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Aurora by MartaDeWinterWatch
Sry for my english ^^'
This is sooo beautiful! I love it!!!!! I was wondering if you would be okay with it if I (POSSIBLY) used this as a book-cover-styled picture for the contest shown at this page: www.wattpad.com/forums/discuss… . It is such a beautiful image, and it would look wonderful as the "cover" for the contest. Again, I may not use it even if I do have your permission, due to other possible arrangements. However, I would love it if I had your permission in case there is a change with the other possibilities.
Thank you!
Really amazing

subset: commoncrawl


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Please select dates of travel and the number of guests to get accurate room availability and rates.
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Contact our Group Travel Department
Location. Comfort Inn Asheboro is located in Asheboro.
Hotel Features. Recreational amenities include an outdoor pool and a fitness facility. The hotel serves a complimentary continental breakfast. Guest parking is complimentary. Additional property amenities include coffee in the lobby.
Guestrooms. 90 air-conditioned guestrooms at Comfort Inn Asheboro feature coffee/tea makers and hair dryers. Dial-up Internet access is available. Guestrooms offer phones with voice mail. Cable television is provided. Also included are irons/ironing boards and clock radios. Housekeeping is offered daily and guests may request wake-up calls.
Notifications and Fees:
The following fees and deposits are charged by the property at time of service check-in or check-out.
The above list may not be comprehensive. Fees and deposits may not include tax and are subject to change.
Complimentary Breakfast
Conference Rooms
Swimming pool - outdoor
Microwave in lobby
Coffee in lobby
Pets accepted
Number of rooms: 90
Number of floors: 2
Photocopy machines
Air-conditioned public areas
Fax machine
Parking free
Self parking
Safe-deposit box - front desk
Complimentary newspapers in lobby
24-hour front desk
Dry cleaning/laundry service
Fitness facilities


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A pool of finalists for the presidency of East Tennessee State University will have been chosen by the end of the day today.
Interviews for the school's top executive position began Wednesday morning at the Millennium Centre with four of eight candidates being questioned about tuition increases, student retention, shared governance of the school among faculty, staff and students, equity pay for faculty and staff, fundraising, diversity on campus, athletics and other things.
The interviews began around 9:30 a.m. and lasted about one hour and 15 minutes each, with candidates given the last of the sessions to ask questions of the presidential search advisory committee, which selected the eight for face-to-face interviews from 49 who applied.
The interviews occurred in the following order:
— Cheryl Scheid, vice chancellor for academic, faculty and student affairs and dean at University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center.
— Richard Manahan, vice president for university advancement and president/CEO of the Foundation at ETSU.
— Robert Frank, provost and senior vice president for academic affairs at Kent State University.
— Ronald Brown, provost and vice president for academic affairs at Wayne State University.
Following the interviews, which consisted of the same 12 questions for each candidate, a review session was held in which the search committee discussed strengths and weaknesses of each applicant.
Interviewing ended around 4:30 p.m. Discussion ended around 5 p.m.
In a community meeting in August, people were asked what qualities a president should have or with what issues he or she should be concerned. While many opinions were given, there were two recurring themes: equity pay and the issue of football.
Questions dealt specifically with those issues Wednesday.
Fred Alsop, who is on the search committee, asked the question about equity pay. He said ETSU ranks dead last in the nation in terms of faculty pay. All the candidates thought equity pay should be a priority for the next ETSU president.
"Clearly we're all about educating students, but it's the faculty that makes that happen," Scheid said. "And you lose good people if you don't pay them."
Manahan wondered how the pay at the school was so far from the average. As president, he would make the issue a priority, he said.
"I would have to know from the faculty how you would proceed with that," Manahan said.
Frank said pay for both faculty and staff should be increased at ETSU and suggested linking raises with retention rates and cutting costs where possible.
"I think you can't brag about being a great university and then say that you're paying people less than anyone in the country," Frank said.
Brown said there were many ways to increase pay, perhaps based on performance and not across the board.
"You need to keep up with compensation," Brown said. "You're not going to get anywhere if your salaries are falling behind."
Football was cut by ETSU President Paul E. Stanton Jr. in 2003, because the program was losing money. A vote was put to the students in 2007 to resurrect football, but it was not approved.
All candidates were asked about football and athletics in general.
Scheid said it seemed odd not to have a football game for homecoming, which for ETSU is next weekend. She said getting football back was a complex issue.
"I do believe it's an important component of student life," Scheid said of collegiate sports. "It's one of the reasons alumni stay connected. It's one of the reasons the community stays connected."
Manahan said it would take years to bring football back to ETSU, but he recognized it was a concern for many in the community. All the options for returning football have not been laid out on the table yet, he said.
"I think you've got to continue to look at it," Manahan said.
Frank said he went to college on an athletic scholarship, so he understood the value of sports programs. He said they can be great marketing tools when used correctly. Frank said ETSU has done a lot in regard to athletics with a budget of only $10 million.
Brown said managing athletics should be done with sensible solutions.
"I think athletics does a lot of good things as far as retention," Brown said.
The remaining four candidates will be interviewed on the same topics beginning at 8:30 a.m. today in the Millennium Centre. The interviews will be conducted in the same format in the following order:
n Sandra Patterson-Randles, president of Indiana University Southeast.
n Brian Noland, chancellor at the West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission.
n Jack Maynard, provost and vice president for Academic Affairs at Indiana State University.
n Michael Wartell, chancellor of Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne.
At the conclusion of today's interviews, the search committee will ask some of the eight candidates to return to campus next week for meetings with campus groups, including faculty, staff and students.
Tennessee Board of Regents Chancellor John Morgan, who is attending the interviews, will then take input from the committee on the finalists who visit the campus and recommend a candidate to the full board for approval or rejection.
Stanton, who has been president since 1997, plans to retire in January.


