text:
Virginia Research In-Depth
This State Guide provides an in-depth look at sources of law within Virginia.
The Constitution of Virginia is the primary source of authority for all Virginia state law. The first Virginia constitution was adopted in 1776. Since then, the state constitution has gone through a number of redraftings and revisions. The most recent general revision was ratified by Virginia voters in 1970 and became effective on July 1, 1971. The text of the current Virginia constitution can be most easily found in the first volume of the Code of Virginia, along with references to cases interpreting the constitution. The text is also available online.
For more detailed information on Virginia constitutional law and history, see Commentaries on the Constitution of Virginia, KFV2801 1970.A6 H68 or The Virginia State Constitution: A Reference Guide KFV2801 1970.A6 D56 2006.
This section on statutory law covers the legislative body, the process of how a bill becomes law, how laws are published and compiled, and instructions on legislative history.
A. Legislation
The Virginia General Assembly, Virginia's legislative body, claims to be the "oldest continuous law-making body in the New World." The General Assembly's chief responsibilities are to represent citizens in the formulation of public policy, enact laws of the Commonwealth, approve the budget, levy taxes, elect judges and confirm appointments by the Governor. The General Assembly is a bicameral legislature, and consists of the House of Delegates and Senate of Virginia. The House of Delegates has 90 to 100 members, and the Senate has 33 to 40 members, all of whom are elected by qualified voters within their respective House and Senate districts. The terms of office are two years for members of the House and four years for members of the Senate. There is no limit to the number of terms that can be served.
1. Legislative Process
Legislative Sessions. Legislative sessions convene on the second Wednesday in January each year. In even-numbered years, the session length is 60 days; in odd-numbered years it is 30 days. The session may be extended by a 2/3 majority vote in both houses. Both the governor and the General Assembly (with 2/3 majority vote in both houses) can call for a special session. The General Assembly reconvenes six weeks after adjournment to consider the Governor's actions on bills.
Introduction of Bills. A Delegate or Senator presents an idea for a bill to the Division of Legislative Services, which checks existing law and the constitutionality of the proposal, drafts the bill, and gives it to the member for introduction. The bill is signed by the patron, introduced, and printed. In the House of Delegates, the Clerk assigns a number for each bill and sends the legislation to the Speaker of the House. The Speaker refers the bill to a committee. In the Senate, the bill is assigned a number by the Clerk, who refers it to a committee.
Committee Stage. Once the bill is referred to the appropriate committee, the committee members consider the bill and decide what action to take. Any citizen of the Commonwealth has the right to attend a committee meeting and speak about legislation. After the committee hears the patron and any other witnesses, the committee has several options when the chairman calls for a vote:
- Report: The majority of the committee approves of the bill and it is reported to the floor or referred to another committee.
- Pass by Indefinitely (PBI): This action allows the committee to reconsider the legislation prior to the deadline established by the procedural resolution that sets the schedule for consideration of bills.
- Defeat: The committee rejects a motion to report the bill, and there is no further action by the committee.
- Continue/Carry Over: A bill introduced in an even-numbered year session may be continued or carried over to an odd-numbered year session for further action or study during the interim. A carry-over bill retains its assigned bill number in the odd-numbered year session. A bill may not be continued or carried over from an odd-numbered year session to an even-numbered year session.
- Pass by for the day: The committee is not ready to act on the bill. If the bill is not taken up before the deadline, then it is considered Left in Committee or No Action Taken.
- No Action or Left in Committee: No motion is made on the bill and it dies at the time of the committee action deadline.
- Incorporate into other Legislation: The bill is incorporated, or included into another bill through an amendment or a substitute. The bill may have similar language or duplicate language with the same intent.
Readings: For bills that are reported to the floor, the title of each bill must be read three times or appear in the printed Calendar on three different days. Legislation reported from the Committees appears on the Calendar under the category of Senate Bills on First Reading in the Senate, House Bills on First Reading in the House of Delegates, etc. The second reading is referred to as the "amendable state," and committee amendments, floor amendments and floor substitutes are considered. The legislators vote on any amendments or substitutes, and then on whether to engross the bill and send it to its third reading. Engrossing means incorporating any amendment(s) which may have been adopted by the body. If a bill fails to be engrossed and advanced to its third reading, the bill is defeated. Upon passage of legislation, bills and the action taken regarding them are communicated to the other body.
Bicameral Procedures. Each body of the General Assembly is required to pass legislation in exactly the same form before it can be sent to the Governor to become law. House legislation, when first received by the Senate after passage in the House of Delegates, receives its first reading and is referred to the appropriate Senate committee. Likewise, Senate legislation, when received by the House of Delegates after passage in the Senate, receives its first reading and is referred to the appropriate House committee. Legislation of the other body, i.e. House bills in the Senate or Senate bills in the House of Delegates, is not considered amendable on second reading. This legislation, having been reported from a committee, is listed in the Calendar the next day. Committee amendments are not shown in the Calendar until the legislation is on its third reading. Debate on amendment(s) to legislation of the other body takes place on third reading.
If the other body passes the bill without amendment(s), it is enrolled (passed by both houses in the same form) and communicated to the Governor. If a Senate bill is passed by the House of Delegates with amendment(s) or with a substitute, the bill and the changes must be communicated to the Senate, so that the Senate will be in a position to consider the changes proposed by the House. If the Senate agrees to the changes proposed by the House, the bill, with the changes, is enrolled and sent to the Governor. If the Senate does not agree to the changes, a Committee of Conference may be formed to resolve the differences between the House and the Senate. If a Committee of Conference is not formed, the bill fails to pass. Each Committee of Conference consists of an equal number of Senators and Delegates. If an agreement is reached, the terms of the agreement are reported to each body. If each house agrees to the report, the changes agreed to in the Committee of Conference are incorporated into the bill and the "compromise" bill is enrolled [definition: a bill that has been passed by both houses] and sent to the Governor. If the Committee of Conference cannot agree or the report is rejected by either body, the bill dies.
Governor. For any bill presented, the Governor may sign, veto, or offer amendments. The Governor may also veto one or more items if the bill is an appropriation bill. If the Governor does not act on a bill, it becomes law without his signature in seven days. If there are fewer than seven days remaining in the General Assembly session, or if the General Assembly has adjourned, the Governor has thirty days after adjournment to act on bills. If the Governor recommends amendments to or vetoes a bill, and the General Assembly is still in session, the General Assembly can consider the Governor's action. The General Assembly can override the Governor's veto with a two-third majority vote from both houses.
Where to find BILLS and BILL INFORMATION?
[Bills are not available in print at Georgetown Law Library.]
- Virginia General Assembly Session Tracking (Legislative Information Service), (1994 to the current session)
- Lexis:
- Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > VA Full-Text Bills (current session)
- Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > VA - Virginia Advance Legislative Service (prior sessions from 1990)
- Westlaw:
2. Session Laws
At the conclusion of each session of the General Assembly, all newly-passed statutes are compiled in session law services. The laws are compiled in chronological order, and assigned consecutive chapter numbers in the order of passage. All print services contain the official language of all Virginia laws, and include indexes to new acts by subject and code provision affected.
Where to find ACTS and LAWS?
- The Virginia Advance Legislative Service, KFV2431 .A3, is produced by Lexis-Nexis, the same company that publishes the Code of Virginia, and is published fairly quickly after the end of the legislative session.
- West's Virginia Legislative Service, KFV2430. A44 is also published soon after the end of the legislative session.
- The Acts of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia, KFV 2425 .A213, is not usually received until several months after the end of the session. It is the official legislative service and session laws. Also available from the following:
- HeinOnline (1776-)
- Lexis:
- Westlaw:
- VA-LEGIS (for current session)
- VA-LEGIS-OLD (previous sessions from 1990-2009)
- Bloomberg Law: Legislative & Regulatory > State Law & Regulations > Virginia > Virginia Acts. (Begins in 2004)
3. Codes and Statutes
After their initial chronological publication, all laws of a general nature passed by the General Assembly are compiled by subject in The Code of Virginia, 1950.
The two Virginia Code publications are:
- The Code of Virginia, 1950, published by LexisNexis, is the official version of The Code. Even though the title indicates that The Code is out-of-date, it is updated with annual pocket parts, and with paperback supplements issued three times a year (these are entitled Advance Code Service, and should not be confused with the Advance Legislative Service published at the end of each General Assembly session). Entire volumes of the multivolume set are periodically updated and replaced.
- West's Annotated Code of Virginia is the unofficial version of the Virginia Code. The text and organization are the same as the official code. However, the annotations and finding aids are different. This Code version was first published in 2001, and includes some advantages such as West key number annotations and a modern index. It is updated with annual pocket parts and a semiannual Interim Annotation Service.
In both versions of The Code, the text of the statute is followed by a brief legislative history of the law. There are also cross-references to related statutes and Rules of Court, and annotations containing references to case law, law review articles and other secondary sources.
Where to find the Virginia CODE?
The Virginia Code is available in print and electronic format:
- Code of Virginia, 1950 (official) , KFV2430 1950 .A3.
- West's Annotated Code of Virginia, KFV2430 1950 .A422.
- Code of Virginia (unannotated), Virginia General Assembly, available from the following:
- Internet:
- Lexis:
- Westlaw
- Bloomberg Law: Statutes & Regulations > Virginia > Virginia Code
4. Finding the law that covers your legal issue
Now that you know how bills are enacted and how laws are published and compiled, how do you go about finding the law on a particular topic?
Finding the Sections:
Begin your search for current Virginia law using the Code of Virginia 1950 or the West's Annotated Code of Virginia. See the gray box below for the location of the sources mentioned.
- Indexes. In both versions there is an annual index at the end of the set. Search for key terms using the West's Code index; the index to the Code of Virginia uses terms derived directly from the language in the statute and is therefore less helpful to users. You may also search an electronic version of the index in Westlaw by going to the VA-ST-ANN database and clicking "Statutes Index" in the upper right-hand corner.
- Table of Contents. If you prefer to browse, use the table of contents for the Virginia Code. All versions of The Code have a table of contents.
- Popular Name Table: Use a Popular Name Table to look up Virginia statutes by popular name. See "Virginia Code Find Aids" below for locations.
- Secondary Sources. Use Michie's Jurisprudence of Virginia and West Virginia: A Complete Treatise of Virginia and West Virginia Law, KFV2465 .M4, to research Virginia statutory law. Michie's is a legal encyclopedia.
Updating your Sections: Online
To make sure you use the most current version of the law, make sure to follow the steps below to update the section.
Free Web
- The Search page for the Code of Virginia will state when the Code was last updated. To start the update process, search the bills of each session held after this date:
- From the The Virginia General Assembly Legislative Information Service web site, select the appropriate legislative session. Select "Bills and Resolutions" under "Searchable Databases".
- Search for the code section you are updating ‹ for example, if you are updating Code Section 5.1-26, enter "5.1-26" in the search form. Select "chapter" from the pull-down menu.
- If the search returns any results, scan the results (each hit is a chapter law) to see how your code section is affected. [Select "show hits," to highlight your search term in the text of the law.]
Lexis & Westlaw
- Lexis: Legislative changes are incorporated into the Code language immediately after their effective date. However, a "statute section affected by newly enacted legislation that has not yet been incorporated into the code contains a STATUS segment. This segment cites the chapter in the Advance Legislative Service (ALS) that affects the code section. Markers are available to quickly take you to the affecting language." (From Lexis.)
- Westlaw: The following instructions are provided by Westlaw:
1) Use KEYCITE whenever the message "Use KEYCITE" appears [or when a yellow or red symbol is displayed] to retrieve laws or orders which amend or repeal the document, and
2) Search for your subject matter in VA-LEGIS to retrieve (i) slip copy documents which amend or repeal documents in your search result and (ii) any additional relevant materials, which may include new statutes or rules, local or special laws, and uncodified materials.
Updating your Sections: In the Books
- Check the annual pocket part in the back of the volume you are reading. This will contain changes to the code that have occurred since the hardbound volume was printed. Sometimes, instead of a pocket part, supplementation will be in the form of a separate, paperback volume. If you cannot find your section in the pocket part, that means your section has not been changed between the time of the publication of the main volume and the time of the publication of the pocket part.
- Next check the Virginia Advance Legislative Service or West's Virginia Legislative Service to see if the General Assembly has passed any bills affecting your law since the publication of the pocket part (Note: the legislative session begins in January every year, and ends by July 1.)
- Use the latest volume of the Service for the relevant legislative session and use the Table of Sections Affected or Code Sections Affected to see if the code section is listed. If it is listed, a newly-passed law affects your statute. Check the table for the law's bill number and look up the new language.
- Note that most Virginia laws take effect on July 1, so updating in the books does not fall too far behind updating electronically. Generally however, electronic updating methods are preferable to print updating methods because of the currency of information.
Virginia Code Finding Aids
Use these sources to help find statutes on particular topics:
- Each volume of the Code includes a table of contents at the front.
- Internet:
- Lexis
- Westlaw:
- The Virginia Popular Name Table:
- West's Annotated Code of Virginia, General Index Volume , KFV2430 1950 .A422
- Westlaw:
- Shepard's Acts and Cases by Popular Names, Federal and State, KF80 .S5
- Internet:
- Westlaw:
- West's Annotated Code of Virginia, General Index Volume , KFV2430 1950 .A422
- Michie's Jurisprudence of Virginia and West Virginia : A Complete Treatise of Virginia and West Virginia Law KFV2465 .M4
B. Legislative History
There is no official legislative history information in Virginia, so the documents and resources that will help to establish legislative intent are varied. Make sure you have the law's bill number and chapter number before you start on a history. Then, refer to the sources listed below to gather as much information as you can.
Available in the library or online:
Code of Virginia
- Annotations. The text of each statute is followed by parenthetical information about its history. For code provisions enacted or amended since 1950, the note refers to the appropriate volume and chapter of the Acts of the General Assembly, and to earlier code citations if a particular title has been recodified. For code provisions already in effect in 1950, the note refers to an earlier edition of the code.
- Superseded Codes.
- All superseded Virginia Codes are available in the Williams Library in the Historic Core Collection, Special Collections or microfiche.
- Westlaw
- U.S. State Materials > Other U.S. States > Virginia > Statutes & Legislative Materials > Virginia Historical Statutes Annotated (The Code as it appeared each year since 1987)
- Lexis:
- Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > By Statutes & Regulations > Legislative Archive (The Code as it appeared each year since 1991)
- HeinOnline: Historical Statutes
Session Laws
- 1776 - 2004. Virginia Session Laws online or in microfiche, KFV2425 .A213 Micro (Williams Library, 1st floor), Cabinet D8.
- 1968-1970. Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia KFV2425 .A213.
- 1983 - 2004, Acts of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia, KFV 2425 .A213. Updated annually.
- 1995 to current. The Virginia General Assembly Legislative Information Service web site.
- Choose the session, enter search terms, and choose "chapter" from the drop down menu to search enacted legislation, or search across sessions by clicking a link at the bottom right of the screen.
- Lexis:
- Westlaw:
- VA-LEGIS (current session)
- VA-LEGIS-OLD (previous sessions from 1990-2009)
- HeinOnline: Session Law Library
[Bills are not available in print at Georgetown Law Library.]
- Virginia General Assembly Session Tracking (Legislative Information Service), (1994 to the current session)
- Lexis:
- Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > VA Full-Text Bills (current session)
- Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > VA - Virginia Advance Legislative Service (prior sessions from 1990)
- Westlaw:
- VA-BILLTXT (for current session)
- VA-BILLTXT-OLD (previous sessions from 1992)
Reports to the General Assembly - Reports mandated by the Code of Virginia (selective from 1940; link to pdf where available)
- The Richmond Times-Dispatch, Richmond's daily newspaper, covers the General Assembly well, and can be a good resource for background information on legislation. It has a special section for articles covering the General Assembly; (click Metro & Virginia and General Assembly)
- Westlaw:
- (1989 to present)
- Lexis:
- Other Electronic Sources
- Westlaw:
- Virginia Politics in The Washington Post (covers Virginia legislative events)
- Virginia Lawyers Weekly, K26 .I755, is a legal newspaper that covers legislative activities (print cancelled).
- Lexis:
- Westlaw
Items not available in the GU Law Library:
Special Studies. The House or Senate will sometimes order committees to prepare studies of topics important to the Assembly. A chronological list of House and Senate Documents from 1897 is available online. Only a few select newer reports are available in full text online. The reports from these studies are compiled in a set entitled House & Senate Documents which is not available in our library. However, reports can be requested using Interlibrary Loan, or by contacting the Legislative Bill Room, General Assembly Building, Basement, Richmond, Virginia 23219, (804) 786-6984.
Floor Debates. There are no paper records of the proceedings of the General Assembly. Instead, there are videotapes available for viewing at the offices of the General Assembly in Richmond. House debates are available from the 1980's to the present, and Senate debates are available for the past six months. You must call ahead to make sure the tapes are available, and you must know the dates of the proceedings you want to see. Contact the House Journal Clerk's office at 804-698-1530 or the Senate Clerk's office at 804-698-7400.
More Information
Research guides of the University of Virginia Law Library and the College of William and Mary Law Library all have very good information on legislative history. Each contains a different perspective on the process and each is worth reading.
Also, the two Virginia legal research guides available here in the library have excellent sections on legislative history:
- Legal Research in the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia, 2d ed., 2000, KF240 .C43 2000.
- A Guide to Legal Research in Virginia, 5th ed., 2005, KFV2475 .G85 2005.
Administrative law consists of the regulations and decisions made by government agencies and other entities which fall under the executive branch (the Governor's office) of the Commonwealth. These agencies, boards, and commissions are empowered by the General Assembly to implement and enforce state law through the promulgation of rules and regulations.
1. Executive Branch Structure
The Executive Branch consists of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, and the Boards and Departments that serve them. See the Organization of State Government chart.
- Office of the Governor - The Governor has the chief executive power of the Commonwealth. His responsibilities include making sure the laws are faithfully executed, acting as chief of the armed forces, and interacting with other states and foreign entities. The Governor cannot serve more than one consecutive term of office (he/she may "skip" one or more terms).
- Office of the Lieutenant Governor - "The official responsibilities of Virginia's Lieutenant Governor as described by Article V of the Virginia Constitution are to preside over the state Senate, but casting a vote only in the event of a tie. And in the case of removal of the Governor from office or in case of his disqualification, death, or resignation, the Lieutenant Governor shall be Governor." For more information, click here.
- Office of the Attorney General - The Attorney General renders official written advisory opinions on issues of Virginia law when formally requested by the Governor, a member of the General Assembly, a state court judge, the State Corporation Commission, a Commonwealth's Attorney or county attorney, or other designated government officer. To learn more about the role of the Attorney General click here.
- The Governor's Cabinet - The Secretaries of the Commonwealth are responsible for providing overall supervision and direction to the agencies which report to them. By law they also have the power to resolve conflicts between their agencies, direct preparation of their budgets, and hold agency heads accountable for effective and efficient performance.
- Executive & Independent Agencies
2. Regulations
Administrative law in Virginia is governed by the Administrative Process Act, Va. Code Ann. § 2.2 et seq. Administrative law consists of the regulations and decisions made by Virginia agencies, whether executive or independent. Basic procedure includes publication of proposed and final regulations in the Virginia Register of Regulations, and publication of final regulations by topic in the Virginia Administrative Code.
The process of promulgating a regulation is clearly explained in the Legislative Information Service web site: "An agency wishing to adopt, amend, or repeal regulations must first publish [the proposed regulation] in the Virginia Register a notice of intended regulatory action. . . [the agency then accepts] public comments for a minimum of 60 days . . . The Governor reviews the proposed regulation to determine if it is necessary to protect the public health, safety and welfare, and if it is clearly written and easily understandable . . . When final action is taken, the agency again publishes the text of the regulation as adopted, highlighting all changes made to the proposed regulation and explaining any substantial changes made since publication of the proposal. A 30-day final adoption period begins upon final publication in the Virginia Register . . . A regulation becomes effective at the conclusion of the 30-day final adoption period, or at any other later date specified by the promulgating agency . . ." For a more detailed description, including exceptions and special rules, click here.
Administrative Codes and Registers
- The Virginia Register, KFV2436. V5 (recent issues are on Reading Room Mezzanine. The library is missing issues from 2002 through November 2005) published every other week, includes proposed and final rules and regulations. Indexes are published quarterly, with a final annual cumulative index for each volume. Regulations in the Virginia Register are published by status (proposed or final), and by Virginia Administrative Code title.
- The Virginia Administrative Code, KFV2435 1992 .A22, is the official source for promulgated rules and regulations currently in effect. It is organized by subject in 24 titles, and is updated twice a year with an Annual Supplement located in the front of each volume. There is a General Index as well as indexes at the back of each title. There is also a conversion table which translates Virginia Register provisions. Each regulation entry in the Virginia Administrative Code includes the text of the regulation and historical notes with information about its proposed and final entry in the Virginia Register, amendment information, and annotations to statutory law, case law and secondary sources. The Administrative Code also publishes Executive Orders, meeting and hearing schedules, and general information about agencies.
