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Bid History for Neptune Water Meter Readers( USED)
Auction Start Date: 11/29/11 4:09 PM ET
Auction End Date: 12/21/11 6:15 PM ET
Asset ID: 19 Number of Bids: 1
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Neptune Water Meter Readers( USED)
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2 USED DAP Technologies Microflex PC9300 Model 12258-000 HR2330 Water meter readers. Used to read Neptune Water Meters. Included is wall mount battery chargers. No soft-ware included. Conditions of all items are "As is, Where is".
Only item described herein is included in sale regardless of what else is pictured.
Seller Highly recommends bidders to inspect items before bidding.
Under no circumstances will Troy, MO assume responsibility for packing, loading or shipping.
Please contact Jeff Burkemper, Asst. Public Works Superintendent Phone: (636) 528-4646 or E-mail: email@example.com to schedule an inspection. If you are the winning bidder and default by failing to adhere to this sellers terms and conditions your account with GovDeals WILL BE LOCKED. PAYMENT MUST BE MADE ONLINE. To make online payment – Log into your GovDeals account and select "My Bids". You may follow the instructions there. Absolutely NO REFUNDS- Sold "AS IS-WHERE IS".
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Payment methods for this item are Wire Transfer, PayPal, or credit cards (Visa, Mastercard, American Express*, Discover) only. * American Express is not available for buyers on probation. PayPal and credit card purchases are limited to below $5,000.00 and Bidders residing in the United States, Canada and Mexico Only. If the winning bid plus applicable taxes, if any indicated, plus the buyer's premium equals to $5,000.00 or more, Wire Transfer must be used. If Wire Transfer is chosen, a Wire Transfer Transaction Summary page will provide payment and account information. The Wire Transfer must be completed within 5 days.
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Wind Ensemble Institute
June 21-27, 2015
Wind Ensemble Institute is a summer performance experience for high school students.
The university reviews audition recordings and invites 54 gifted woodwind, brass and percussion players to campus for the Wind Ensemble Institute. The week-long, residential program focuses on chamber music and symphonic wind ensemble performance. Students work with Director of Bands Eric L. Hinton, Ph.D., HonFBC, as well as other distinguished Susquehanna faculty members. High school students entering grades 9-12 in the fall of 2015 are invited to apply. Selection is competitive.
Download brochure here
Download Letter for Band Directors here
Comprehensive Fee:
- $610 if application and audition recording are postmarked on or before Jan. 1.
- $660 if application and audition recording are postmarked after Jan. 1.
Applications will be accepted until all sections are filled.
A limited number of scholarships are available.
Students may audition on one of the instruments:
- Flute
- Oboe
- Clarinet
- Bassoon
- Saxophone
- Trumpet
- Horn
- Trombone
- Euphonium
- Tuba
- Percussion (must audition on two of the following: timpani, snare drum or mallet percussion)

subset: commoncrawl


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Krzyzewski Unsatisfied With ACC Scheduling
Duke has already faced Clemson, Georgia Tech, and Boston College twice this season, but plays two new opponents this week as the Blue Devils travel to Chapel Hill to take on the Tar Heels Wednesday and then face Maryland in Cameron on Saturday. While facing UNC for this first time this late in the ACC season is normal for Duke, head coach Mike Krzyzewski's side has also yet to face Miami (Fl.), Virginia Tech, and Virginia. Yesterday, Krzyzewski offered his thoughts on the scheduling:
"There are a number of teams in our league that we haven't played yet, but this is our 10th game," he said. "There should be more balance, because teams change positively from January to February. So everybody in the league - and I'm not saying it benefits us or doesn't benefit us - but overall you have more equity involved if you play a team in January and you play a team in February. How we've done it this year, I just think it's not very good, for everybody. To play in a condensed manner is not an equitable way of doing the league."
While Krzyzewski is specifically speaking about this year's schedule, he has been vocal about other aspects of ACC scheduling in the past. The ACC expanded to include Virginia Tech, Boston College, and Miami (Fl.) in 2003 and Krzyzewski was one of many in the college basketball world who spoke out against the decision:
"The two-division concept in basketball for our league would be really bad," Krzyzewski told ESPN at the time about a possible expansion. "All of a sudden, you wouldn't be playing these teams twice."
The Blue Devils face every team twice this year except Florida State, Wake Forest, Virginia, Virginia Tech, North Carolina State and Miami (Fl.).


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|Four Seasons Hotels New Carrollton properties are provided below. Search for cheap and discount Four Seasons Hotels hotel prices in New Carrollton, MD for your personal or business trip. We list the best Four Seasons Hotels New Carrollton lodging properties so you can review the New Carrollton Four Seasons Hotels hotel list below to find the perfect place.
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Need a group/meeting discount? Request a group rate for New Carrollton MD
All Four Seasons Hotels in or near New Carrollton
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Expand your Flash skill set by building a complete web site with Flash and ActionScript.
How to use the drawing tools, swatches, and color panels in Flash 8.
"Your service has educated me so much that I've taken my web design business to a level I never thought I would get to. I learned Photoshop, Flash, InDesign, and Illustrator. With your help I can provide a service in my area that no one else can match." —Ernesto O.
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To "search," enter your <product name or symptom> in the search box located at the top left of the screen.
e-mail Marie Haddock here: firstname.lastname@example.com.
Or email Marie Haddock here: email@example.com
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SafeCareRx offers nearly 250 condition-specific homeopathic products for your patients and clients. Manufactured by King Bio, a company founded 25 years ago by Dr. Frank King, SafeCareRx has a proven track record of safety in clinics around the country. With nearly 40 years in the field of integrative medicine, Dr. King continues his mission to create safe, natural medicines to empower people to heal. King Bio now produces more than 500 medicines across six brands and also provides contract manufacturing and private label services.
Thank you for allowing us to introduce SafeCareRx homeopathic formulas to you. We feel they are the most powerful and complete line of natural drug products available today.
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Call 866.298.2740 or email firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.


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Updated: 06/07/2013 7:36 AM KSTP.com By: Jay Kolls
5 EYEWITNESS NEWS first told you about tax money used to send artists overseas three months ago.
Minnesota lawmakers saw our story and have now ordered the Minnesota Arts Board to change its spending habits.
Lawmakers do not want Legacy tax dollars used to send the artists on out-of-state travel for art projects.
Our 5 EYEWITNESS NEWS investigation found the state spent about 15 percent of the Arts Board's $5.6-million arts initiative program on trips to exotic places for artists to do their work. Some of that money came from the Legacy Fund.
State Senator Michelle Benson, (R) Ham Lake tells 5 EYEWITNESS NEWS the Legislature "has made it clear to the Arts Board that the Legacy money should not be spent on overseas trips for artists and it should be spent here in Minnesota."
Senator Benson says she, and her colleagues, will watch the spending by the Arts Board to make sure they follow the Legislature's directive. If they don't, Sen. Benson says the "Legislature will follow up and take stronger action next year."
Click here to view a document that outlines the travel that was paid for with artist initiative grants.
Click here for watchdog.org.


