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A computer virus trapping device is described that detects and eliminates computer viruses before they can enter a computer system and wreck havoc on its files, peripherals, etc. The trapping device creates a virtual world that simulates the host computer system intended by the virus to infect. The environment is made as friendly as possible to fool a computer virus into thinking it is present on the host, its intended target system. Within this virtual world, the virus is encouraged to perform its intended activity. The invention is able to detect any disruptive behavior occurring within this simulated host computer system. It is further able to remove the virus from the data stream before it is delivered to the host and and/or take any action previously instructed by a user.
1. A computer virus trapping device comprising:
link adapter means connected to a source of data input for converting external protocols into a data stream understood by said trapping device;
emulation means connected to said link adapter means for accepting said data stream from said link adapter means; said emulation means including means for providing an environment isolated from a protected computer system and for simulating the architecture of said protected computer system whereby a computer virus is coaxed into performing its intended activity; and
detection means responsive to said emulation means for looking for consequences of the intended viral activity upon completion of the simulation by said emulation means.
2. The device of claim 1, whereby said emulation means comprises processing means suitably programmed to create a virtual world for said computer virus that simulates said protected computer system.
3. The device of claim 2, whereby said processing means comprises a microcomputer circuit, temporary and permanent data storage and an I/O interface.
4. A computer virus trapping device comprising:
link adapter means connected to a source of data input for converting external protocols into a data stream understood by said trapping device;
emulation means connected to said link adapter means for accepting said data stream from said link adapter means; said emulation means including means for providing an environment isolated from a protected computer system and for simulating the architecture of said protected computer system whereby a computer virus is coaxed into performing its intended activity;
detection means responsive to said emulation means for looking for consequences of the intended viral activity upon completion of the simulation by said emulation means; and
response means responsive to said detection means for taking action according to preset user instructions upon said detection means determining said computer virus exists.
5. A computer virus trapping device comprising:
link adapter means connected to a source of data input for bidirectionally converting external protocols into a converted data stream understood by said trapping device;
emulation means connected to said link adapter means for accepting said data stream from said link adapter means; said emulation means including means for providing an environment isolated from a protected computer system and for simulating the architecture of said protected computer system whereby a computer virus is coaxed into performing its intended activity;
detection means responsive to said emulation means for looking for consequences of the intended viral activity upon completion of the simulation by said emulation means;
response means responsive to said detection means for taking action according to preset user instructions upon said detection means determining said computer virus exists; and
I/O buffer means responsive to said emulation means for reassembling said converted data back into said external data stream protocol and delivering said data stream to said protected computer system.
6. The device of claim 5, whereby said emulation means comprises microprocessor means programmed to stimulate the environment of said protected computer system.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/754,120 filed on Nov. 20, 1996, now abandoned which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/607,520 filed on Feb. 27, 1996, now abandoned, which in turn is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/252,622 filed on Jun. 1, 1994, now abandoned.
The computer virus problem that exists today had its beginnings sometime in the late 1980s. At that time computer viruses were a novelty and plagued mainly DOS and Macintosh computers. Today, almost every Fortune 500 company has experienced computer viruses with the current rate being about one virus incident every 2 to 3 months.
The term computer virus is applied in common and legal usage to software, code, code blocks, code elements and code segments which perform certain functions in the digital computer environment. Code is intended to mean the digital instructions which the computer responds to. Non damaging or legitimate software, code, code blocks, code segments and code elements that serve a useful purpose would not be considered a virus.
Computer viruses have been known to cause physical harm to computer hardware in addition to erasing and destroying data. While rare, there have been cases of viruses that have made calls to disk drive heads actually scoring the media; still others have been discovered that ramped up the scan rate on a monitor causing failure. Most viruses do not, however, intentionally cause explicit physical harm and they are discovered before they are triggered to cause damage to data and files. However, it is after discovery that the real cost of viruses becomes apparent in connection with their detection and removal. In an average computer site this might entail searching 1000 PCs and 35,000 diskettes. If the software engineer misses even one instance of the virus, other computers will be reinfected and the clean up search must be repeated all over again.
A common misconception is that there are good viruses and bad viruses. Some viruses are claimed to be benign because they do not have a malicious trigger event and cannot do intentional harm. However, this misses the point that the problems computer viruses cause are mainly due to the trigger events. It is a fact that computer viruses replicate. This by itself is harmful because it necessitates a search to clean up all instances of the viruses in a computer installation.
The damage caused by viruses, not so much due to erased files or data, but in the cost of detection, removal and also the accompanying lowered worker productivity can be very high. It has been calculated that the average computer site will spend on the order of about $250,000 on a computer virus cleanup. It has been estimated that computer viruses will cost U.S. computer users over a billion dollars in 1994 alone.
The problem will grow exponentially due to the advent of the Information Super Highway. The increased connectivity among individuals, companies and government will allow a computer virus to create havoc. Currently disjoint computer systems that perform various functions that we take for granted today, such as, banking, telecommunications, radio, information databases, libraries and credit might meld together in the future. Thus, computer viruses, unchecked, could have a crippling effect on our society.
A virus can only cause trouble when it enters a system and finds a location on which to act. In a general sense, the virus must perform an intended function or a function the user or operator did not intend, expect, compensate for or otherwise protect against. Some examples of malicious virus activity are: changing names of files making it difficult for the user to access the files, moving a file to a new location, deleting files, interfering with working programs (i.e. causing all the words on a screen to fall to the bottom of the screen in a heap), replicating themselves and clogging up the system making it nonfunctional or waiting for a predetermined time period or after a certain number of toggle operations such as boot, access, cursor movements, mouse clicks, etc. before acting.
More felonious type viruses are those that have been released to cause ruin or impairment of a system for the purposes of sabotage, espionage, financial gain or to impair a competing business. Some examples include: creating a trap door which allows access to an unauthorized user for any purpose such as espionage, dumping files or erasure, navigation programs which find routes into systems, password cracking programs, modifying the executable segment of legitimate programs and attaching themselves to a code block and travel to another site.
In addition to traditional PCs and networks being vulnerable to virus infections, embedded control systems often used in industrial process control settings are also vulnerable. These systems control machinery, motors, industrial robots and process data from sensors. Because embedded systems are vulnerable to viruses just as PCs are, the results are potentially quite damaging. The smooth flow of a factory or assembly line could be devastated by a virus' uncontrolled behavior.
There are many possible ways for a virus to act on a computer system. All computers go through a boot procedure in which the Basic Input Output System (BIOS) and/or other resident system tools perform a variety of startup tasks such as, finding drives, testing memory and the system, initiating system files, loading DOS or other Operating System (OS) and bringing up an initial startup program. The system performs certain housekeeping tasks such as establishing various links among other functions. A computer system of any utility is complex enough that someone writing a virus has a myriad of opportunities and possibilities in which to cause trouble and interfere with the proper operation of the system.
The most common solution to the virus problem is to employ anti-virus software that scans, detects and eliminates viruses from computer systems. These programs work by searching a storage medium such as a hard disk drive or floppy diskette for known patterns of various viruses. However, there are problems associated with this method of virus elimination. The software can only scan for known viruses which have an identifiable pattern that can be detected using repetitive string searches. To protect against new viruses frequent upgrades must be distributed. In addition, for the program to detect a virus it must already have infected that computer. The virus might have done some damage or even replicated itself and spread before it is detected. Also, the program must be run often to provide effective protection against viruses especially on systems where programs and data are transferred frequently between computers via diskettes.
In addition further liabilities, pratfalls and limitations to the current breed of antivirus software solutions exist. This software breaks down into 3 categories: scanners, monitors, CRC's. Scanners as previously mentioned work off of databases of known strings. These databases are in constant need of updates. Monitors are memory resident programs monitoring the computer for questionable behavior. Monitors suffer from high rates of false positives, and they occupy and take a large portion of the limited conventional memory of a PC. CRC's are error checking programs that generate a unique "signature" in the form of a 2-byte number for each and every file to be protected. CRC programs either place the "signature" in the file itself or in a separate file. CRC programs suffer from the fact that they are easy to identify and thus easily tricked into recreating a "signature" for an infected file. Further, Scanners & Monitors & CRC programs must be run on the PC in question. Often this is a time consuming chore. These programs usually must have full control of the PC to operate further inconveniencing the user because he must wait for the scanner to finish before he can begin his normal work. The other critical concept is that the anti-virus software is run on the PC in question. It is subject to the limitations and liabilities of the operating system and may already be running on an infected PC without knowing it. The invention takes a unique approach by performing its logic outside of the PC, not inconveniencing the user and is more effective because the invention's hardware guarantees a clean uninfected start.