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If you are looking for a few paragraph answer to the question "What is Space-Time?" Dr. Sten Odenwald offers one in The Astronomy Cafe:
"In 1906, soon after Albert Einstein announced his special theory of relativity, his former college teacher in mathematics, Hermann Minkowski, developed a new scheme for thinking about space and time that emphasized its geometric qualities. In his famous quotation delivered at a public lecture on relativity, he announced that,
'The views of space and time which I wish to lay before you have sprung from the soil of experimental physics, and therein lies their strength. They are radical. henceforth, space by itself, and time by itself, are doomed to fade away into mere shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent reality.'
This new reality was that space and time, as physical constructs, have to be combined into a new mathematical/physical entity called 'space-time', because the equations of relativity show that both the space and time coordinates of any event must get mixed together by the mathematics, in order to accurately describe what we see. Because space consists of 3 dimensions, and time is 1-dimensional, space-time must, therefore, be a 4-dimensional object. It is believed to be a 'continuum' because so far as we know, there are no missing points in space or instants in time, and both can be subdivided without any apparent limit in size or duration. So, physicists now routinely consider our world to be embedded in this 4-dimensional Space-Time continuum, and all events, places, moments in history, actions and so on are described in terms of their location in Space-Time.
Space-time does not evolve, it simply exists. When we examine a particular object from the stand point of its space-time representation, every particle is located along its world-line. This is a spaghetti-like line that stretches from the past to the future showing the spatial location of the particle at every instant in time. This world-line exists as a complete object which may be sliced here and there so that you can see where the particle is located in space at a particular instant. Once you determine the complete world line of a particle from the forces acting upon it, you have 'solved' for its complete history. This world-line does not change with time, but simply exists as a timeless object. Similarly, in general relativity, when you solve equations for the shape of space-time, this shape does not change in time, but exists as a complete timeless object. You can slice it here and there to examine what the geometry of space looks like at a particular instant. Examining consecutive slices in time will let you see whether, for example, the universe is expanding or not."
This is the relatively simple, widely accepted, description of SpaceTime. Our links will give you a solid understanding of the SpaceTime theories that most scientists believe are correct. But this definition of SpaceTime only scratches the surface of the incredibly fascinating Alice in Wonderland like world of Physics.
If you want to dig deeper and step through the looking glass you will find that a comprehensive understanding of "Why the universe appears to have one time and three space dimensions?" remains one of the great scientific mysteries of the universe. An article by physicist George Musser in the June 2010 Scientific American Magazine ["Twistor Theory Reignites the Latest Superstring Revolution"], reminded us that: "In the late 1960s the renowned University of Oxford physicist and mathematician Roger Penrose came up with a radically new way to develop a unified theory of physics. Instead of seeking to explain how particles move and interact within space and time, he proposed that space and time themselves are secondary constructs that emerge out of a deeper level of reality. ..." Andrew Hodges of Oxford says that "This idea of points of spacetime as being primary objects is artificial."
Alternate theories where space and time are minor players in our physical reality are still very tentative and so mathematically dense that even those physicists directly involved in developing them admit they can barely follow what is going on. Theorists have yet to explain why, if spacetime is merely a construct, it nonetheless seems so real to us. We include links to articles that suggest what SpaceTime, Relativity, and Quantum Physics may look like in the future. (The Future of Fundamental Physics is a great article that explains some of the problems with current theories. You may want to read it after using the links to get a basic understanding of SpaceTime)
You need to start by watching the PBS Nova series, The Fabric of the Cosmos. It offers an entertaining summary of current theories. You can download NOVA broadcasts from the Apple iTunes store (4 HD episodes for $9.99), or buy the DVD version, or watch streaming episodes online (free) by clicking this link:
The Fabric of the Cosmos .
If you are interested in an overview of Einstein's discoveries take a look at this video.
Another excellent place for students to start is the University New South Wales award winning website Einstein Light (beginner - intermediate).
Because it requires Adobe Flash for the animations you may have to click here to go to the website and enjoy "the finer points of relativity in less time than it takes to eat a sandwich"(Scientific American 2005)
Surprisingly there are not many good videos that explain Einstein's relativity. The following video is a bit boring and incomplete, but it does make some of the basics clearer than other sites.
Here is our list of some of the best Websites [HR - means Highly Recommended / HR bold title is Highly Recommended and at least fairly easy to read]. If you are just beginning to explore the world of modern physics and cosmology, or if you want to do some advanced research on space-time, special and general relativity, quantum physics, quantum gravity, loop quantum gravity, Albert Einstein, space-time warps, time travel wormholes, or similar topics, you will want to visit the websites.
We are not able to carefully read, and therefore do not necessarily agree or disagree with, the content on any internet websites linked to below, including advertising on our site.
If a web link is broken you should still be able to find the pages referred to by using a search engine.
Spacetime HR WikiPedia entry on Space and Time (beginner)
Einstein for Everyone HR Excellent Introductory Text for Students (beginner)
SpaceTime A simple explanation of SpaceTime (beginner - intermediate)
SpaceTime Warps A discussion of SpaceTime curvature and Time Travel (Large 5 meg PDF file) (intermediate - advanced)
Alternative Theories - An Atemporal Universe?
Forget Time HR An essay that discusses the very existence of Time (beginner - intermediate)
What Makes Time Special HR An essay on what we may lose if Time does not exist (beginner - intermediate)
Reflections of Relativity HR 700 page Textbook - Great way to learn about Relativity and SpaceTime (intermediate)
Special Relativity WikiPedia entry (beginner - intermediate)
Graphic Representations of Relativity
Special Relativity Nice graphics, fairly straightforward explanations (intermediate)
The Light Cone - An Illuminating Introduction to Relativity An entertaining selection of graphic views of relativity - some links don't work(beginner - intermediate)
Relativistic Flight Through Stonehenge Entertaining demonstrations (intermediate)
C-Ship A cool graphics site (beginner - intermediate)
Sites for Physics Students
History of Physics - American Institute of Physics (beginner)
Cambridge Relativity Overviews of many current topics in physics and cosmology (beginner - intermediate)
UseNet Physics FAQ An excellent summary of basic questions in general physics, with bibliography (intermediate)
The Equivalence Principle as a Stepping Stone from Special to General Relativity: A Socratic Dialog HR Introduction to General relativity (intermediate)
General Relativity Math Course HR An overview of the math behind General Relativity (intermediate - advanced)
The Meaning of Einstein's Equation A relatively simple introduction to the fundamental geometric nature of the theory of general relativity
Science articles at LANL archive Great source for preprints of science journal articles(advanced)
This Week's Finds in Mathematical Physics Great physics newsletter that offers interesting links (advanced)
The following three videos are from a movie "Down The Rabbit Hole". We were really hesitant to feature them because the movie was sponsored by a "cult", Ramtha's School of Enlightenment, whose founder claims to channel a 35,000-year-old being called Ramtha the Enlightened One. However the video clips we selected are really good at explaining quantum effects. Please do not think that the new age spirituality in the film is based on physics and is more than a myth, in other words ignore everything in the movie except the video clips (even they are slightly wrong).
Dr. Quantum and the Double Slit Experiment from WTB on Vimeo.
Dr Quantum and Entanglement from WTB on Vimeo.
Dr Quantum visits Flatland from WTB on Vimeo.
100 Years of the Quantum HR Excellent 2001 Scientific American Survey of Quantum Physics (beginner - intermediate)
Matt Strassler's - Of Particular Significance HR A comprehensive look at Quantum Theory, worth the effort it takes to find answers on the site (beginner - intermediate)
Particle Physics Excellent Chart of what we know about Matter & Energy (beginner - intermediate)
Quantum Mechanics WikiPedia entry (beginner)
Quantum Entanglement Quantum Entanglement Experiments - a challenge to classic relativity (beginner)
What is Quantum Physics? Simple overview of Quantum Physics (beginner)
Where We Stand Excellent overview of current state of Quantum and Relativity Theories - includes some math (beginner - intermediate - advanced)
Quantum Field Theory HR Excellent overview of QFT by Cambridge Prof David Tong (intermediate - advanced) Here is an excerpt from the Introduction:
The concept of wave-particle duality tells us that the properties of electrons and photons are fundamentally very similar. Despite obvious differences in their mass and charge, under the right circumstances both suffer wave-like diffraction and both can pack a particle-like punch.
Yet the appearance of these objects in classical physics is very different. Electrons and other matter particles are postulated to be elementary constituents of Nature. In contrast, light is a derived concept: it arises as a ripple of the electromagnetic field. If photons and particles are truly to be placed on equal footing, how should we reconcile this difference in the quantum world? Should we view the particle as fundamental, with the electromagnetic field arising only in some classical limit from a collection of quantum photons? Or should we instead view the field as fundamental, with the photon appearing only when we correctly treat the field in a manner consistent with quantum theory? And, if this latter view is correct, should we also introduce an "electron field", whose ripples give rise to particles with mass and charge? But why then didn't Faraday, Maxwell and other classical physicists find it useful to introduce the concept of matter fields, analogous to the electromagnetic field?
The purpose of this course is to answer these questions. We shall see that the second viewpoint above is the most useful: the field is primary and particles are derived concepts, appearing only after quantization. We will show how photons arise from the quantization of the electromagnetic field and how massive, charged particles such as electrons arise from the quantization of matter fields. We will learn that in order to describe the fundamental laws of Nature, we must not only introduce electron fields, but also quark fields, neutrino fields, gluon fields, W and Z-boson fields, Higgs fields and a whole slew of others. There is a field associated to each type of fundamental particle that appears in Nature.
Quantum Field Theory - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Another excellent overview for those interested in a basic understanding of QFT (beginner- intermediate)
Three Interesting Articles by a MIT Professor
The Universe is a Strange Place A look at some of the amazing implications of Quantum Physics (beginner- intermediate)
Quantum Field Theory Another easy to understand overview of Quantum Physics (intermediate)
A Long View of Particle Physics How QFT may explain Matter (intermediate)
Quantum Cosmology a pre-print chapter from Beyond the Big Bang, edited by R. Vaas (Springer, Berlin, 2008) (intermediate - advanced) Here is an excerpt from the chapter:
Quantum cosmology is the application of quantum theory to the universe as a whole. At first glance, this may be a purely academic enterprise, since quantum theory is usually considered to be of relevance only in the microscopic regime. And what is more far remote from this regime than the whole universe? This argument is, however, misleading. In fact, quantum theory itself argues that the universe must be described in quantum terms. The reason is that every quantum system except the most microscopic ones are unavoidably and irreversibly coupled to their natural environment, that is, to a large number of degrees of freedom coupling to the system; an example would be a small dust grain in interaction with air molecules or photons. There exists then only one quantum state which entangles system and environment. The environment is itself coupled to its environment, and so on, leading ultimately to the whole universe as the only closed quantum system in the strict sense. It is entanglement with macroscopic degrees of freedom that also leads to the classical appearance of macroscopic bodies, a process known as decoherence. Decoherence is well understood theoretically and has been successfully tested in a variety of experiments. The universe as a whole is thus at the same time of quantum nature and of classical appearance in most of its stages. There exist, of course, also situations where the latter does not hold and the quantum nature discloses itself; these are, in fact, the most interesting situations, some of which we shall discuss in the course of this article.
Conceptually, quantum cosmology is therefore not necessarily associated with quantum gravity. However, since gravity is the dominant interaction at large scales, any realistic framework of quantum cosmology must be based on a theory of quantum gravity. Although there is not yet an agreement on which is the correct theory, there exist various approaches such as quantum general relativity and string theory.
Discussion of current state of Quantum Gravity, String and Loop Theory Comprehensive article discussing alternative viewpoints (beginner - intermediate)
Quantum Gravity - Cambridge University Press An excellent, somewhat controversial, book by Rovelli on the current state of Quantum Gravity theories, Loop Quantum Gravity, and the implications for space-time (advanced)
String Theory HR - A very good overview of String Theory. Author Patricia Schwarz enthusiasm and communication skills provide a good introduction to strings (beginner).
String Theory - WikiPedia's explanation of the theory. (beginner - intermediate)
Critical Look at Strings - A 2011 article by Rovelli that discusses the strengths and weaknesses of string theory. (beginner - intermediate)
The Trouble With Physics - review - String Theory is by far the most popular theory. There appears to be a common thread to the quest for alternatives to String Theory that focuses on electromagnetism and relativity with a form of gauge theory, quantum electrodynamics, and topological quantum field theory. Only time will tell if an background free atemporal alternative will be found. (beginner)
Loop Quantum Gravity - Rovelli's overview of the first 25 years of LQG. (beginner - intermediate)
Being and Becoming in Modern Physics Excellent article on SpaceTime Metaphysics in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Absolute Being and Relative Becoming Interpretation that harmonizes the atemporal block universe of Relativity with the temporal model of Quantum Physics
Physics Meets Philosophy at the Planck Scale Pre-print of chapter by Carlo Rovelli that outlines his views, which we basically agree with, on Space and Time
Christians in Science A thoughtful exposition of the compatibility of religion and science from professors at the University of Cambridge, England
Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences One of several relevant sites affiliated with universities
SpaceTime is Sponsored by our philosophy and religion site LifeNotes. Please visit our site:
Einstein's theories of relativity tell us that Space, for example - the room you are sitting in, and Time, the minutes that tick away on your watch, are all part of a single physical entity, the SpaceTime Continuum. SpaceTime has four dimensions, roughly corresponding to east-west, north-south, up-down, and past-future. We can drive from east to west, north to south, and go up and down mountains. While we are driving in any direction we are always driving from our past to our future – that is basically why space and time are linked, we can't move through space without moving through time!
Before Einstein, Isaac Newton shared the popular belief that both absolute time and absolute space exist. Newton believed that the grid that defined absolute space was undetectable, but that there is a universal time that ticks away for all observers in all locations, and that universal time can be accurately measured by clocks. If it is 5 o'clock on planet earth, it is simultaneously 5 o'clock on the most distant star. Similarly, Newton believed that absolute space exists that can be measured using the same yardstick (meter-stick) anywhere in the cosmos, a mile measures the same distance anywhere on Earth and on any distant star as it does where you are standing right now.
There are lots of problems with this idea, experimental observations simply do not support the conclusion that absolute time and absolute space exist. In 1905 Einstein published his theory of special relativity, which introduced the then radical idea that different observers see the same event occurring at different times and places. For example, Bill and Sally may see two firecrackers that they ignite explode at exactly the same time, while Jane (in motion at a distance) may see one of the two firecrackers explode a few seconds before the other one.
Einstein used the concept of relationships between frames of reference to explain how these "crazy" observations are real and actually do occur. Frames of reference may be thought of as invisible "coordinate map grids", like the letters and numbers on the sides of roadmaps, attached to every observer so that the observer can measure the position of surrounding objects.
Special relativity tells us that observers who are in a state of uniform motion with respect to one another are in "inertial frames of reference", and that they cannot use the laws of physics to distinguish the frame of reference of one observer from the frame of reference of any other observer. In an inertial frame of reference, there is no physical experiment whatsoever that you can perform that can distinguish between a state of rest and a state of constant velocity (if you are going down in an elevator, a ball released from your hand does not fly to the ceiling). If you are in a windowless room, there is no experiment that you can perform in that room that will tell you if the room is stationary, or is moving in some direction at a constant velocity, or is in uniform "free fall" acceleration.
Think about being in a silent electric car with all the windows painted black (you can't see out so you can't tell if you are moving relative to the road and you can't listen to the engine for clues about your speed). If the car is standing at a red light, and you put a coffee cup on the dashboard, the cup will not move. If the car is going a steady 120 miles an hour (you did not feel the acceleration because you were asleep), and you put the cup on the dashboard, the coffee will not fly back and hit you in the face. There is no experiment that you can do inside the car (which is your inertial frame of reference) that will tell you if you are standing at a red light, or going down the road at 90 miles per hour, or even 90,000 miles per hour! What happens when a car accelerates smoothly after the red light turns green? The same thing that would happen if the car fell (smoothly) off the edge of a cliff, as the car falls toward the ground below the coffee will still remain in the cup on the dashboard (until you reach the valley floor).