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DJ S1ckL0VE (http://myspace.com/djs1ckl0ve)is an amature American DJ and Remix artist. Real Name is Troy Matanich (http://facebook.com/troymatanich) from Wisconsin USA. His influences are Trent Reznor, Lords of Acid, DJ AM, Fatboy Slim. He uses FL Studio for most of his mixing needs. His first attempt at mixing 2 artists together is a rough mix of Joan Jett's I Love Rock and Roll and Beastie Boy's No Sleep Till Brooklyn.
Read more about DJ S1ckL0VE on Last.fm.
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Q&A With Larry Farmer
Sept. 12, 2012
GoPack.com sat down with the newest member of the NC State men's basketball staff, Director of Player Development Larry Farmer to talk about his role with the Wolfpack. A former standout at UCLA, Farmer won three national championships and was 89-1 as a player under the legendary John Wooden. Farmer was a head coach at his alma mater, Weber State and Loyola-Chicago amassing 166 victories over 12 seasons.
What intrigued you about this position at NC State?
Knowing Coach (Mark) Gottfried runs the UCLA system and when I say the system, not only the offense, but all of the drills and all of the philosophy that goes into the way you have to teach it. My relationship with Mark is based on that we come from the same coaching tree and he runs the system that I was born and raised in. Based on all of those things and the great success the program had last year, it seemed like a great opportunity.
What do you bring to this new role of director of player development and what are you trying to impart to the NC State players?
Of the success these kids had last year for the first time being in the system and now coming back with a great deal of expectation, I think, first and foremost, being a guy that was involved in a program that won year after year, there is a mentality I think I can help instill in the guys. Not to look backwards, you have to look forward. What we did last year was outstanding, but work that hard this year because that next step, that next level is there for you. The talent is here, you just have to be willing to put in the time. I come from a program that exemplifies that. I think I'd be a great resource for the kids for a lot of things that impacts their lives off the floor. School. The different things that happening in society that will impact them now that they are getting older and they're not just going to be young basketball players, but they are becoming young men that have to have some social conscience to what's going. I can serve as a person that can help them navigate some of this because once you get to this level, you get a lot of stuff thrown at you and it can be overwhelming.
Is one of the things you're trying to impart to players is the importance of how they conduct themselves and the responsibility that goes with it?
It's a huge responsibility. Whether it's something like walking into a restaurant and how you carry yourself. Saying "please" and "thank you," simple things like that might not seem like a big deal now, but people will draw an impression about who you are and your character based on one meeting or one opportunity where they see you interact with somebody else. The other side of that is maturing and growing up and understand that responsibility. Through my years of coaching, it was part of my responsibility to make sure when the young men that I had the opportunity to coach were leaving me I had given them more of a broad education.
Do you consider yourself a teacher like your mentor John Wooden?
You try to be every day. They are going learn as much I'm able to teach them. Which involves being patient in my new role because I'm not allowed physically to be on the court or doing any of the basketball stuff. It's going to go more to the mentoring side of things.
How have you been received by the players since your arrival at NC State?
The trip to Spain helped. They all are good guys and so they were polite. So with anything, it's going to take a period of time before they get to know me, who I am and what I'm about. It's a personality thing. Some guys have come around a bit more and some guys I've had seek out on my own. It's a process.


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Melissa Foley
Eddy Perez
To nominate an oustanding LSU faculty member for the Flagship Faculty honor, please e-mail the LSU Today.
The deadline to submit news items for the LSU Today e-mail newsletter is noon on the day prior to publication. Please enter calendar items on the LSU Master Calendar.
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LSU Today Flagship Faculty
What was your previous position and where?Before joining LSU in Fall 2007, I was a professor of economics at University of Colorado at Denver and a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
What brought you to LSU?I was attracted to LSU because of the reputation of the Department of Economics and the administrations commitment to provide the department with the resources necessary to increase its national ranking.
What is your research interest?My research interests include the investigation of the causes and consequences of crime and corruption, the analysis of child care markets and various topics in health economics, ranging from teenage smoking to obesity.
What do you hope to accomplish at LSU?I hope to contribute to the department and consequently to the Flagship Agenda of LSU by continuing to produce high-quality research and by training and supporting graduate students. I also hope that my research helps guide public policy in Louisiana.
What do you enjoy most about LSU?Professionally, I enjoy the intellect and the scholarship of my colleagues in the Department of Economics, and I appreciate LSUs ambition and dedication to creating and maintaining high-quality programs. Personally, my family and I really enjoy the culture and the community in Baton Rouge with all aspects ranging from food to friendship. Mike the Tiger is a bonus.
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Not a single instructor, secretary, or janitor should be fired until all other avenues have been explored. Everyone who makes a salary could take a 10% salary cut. Administrators earning more than 100k could voluntarily offer to take a larger cut to show their leadership in this crisis.
"Stillam" makes a good point. I'd like to see more investigative reporting on this matter. What is this judge's record? What is the broader pattern in domestic violence cases. The T-P should follow up on the questions raised in these postings.
I love the DJ "Davis" character. He is smart. Raggedy. Passionate. A bundle of contradictions. A white guy in a black world of New Orleans music. Betwixt and between. Like many of us. Steve Zahn's portrayal is brilliant.
i loved the Steve Zahn "Davis" character!
The claim that "the levee is leaking because of the mushy ground" sounds like a Corps' press release. Why is that presented as fact, when there are leaking joints?
Is it "nature" (bad mushy soil) or is it "culture" (bad engineering)?
What does the NSF report have to say about it? This issue deserves deeper investigative reporting and analysis.


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One of the rare Lamborghini Diablo SE30 models, here a bright silver metallic one, only 150 SE's were ever built.
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Jeanette Gerrity Gomez, an associate professor in the Language Studies Department at Prince George's Community College, has been awarded a Fulbright Scholar grant to teach at the Universidad Catolica de El Salvador located in Santa Ana, El Salvador for a semester beginning in January 2014. Gerrity Gomez, a Prince George's County native, attended Queen Anne High School in Upper Marlboro, Md. She graduated from Loyola University Maryland with a Bachelor of Arts in Spanish and completed her Master of Arts in TESOL at Notre Dame of Maryland University. Gerrity Gomez joined the PGCC faculty full time in 2005 and has recently been awarded tenure.
"We, in the Liberal Arts Division, are so pleased that Professor Jeanette Gerrity Gomez has been awarded a Fulbright to teach in El Salvador this coming fall," said Carolyn F. Hoffman, dean of liberal arts. "We know that this will be an exciting and fulfilling experience for her, and it will no doubt provide her with teaching strategies that she can use to benefit our students upon her return," she added.
The Fulbright Program is the flagship international educational exchange program sponsored by the U.S. government and is designed to increase mutual understanding between the people of the United States and the people of other countries. The primary source of its funding is an annual appropriation made by the U.S. Congress to the U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. Since its establishment in 1946 under legislation introduced by the late U.S. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas, the Fulbright Program has given approximately 310,000 students, scholars, teachers, artists, and scientists the opportunity to study, teach and conduct research, exchange ideas and contribute to finding solutions to shared international concerns. Recipients of Fulbright grants are selected on the basis of academic or professional achievement, as well as demonstrated leadership potential in their fields.
Prince George's Community College is a National Center of Academic Excellence in Information Assurance Two-year Education designated by the National Security Agency and the Department of Homeland Security (2010-2015). Established in 1958, Prince George's Community College provides transfer and career programs that help students transfer to four-year colleges and universities and prepare them for the workforce. Each year, 40,000 students take part in more than 200 academic programs and workforce development and continuing education courses. Located in Largo, Maryland, Prince George's Community College has additional sites at Joint Base Andrews, University Town Center in Hyattsville, Laurel College Center, Skilled Trades Center in Camp Springs, Westphalia Training Center in Upper Marlboro, and John Eager Howard Community Center. For more information, visit the college website at www.pgcc.edu, follow on Twitter, Facebook, Foursquare, LinkedIn and tune-in to Transforming Lives at Prince George's Community College, Mondays at 11 a.m.


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|Ray Williams
Against Albany on February 22, Williams, placed in the starting lineup for the third time this season, notched her fifth career double-double with 16 points and 11 rebounds, eight of those offensive boards. She led the Wildcats with a career-high five assists and a blocked shot in 28 minutes of action.
Last Saturday against the Terriers, Williams tied her career high with 24 points, 17 of those in the second half. She shot 9-of-13 from the field and 6-of-7 from the free throw line, plus pulled down seven rebounds (five offensive boards) and blocked a shot in 31 minutes of floor time.
Williams is second on the team in scoring and rebounding with 11.8 points and 5.9 rebounds per game. Despite starting only three games this season, Williams is 12th in America East in scoring and 13th in rebounding. In 15 conference games so far this season, Williams is averaging 12.8 points and 6.5 rebounds per game.
The junior shares this week's award with Stony Brook's Mykeema Ford, who averaged 20 points per game in the Seawolves' victories over conference-leading Hartford and Albany. This is the second career Player of the Week honor for Williams, as she earned recognition on February 21, 2005. During her freshman season (2003-04), Williams was twice named conference Rookie of the Week and was voted onto the America East All-Rookie Team at the end of the season.
Williams and the rest of the Wildcats close out the regular season Wednesday, March 1, in Burlington, Vt., against the Vermont Catamounts beginning at 7 p.m.


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Wind power a 'cheap' source
Posted: June 21, 2012|
On-shore wind power is the cheapest renewable energy source in the UK, according to a new report.
Researchers say wind farm developments will also help reduce pressure on fuel bills.
Published earlier this month, the paper looked at the benefits and issues associated with the technology.
The report said: "Given the abundant wind resources available in the UK, and the technological maturity of onshore wind technology, onshore wind represents an economically attractive option for the transition towards a low-carbon future and would put less pressure on fuel bills."
It was published by the Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment at the London School of Economics.


