.
She said the fewer over-referrals, the less money parents waste on taking their children to the doctor for glasses when it's not necessary.
Without Vision Quest and the foundation's pediatric vision initiative, the process often wouldn't progress past the screening, Foege said.
"You screen a child, give a referral to a parent and then what happens?" Foege asked. "Nothing."
He said many parents don't act on the child's need because of a lack of insurance, intimidation, or simple problems such as lack of transportation to and from a doctor's office.
Preschool teacher Michelle Blackmon said taking care of a child's vision can resolve more problems than just eyesight.
"Sometimes in classrooms you wonder why a child is acting out or having behavior problems," she said. "It can be the simplest problem, like needing glasses, then the behavior changes."
Jeppesen said doctors missed a young girl's vision problems since she was in kindergarten. The girl rarely spoke or followed directions. When teachers approached her, she hid under her desk, Jeppesen said.
"One doctor suggested she even be taken for a psychiatric evaluation," she said. "Every time the doctor tried to screen her using the E chart, she would run behind her parents' legs."
Vision Quest screened her and discovered her eyesight was -6.50 in both eyes — an extreme prescription for such a young child. With a new pair of glasses, her behavior completely changed for the better.
"How was she missed?" Jeppesen asked in reference to the doctor visits.
Four-year-old Adilynn Barley said getting her eyes screened was easy."I wasn't scared," she said.
Adilynn had perfect vision. Only one child out of the 4- and 5-year-olds screened at the YMCA was flagged as having a vision problem.
"It's really a great thing, because instead of squinting, they're reading," teacher Maria Abbott said.
When asked how often screenings like this are done, Foege said: "Not enough."
And that, he said, is why the fund-a-need pediatric vision auction during this year's Naples Winter Wine Festival is so extremely important.
Eventually, the foundation wants to expand the two-glasses program to every school in Collier County, he said.
"We want zero barriers to access, to the services with the eventual goal of treating all eligible children in Collier County," Foege said.


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Modern Circular Artwork
Desire/Acquire: Modern Circular Painted Artwork
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Painted in 2002 by Gary Lang, Circle Ojai #1 ($65,000) is a gorgeous, massive — at five feet square— work of art. I was immediately struck by the movement and colors in this piece, and while I covet it (immensely), it's quite likely that its price point will eliminate it from finding a place in my home art collection.
Luckily, you can replicate this painting's look for only a few hundred dollars. Keep reading to see how you can get the look of the modern, circular artwork.
Curious as to how it looks hung? We featured Melton's work in this bedroom tour.


text: January 2005 1/1/2005 Permissions HR MAGAZINE · January 2005 Vol. 50, No. 1 Table of Contents COVER STORY Blind Investment. . How do analysts measure the value of a company? Not the way they should, which would take into account the value of people.Robert J. Grossman LABOR RELATIONS Good-Faith Bargaining. Negotiating a new labor agreement takes knowledge of the business, preparation and professional courtesy. (Members Only)Kathryn Tyler TRAINING & DEVELOPMENTHead of the Class. With a customized executive education program, Hasbro is developing its future and current leaders. (Members Only)Ann Pomeroy BENEFITSExams for Health Plans. Regular checkups can help keep health plans financially fit. (Members Only)Carolyn Hirschman INTERVIEWCourageous HR LeadershipThe 2005-06 board chair of the Society for Human Resource Management explains his vision of the aggressive role HR should play. Bill Leonard HR AGENDA: COMPENSATION & BENEFITSPhilosophizing Compensation. Protect the integrity of your pay program by implementing an organizationwide pay strategy. (Members Only)Charlotte Garvey HR AGENDA: CAREER DEVELOPMENTZero In on the Numbers. Don't skip over budget reports; study them for guidance in crafting next year's spending and for clues to problems developing this year. Susan Ladika COLUMNS & DEPARTMENTS(Members Only) From The President. HR Resolutions for the New Year. Susan MeisingerFrom the Editors. Wall Street's view of HR; examining health plans; HR Magazine is 50. Patrick Mirza, Terence F. Shea, Leon RubisHR Solutions: Recognition, Overseas Duty, Risky Surfing. Anne St. Martin, Linda K. Anguish and Deb LevineManagement Tools: On Communicating Well. A primer on communication skills—five keys to success. Joelle JayLegal Trends: The Jury's Still Out -- Way Out.. Requiring employees to sign jury trial waivers as a condition of employment helps reduce risk of unreasonably high verdicts. Chad ShultzFuture Focus: Background Checking. With its costs falling and its necessity rising, background checking will become an increasingly effective tool for HR. Jennifer SchrammExecutive Briefing. Finance executives seek Sarbanes-Oxley support; companies often overlook internal expertise; more. HR Technology: Doc in a Box. Wellness specialists credit health-monitoring kiosks with saving time, money and lives. Dawn S. Onley Court Report. Beware 'equal opportunity' harassment; no 'rest period' under USERRA; failure to check background supports negligent hiring claim. Books in Brief. Weirdos in the Workplace; more. What's New HR Magazine archives [ Classified Advertising || SHRM Media Kit |||| Staff Biographies || Contributing Editor Biographies || || Writer's Guidelines || Contact the Editors || || Subscribe to HR Magazine] Permissions TOP PICKS: LEGAL & REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS FLSA Essentials Manual Online compliance guide with update service. Webcast: Who and What Federal Contractors Must Count Cara Crotty on new rules for employers doing business with the government. Available on demand. Seminar: California HR Learn critical California workplace regulations. Oct. 26-27, L.A. Labor Law Posters State and federal labor law posters with one-year update service. U.S. Immigration Essentials SHRM Seminar - Oct. 2015 in Los Angeles; Nov. 2015 in Houston Workplace Compliance E-Newsletter Free weekly update, summarizing legal decisions, legislative news and regulatory news. Whistleblowing, Reporting, & Retaliation Online course from SHRM E-Learning Express Request: Same-Sex Marriage Learn implications of Supreme Court's recent ruling. Webcast: The ACA After the Supreme Court Sibyl Bogardus discusses what employers should do now. Available now on-demand. Swipe for more! ADVERTISING LINKS