Note that Newton's first law of motion, which in essence states that an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted on by an external force, is consistent with this result at lower speeds. So long as Newton's laws are applied only where relative velocities do not approach the speed of light, Newton's laws of motion give us "close enough" results, even in a relativistic universe. That is why they are still taught in schools as "true" physical laws.
You cannot determine if the car is moving at constant velocity, or is standing still, or is in a uniformly accelerating gravitational free fall. That does not mean that you cannot determine non-uniform acceleration. If you press the accelerator so that the car "speeds up", or if you swerve from a straight path, you will feel the acceleration and be able to measure it (the coffee cup will fly off the dashboard). None-the-less, there is no physical experiment whatsoever that can distinguish between a state of rest, a state of constant velocity, and a state of gravitational free fall. Our solar system is located on a spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy, which rotates at a constant velocity (creating a nearly inertial frame). If we did not live in inertial frames, and we could do an experiment to measure the motion, then every time we got out of bed the speed of our earth / solar system rotating around the Milky Way (about 155 miles/sec or 250 km/sec) would knock us to the floor! Every time we set the coffee cup down in our moving car, the coffee would hit us in the face!
One startling conclusion that we reach from all this is that the velocity of light must have the same value for all inertial observers, even if they are moving toward or away from the source of the light. If this was not true, an observer could perform an experiment using a beam of light to measure the velocity of their inertial reference frame, and then use that result to determine which of several frames of reference (frames in constant motion) they were actually in. The disastrous results of a speed of light that is additive (not constant in all frames) would include being hit in the face by the coffee, and, even worse, being plastered to the floor by the speed of the earth flying through space.
Experimental results fully support the counterintuitive predictions of special relativity. Clearly, the idea that the speed of light is constant is inconsistent with an absolute space that is distinct and separate from an absolute time. Modern physics replaces Newtonian space and time with a single entity, Space-Time. Minkowski, who along with Einstein formalized the math of Spacetime, said, "…henceforth, space by itself, and time by itself, have vanished into the merest shadows and only a kind of blend of the two exists in its own right."
Space-time is essentially a "curved" geometric construct that allows for the relativity of simultaneity. In other words, if one observer correctly concludes that two events occur simultaneously, the same events would appear to take place at different times to an observer who was in motion relative to the first observer. Both the observer who measures the two events to be taking place simultaneously, and the observer who measures the events as taking place at different times, are right! Our example above is correct, one observer will see a firecracker they light and a second firecracker that a friend lights explode at exactly the same time, while a third observer moving relative to the other two will see one firecracker explode before the other firecracker. Relativity tells us that both are right!
Both time and space are relative, and are "different" for observers in relative motion to one another. For one observer the two firecrackers actually did explode at precisely the same time, while for the other observer one firecracker exploded a few seconds before the other. The time and distance measured by each observer is different, both are right, neither is wrong!
Relativity tells us that time and distance change depending on the relative motion of the observers. If Observer A measures the passage of one hour on their clock, another observer B who is in relative motion to observer A may measure the passage of 30 minutes on the clock. If Observer A measures a distance of one mile on their ruler, another observer B who is in relative motion to observer A may measure a distance of 1/2 mile on the ruler. We don't see time or distance shrinking on earth because the effect is virtually undetectable until the relative motion of two observers approaches the speed of light (299,792.458 kilometers or 186,000 miles per second). None-the-less, the time and distance measured by two observers in relative motion to each other is different, only the speed of light measured by all observers is the same.
Einstein-Minkowski space-time is made up of three spatial dimensions x, y, and z, and one time dimension t. Space-time is commonly thought to be the history of the entire universe, containing every "event" that ever happens. A "world-line" is the history of an object in "space-time".
Special relativity allows us to define a distance from the origin for all the points on a world-line, allowing the world-line to be a set of points that have physically distinguishable properties. Therefore, we can identify each of the events on a world-line as distinct points in space-time. Each point on the world-line is a particular event that happens at one place in space (represented by the values of the x, y, z coordinates) at one particular time (represented by the value of the t coordinate) - i.e. one place in space-time. Each point on the world-line of a human being is generally thought to be a real physical event that represents a unique sequential moment in the life of that individual, from birth to death.
Einstein said "Imagination is more important than knowledge". So to better understand what we are talking about set your imagination free and take a journey with me into space-time. First there is an underlying question, if we travel to the end of the universe and find a brick wall, what is behind the wall? Is our universe inside a walled "container" that might allow us to measure distances from points on the fixed surface of the container? Or is our universe the container itself with nothing beyond the boundaries? If so then there is no fixed background we can use to measure time and space. Einstein's General Relativity favors a background free universe where distance and time are measured by relative positions of objects in our universe, Quantum Theory favors (but does not necessarily require) the existence of a complex, yet still fundamental, time.
To better understand Einstein's view of spacetime imagine a universe that is totally empty except for one single ball. There is absolutely nothing else in the entire universe, no atoms, no rocks, no people, just a single ball we will call ball "A". The ball is floating in totally empty space, there is no background behind it, no horizon, nothing. How far is the ball from anything else in this one object universe? There is no answer, because the ball is the only object in the universe, so there is absolutely nothing else in the universe that we can measure a distance to, not even some kind of background like a sky full of stars (we ignore the complex issues of rotation and frame dragging in our examples).
Now add a second ball "B" to our universe.
How far is it from ball A to ball B? We reach for a ruler – but wait – remember that the only two objects in the entire universe are the two balls, there are no other objects, no rulers, not even a background grid to measure against! Just two balls floating in nothing.
Here we can see the problem - since there are only two objects in the entire universe, ball A and ball B, there is no ruler you can go get to measure the distance between ball A and ball B. There is no way whatsoever to measure the distance between A and B because there is nothing to compare the positions of the balls to. So it seems that we must conclude that there is "separation" but there at least appears to be no such thing as "distance" in this two object universe.
Add a third ball "C" to the universe (remember there are three objects A, B, and C in the universe and absolutely nothing else).
Now if we ask how far it is from A to B we can at least make an imaginary ruler using the distance of B to C:
and then measure the distance from A to B using our new ruler:
By comparing the distance from A to B to the distance from B to C – we see that the separation between A and B is five times greater the separation from B to C.
Remember – you are looking at these drawings on a computer screen or on paper. The screen/paper gives us an extra "object" that really does not exist in our one, two, and three ball universes. There is no background in our examples, the balls are simply suspended in empty space. As you read remember, and imagine, that there is no screen, no paper, no background – the balls simply float in absolute nothingness.
We could have chosen to build our ruler using the distance from A to B instead of B to C:
then the distance from B to C would have been 1/5th the distance from A to B.
We can ask what the distance is from A to B by comparing it with B to C - and say that it A to B is 5 times the distance from B to C, or we can ask what the distance is from B to C by comparing it with A to B - and say that B to C is 1/5th the distance from A to B.
What we have done is to choose A to B or B to C to be our "ruler". That is what we human beings do when we build a "meter" (or a "yard") stick, we define the distance from end of a wooden stick (A) to the other end (B) to be one meter (yard) so we can use it to measure the distance between any other points in the world.
Because we are using endpoints A and B that we arbitrarily chose to define a meter (yard), we are comparing the distance from endpoint A to endpoint B and endpoint B to endpoint C, just like we did with the three balls in the three object universe.
Now crank up your imagination a couple notches. What if the balls looked like this in Universe X -
instead of like this in Universe Y:
Wait a minute – we said there is no paper in our three ball universes, no backgrounds to measure against. So if we measure A to B using B to C we get the very same answer in both universes – the "distance" from A to B is Five times the "distance" from B to C. Since the balls are floating in absolutely empty space, there is no background, no horizon, no grid, we can use to measure an absolute distance between A and B and B and C. There is no way to tell if we are in Universe X or Universe Y. If we see three balls and measure the distance from A to B to be 5 time the distance from B to C:
Are we in Universe X or Y? We absolutely cannot tell. In Universe X we measure the distance from A to B to be 5 time the distance from B to C, and in Universe Y we measure the distance from A to B to be 5 time the distance from B to C – there is nothing we can measure that will tell us which Universe we are in. (Our example is actually physically impossible because we cannot distinquish between the lengths of units in Universe X and Y, we hope it helps you see why no experiment could compare the two rulers)
What all this tells us is that what matters is the relative position of objects in the universe, not the absolute position, because there is no absolute position. We measure the relative position of objects and that allows us to measure the relative distance between two objects. That is what relativity is all about, there is no absolute distance because there is no background, no "piece of paper", to measure absolute distances against.
Everything would be pretty simple if relative positions never changed:
but they do change, constantly, because objects are in "motion" and "motion" means change in relative position:
Use your intuition to realize that for every change in the relative position of A and B there is a physical limit on the change in relative positions of A, B, and C – in other words there is a physical limit on the speed in which objects can move away from each other. It is a tiny bit like the fact that when you get in your car to go to the grocery and step the accelerator to the floor, there is a physical limit on the change in how far you are from your house and how close you are to the store. No matter how hard you press the accelerator the speedometer will never reach 500 miles per hour, and it will always take you a minimum length of time to get from your house to the store.
In the universe in which we live there is a physical limit on the change in relative position of all objects, including balls A and B and C, it is called the "speed of light". Light can be thought of as being little balls of energy called photons (I know we are oversimplifying and the descriptions are really not right – but they illustrate our points). Assume ball C is a photon "ball". Because of physical limits on the change in relative positions, i.e. on the speed the three balls can separate from each other, ball A and ball B can never move apart (change relative position) so that the change in relative position between ball A and ball B is greater than the change in relative position between ball A and photon C or ball B and photon C. A and B can never speed apart from each other so that they go faster than a photon speeding away from A and B. The speed of light is a physical limit on the motion of every object that is part of our universe, period.
Now here is where it gets weird, or weirder. Instead of three balls in an empty universe, let's look at John, his brother Henry, and their friend Marge. John is having his morning cup of coffee with Marge at the local café. His brother Henry is back at the house where both live.
John and Marge leave the café and get on their "Speed-o-Lite" rocket motorcycles. Both start driving off away from Henry at almost the speed of light. Henry waves good-bye. So far no problem.
Relative to Henry, John and Marge are speeding off (changing relative position) at almost the speed of light – but John and Marge are driving beside each other so they are not moving apart at all. If the roadway is smooth, John could hand Marge a cup of coffee and she would not spill a drop.
A police officer sees John and Marge fly by and measures their speed to be just under the intergalactic speed limit, 299,792.5 kilometers per second (It has been correctly pointed out to us that a stationary police officer at Henry's house must view the moving clocks on John and Marge's motorcycles through a telescope, or wait until they bring the clocks back to Henry's house, to determine their relativistic time and distance and calculate their speeds).
Marge wants to try out her new bike, so she pushes the accelerator and shoots ahead of John – pulling away from John at almost ½ the speed of light – wow!!!!!
So John is moving away from Henry at almost the speed of light, and Marge is moving away from John at ½ the speed of light, Marge must be moving away from Henry at 1 and ½ times the speed of light – right? The police officer thinks so, and gets ready to write Marge a speeding ticket.
Wait a minute, we said that the physical limit on how fast any two objects can move away from each other is the speed of light – so John is moving away from Henry at almost the speed of light and Marge is moving away from John at ½ the speed of light – but Marge must be moving away from Henry at a bit less than the speed of light????? I am confused?
This is where space-time takes over, and keeps Marge from getting a ticket. Now the amazing thing - the ruler the police officer uses to measure how far Marge and John are from Henry shrinks, and the clock the officer uses to determine how fast Marge and John cover the distance slows down. The result is that the police see both Marge and John speeding away from Henry at less than the speed of light.
Remember that the ruler and clock that John and Henry use to measure John's distance and speed relative to Henry shows John moving away from Henry at 99.999999% of the speed of light, and the ruler and clock that John and Marge use to measure Marge's distance and speed relative to John show Marge moving away from John at ½ the speed of light. None-the-less, the ruler that the Police use to measure Marge and John's distance relative to Henry shrinks (talking about rulers makes things less intuitive than talking about the actual measurement - the Police measure the distance Marge travels as just enough less than what they would see if she was going faster than the speed of light - she is traveling a shorter distance) and the clock slows down just enough (the Police measure that it takes just enough more time for Marge to travel the distance than they would see if she was going faster than the speed of light - she is going slower) so that Marge is not breaking the speed laws of Physics, she is not going faster than the speed of light relative to Henry or anyone else!
This is why distance and time depend on the relative position and the change in the relative position, not absolute position, of objects. If distance and time did not change depending on the relative positions of objects in motion, those objects could move apart at speeds greater than the speed of light, the physical limit no object can exceed, and the world would be an even weirder place than it is. If you are having trouble visualizing time and space dilation click on this link to Einstein Light for excellent (Adobe Flash) animations. Once you understand the concept of measurements being relative, the idea of rulers shrinking, and clocks going slower, is not as strange as it might seem. This is what Space-Time is all about!
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Fairfield Memorial Hospital Foundation held its Ninth Annual Golf Scramble last week to raise funds to help support the services, programs, and state-of-the-art medical equipment needs of the hospital. The first place team of the morning scramble was sponsored by the Jim's Custom Automotive and Molt Law Office comprised of Jim Musgrave, Sr., Jim Musgrave, Jr., Aaron Musgrave, and Bill Andrews. During the afternoon scramble, first place went to the Midway Package team that was comprised of J.T. Berg, Blaith Belangee, Andy Vaughan, and T.J. Vaughan. The individual golf contest winners included: Men's Longest Drive – Brent Sutton, Women's Longest Drive – Laura Griswold, Closest to the Pin – Andy Vaughan, Longest Putt – Neal Laws, and Shortest Drive – Len Wells. Alan Wilson won the 50/50 drawing worth $153. Pictured above top is the Jim's Custom Automotive/Molt Law Office team comprised of Jim Musgrave, Sr., Jim Musgrave, Jr., Aaron Musgrave, and Bill Andrews, who won the AM First Place Plaque. Pictured below is the Midway Package team receiving the PM First Place Plaque from Charlotte St.Ledger, FMH Foundation Executive Director: J.T. Berg, Blaith Belangee, Andy Vaughan, and T.J. Vaughan. Pictured left is Doug Musgrave at the No. 2 hole, where he made his hole-in-one!
Cisne FFA members Lucretia Mills and Mikayla Massie have advanced to the National Finals in Louisville, KY this fall. Mills has advanced in the Veterinary Medicine Division. Massie is going to the National Finals with her Turfgrass Management project.
The Fairfield City Council meets Tuesday night with another full agenda. Aldermen are expected to approve another payment to the firm building the new water treatment plant east of town. The latest payment – Number 21 – amounts to $9,812
19-year-old Dakota L. Drummond of Bridgeport was arrested Saturday by Mt. Carmel police on charges of possession of marijuana, manufacture or delivery of marijuana, theft and resisting arrest. Drummond is accused of stealing money and a debit card from a local woman's purse. A search revealed he was also in possession of marijuana.
Hermitage Lodge #354 is sponsoring a blood drive today at the House of Prayer in Albion. Today's drive runs from noon until 6 p.m. All blood types are needed at today's drive in Albion.
Plans have been announced for the 3rd annual Wayne County Relay for Life Car Show. The event will be on Saturday, Sept. 21 on the parking lot of the Fairfield Hometown IGA. To register, call the Fairfield IGA.


