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Ancestral Sin and Salvation
(Note: Orthodox use the word "ancestral sin" in relation to the disobedience of Adam and Eve. The Orthodox understanding on this matter is quite different from the "west" in its doctrine of "original sin." This article will also explain why).
There is a bookmark point in this article on "Elucidation on Creation, Evolution and Death."
There are two major issues presented by these three texts:- Genesis 3:1-24, Roman 6:22-23 and 1 Corinthians 15:20-28, 51-58 when seen in conjunction:-
(1) The relationship between sin and death. Here we can identify:-
Romans 6:23: "For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord."
1Corinthians 15:56: The sting of death is sin; and the strength of sin is the law.
(2) The Orthodox doctrine of salvation as it pertains to the cross and the resurrection of Christ.
We start with the Garden of Eden. Since in the Greek this is paradeisoz (Paradise) we may rightly understand the Garden and indeed Heaven as a real place in space-time but removed from the fallen domain of this world. In this dimension, our first Parents communed with the world, each other and God. The Fathers, (Sts. Theophilus of Antioch, Ephraim the Syrian, Hilary of Poitiers, Maximus the Confessor), insist that our first parents were created neither mortal nor immortal. Until the point of his disobedience Adam was sinless but not perfect and able to sin. He was not immortal but capable of achieving immortality through obedience. This is most important for what comes after and especially as we compare the biblical doctrine of our original state with what later emerged in the post-Orthodox west.
We learn from this starting point that Adam was like a child, fully capable of growing up in obedience to his Heavenly Father and achieving immortality. We know that he ate the fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil in disobedience to God's Word and suffered death as a result. We are not dealing here with the Promethean myth of Greek paganism in which Prometheus stole fire from the gods and paid the price for his audacity. The fruit itself was not placed in Eden with a permanent exclusion zone around it leaving humanity in state of infantile innocence. God's intention was that Adam should grow up through obedience until he received the necessary spiritual maturity to handle such things. Like a child he had to be taught. But like many children and adults he would not be taught. He wanted to be autonomous; to be God-like without God and he thereby brought death down upon his head.
Listen to St. Irenaeus:-
"Man was a little one, and his discretion still undeveloped,
wherefore also he was easily misled by the deceiver."
St. Irenaeus and the Fathers generally, therefore, do not see death as a divine punishment for the disobedience of our first parents. This distortion arose later in the west under the influence of Augustine. The Fathers rather interpret the consequences of the Fall as something we brought on ourselves when we distanced ourselves from God. God still walks in the Garden. It is we who hide and shamefully cover our nakedness. Likewise, the expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise and the angel standing guard with the flaming sword is not an act of divine retribution but a compassionate and merciful provision lest we eat of the second tree, the Tree of Life, and die eternally. The fruit of this tree, if we had eaten it, would have condemned us forever.
Listen to St. John Chrysostom:-
"Partaking of the tree, the man and woman became liable to death and subject to the future needs of the body. Adam was no longer permitted to remain in the Garden, and was bidden to leave, a move by which God showed His love for him … he had become mortal, and lest he presume to eat further from the tree which promised an endless life of continuous sinning, he was expelled from the Garden as a mark of divine solicitude, not of necessity."
[Hom. in Gen XVIII, 3 PG 53 151]
The sin of Adam and Eve was one of disobedience born out of a demonically induced pride and we know from St. Paul that wages of such sin is death [Romans 6:23]. Cast out of Eden and barred from re-entry for their own good, Adam and Eve, in their mortality are now subject to the corruption of death. Corruption here does not merely mean physical decay, it describes the fallout from the Fall as death spawns yet new evils. As St. Paul taught in the context of the resurrection as the remedy for sin and death, ("O death where is thy sting …?"), "the sting of death is sin." [1 Corinthians 15:55-56]
Listen to St. Cyril of Alexandria :-
"Adam had heard: 'Earth thou art and to the earth shalt thou return,' and from being incorruptible he became corruptible and was made subject to the bonds of death. But since he produced children after falling into this state, we his descendents are corruptible coming from a corruptible source. Thus it is that we are heirs of Adam's curse."
[Doctrinal Questions and Answers, IX, 6 in Cyril of Alexandria, Selected Letters]
Notice that there is huge difference between this belief that we share in Adam's curse through the corruption of death and the view common in the west since Augustine that we are punished by death for an original sin in Eden. The west came to believe that this original sin was transmitted to subsequent generations through sexual reproduction and that we inherit thereby not only the sin of Adam but the guilt as well. This view is first found in Augustine.