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Friday, April 2, 2010
Guilt and Shame are BAD for Fundraising
Before I get started, let me make a big, fat caveat - I'm a donor to CARE. I love this organization and the work that they do. In particular, I'm a big supporter of their efforts to empower women all over the world to lead productive, satisfying lives. What I don't like is this appeal because it makes me feel guilty and ashamed.
Guilt and shame are bad for fundraising. They're also redundant, because I already feel SO overwhelmed by all of the perils and problems of this world. (Really, my superego bashes me enough.)
While an appeal like this one might get you dollars, it won't GIVE DONORS the psychic reward they crave - that warm, fuzzy feeling that lets them know that they are helping to change the world and make a difference. That they are good folks. Instead, when people donate in response to a guilt trip they feel relief but mostly it's because you're finally off their back!
Here is another story. I co-chaired the annual giving campaign at my church last year. And let me tell you I was dismayed by the number of parishioners who didn't pledge to our church. (You should know, I attend a mid-class/upper mid-class suburban church and most of the parishioners have the means to give.) I had to force myself to resist my desire to guilt and shame people into giving, "Hey, look at all of the other folks in the church who give!" "As member of our community, don't you want to help BUILD as well as share in the wealth of our parish?" "I know you just remodeled your kitchen. How 'bout swinging some of that cash our way so we can make sandwiches for the homeless!" :)
Luckily, I resisted my snarky voice and tried to take a higher ground. Why? Well, I would have made a few enemies. But seriously guilt trips simply don't work.
People have their own reasons for giving to charity and churches. Sometimes the trigger is finding the right person to make the "ask." Sometimes the key to unlocking a donor's wallet is getting them involved in the mission/ministry of your work. But (and here's the punch line) if your goal is to build LONG TERM, ENRICHING RELATIONSHIPS it's important to be patient, stalwart and kind. Don't badger people into making donations. Bring them along in a loving and kind way.
2 comments:
- Mazarine said...
Dear Jocelyn,
Thanks for posting about guilt and shame. I do believe that fundraisers rush into trying to figure out how to get donors to give.
They don't parse donors into different groups with different reasons for giving, and target their appeals at them accordingly,
I also think that they want to make you cry so you'll give. But the sad thing is that a personal appeal in person can make you cry, while a nonprofit using shame and guilt tactics in a newspaper is just going to make you turn the page. It may be that we have gotten callous to these appeals, but so many have been made at this point that at some point we have to tune them out.
Nonprofits need to realize that there are business minded donors, communitarians, socialites, and other types of donors, all with different reasons for giving, NONE of which involve shame and guilt. I write more about the different kinds of donors on my blog,
- April 4, 2010 at 1:58 AM
- Sean Kline said...
As someone who now spends considerable time fundraising, I really appreciate your reminder of what we're all after--giver and asker alike--long term, enriching relationship that support good change in the world.
- April 10, 2010 at 11:40 AM