Another possible solution is to increase computer security to the point where viruses cannot enter the system. Login/password control and encryption do not effect computer viruses. With encryption, detection and elimination is made more difficult because the virus along with good data is encrypted, only becoming decrypted when it attempts to replicate. Clearly, this is quite burdensome and expensive to implement.
Another possible solution is to avoid computer bulletin boards, both the commercial type such as, Compuserve, Prodigy, the Internet and Usenet, and the private, local, small type. However, this will not prevent viruses from spreading because most viruses do not result from software or data downloaded from information databases or computer bulletin boards. The operators of both commercial on-line services and private bulletin boards are very careful to keep viruses off their systems. They are constantly searching and scanning anything that is uploaded to their systems before making it available to their subscribers. In addition, most computer viruses of the boot track type do not spread through download data or software. The majority of viruses are spread through diskettes. There are known instances of commercial software being distributed after being infected by a virus. There are known instances of viruses being distributed unwittingly by diskette manufacturers on blank diskettes. There are no rules for which diskettes are more likely to be free from viruses.
Thus, there is a long felt need for a device that can search for, detect and eliminate viruses before they ever enter into a computer system that is transparent to a user and effective against all viruses in existence today and those not yet created.
One characteristic of almost all viruses is that on their own they are not capable of crossing from one computer OS to another. This is because different computer systems in use today have different internal instructions or command sets. The language perfectly acceptable and intelligible to one OS does not have any correlation to another. An analogy to humans would be two people speaking different languages not being able to communicate. Although there might exist identical words present in both languages it is statistically very unlikely for a misinterpreted or cross over string of words or set of computer instructions (i.e. a virus) to convey a significant amount of information or be able to effectively execute a series of instructions. It is even more unlikely for this misinterpreted or cross over string of words or series of instructions to migrate from one language or system to another language or system and still be able to convey any useful information or execute a series of commands.
The present invention utilizes this characteristic of viruses to create an impenetrable barrier through which a virus cannot escape. The use of a foreign operating system guarantees the invention a high degree of safety and impenetrability. While the inventors recognize that such invention can be built without the use of a foreign operating system, such a version of the invention would lack any creditable degree of security. In addition, without the use of a foreign operating system the invention itself risks contamination. A foreign operating system different from the one being protected is introduced into the data stream before the data arrives at the computer system to be protected. To illustrate: if a program written for DOS will not run as intended on a Macintosh neither will a virus. A foreign operating system in order to complete its operation must provide an emulation of the target computer operating system (disk drives, memory configuration, ports, etc.) The virus is therefor fooled into thinking it is resident on the target computer system it was intending to infect. It is here, while the virus is resident within the emulated target operating system, that the virus is encouraged to infect files, destroy data and wreak havoc. It is here that the invention diverges from all other strategies in virus-detection and prevention. All other strategies are defensive in nature: they mark files to detect unwarranted changes, they scan for unintended behavior in an attempt to prevent the virus from performing its damage. The present invention takes an offensive strategy by encouraging the virus to infect and destroy files.
The most critical behavior of a virus that computer users to prevent is the virus'ability to replicate. Once a virus has erased a file, made a hard drive inoperable, it is detected. Once the virus has done anything considered malicious, it usually is detected. At this point anti-virus software and hardware must be brought in and run to detect and clean files. Prior to its performing this malicious act, a virus must replicate. If it does not replicate, it cannot grow and stay alive. If it has the ability to replicate, it can travel from PC to floppy to PC to network, etc. It is this behavior of viruses to replicate that the present invention preys on. The virus is encouraged to act within this cross platform generated emulation so that it can be detected. It is this use of cross platform technology and offensive strategy that allows a virus to be detected at any level before any damage occurs to the protected system. It is in the emulation that the invention can detect the virus and in the use of transplatform logic/environment that it can safely contain the virus. Where the virus can get around DOS or MAC scanners or Operating System or BIOS, it cannot infiltrate and contaminate the foreign operating system.
A foreign operating system is chosen based on its ability to monitor and watch any emulations, and for being able to manipulate elements within the emulation (files, falsifying BIOS information, creating sham peripherals), and for the sheer speed and computational horsepower.
The inventors recognize that it can be done without a transplatform, but it will be slow and absolutely unsafe. The use of a foreign operating system can be likened to the use of lead walls and glass walls and mechanical arms used by people manipulating radioactive materials in labs. While it is certainly possible to pick up radioactivity with one's bare hands, it is not highly recommended or is it safe. While the invention can be had without the use of a foreign operating system, it is not highly recommended nor is it safe.
A primary object of the present invention is to provide a virus detection system to detect and eliminate viruses at their most basic level by simulating the host's environment by creating a virtual world to fool the virus into thinking it is resident on the host so as to allow disruptive behavior to be detected and the virus destroyed without harm to the host.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a virus detection system able to detect and trap viruses at any level using in a way other than performing string searches through memory or files to detect viruses.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a virus detection system able to detect as of yet unknown viruses thereby obviating the need for software updates to keep the detection device current.
Still another object of the present invention is to minimize the down time of the host computer system in the event a virus is detected.
Still another object of the invention is to record at the user's discretion-the virus to another media for transferal to virus analysis groups. The object is to feed the virus to an internal analysis to compare against a know, previously acquired attempt, such as a trapdoor or file change, or industrial espionage or sabotage code, etc.
Still another object is to record from which incoming source the virus came, i.e., modem, which digiboard channel, internet, Compuserve, LAN station/Userid, WAN line, etc.
Another object is to alert system administration of the attack.
Serving to illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention are the drawings of which:
FIG. 1 is a high level functional block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of the preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram showing the application of the present invention in a local area networking environment;
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram showing the application of the present invention in a telecommunications networking environment;
FIG. 5 is a high level software logic diagram showing the operating steps of the present invention;
FIGS. 6A to 6C together comprise a high level flow chart of the operating steps of the present invention.
In order to afford a complete understanding of the invention and an appreciation of its advantages, a description of a preferred embodiment of the present invention in a typical operating environment is presented below.
Operating on the principle that a virus cannot cross operating systems, the present invention creates a virtual world for a potential virus. An OS that emulates the system to be protected provides a friendly familiar environment for the virus. The virus is encouraged to act in this virtual world created for it. The results of the virus' disruptive behavior can be detected and consequently the virus can be flagged and eliminated or stored and further analyzed. This scheme is based on the assumptions that almost all viruses are executable in nature, no user would try to purposely communicate a destructive virus to another and that it is possible to identify executable instructions in an environment where the instruction cannot possibly operate.
Shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 are functional block diagrams of the virus trapping device 10. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) 12 can be any computing device (i.e. Intel, Motorola, Paramid, National Semincondutor or Texas Instruments microprocessor, multiple chip set CPUs, board level CPUs, etc.). The Transputer is particularly well suited because almost all PCs in use today employ CPUs other than the Transputer. A guide to the application and programming of the Transputer can be found in The Transputer Handbook, by Mark Hopkins, copyright 1989 INMOS Ltd. and The Transputer Databook, by Mark Hopkins, 3rd Edition copyright 1992 INMOS Ltd. Italy. As a typical microprocessor circuit design, EPROM 14 holds the operating software for the CPU 12. RAM 16 provides a temporary storage facility for the CPU 12 to execute the virus detection software. Link adapters 20 provide physical connections to interface the virus trapping device 10 to the outside world. The trap device 10 is not limited to two link adapters, any number could be implemented to handle a multitude of input data streams. The device 10 reads an incoming data stream from one or more outside sources. An example of a communication link 24 are a Local Area Network (LAN) (i.e. Novell), Wide Area Network (WAN) (i.e. networked LANs), the telephone network (i.e. Modems), radio frequency (RF) type cellular network or some type of data storage device (i.e. floppy diskette, hard disk, tape, CD-ROM, magneto-optical, etc.). The communication link 24 provides an incoming data stream for the device 10 to operate on. Diskettes are commonly used to transfer data and programs from one computer to another, thus making it a common entry point into the system for viruses. An input/output (I/0) interface 18 provides a means for the virus trapping device 10 to communicate with the computer system being protected 28.
The application of the virus trapping device 10 in a typical operating environment is shown in FIG. 3. The file server 42 is the computer system to be protected. The virus trapping device 10 is placed in the data stream that connects the filer server 42 to other workstations 38. The hubs 40 serve to connect the workstations 38 into a LAN and the modems 36 serve to connect remote workstations 38 to the file server 42. In this scenario, all traffic to and from the file server 42 is monitored for viruses by the trap 10.