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|Switcher Hangout The place for switchers to discuss their new machines, and how to work with OS X. General support can be had here for newbie stuff, like "How do I restart my new iMac?" :)
|Post Reply
|New Thread
|Thread Tools
Member Since: Mar 03, 2011
Posts: 4
Great to finally be a member of the Mac Owners club...
Well, I would have joined sooner but for a problem with the order of my new MacBook Pro 15", where it was built to order (with the anti-reflective screen and fast-spinning disk), but then delivered to the wrong address by UPS.
The lucky recipient claimed not to speak English; Denied he had received it; Posted it onto Iraq etc etc, and therefore couldn't return it!
After much chasing and hassle, UPS dragged their feet admitting they'd got it wrong, so whilst the 'lost package' process ground on, I ordered a replacement machine...
Originally, I declined AppleCare, but when ordering the replacement, I was offered it with more than 50% discount - something I was very happy to accept.
Furthermore, as a gesture of goodwill, Apple offered a choice of accessories with their compliments, and duly couriered travel adapters, replacement power supply and other goodies, which suited me perfectly as someone who travels a fair bit with work.
All through the episode, it was clear that Apple were in no way to blame, and the fault lay entirely with UPS. Nevertheless, Apple accepted their responsibilities and provided me with updates and more than exceeded my expectations in maintaining great Customer Service.
Long may it continue...
A Happy Apple Customer
|QUOTE Thanks
Member Since: Jul 07, 2008
Location: Winchester, VA
Posts: 4,168
Mac Specs: 2011 MBP, 2008 iMac, iPhone 5S, iPad mini, 13" MBP and MacMini
|QUOTE Thanks
Member Since: Apr 20, 2009
Location: C-Town
Posts: 4,071
Mac Specs: Mac Pro 4.1 15" MBP. 13" MBP. 17" PB. Power Mac G5. Galaxy Note 4 160gb*
If you are distressed by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself but to your own estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment. Marcus Aurelius
|QUOTE Thanks
Member Since: Dec 29, 2010
Location: Las Vegas
Posts: 263
Mac Specs: 2010 i3 27" 16gb Ram
Old time Computer Hardware Tech
Ohh My Typing Sucks Live with it
Snoopy is the Man !!!
|QUOTE Thanks
Member Since: Jan 23, 2008
Location: Fort Worth, Texas
Posts: 44,755
Mac Specs: 27" iMac i5, 3.2 GHz, iPad 3, iPhone 5c, 3 iPods, Yosemite
Large corporations such as Apple have a standing contract with shippers such as UPS so you can bet that UPS reimbursed Apple for the wrong delivery.
|QUOTE Thanks
Member Since: Mar 17, 2009
Posts: 3,626
Mac Specs: 2008 15" MBP Yosemite, 2012 21.5" iMac Yosemite
That is awesome of Apple to be so obliging and helpful when it wasn't even their fault.
Welcome to the world of Macs!
64GB iPhone 6, 64GB iPad Air 2.
Reminder: Please include your Mac's specs. This will make it much easier for the other members to assist you.
|QUOTE Thanks
Member Since: Nov 19, 2006
Location: York, UK
Posts: 1,115
Mac Specs: 24" Aluminium, 2.8 GHz, 4Gb RAM. iPad2, iPhone5s
Happiness is not getting what you want, but wanting what you get.
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Member Since: Mar 03, 2011
Posts: 4
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Member Since: Jan 27, 2007
Location: *Brisvegas*
Posts: 5,658
Mac Specs: 17 inch 2 GHz C2D imac (5,1) with 3GB DDR2 RAM, X1600 (128MB memory) GPU - OSX 10.6.3
I'm sure Apple tore UPS right up about this. And rightfully so. I'm pretty sure Apple would have done their usual "reimburse us UPS or we sue and will probably win". And the good thing is all this behind the scenes mess was handled by Apple and you just just got hassle free service from Apple.
|QUOTE Thanks
Member Since: Sep 22, 2010
Location: London
Posts: 197
Mac Specs: Imac 21.5 Inch 3.06 GHZ 4GB Ram 500 Gig HD, Ipad 32 GB, Iphone 4S 16 GB.
I called up Apple and they delivered me a brand new Imac within a day and let me send back the previous model when the new model had been delivered.
Apple's customer service is great and well worth paying more for alone.
If you also consider my boss bought a pc from Dell two years ago and paid extra for five years onside callout to fix any issues.
His machine has developed a fault and Dell refuse point blank to come out and even look at it despite the fact he has paid for them to do this.
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Below is the poem entitled Poor Ba-ba Sheep which was written by poet
JOHNSON. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Poor Ba-ba Sheep
Oh the new year resolution,
That us weak brained types can't keep:}
To think for ourselves hereafter,
Not be brainwashed like Bo Peep,
Ba ba poor bloody sheep,
Intelligence is subtle,
The thoughts upon ya creep,
I hate to burst ya bubble,
But the rich want to work you cheap,
Ba ba poor bloody sheep,
The greed of the rich is crafty,
Half truths he feeds the sheep,
Put in a figure head,
whose brain is dead,
Or maybe half a sleep,
Ba ba poor bloody sheep,
Philantrophists are rare today,
Their greed has made them weep,
Try to buy back some SELF goodness, hey,
After robbing a million sheep,
Ba ba poor bloody sheep?
The idiot votes for his master,
Thinks Master a special Sheep,
The voted for one bought and paid for some ,
By some fat rich slug on the cheap,
Ba ba poor bloody sheep,
The moral of the story is,
Don't think like Ba Ba sheep,
The elected few,
aren't controlled by you,
they are owned by a big fat creep,
who wants its way and will not pay,
snorts n snickers in its sleep,
Ba ba poor bloody sheep.


text:
Dear Homeowner,
As always we would like to thank you for allowing Vacation Rentals to be your property management company. As you are aware the economy has impacted us all causing people to rent more vs. purchase etc. The reason for our note is to, 1. Update our records and 2. To inform you of our traffic flow and customer needs. Below are a few questions we would like you to answer and send back to us so that we can better serve you and our clients. Below are a few questions we would like you to answer and send back to us so that we can better serve you and our clients.
Please select all that apply
1 Will you accept a pet?
A lot of our guests are bringing their pets as opposed to boarding them. $10 per pet per night or $250 deposit per pet on Extended Reservations
Pet type:
* Please note on all Extended Reservations we charge a $250 deposit per pet and require a carpet cleaning after they vacate. We also do walk-throughs on the homes.
2. Regarding Extended Stay Reservations. Would you like Vacation Rentals to contact you for approval?
NOTE: homeowners who do not require approval will take precedence.
3. When would you like Extended Reservations?
(Stays of 30 days or more)
This is a great opportunity to market to different clientle as well as pick up some renters when there is a lull in business.
4. Will you take discounted rates? Ie. Lake house taking VIP Rate, Deluxe taking Custom, etc.
If you agree to the discounted rates, please understand this will be a last-resort effort. We will not offer these rates just because.