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Digital Switchover In Northern Ireland
The Digital Switchover in Northern Ireland in fast approaching and as of today, September 28th, is just 12 Days away!
If you've not checked to see whether you require a new TV, Set Top Box or an Aerial Upgrade you'll need to get your skates on as many providers are now very busy. If you are unsure, need advice or, require as many do to change secondary TVs in bedrooms, conservatories and kitchens please call 028 3755 1260, Email Us or Visit Us in-store. We can help!
Ask Digital Advice Centre
At Dalzells our staff have completed UK Digital's Approved Adviser Accreditation to ensure that we can fully answer all your questions in addition to stocking a wide range of technology to help you through the Digital Switchover. Remember, once complete you'll benefit hugely from a huge range of new interactive services, channels and even games! All from your TV!
To view some of our great TV Deals which are available to purchase straight away with Free Delivery across Northern Ireland.
Help Scheme
If you are in receipt of certain benefits, have certain disabilities, live in a care home or are over 75 you may be able to receive financial help with the Digital Switch Over in Northern Ireland. To learn more about the Help Scheme visit our helpful blog on it.


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Black Jesus
Season 1
Smokin', Drinkin', and Chillin'
The gang talks Jesus into coming along on a drug buy financed by Boonie's mom.
Fish and the Con Man
Vic vows to remove Jesus from the neighborhood, and hires Lloyd to be his "eyes and ears in the streets" and keep tabs on him. Meanwhile Jesus and the gang find the perfect lot for the garden, only to face instant extortion from local Mexican gangsters.
The S*** Heist
After being extorted by Mexican gangsters, our heroes are left with no money for fertilizer for their garden, so they must execute a manure heist at the Compton Boarding Stables.
Fried Green Tomatoes
The gang is ready to quit the garden when they find the weed in the garden has failed, but they discover an abundance of "miracle" green tomatoes.
Love Thy Enemy, Part 1
As our heroes start bottling and selling their magical green tomato sauce, Ms. Tudi is presented with a unique opportunity to make peace with Vic and the Concerned Citizens of Southwest Central Compton (CCSWC).
The Other Shoe Drops
Trayvon's foray into documentary filmmaking reveals greed, chaos, angry farmers, and a saboteur pouring bleach in the garden.
Love Thy Enemy, Part 2
Vic has let the complex fall into shambles - with Lloyd acting as manager.


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At least 100 people died across Syria on Sunday, when President Bashar al-Assad's troops launched an attack on protesters in Hama and several other towns, according to The Washington Post.
It was the second-bloodiest day since the protests began in March, as security forces attempted to crack down on protests in several locations simultaneously. The government's raids left 74 dead in Hama, which has emerged as a central point for the protest movement, according to The Post.
The attacks came just before the Muslim holy month of Ramadan began Monday, during which activists have promised to escalate the revolt, as frequent gatherings in mosques should further rally the protesters.


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white noise
Voice Mosaic
Sound surrounds us. Even without hearing, the vibrations are present and felt. Sound has the ability to tap into our minds through sensations that envelope us. Sound can be an artful escape, much like a good read or captivating film. These works deal with themes of sound surrounding us, motivating us, and joining us together to collaborate. "White Noise" invites the participant to a screen of different colors in a bright, friendly format. However, each color corresponds to a different abrasive electric sound looping out of your speakers. When the colors change, the sounds change. The participant is overwhelmed with vibrant colors and harsh, metallic screeches, engulfing him or her in an environment of light and sound. Eventually a combination exists that will quell the noise, which is the proposed "objective" of the puzzle. Whether one interprets their dive into discord as pleasurable or not is up to them. "Eavesdropping" examines the relationship between music and human attitude. It heightens moods and encourages "shared experiences." Participants input their moods into the system during a performance, are given acoustic feedback in the form of music and are then asked to verify if the music corresponded with the mood first inputted. "Audio Igloo" literally surrounds spectators in sound. An igloo is constructed out of speakers, stereos, mixers, and other sound equipment, all facing inward. Inside the structure, the sound of white noise is played for spectators to appreciate. This chamber of electromagnetic sound-waves offers a meditative perspective on noise and perhaps something listeners have never quite experienced. "Song" takes field recordings of a peaceful woodland setting and emphasizes sounds through color accents in a panoramic video of a forest. When the camera passes by a new sight of color, the sounds heard shift to match. "Voice Mosaic" fuses voices with images, all generated from telephone conversations targeted at a predesignated phone number. The conversations are heard in real-time with newly-generated images to accompany the sounds. This not only creates an audio-environment to experience but also a chance to give speech and conversation the same forum as music or sound art. Each of these pieces use the advantages of digital media to show how sound envelopes us in different ways: in our homes, in nature, on the phone, and even in our thoughts.
Jurgen Trautwein | 2 years, 9 months ago