Finding the Current Regulation that Covers Your Issue
- Print: To begin a general search for regulations on a certain topic, use the general print index found at the back of each bound volume, or browse the list of titles at the front of each volume, and then the table of contents at the beginning of each title. If you already know the regulation citation from the Virginia Register, you can use the conversion table in the Conversion Tables and Appendices volume to find the correct section.
- Internet: Virginia Register of Regulations (from 1998). Use the search function and relevant keywords to find the appropriate section, or use the table of contents to browse. The advantages to using this version is its currency, and the ease in updating (see Updating your Sections below).
- Lexis and Westlaw: Search the correct database or file with relevant keywords to find the appropriate section, or use the table of contents to browse. Both Lexis and Westlaw provide current information, and the "Current as of" date is given for each section. There is an advantage to using Lexis in that its references to other sections are linked.
Finding Proposed and Final Regulations in the Virginia Register
- Print: Our library holds Virginia Register KFV2436. V5. To find a print regulation, see the index published most recently (either the annual cumulative index, or the quarterly index). You will need to backtrack through each quarterly index published since the most recently annual index, and then each annual index until the appropriate regulation is located. You can search for a regulation in the Alphabetical Listing of the index, or browse by Code title. Indexes are bound with the Register issues and, with a few exceptions, not separately listed in the online catalog. [An effective way to find a regulation is to locate the regulation in the Virginia Administrative Code and use the citations to the Virginia Register found in the Historical Notes after the text of the regulation.]
- Internet:Virginia Register contains pdf and Word formats from June 1998. The index issues are not available, however, so it is advisable to use the search feature.
- Lexis and Westlaw. Both Lexis and Westlaw have information and text of current proposed and final regulations. However, only Lexis has historical Virginia Register information.
Updating your Sections: In the Books
- The first step in updating a regulation section (making sure it is current) is to use the Virginia Administrative Code. Check the annual supplement at the front of each volume which should contain the most up-to-date print version of any section that was recently changed. If there is no listing in the annual supplement for the section, check the regular section of the Administrative Code and note the date of the last amendment or the date of derivation.
- The next step in updating a section is to use the "Cumulative Table of Virginia Administrative Code Sections Adopted, Amended or Repealed" (the list is cumulative for each calendar year) which is printed in each edition of the Virginia Register. Use the table found in the most recent issue of the Virginia Register, and check the list for the relevant code section. If the section is listed with a more recent date than the amended or derived date of the version you are using, make sure to use the language and citation of the final regulation.
Updating your Sections: Online
- Internet: With the Virginia Register, search or browse to the correct section, note the "updated through" date at the top left of the screen, then click the "cumulative table" link at the top of the screen to see the most recent "Cumulative Table of Virginia Administrative Code Sections Adopted, Amended or Repealed." Check the list for the relevant code section. If the section is listed with a later date than the amended or derived date of the version you are using, make sure to use the language and citation of the final regulation. Make sure to note the effective date.
- Lexis and Westlaw:
- Lexis. Find the section in the Virginia Administrative Code file (see "Where to find Virginia Regulations" below) and note the "current through" date. Use the file at States Legal-U.S. > Virginia > Agency & Administrative Materials > RegAlert-Virginia Documents to find any updates to the regulation. If there is information with a date later than the "current through" date, make sure to use the language and citation of the final regulation. Make sure to note the effective date.
- Westlaw. Find the section in the VA-ADC database and note the "current through" date. Use the VA-REG-NET database to find any updates to the regulation. If there is information with a date later than the "current through" date, make sure to note the effective date, and use the language and citation of the final regulation.
Where to find Virginia Regulations?
Virginia regulations are easily available both in print and online.
- Virginia Administrative Code, KFV2435 1992 .A22
- Internet: Virginia Administrative Code (official)
- Lexis:
- Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > VA - Virginia Administrative Code (Current Code)
- Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > By Statutes & Regulations > Administrative Code Archive (Previous Codes from 2004)
- Westlaw:
- Bloomberg Law: Statutes & Regulations > Virginia > Virginia Administrative Code
- Virginia Register, KFV2436 .V5 (Recent issues are on the Reading Room Mezzanine. Print issues are not available in our library from 2001 through November 2005)
3. Administrative Orders, Decisions, and Opinions
Some Virginia executive officers and agencies publish their orders and decisions, but most do not. See the following:
Executive Orders. An Executive Order is a law executed by the the Governor of Virginia. The Governor usually issues an Executive Order to accomplish a specific purpose. Virginia's Executive Orders web site contains information on the current Governor's Executive Orders, as well as selected Orders of past Governors, and a list of all Executive Orders still in effect.
- 1984 - 2000; 2005 - Current; Virginia Register. [See above "Where to Find Virginia Regulations"]
- Library of Virginia - Executive Orders (currently in effect)
Opinions of the Attorney General: The Attorney General renders official written advisory opinions on issues of Virginia law when formally requested by the Governor, a member of the General Assembly, a state court judge, the State Corporation Commission, a Commonwealth's Attorney or county attorney, or other designated government officer. The opinions are compiled in The Annual Report of the Attorney General of Virginia and Opinions Of The Attorney General And Report To The Governor Of Virginia. Each report contains a name index, subject index, and indexes to the statutory and Constitutional provisions cited for that volume. Cumulative ten-year indexes to the Annual Report up to 1987 are also available.
- 1946 - 1971: Opinions of the Attorney General and Report to the Governor of Virginia, KFV2840 .A54
- 1958 - present: Lexis: Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > By Administrative Materials > VA Attorney General Opinions
- 1976 - present: Westlaw: VA-AG
- 1990 - 2002: Annual Report of the Attorney General of Virginia, KFV2840 .A55
- 1993 - 2004: Annual Report of the Attorney General of Virginia [microfiche], KFV2840 .A55 Micro, Media Center, 1st floor, Cabinet D16
- 1996 - present: Legal and Legislative Reference - Official Opinions
The State Corporation Commission is an independent agency with regulatory authority over many business and economic interests in Virginia. It has a unique structure in that it is organized as a separate department of government with delegated administrative, legislative, and judicial powers. SCC decisions can only be appealed to the Virginia Supreme Court. For more information, click here.
The SCC holds hearings under its adjudicatory authority. Case information, including decisions, dockets, and public filings, is available here. Background, organization, documents, proceedings, and other information are available here.
- 1975 - present: Lexis: Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > By Administrative Materials > VA State Corporation Commission Securities Decisions
- 1977 - present: Westlaw: VABUS-ADMIN
- 2002 - present: SCC Case Docket Search
The Workers' Compensation Commission is responsible for administering the Virginia Workers' Compensation Act. Opinions are available from:
- 1967 - present: Lexis: Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > By Administrative Materials > VA Workers' Compensation Decisions
- 1980 - present: Westlaw: VAWC-ADMIN
- 1996 - present: The Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission
Virginia Taxation
- The Virginia Department of Taxation
- Tax forms: Provides pdf IRS forms (individual and business) as well as filing instructions.
- The Tax Policy Library: Provides electronic representations of the public policy documents related to all tax types administered by the Virginia Department of Taxation. Documents included are from:
- Tax Code of Virginia
- Virginia Tax Administrative Code (Regulations)
- Legislative Summaries
- Rulings of the Tax Commissioner
- Tax Bulletins
- Attorney General Opinions
- Other Publications
- Virginia tax law can also be researched using the resources provided by the GULC topic guide on tax law. It provides a list of databases, research guides, tutorials, and treatise finder resources related to tax law.
- State and Local Taxes Library (RIA)
- The RIA Academic Advantage Library contains RIA and WG&L tax research products on the Checkpoint platform, which is a database that provides comprehensive and full-text coverage of federal, state and some international tax materials. It provides access to RIA tax publications, including the RIA Citator 2d, Federal Tax Coordinator 2d, U.S. Tax Reporter, RIA Tax Alerts, all 50 state and local tax reporters, and 5 WG&L journals.
- CCH Tax Research Network (choose the State Tax tab)
- Online counterpart to CCH's many tax publications, including the Standard Federal Tax Reporter, U.S. Tax Treaties Reporter, and tax materials for all 50 states. Includes full text of all primary sources, plus CCH's own commentary and analysis. User can search full text, browse by code section, or retrieve a document by its citation. Coverage: 1978 ‹ present. Now part of CCH IntelliConnect. Note: You must register using your Georgetown Law email address, and create your own password.
- State and Local Taxes Library (RIA)
1. Courts
Virginia State Courts:
The Virginia court system has three levels of courts. Click here for a diagram of the system.
The Supreme Court of Virginia: It is made up of seven justices elected by the General Assembly for a renewable term of twelve years. The court has both original and appellate jurisdiction (original jurisdiction only for habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, writs of actual innocence pursuant to Virginia's Code § 19.2-327.2, and matters filed by the Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission relating to judicial censure, retirement, and removal of judges). It hears appeals on a discretionary basis, except in cases involving the State Corporation Commission, the disbarment of an attorney, and review of the death penalty. Its decisions are binding on itself and on all courts below it. For details on the history and procedure of the Supreme Court, click here.
The Court of Appeals of Virginia: Is the Commonwealth's intermediate appellate court. It is a fairly new court, created in 1985. Prior to its creation, cases were appealed directly to the Supreme Court. Since the establishment of the Court of Appeals, appellate capacity has increased.* The Court of Appeals consists of eleven judges who are elected for eight year renewable terms by the General Assembly. The Court of Appeals normally sits in panels of at least three judges, although it sits en banc under certain conditions.* The Court of Appeals has original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, prohibition and habeas corpus in any case over which the Court would have appellate jurisdiction, and also has original jurisdiction to issue a writ of actual innocence upon petition of a person who has been convicted of a felony upon a plea of not guilty. The Court of Appeals has appellate jurisdiction over final decisions of the Virginia Circuit and General District Courts and the Virginia Workers' Compensation Commission, and over some interlocutory orders.* It must hear all appeals that it receives.
* For more information, click here.
The Virginia Circuit Courts: Are the highest Virginia trial courts with general jurisdiction, and the only Virginia court that holds jury trials. Circuit court judges are elected for an eight-year renewable term by the General Assembly. Jurisdiction covers most civil law and equity claims, all felonies, and appeals from the District Courts, and from administrative agencies. The circuit court system is composed of thirty-one judicial circuits with one hundred twenty separate circuit courts in the various counties and cities of the State. For more information, click here.
The District Courts. The Virginia District Courts are trial courts with limited civil and criminal jurisdiction. General District Court judges are elected for a six-yeara renewable term by the General Assembly. All cases are conducted by a judge, with no jury. There are two types of district courts in Virginia: the General District Courts and the Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts.
- The General District Courts: Have jurisdiction in traffic, misdemeanor, and civil suits involving amounts of money up to $15,000. It also holds preliminary hearings in felony cases. For more information, click here.
- The Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts: Handle criminal and traffic violations by juveniles and serious family relations problems. In Virginia, a juvenile is any person under age 18. "Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts differ from other courts in their duty to protect the confidentiality and privacy of juveniles coming before the court, and in their commitment to rehabilitate those who come before the court, in addition to protecting the public and holding juvenile offenders accountable for their actions." For more information, click here.
Federal Court System in the Commonwealth of Virginia:
The Commonwealth of Virginia falls within the Fourth Judicial Circuit of the United States Court System. To view the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals, click here.
The Federal District (trial level) courts in Virginia are the
2. Court Opinions
Local Court Opinions:
Opinions of the Virginia Courts can be found as follows:
- Virginia Supreme Court (formerly Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals)
- Print:
- Virginia Reports and Virginia Reports Annotated, [official reporter], KFV2445. A2, vols. 1-74 vols. 75-90, vols. 91-108, vols. 109-110, vols. 111-211, vols. 212-current. All Supreme Court opinions are published. Each volume contains a List of Cases, Cases Cited, Constitution and Statutes Cited, Cases Explained, Criticized or Overruled, Appeals and Withdrawals of Execution Refused, Citation of Virginia Reports, Supreme Court Rules and an Index.
- Southeastern Reporter, South Eastern Reporter Second Series, West's South Eastern Reporter, Second Series, [unofficial reporter], KF135 S6 et seq., 1st series vols. 1-200, 2nd series vols. 1-360, vols. 361- . Unofficial reporter--uses West's key number system. Citation of Virginia court cases should be to the South Eastern Reporter according to the Bluebook.
- Free web:
- Supreme Court of Virginia (Courts web site, from 1995)
- Virginia Lawyers Weekly (from 1998)
- Lexis: Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Cases > VA Supreme Court Cases from 1730
- Westlaw: VA-CS (from 1790)
- Bloomberg Law: Court Opinions > State Court Opinions > Virginia > Supreme Court of Virginia
- Print:
- Virginia Court of Appeals
- Print:
- Virginia Court of Appeals Reports, [official reporter], KFV2448 .A2. Not all Court of Appeals opinions are published. Uses West's key number system. Each volume contains a Table of Cases, Table of Cases Cited, Table of Statutes, Words and Phrases and a key number digest.
- Southeastern Reporter, South Eastern Reporter Second Series, West's South Eastern Reporter, Second Series, [unofficial reporter], 4th floor and Reading Room Mezzanine, KF135 S6 et seq., 1st series vols. 1-200, 2nd series vols. 1-360, vols. 361- . Unofficial reporter--uses West's key number system. Citation of Virginia court cases should be to the South Eastern Reporter according to the Bluebook.
- Free web:
- Court of Appeals of Virginia (published and unpublished opinions from 1995)
- Virginia Lawyers Weekly (from 1998)
- Lexis: Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Cases > VA Court of Appeals Cases from 1985
- Westlaw: VA-CS (from 1985)
- Bloomberg Law: Court Opinions > State Court Opinions > Virginia > Court of Appeals
- Print:
- Virginia Circuit Courts
- Print: Virginia Circuit Court Opinions, KFV2451 .V57. Selected opinions--there is no official reporter for Circuit Court opinions. Each volume contains a Subject listing, a Table of Cases, Table of Constitution, Statutes and Rules Cited.
- Lexis: Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Cases > VA State Cases, Combined(Selected Circuit Court opinions from 1985)
- Westlaw: VA-CS (from 1976)
Federal Court Opinions:
Federal Court Opinions that apply Virginia law can be found in the following sources:
- 4th Circuit Court of Appeals Decisions:
- Print: Federal Reporter, Federal Reporter 2d, West's Federal Reporter 3d, KF105 .F4 et seq., 1st series vols. 1-300, 2d series vols. 1-300, 2d series vols. 301-600, 2d series vols. 601-830, 2d series vols. 831-999, 3d series vols. 1- (Published opinions only)
- Court website
- Lexis: Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Cases > Federal & State Cases, Combined (selective)
- Westlaw: VA-CS-ALL (selective)
- Opinions of the Federal District Courts in Virginia :
- Print: Federal Supplement, West's Federal Supplement 2d Series, KF105 .F44 et seq., 1st series vols. 1-670, 1st series vols. 671-999, 2nd series vols. 1- .
- Free web:
- Western District: (selected opinions in pdf)
- Eastern District: (notable cases only)
- Lexis: Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Cases > Federal & State Cases, Combined (selective)
- Westlaw:VA-CS-ALL (selective)
Updating Cases
To make sure a case is still good law, make sure to use one of the sources below to update it.
- Lexis: Shepard's
- Westlaw: KeyCite
- Bloomberg Law: BCite
- Print: Shepard's Virginia Citations, KFV2459 .S5 1995
Finding Aids for Cases:
- Virginia and West Virginia Digest; Covering Cases from State and Federal Courts, KFV2457 .V5. Digests are used to find case law by topic. All published case law is represented. The Virginia Digest is a West publication. The law is organized into broad topics within which narrow topics can be found. Each topic has a key number which applies to the same topic in all jurisdictions. The digest can be searched using the index, or can be browsed using the outline at the beginning of each topic heading. The Digest is updated with semiannual pamphlets and annual pocket parts.
- Westlaw's Digest. Use the Digest in Westlaw by clicking the Sitemap link and choosing Key Number Digest. Navigate to the appropriate topic and key number, click the box to the left, and click "Search Selected" at the bottom left of the screen. The Custom Digest that you create will allow you to select Virginia law. This Digest should be identical to the print Virginia Digest for the specific topic.
3. Court Rules
Where to Find Virginia Court Rules:
- Print:
- Code of Virginia, 1950, Volume 11 (official source), KFV2430 1950 .A3
- West's Annotated Code of Virginia, Volume 11, KFV2430 1950 .A422.
- Virginia Court Rules and Procedure: State, KFV2929 .A193. Annual publication. Includes updates as of September 1 of the previous year.
- Virginia Court Rules and Procedure: Federal, KFV2929 .A194. Annual publication. Includes updates as of September 1 of the previous year.
- Virginia Rules Annotated: Including the Rules of the Courts and Commissions in Virginia, the Rules of the Federal Courts, and the Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States, KFV2929 .A2. Annual publication
- Free web: Virginia General Assembly
- Lexis: Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Find Statutes, Regulations, Administrative Materials & Court Rules > VA - Virginia State & Federal Court Rules
- Westlaw: VA-RULES (state and federal)
Local governments in Virginia act as agents of the state, and do not have their own authority. The framework and laws for local governments are provided in Article VII of the Constitution of Virginia and Title 15.2 of the Code of Virginia.
Counties, cities and towns can apply to the General Assembly to become municipal corporations. The charters of municipal corporations are their organic (constitution-like) laws. Legislative provisions are provided in a locality's ordinances. Localities may exercise only those powers granted expressly by statute or charter. Information about individual Virginia localities, click here.
Where to find Charters, Ordinances, Codes and Other Information
Charters and Ordinances
- Charters of counties and independent cities are officially published in the Acts of Assembly the year they are enacted.
- Print: The Acts of the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Virginia (Acts of Assembly), 4th floor, KFV2425 .A213.
- Free Web: General Assembly's Bills and Resolutions -Searchable Database (Across Sessions) - Choose Chapter from the drop down menu (this will retrieve enacted laws only), and search the word "charter" for all charters created or amended since 1994.
- Westlaw: VA-LEGIS-OLD
- Charters are also included in a locality's ordinances.
- Ordinances (General Code Publishers)
- Ordinances ( Municipal Code Corporation)
- Selected Codes of Ordinances are available in print in the library's collection. Do a keyword search in GULLiver on [Virginia and Ordinances].
- Counties, Cities and Towns with Charters from the Virginia Legislative Service (list and links (unofficial))
Other Information
- Functional Authority of Virginia Local Government - Graphical illustration of creation, authority and function of local government entities in Virginia.
When researching Virginia law, the print or electronic sources listed below can be of help to you:
- Michie's Jurisprudence of Virginia and West Virginia: A Complete Treatise of Virginia and West Virginia Law
Michie's is a legal encyclopedia which addresses Virginia legal topics in an introductory fashion. There is a summary of the law, citations to cases, statutes and secondary sources. Michie's is updated annually.
- Print: KFV2465.M4
- Lexis Advance: Browse Sources > By Jurisdiction > Virginia > Secondary Materials > Michie's Jurisprudence of Virginia and West Virginia
- Virginia Forms, KFV2468 .G68. Updated by pocket parts. Includes forms covering civil litigation, criminal procedure, and real estate transactions. Includes index volume.
- Virginia Practice Series
- Print: titles include Business Entities, Civil Discovery, Criminal Procedure, Family Law and Trial Handbook for Virginia Lawyers. To view the GULLiver record for this series, click here.
- Westlaw: VAPRAC -covers the following individual publications: Jury Instructions, Criminal Procedure, Criminal Procedure Forms, the state Trial Handbook, Probate Handbook with Forms, Criminal Offenses and Defenses, Real Estate Transactions, Family Law, Business Entities, Products Liability, Civil Discovery and the Landlord-Tenant Handbook.
- Lexis: Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Search Analysis & CLE Materials > All VA Treatises & Analytical Materials, which includes approximately 20 different Virginia treatise titles.
Please note that in addition to the sources listed above, the library's collection includes many different volumes on Virginia law. Anyone seeking information should search under KFV2401 B78 1979. You may also view the collection electronically in the GULLiver catalog. Using the library catalog, do a call number search. Enter the call number KFV. The Virginia resources are listed after the Vermont materials.
The following periodicals are listed here because their contents can be of assistance when researching Virginia law:
- University of Richmond Law Review publishes an Annual Survey of Virginia Law.
- Print: Journals, K25 .N725.
- Online:
- HeinOnline: (from 1958)
- Lexis: Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Search Law Reviews & Journals > University of Richmond Law Review (from Winter 93/94)
- Westlaw: URMDLR (from 1993)
- Virginia Lawyers' Weekly, Journals, K26 .I755. Legal news, appellate decisions, verdict and settlement reports, passed and pending legislation, etc.
- The Richmond Times-Dispatch, Richmond's daily newspaper has a special section for articles covering the General Assembly, (click Virginia/Metro and General Assembly).
- Westlaw: RCHMDTD ( January 1989 to present)
- Lexis: Legal > States Legal - U.S. > Virginia > Search News > General News > Richmond Times Dispatch (November 1, 1995 to present)
- Commonwealth of Virginia
- Virginia State Bar
- The Library of Virginia
- Virginia Continuing Legal Education
- Virginia Bar Association
- Virginia Memory - digital library
- The Northern Virginia Legal Directory, KF192.V5 N8
- Legal Research in the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia 2d ed., 2000, KF240 .C43 2000.
- A Guide to Legal Research in Virginia 5th ed., 2005, KFV2475 .G85 2005.
- Researching Virginia Law, Marshall-Wythe Law Library, College of William and Mary
The author of this guide would like to acknowledge the authors of the sources listed above, and the Commonwealth of Virginia, for the information provided in their guides and on their web sites.
Updated 7/13 (MK)
© Georgetown University Law Library. These guides may be used for educational purposes, as long as proper credit is given. These guides may not be sold. Requests to republish or adapt a guide should be directed to the Head of Reference. Proper credit includes the statement: Written by, or adapted from, Georgetown Law Library (current as of .....).
Today's Hours
|7 AM - Midnight
Key to Link Icons
- Georgetown restricted access
- Interactive tutorial
- On Westlaw
- On Lexis
- On Bloomberg
- PDF Document