" … now when this (the Fall) happened, the whole human race was 'in his loins' (Adam). Hence in accordance with the mysterious and powerful natural laws of heredity it followed that those who were in his loins and were to come into this world through the concupiscence (lustful desires) of the flesh were condemned with him." [Treatise against Julian the Pelagian]
Aquinas and later the Reformers for whom Augustine was all felt constrained to repeat :-
" … the commingling of the sexes which, after the sin of our first parent, cannot take place without lust, transmits original sin to the offspring." [Aquinas: Comp. Theol., 224]
This is not Orthodox. We are responsible for the sins that we commit, not the sins of our forefathers and not the sins of our first parents. Moreover, the Fall is not a taint in our character transmitted by sex, nor is sex itself necessarily tainted by lust. Orthodox refer instead to "ancestral sin," by which we mean our participation in the disobedience of the first Adam as inherited through death, not sex. It is a curse that the Law exposed in the inability of humans to fulfil the Mosaic Covenant. It is a curse which has been redeemed by Christ. [Galatians 3:13].
Some western commentators criticise the Orthodox understanding at this point by reminding us that,. according to Psalm 50(51):5 "behold I was brought forth in iniquity, and in sin my mother conceived me." (NKJV: Masoretic text). As stated, this is capable of being interpreted either in the "western" manner or in the Orthodox manner. However, the Septuagint (LXX) version of the Psalm translated into English reads: "Behold I was brought forth in iniquities, and in sins (plural) did my mother conceive me." This makes it quite clear that sin is endemic to the human condition from birth to death. It says nothing about transmission, let alone transmission by sex. We must assume that the Jewish scholars in Alexandria knew what they were doing when they translated the Hebrew text into Greek. The Orthodox Church certainly accepts their scholarship and, importantly, there is nothing in Judaism then or now that comes anywhere close to the Christian west's understanding of original sin which is rather important if one wants to understand St. Paul's teaching on Adam and Christ the New Adam in Romans 5 and 1 Corinthians 15. After all, St. Paul like our Lord, was a Jew by birth and by training, adept in the Law.
This, then, is the characteristic understanding of the Fall in the Orthodox Church: sin generated by the corruption of death. In the post-Orthodox, post Christian west however, many people see death as both the natural created state of man and an unacceptable reality. This mental bind is also not Orthodox. Death, being the curse of Eden, is an unnatural enemy, neither designed into Creation by God nor desired by Him. Death, as the ultimate threat causes people to flee from their brothers, their sisters and their God in a selfish pursuit of earthly things as if these will put off the evil day. "Eat drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die," as the saying goes. This is the real death, the death of the spirit from whence death itself has cast a longer and longer shadow over the God-less secularism of western materialism.
We must remember that this terrible fallout was self induced and not inflicted upon us by a malign wrathful deity. Even the murderer Cain was given his mark as a protection. God did not cease to love and care for us in our fallen state. He desired that the self-inflicted curse hanging over humanity should be lifted and that humans should resume their role as God's priests in creation by growing back into spiritual maturity. This of course, He achieved through the New and Final Adam, Christ. Characteristically the Fathers speak of God saving us by recapitulating or regathering the whole creation in Himself and redeeming it, [Ephesians 1:10]. The beginning of this process was in the Incarnation, its climax, the death and resurrection of Christ, its fruition in the outpouring of the Holy Spirit upon the Church, the Body of Christ glorified. As St. Irenaeus proclaimed :-
"God the Son became Man in order to regather in Himself the ancient creation, so that He might slay sin and destroy the power of death, and give life to all men."
[Against the Heresies, III, xix 6 ANF]
We should not be surprised then if death, itself the wages of sin, in bringing yet more sin upon the generations of humankind, must needs be destroyed in order that the gates of Paradise might be opened once more to the whole of Creation.. This is precisely what we believe about the resurrection. Death has been destroyed by death and Christ our God has emerged victorious by contesting that ancient serpent on his own ground: death and hell. The voluntary obedience of a Virgin-Mother bruised the serpent's head in the Incarnation, [Genesis 3:15] and the voluntary obedience of her Son unto death on a cross finally granted unto us the victory in the resurrection. In this manner Christ is revealed as the New Adam and the Mother of God the New Eve. It is Christ our God who in the icon of Pascha storms into hell and liberates the captives from the grip of death and sin. A new way has thereby been opened up for us to regain Paradise, Christ the first fruits of all those who have fallen asleep.