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Alec Baldwin, MSNBC's anti-wonk
Alec Baldwin talks to The Hollywood Reporter about his new MSNBC show:
What types of guests do you want? Any Republicans?
(Laughs.) I want exciting, fizzy, dynamic people. I want interesting people. I want controversial people. I don't want to get a bunch of wonks together and just wonk-ify some issue.
In other words, the opposite of an MSNBC show.
Short URL:http://politi.co/15tTffD
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A Complication of Phototherapy in the Newborn: The "Bronze Baby"
Related Articles
- How to use: transcutaneous bilirubinometry. O'Connor, Matthew C.; Lease, Meredith A.; Whalen, Bonny L. // Archives of Disease in Childhood -- Education & Practice Edition;Aug2013, Vol. 98 Issue 4, p154
The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence neonatal jaundice guidelines recommend checking the bilirubin level in all infants with visible jaundice. The gold standard for this measurement is total serum bilirubin (TSB). Transcutaneous bilirubinometry (TcB) is an alternative to TSB...
- Double bilirubin lights? M.E.R. // Cortlandt Forum;01/25/97, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p113
Presents studies which offer proof that the use of double lights to reduce idiopathic hyperbilirubinemia in newborns with no ABO or Rh incompatibility is better that single phototherapy.
- Phototherapy for neonatal jaundice in infants with cephalhematomas. Tan, K.L.; Lim, G.C. // Clinical Pediatrics;Jan1995, Vol. 34 Issue 1, p7
Evaluates the effect of cephalhematomas on the efficacy of phototherapy for neonatal jaundice. Measurement of irradiance on infant skin; Sampling of capillary blood at 12-hourly intervals; Description of subjects; Lack of additional intravascular hemolysis among infants with cephalhematoma.
- Late effects of phototherapy. // Pediatrics for Parents;1997, Vol. 17 Issue 11, p7
Focuses on a study on the long-term harmful effects of phototherapy, which is used to treat jaundice in newborn infants by exposing them to fluorescent light, as found in `Family Practice News,' Volume 3, Number 1, 1998. Question over the increase of the chances of cancer development with this...
- Tips from Other Journals. CRAWFORD-FAUCHER, AMY // American Family Physician;8/15/2010, Vol. 82 Issue 4, p426
The article summarizes the findings of several studies on hyperbilirubinemia screening to prevent chronic bilirubin encephalopathy among newborn infants published in the journal "Pediatrics." One found lack of high-quality evidence to determine the value of hyperbilirubinemia screening. Another...
- Determination of ASQ Score in Infants with Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia and its Relationship with Total Serum Bilirubin Levels and Bilirubin Albumin Ratio. Gharehbaghi, Manizheh Mostafa; Azarfam, Hanieh Faraji; Ghegherechi, Robabeh // Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences & Healt;Oct/Nov2013, Vol. 35 Issue 4, p74
Background and Objectives: neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is a common problems during neonatal period that may be associated with neurodevelopmental later in life. There are several known risk factors for bilirubin encephalopathy, including total serum bilirubin levels and bilirubin albumin ratio....
- Appendix: STUDENT QUESTIONNAIRE (SQ). // Iranian Journal of Pediatrics;Jun2012, Vol. 22 Issue 2, pI
The article presents Student Questionnaire (SQ) on the study titled "Medical Education Content Required for Kernicterus Risk Recognition," by Gl�ucia Macedo de Lima and colleagues.
- Ohmeda Biliblanket vs Wallaby phototherapy system for the reduction of bilirubin levels in the... George, Phillip; Lynch, Marilyn // Clinical Pediatrics;Mar1994, Vol. 33 Issue 3, p178
Compares the Ohmeda Biliblanket Phototherapy System and the Wallaby Phototherapy System in reducing bilirubin concentrations in term neonates with physiologic jaundice in the home-care setting. Mechanisms of operation of phototherapy systems; Study protocol; Efficiencies in reduction of...
- Phototherapy in children requires careful assessment. Guttman, Cheryl // Dermatology Times;Sep99, Vol. 20 Issue 9, p15
Focuses on the need to assess the effectiveness of phototherapy as a treatment for pediatric patients with recalcitrant dermatoses. Risk factors for the use of phototherapy; Contraindications for using the treatment option in children.