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Lourenço by Didio
Only 18 years young, new face Lourenço (Elian Gallardo) is being photographed by Didio for Capricho magazine.
Alexandre and Paco by Didio
Represented by Elian Gallardo, Alexandre and Paco are being photographed by Didio.
New face: Lucas Medeiros
We present you with a new face: ex-soldier Lucas Medeiros, age 19. Represented by Elian Gallardo
Male model Samyr Fuly
Yes, we admit: WOW! We present you: Male model Samyr Fuly, represented by Elian Gallarado.


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Originally published in Interiors & Sources
LAS VEGAS -- This year's Hospitality Design Expo and Conference in Las Vegas was a sight for sore eyes. Exhibitors came armed with fresh new ideas, products and design concepts that rejuvinated and excited attendees and the industry as a whole. Here's a roundup of just a few that caught our eye(s). Leave a comment below and tell us what your favorite product was!
Insert Lightbox is one of four new "Ready to Go" offerings from 3form presented at HD. The Ready to Go program presents designers with pre-packaged solutions that make the specification process run smoother. Insert Lightbox is exactly that: a glowing lightbox inset in a wall. It can be applied with a corner wrap allowing the feature to be viewed from multiple angles. It's available in 3form's Varia, Chroma and Struttura.
Steampunk by Durkan – the hospitality brand of The Mohawk Group – has come along to help out those environments in need of a little attitude. With more than 10 patterns to choose from, the line is offered with any Durkan Synthesis™ base grade. These allow designers to choose a textural pattern that is tufted on a multi-level cut and loop-base grade. The patterns themselves are an odd mix of utilitarian elements and romantic motifs that somehow seems to work perfectly.
CF Stinson
Artist Randy Twaddle hit HD Expo with his Power Lines collection for CF Stinson. Highly inspired by the physical structures of industry and technology – such as pole-mounted electrical transformers – Twaddle created two patterns that capture the beauty of them and their distribution lines in silhouette. Current is inspired by a chaotic jumble of power lines. Amp, pictured here, is its more uniform counterpart.
Don't let the Club lounge from Gloster fool you. At first glance it might seem like an indoor piece, but this modular system is actually 100 percent waterproof, built off a Tungsten color powder-coated aluminum base. Arms are removable and a freestanding ottoman and two side tables complete the collection. The line was designed by Philip Behrens and is available in mercury or ivory colors.
Brentano ventured out of its comfort zone this HD Expo with D.I.Y., a 54 in. graffiti-inspired polyurethane. This panel and upholstery bleach-cleanable textile is roller printed on a faux leather base with a metallic pigment and a mirrored finish. D.I.Y. is available in five colors and exceeds 100,000 double rubs. The backing is made from recycled polyester.
Momentum Textiles
LoomSource, a division of the Momentum Group, arrived with the Nomad Collection to HD Expo. A variety of 10 patterns and 47 SKUs include solids, stripes, and geometrics, with a unique combination of materials such as cotton and post-industrial recycled polyester. Imagery from around the world inspired the line as well as three color trends: "metallic glimmer;" "feast of color;" "edgy organics."
Designed by Daniel Korb for Loewenstein, Bända is a completely modular lounge seating system that uses much less upholstery and fits perfectly into the "Purely Modern" theme presented by the brand at HD Expo. A folded sheet metal frame construction houses minimally scaled cushions and all can be adjusted to fit a wide range of applications. A number of prototypes also made a great statement on the booth this year, such as a touchscreen concierge desk.
Neo-Metro hit HD Expo with a new and exciting option for designers: custom application capabilities. Any design can be applied to any piece after a unique proprietary process. The unit is then powdercoated, a highly UV-resistant option. Pantone®-matched powdercoats are also available as well as high-gloss or satin finishes.
Valley Forge
Valley Forge Fabrics is the real deal. As a company that truly practices sustainably in every facet of their professional AND personal lives, it's always interesting to see how they've raised the green bar with new, FRESH® introductions. This HD Expo, it was with Tencel+Plus™ Lyocell Eucalyptus Upholstery. These fabrics exceed all ACT standards and are manufactured from FSC or PEFC certified wood pulp cellulose from eucalyptus trees.
Tetra from Arc-Com brought some shine to HD Expo as a replication of a multi-layered, multi-colored mica chip wallsurfacing material, capturing the unique effects found in natural mica chip. Eighteen colors are offered in a Type II, 20 ounce recycled construction with 30 percent total recycled content and 100 percent recycled polyester non-woven backing.
Xcel Energy's Data Center Efficiency program can help data centers and large-scale IT operations improve reliability and energy efficiency.
Visit our website today to learn about the design flexibility of a Morton building and the endless possibilities of partnering with our designBUILD team.
Wood construction is both cost and energy efficient. Check out Morton Buildings and our designBUILD team online today to discover all the benefits of post-frame construction.
When choosing a metal-clad building for your next construction project, consider Morton Buildings, Inc., and their designBUILD team, we'll make your dream a reality.
We Can Help You Reduce Energy by 30%
Our mission is to help our customers manage their buildings' energy costs, improve reliability, and enhance performance while having a positive impact on the environment.
CLICK HERE to find out how.
The BUILDINGS brand serves commercial building owners and facilities management professionals for commercial real estate. BUILDINGS brand offers its audience of commercial building owners and facilities management professionals information on the development, construction, modernization, management and operations of commercial buildings as well as the products and services needed to support such commercial buildings and facilities management. With the information we offer, we help facilities management professionals make smarter decisions for commercial buildings.
BUILDINGS delivers relevant and timely information that equips commercial building owners and facilities management professionals with the knowledge and support they need to solve critical issues; energy management, lowering operating costs, new products for commercial buildings, security, and much more.
BUILDINGS provides facilities management professionals commercial buildings tips and trends trough online webinar events (BuildingsVIP), monthly newsletters, whitepapers and case studies.
In addition to content, BUILDINGS features a comprehensive list of products and services and is your link to the companies that provide these valuable facilities management and commercial buildings resources.
You also have the opportunity to maintain your commercial buildings certifications with BUILDINGS. Continuing Education Units are available with approved content from BOMI.
©Copyright 2014 Stamats Communications, Inc. All rights reserved / BUILDINGS