text:
Posted On:6/16/2008 12:15am
Style: TuKong, KickBoxing
Originally Posted by Kaoz
I think i can have them up tommorrow. That being said if you have health insurance you should get an appointment to your doctor, explain what you do for ma's and that it constitutes and athletic activity. Hopefully this will make it clear enough to him/her that you need physical therapy. You would do well to tell your therapist this info as well because a lot of them are expecting the average joe who just wants to be able to sleep and walk up the stairs to his desk comfortably.
I'll show you the exercises but there may be differences in your symptom from mine that would be easy to show during an exam but not on a forum. What if your pain is ligament or tendon? Doing the stuff I did during an intensive leg strengthening/neuromuscular training regimen may not be appropriate right off the bat if what you're feeling ISNT scar tissue.
Just dont want you to **** yourself up plus we're all gonna be old one day take care of your hips.
Yea I know what you mean. Im going to make a doc appt. tommorow after I get up in the mornin and work out, and see what could be the problem, hopefully nothin thatll **** me up to bad to keep me out of ma's.
Tnx for all the info's...
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Review: 'Bullet to the Head'
By Mick LaSalle : January 30, 2013 : Updated: January 30, 2013 3:07pm
Photo By Frank Masi/Associated Press
This film image released by Warner Bros. Pictures shows Sylvester Stallone, left, and Jason Momoa in a scene from "Bullet to the Head." (AP Photo/Warner Bros. Pictures, Frank Masi)
"Bullet to the Head" is a good action movie, whose title expresses what is, more or less, a recurring motif. It also gives a sense of the film's general attitude toward life. It's a film with no ambition but to get viewers' pulses moving, but at least it does that — and with a fair degree of wit and style.
The wit comes by way Sylvester Stallone. No, he's not standing there with a flower, getting off classic lines like Oscar Wilde, but as action heroes go, he knows how to sneak up on the audience and nail a laugh. He's also a respectable actor — by action standards, Olivier — who can think on screen and present complicated emotions.
These days Sly is looking more and more like Luca Brasi, which is appropriate for his role here as a hit man, though you'd think a hit man might want to blend in sometimes and not send everyone stampeding for the exits every time he walks in to order coffee.
The movie's style, meanwhile, is provided by Walter Hill, the last of the tough-guy directors. Hill, who started his career with the Great Depression drama "Hard Times" in 1975 and later hit the box office jackpot with "48 HRS.," has a signature way of depicting violence that makes other action directors seem genteel — or deluded.
In "Bullet to the Head" violence is abrupt, shattering and consequential. It's not for laughs. It's graphic and unsettling, and it makes us feel uneasy, as we should, about the world the characters inhabit.
"Bullet to the Head" is not to be confused for "Bullet in the Head," the 1990 Hong Kong crime bloodbath directed by John Woo. The new film is based on a French graphic novel, an intricate story about a pair of hit men hired to do a job — and then are set up to be killed almost immediately. By a series of circumstances, the surviving hit man (Stallone) finds himself thrown together with an officious detective (Sung Kang), mainly because the same powerful people want to kill them both.
So it's two guys who can trust only each other, taking the law into their own hands on the mean streets of a big city (New Orleans), while trying to uncover a nest of murder and corruption. The guys are generationally and temperamentally far apart, but they have no choice but to work together.
That all sounds a lot like a rebooting of "48 HRS.," with Stallone as Nick Nolte and Kang as Eddie Murphy, only this time there are fewer laughs and a lot more death. The hit man and the cop do lots of population-thinning on their own, and there is also a rival assassin played by Jason Momoa, who is even more bloodthirsty and ruthless than they are.
At one point, we see Momoa walk into a bar and kill nine people just because ... well, just because. Besides, in every Stallone movie there must be a homicidal maniac even bigger than the hero, so as to allow us to root for the first homicidal maniac. In that lizard-brain way of the movies, it works yet again.
Running time: 91 minutes MPAA rating: R (profanity, violence, nudity, drug use) email@example.com
Running time: 91 minutes
MPAA rating: R (profanity, violence, nudity, drug use)


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You'll appreciate the direct beach access from our oceanfront hotel and the stunning views of Haystack Rock and the Oregon coast from our private balconies. It's no wonder Tolovana Inn is a favorite Cannon Beach hotel.
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text:
Finally, NAACP leadership tell blacks to ARM themselves. It's about time somebody in NAACP at any level spoke publicly on this issue. According to MyFoxMemphis Shabaka Afrika, president of NAACP branch Memphis, Tennessee said blacks should prepare to defend themselves.
Shabaka Afrika added:
"They have a right to defend themselves," said Crittenden Co. NAACP President Shabaka Afrika, "We're not suggesting people go out and start shooting folks and taking the law in their own hands, but it is clear that law enforcement or prosecutors or the judicial system cannot or will not defend us."


text:
Nostalgic for classic kitchenware? No need to rifle through the thrift shop or scour yard sales for the stuff you'd find in Granny's china cabinet. Mosser Glass has been producing vintage-inspired glassware, like this jadeite cake stand, to satisfy retro-minded bakers and home cooks for over thirty years. Each piece is made with pride in Cambridge, Ohio.
Not a baker? Cake stands are excellent for displaying jewelry or as a delicious centerpiece for the dining room table.
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Subpart 235-1: Applicability
(Statutory authority: Environmental Conservation Law, §§ 1-0101, 3-0301, 3-0303, 19-0103, 19-0105, 19-0107, 19-0301, 19-0303, 19-0305, 71-2103 and 71-2105)
[Filed 09/15/09. Effective 30 days after filing.]
[This is page 1 of 1 of this Subpart. A complete list of Subparts in this regulation appears in the Chapter 3 contents page. A list of sections in this Subpart appears below.]
For administrative information about this posting, contact: Division of Air Resources. The Bureau of Air Quality Planning at (518) 402-8396 is the contact for technical questions pertaining to this rule.
§235-1.1 Applicability
Except as provided in Subpart 235-4 of this Part, this Part shall apply to any person who sells, supplies, offers for sale, or manufactures consumer products for use in the State of New York.