Another application of the trapping device 10 is shown in FIG. 4. In this scenario, data traffic passing through the telecommunications network 34 is protected from viruses. A user might have a mainframe file server 30 at a remote site connected to the telephone network 34. Nodes 32 located in the telephone company's central offices perform access and cross connect functions for customers' data traffic. To prevent the spread of a virus through the network, the trapping device 10 is placed in front of each node 32. Data traffic between workstations 38 connected to the telephone network 34 via modems 36 and the mainframe file server 30 is constantly checked for viruses because the traffic must pass through the virus trapping device 10.
Operation of the virus trapping device 10 is as follows. The trapping device 10 monitors the data stream that enters from the outside world, such as from the communications link 24. All data is treated as data whether it is actually data (i.e. data files) or instructions (i.e. executables) as it passes over the link 24. At this point the actual instructions have not been executed but rather they are in the process of being transmitted for execution. While in this state of transmission, emulation means 48, controlled by the CPU 12, provide a friendly environment for a potential virus. The data is put into the emulation chamber 48 where the virus is fooled into acting as if it were really present on the host system. It is desired that any disruptive behavior the virus is capable of displaying take place in emulation chamber 48 such as replicating, attacking another program or destroying data. In this virtual world the virus has complete access to its environment. It is at this point that analysis and detection means 50 controlled by the CPU 12 catches the virus in the act of self replication and prevents it from infecting the host system. The virus cannot escape the emulation box 48 because the box exists in a foreign operating environment with no access to critical files, keyboard, screen, etc. Access to the real world is completely blocked.
Upon startup of the trapping device 10, the emulation software is read from EPROM 14 and executed. When a user turns on his workstation 38, a connection is established between the workstation 38 and the file server 30 (or 42). A connection session is created in the RAM 16 of the CPU 12. In like fashion, a session is created for each user.
As the user at a workstation 38 runs commands and moves file about, data is ultimately written to and read from the file server 30. The trapping device 10 splits the data into two paths. One path connects directly to the protected computer system 28 without modification. Data over the other path is written into the emulation box or virtual world created for each user. The write is performed in this box just as it would have been performed on the file server 30, protected computer 28 or workstation 38. Changes in data and time are simulated to trigger time sensitive viruses, fooling then as to the actual data and time. If the environment changes, it is checked to determine whether simply data was written or whether executable code was written.
Once the executable in inside the emulation box, a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is made of the Interrupt Request table (IRQ). Also, CRCs are generated on all files that are placed in the emulation box. The CRC is an error detection and correction code widely used in the computer and engineering fields. Other aspects of the environment, such as available memory, are saved too. All information saved is stored outside of the emulation box where it cannot be altered by a virus. The executable is forced to run.
If absolutely nothing happens, a self replicating virus does not exist. If anything within the environment changes (i.e. size of files, sudden attempts to write to other executables in the emulation box, etc.) it is determined that a virus does exist and is attempting to self replicate itself
The first step is to determine whether the IRQ table was modified. The second step is to determine if another program was written to. Many programs attach themselves to IRQs (i.e. network shell programs, mouse drivers, some print drivers, communication and fax drivers). However, none of these programs will try to write code to other executables. No legitimate program will attempt direct changes to the File Allocation Table (FAT) or other internal OS disk area. They typically pass their changes (or writes) through standard well behaved DOS interrupts (INTs) (i.e. INT 21). Or, for example, in the case of file repair programs (i.e. Norton Utilities) which do at times write directly to the FAT, they will also not grab IRQs. It is the combination of grabbing one or more IRQs and attempting changes to either the FAT or executables that allows virus activity to be detected.
In the architecture of the IBM PC, for example, IRQs are prioritized and have different dedicated purposes. IRQ 0 is the system clock, IRQ 1 is the keyboard, etc. Almost no program needs to grab IRQ 0 having the highest priority, however a virus must. A virus must grab the highest priority IRQ because if it had a lower IRQ, then a conventional anti-virus program can get in at a higher priority and make the virus more vulnerable to detection. Many viruses grab several IRQs, allowing a virus to be detected by its `signature`. In addition, most programs except viruses return to DOS about 95% or more of the memory they used for execution upon exiting or receiving an unload instruction. Therefore the following activities, monitored in the virtual environment created in the emulation box, can be used to detect viruses: attachment to IRQs, which IRQs have been attached, whether multiple IRQs have been attached, changes to the FAT, changes to executables, changes to the environment, changes to memory and any Terminate and Stay Resident (TSR) activity after the unload command has been issued and the program should have terminated.
In addition a further series of checks can then be initiated: check the "hard drive" and look for additional sectors or blocks being marked "bad" which were good before or vice versa. Has the program attached itself to the internal clock and is it incrementing its own internal clock? Have any of the error-checking algorithm results changed?
Upon detection of a virus by the analysis and detection means 50, response/alarm means 52 can execute any number of user definable optional commands such as messaging or beeping a system administrator, notifying the sender and receiver of the file or program, deleting the file, writing to a specially prepared floppy drive, calling a pager with a virus message or shutting down a network segment. A logic flow diagram showing the operating steps the trap device 10 performs is shown in FIGS. 6A to 6C.
A high level logic diagram of the software is shown in FIG. 5. The input data stream is generated by communication links 24. Link adapters 20 convert the data input stream from a hardware and software protocol specific to the particular communication link (i.e. X.25, Novell IPX/SPX, Microsoft NetBEUI, etc.) to a common protocol understandable by the CPU 12. After protocol conversion, the data packets are disassembled into a data stream having a common data format the CPU 12 is able to understand. The data is then processed and analyzed for the presence of virus activity. Following processing, data packets are re-assembled and converted to its original hardware and software protocol by the I/O Interface 18 before being output to the protected computer system 28.
The trap device 10 passes data directly through to the host system in addition to simultaneously processing it. This is to reduce the processing delays associated with sending large data files to the host system and having the trap device 10 process this data before the host receives it. The entire contents of a large file except for the final write command or the file close command is transmitted to the host. If no virus is detected, the write or close command is issued. If a virus is detected, the write or close is never issued and the response/alarm means 52 takes appropriate action.
It is clear that the above description of the preferred embodiment in no way limits the scope of the present invention which is defined by the following claims.
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After failing to convert on nearly a dozen scoring chances last week against Antigua, the Charleston Battery spent a little extra time on finishing during practice this week.
The extra work paid huge dividends for Charleston midfielder Michael Azira.
Azira scored two goals and Charleston keeper Odisnel Cooper made just one save as the Battery defeated Pittsburgh, 2-0, Saturday night before a crowd of 3,246 at Blackbaud Stadium.
It was the second straight victory and the second straight shutout for Charleston, who improved to 2-1-0 (6 points) on the season and moved into a tie for seventh place in the USL Pro division. The Riverhounds are 0-4-1 (1 point).
Azira, a second-year player from the University of Mobile, isn't known as a goal scorer. In 18 games a season ago, he had just one goal, but it was a big one, the Battery's only score in their win over Wilmington in the USL Pro championship game.
Azira doubled his production from last year in just one game Saturday night.
The Battery grabbed a 1-0 lead on Azira's first goal of the season in the 24th minute. After a cross from defender John Wilson deflected off a Riverhounds defender, Azira headed the ball loose into the net for the score.
"Coach is always telling us to keep running, push forward and get into the box," Azira said. "When I saw John play the ball, I just ran to the box and the ball came right to me. It was a lucky goal, but it was still a goal."
Charleston pushed its advantage to 2-0 on Azira's second goal in the 61st minute. Former College of Charleston star Zach Prince got the ball on the left flank about 25 yards out, stepped past a Pittsburgh defender and slid the ball to a wide-open Azira, who was trailing on the play in the middle of the penalty box. Azira blasted a shot past Pittsburgh keeper Hunter Gilstrap for the score.
"That was just a great pass from Zach," said Charleston coach Mike Anhaeuser. "He dropped the ball in the perfect position for Michael to make a run at it. Great finish again from Mike. That was a pretty goal to watch."
The rest of the game wasn't so beautiful. The Riverhounds were whistled for 21 fouls and three yellow cards. It was a scrappy affair for both teams as tempers flared throughout the game.
"It was a physical game," said Battery defender Colin Falvey. "I was surprised with the way they came out and played. They played us pretty high. It wasn't the prettiest games to watch, I'm sure, but we got back to the basics and that was what was important."