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Make your favorite four-legged fan part of the game day action with this pet shirt! This soft tee features a team name and logo printed on the back so your pet can rep his favorite team along with the rest of the family. Measure your dog from base of neck to base of tail for sizing. Small= 12"-13", medium= 14"-15", large= 16"-17", X-large= 18"-20".
- 100% Cotton
- Imported
- Officially licensed
- Rib-knit collar & cuffs
- Screen print graphics
- V-neck collar
Reviewed by 1 customer
- Authentic Look
- Quality Construction
- Shows Off Team Pride
Best Uses
Comments about Hunter Arizona Cardinals Team Pet T-Shirt:
Tee shirt was very cute and stylish, but the sizing did not reflect correctly on my dog! He is a border collie mix, about 45lbs, and the Large size fit him tight. Manufacturer might want to work on more accurate sizing for dogs!
- Sizing:
- Feels too small
Special event items are produced by manufacturers only after the outcome of a game or event. These are advanced sale items and will ship immediately after they are received in our warehouse.
Manufacturer direct items are shipped directly from the manufacturer. These items are not available for international or expedited shipping.
Customized items can be personalized with options such as your name, your favorite number, and/or designs. Some options may be limited by league rules.


text:
Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
April 1951 O E. J. MCDANIEL 2,547,480
SHOE PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION Filed May 15, 1948 a r w 1 Q A V r E O r 1 4? INVENTOR. ESKEL- J. M DANIEL ATTORNEY Patented Apr. 3, 1951 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE SHOE PLATFORM CONSTRUCTION :Eskel J. McDaniel, St. Louis, Mo.
Application May 15, 1948, Serial No. 27,226
2 Claims. 1
This invention relates to shoes and shoemaking and consists particularly in novel platform construction for ladies shoes.
Many fashionable ladies shoes are now provided with a rather thick sole which is formed by a block of material or platform interposed between the insole and outsole. Various light weight materials have been used in making the platform, but in sunicient thickness, these are rather stiff so as to make walking diiflcult. Moreover, the platform block must be provided with a lip at the rear edge for merging with the shoe instep portion. To form this, a large block has been cut away at the forward portion, re-
sulting in a substantial waste of material. Also, the top surface of the block has been formed flat so that the bend in the upper at its attachment to the sole is rather sharp.
The main object of the present invention is to provide a shoe platform of greatly improved flexibility.
Another object is to provide a platform, the formation of which results in less wastage than heretofore.
Another object is to provide a platform having a slight peripheral lip for merging with the shoe upper to form a more natural 'curve at this ortion.
These objects and other more detailed objects hereafter appearing are attained by the strucy ture illustrated in the accompanying drawing in which Fig. 1 is a longitudinal vertical section through the fore part of a ladys shoe embodying the invention.
Fig. 2 is a vertical transverse section on line 2-2 of Fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a bottom view of the shoe platform.
Fig. 4 is a top view of the platform Fig. 5 is a section on line 55 of Fig. 4.
Fig. 6 shows the structure in Fig. 5 flexed in the same manner as occurs during walking.
The ladys shoe illustrated has the usual upper ll] of soft material and with a cut-out toe I I. The upper is secured to the periphery of insole I2 which merges, as at l3, with the outsole Hi to form the shoe instep or shank. This portion of the shoe is braced by a rather stiff metal strip l5.
Interposed between the insole and outsole is a thick half-platform l 6 formed of a generally flat block of cork, shaped in outline to conform to the shape of the shoe soles (Figs. 3 and 4). The rear edge [8 is inclined to the major axis of the platform which lies, substantially, along section line 5-5 of Fig. 4, and the under rear portion I9 is curved, as shown, so as to conform to the shape of the foot at the junctions of the sole and instep portions. A wedge shaped projection 20 having a curved rear surface and a dished forward surface 2| is glued to the upper rear edge of the block to fill the tapering space adjacent the merging portions of the insole and outsole.
The insole and outsole are secured together and to the platform block by marginal stitching as shown at 22 in Figs. 1 and 2. A number of transverse slots 23 extend into the upper surface of the block and more than half way through the block so as to substantially increase the longitudinal flexibility thereof. The edge portion of the upper material is folded between the platform block and insole l2 and stitched thereto as at 24. However, the intermediate portion of the insole is free of the top surface of the platform so that in walking the block will be free to flex in the manner suggested in Fig. 6. The spacing between the insole and block is exaggerated in Figs. 1 and 2.
The upper surface of the platform block is dished to form a slight peripheral lip 25 which receives the attached edge of the upper, as at 26, so as to form a neater curve at this point.
A slight bowing of the outsole is produced by filling material, as at 21.
Accordingly, the shoe construction incorporating the novel platform block, is more attractive and more comfortable to the wearer than where platforms of previous types are used and the platform illustrated is less expensive to manufacture. Various details may be modified as will occur to those skilled in the art and the exclusive use of all modifications as come within the scope of the appended claims is contem plated.
I claim:
1. A platform filler for a ladys high-heeled shoe comprising a generally flat block of continuous material shaped in outline to conform to a shoe sole and a separately formed projection secured to the upper surface of the block at the rear edge thereof for bracing the shoe instep and providing smooth contours for receiving the insole and outsole.
2. In a ladys high-heeled shoe, an upper, an insole, an outsole, and a one-piece platform block interposed between said soles and secured upper surface of said block being free of said I insole between the margins thereof and transversely slotted to facilitate longitudinal flexing, said soles merging to form an instep adjacent the rear upper edge of said block, and a separately formed Wedge-shaped projection secured to said edge of the block and filling the space between said merging soles.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 122,085 Ware Dec. 19, 1871 1,278,375 Ogilvie Sept. 10, 1918 Number Number 15 370,086
Name Date Nolan Mar. 25, 1919 Ramsey Jan. 18, 1927 Schroder June 20, 1939 Givren Aug. 29, 1939 Bingham Mar. 10, 1942 Calderazzo July 31, 1945 Lumbard May 28, 1946 Margolin Aug. 6, 1946 Mees Aug. 6, 1946 Gallo Nov. 26, 1946 FOREIGN PATENTS Country Date Italy Apr. 7, 1939
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