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2009-10 (JUNIOR YEAR): Media Guide Bio
2008-09 (SOPHOMORE YEAR): Finished with eight top five finishes, led by a second-place finish in the three-meter springboard ... At the Tennessee Diving Invite, was 38th in both the one-meter (201.30, preliminary) and three-meter (195.70, preliminary) ... Was sixth in the three-meter (216.60) and 12th in the one-meter (193.25) at the Rutgers Gailbraith Invite ... Posted season best score in one-meter (214.43) at Southern Methodist, good for a third overall finish. Was also fifth in the three-meter (183.30) ... Was fourth in both the one-meter (168.90) and three-meter (184.50) at Texas A&M ... Season best score of 222.52 in the three-meter came in first home meet vs. Richmond, while also posting fifth overall score in the one-meter (206.92) ... In season-opener at West Virginia, finished second and third, respectively, in the three-meter (219.98) and one-meter (185.03) ... Named an Academic All-Big Ten honoree.
2007-08 (FRESHMAN YEAR): Contributed to diving's success shortly after joining the team ... Had several second-place finishes to lead the way for the Nittany Lions ... Score was good for 29th amongst the conference's one-meter springboard divers at the Big Ten Championships. On the three-meter board, placed 33rd ... For the season, received two second-place nods, both in the one-meter springboard to go along with four third-place marks ... Against West Virginia, took third in the three-meter with a score of 237 ... Posted personal second-best score at the Penn State Quad Meet ... Scored 182.05 on the three-meter springboard at the prestigious Georgia Diving Invite ... Earned first-career second placing at Pittsburgh's quad meet ... Had personal best score (249.75) in the Princeton Invitational, coming in third in the preliminary heat ... Dove best one-meter score (254.77) versus West Chester, coming in second.
HIGH SCHOOL: Was on the diving team for four years at Lower Moreland High School in Huntingdon Valley, Pa. ... Was also on the tennis team ... Team captain senior year ... Was a three-time district champion sophomore through senior seasons and also finished third at districts as a freshman ... Improved at states in each of her four years, culminating with a second-place finish senior year ... Finished fourth at states as a junior, 10th as a sophomore and 15th as a freshman ... Was on the honor roll all four years ... Member of the National Honor Society ... Graduated in the top 10 of her class and was a scholar athlete as a senior ... Was named Female Student Athlete of the Year as both a junior and senior.
PERSONAL: Full name is Ilana Jessica Zeises ... Born on November 4, 1988 in Philadelphia, Pa. ... The daughter of Richard and Andrea Zeises ... Has two older sisters, Farah (29), who was also a college diver, and Lisa (26), who also attended Penn State ... Majoring in bioengineering.
ON CHOOSING PENN STATE: "I chose Penn State for the combination of the great athletics and academics."


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Captain Marvel has always been a favorite character of mine but what is DC really doing with him. At this moment nobody has the powers of "Shazam" (I had heard that Freddy got the powers taken from him by Osiris). Why did DC feel it necessary to completely tear this family down? I would really like to see Billy come back in a short series. He reclaims the powers of Shazam and he no longer has Mary following him around being a power whore. I'm sorry to all the Mary Marvel fans but it is true. She has proven that she will only go with whoever will give her power and I think it's sad that DC still had her following Billy around in the Shazam one shot that came out just recently ONLY because Black Adam refused to share his powers with her.
Is there any chance that Billy will come back? Who would like to see Billy Batson as Captain Marvel again?