text:
Hunting Mujihadeen Leaders- After two years of fighting in the Caucasian mountains of Chechnya, Russian special operations groups have had some notable successes hunting mujihadeen leaders. Federal police and the military commandant's office were conducting a special operation in the village of Starye Atagi (south of Grozny) on 30 September. The Russians came under fire from mujihadeen concealed in a well-camouflaged cache arranged in a Starye Atagi street. There were casualties among the Federal troops, while three mujihadeen were killed and one wounded. One of those dead was later identified as Abu Yakub, alleged chief of intelligence for Khattab and responsible for distributing money to mujihadeen groups. Khattab is a Jordanian mujihadeen and one of the principal field commanders waging the war in Chechnya against the Russians. Yakub's groups have also acted in direct support of Khattab's, the last time in late June 2001 when one of Khattab's units was trapped 7km south-west from Sharoy. Yakub dispatched a 40-man breakthrough group with small arms, mortars and automatic grenade launchers to help Daud Akhmad's blocked group, but they failed three times to establish communication. One of Abu Yakub's lieutenants is Musa Sadayev (Sedayev), leader of a 30-man group who the Federals consider one of the most-active cells operating in Grozny. Sadayev's fighters recruited Grozny residents for training in mountainous camps. About 20 residents of the Grozny's Katayama suburb left for training in the first half of September. A cache of weapons was also discovered, including a home-made mortar with combat load, two grenade-launchers, seven Kalashnikov assault rifles with clips, two underbarrel GP-25 grenade-launcher rounds, 18 hand grenades, three artillery shells (typically used for making Command Detonated Mines) and 400 rifle cartridges. - Adam Geibel
� 1998 -
2015 StrategyWorld.com. All rights Reserved. StrategyWorld.com, StrategyPage.com, FYEO, For Your Eyes Only and Al Nofi's CIC are all trademarks of StrategyWorld.com Privacy Policy