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text:
There was a whole lot going on last night as Lady Gaga launched her new fragrance at the Guggenheim museum in New York City.
As per usual, Lady Gaga couldn't have an event without a plethora of antics. The "Born This Way" singer hosted an event to launch her black perfume, Fame, but it was hardly the regular array of club music and champagne flutes.
First, Gaga Arrived presidential style riding through the city on the back of a drop top car. Once at the museum, she took a nap for an hour inside a giant replica of her perfume bottle. Fans were allowed to come up and touch her hands as she slept, but the real antics began when she was tattooed in front of the crowd in honor of her close friend, Terry Richardson's late mother.
Gaga shaved the back of her head earlier this week in honor of her, and last night in front of a live crowd, tattooed her head with a Cherub in memory of the photographer's mother who just recently passed away.
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Located in the desirable Warehouse District...Convenient downtown location...Close to major freeways...
Mill City Apartments is located in the exclusive North Loop neighborhood within easy walking distance to the heart of downtown Minneapolis. You will realize many conveniences such as an abundance of nearby restaurants, night life and extraordinary shopping on Nicollet Mall. * Our apartments offer many exciting features to make your new home a little more comfortable. With several Studio, 1 and 2 bedroom floorplans to choose from, we offer something for everyone. All of our homes include abundant closet space, large kitchens featuring ceramic tile floors and granite counter tops, basic cable television package with HBO, full-size washers and dryers, and individually controlled heating and air conditioning. * Our community also has ample parking available both above and below ground and several amenities shared with the attached hotel such as an outdoor heated swimming pool, billiards room, executive business center, fitness center, snack bar, and conference room.
Our lease terms are: 12 months (Please note that lease terms may vary, are subject to change without notice, and are based on availability. Inquire with property staff for complete details).
Cat Policy: $25 pet rent. Restrictions: Up to 2 pets are allowed at this community. An additional deposit, pet rent (per pet) and a one-time pet fee may apply. Acceptable pets include Cats, Hamsters, Gerbils, Guinea Pigs, Birds, and Fish. All fish tanks will be limited to 1 per home and no more than 25 gallons in capacity. * Visiting pets are not allowed without prior written consent from management.
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A spread spectrum signal having an associated code is tracked at a receiver. A plurality of components of the spread spectrum signal are despread using the associated code. Each of the plurality of components has a different code phase than all others of the plurality of code phases. Each of the plurality of components is weighted based on a phase difference between that component and a center code phase associated with the plurality of components. A tracking error is determined based on the weighted components.
1. A method for tracking a spread spectrum signal having an associated code at a receiver, the method comprising:
despreading a plurality of components of the spread spectrum signal using the associated code, each of the plurality of components having a different code phase than all others of the plurality of code phases;
weighting each of the plurality of components based on a phase difference between that component and a center code phase associated with the plurality of components; and
determining a tracking error based on the weighted components.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. A circuit for tracking a spread spectrum signal having an associated code, the circuit comprising:
an input configured to receive a received signal;
means for despreading the received signal to produce a plurality of components of the spread spectrum signal using the associated code, each of the plurality of components having a different code phase than all others of the plurality of components;
means for weighting each of the plurality of components based on a phase difference between that component and a center code phase associated with the plurality of components; and
determining a tracking error based on the weighted components.
6. The circuit of
7. The circuit of
8. The circuit of
9. A circuit for tracking a spread spectrum signal having an associated code, the circuit comprising:
an input configured to receive a received signal;
a plurality of adaptive matched filters despreading the received signal to produce a plurality of components of the spread spectrum signal using the associated code, each of the plurality of components having a different code phase than all others of the plurality of components;
a weighting bank weighting each of the plurality of components based on a phase difference between that component and a center code phase associated with the plurality of components; and
an adder for adding the weighted components to determine a tracking error.
10. The circuit of
11. The circuit of
12. The circuit of
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/071,899, filed Feb. 8, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/261,689, filed on Mar. 3, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,381,264, issued on Apr. 30, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/669,771, filed on Jun. 27, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,919, issued on Jun. 15, 1999, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/000,775 filed on Jun. 30, 1995.
[0002] The present invention generally pertains to code sequence tracking in Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) communication systems, also known as spread-spectrum communication systems. More particularly, the present invention pertains to a system and method for efficient tracking of multipath signal components allowing for combining of multipath signal components to improve data signal detection and despreading by reducing effects of multipath interference, and increase CDMA communication system efficiency by reducing the required transmit power.
[0003] Providing quality telecommunication services to user groups which are classified as remote, such as rural telephone systems and telephone systems in underdeveloped countries, has proved to be a challenge over recent years. The past needs created by these services have been partially satisfied by wireless radio services, such as fixed or mobile frequency division multiplex (FDM), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiplex (TDM), time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, combination frequency and time division systems (FD/TDMA), and other land mobile radio systems. Usually, these remote services are faced with more potential users than can be supported simultaneously by their frequency or spectral bandwidth capacity.
[0004] Recognizing these limitations, recent advances in wireless communications have used spread spectrum modulation techniques to provide simultaneous communication by multiple users. Spread spectrum modulation refers to modulating a information signal with a spreading code signal; the spreading code signal being generated by a code generator where the period, Tc, of the spreading code is substantially less than the period of the information data bit or symbol signal. The code may modulate the carrier frequency upon which the information has been sent, called frequency-hopped spreading, or may directly modulate the signal by multiplying the spreading code with the information data signal, called direct-sequence spreading (DS). Spread-spectrum modulation produces a signal with bandwidth substantially greater than that required to transmit the information signal. The original information is recovered by synchronously demodulating and despreading of the signal at the receiver. The synchronous demodulator uses a reference signal to synchronize the despreading circuits to the input spread-spectrum modulated signal to recover the carrier and information signals. The reference signal may be a spreading code which is not modulated by an information signal. Such use of a synchronous spread-spectrum modulation and demodulation for wireless communication is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,228,056 entitled SYNCHRONOUS SPREAD-SPECTRUM COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM AND METHOD by Donald L. Schilling, which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0005] One area in which spread-spectrum techniques are used is in the field of mobile cellular communications to provide personal communication services (PCS). Such systems desirably support large numbers of users, control Doppler shift and fade, and provide high speed digital data signals with low bit error rates. These systems employ a family of orthogonal or quasi-orthogonal spreading codes, with a pilot spreading code sequence that is synchronized to the family of codes. Each user is assigned one of the spreading codes from the family as a spreading function. Related problems of such a system include handling multipath fading effects. Solutions to such problems include diversity combining of multipath signals. The problems associated with spread spectrum communications, and methods to increase capacity of a multiple access, spread-spectrum system are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,307 entitled SPREAD SPECTRUM MULTIPLE ACCESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEM USING SATELLITE OR TERRESTRIAL REPEATERS by Gilhousen et al. which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0006] The problems associated with the prior art systems focus around reliable reception and synchronization of the receiver despreading circuits to the received signal. The presence of multipath fading introduces a particular problem with spread spectrum receivers in that a receiver must somehow track the multipath components to maintain code-phase lock of the receiver's despreading means with the input signal. Prior art receivers generally track only one or two of the multipath signals, but this method may not be satisfactory because the combined group of low-power multipath signal components may actually contain far more power than the one or two strongest multipath components. The prior art receivers track and combine only the strongest components to maintain a predetermined Bit Error Rate (BER) of the receiver. Such a receiver is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,109,390 entitled DIVERSITY RECEIVER IN A CDMA CELLULAR TELEPHONE SYSTEM by Gilhousen et al. which is incorporated herein by reference. A receiver that combines all multipath components, however, is able to maintain the desired BER with a signal power that is lower than that of prior art systems because more signal power is available to the receiver. Consequently, there is a need for a spread spectrum communication system employing a receiver that tracks substantially all of the multipath signal components, so that substantially all multipath signals may be combined in the receiver. This would reduce the required transmit power of the signal for a given BER.
[0007] A spread spectrum signal having an associated code is tracked at a receiver. A plurality of components of the spread spectrum signal are despread using the associated code. Each of the plurality of components has a different code phase than all others of the plurality of code phases. Each of the plurality of components is weighted based on a phase difference between that component and a center code phase associated with the plurality of components. A tracking error is determined based on the weighted components.
[0008]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of exemplary circuitry which implements the method of tracking the received spreading-code phase.
[0009]FIG. 2 is a block diagram of exemplary circuitry which implements the acquisition decision method of the correct spreading-code phase of the received pilot code of the present invention.
[0010]FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the tracking circuit that tracks the median of the received multipath signal components.
[0011]FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the tracking circuit that tracks the centroid of the received multipath signal components.
[0012]FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the correlating circuit which creates a tracking vector signal for a generalized quadratic tracking detector.
[0013] Three CDMA spreading-code tracking methods in multipath fading environments are described which track the code phase of a received multipath spread-spectrum signal. The first is the prior art tracking circuit which simply tracks the spreading code phase with the highest detector output signal value, the second is a tracking circuit that tracks the median value of the code phase of the group of multipath signals, and the third, the system and method of the present invention, is the centroid tracking circuit which tracks the code-phase of an optimized, least mean squared weighted average of the multipath signal components. The following describes the methods by which the spreading code phase of the received CDMA signal is tracked.
[0014] A tracking circuit has operating characteristics that reveal the relationship between the time error and the control voltage that drives a Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) of a spreading-code phase tracking circuit. When there is a positive timing error, the tracking circuit generates a negative control voltage to offset the timing error. When there is a negative timing error, the tracking circuit generates a positive control voltage to offset the timing error. When the tracking circuit generates a zero value, this value corresponds to the perfect time alignment called the 'lock-point'. FIG. 1 shows the basic tracking circuit. Received signal r(t) is applied to matched filter 301, which correlates r(t) with a local code-sequence c(t) generated by Code Generator 303. The output signal of the matched filter x(t) is sampled at the sampler 302 to produce samples x[nT] and x[nT+T/2]. The samples x[nT] and x[nT+T/2] are used by a tracking circuit 304 to determine if the phase of the spreading-code c(t) of the code generator 303 is correct. The tracking circuit 304 produces an error signal e(t) as an input to the code generator 303. The code generator 303 uses this signal e(t) as an input signal to adjust the code-phase it generates.
[0015]FIG. 2 shows the tracking circuit as it is typically used in a code division multiple access (CDMA) system receiver which uses an adaptive vector correlator (AVC) to estimate the channel impulse response and to obtain a reference value for coherent combining of received multipath signal components. For this type of system, a pilot signal is transmitted as a synchronization reference to all receivers. The described system receiver employs an array of correlators to estimate the complex channel response affecting each multipath component, the receiver then compensates for the channel response and coherently combines the received multipath signal components. This approach is referred to as maximal ratio combining.
[0016] Referring to FIG. 2, the input signal x(t) to the system includes interference noise of other message channels, multipath signals of message channels, thermal noise, and multipath signals of the pilot signal. The input signal is provided to AVC 601 which includes a despreading means 602, channel estimation means for estimating the channel response 604, correction means for correcting a signal for effects of the channel response 603, and adder 605 in the present invention. The AVC despreading means 602 is composed of multiple code correlators, with each correlator using a different phase of the pilot code c(t) provided by the pilot code generator 608. The output of this despreading means corresponds to a noise power level if the phase of the local pilot code of the despreading means is not in phase with the input code signal, or it corresponds to a received pilot signal power level plus noise power level if the input pilot code and locally generated pilot code have the same phase. The output signals of the correlators of the despreading means are corrected for the channel response by the correction means 603 and are applied to the adder 605 which collects all multipath pilot signal power. The channel response estimation means 604 receives the combined pilot signal and the output signals of the despreading means 602, and provides a channel response estimate signal, w(t), to the correction means 603 of the AVC. The output signal of the despreading means 602 is also provided to the acquisition decision means 606 which decides, based on a particular algorithm such as a sequential probability ratio test (SPRT), if the present output levels of the despreading circuits correspond to synchronization of the locally generated code to the desired input code phase. If the detector finds no synchronization, then the acquisition decision means sends a control signal a(t) to the local pilot code generator 608 to offset its phase by one or more chip period. When synchronization is found, the acquisition decision means informs tracking circuit 607, which achieves and maintains a close synchronization between the received and locally generated code sequences.
[0017] In a CDMA system, the signal, s(t), shown in Equation (1) transmitted by the reference user is written in the low-pass representation as.
[0018] where ck represents the spreading code coefficients, PTc (t) represents the spreading code chip waveform, and Tc is the chip duration. Assuming that the reference user is not transmitting data, only the spreading code modulates the carrier. Referring to FIG. 1, the received signal, r(t), is described by Equation (2)
[0019] In Equation (2), ai is an attenuation factor due to fading effect of the multipath channel on the i-th path and τi is the random time delay associated with the same path. The receiver passes the received signal through a matched filter, which is implemented as a correlation receiver and is described below. This operation is done in two steps: first the signal is passed through a chip matched filter and sampled to recover the spreading code chip values, then this spreading sequence is correlated with the locally generated code sequence.
[0020]FIG. 1 shows the chip matched filter 301, matched to the chip waveform PTc (t), and the sampler 302. The signal x(t) at the output terminal of the chip matched filter is given by Equation (3),
[0021] Here, hR (t) is the impulse response of the chip matched filter and "*" denotes convolution. By changing the order of the summations, Equation (3) can be rewritten as Equation (5),
[0022] In the multipath channel described above, the sampler samples the output signal of the matched filter to produce x(nT) at the maximum power level points of g(t). In practice, however, the waveform g(t) may be distorted due to the multipath signal reception, and a perfect time alignment of the signals may not be available.