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|Hyatt Place East Orlando - UCF properties are listed below. Search for cheap and discount Hyatt Place hotel rooms in East Orlando - UCF, FL for your upcoming meeting or individual travels. We list the best Hyatt Place East Orlando - UCF hotels & lodging so you can review the East Orlando - UCF Hyatt Place hotel list below to find the perfect place.
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The 30-year-old signed joined the Gunners from Fenerbahce in August 2011 for a fee in the region of 7million euros (£5.9million).
However, he struggled to establish himself in the first team at the Emirates, making just 13 starts in 18 months at the club.
The Sao Paulo-born full-back secured a return to his homeland when he signed a short-term deal with Gremio back in February.
That deal is set to expire in July and the Brazilian club have confirmed they do not intend to turn the move permanent.
"We signed Andre Santos for Copa Libertadores and his contract expires in July," Gremio's director of football Marcos Chitolina told UOL.
"It would be too expensive for Gremio to renew his contract; he is a very expensive player.
"We thank him for everything he has done, but we will keep Alex Telles and Fabio Aurelio."


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The newest offering from California's folk collective troubadours, the "Rockets EP" offers a more mature and intimate experience. From mellow horns to subtle strings and somber vocals, Boris Smile continues to explore and expand their soundscape. For fans of Pedro the Lion, Broken Social Scene, and Matt Pond PA.
Track Listing:
1. Satellites
2. Adventures with Rockets [Revisited]
3. Apollo
4. Aurora
5. Are We Alone?
6. 8.24.06 (The Humbling of a Planet)


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By Fred W. Baker IIIAmerican Forces Press Service
FORWARD OPERATING BASE GARDEZ, Afghanistan, Feb. 26, 2009 In a recent meeting in downtown Gardez City with local government officials, Army Lt. Col. Donald Cullison struck an unintentional pose that symbolizes coalition efforts in eastern Afghanistan.
In one hand he held a steaming cup of chai tea, a local gesture of hospitality and friendship. His other hand draped across the M-4 rifle resting in his lap.
What appears a dichotomy is the balance coalition forces must strike as they promise both security and development in a country ravaged by war and racked with poverty -- its people torn between supporting a deeply ingrained insurgency offering survival, or a shaky, upstart government that promises hope for the future.
And somewhere in that balance is where coalition forces hope to find victory on this battlefield that was the birthplace of the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks against the United States.
"In this fight, dollars are bullets. Development is just as important as security," Cullison said. "You can't have security without development and you can't have development without security.
"It goes to different degrees. But you can't have them exclusive."
Cullison heads the civil affairs efforts for the Paktia Provincial Reconstruction Team here. He also serves as the executive officer for the 80-person team.
This is a region that has long been controlled by varying local tribes with little interest, or trust, in a regional government. The rugged mountain passes serve as a passageway and staging area for enemy fighters traveling from the Pakistan border into Afghanistan.
A career civil affairs officer with multiple deployments under his belt, Cullison said that his team's job is to separate the people of Afghanistan from the insurgency that works to undermine coalition efforts and the development of a central government.
"It has nothing to do with going out there and being nice and giving people things, or being the Peace Corps of the Army," Cullison said. "Why do we do everything that we do? Because I want the people … to jump on the side of [the Afghanistan government] and the coalition.
"Our ultimate goal is to separate the populace from the insurgency. The insurgency isn't all the people. There are quite a few out there that just want to go about their lives and live peacefully."
The nine-person civil affairs section serves as the face of the PRT for the provincial government and local people. Cullison's team divides the 14 districts that cover an area about the size of Rhode Island and then reach out to assess the areas and determine what projects will both boost the economy and help legitimize the Afghan government. In some districts, team members work at the provincial level, meeting with officials in government buildings in secure compounds. In other areas, they drink tea in mud huts with local tribal and religious leaders.
The team looks to jumpstart a mix of projects -- some that will quickly infuse much-needed cash or provide basic health care and promote government and coalition operations, and others that will proffer longer-term effects such as schools or roads that will impact generations to come.
Its goal is to build relationships of trust and confidence, both in the efforts of the coalition forces and the local government. Many locals are skeptical, Cullison said, and know that if the government fails, or if coalition forces leave, it is they who will have to deal with the backlash of the insurgents.
"Right now the Afghan people aren't sure. Are we going to stay? Is their government going to work?" Cullison said. "That's why the insurgency is allowed to operate within Afghanistan, because the Afghan people are still not sure which way this government is going to go and which way the coalition forces are going to go."
To combat this, his team plans long-term projects and pushes provincial leadership out into the tribes. Local and provincial officials work together to decide what each village needs. This not only connects the provincial leadership with the locals, but also provides an opportunity for the team to mentor good governance practices, Cullison said.
One of the biggest challenges for the team is working to develop the trust and confidence of residents while dealing with a local government and its security forces that have a history of deep-seeded corruption.
Just in the past few weeks, the provincial director of public works was arrested on charges of contract fraud. The provincial government has no budget to speak of, no tax base to draw from. There has been an attempt to establish some basic public utilities in parts of the province, but service is spotty and it is not clear if public fees make it into government coffers. Officials and security forces are poorly paid, and often resort to bribery or extortion.
When the team delivers humanitarian assistance to a village, its members stay to ensure the blankets, beans, rice and tea are handed out to needy families, for fear the security forces or tribal leaders will take it for themselves to use or sell.
And, the Afghan culture thrives on favoritism. For years, locals have survived by forming allegiances, tribe-to-tribe, family-to-family and man-to-man. As U.S. dollars are pumped into the region in the form of jobs and local contracts, these allegiances can sometimes strangle the teams' efforts at making the Afghan government appear unbiased.
"Corruption is in every element of everything that is done here," Cullison said. "It's the cost of doing business here in Afghanistan."
With hundreds of millions of dollars in development being poured into the province, though, the PRT cannot afford to shy from addressing the corruption. It coaches government officials on setting and adhering to ethical standards. It enforces square deals when dishing out local contracts. And, more importantly, Cullison said, it models those practices in its dealings.
"We don't cut corners. We don't make promises that are going to benefit a [particular] Afghan official. We don't award projects based on a kick-back or somebody benefiting," Cullison said. "We do things because it's the right thing to do.
"I think that they're beginning to see that when everybody trusts that the system is fair and is transparent, that everybody benefits."
In the end, Cullison said, it is the people's trust in a government that they build that will defeat the insurgency here. And it will be years to come.
As more money is pumped into the economy, the people can earn a living wage. As Afghan forces are trained and culled of corruption, tribes can live without fear of enemy fighters making their way through their villages.
And as its government stretches and grows, more schools will be built, more roads will be paved and an infrastructure eventually will be in place that provides access province-wide to commerce, education and health care.
And that, Cullison said, will be the demise of the insurgency.
"You defeat an insurgency by influencing, convincing people that it's more advantageous for them to support their government," Cullison said. "The way the PRT is fighting this war is the way the insurgency is going to be defeated."