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Click Here To Watch This Video at Broke Straight Boys
These boys are very hot and very straight but most of all they are broke. Rather then lose their apartment, girlfriend, etc. they do sexual things with other guys for some quick cash.
Description: Ian just got his driver's license back. Too many tickets. Don't worry. No drunken driving. :-) When the models get naked, it's not hard to notice that Ian's skin is tan while Johnny is a whiter shade
Permanent link to this video:
Code to embed player in blogs and forums, etc:
Post this video in the JUB Forums with this code:
Simply copy the above code into your JUB forum post and the movie will appear.


text:
written by Foer Jonathan Safran
Hamish Hamilton Pty | ISBN 9780241143605
Hardback – 154 pages
Member's price: $35.96
Usually ships within 2–11 business days.
Read each year around the Seder table, the Haggadah recounts through prayer and song the extraordinary story of Exodus, when Moses led the ancient Israelites out of slavery in Egypt to wander through the desert for forty years before reaching the Promised Land.
In this new version of the traditional Haggadah text, Jonathan Safran Foer brings together some of the most preeminent voices of our time. Nathan Englander's new translation, beautifully designed and illustrated by the Israeli artist and typographer Ozed Ezer, is accompanied by thought-provoking essays by major Jewish writers and thinkers, including Howard Jacobsen, Daniel Handler and Rebecca Goldstein.