In conclusion we should note that this state of Paradise is more fruitful for us than the first. At the point when Adam lost Paradise both he and Eve had not the opportunity to enter into their full inheritance as children of God. Their disobedience put paid to that. It is different for us. In Christ we now have that opportunity, not only to be saved from death and hell, but also to be glorified by His life in us, the Holy Spirit. By the love poured into our hearts by that same Spirit we are now able to eat both from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil and the tree of life. The tree of the cross has not only become our cure, the resurrection has also become our portal into the very life of God himself, our deification. Not just Paradise regained therefore but a whole Cosmos made new according to God's plan and purpose.
Let the last word be with St. Macarius the Great as he picks up a theme of St. Paul, [2 Corinthians 3:18] :–
"the inner being of believers who through perfect faith are born of the Spirit shall reflect as in a mirror the Glory of the Lord, and are transfigured into the same image from Glory to Glory."
Postscript: Evolution and Death
It is so commonplace now in the west to think of death as "natural" ... an integral part of a "good" creation that the Orthodox understanding of death as a necessary but temporary adjustment in God's plan ... his real goal for his creatures being immortality by grace seems completely irreconcilable with insights from the natural sciences. According to these insights death has ALWAYS existed from the dawn of life. Notice, however, how immortality in Orthodox Christianity is something to be acquired by grace, humans being created neither mortal nor immortal. The Paradise account of Genesis reveals a certain latency toward immortality in humankind which has been spoiled by disobedience to God. Genesis is silent on death as a more widespread phenomenon amongst all life forms but Romans is not so reticent. With the coming of Christ we have new revelation from the mouth of St. Paul. Corruption and death have indeed spread from humans to all life forms yet such bondage to decay is being reversed by the new birth of the resurrection.
"For the creation was subjected to futility, not willingly, but
because of Him who subjected it in hope; 21because the creation itself
also will be delivered from the bondage of corruption into the glorious
liberty of the children of God. 22For we know that the whole creation
groans and labours with birth pangs together until now." (Romans
We should not, therefore, become too pre-occupied with the chronology of Genesis. It is a perfectly Orthodox position to take divine teaching from Genesis without expecting it to deliver a scientific account of the creation of life and its problematic development. This, incidentally is why many Orthodox do indeed accept evolution as a credible scientific theory accounting for the development of life without feeling that somehow they have thereby sacrificed Christian insights into humankind's spiritual and moral development. Indeed evolution itself might provide some clues as to the possibilities of an emergent human species redeemed by grace. So, in the natural way of understanding things life is inconceivable without death. In the perspective of God's saving providence, however, there will be in the Last Day life without end and a renewed creation. Evolution might just be the natural process God's uses, hitching a ride as it were from the resurrection potential of repentance and union with God.
A final question ...
If death has always been around, did God create it ... how are we to link this to the Fall?
Well, let's get one thing straight. God did not create death either for us or for any other living creature. We find no such idea in Scripture and Tradition and it makes God a pretty lousy Creator to suppose that this is true. The only way of reconciling the universality of death with the particularity of the Fall (at some point in our evolutionary timeline) is to suppose that the death spread to all creation backwards and forwards in time by some major break in the timeline. The Universe branched into a creation subject to futility, corruption and decay ... which formerly it had not known. Surely this must be the context to that great reversal of the cosmic effects of the Fall to which St. Paul alludes in his reference to the resurrection in Romans 8:20-22 (ante). It seems to me that the solution of regarding "death" as "spiritual death" and therefore "resurrection" as a "spiritual resurrection" cannot accommodate the centrality to Orthodox Christianity of both the Incarnation of the Word made flesh and the Resurrection of the body.
Elucidation on Evolution, Creation and Death
Perhaps no other subject has caused so much unnecessary disturbance in the communities of both science and faith than the creation of the universe and life and the ubiquity of evil and death. Some of the unresolved issues in my first article were subsequently taken up in correspondence with "Colin" who gave his permission for publication. This theological conversation is reproduced here.
Colin writes ...
Dear Fr Gregory,
I accept the modern evolutionary account of our origins and I suppose I'm some brand of a "theistic evolutionist". I'm particularly interested in the issue of how an acceptance of evolutionary theory (for which the death of species is an obvious driving force) ties in with the doctrine that primordial man brought death into existence via his sin. I thought I spotted a contradiction between two of your articles on this issue:
1) In your "Ancestral Sin and Salvation" (from the "Postscript: Evolution and Death"), you state:
"God did not create death either for us or for any other living creature. We find no such idea in Scripture and Tradition and it makes God a pretty lousy Creator to suppose that this is true. The only way of reconciling the universality of death with the particularity of the Fall (at some point in our evolutionary timeline) is to suppose that the death spread to all creation backwards and forwards in time by some major break in the timeline.……. It seems to me that the solution of regarding "death" as "spiritual death" and therefore "resurrection" as a "spiritual resurrection" cannot accommodate the centrality to Orthodox Christianity of both the Incarnation of the Word made flesh and the Resurrection of the body."