It was the second consecutive shutout at home for the Battery.
"You can't lose if you don't give up a goal," Azira said. "I thought everyone played behind the ball for most of the game."
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UW System & Copyright
The most up-to-date and relevant information on copyright for our campus comes from the UW System General Council.
- Copyright FAQ - UW System General CouncilFrequently asked questions about copyright in the UW System.
More Information
For a more in-depth exploration of copyright issues, please consult the following sites:
- University of Minnesota: Copyright Information & EducationGuides users through scenarios for using copyrighted work. Also includes a section on "Copyright Basics."
- Columbia University Copyright Quick GuideDetailed information on copyright fundamentals, different laws of ownership, and fair use and other rights to use copyrighted materials.
- ARL's Using Copyright Works in Your TeachingA guide from the Association of Research Libraries to guide you through using copyrighted works in your teaching.
Copyright Basics
Copyright Law is very complex. This guide exists to educate UWSP students, faculty and staff about the basics of copyright on campus. This guide is intended as a summary for informational purposes, and is not intended as legal advice.
So, what is copyright?
Since 1989, copyright has been "automatic" or accorded to any work once it is fixed in a tangible medium. This means that copyright is the rule, rather than the exception. Copyright grants the owner the exclusive right to do (and authorize others to do) the following:
- Reproduce the work
- Prepare derivatives based on the work
- Distribute copies of the work
- Perform or display the work publicly.
It is illegal for anyone other than the copyright holder to take these actions.
Copyright Exemptions
It is illegal to violate the rights provided by copyright law. However, there are a few important exemptions to copyright. These exemptions stipulate situations where you may be able to copy or reproduce the work without permission from the copyright holder.
Fair use: This is arguably the most important exception. It encourages socially beneficial uses of copyrighted works for teaching, learning and scholarship.
- Unfortunately, the definition of "fair use" is not concrete. It is determined on a case-by-case basis in accordance with Section 107 (Chapter 1) of the United States Copyright Law.
- A helpful resource in determining fair use the the Fair Use Checklist created for Columbia University by Kenneth D. Crews.
Public Domain: Some works are considered to be in the public domain.
- This includes items for which the copyright has expired, works of the U.S government produced by government employees and things like facts, non-creative works or catchphrases.
- Because copyright law has been changed and extended many times, it can be difficult to ascertain if a work is protected by copyright. While not a legally definitive solution, this Copyright Slider can be helpful in making determinations.
Other exepmtions, like first sale and reproductions for libraries, allow libraries to lend books, hold book sales, provide interlibrary loan services and make photocopies for libraries users.
Penalties for Copyright Infringement
Summary of Civil and Criminal Penalties for Violation of Federal Copyright Laws
Copyright infringement is the act of exercising, without permission or legal authority, one or more of the exclusive rights granted to the copyright owner under section 106 of the Copyright Act (Title 17 of the United States Code). These rights include the right to reproduce or distribute a copyrighted work. In the file-sharing context, downloading or uploading substantial parts of a copyrighted work without authority constitutes an infringement.
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Gary Carpenter Sheet Music: 1 items found
Contrapunctus 3
Composed by Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750). Arranged by Gary Carpenter. For SATB Saxophones (Score and Parts). Score and parts. Standard notation. Camden Music #524-05609. Published by Camden Music (PR.524056090)
Usually leaves our warehouse: Within 1 to 2 weeks
Gary Carpenter


text:
View the full prospectus in PDF
North American Crude by Rail addresses the
implications of the growing need to transport crude oil by rail from producing
regions with limited pipeline capacity to refining centers. Rail movement of crude is not a simple supply chain;
it is complex, often including trucking from the field to loading points, rail
movement to an unloading point, unloading to barges or pipelines, and final
movement to a refinery. Over the next five years, different portions of this
chain will experience quite different economic pressures. A written report — the study's central component — explains
in detail the issues related to capacity, costs and constraints of each leg of
this complex supply chain, consistent with PIRA's outlook on prices and volumes
through 2017. In addition to the report, the study includes a live briefing, where subscribers
can engage the study's authors, as well as an
Excel model for calculating the costs for rail movement of crude over
more than 30 origin-destination routes in North America.
The answers to these questions are neither simple nor straightforward since they involve the interaction between the growth in North American crude production and the specific conditions and market dynamics of every link in the railroad supply chain moving crude oil from field to refinery. PIRA's ongoing detailed analysis of oil and gas supply/demand and balances, combined with the freight expertise of Transportation Economics, makes us uniquely qualified to carry out these assessments.
Companies purchasing the North American Crude by Rail study are entitled to have three users to each of the following deliverables
(licensing options are available to add extra users):
The report — some 75+ pages in length —
explains the findings of the study and outlines the bases underlying those
results, while providing a discussion of the key uncertainties that impact the
major conclusions. The report also includes an executive summary and a full set
of charts, with descriptions.
Given that
understanding the complexity of the rail supply chain may go beyond written
words and numbers, study participants have the opportunity to hear the
principal study authors discuss the details of the analysis and major
conclusions. During this half-day WebEx briefing, participants see a presentation of the key results, hear a nuanced discussion of those findings and their
implications, and have the opportunity to question the study's authors (afterwards as well).
A model of each component of the rail supply
chain for over 30 origin-destination routes, showing costs for each link in the
chain and allowing users to modify PIRA's Reference Case assumptions to
generate their own custom cost scenario. The model will be provided in an Excel
spreadsheet and will include PIRA's projections through 2017.
many crude terminals are in North America right now?
examine 15 destinations, within which a few, such as Albany, have multiple
terminals that we model explicitly. For origin sources, we model 4: Bakken,
Canada oil sands, Eagle Ford, and Niobrara. Some of these sources, like the
Bakken, have many terminals, but we model each origin field as a single
your study include Canada?
We examine Canadian heavy production transported via rail to various
your study provide terminal by terminal detail (by refinery) for capacity today
and into the future?
We will include estimates of both current unloading capacity and PIRA's
projection for future capacity.
you be able to distinguish by grade (i.e. light vs. heavy)?
We explicitly distinguish between light and heavy in both our price and volume
forecasts. Much of the light/heavy distinction will come from the producing
region, with the Bakken production, for example, being light while much of the
Western Canada production will be heavy.
you talk about the number of natural gas pipelines that may be converted or the
volume in BCF/D gas that may be displaced by gas to oil pipeline conversion?
is not directly within scope of the study, but we are including PIRA's
projections of pipeline capacity out of these producing regions, including
specific project assumptions. You may be able to draw conclusions about gas
pipeline capacity to the extent that PIRA is assuming any conversion projects.
the North Dakota price of $84 the wellhead price?
price example was a hypothetical calculation of what refiners would be willing
to pay for crude at the wellhead in the Bakken, given our assumptions about
prices of competing waterborne light sweet crudes and transportation costs.
is the price to move crude from North Dakota to Pacific Northwest?
we focused on transportation from the Bakken to the East Coast in the Preview
presentation, we are explicitly modeling rail-based transportation routes from
the Bakken to Anacortes, Washington, in the study itself.
does the category "electronic stability" mean on the number of
truckers slide?
is an example of one of the safety related regulations that are scheduled to be
implemented over the next several years. The study looks closely at all the
scheduled regulatory changes to estimate the impact on available trucking
capacity and the cost of trucking. In
this case truckers will be required to install sensors and controllers that
will reduce the possibility of a truck turning over. Such mechanisms tend to
increase maintenance downtime, hence the need for a small number of additional
trucks to haul the same amount of freight.
does the economics behind coal rail transport affect oil transport?
coal and crude trains tend to move on different routes, declines in coal
traffic will have relatively little operational effect on crude movements. However, crude oil transport is benefiting
from recent weakness in coal volumes, due to the railroads' interest in
replacing that source of attractive revenues.
Crude oil is the rare growth market for railroading.
10. Do the
trucking costs include capital for replacement vehicles?
costs are implicitly included in our calculations. We do not, however, explicitly call out
specific issues in oil-field trucking capitalization. Such issues are subsumed in our overall
adjustments to standard trucking costs, when we estimate oil-field base
trucking economics. Those adjustments bring oil-field trucking costs well above
those of comparable short-haul trucking elsewhere in the U.S. economy. Note
that we do make explicit assumptions on a number of productivity variables that
strongly drive oil-field trucking costs.
11. Does your customizable model
include the ability to modify assumptions of oil production by play?
the model will allow the user to specify their own assumption about the profile
of oil production by major region (Bakken, Eagle Ford, etc.) over time.