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Robert Earl Meeks Jr.
Position: C
Height: 6-2 Weight: 279 lbs.
Born: May 28, 1969 in Andalusia, AL
High School: Hillcrest
College: Auburn (school history)
Drafted by the Denver Broncos in the 10th round (278th overall) of the 1992 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 1 (12815th overall since 1950)
Promote your website or business by sponsoring this page for $5 on Pro-Football-Reference.com. Your message will replace this ad.


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Goodtaste Houston!
Good wine, good food, great fun with Tanji Patton
Posts filtered on Tag
America's Delicious Chimichurri Recipe
I always enjoy dining at Americas, but must say even more so after getting a tour from Americas' creator and owner Michael Cordua. Learning exactly what the colorful and playful, sometimes amorous design elements mean will give you an entirely different perspective the next time you dine there . From the Kama Sutra beans to […] [Read More]


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It was a miracle that we were even talking phone to phone. My friend Deborah and I are like most creative people these days – overcommitted. I heard the edge of anger in her voice when she told me that we never see each other anymore.
It was true. We hadn't seen each other. It wasn't for wanting. Deborah is a dynamic, fun, on the ball person with whom I shared a lot of fun and connection. It wasn't her, it was my schedule.
I reassured her that I was still committed to our friendship. And then I got out my coaching toolkit and saved our friendship.
"Let's plan a regular date," I suggested. "That way the hassle of scheduling is gone and we're sure to connect regularly."
"That sounds great," Deborah replied. I could hear the relief in her voice and I felt the narrow escape of losing a good friend.
How did we manage to not just save but solidify our friendship?