[0023] When the multipath distortion in the channel is negligible and a perfect estimate of the timing is available, i.e., a1 a1=1, τ1=0, and ai=0, i=2, . . . , M, the received signal is r(t)=s(t). Then, with this ideal channel model, the output of the chip matched filter becomes
[0024] When there is multipath fading, however, the received spreading code chip value waveform is distorted, and has a number of local maxima that can change from one sampling interval to another depending on the channel characteristics
[0025] For multipath fading channels with quickly changing channel characteristics, it is not practical to try to locate the maximum of the waveform. f(t) in every chip period interval. Instead, a time reference can be obtained from the characteristics of f(t) that may not change as quickly. Three tracking methods are described based on different characteristics of f(t)
[0026] Prior art tracking methods include a code tracking circuit in which the receiver attempts to determine the maximum matched filter output value of the chip waveform and sample the signal at that point. However, in multipath fading channels, the receiver despread spreading-code waveform can have a number of local maxima, especially in a mobile environment. In the following, f(t) represents the received signal waveform of the spreading code chip convolved with the channel impulse response. The frequency response characteristic of f(t) and the timing of its maximum correlation can change rather quickly making it impractical to track the maximum of f(t).
[0027] Define τ to be the time estimate that the tracking circuit calculates during a particular sampling interval. Also, define the following error function
[0028] The tracking circuits of the prior art calculate a value of the input signal that minimizes the error ε. One can write
[0029] Assuming f(t) has a smooth frequency response characteristic in the values given, the value of τ for which f(t) is maximum minimizes the error ε, so the tracking circuit tracks the maximum point of f(t)
[0030] The Median Weighted Tracking Method minimizes the absolute weighted error, defined as,
[0031] This tracking method calculates the "median" signal value of f(t) by collecting information from all paths, where f(t) is as in Equation (6). In a multipath fading environment, the waveform f(t) can have multiple local maxima, but only one median.
[0032] To minimize ε, the derivative of Equation (10) is taken with respect to τ and is equated it to zero, which yields Equation (11).
[0033] The value of τ that satisfies (11) is called the "median" of f(t). Therefore, the Median Tracking Method of the present embodiment tracks the median of f(t). FIG. 3 shows an implementation of the tracking circuit based on minimizing the absolute weighted error defined above. The signal x(t) and its one-half chip offset version x(t+T/2) are sampled by the A/D 401 at a rate 1/T. Equation (12) determines the operating characteristic of the circuit in FIG. 3:
[0034] Tracking the median of a group of multipath signals keeps the received energy of the multipath signal components equal on the early and late sides of the median point of the correct locally generated spreading-code phase Cn. The tracking circuit consists of an A/D converter 401 which samples an input signal x(t) to form the half chip offset samples. The half chip offset samples are alternatively grouped into even samples called an early set of samples x(nT+τ) and odd samples called a late set of samples x(nT+(T/2)+τ). The first correlation bank adaptive matched filter 402 multiplies each early sample by the spreading-code phases c(n+1), c(n+2), . . . , c(n+L), where L is small compared to the code length and approximately equal to number of chips of delay between the earliest and latest multipath signal. The output of each correlator is applied to a respective first sum-and-dump bank 404. The magnitudes of the output values of the L sum-and-dump circuits are calculated in the calculator 406 and then summed in summer 408 to give an output value proportional to the signal energy in the early multipath signals. Similarly, a second correlation bank adaptive matched filter 403 operates on the late samples, using code phases c(n−1), c(n−2), . . . , c(n−L), and each output signal is applied to a respective sum-and-dump circuit in an integrator 405. The magnitudes of the output signals of the L sum-and-dump circuits are calculated in calculator 407 and then summed in summer 409 to give a value for the late multipath signal energy. Finally, the adder 410 calculates the difference and produces error signal ε(τ) of the early and late signal energy values.
[0035] The tracking circuit adjusts by means of error signal ε(τ) the locally generated code phases c(t) to cause the difference between the early and late values to tend toward 0.
[0036] The optimal spreading-code tracking circuit of one embodiment of the present invention is called the squared weighted tracking (or centroid) circuit. Defining τ to denote the time estimate that the tracking circuit calculates, based on some characteristic of .function.(t), the centroid tracking circuit minimizes the squared weighted error defined as
[0037] This function inside the integral has a quadratic form, which has a unique minimum. The value of τ that minimizes ε can be found by taking the derivative of the above equation with respect to τ and equating to zero, which gives
[0038] Therefore, the value of τ that satisfies
[0039] is the timing estimate that the tracking circuit calculates, and .beta. is a constant value.
[0040] Based on these observations, a realization of the tracking circuit of the present invention minimizing the squared weighted error is shown in FIG. 4. The following equation determines the error signal ε(τ) of the centroid tracking circuit:
[0041] The value that satisfies ε(τ)=0 is the perfect estimate of the timing.
[0042] The early and late multipath signal energy on each side of the centroid point are equal. The centroid tracking circuit shown in FIG. 4 consists of an A/D converter 501 which samples an input signal x(t) to form the half chip offset samples. The half chip offset samples are alternatively grouped as an early set of samples x(nT+τ) and a late set of samples x(nT+(T/2)+τ). The first correlation bank adaptive matched filter 502 multiplies each early sample and each late sample by the positive spreading-code phases c(n+1), c(n+2), . . . , c(n+L), where L is small compared to the code length and approximately equal to number of chips of delay between the earliest and latest multipath signal. The output signal of each correlator is applied to a respective one of L sum-and-dump circuits of the first sum and dump bank 504. The magnitude value of each sum-and-dump circuit of the sum and dump bank 504 is calculated by the respective calculator in the calculator bank 506 and applied to a corresponding weighting amplifier of the first weighting bank 508. The output signal of each weighting amplifier represents the weighted signal energy in a multipath component signal.
[0043] The weighted early multipath signal energy values are summed in sample adder 510 to give an output value proportional to the signal energy in the group of multipath signals corresponding to positive code phases which are the early multipath signals. Similarly, a second correlation bank adaptive matched filter 503 operates on the early and late samples, using the negative spreading phases c(n−1), c(n−2), . . . , c(n−L), each output signal is provided to a respective sum-and-dump circuit of discrete integrator 505. The magnitude value of the L sum-and-dump output signals is calculated by the respective calculator of calculator bank 507 and then weighted in weighting bank 509. The weighted late multipath signal energy values are summed in sample adder 511 to give an energy value for the group of multipath signals corresponding to the negative code phases which are the late multipath signals. Finally, the adder 512 calculates the difference between the early and late signal energy values to produce error sample value ε(τ).
[0044] The tracking circuit of FIG. 4 produces error signal ε(τ) which is used to adjust the locally generated code phase c(nT) to keep the weighted average energy in the early and late multipath signal groups equal. The embodiment shown uses weighting values that increase as the distance from the centroid increases. The signal energy in the earliest and latest multipath signals is probably less than the multipath signal values near the centroid. Consequently, the difference calculated by the adder 510 is more sensitive to variations in delay of the earliest and latest multipath signals.
[0045] In another embodiment of the tracking method, the tracking circuit adjusts sampling phase to be "optimal" and robust to multipath. Let f(t) represent the received signal waveform as in Equation 16 above. The particular method of optimizing starts with a delay locked loop with an error signal ε(τ) that drives the loop. The function ε(τ) must have only one zero at τ=τ0 where τ0 is optimal. The optimal form for ε(τ) has the canonical form
[0046] where w(t, τ) is a weighting function relating f(t) to the error ε(τ), and the following holds
[0047] It follows from Equation 18 that w(t, τ) is equivalent to w(t−τ). Considering the slope M of the error signal in the neighborhood of a lock point τ0:
[0048] where w′(t, τ) is the derivative of w(t, τ) with respect to τ, and g(t) is the to average of |f(t)|2.
[0049] The error ε(τ) has a deterministic part and a noise part. Let z denote the noise component in ε(τ), then |z|2 is the average noise power in the error function ε(τ). Consequently, the optimal tracking circuit maximizes the ratio
[0050] The implementation of the Quadratic Detector is now described. The discrete error value e of an error signal ε(τ) is generated by performing the operation
e=y T By Equation 21
[0051] where the vector y represents the received signal components yi, i=0, 1, . . . L−1, as shown in FIG. 5. The matrix B is an L by L matrix and the elements are determined by calculating values such that the ratio F of Equation 20 is maximized.
[0052] The Quadratic Detector described above may be used to implement the centroid tracking system described above with reference to FIG. 4. For this implementation, the vector y is the output signal of the sum and dump circuits 504: y={(τ−LT), f(τ−LT+T/2), f(τ−(L−1)T), . . . f(τ, f(τ+T/2), f(τ+T), . . . f(τ+LT)} and the matrix B is set forth in Table 1.
[0053] To understand the operation of the Quadratic Detector, it is useful to consider the following. A spread spectrum (CDMA) signal, s(t) is passed through a multipath channel with an impulse response hc (t). The baseband spread signal is described by Equation (22).
[0054] where Ci is a complex spreading code symbol, p(t) is a predefined chip pulse and Tc is the chip time spacing, where Tc=1/Rc and Rc is the chip rate.
[0055] The received baseband signal is represented by Equation (23)
[0056] where q(t)=p(t))*hc(t), τ is an unknown delay and n(t) is additive noise. The received signal is processed by a filter, hR (t), so the waveform, x(t), to be processed is given by Equation (24).
[0057] where f(t)=q(t)*hR (t) and z(t)=n(t)*hR (t).
[0058] In the exemplary receiver, samples of the received signal are taken at the chip rate, that is to say, 1/Tc. These samples, x(mTc+τ′), are processed by an array of correlators that compute, during the rth correlation period, the quantities given by Equation (25)
[0059] These quantities are composed of a noise component wk(r) and a deterministic component yk(r) given by Equation (26).
y k (r) =E[v k (r) ]=Lf(kT c+τ′−τ) Equation 26
[0060] In the sequel, the time index r may be suppressed for ease of writing, although it is to be noted that the function f(t) changes slowly with time.
[0061] The samples are processed to adjust the sampling phase, τ′, in an optimum fashion for further processing by the receiver, such as matched filtering. This adjustment is described below. To simplify the representation of the process, it is helpful to describe it in terms of the function f(t+τ), where the time-shift, τ, is to be adjusted. It is noted that the function f(t+τ) is measured in the presence of noise. Thus, it may be problematical to adjust the phase τ′ based on measurements of the signal f(t+τ). To account for the noise, the function v(t): v(t)=f(t)+m(t) is introduced, where the term m(t) represents a noise process. The system processor may be derived based on considerations of the function v(t).
[0062] The process is non-coherent and therefore is based on the envelope power function |v(t+τ)|2. The functional e(τ′) given in Equation (27) is helpful for describing the process.
[0063] The shift parameter is adjusted for e(τ′)=0, which occurs when the energy on the interval (−∞,τ′−τ] equals that on the interval [τ′−τ, ∞) The error characteristic is monotonic and therefore has a single zero crossing point. This is the desirable quality of the functional. A disadvantage of the functional is that it is ill-defined because the integrals are unbounded when noise is present. Nevertheless, the functional e(τ′) may be cast in the form given by Equation (28).
[0064] where the characteristic function w(t) is equal to sgn(t), the signum function.
[0065] To optimize the characteristic function w(t), it is helpful to define a figure of merit, F, as set forth in Equation (29).
[0066] The numerator of F is the numerical slope of the mean error characteristic on the interval [−TA, TA] surrounding the tracked value, τ0′. The statistical mean is taken with respect to the noise as well as the random channel, hc(t). It is desirable to specify a statistical characteristic of the channel in order to perform this statistical average. For example, the channel may be modeled as a Wide Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scattering (WSSUS) channel with impulse response hc(t) and a white noise process U(t) that has an intensity function g(t) as shown in Equation (30).
h c(t)={square root}{square root over (g(t))}U(t) Equation 30
[0067] The variance of e(τ) is computed as the mean square value of the fluctuation
[0068] where <e(τ)> is the average of e(τ) with respect to the noise.
[0069] Optimization of the figure of merit F with respect to the function w(t) may be carried out using well-known Variational methods of optimization.
[0070] Once the optimal w(t) is determined, the resulting processor may be approximated accurately by a quadratic sample processor which is derived as follows.
[0071] By the sampling theorem, the signal v(t), bandlimited to a bandwidth W may be expressed in terms of its samples as shown in Equation (32).
v(t)=Σv(k/W)sinc[(Wt−k)π] Equation 32
[0072] substituting this expansion into equation (z+6) results in an infinite quadratic form in the samples v(k/W+τ′−τ). Making the assumption that the signal bandwidth equals the chip rate allows the use of a sampling scheme that is clocked by the chip clock signal to be used to obtain the samples. These samples, vk are represented by Equation (33).
v k =v(kT c+τ′−Σ) Equation 33
[0073] This assumption leads to a simplification of the implementation. It is valid if the aliasing error is small.
[0074] In practice, the quadratic form that is derived is truncated. An example normalized B matrix is given below in Table 2. For this example, an exponential delay spread profile g(t)=exp(−t/T) is assumed with .tau. equal to one chip. An aperture parameter TA equal to one and one-half chips has also been assumed. The underlying chip pulse has a raised cosine spectrum with a 20% excess bandwidth.
[0075] Code tracking of the above form in a CDMA system employing a Pilot signal can be implemented via a loop phase detector that is implemented in a digital signal processing device (DSP) as follows. The vector y is defined as a column vector which represents the 11 complex output level values of the Pilot AVC 1711, and B denotes an 11×11 symmetric real valued coefficient matrix with pre-determined values to optimize performance with the non-coherent Pilot AVC output values y. The output signal of the phase detector is given by Equation (21).
[0076] The following calculations are then performed to implement a proportional plus integral loop filter and the VCO:
x[n]=x[n−1]+βε Equation 34
z[n]=z[n−1]+x[n]+βε Equation 35
[0077] for β and α which are constants chosen from modeling the system to optimize system performance for the particular transmission channel and application, and where x[n] is the loop filter's integrator output value and z[n] is the VCO output value. The code phase adjustments are made by the modem controller the following C-subroutine:
[0078] The value of L in the previous section determines the minimum number of correlators and sum-and-dump elements. L is chosen as small as possible without compromising the functionality of the tracking circuit.
[0079] The multipath characteristic of the channel is such that the received chip waveform f(t) is spread over QTc seconds, or the multipath components occupy a time period of Q chips duration. The value of L chosen is L=Q. Q is found by measuring the particular RF channel transmission characteristics to determine the earliest and latest multipath component signal propagation delay. QTc is the difference between the earliest and latest multipath component arrival time at a receiver.
[0080] The previous description of acquisition and tracking algorithm focuses on a non-coherent method because the acquisition and tracking algorithm described requires non-coherent acquisition following by non-coherent tracking because during acquisition a coherent reference is not available until the AMF, Pilot AVC, Aux AVC, and DPLL are in an equilibrium state. However, it is known in the art that coherent tracking and combining is always optimal because in non-coherent tracking and combining the output phase information of each Pilot AVC finger is lost. Consequently, another embodiment of the invention employs a two step acquisition and tracking system, in which the previously described non-coherent acquisition and tracking algorithm is implemented first, and then the algorithm switches to a coherent tracking method. The coherent combining and tracking method is similar to that described previously, except that the error signal tracked is of the form:
ε=y T Ay Equation 36
[0081] where y is defined as a column vector which represents the 11 complex output level values of the Pilot AVC 1711, and A denotes an 11.times.11 symmetric real valued coefficient matrix with pre-determined values to optimize performance with the coherent Pilot AVC outputs y. An exemplary A matrix is shown below.
[0082] While the present invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments, it is understood by one skilled in the are that it may be practiced as described above with variations within the scope of the following claims.
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My happy baby Rhian enjoying a splash in the bath
this was taken just after having water poured over her head.
Lovely photo, she is beautiful.ReplyDelete
Thank you xReplyDelete
Amazing and cute photos. Your blog is so attractive on. Keep going on....ReplyDelete
Lovely smile with good boy. I love these type of photos a lot. Looking Forward to more photos on.ReplyDelete
Good images of your Rhian. I was wondering about more photos on the gardern as you shared before.ReplyDelete
That's amazing photos. Nice looking.ReplyDelete
Very cute baby... I love his smile. One Of my uncle son looks like these. Always I love them a lot.