text:
D-Mannose is a simple sugar that occurs naturally in some plants. Although small amounts of D-Mannose are metabolized by the human body' most of it is rapidly excreted in the urine. Similar to proanthocyanins' it exerts an anti-adhesion effect in the urinary tract that allows waste products to be flushed out in the urine. Because insubstantial amounts of D-Mannose are used by the body' it does not interfere with healthy blood sugar regulation.
This dual anti-adherence formula also contains probiotic bacteria that help to maintain healthy microbial balance.
Product Highlights:
- Supports a Healthy Urinary Tract.
- Cleanses the Urinary Tract.
- With Probiotics to Help Maintain a Healthy Microbial
- No Artificial Colors or Flavors.
- A Dietary Supplement.
- Vegetarian-Vegan Product.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These products are not meant to diagnose' treat or cure any disease or medical condition. Please consult your doctor before starting any exercise or nutritional supplement program or before using these or any product during pregnancy or if you have a serious medical condition.
Serving Size: 1 Packet (6 g)
Servings Per Container: 24
Amount Per Serving / % Daily Value*
Calories 15
Total Carbohydrate 4.5 g / 2 %*
Sugars 2 g / **
Xylitol 2.5 g / **
D-Mannose 2.0 g (2'000 mg) / **
Cranberry Juice Powder
(Vaccinium macrocarpon) (Fruit) 500 mg / **
Uva Ursi Extract (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi)(Leaf) 5 mg / **
Blend of 2 Probiotic Strains
(Freeze-Dried) (Dairy-Free) 20 mg / **
Lactobacillus acidophilus 1 Billion***
Bifidobacterium bifidum 1 Billion ***
* Percent Daily Values are based on 2'000 calorie diet.
**Daily Value not established.
*** At the time of manufacture.
Other Ingredients: Xylitol' Cranberry and other Natural Flavors' BetterStevia™ [Certified Organic Stevia Extract (Stevia rebaudiana) (Leaf)' Silica' Citric Acid' Tartaric Acid and Malic Acid.
As a dietary supplement' empty 1 packet into 4 to 6 oz. of water. Use 1 packet 1 to 3 times daily.
For adults only. Consult physician if pregnant/nursing' taking medicationi' or have a medical condition. Keep out of reach of children.
Contains Xylitol' do not feed to pets. Store in a cool' dry place after opening.
Allergy / Dietary Needs
- Artificial Color Free
- Artificial Flavor Free
- Made in the USA
- Vegan Product
- Vegetarian Product
Ratings & ReviewsReview This Item Be the first to review this item.
Questions About This ItemAsk a Question
Please ask any questions you may have about this specific product in the field below.
Your question(s) and our corresponding answer(s) will not be confidential and will be posted publically on this specific product page.
Additionally, PureFormulas is unable to directly recommend products in relation to specific health conditions. Please contact your trusted healthcare practitioner for direct product recommendations.
If you have any general questions regarding orders or our policies and programs, please contact our Customer Happiness Team @ 1.800.383.6008
If you are pregnant, nursing, taking any medications or have any medical condition, consult your doctor before use. Your healthcare professional is the best source for guidance before beginning an exercise or nutritional supplement program.