12. Will
the study take into account new pipeline capacity coming on stream and the
effect it will have on differentials and rail car demand?
A. Yes,
PIRA will make explicit our assumptions about new pipeline capacity coming on
in these producing regions and will show the impact this will have on both
differentials and rail movement.
understand that newly built pipelines in the Bakken are not yet full even
though volumes are moving by rail. Will you comment on the choice to use
rail over pipeline even when pipeline is available?
A. The
rail-based supply chain for crude oil gives producers more options than the
pipeline supply chain. And once capital investments are made and contracts
signed, rail may continue to be used even after pipeline capacity is built. The
study will make explicit PIRA's conclusions about crude oil transportation
flows between rail and pipeline, taking into account both operating costs and
PIRA's assessment of other factors that may keep rail volumes moving even after
pipeline capacity is built.
14. Do you believe that crude oil
shipments are negatively impacting normal rail freight service levels in the
petroleum industry?
rise in crude oil shipments by rail is coming at a time when coal shipments are
weakening and grain shipments are below peak levels. So, thus far crude by rail
has probably not affected normal rail service levels for other petroleum
products. But in the future as rail volumes grow this will become an important
issue. The industry will experience episode of increased congestion until the
requisite capacity enhancements are made.
The study will identify capacity limits by route. In those cases or
routes where crude by rail approaches capacity limits there may be greater
impact on normal rail freight service levels in the oil industry.
15. What about transportation costs
to Southern California refineries?
study includes both Los Angeles and Bakersfield as destinations for rail-based
crude oil shipments, and it will cover both rail-based transportation costs and
capacity to these destinations.
16. How do you model terminal
model incorporates terminal capital cost, operating costs, utilization,
capacity, lifetime, required return, and maintenance to arrive at the implied
terminal breakeven economics. The assumptions are customizable
by the user.
The rapid growth of crude oil production in parts of North America with less than adequate pipeline takeaway capacity has led to significant volumes of crude moving to high-value markets by rail and other means. Since wellhead prices are typically determined by a netback of the marginal barrel produced, and rail supply chain costs are typically much higher than pipeline costs, in many cases the cost of delivering the crude via rail is a crucial determinant of wellhead crude prices in these landlocked regions relative to crude prices in coastal markets.
The rapid emergence of this major new crude oil supply chain has led to sizeable new investments in loading facilities and unloading facilities and soaring orders for tank cars. Simply put, movement of oil by rail has been a major growth market for North American railroads.
This development will not be news to those who follow the industry closely. However, what will be of great value is a better understanding of the many specific logistical challenges that are raising key questions around the movement of crude from field to refinery:
Answering these questions has not been easy for any company. Many of the specific implications for the industry are complex and reliable data and analysis are often elusive — until now. With the North American Crude by Rail: The Outlook for Capacity, Costs and Constraints study, PIRA — jointly with the expertise of Transportation Economics, a leading freight consultant and a co-author of the study — is closing the data and analysis gap by undertaking an exhaustive assessment of the industry. The study's findings, including an outlook through 2017, is provided to clients through a written report, a half-day WebEx briefing, and a rail supply chain cost model (in Excel), which can be used by clients to modify PIRA's Reference Case cost forecast.
Beyond the rail outlook itself, the study will circle back to consider the major implications of these results for North American crude pricing at the key producing (Bakken, Eagle Ford, western Canada) and delivery centers (WTI, Gulf Coast, East Coast).
The development of substantial movement of crude oil by rail in North America is so recent, and the outlook for further growth is so large, that the details of the costs and capacity constraints of the rail supply chain may be poorly understood by many market participants. North American Crude by Rail helps market participants understand how growth in production, investments in rail-related infrastructure, and non-oil related developments in the overall freight transportation market will all interact to change the costs for moving crude by rail in North America over the next several years. The following market participants can all benefit from this study:
Noël Perry (Primary Author; Principal, Transportation Economics LLC) is a leading industry consultant specializing in transportation and logistics: rail, truck, barge, the supplier sector and shipper economics. Before establishing his own practice, he served for 30 years in senior research positions at Schneider National, Cummins Engine Company, and CSX. Today, Noël continues his strategic work on North American transportation economics. Teamed with FTR Associates, the industry leader in freight transportation forecasting, he produces comprehensive forecasts of U.S. transport, including unique measures of driver labor economics, truck capacity utilization and comprehensive market sizing. He is frequently heard on the logistics speaking circuit, where he is known for blunt, colorful and understandable commentary, and he is quoted widely in the business media. Noël earned his BA from the University of Pennsylvania and is an honors graduate of the Harvard University School of Design.
Peter Jaquette (Study Leader; Senior Director, Global Oil) oversees PIRA's World Energy Demand Forecast Database and Model and is a key contributor to PIRA's Scenario Planning Service. He was the coordinator for PIRA's Planning for Tomorrow study series. He joined PIRA in 2007 with more than 25 years of experience in corporate strategic planning and economic consulting, including 14 years with ARCO and nine years with Weyerhaeuser, where he was involved in evaluating cellulosic ethanol and other energy projects. Peter has a B.A. in economics from Swarthmore College and an M.A. in economics from Stanford University.
Dr. Mark Schwartz (President and Managing Director, Scenario Planning) works closely with PIRA's Global Oil and Natural Gas groups to evaluate the key assumptions underlying their outlooks and to develop plausible alternative assumptions and outcomes. Before joining PIRA in 2002, he was the Chief Economist of ExxonMobil Corp., where he was responsible for developing the company's long-range economic and energy outlook. During his 25 years at Exxon he also had assignments in Upstream Planning, Treasurers, and Corporate Planning functions. Mark holds a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Pennsylvania.
F.W.A. (Bill) Fuller (Senior Director, International Oil) had over 30 years of energy forecasting and analytical experience with Exxon International before joining PIRA in 1997. He now oversees PIRA's analysis and forecasting of near-term industry oil balances, with particular emphasis on international supplies, and monitors events impacting PIRA's oil market view. Bill has a B.S. in chemical engineering from Cornell University.
Richard Joswick (Managing Director, Global Oil) develops PIRA's outlook for crude and products pricing, refinery margins, and inter-regional supply balances. He authors the monthly European Oil Market Forecast and numerous special projects. Over the last few years he was the study leader for the successful multi-client studies: Bottom of the Barrel: The Future for Residual Fuel Oil (2007 & 2012); Heart of the Barrel: The Future for Middle Distillate Fuels (2009); and Top of the Barrel: The Future for Gasoline, Naphtha, and LPG (2011). He joined PIRA in 2004 after 20 years with ExxonMobil in supply logistics, planning, refining, and engineering. During his time at ExxonMobil, he had assignments developing near-term oil market forecasts, designing heavy oil upgrading processes and evaluating refining economics. Rick has M.S. and B.S. degrees from Rutgers in chemical engineering.
Kenneth M. Bogden (Director, Freight Markets) is responsible for PIRA's monthly Freight Market Outlook. Prior to joining PIRA in 2005, Ken worked for ExxonMobil for 27 years, primarily in its oil supply and trading and planning functions. He also served as Coordinator of Transportation Planning for Exxon International. Ken has a B.S. in chemical engineering from Lafayette College and an M.B.A. from Colombia University.
Miriam Levy (Associate Director, Global Oil) leads PIRA's upstream modeling efforts including a new generation of play-by-play shale liquids models. She is responsible for the weekly Energy Market Recap, and contributes to special projects and multi-client studies. From 2006 to 2009, she consulted electric utilities on power procurement at NERA Economic Consulting. She also worked as an analyst at an emerging markets hedge fund. Miriam has a B.A. in Ethics, Politics, and Economics from Yale University and an M.A. from Columbia University in International Energy Management and Policy.
James D. Feaster (Consulting Senior Advisor, North American Oil) works on crude oil supply/demand analysis for North America and oversees PIRA's North American Midcontinent Oil Forecast report. Prior to joining PIRA in 2012, he had 35 years experience in the energy industry with Shell Oil Company. At Shell Jim worked in various businesses, including Oil Products, Chemicals, Transportation and Trading, including the last five years as Manager, Oil Market Analysis for Shell Trading US. He holds a B.S. in chemistry education from the University of Wyoming and an MBA from Louisiana State University.
Ethan Groveman (Analyst, Global Oil) joined PIRA in 2012 to focus on upstream modeling, refining, supply balances, and vehicle technologies. From 2008 to 2011, he served in product strategy and corporate development roles at Better Place, an electric vehicle infrastructure provider. Ethan has a B.S. in Management Science and Engineering from Stanford University.