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Gear Review
Best shoes I have ever owned
These shoes are so comfortable they make walking effortless. They are the basically flat - the heel is level with the ball - so that you feel like you are walking barefoot. And they look really cool and go with just about anything.
View More Details on Olukai Kamuela Shoe - Men's


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Rocky Patel The Edge Missile Corojo
5 x 48 - Natural - Box of 25
The Edge by Rocky Patel Missile cigars present a spicy new height in flavor in smaller full-bodied cigars. A masterpiece of a cigar blended with a potent, yet perfectly-balanced all-Ligero blend, and a rich-tasting Corojo wrapper for the ultimate in complexity and aroma. (Not for beginners.)
Lousy Smoke with a bitter taste. Did not like this one at all. Bitter taste at first and continued through entire cigar. I expected much more from an Edge cigar.
This cigar was amazing, while the smoke was without flavor, it was extremely heavy in body. The cigar hit just as hard as a one from Habana. It's stronger than a Fuente Anejo by a hair, the burn was extremely consistant and a wonderful prelight draw and aroma. For the price, a very good slugger.
After sampling 4 of these highly rated sticks I can honestly say that I'm not very impressed. Rocky's cigars are usually better. They smelled good and tasted sweet before lighting them. They started out OK but after a few puffs they started to burn at a severe angle. I tried everything to try and get them to burn evenly with no luck. Each one burnt at about 60 degrees to the center line of the cigar for about 3/4 the legnth. All 4 burnt with the same 60 degree pattern. Maybe it was just the batch? I'll wait a while before I try another of these.
I absolutely love strong, peppery/sweet Ligero based sticks. This is one. Better than the overrated Gurkha X3 but not quite as refined as La Flor Dominicas Ligero/Double-Ligero series but still a keeper. This is the kind of cigar you save for after a Porterhouse Steak dinner or better yet, an uber-dark cup of coffee/espresso. Your head will swim, your toes will curl and you'll think about your next one. Definitely not for beginners or those who like "mild & mellow".