text:
|« Back to Article
Officials believe man's body was dumped
By Eva Ruth Moravec STAFF WRITER : March 3, 2013
Bexar County investigators are looking into the death of a man whose body was found over the weekend.
Detectives believe the man's body was dumped in the 1100 block of Roddy Road in Southeast Bexar County, where it was discovered Saturday.
Around 5 p.m., a man checking on his property spotted the body on the side of a dirt road, said Paul Berry, a spokesman for the Bexar County Sheriff's Office.
The victim's body had not been identified, and his cause and manner of death were not immediately released.
Berry did not know the man's description or what the man was wearing.
Twitter: @EvaRuth


text:
Visual arts thrive at two Hillsborough galleries
"The Figure in Oil, Encaustic & Clay: Alicia Armstrong, oil on panel paintings;
Molly Cliff-Hilts, encaustic paintings; Tinka Jordy, ceramic sculpture,"
Eno Gallery, 100 S. Churton St., Hillsborough, through June 22.
"The Fifth Element: Pat Lloyd, Arianna Bara, Pat Merriman,"
Hillsborough Gallery of Arts," 121 N. Churton St., Hillsborough.
Hillsborough is less than 30 minutes from Chapel Hill, Durham and Raleigh and is a destination with a vibrant art scene, good food and a nationally famous auction house; on the fourth Friday of the month, its downtown takes to the streets. Although we have missed May's excitement, the galleries are open and the exhibitions invite a visit.
Three women artists hone in on the figure at the Eno Gallery.
Molly Cliff-Hilts paints seascapes with small figures enjoying the beach. Alicia Armstrong also paints vast spaces, probably near the ocean, with one or at most two strongly defined figures, who seem involved in fantasy happenings. Tinka Jordy sculpts female figures out of clay; they are substantial forms and fit in with nature rather than stand outside it.
Mark Donley, gallery director, talked about how the art of the three artists seem to engage in a conversation, and it is true. A walk around the gallery feels like eavesdropping. Cliff-Hilts' figures on the beach occupy a small strip of land at the bottom of the canvas and seem incidental to the grandness of nature. Armstrong's figures are clearly defined, yet are also minimized against their surroundings. In a short video, Armstrong explains her process and talks about using three to 10 layers of paint to create an environment which she calls the history of the painting. Then, she writes, she adds the solitary figure who owns the space.
In Cliff-Hilts' "Nothing's Perfect but the Weather," figures, as splashes of paint, move about a sliver of canvas which is the beach, while an empty awning shelter and beach chairs speak to the human presence. Across the narrow inlet the smoke stacks of an industrial complex occupy the same amount of space as the figures. All the rest is sky. The figures give her painting a subject, but seem incidental to the story of nature.
"Fair Game 9" by Armstrong focuses on a barefoot woman in a short red dress holding a dog by the leash, but the dog has leaped into space scattering a flock of birds. Watching on the left is another woman with a dog who sits quietly watching the whole thing. Although the figures are clear and sharp, I believe they are only a cipher against the unpredictability of nature.
Jordy's female figures are wrapped in nature. In "Fleeting Moment," which is almost life size, the figure whose surfaces are, as she writes, "full of surface cracks, fissures and imperfections that express the earth, the passing of time, our mortality and the search for spirituality," is elaborately finished in quiet colors of blues, pinks and greens. In one hand a bird perches between her thumb and index finger while garlands of greenery with nesting birds encircle her body.
Jordy's figures are all about peace and quiet and the merging of the figure into nature. I am reminded here of the 18th century romantic idea of landscapes which were, according to the philosophers of the time, ever-changing, unpredictable, awesome and more powerful than people. Jordy's figures accept nature's dominance; the painters have created quiet skies, but give them wide berth.
These artists speak of nature, flight, letting go; their messages are similar although their paths go through different media, different techniques, and begin at different places. Good art invites conversation and that is what we have in this focus on "The Figure."
Just down the street at the Hillsborough Gallery of Arts three artists, wood turner Pat Lloyd, metalsmith Arianna Bara and painter Pat Merriman, all members of the Hillsborough Gallery of Art cooperative, have pooled their ideas in a featured group show around the "Fifth Element."
According to the gallery's website, the fifth element is different for each artist. It could be the "void, spirit, thought or path, creative energy, inventiveness, intuition, the 'here' or center, a signal that the soul is speaking." For our purposes I will call it the artist's special inspiration, and we see it in Lloyd's turned wood bowls. Her "Enormous Ogee Bowl" is satin to the fingers and has a wonderful story. According to the wall label, the ambrosia maple used for the bowl came from a third-generation tobacco farmer. His grandfather had planted the tree in front of the family house in 1920 and in November 2011, had to cut it down because its roots were encroaching on the house.
For Bara her inspiration begins with free-form stones, fossils and gemstones. She sets the stones in simple or elaborate frames. In one she paired a champagne pearl with an agate and set the small and large stones in a sterling silver arched background. For Merriman, her inspiration is rural North Carolina with its rugged landscape and its old barns. She writes about the barns as "archetypes of American History," which have been replaced by rippled steel and agribusiness.
The Hillsborough Gallery of Arts has been operating successfully for six years. There are 22 members including painters, glass makers, fabric artists, sculptors, ceramists, jewelers and a furniture maker. Their business model includes a significant investment in the gallery by the artists, but in return they give up a very small commission. Each artist works a number of days per month, because there are no paid workers.
According to both galleries, business is good. The message: The arts are thriving in Hillsborough.
Blue Greenberg's column appears each week in Entertainment and More. She can be reached at email@example.com or by writing her in c/o The Herald-Sun, 2828 Pickett Road, Durham, NC 27705.


text:
The Principals, a Greenpoint-based design studio, set off to explore that intersection of interactive design and technology with an art installation for MoMA PS1's summer Warm Up series. Hit the jump to see how the Spatium Yamamoto installation grooved to the beat for an unforgettable, psychedelic experience this past summer. — Inhabitat
The Principals presented their latest interactive installation closing out MoMA PS1's Summer Warm Up series. View full entry »
Can we start by exploring your process of developing an initial idea for a project? You all have very different backgrounds, specialising in metalwork, industrial design and architecture. How do these backgrounds integrate? Can this culmination of different abilities become challenging?
It is extremely challenging integrating our different perspectives – based on our specialties, you can encounter all phases and scales of project development simultaneously — Modern Matter
...even for a big gun like Koolhaas, the global depression has had an impact. Thus his new furniture line for Knoll called "Tools for Life." It's a pretty standard track for any architect when the commissions start to dry up; have some interns fart out designs for a furniture line, ship it off to China for production, then slap a price tag on it with no less that 4 zeros and BOOM! you're back makin' Bentley payments and wearing Prada suits in no time. — The World's Best Ever
Every week The Principals call someone new into their office, this week it's Rem Koolhaas and "Tools for Life." View full entry »
Current tag:
SUBMIT NEWS: submit in 60 seconds!


text:
creative ideas & designs for you & your home
Crochet these fabulous projects with clear step-by-step instructions in each issue
Week-by-week collect easy-to-follow patterns that build into a complete crochet reference guide and create your own impressive crocheted items for friends, family and your home.
These patterns include:
• Evening shrug
• Giant scarf
• Pull-on hat
• Floor cushion
• Fingerless mitts
• Rag rug
and many more...
Create a Vintage style throw
Start crocheting by creating a simple square each week and make this beautiful vintage style throw that will showcase the stitches and techniques you have acquired.
Every issue features a different stitch with detailed step-by-step instructions and clear close-up photographs.
• half treble
• shell stitch
• V-stitch
and many more...
Yarn supplied in every issue!
Every week you will receive the finest quality yarn and easy-to-follow instructions to crochet your square in this inspiring magazine.
As well as your step-by-step magazine, issue 1 comes with a great DVD that demonstrates the basic skills plus a 'Getting Started' guide for easy reference.
There is one ball of yarn and a crochet hook to crochet the first square of your beautiful throw, as well as an additional ball of yarn to practise all these techniques.