North American Crude by Rail: The Outlook for Capacity, Costs and Constraints can be purchased by both PIRA retainer clients as well as non-clients. Existing PIRA retainer clients receive a reduced price.
The standard fee allows for three users to the study (and three invitations to the Briefing); extra report copies, database passwords and Briefing invitations can also be purchased.


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August 3, 2015
AUSTIN, Texas - Health officials say a Central Texas woman has the state's first confirmed case of fungal meningitis in a nationwide outbreak linked to steroid shots for back pain.
The Texas Department of State Health Services said Friday the woman was hospitalized and is being treated. The health department said additional details are not being released to protect her identity. Fungal meningitis is not contagious.
So far, the now-recalled tainted steroids shots have sickened at least 184 people in 12 states, causing 14 deaths.
A Dallas County health official says the Texas patient was treated at Dallas Back Pain Management, one of two Texas facilities known to have used the drugs. Dallas Back Pain Management didn't return a phone message.
The roughly 130 patients who received shots at the facilities were notified.
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text:
Suzanne Winckler
The Raven's Bride sheds new light on the scandal that set Tennessee governor Sam Houston on the road to Texas.
Larry McMurtry returns to the mythic West and spins a thoughtful and touching tale.
A new assault on Texas' most cherished myth proves that the Battle of the Alamo is far from over.
Twenty years after the first Earth Day celebration, environmentalists are once again trying to get Texans interested in saving the planet. There are good reasons why they may once again fail.
Five beautifully produced books explore the Americas, from anonymous folk art to the great muralists, from revolutionary heroes to a Texas ranching patriarch.
Dallas novelist C. W. Smith takes a long, hard look at a subject with a painful history.
Dave Hickey's fine short stories are enhanced by the scarcity; Texas expatriate William Humphrey takes on the Cherokees' Trail of Tears.
New fiction takes the reader on forays into Louisiana swamps, excursions into smoke-filled Austin honky-tonks, and down life's highway with a lady trucker
Dan Jenkins' latest takes a tough-cookie journalist out of a thirties movie and puts her into a chase through Depression-era Fort Worth; Sarah Glasscock populates her fictional Alpine with a cast of real characters.
In Anything for Billy, Larry McMurtry trounces the Western myth; Frederick Barthelme, in Two Against One, casts a cold eye on a self-desdtructing marriage.
Turn off the AC, stop pretending you're a reptile, welcome the whooping cranes back. It's fall!
Tastes in livestock are as whimsical as tastes in fashion. This year petite is in.
Okay, so photos of cute kids in fields of bluebonnets aren't great art. That's not the point at all.


text:
Red Hat Makes SPICE Open Source
With the Simple Protocol for Independent Computing Environments (SPICE), Red Hat has put one of the components of its desktop virtualization under GPL and BSD licensing.
By open-sourcing SPICE, Red Hat has its virtualization products in mind, among them Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization for Desktops that is currently in beta. Developers and partners are thus encouraged to promote SPICE in a broader sense. The SPICE remote computing protocol was inherited through Red Hat's 2008 takeover of Qumranet and is to contribute better performance for virtual systems in that it carries out automatic tuning of specific graphics and networking environments for the virtual desktop. The SPICE project page has further details and the source code.
Issue 178/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
Qemu Flaw Lets the Guest Escape
Xen project announces a privilege escalation problem for Qemu host systems
Android Bug Threatens Millions of Users
Attackers can compromise an Android phone just by sending a text message
Lenovo and Canonical Announce Laptop Deal
PC vendor will pre-install Ubuntu on portables in India.
Mozilla Firefox Blocks Flash
More embarrassment for Adobe's embattled multimedia tool
Security Problem in Firefox's NoScript Add-On
Mozilla's script blocker add-on could be putting malware sites on the whitelist.
RIP SSLv3
The Internet community officially banishes the notoriously unsafe Secure Sockets Layer protocol.
Mate 1.1 Arrives
Popular desktop environment continues the Gnome 2 legacy – with new support for the Gnome 3 toolkit.
US Government Requires HTTPS
The Obama White House has issued a memorandum telling all US government agencies they must use HTTPS for all websites and web communication.
Mozilla Signs Firefox Add-Ons
New program will dial up security for the Firefox browser.
Fedora 22 Arrives
Red Hat's community distro embraces the cloud.


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By Gerry J. GilmoreAmerican Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, Dec. 17, 2005 A Missouri-based nonprofit organization uses the power of teddy bears to comfort young military family members with one or both parents deployed in the war against global terrorism.
Little Patriots Embraced Inc. was incorporated in 2004 "to show support from the American people to the immediate family members of military personnel," according to the organization's Web site.
The group solicits donations from individuals and corporate sponsors to buy and assemble gift packages, including teddy bears, that are distributed to service families at military bases, said Michelle Williams, president of Little Patriots Embraced for about a year.
"It's just very important to let the children know and the families know that they're not left behind--that there are people out here who truly do appreciate the sacrifices that they go through each and every day," Williams said.
Williams, an Army veteran who lives in St. Louis, noted that her father also served in the military. She joined Little Patriots after meeting Mary Frost, one of the group's co-founders.
"We just got into a great conversation about Little Patriots Embraced," Williams said, "and her passion for the organization was such that I told her I wanted to do whatever I could do."
Williams said her group sends care packages containing teddy bears, blankets, compact discs of soothing music, writing journals, patriotic quilts and other items to young military family members adjusting to the absence of a military parent who's serving overseas. Little Patriots just sent 10 care packages to the U.S. Marine Base at Cherry Point, N.C., she said.
"There's nothing that's going to give comfort like a teddy bear," Williams said. "It's kind of like having a friend there."
Donations are also used for the group's Military Dependent-Tuition, Emergency, and Childcare fund, Williams said. This enables military spouses to pursue educational goals, as well as providing funds for family financial emergencies.
Williams said the group's vice-president, Kimberly Sexton, recently visited the White House and the Pentagon to spread the word about Little Patriots Embraced.
And, "we're hoping to get a lot of the bigger corporations--the Toyotas, the Wal-Marts--to really take Little Patriots as one of the charities they want to give to," she said.
Anyone wishing to contribute to Little Patriots Embraced can do so via the organization's Web site. The family members of deployed servicemembers deserve the support, Williams said.
"We just want to say: 'Thank you so much,'" she said.


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Office of Origin: Arts and Sciences, Career Education Date Adopted: Date Reviewed by Instructional Standards Committee: 11-19-08 Last Date Modified & Approved: 01-27-09
Policy Statement: Audio and/or video recording of classroom proceedings or other proceedings will be permitted only with the consent of the instructor or speaker involved, unless the student is hearing impaired or requires such accommodation for a documented disability.
The use of Personal Digital Devices, such as cell phones, iPods, PDA's, etc., will be permitted only with the consent of the instructor.
Responsibility: Executive Dean, Arts & Sciences and Accreditation Executive Dean, Career Education
1 (800) 252-1562 or (269) 927-1000


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January 6th, 2012
Greetings Executives,
Did you miss me? I know it's been a while. December was a busy month, but now that I'm all rested up and festived up, 2012 doesn't even stand a chance. I'm pretty excited about the new year, and you should be too: global insecurity, economic uncertainty and protests aside, it's a good year to be alive.
New in 2012 at Executive House, we welcome New Town Nail & Day Spa to our Mezzanine level. The proprietor, Melissa Daigle, is a Grandmaster Educator (seriously) through CND (Creative Nail Design). She has recently migrated her studio and client base from the West Shore to 777 Douglas St. In order to experience New Town's product offering and learn a bit about the nail biz, I sat down with Melissa over a manicure. The following is an informal interview I conducted with her. For you men reading this - take notes, I personally learned a lot about what happens when your girl says "Ima go get my nails did."
Eric: Melissa, thanks for taking the time to sit down with me. For all the men out there who aren't believers, why manicure?
Melissa: A manicure is a representation of you, your hygiene, and the image you want to broadcast to others. For someone working a hands-on physical job, dirty hands and nails can be a calling card for hard work. While this approach works for some men, it's a different story for guys like yourself that wear a suit every day.
Eric: You're right. When one suit meets another, the hand is the first point of contact. I'd just as soon make a good impression. What do you want the world know about you and your company?
Melissa: Well, I have studied the art of nail design extensively. I learned the ropes in Montreal through CND, which is a pioneer company in the business of nails. They offer extensive education and training programs. Using the CND method, I've taught in New York, Miami, and Toronto. CND is big on continuing education to keep up with trends and a changing industry. An unfortunate reality about the nail business is that there is no recognized Canadian certification, so just about anybody can claim to be a nail tech. But would you let your neighbour be your dentist?