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some progress....
Hey everyone!
I'm not sure if you guys remember my post about a month ago about my horse chance's feet, but i finally got around to taking a picture of how his feet are starting to go back to their normal color, which is only one of them.... even though there is a BOATLOAD OF SNOW! we ahve a total of 97.6 inches!!!!!!! wow!!
Congratulations! :D Down here in tennesse it's already 70 degrees.lol
Wow I just couldn't handle that much snow :shock: The hooves are looking better though.
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By Bonnie PowellSpecial to American Forces Press Service
MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE, Ala., May 19, 1998 Tent sales. Case lot sales. You love them because you save big -- and now exchanges and commissaries are working together closely to stage these bargain blowouts.
The first few are already history, but more are on the way.
Commissaries sell groceries at cost to military members and their families as part of their benefits package. Exchanges use their profits to support morale, welfare and recreation activities. Special discount events mean more sales, which mean manufacturers can usually lower prices -- which encourages more special events. Everyone wins.
In Arkansas, Little Rock Air Force Base commissary officer Eddie Williams held a tent sale with the exchange May 1-2. "Military shoppers got the lowest prices available on everything from laundry detergent to canned goods," he said. The two-day sales fest included free vendor- provided hot dogs and sodas on the second day. The exchange printed up T-shirts that said "AAFES/DeCA - Serving the Best Customers in the World."
The Little Rock commissary and exchange are about a mile apart, so the tent sale was "a great way to offer patrons a chance to shop under one roof," said Williams. "And we've always had a good working relationship with the exchange."
Exchange store manager Dave Ingram sold everything from grills to TVs during the first-ever event at Little Rock. "It's really a remarkable accomplishment for two organizations this large," he said. "The benefit is really going to the customers."
Both managers hoped for a big success in the days prior to the sale. "We want to be able to brag about this," said Ingram.
And brag they can. According to Williams, his customers purchased $53,000 more in groceries than normal for two days. "We went through 160 cases of pizza, 300 cases of tortilla chips and 175 cases of sausages, just to name a few items," Williams said. "We sold out of just about everything!"
"It was fantastic! The customers loved it and want to see more," said George Main, Little Rock Exchange sales and merchandise manager. "Every time I went back to the store I saw customers who'd had just come over from the tent sale. Many of them were new." He said the exchange saw an increase of nearly 20 percent in sales over the same weekend last year.
The Little Rock stores are already plotting their next cooperative sale in September. Main said they also accomplished a secondary objective: letting customers know they offer good deals.
Kings Bay Naval Sub Base, Ga., held its first cooperative sale in early April. "It was great," said commissary officer Jim Carnes. "We learned a lot, and we're already talking about doing something in July."
Carnes' assistant, Tom States, said the Kings Bay exchange and commissary have always shared a spirit of cooperation. "They help us out and we help them out -- that's the way people do business and get things done!" he said.
The commissary and exchange at Key West Naval Air Station, Fla., had a successful tent sale last Halloween that directly involved local MWR activities. In April they tried again with a kind of sidewalk sale. Customers came in droves for bargains, giveaways and daily drawings, said commissary officer Dana Nickless. Employees had sunburns and sore shoulder muscles from carrying cases of soda, but it was worth it, because the event accounted for 34 percent of total stores sales over the three-day period, Nickless noted.
The Key West Exchange only participated for one day, but the 100 percent increase in normal sales volume didn't go unnoticed by general manager Rick Hillman. "It's really been good," he said. "We're planning another sale this summer and looking at cross-promotion." He called the cooperative ventures a "can't lose situation." "It's a smart move for all of us," he said. "Let's look out for each other!"
Mayport Naval Station, Fla., and Fort Gillem, Ga., are other installations planning cooperative sales in the coming weeks and months. Mayport's sale will be July 2-3 as a lead-in to the Fourth of July holiday. Last year the commissary had its first sidewalk sale alone and that was a success. This year, said commissary officer Edie Confino, "The exchange was very receptive to the joint sale."
"We don't know what to expect, but it should be fun!" said Fort Gillem commissary officer Bob Soper.
One thing is sure: The military customers and MWR activities are the winners.
(Powell is Defense Commissary Agency regional public affairs officer at Maxwell Air Force Base.)


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Posted at: 04/15/2013 7:10 PM
Updated at: 04/15/2013 7:11 PM
By: Stuart Dyson, KOB Eyewitness News 4
At least 80 New Mexico runners were signed up to run in the Boston Marathon – and at least 52 of them were from Albuquerque. The explosions had a huge impact here in our state's tight-knit competitive running community.
Heart and Sole Sports on San Mateo – one of Albuquerque's best known running shoe emporiums - had four employees in Boston to run in the race. Many of the other Albuquerque runners in the marathon were customers.
"We were able to make contact with pretty much everybody we know," said store manager Matt Glasier. "They're all fine. Everybody we know had finished, had moved on or gone back to their hotels. They were nowhere near the finish line when the bombs went off."
Meanwhile at ABQ Running Shop off Paseo del Norte, Randy Ariola was trying to check up on his marathon customers, too.
"One runner was already finished, well in advance of the explosions," Ariola said. "But another runner was close by, we heard, but she is okay and for that I'm thankful."
Ariola's assistant Michael Warren knew at least one marathoner in the race.
"My doctor from back home was running in it, and he had not finished yet. I'm worried, but not as worried as other people because, honestly, he was kind of slow," Warren said.
Runner Michelle Winklejohn, shopping at ABQ, wondered if she knew any of the local runners.
"I mean, because they're hometown, of course we're worried," Winklejohn said. "But we care about everybody who was involved, no matter who, if you were the announcer, if you were running, everybody was hurt up there."


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