text:
March 23, 2006
Holy Cross
Coach: Paul Pearl
Players: Pierre Napert-Frenette, Tyler McGregor
Opening Statement
Pearl: "We started pretty well and consistently played well all season. That's probably been the sign of our team, is being able to each game compete. We didn't blow anybody out throughout the season, but we did win a lot of games. It's a good group, it's a senior leading group. We have seven of them and they're all pretty key contributors for us, and they've all had outstanding careers. So for us to get to the western regional and have a shot to play in the national tournament is really exciting for our program, and a great accomplishment to these guys and I think well deserved.
"I think what you'll see out of us tomorrow night, is that we're not an overpowering offensive team, but we're pretty good defensively and we score when we need to, and we've done pretty well with the special teams."
Tyler, what do you think about being in a field with strong tradition teams like Minnesota, Michigan and North Dakota?
McGregor: "We had the opportunity to come out west two years ago, so this is nothing new to us. But anytime we do come out here it's obviously a bigger stage than what we're typically used to."
Pierre, do you feel there is a margin for error for you guys?
Napert-Frenette: "No. We don't. Obviously we know how good Minnesota is, we hear about them all the time, Kessel, Potluny... We know we're going to have to play a great game.
"But we're also confident that we can do that, we know Tony (Quesada) is going to have to have a great game, but he's been doing it all year. As long as we come out and we're ready to play, as soon as the puck drops, we have a chance as long as we have 21 guys believing that then we can go out there and win the game."
Coach, is it a disadvantage to not play this caliber of teams early in the season?
Pearl: "No because we have played some, we were up at the Ohio State tournament and at RPI's tournament, we played UMass and up at Dartmouth. The nature of our schedule is that we're going to play the bulk of our games within our league, which the RPI does not consider as strong. But those six out of league games are on the road and usually what we try to do is schedule the best that we can, it's certainly a two way street there, it's not like we're not trying to schedule these teams. The other thing is that you get into these situations and all of that outside stuff becomes a factor if you let it, it's still going to come down to skating and making simple plays, we're just going to have to do it at a much quicker pace. Even if we played in the WCHA when we played Minnesota we'd be playing the best of the best right? So it's a step up when you tee it up with these guys no matter who you are in the country, not just Holy Cross."
Tyler, is not taking penalties, not turning the puck over something that coach has stressed to you again?
McGregor: "That's something that we've stressed all year. We're one of the least penalized teams in the nation so we're pretty used to not taking penalties. Our penality kill is pretty good to, and we feel confident in the fact that we know what to do in a given defensive situation neutral zone situation. Turnovers are not a big part of our game either, it's something that from day one we've stressed on cutting that out. That's kind of how coach Pearl has built Holy Cross hockey around defense."
Coach: Don Lucia
Players: Danny Irmen, Ryan Potulny
Opening Statement
Lucia: "I think for us, your always excited to get into the NCAA tournament. I think for the last month it was pretty well known that we were going to be coming to Grand Forks. It's good from the standpoint that we're familiar with the facility, I think it's exciting that there will be good crowds, because sometimes you get into the NCAA and play in front of 2,000 or 3,000 people in an 8,000 seat arena and that's obviously not going to happen this weekend. We're trying to do as much homework as we can on Holy Cross, the one thing we do know is that they have 10 guys that played against North Dakota two years ago and they are very much a veteran team. They are 4-2 against teams from established conferences and the one thing that we've seen since this leagues been in the NCAA tournament is they've played everybody extremely well including last year when Boston College won by a goal. Our focus has been all week on Holy Cross and nothing more."
Ryan, this is Holy Cross' 2nd tournament appearance, can you kind of contrast the programs not only being East/West but the fact that you guys have historically been in this NCAA tournament 30 times, and not taking them lightly?
Potulny: "Any time you get into the NCAA's obviously you're a pretty good team. Yeah we've been here and played in the past, but that doesn't do us any good right now. We're going to have to come out and play well tomorrow night, because like coach said, they've got good numbers and they've played some teams very hard. We're going to have our hands full and we're going to have a tough game tomorrow night."
Coach, can you talk about your words to Kellen (Briggs)?
Lucia: "Obviously this time of the year goaltending is so important, and this is an opportunity for any goalie to establish themselves in the playoffs, and show what kind of identity you have. The regular season is one thing, but you talk about a .90 save percentage is good during the regular season but the reality is this time of the year you probably need .92/.93 to really advance deeper or really win it all at the end."
Danny, how much do you forget about last week?
Irmen: "It was pretty easy. After the game was done we just wanted to forget about it, we knew what we had ahead of us, big weekend, now you lose your done. There's no more excuses, you've got to forget about what happened and worry about the team you play on Friday night and hope things go your way."
How do you guard against the outside stuff and focus on Holy Cross?
Irmen: "The minute you get on the ice, you forget everything, and you've got to go out there and play your hockey and win the game. We haven't looked ahead at all and that's one thing we've really focused on and worrying about Holy Cross only. Two other teams have to worry about each other on Friday night. We just want to go out against Holy Cross and play our best hockey and hope things go our way."
Ryan, is there any added pressure or maybe a comfort factor for being back in Grand Forks?
Potulny: "Yeah I think there's a little bit of both. I think obviously its comfortable coming back home, the surroundings you know a lot of people around here. There's pressure anytime, wherever your going to be at this time in the season, there's pressure for your top scorers and leaders to step up and maybe coming back here is a little more pressure, but it's a good pressure it's in a good way, it makes you rise to the occasion so I know Danny and I are excited to be back here and the team is excited to play here to because the fans are great in Grand Forks and it's just a great atmosphere for hockey so it should be a fun weekend."


text:
Thank you. If a matching email exists we will send you an email in a few minutes with instructions on how to reset your password.
Don't forget to check your spam folder if you cannot find the email. For further assistance please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com .Okay
Graphic Image
This simple leather key loop boasts a robin's-egg-blue hue and solid hardware. A sturdy snap closure securely keeps your keys in place.
Graphic Image has an odd point of pride: Few people recognize its brand name. Instead, the allure lies in its instantly recognizable quality, its sophisticated selection of opulent textures, and its stylish designs for travel and the home.


text:
We want you to be happy with your decision, so look for an email soon to Customize Your Experience!
Vinyl case comes with a two-year, 12 month calendar, five sticky tabs, one 3 x 3" sticky note pad, and a retractable pen with black ink. Set-up charge is $40 with a minimum order quantity of 100. Pricing applies to one-color, one-location printing - ask us about additional color options.


text:
Can you dream outside the box? Do you love playing with ideas until you figure out how to turn those ideas into reality? Are you willing to work day by day to make your dreams come true? I believe everyone possesses the spark of empresario ability.
Almost all of us have an inner desire to build our own successful business. Almost everyone has thought:
I'm the boss so I can work from
wherever I happen to be traveling.
We offer Links to ideas, plans, how to instruction, dream-chasing rubber meets the road information, business opportunities - all designed to help you cultivate your inner empresario.
We also offer words of wisdom from our readers about their empresario hopes and dreams, businesses they've started, unique and unusual ways they work for themselves.
Share your Business Ideas
into 90 languages
by Faith
We are saved
by grace alone
through faith alone
in Christ alone.
Is the Bible
God's Word?
your own website.
the context of
Romans 1:26-27?
is about
temple prostitution.
of false teaching?
Who Is Jesus?
about starting
your own website.
for eDisciples
Good Person Test?
Click the cross.


text:
Relationship-Building Resources
LinkedIn Group -- "LL.M. Careers"
Graduate Career and Professional Development recently formed a LinkedIn subgroup, LL.M. Careers, for Georgetown Law LL.M. students and alumni to connect with one another and with the LL.M. career advisors in Graduate Career and Professional Development. LL.M. Careers is a place for Graduate Career & Professional Development to post career-search-related content and a place for students and alumni to form relationships and to foster productive career development discussions.
Please refer to our guidelines on e-Professionalism for attorneys for more information on LinkedIn and other social networking sites.
American Bar Association (ABA) Calendar
For a comprehensive listing of ABA Section events scheduled during the year, visit the ABA Calendar. Consider joining a Section covering your area of professional interest, or even a Committee within a Section.
District of Columbia (D.C.) Bar Calendar
For comprehensive listing of Washington, D.C., Bar events scheduled during the year, visit the D.C. Bar Events calendar. Consider joining a Section covering your area of professional interest, or even a Committee within a Section. You should also consider attending events scheduled by the Maryland or Virginia Bar Associations.
Continuing Legal Education (CLE)
Georgetown Law offers comprehensive CLE programs throughout the year for attorneys practicing in the Washington, D.C. legal community. This resource is particularly good for more experienced LL.M. students and usually free of charge for Georgetown Law students. Just take your GOcard. Visit the Georgetown Law CLE Calendar.
Other Relationship-Building Resources:
- List of Associations in the D.C. Metropolitan Area
- Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association Members
- Securities Agencies, Associations and Organizations
- North American Securities Administrators Association Membership List
- National Association of Insurance Commissioners Membership List
- U.S. Bar Associations
- California State and Local Bar Associations
- International Bar Associations
- Georgetown Center on National Security and the Law's blog
- Minority Professional Network
Back to Job Search Resources


text:
I have an interesting piece of trivia.. just no idea how to word it as a question
I have an interesting piece of trivia.. just no idea how to word it as a question
Picture round.
I'm looking for the names of the 3 players, and what connects the three.
Clue: The answer to picture 3 isn't Sir Alex Ferguson.
Last edited by Furball; 26-05-2010 at 10:27 AM.
Cricket Web's 2013/14 Premier League Tipping Champion
- As featured in The Independent.
"The PFA does not represent players when they have broken the law and been convicted on non-football matters."
- Gordon Taylor in 2009 following Marlon King's release after a prison sentence for sexual assault & ABH
Do you want the players names first up, or want it all as a complete answer.... Can name the players, but need to ask questions to find out what the **** they have linked!
Q) Is the link to do with international football?
"All are lunatics, but he who can analyze his delusions is called a philosopher." - Ambrose Bierce
Langeveldt: I of course blame their parents.. and unchecked immigration!
GingerFurball: He's Austrian, they tend to produce the odd ****ed up individual
Burgey: Be careful dealing with neighbours whose cars don't have wheels but whose houses do.
Uppercut: Maybe I just need better strippers
Is it linked to actions in World Cup finals?
Is it to do with goals they scored?
Is it connected with converting penalties at world cups?
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


text:
Poverty Questions … and Answers
For the past two weeks we've published a series of poverty questions for you to consider. We appreciate everyone who submitted comments to the posts, and we extend our congratulations to Judy Tremblay and her enormous brain for answering the most poverty questions correctly and becoming the proud new owner of a brand, spankin' new…
Undernourished Children
Children in the Developing World
1 in 3 children does not have adequate
1 in 5 children does not have access to
safe water.
1 in 7 children does not have access to
health care.
All of the above.
Life Expectancy Rates
Millennium Development Goals
Achieve universal primary education
Ensure environmental stability
Provide worldwide access to safe water
Develop a global partnership for development
Diarrhea Prevention
Children Living in Poverty
Die of Hunger
Questions About Poverty
Over the next two weeks, we'll ask you a series of questions about poverty that we'd like you to answer … because that's the point of asking questions – getting answers.
We'll post one question every weekday.
There will be a total of 10 questions.
Answers to the questions will be published on March 9.
The person who…