2) But in your "DISCUSSION 1: THE UNIVERSE DOESN'T CARE!" article * you say:
"As far as death in the Universe is concerned I think as Christians we have to say that death physically is natural but that eternal death, separation from God is not as it arises from the Fall."
So it looks as if in the first statement you are saying that physical death is not a natural thing and that man's sin caused physical death to exist on the earth, but that in the second statement you are accepting that physical death is in fact natural and that man's sin was responsible only for spiritual death.
Or have I misunderstood?
* not published on this site (ed.)
Fr. Gregory writes ...
Dear Colin
I am indebted to you! Thank you so much for identifying the clash (and it is a clash of course). Actually the "Universe" reference reflects my earlier view which has now changed in a more conservative direction ... constrained by my traditional insistence on the need for the resurrection to undo a genuine physical problem ... the dissolution of a good creation on organic death. So I have now changed this to be in conformity with the other article revising as follows:-
As far as death in the Universe is concerned, I think as Christians we have to say that death was not part of God's original design for creation but rather arose from the Fall and spread out to the whole of the Cosmos. Likewise the benefits of Christ's victorious resurrection are by no means limited to humankind but, in the light of Romans 8:18-25 equally spread to the whole Cosmos.
Fr. Gregory
Colin writes ...
Dear Father Gregory,
Many thanks for answering and for clearing that issue up – although I was surprised by your answer! I thought you would say that the "death as natural" viewpoint was your true viewpoint!
Just a quick follow-up, if you are open to it (I won't plague you with more emails!):
When you say, "death was not part of God's original design for creation but rather arose from the Fall and spread out to the whole of the Cosmos", and assuming that you remain accepting of (theistic) evolutionary theory, are you suggesting that for the millions of years up until the evolution of primordial man, evolution occurred without the death of species? And further, if death was not natural, would gross overpopulation of the earth not have occurred within a relatively short space of time?
For me, the resurrection of Christ reveals the translation from the earthly-to-spiritual body that primordial man would likely to have experienced, without the fear or 'sting' of physical death, if he had not sinned.
...But I'm not sure if this view fits very well with traditional theology!
Fr. Gregory writes ...
Dear Colin
I freely admit that there is a problem here for my view (since I accept evolution fully .... including the random element). However, there is less of a problem if the myth of Eden is interpreted more radically as a story of how the Universe is post fall and that the fall is something that predates human disobedience. I submit as myth-evidence the talking evil hisser. Satan's fall predated the human fall. I tend to the view that the pre-terrestrial angelic fall compromised the whole Cosmos ... probably as far back as the Big Bang itself, (the old problem of cosmology ... can information survive the transition to a new cosmos, (an evil meme that is). In this scenario (I think I am still staying faithful to both the myth and the Tradition) the human fall is subsequent to the angelic fall and derivative of that. So, in this Cosmos ... death has ALWAYS been a feature. Maybe when humans emerged (read "Eden") they had the possibility of escaping the curse of this Cosmos but instead they rejected that opportunity and were cast out (that is "in") to this world and its suffering (still staying within the bounds of both Genesis and evolution I think). What think ye?
Fr. Gregory
Colin writes ...
Dear Father Gregory,
Again, thank you for your reply, which I found very interesting, especially as it does seem to be, to some extent at least, compatible with both science and traditional theology. Your view also helps to explain the fact that death is universally viewed as a "bad thing", which arguably shouldn't be the case if death was just a "natural" process.
I like the 'evil meme' concept; it's like a persistent bug in a computer program - it could be imagined that God had a perfect 'program' for creating the universe, and Satan, as one of the most respected and senior programmers, turned bad and deliberately corrupted the perfect code with bugs that have caused the processes of death and decay to be actualised in our world.
I suppose your view entails that St. Paul's expressed view in Romans that death came into the world through one man's sin needs to be read more subtlety as something like "because of primordial man's sin, humans ever since have been subject to the processes of death and decay that, although such processes pre-existed mankind due to the fall of Satan, primordial man could have been exempted from had he lived up to his God-given calling".