Eric: Probably not, I've got a great dentist. Who else is on your team here?
Melissa: I work here with Julie Desjardin. I'm a specialist in acrylic nails, Julie prefers gel.
Eric: Enlighten me: what's the difference between gel and acrylic?
Melissa: Well, contrary to some people's belief, gel is not healthier than acrylic. Both are a chemical. Acrylic has a smell, gel doesn't. Acrylic involves mixing a liquid with a powder, whereas gel is applied as a gel.
Eric: Is either nail solution edible?
Melissa: No, I wouldn't recommend eating either.
Eric: Duly noted. So, for guys like myself that are ignorant as to how a fake nail is actually 'built', how does it work?
Melissa: It's a multi-step process. First, a white bead is applied, following by a pink bead. Once these harden, they are ready to be shaped, buffed, smoothed out, and filed.
Eric: Step by step, got it. What's new and cutting edge in the nail biz these days anyways?
Melissa: Shellac manicures are new. They're fun and trendy. Basically, it's a liquid that applies like a polish, but cures like a gel, which means it offers good thickness and protection.
(While we banter, Melissa has started to file my nails with multiple files, some hard and thin, some soft and thick)
Eric: What's up with all the different files?
Melissa: There are different grades. The lower the grade, the higher the grit. In a manicure, we start gritty, and end up smooth. Men generally don't do polish; I'm gonna assume you don't want any?
Eric: You've got that right. Will you be teaching any other aspiring nail technicians out of New Town?
Melissa: Yes, I'll be teaching a wide range of courses, from beginner to advanced. Acrylic and gel. I cover all the bases, like practitioner autonomy, spa hygiene, etiquette, and problem nails.
Eric: Right on, best of luck with it all. Thanks for the manicure, and spending the time to teach me a bit about the biz.
Melissa: My pleasure.
If you want to get in touch with Melissa at New Town Nails, you can phone her at 250.412.3056, or email her at firstname.lastname@example.com.
There you have it. Come check out New Town for yourself, and give me a telekinetic high-five for the tip after Melissa revolutionizes your digits.
Stay Classy Executives,
Eric D.


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Animal Law Research Guide
This guide will assist in researching issues in Animal Law, Animal Rights and Animal Welfare.
This guide will assist in researching issues in Animal Law, Animal Rights and Animal Welfare using resources available to Georgetown University Law Center students and faculty. Animal Law topics include domestic animals, farm animals, marine mammals, wildlife, animal experimentation, and endangered species.
Background Information
1. Books.
- Animals and the Law: A Sourcebook (2001), KF390.5.A5 C87 2001 This book is a survey of the most pertinent federal and state laws, regulations and court cases concerning animals. Chapters focus on companion animals, animal agriculture, animal entertainment, wild animals and laboratory animals.
- Animal Law: Cases and Materials (2006), KF390.5.A5 W35 This academic casebook has chapters on property law, contract law, tort law, constitutional law and other legal topics as they relate to the law of animals.
- Animal Law: Welfare, Interests and Rights (2008) KF390.A5 F382 Written primarily as a textbook, this publication focuses on the issues surrounding animal law such as ownership, sales, divorce, recovery of damges for harm to animals and providing for animals in wills. Contains historical legislation anc case law in the area of animal welfare.
- Animals, Property, and The Law (1995), KF3841 .F73 This treatise consists of three main sections focusing on the status of animals as property. the anticruelty statutes and the regulation of animal experimentation.
- Encyclopedia of Animal Rights and Animal Welfare (1998), HV4708 .E53 Brief articles on over 125 issues relating to the topic of animal rights and welfare. Almost all academic disciplines are represented from law to sociology to ethnology to veterinary medicine.
- Rattling the Cage: Toward Legal Rights for Animals (2000), HV4708 .W57 By emphasizing the basic legal rights of chimpanzees and bonobos. this book argues that these animals are entitled to freedom from imprisonment and abuse.
2. Journals
- Animal Law Review , Lewis and Clark Law School publishes a yearly Federal and State Legislative Review. Available in print, Lexis, Westlaw and HeinOnline. [Browse the tables of contents.]
- Journal for Critical Animal Studies, online journal fostering academic study of critical animal issues in contemporary society.
- Journal of Animal Law & Ethics, New journal from the University of Pennsylvania Law School. Available in print (v.1 - v. 3) and online.
- Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy. Available in print and online. [Browse the tables of contents.]
3. Encyclopedias
- Animals, in American Jurisprudence 2d, available in print, Lexis and Westlaw.
- Animals, in Corpus Juris Secundum, available in print and Westlaw.
4. Web Sites
- Animal Legal & Historical Web Center, Michigan State University College of Law. Comprehensive information on animal law, including full text cases and case summaries, statutes and commentary. Foreign and international materials are included. Excellent navigation by jurisdiction, topic, subject and species.
- Natural Agricultural Law Center, University of Arkansas School of Law. Comprehensive information on animal law and other agricultural topics, including cases, articles, CRS reports, legislative information, and topical "reading rooms" that compile sources for different subjects.
Law and Legislation
The following sources include laws and pending legislation on Animal Law topics. These sources should be used for information only--legal researchers should use primary sources for the most comprehensive and up-to-date information.
- Animal Legal & Historical Web Center, Michigan State University College of Law. Links to federal and state laws. Gives summary of law and links to full text.
- Digest of Federal Resource Laws, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Includes federal laws, federal regulations, treaties, Executive Orders, Interstate Compacts, and Wetlands MOAs.
- Facts About Federal Wildlife Laws, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
- Federal Laws, Policies & Regs, Animal Law Section, National Association for Biomedical Research.
- Federal Legislation, Humane Society of the United States. Pending federal legislation on animal law topics with commentary and links to full text.
- Federal Wildlife and Related Laws Summary, Federal Wildlife and Related Laws Handbook. Summaries of laws. (This is no longer being updated.)
- Laws & Policies, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Full text laws, regulations, policies and commentary on Endangered Species Act, Marine Mammal Protection Act, and National Environmental Policy Act.
Books, Articles and Databases
Find Books.
- Use the following library catalogs and databases to find books on Animal Law topics:
- Do keyword searches to find sources that deal with animal law or animal rights.
- Use the subject headings of the items you find to further define your search. Some relevant subject headings of items available in our library are listed below:
- Agricultural Laws & Legislation
- Animal Experimentation
- Animal Industry
- Animal Rights
- Animal Welfare
- Animals, Treatment of
- Animals--Law & Legislation
- Cockfighting
- Domestic Animals
- Domestic Animals--Law & Legislation
- Endangered Species
- Endangered Species--Law & Legislation
- Horses
- Human-Animal Relationships
- Marine Mammals
- Marine Mammals--Law & Legislation
- Slaughtering and Slaughter Houses
- Veterinarians
- Wild Animal Trade
- Wildlife Conservation
- Wildlife Conservation--Law & Legislation
Locate Books
- Books on animal topics can be found in several places in Georgetown Law Library.
- In Williams, find books on
- Animal Law KF390.5 A
- Animal Rights, Welfare , Ethics and Experimentation (non-legal) from HV4705 to HV4955
- Animal Treatment & Law KF3832 to KF3841
- Wildlife, Marine Mammals, Endangered Species and Laboratory Animals (non-legal) from QL 31 to QL 775, R853 A53, and SK37 to SK593
- Wildlife & Endangered Species Law, KF5640
- To locate books in Wolff, see the Books and Book Chapter section of the International and Foreign Animal Law Research Guide for guidance.
- In Williams, find books on
- To have a book sent from Lauinger Library to the Law Center, click the "Request" button in the item's catalog record, and complete the requested information.
- To request a book from non-Georgetown libraries, use WorldCat, use the "Click here to request via ILL" link in the book's record, and follow the instructions to submit an interlibrary loan request.
Find Articles.
- Use an articles database and/or a journal index to find articles about Animal Law. The following indexes available at http://www.law.georgetown.edu/library/research/guides/articles.cfm have articles on law and policy topics, and will be useful in researching Animal Law:
- (Index to) Legal Periodicals and Books
- Legal Trac
- Academic Search Premier (cross-disciplinary periodicals)
- Research Library (Proquest) (cross-disciplinary periodicals) -- make sure to select all databases
- Social Sciences Index
- Sociological Abstracts
- Do keyword searches to find sources that deal with animal law.