text:
Below is the poem entitled If you really knew Christ which was written by poet
summitt. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Larissa Summitt
You say that you Christian but then you start to judge,
but then you hear about someone and you start to hold a grudge,
If you say you read your bible then why do you cuss,
and then go off on someone and then make a huge fuss,
If you really knew Christ you wouldnt act like a fake Christian
and stop living for your self, yes this is my opion
see with out my Lord i dont know where i be,
i rather stop living for myself and Just live for my King,
See perfect people say that dont need God,
but can you really difine the word perfect and if you can you know thats just odd,
see a church isnt for the perfect but a hospital for the broken,
My Lord Jesus Christ stop treating him like a token,
see you say your a Christian but do you know what it really means,
its about being a follower to Jesus and treating him like your king,
see he died for you He was hung on a cross,
He died for your sins he paid the ulimate Cost,
my Lord Jesus Christ has made me believe,
that im not just a Person but im his follwer indeed
----Larissa Summitt


text:
44016-012: Renewable Energy Development in Qinghai
Project Data Sheet (PDS): Overview
With a view to utilizing large potential of solar energy source in the province, the Qinghai provincial government sought Asian Development Bank (ADB) assistance. The proposed TA is included in the Aide Memoire of 2010 PRC Country Programming Midterm Review Mission as a firm 2010 TA. The proposed TA is aligned with ADB's Energy Policy in 2009 in terms of greater use of renewable energy. It also addresses the key pillars of the Country Partnership Strategy (2008-2010). The impact of the TA ... Read More
China, People's Republic of
|Project Number
|Type or Modality of Assistance
Technical Assistance
|Public sector (Sovereign)
|Approval Numbers
TA No. 7643
|Approval Date
|10 Nov 2010
|ADB Financing ($ thousand)
|Energy sector development and institutional reform
|Strategic Agendas
Environmentally sustainable growth (ESG)
Inclusive economic growth (IEG)
Project Data Sheets (PDS) contain summary information on the project or program. Because the PDS is a work in progress, some information may not be included in its initial version but will be added as it becomes available. Information about proposed projects is tentative and indicative.
The Public Communications Policy (PCP) recognizes that transparency and accountability are essential to development effectiveness. It establishes the disclosure requirements for documents and information ADB produces or requires to be produced.
The Accountability Mechanism provides a forum where people adversely affected by ADB-assisted projects can voice and seek solutions to their problems and report alleged noncompliance of ADB's operational policies and procedures.
In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of, or reference to, a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.
View the latest procurement notices for Goods, Works and Related Services, or Consulting Services.


text:
Grant Search Results
The International Higher Education Support Program invites proposals for projects that enhance the role of university communities in the advancement of human rights.
The Disability Rights Scholarship Program Support provides support for yearlong training to disability rights advocates and lawyers.
The Drugs, Security, and Democracy (DSD) Fellowship program supports research on drug policy, citizen security, and democratic governance in Latin America and the Caribbean.
The Latin America Program of the Open Society Foundations focuses its funding on four issue areas: accountability and transparency, policy debate and dialogue, human rights, and citizen security.
The Open Society Fellowship is designed to support individuals pursuing innovative and unconventional approaches to fundamental open society challenges.
The Open Society Foundations' Education Support Program and Human Rights Initiative are soliciting proposals from organizations working to promote the right to education in inclusive settings.
The Statelessness Summer Course offers a unique opportunity to learn about and reflect on the challenge that statelessness presents in the international system.


text:
'Doc, are you sure you have to aspirate?'
Page 1 of 3
During a busy swing shift, a 45-year-old male presents to the emergency department with two days of worsening right knee pain. He denies any injury, but states that the knee feels warm and swollen and now he can barely walk on it. He had a meniscal injury to the same knee about 8 years prior, and is now using crutches that he has left over from that time. He thinks he has gout because his brother and father have both had it with similar symptoms to his own. He denies any history of hardware in the knee, prior personal history of gout or joint infection, or any sexual exposures other than his wife of 15 years. His medical history is otherwise unremarkable and the only other surgery that he has had in the past was a splenectomy at age 18 from a motor vehicle accident.
On exam, he is an athletic male appearing younger than his stated age with a temperature of 99.4, blood pressure of 148/90, pulse of 83 and respiratory rate of 18. His head and neck exam are normal, as is his chest exam. His abdomen is non-tender with a well-healed left upper quadrant scar. The knee appears slightly swollen with a slightly reddish hue, but is not really warm. He can move it fairly decently while supine on the bed with some mild pain, but the area is fairly tender and he cannot bear weight on it.
Given the overall picture – his age, family history and the physical exam - you suspect new onset gout, but are worried that he could have a milder-than-usual presentation of a septic joint, especially since he has had prior surgery there and is minus a spleen. You therefore recommend a knee aspiration to be certain. "No way!" he answers. "I know those hurt and my brother has had those twice and they never even found any fluid. Can't you just give me indomethacin and oxycodone like my brother gets? When he gets those, he is usually better in a few days." You stick to your guns and answer, "Well then how do they even know that he really even has gout? The only way to tell for sure is to tap the joint. And what is more important, we need to make sure that you don't have an infection in the knee, which would be dangerous to miss. The fact that you don't have your spleen puts you at higher risk for infections, you know."
Your patient appears to be pondering your words and weighing your arguments when you see his committed expression soften just a bit. He asks, "Doc, I don't want to be a pain in the ass, and I certainly don't want to have you give me medicine for gout if I really have an infection, but is there any way you can make sure there is fluid there so I don't have to get stuck with a huge needle for no reason?" "Sure" you answer, "We can look at your knee with our ultrasound machine first to make sure there is a pocket of fluid to go after." Knowing that ultrasound is more sensitive for a joint effusion than plain films, you decide to just skip the formal imaging and wheel over the department's bedside ultrasound machine to take a peek (Image below).
Recently on Twitter


text:
What is Hyperloop? Elon Musk has been teasing his futuristic transportation idea for months, but today all will be revealed.
Los Angeles to San Francisco in 30 solar-powered minutes: Sounds fantastic, but how does it work?
On the one hand, we know enough already to join the dots and tell you what he's going to say.
On The Other Hand, we're hesitant to be 100% definitive: Musk's reputation as an enigma gives us pause.
Anyway, here's the story, with the minimum of fluff (and absolutely no references to The Jetsons or to Futurama).
Hyper-whatnow? Jonathan Amos reports:
US entrepreneur Elon Musk…has teased audiences with titbits of information about the rapid transit idea. … Musk says Hyperloop could be built for less than a conventional rail link [and] would be a practical solution for city pairs separated by 1,000 miles or less.
Whatever Mr Musk proposes, people are sure to sit up and take notice. … PayPal…Falcon rocket system…Tesla electric car. … Musk says he is so busy with SpaceX and Tesla that he will not immediately try to develop Hyperloop himself.
Pie in the sky? Nick Allen adds more detail:
The history of transport is replete with…schemes for getting people from A to B in…haste. And many of them have remained…ideas on a drawing board that will never see the light of day. [But Musk] is a Silicon Valley wunderkind with a proven track record of turning science fiction into reality..
Musk will not be patenting the design and it will be "open source", meaning anyone can modify it, or try to build it. [He] has denied it will be a so-called "vactrain". [It] "does involve a tube, but not a vacuum tube", he said, adding: "Not frictionless, but very low friction."
Musk's intended location for the first Hyperloop is…between Los Angeles and San Francisco…and deliver passengers between the two cities in just 30 minutes.
How does it work? Karl Smith has his guess:
I could be way off base but I [say] he wants to use an Inductrack [a] highly sensible technology that uses permanent magnets. [You don't] need to have electric power to make this work. …you simply have to get the train moving and the motion of the train will cause induction…which will lift the train.
[If there's a] failure the train just glides slowly down on to the track. … No crash and burn.
Canadian engineer John Gardi has been tinkering with this concept for a while:
Hyperloop is merely a modern day version of the pneumatic tubes used…to move money and small items…to other floors of a building. …though not so much these days.
Cars would share the tube with the air column…during the high speed run between stations. … The car is slowed by linear regenerative braking, accelerated by [a] rail gun.
Having an elevated Hyperloop…avoids or reduces many of the pitfalls of ground-level right-of-ways, and opens up some new opportunities: … The crossing of other right-of-ways…will be a breeze. … Hyperloop can avoid tunnels. …new route options, like leasing farmer's fields…paid for by leasing Hyperloop's right-of-way to communications companies [and] the solar power that a couple of square miles of surface area can generate!
Building Hyperloop…for a 10th the cost of high speed rail is…doable.
Similar ideas have been tried, as Alan Boyle tells it:
Such grand projects have foundered in the United States, due to the expense of building new infrastructure and negotiating the rights of way. …a pneumatic transit system isn't exactly a new idea. The concept was tested in New York in the 1870s.
Would you invest? An enthusiastic Adriana Lee would:
This scheme is so crazy, it just might work. The idea…sounds mad, but Musk's guarded-yet-clear enthusiasm gives it some cred. … Hyperloop could one day become a role model for other efficient transit and transportation systems.
This has "intriguing" written all over it.
Meanwhile, Antony Currie draws an interesting parallel:
Elon Musk is beginning to exude hints of Steven P. Jobs. … Like Mr. Jobs [he] crafts an impressive product. Now, he's gaining a reputation for beating earnings estimates.
Image credit: Brian Solis (cc:by)
Now Read This (more from NetAppVoice)
• The Real Problem In Working From Home (It's Not What You Think)
• Your Sex Is No Longer A Barrier [100 Words Into The Future]
• Setting 90-Day Goals Changed My Life: Here's My System
• Another BYOD Worry: Hacking Via SIM-Card Vulnerability
• Read more from our talented writers
This is OTOH: curated, fluff-free news and commentary, for people too busy to sift the gold from the sludge. Richi Jennings is an independent analyst, writer and editor. You can Google-Plus him at +richij, follow him as @richi on Twitter, pretend to be his friend at Facebook.com/richij or just use boring old email: email@example.com. Richi also publishes a full profile and disclosure of his industry affiliations.


text:
On my server that I have installed Oracle, I encounter a
TNS Listener error and i couldn't connect Oracle.
Is it possible to backup database with Only my user and password, without listener?
migrated from stackoverflow.com Jan 8 '13 at 4:34
This question came from our site for professional and enthusiast programmers.