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To Be Looked at (from the Other Side of the Glass) with One Eye,
Close to, for Almost an Hour, 1918
© 2000 Succession Marcel Duchamp, ARS, N.Y./ADAGP, Paris
The following
example of Marcel Duchamps overlooked encounter with the mind of Leonardo
da Vinci is excerpted from a longer essay. The edition of Leonardos Treatise
on Painting referred to is Josephin Peladans 1910 French translation
Leonard de Vinci, Traite de la Peinture. This publication aroused
great interest among the Duchamp brothers and their Cubist friends at
Duchamp, however,
was being uncharacteristically descriptive with To Be Looked At...
because the image on glass is based upon optics and experiments with the
functioning of the eyes. It follows Leonardo da Vincis study of vision.
In fact, the idea, the image and the phrase itself all come from this
short illustrated passage in the Treatise on Painting (1):
to enlarge
Duchamp, Note, 1919
© 1993 Pontus Holten, ed. Marcel Duchamp: Work and Life,
The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Paintings are flat surfaces.
Spacial illusions in paintings are derived from monocular, not binocular,
vision. Leonardo was fascinated by the transformation from physiological
optics to the artifice of painting, so he studied the behavior of a pair
of human eyes. When an object to be looked at is placed close to the face,
the paths of vision of the two eyes cross. Duchamp took Leonardos X-shaped
diagram of cross-eyed vision, along with the wording of his title, directly
from this passage in the Treatise. In a posthumously-published
sketch for To Be Looked At... he
even used Leonardos letters "A" and "B" to identify
the eyes, or viewing points, represented by
circles at the extremities of the cross. But he then placed the configuration
on a receding plane, in perspective, and turned it into a pair of giant
scissors, a device soon to appear in The Large Glass. Now the cross-eyed
observer, it would seem, could cut his way through the visual field by
flexing his eyeballs together and apart to make the scissors work. In
the small glass To Be Looked At... most of this peculiar tool lies
outside the rectangle of the picture, so only its tips can be seen.
The squat, transparent
pyramid hovering above the scissors would appear to transport the setting
of this one-act farce for eyeballs to ancient Egypt. But it does not.
Instead we are right back in the arena of the optics of Leonardo, who
wrote frequently
and vehemently about the "pyramid of vision." According to Leonardo:
1918, from the isolation of Buenos Aires, where he made To Be Looked
At..., Duchamp had good reason to poke fun at the visual pyramid.
He was probably sick to death of it. His brother, the painter Jacques
Villon, was, in contrast, obsessed. Villon believed that Leonardos pyramid
could provide the unifying theory in his enterprise to make Cubism more
than just a passing fad, to transform it into an enduring, classical art
form. In 1915, the last time the two were able to meet until after the
Great War, Villon would talk of nothing else. All this had started in
1911, when the brothers and their Cubist friends became fascinated by
Leonardos optical formulations: "Every body in light and shade fills
the surrounding air with infinite images of itself; and these, by infinite
pyramids diffused in the air, represent the body throughout space and
on every side."(3)
Was Leonardo da
Vinci a Cubist himself? He was, it is true, presenting a vision of the
space around objects filled with latent images. The eye at any
given location could only perceive one image at a time. Visual pyramids
"intersect and cross [but] they never mingle together..." But
could a painter, a Cubist painter, overcome the laws of light and vision?
Could his imagination and intuition capture these half-formed, transparent
images, as evoked by Leonardo, before they are condensed into a point,
as they overlap, interpenetrate, and jostle for predominance? Jacques
Villon struggled to embed this concept of latent visual pyramids into
his paintings for the rest of his life.
Marcel Duchamp discussed
these ideas with his brother in the early days of Cubism. Then he chose
a different path, a directly-perceptual method of creating transparency
and overlapping planes in the visual field. He preferred the method that
children use. He crossed his eyes.
Duchamp left a clear
record of the steps leading up to his finished painting. Five preparatory
drawings survive. One is in the format of a triptych,
with a central square
drawing flanked by two smaller contiguous squares. At first glance it
looks as if all three squares are filled with Cubist studies of a mans
head. A closer look reveals Raymonds, then Jacquess, physiognomies,
delineated separately on either side, on the flanking panels. These two
monocular visions are repeated, combined and merged in the central panel,
which became the prototype for the final painting, the Portrait of
Chess Players. Duchamp had put Leonardos visual scissors, as depicted
a few years later in the small glass painting of 1918, into practice,
in the service of Cubism. He never repeated this experiment.
Josephin Peladan, translator and editor, Leonard de Vinci, Traite de
la Peinture (Paris: Librairie Delagrave, 1910), 113. English translations
in A. Phillip McMahon, translator, Treatise on Painting by Leonardo
da Vinci (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956), 177, and Edward
MacCurdy, translator and editor, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci
(New York: George Braziller, 1954), 241.
Peladan, Leonardo de Vinci, 89. English translation in Jean Paul
Richter, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, Volume I (New York:
Dover Publications, 1970), 39.
Richter, The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, Volume I, 39.


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This is a scale that I created for reviewing books. It is based on a 5 star rating system, only in a more creative manner. A cupcake rating is given to a book based on the genre of the book. The type of publishing is not considered, nor is a factor when rating the book.
When I rate a book, it is based on how I view that book within the book's genre. It is understood that a 5 star rating in Chick-lit will certainly look very different to a 5 star rating in Historical Fiction. There are elements in each genre that I look for when I am rating the book.
Occasionally, a book will transcend it's own genre and be a book that is so incredibly wonderful that I give it an Ultimate Cupcake Supreme (or a 5+) rating. This means that particular book is not only a 5 star rating in it's own genre, but overall.
If I decide to read a book and finish it (not a DNF rating-which you can read about below), regardless of who requested I review the book (author, publisher, blog tour host), I will give it a rating and there have been times the rating is not a 3 or more (on a 1-5 scale). However, it is only my opinion and as a courtesy, I will not post my review on any other sites, since it is subjective and I do not want to be disrespectful to any author.
For books that receive a 4 or 5, I will post a partial review on Amazon & Barnes & Noble. As always, I post my reviews on Goodreads, Library Thing, Twitter, Books in the Burb Facebook Page, and Books in the Burbs on Facebook (two different things on FB). I do my best to promote a great book!
Finally, I have received many compliments on my cupcake scale. It is my own creation and I do not give permission for any other blogger or company to use it. It is copyrighted and I ask that be respected as it is my own work.
My Cupcake Scale
Burnt cupcake!– The storyline is too predictable, the writing was not enjoyable for me, the characters are not developed, and overall not a book that held my attention. I would not recommend this book to anyone. (1/5 rating)
One bland cupcake!– The story started good, but then just falls flat. The characters and plot are not fully developed, which made it challenging for the reader to be completely engaged. Not a book I'd recommend. (2/5 rating)
A good cupcake with a little icing.- Good storyline, could connect with the characters, but it was missing something….sprinkles! I was left with questions that the book did not answer. This is a book that I'd recommend to those who like this particular genre, but with caution. (3/5 rating)
A great cupcake with sprinkles on top!– The plot is original, interesting, and fully developed. I connected with the characters and could understand their personal struggles/experiences because of the author's wonderful writing style. It is a book that I really liked and would recommend to others. (4/5 rating)
An excellent cupcake with sprinkles AND a cherry on top!– Storyline, characters, plot, and writing style are superb! I could not put the book down and shared it with everyone I know. I found myself thinking of the characters long after I finished reading the book. I HIGHLY recommend this book to anyone!! (5/5 rating)
The Ultimate Cupcake Supreme! – Every once in awhile, I come across a book that is not only amazing, but it deserves special recognition. This book is the cream of the crop, undoubtedly one of my top favorites, and a must read for anyone! This book is one of my Personal Favorites! (surpasses a 5 rating!)
What is a DNF Rating:
*Overall book– Did not hold my interest, couldn't resonate with the overall storyline and/or plot, couldn't connect with the characters and understand the reasons behind the decisions made, didn't flow in a natural, authentic way (in my opinion)
*Characters- not fully developed, predictable behavior, too much dialogue (reads like a theater script and not a book), the characters were difficult to understand and relate to their choices made
*Plot-too bogged down with details (reads like a History book) or too little information that doesn't set up the scene adequately, very simplistic, too predictable ( I can read the first few chapters and know what is going to happen), too difficult to follow with switches in time period/dialogue
*Language– is not relevant to the time period or character, has too many obvious grammatical errors, too explicit
*If I were to finish the book, it would most likely receive a 1 or 2 rating. However, this does not mean that a DNF book is a 1 or 2 rating, it simply means that based on what I have read so far, the rating would not be positive. It also means that I just couldn't relate to the book, characters, and had a difficult time understanding the decisions made and where the storyline was headed.