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Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration
Press Release
March 18, 2013
Contact: David Barnes
(202) 622-3062
WASHINGTON - Within the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the Indian Tribal Governments (ITG) office is responsible for all Federal tax issues related to Federally recognized Indian tribes. To combat fraud and abuse in the Indian tribal sector, field groups were established by ITG office management. However, their effectiveness cannot be determined because no specific performance objectives and measures have been developed, according to a new audit report released publicly today by the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration (TIGTA).
Although the ITG established the Abuse Detection and Prevention Team (ADAPT) in Fiscal Year 2004 with the broad goal of stemming the growth of fraud and abuse in the Indian tribal sector, it has not developed specific performance objectives and measures, TIGTA found. As a result, TIGTA could not determine if the ADAPT is effectively combatting fraud and abuse in the Indian tribal sector. The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 requires agencies to set program goals and measure program performance against those goals.
Furthermore, while ADAPT management has cited the challenge of establishing specific performance objectives and measurements, TIGTA found that there is a knowledge base to draw upon. Based on TIGTA's research, other IRS fraud-related programs have developed goals and methods for evaluating program success.
IRS management agrees with TIGTA's recommendation to develop specific performance objectives and measures and plans to take action to the degree appropriate.
Read the report.
Note: The difference between the date TIGTA issues an audit report to the Internal Revenue Service and the date TIGTA publicly releases the report is due to TIGTA's internal review process to ensure that public release is in compliance with Federal confidentiality laws.
A special plugin is required to view PDF documents. To obtain the free PDF reader, please visit the Adobe web site.


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Miss Deaf Texas stresses need for better education
CORPUS CHRISTI - Miss Deaf Texas can't accept that the average deaf high school graduate only reads at a fourth-grade level, and her quest for better education for the hard of hearing soon could have a national audience.
"It starts by better educating parents so they won't be frightened or indifferent," said Katherine "Katie" Deshea Murch, 22.
"Rarely are hearing parents excited about having a deaf child. Most feel numb and lost and believe it's their fault. Children feel this," she said, placing her hand over her heart.
Murch, Miss Deaf Texas 2007-09, is one of 22 women who will vie for the Miss Deaf America title at 8 p.m. Thursday at the New Orleans Marriott. The winner will become an ambassador for the National Association of the Deaf as a spokeswoman for about 28 million deaf and hard of hearing Americans. The winner gets $6,000 in scholarship funds, a cash stipend of $4,000 and a laptop computer.
Despite being born profoundly deaf and losing all hearing from vertigo in 2004, Murch said she learned to speak eloquently after years of reading obsessively.
Sign language does not translate to English literally and often does not make sense to the hearing community, said Laura Loeb-Hill, a former Miss Deaf Texas now in charge of the state pageant for Texas Association of the Deaf. In spoken English, someone might say, "I am going to the store," Loeb-Hill said. The sign language equivalent is "Store me go."
Being able to comprehend the differences in the two languages has contributed to Murch's academic success. She maintains a 3.6 grade-point average at Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi.
But since being selected as Miss Deaf Texas in June 2007, Murch has stopped using her speaking voice while representing the title in a public setting, preferring only to use American Sign Language.
"No one size fits all with language," Murch said through an interpreter. "But as a diplomat for many who can't use their voice, I must speak for them and to them in sign language out of respect."
The pageant's three-day preliminary competition begins Monday. Contestants will be judged in private interviews, platform presentations, talent and evening gown presence.
Murch's history as an education advocate for the deaf began with her own desire to be mainstreamed into Flour Bluff schools. It sparked a four-year court battle that ended with a Texas Supreme Court decision requiring the district to provide special programming for the incoming fourth-grader.
Computer programs then were limited, but video phones, Web cams and Blackberrys opened a new technology world she now uses to help younger deaf children get the education they deserve, Murch said.
"Society's view of people with hearing loss is something less than perfect," said Lesa Thomas, Murch's mother. "Katie is about as perfect as any parent could want, and I'm about as proud as I could possibly be."
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|Assinante Blurb desde
|novembro 2008
|Cate Franklyn
|Meu Site
|Jackson Heights NY USA 11370
|Meu perfil
|My name is Cate Franklyn I was born and raised in New York City's borough of Queens and my photography is from all five boroughs and beyond with a focus on the beauty and surrealism of the urban landscape. Photography is my all encompassing passion and I hope you enjoy my images as much as I enjoy presenting them to you.
|Vou contar um segredo: Acho que meu próximo livro será sobre...
|Astoria Park.
|24 de fev de 2011 12:00
|Sold my first book :)
|Congratulations on your first sale!!!...
|24 de fev de 2011 12:00
|How to add your ISBN to your Blurb Book?
|Hello Tony, Will you please forwar...