- Use the subject headings of the items you find to further define your search.
- Also, search for articles in full-text articles databases such as in Lexis and Westlaw, and JSTOR and Project Muse
Locate Articles.
- Use E-Journal Finder. Enter the name of the journal to find where articles from the journal can be found in electronic format. Make sure to choose "All Libraries" from the drop-down box to see the electronic holdings at the main campus and the medical libraries; and/or the law library.
- Use GULLiver. Enter the name of the journal to see our print and/or electronic holdings for the journal Tutorial
- Use Interlibrary Loan to request articles that are not available from Georgetown.
Search Databases.
- Westlaw, Topical Materials by Area of Practice > Animal Law (news, articles, statutes, regulations, cases, secondary sources)
- Social Science Research Network (SSRN) for scholarly (published and soon to be published) articles and working papers.
- PolicyFile, papers from public policy think tanks, non-governmental organizations, research institutes, university centers, advocacy groups, and other entities.
- PAIS International for policy documents.
- Social Sciences Databases at Lauinger Library (some available from on campus only).
More Web Sites
These are a few of many web sites covering Animal Law, Rights and Welfare. They include sites from academic institutions, associations and organizations, and the U.S. government.
- American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)
- Animal Welfare, Division of the USDA responsible for monitoring and enforcing the Animal Welfare Act.
- AnimalLaw.com, International Institute for Animal Law. Web site (in its developmental phase) provides access to legislation and legal matters pertaining to the rights and welfare of animals. Supports information concerning animal cruelty, animal control, laboratory animal welfare, the use of animals in education, product testing and in the laboratory, animal control issues, and general animal welfare.
- Animal Law Section, National Association for Biomedical Research.
- Animal Legal Defense Fund.
- Animal Legal & Historical Web Center, Michigan State University College of Law. Comprehensive information on animal law, including full text cases and case summaries, statutes and commentary. Foreign and international materials are included. Excellent navigation by jurisdiction, topic, subject and species.
- Animal Rights: The Abolitionist Approach, blawg by Gary Fracione, prolific writer on animal rights issues.
- Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC), USDA.
- Defenders of Wildlife
- Humane Society of the United States
- Institute for Critical Animal Studies, interdisciplinary scholarly center dedicated to promoting critical scholarly dialogue and research on the principles and practices of animal advocacy, animal protection, and animal-related policies in the fields of social sciences and humanities.
- National Audubon Society Issues & Action
- Center for Animal Law Studies, Lewis & Clark Law School
- Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare, National Institutes of Health.
- People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)
- Pet-Abuse.com, good for statistics.
- Student Animal Legal Defense Fund, Lewis & Clark Law School.
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Research Guides
- Animal Law, Suffolk University Law School.
- Animal Law, Wisconsin State Law Library.
- Animal Rights and Pet Law, Megalaw.
News & Blogs
There sources provide news& information on recent animal law and animal rights issues.
- AnimalConcerns.org News Service
- Animal Ethics Blog
- Animal Legal Defense Fund Press Room
- Animal Rights: The Abolitionist Approach Blog
- Animals, New York Times Special Topic (requires free registration)
- AWIC News and Events
- Friends of Animals News
- HSUS Press Releases (make sure to click the month link at the bottom of the page)
- National Association for Biomedical Research News Articles
- New Topics & Cases, Animal Legal and Historical Center
- PETA News Releases
- U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service News Releases
Special Topics
- Pet Food Recall
- New York Times Special Topics (requires free registration)
- Michael Vick
- New York Times Special Topics (requires free registration)
- Legal documents filed in the Michael Vick case
Revised 2/2009 (BRM) Links 5/2013(MK)
© Georgetown University Law Library. These guides may be used for educational purposes, as long as proper credit is given. These guides may not be sold. Requests to republish or adapt a guide should be directed to the Head of Reference. Proper credit includes the statement: Written by, or adapted from, Georgetown Law Library (current as of .....).
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You are here: Home > News > 2009 > January > Public art boost for Aylesbury Vale
Archived press release
Date Published: 16/01/09
The Axis in Vale Park
From the 'Axis' in Vale Park to the sculptures along the local cycle network, public art in Aylesbury Vale improves the district's public spaces and is set to increase.
Aylesbury Vale District Council, in conjunction with the Arts Council South East and local organisations, has developed a public art strategy which aims to make sure that public art is encouraged and that local residents and artists are involved wherever possible.
Public art can take the form of sculpture, commissioned art, landscape features, temporary events and performances or specially designed street furniture and lighting.
The new strategy will see the introduction of a steering group which will help ensure new works of public art are of the highest artistic quality. The group will also have the task of ensuring that there is as much public involvement in the development of these projects as is possible.
Major investors in the Vale will be encouraged to consider public art from the outset and will work with the local community and local artists to deliver quality public art as part of new developments.
Public art will also be a highly visible feature of the new theatre in Aylesbury. A programme of community art will be hosted at the theatre and the public plaza outside the venue will play host to both temporary and permanent art installations reflecting the town's cultural history.
In addition, the council is aiming to secure funding for new artworks through developer contributions, to include public art in affordable housing schemes and to support the development of community arts education programmes in the run up to the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games.
"The arts can make a significant contribution towards improving individuals' sense of wellbeing, community cohesion and economic regeneration." said Councillor David Thompson, Cabinet Member for Leisure. "We believe the arts are important to the people living, working, studying in and visiting Aylesbury Vale. It is because of this, that the council has developed a strategy that sets out a considered and detailed approach for the development and delivery of public art in the district over the next five years. It is an exciting opportunity to help shape the arts in the Vale for present and future generations to enjoy."
The public art strategy was approved by the council's cabinet at a meeting on 13 January. The document will be available to download from the council's website in due course. To request a paper copy, please call 01296 585206.
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110 W. New York Ave.
DeLand, FL 32720
Jill Cannady exhibition: a diverse parade of dogs and more
posted Feb 21, 2014 - 10:10:35am
"It's a dog. It's a beast that's made for hunting," said artist Jill Cannady, "and I wanted to celebrate how beautiful and sensitive the animal could be ... to celebrate the entire dog, not just the loyal friend we know."
Until May 11, countless works of art by renowned artist Jill Cannady, ranging from wax and oil paintings to sculptures, drawings and self-portraits, make up the current exhibition "Jill Cannady: Idea & Medium," which spans two floors of the main galleries at the Museum of Art - DeLand (600 N. Woodland Blvd.) and fills all galleries at the museum's Downtown Satellite (100 N. Woodland Blvd.).
Cannady's style is unique, and remains consistent and recognizable among similarly themed art. Yet her style changes as the theme of her works changes, such as the paintings of people and dogs with fleshed-out heads and wiry bodies, and displays of three-dimensional sculptures of the same work. An example of this is the pairing of the painting Bully and the Acrobat and the sculpture Step Up My Friend.
In addition to Cannady's affection for dogs, an observer of her work notices her attention to birds, cats, cows and lizards purposely created in some unusual places.
On Feb. 7, Cannady gave a gallery talk at the museum to close to 100 museum members and guests, sharing her experiences, inspiration and processes. She will be speaking again Thursday, March 27, at the Downtown Satellite with a different focus, since the work featured downtown is from a later period in her life.
"This show covers quite a bit of time," said Cannady. "It's a wonderful thing for an artist to see works from various points in their life, and I think the museum has done a great job with that."
Don't miss the opportunity to see this diverse and incomparable exhibition.
Enjoy the exhibition after a brunch hosted by Krewe Nouveau during the March 1 Dog Parade ($10) in the Event Space of the Museum of Art – DeLand at 100 N. Woodland Blvd. Details at KreweNouveau.com.
— Kyle Maley is a Stetson University student volunteer at the Museum of Art - DeLand.
The museum is at 600 N. Woodland Blvd. in Downtown DeLand, and the Downtown Satellite is at 100 N. Woodland Blvd. Both are open 10 a.m.-4 p.m. Tuesday-Saturday and 1-4 p.m. Sunday. Admission costs $5. Admission is free for museum members and for children age 12 and younger. With the 1-2-3 Ticket Promotion, one admission fee of $5 gets you two museums to tour for three consecutive days. Call 386-734-4371.
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Key things you need to know aboutDr. Wilcox:
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Research training, expertise and qualifications
Dr. Wilcox's Specialties
- Pediatrics
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The right hospital is as important as the right doctor
- American Fork Hospital
- 170 North 1100 East
- American Fork, UT 84003
- Utah Valley Regional Medical Center
- 1034 North 500 West
- Provo, UT 84604
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