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Public key cryptography has become pervasive as a way to protect users, networks, data, and critical business systems. Whether it is used to encrypt data and ensure privacy, to digitally sign documents and messages to attest to their integrity and authenticity, or to authenticate users and systems and control access, these public key operations are integral to modern operating systems, commercial security products and custom built systems. E-commerce, online banking, internet gaming, smartphones, and cloud computing all rely on the use of digital certificates to represent the digital identity of users, connected devices, web services, and business applications.
Each certificate is based on a pair of cryptographic keys that form a high strength unique credential that is tightly associated with the user or organization in question and that is used to perform secure operations such as encryption or signing. A Certificate Authority (CA) is responsible for issuing digital certificates and performing the various procedural steps to ensure that those certificates embody the appropriate levels of trust for their intended purpose. The CA forms the heart of a public key infrastructure (PKI) that underpins one or many applications and supports anything from a handful of certificates to many millions. Organizations wishing to take advantage of certificates and the security functions that they enable have a choice of building their own PKI or purchasing certificates from external service providers. The latter option is most appropriate if certificates and identities are to be shared and trusted between different organizations or domains. Organizations deploying internal PKIs have the flexibility to define the security models that fit their specific needs, but they face a number of challenges in defining, maintaining, and securing their PKI:
Products and services from Thales e-Security can help to ensure the integrity, performance, and manageability of your PKI. By securing the process of issuing certificates and proactively managing signing keys, you prevent their loss or theft, thereby creating a high-assurance foundation for digital security. When you add nShield Hardware Security Modules (HSMs) to your PKI, you are deploying independently certified, tamper-resistant devices that are used to secure some of the most sensitive keys and business processes in the organization—a widely recognized PKI best practice. Prominent PKI software solution providers such as Microsoft have published guidance stating that using an HSM to provide strong protection of CA keys or other high value keys is one of the strongest controls you can implement to protect your PKI ("Securing Public Key Infrastructure", Microsoft IT, Information Security and Risk Management, published May 16, 2014).
Thales performs interoperability testing with leading PKI vendors and publishes comprehensive white papers and integration guides to help your organization understand key security considerations and to accelerate deployment and minimize risk. By taking advantage of products, expertise, and services from Thales, you will be able to operate PKIs confidently across your enterprise.


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Bootcamp black screen with Windows 7
Hello forum,
This is one of my very first posts. I'm very experienced with computers, but new to Macs.
I'm using a 15" Macbook Pro 2.53Ghz 4GB Ram Intel Core 2 Duo. Brand new, mid-late 2009.
I am currently trying to install a legally downloaded version of Windows 7 x64 Professional. Downloaded from the MSDN-AA program. I burned the image onto a disc by right clicking it.
Started up boot camp assistant, partitioned my HDD (32 GB for Windows) and inserted my burned DVD. Clicked on the Start Installation button, and my Macbook Pro began to restart. After sitting at the grey start-up screen for a few seconds, I am sent to a black screen that says "No readable device, insert boot disk and press any key."
I am forced to reboot my Macbook by using the power button, and hold down the alt key to re-boot OS X. This Macbook is brand new, from mid-late 2009.
I have a tried a number of fixes, including burning the DVD at the slowest speed, holding down the alt key and entering the boot menu and then re-inserting the Windows disk (Windows DVD does not even appear as an option; only Macintosh HD), and trying to find the Windows DVD to boot from in system preferences (it does not appear there either). None of these have worked.
I desperately need access to Windows for a few of my computer programming classes. Any help would be greatly appreciated!!
It sounds like you're either not correctly burning the image to DVD or, the downloaded copy from the MSDN subscription program is corrupt. The burned DVD has to be bootable in order for it to work.
Try this as a test: Take the DVD you burned to a friend who has a PC. See if you can boot his/her PC with the DVD. If you can, and the install program for Win 7 starts, then you know the DVD is OK.
Let us know.
In order to burn the image, all I did was right click it, and select "Burn IMAGE NAME to Disc." So I'm assuming it used the Mac default program to do the burning. I was not able to edit any sort of format or options, it just began to burn to the Disc automatically and immediately.
I will try to boot it in a PC in just a few moments, and will post results.
EDIT: Tried to boot it on a Toshiba Satellite Laptop by changing boot preferences in BIOS, and also by pressing the "c" key, and I was unable to get the installer to load.
However, when Windows was already loaded on this PC, after I stuck the burned DVD of Windows 7 into the disk drive, I was greeted with this message; " Your computer can't run this version of Windows. You need an installation disc that's compatible with your computer. For more information, check your computer's system information."
This computer is running Windows XP Professional, and I am sure it meets minimum requirements (minus the necessary graphics card) to run Windows 7 Professional, which is the version I am trying to install.
Hope this helps you help me!
Thanks so much!
Ok! Fixed it!! Hope this post can help others!
OK: 1. Find the location of the original .iso you downloaded
2. Open Disk Utility
3. Select the original .iso you downloaded, and choose the Convert option in Disk Utility
4. When selecting convert, make sure to choose the option "DVD/CD Master" (This will make the disc bootable)
5.Burn the newly converted image (it should end in .cdr) to a blank DVD-R (that's what I used, I'm sure DVD-RW will work as well)
6. Make sure the DVD is in your drive, and open Boot Camp
7. Select Start Installation (assuming you've already partitioned your drive)
8. Install should work perfectly! Enjoy!
Hope that helps! Took me hours, and tens of discs to finally get it right!
Glad you were able to get it sorted out.
It's pretty simple. He is saying go back to the original downloaded file, which you downloaded as a .ISO file. You will need to re-burn it in the manner specified. What part are you confused about?
Yes, sorry!
In order for this fix to work, you must start with an .iso file that you downloaded legally from the internet. I got my copy of Win 7 Pro legally from MSDN-AA, from a link through my University.
If you and trying to install from a retail disk, it should work without a hitch.
If you need to create an Image from another disk, Disk Utility can help you do that!
Been busy and didn't have time to get back to you. But glad to see that my hint about trying it out in a PC helped. Anyway, glad you got it sorted out.
Now - enjoy running Win 7 on a real machine. :D
Ok just need one question answered. I have a copy of Win 7. Just to get the instructions clear. I just need to download that version to my hard drive?
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Europe's biggest Linux event
More keynotes on technological and politics, and more room for free projects: this was Linuxtag in its eleventh year. But attendance was down because Europe's biggest Free Software event charged an admission fee for the first time.
Linuxtag [1] opened its doors to the public on June 22 in Karlsruhe, south Germany, accompanied by a spell of hot summer weather. Europe's biggest Linux and Free Software event entered its eleventh year, but with a change. For the first time ever, Linux fans were asked to pay an admission fee. Fewer Visitors, More Keynotes It was understood that a change of this magnitude would affect the visitor statistics: Linuxtag 2005 notched up a mere 12,000 visitors compared with 16,000 last year. Andreas Gebhard, the press spokesperson for the organizers, Linuxtag e.V., was still satisfied, saying that the event was more action-packed than ever, with 180 talks in the four days. In addition, the organizers had put an extra 400 square meters of floorspace at the disposal of free software projects.
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Qemu Flaw Lets the Guest Escape
Xen project announces a privilege escalation problem for Qemu host systems
Android Bug Threatens Millions of Users
Attackers can compromise an Android phone just by sending a text message
Lenovo and Canonical Announce Laptop Deal
PC vendor will pre-install Ubuntu on portables in India.
Mozilla Firefox Blocks Flash
More embarrassment for Adobe's embattled multimedia tool
Security Problem in Firefox's NoScript Add-On
Mozilla's script blocker add-on could be putting malware sites on the whitelist.
RIP SSLv3
The Internet community officially banishes the notoriously unsafe Secure Sockets Layer protocol.
Mate 1.1 Arrives
Popular desktop environment continues the Gnome 2 legacy – with new support for the Gnome 3 toolkit.
US Government Requires HTTPS
The Obama White House has issued a memorandum telling all US government agencies they must use HTTPS for all websites and web communication.
Mozilla Signs Firefox Add-Ons
New program will dial up security for the Firefox browser.
Fedora 22 Arrives
Red Hat's community distro embraces the cloud.


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Domestic Applicants
The application to the Neuroscience Graduate Program requires the following materials:
- Transcripts from all colleges and universities attended
- Three Letters of Recommendation
- GRE scores (department code for GRE is 0213; institution code for GRE is 4852).
- Application (see below)
Applications and supporting materials are due no later than December 1, 2014 for full consideration. Please visit our Frequently Asked Questions section for further information.
All materials should be submitted online with the exception of official transcripts, which should be mailed to the following address: mailing address:
Deanna Solórzano, Neuroscience Graduate Program Student Advisor
Graduate Program in Neuroscience
University of Southern California
3641 Watt Way, HNB 120H, MC 2520
Los Angeles, California 90089-2520
United States
Phone: 213-740-2245
Fax: 213-740-6980
E-mail: email@example.com
Applications are handled exclusively by the Neuroscience Graduate Program. There is a $85 application fee
Electronic Application
To apply, we encourage you to complete an Electronic Application online.
When you have submitted the online application, arrange for your official transcripts and GRE scores to be sent directly to us by mail to the address above. All other materials are to be submitted online.
Additional Information
We offer a very personalized approach to graduate recruiting. Applicants are encouraged to contact faculty members and/or the graduate student coordinator at any time during their undergraduate education if they identify potential research interest at the University of Southern California. We sometimes develop relationships with potential students a year or more prior to enrollment. We will invite a number of applicants to visit the program, usually in February prior to admissions. We will make all arrangements (purchase plane tickets, provide accommodations, etc.) for any applicant invited by the program. Usually, a complete application is required before visits will be arranged. We will reimburse travel expenses only for applicants who have been officially invited to visit by the Graduate Admissions Committee.
The USC Graduate School requires that the sum of the Verbal and Quantitative scores on the GRE be a minimum of 1000. However, the NGP rarely accepts students with verbal and qualitative scores below 1100. We do not require a GRE Subject Test. Applicants with undergraduate grade point averages below 3.0 will only be considered under unusual circumstances including evidence of recent improvement or clearly outstanding potential as a researcher.
Admissions questions? Check the FAQ page.


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Welcome to the New home of Kumamatata Leonbergers. We are Les, Julia, Tara and Samantha Strudwick and our love of Leonbergers Started More than 9 Years Ago when Kuma Came along.
Since then we have bred 4 Litters, Shown, Judged, Extended are Pride Several folds and have become members of the LCGB committee, but above all loved are Leo's.
We hope you enjoy are new website and look forward to seeing and hearing from you soon.
T- 01775 640171 E- email@example.com


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Mar 15, 2009
This is going to sound a little .. new-agy? Like we're strung out on acid wearing tie-die with seven inch sunglasses on? Or like we've totally gone over the deep end.( Which is very possible.)
Today's Sunday Reflection is on Harmony and why we're struggling to keep it.
The mister and I talk about the piece of string that holds us all together, this tether, in our family. Each of us pulled and tugged and influenced by the emotions of each other. When one person is off, we're all a little off. There is no self in the continuum that is our family.
It's just the nature of family.
Growing up, I can think of times when our harmony was on, and times when it was off. You can do the same, I'm sure. The times you each notice and adjust for the moods of the other until one person is so off balance they fall and pull all of you with them like a tug-of-war.
As a young child my dad went back to school for his MBA and then later his PhD. He worked to provide for the family while pursuing his education in hopes of getting all of us to a better place. He showed us love by working. As a child, I didn't get this. I just knew he was gone a lot and didn't understand the bigger picture.
This is the nature of children.
Mr. Flinger and I talk about this often, knowing our children, while effecting the harmony of the family, will not understand the bigger tug. They will not get that we're working extra hours to ensure a better life, find a bigger house, get out of certain debt. They don't know the love we have for them while we sacrifice our wants for their security. They can't. They're children.
But the weight, it tugs at the Mister and I. It pulls each of us differently and we begin to tip in opposite directions wondering why the other can't see what's going on.
So we talk and try to fix the string, the harmony, the family. I'm starting to realize how often my parents must have done the same thing to keep that string for so long. How easy it would be to let go sometimes. To want to not work so hard at holding the other people's string and pull, pull, pull.
Until you remember that Harmony is possible. It's yours. And so are they.
(Today's soundtrack for this post is One Day by Meiko.)
I think you can comment now? YES. Yes you can.
Seriously, I thought it was me…
By Mrs. Flinger on 2009 03 16
I love this post!
Not only is the balance of every person's pulling delicate, but so is how hard you're holding onto it. I think as a mother I sometimes not only hold the string but get it all wrapped around my waist and tangled. To take the analogy too far, you also have to make sure not to trip…
By Heather on 2009 03 16
Notice how older strings are so well-worn? It's from all the years of pulling, straining then relieving. They almost appear "fuzzy" and they're soft. Much softer and more comfortable than they were long ago.
This was a good one. Made me think. Thanks for that.
By Susan on 2009 03 16
I love your analogies, ya'll! Seriously. It's true, the string thing. Frayed and tight, I do them both.
By Mrs. Flinger on 2009 03 16
It pulls each of us differently and we begin to tip in opposite directions wondering why the other can't see what's going on.
Yup, this happens to us and for some reason it smacks us in the face each time. Go figure….
I love this post!!!
By Darla on 2009 03 22


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A great choice!
All GoToBaby blankets are big sellers and great choices, but if you have a few more dollars to spend with us than selecting the best baby blanket the recipient will ever receive might be the choice for you.
The Ultimate Blanket in Sports Design is made of extra thick fluffy microfibre with a delightful fringe border.
When you see it in person you'll understand how great they are, but online there is just no way to do it justice.
Personalize one single name in up to 8 letters.
It's big - 34" x 40".
Also available in DELUXE Stadium Size for adults, pets or whomever. 64" x 64"
Takes approximately 6 weeks to create and ship as they are made to order. Well worth the wait.
All personalized items are nonreturnable. Please make sure personalization is correct before submitting your order.


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Plus, reports on The Districts, Sophie, The Pop Group, and King Tuff
Released Albums
SXSW 2015 Reviews: Incubus, Natalie Prass, Thee Oh Sees, Viet Cong, and Pharmakon
on March 20, 2015, 2:15pm
Top 50 Albums of 2014
Something on this list helped you through this tough year.
by CoS Staff
on December 12, 2014, 12:00am
SXSW reveals preliminary music lineup for 2015
The Dodos, Jessie Ware, The Pop Group, and Thee Oh Sees highlight initial lineup.
by Alex Young
on October 22, 2014, 11:05am
Album Review: Pharmakon – Bestial Burden
Margaret Chardiet's body horror noise reminds of life's visceral reality.
by Adam Kivel
on October 15, 2014, 12:02am
Top 10 Songs of the Week (4/11)
From mysterious lo-fi R&B to established sludge metal — we've got you covered.
on April 11, 2014, 12:00am
Swans announce plans for new album
And a live album to boot.
by Alex Young
on June 02, 2013, 9:49pm
Album Review: Pharmakon – Abandon
Margaret Chardiet tunnels into your brain, and yeah, that's going to hurt.
by Adam Kivel
on May 15, 2013, 12:01am
Top 10 MP3s of The Week (3/29)
This is what happens when bandmates go head to head.
by Jon Hadusek
on March 29, 2013, 12:00am


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The Port Arthur Ghost tour in parsonage, where there are stories of uneasy souls and death
Answers to frequently asked questions about Port Arthur's spine-tingling Ghost Tours.
If you have any other queries, please contact our Ticketing Counter staff or phone 1800 659 101 (a free call from within Australia).
Warm and comfortable clothing. Sturdy footwear is essential. (No high heels.) For safety reasons, umbrellas are not allowed on Ghost Tours, so wet weather clothing is required if the weather is inclement (ponchos are sold at the counter).
This depends on the age and 'stage' of your children. Ghost Tours are popular with older children. If your child is very young, very active or tends to suffer with nightmares, then Ghost Tours may not be suitable. If your child is disruptive to the tour, your guide will request that you leave the tour.
There are no special effects on Ghost Tours, but the story telling and the atmosphere of the Port Arthur Historic Site at night-time creates a fantastic experience.
Please speak to your guide and they will arrange for you to return to the Visitor Centre safely.
Visitors with a disability are strongly encouraged to speak to the counter staff. Ghost Tours pose significant challenges for anyone with mobility restrictions. The tours involve around 2kms of walking, often in very low light levels, uneven terrain and numerous steps. Unfortunately only around one third of our Ghost Tour is accessible by wheelchair.
Cameras that take still photographs are allowed, but flashes can only be used at certain times. Your guide will give directions as to when they can be used. Video cameras are not permitted.
No. Smoking is not permitted on Ghost Tours.
No. Alcohol is not permitted on Ghost Tours and people who are under the influence of alcohol are not permitted on the tours.
No. Tickets are not refundable.
Tours go ahead.
About 90 minutes duration.
Yes they are. Daytime history, night-time mystery.
Strictly no one is allowed to stay overnight in the car-park. The boom gates are locked and if anyone remains in the car-park they will not be able to leave until the gates are unlocked the next morning. This poses a major risk in case of bush fire (unable to escape) or a medical emergency, etc.
From the Port Arthur Historic Site Visitor Centre
Because Ghost Tours are so popular, several tours operate every night. At busy times of the year, tours may take different routes.
Yes. Booking is essential as Ghost Tours are very popular.
© 2010-2011 This page was produced by the Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority.
Use of this website is subject to our disclaimer and copyright notice. This is our Customer Service Charter.
This page www.portarthur.org.au/ghosttourfaq was last updated Wednesday, 8 May 2013.


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FLAWLESS INDEED. It just so happens that I found this totally weird, drapey, flowy black dress on ASOS. While I don't look as fierce-yet-etherial as Bey, I do like the lack of silhouette it gives. I think it adds visual interest and isn't just your average LBD. It's as close to Rick Owens as I'm going to get. Outfit details below:
Now I just need to find a flowy black cape/poncho thing to wear with this dress and my life will be complete.


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And what you own is what you do not own,
And where you are is where you are not.
Thomas S. Eliot
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