My previously-described view of Christ's resurrection being illustrative of the fleshly-to-spiritual transition of body that primordial man might have experienced had he not sinned, ties in with your view, since I still think some kind of death-without-fear-or-sting would have been necessary in order for the planet not to have rapidly become overpopulated. I'd be interested to know your views on that.
If you understand the processes of evolution to have occurred only because of the fall of Satan (because obviously evolution requires the death of old species to make for the new so therefore God would not have used that method), do we therefore have no idea what God's plans were for the universe, or if and how He would have created species, including man, on earth, had Satan not corrupted things right from the start? Or was God's plan always to create creatures that He could share His love with and evolution was God's way of using the process of death induced by Satan to 'turn what was evil into something good'? I suppose we can only make conjectures about such things.
An additional point is that in Genesis, God described the creation as "very good". If creation was in fact corrupted by Satan's fall, then this wouldn't seem to make sense. Unless "good" is reinterpreted in some way, or if it's meant to mean just that 'God's program' is very good, even if it does have bugs in it, since everything can be redeemed.
I think your view is easier to accept than your earlier suggestion that the effects of primordial man's fall spread backwards in time.
Fr. Gregory writes ...
Dear Colin
I am pleased that our perspectives seem to be capable of mutual alignment and that these seem to respect both the spiritual message of Genesis and the findings of contemporary science. Of course science can have no view on the devil, God, angels or anything else that cannot be subjected to its own methods but I think that it at least behoves us to present the spiritual truths in a form that do not rule out empirical truths from the natural sciences where both disciplines experience some overlap. The creation of the cosmos and life and the issue of death and entropy constitute precisely that common arena, and of course, this explains why these issues are ... sadly and unnecessarily often so contentious.
A key insight from Genesis is the pre-existence of Satan to the time frame of the Fall. This means that the whole shebang, (death, evil and suffering) already had some existence in the created order. The question:- "When did evil first start?" now stretches back to the fall of Lucifer himself.
Of course a social anthropologist would just smile at this point and catalogue yet another aetiological myth. If we are asked what justifiable place such a diabolical fall can have in any account of reality (other than fantasy and / or conjecture) then we would have to fall back on Tradition (Scripture and more). It becomes easier if we are able to explain why certain things were excluded, (the evil demiurgic creation for example). You are right, therefore, to insist on the goodness of creation. Evil's locus is Satan, not the creation itself.
Moving to science I think we would have to say that the evil meme stretches way back beyond the first emergence of life AS WE KNOW IT since, in evolutionary terms, death appears to be necessary and ubiquitous. Evolution and nature "red in tooth and claw" could well indeed be God's providential accommodation to a good creation corrupted by primal evil. In another version of the "Universe, Life and Everything, a perfect creation WITH death could involve immortal creatures who CHOOSE mortality for the greater common good or life forms that can multiply indefinitely within the resources and lifetime of a whole Cosmos without degrading either themselves or the Universe as an environment. On the Infinite Multiverse view of things if you can imagine it, it MUST exist somewhere, sometime.
As far as Adam and Eve (mythically ... let's say "us") .... as far as WE are concerned, we were born into a fallen world and we can think of our submission to the death-ridden affects of the "first" Fall (of Lucifer of course), symbolically through Hissing Sid in the Garden as our refusal to follow God's way to Eternal Life .... opened up to us again by Christ the New Adam and Mary the New Eve.
Fr. Gregory
Colin writes ...
Dear Father Gregory,
You mentioned that the pre-existence of Satan to the time frame of the Fall of man means that death, evil and suffering already had some existence in the created order. I hadn't thought of it that way before – I had assumed that Satan didn't act until the first humans came on the scene. I assume this is what St. Paul thought when he spoke of 'death entering the world through one man's sin' – it seems clear that he thought that death had not made it's entry to the world until primordial man allowed it to have entry. (I'd be interested to know what your thoughts are on how St. Paul viewed this issue.) But if Satan is the author of death, and if he pre-existed the Fall, then, as you suggest, death could always have been around. It's tempting to say that 'it's inconvenient' that the Bible does not explicitly state this. The fact that it doesn't is one of the reasons why there are arguments between Christians on this issue, and of course between Christians and non-Christians.
It's obvious that there are, and seemingly always have been, differences of opinion about this whole issue of our origins and the literal –vs-spiritual reading of the Genesis narratives. It would appear that whilst a literal interpretation was dominant up to Darwin, several early Fathers read these narratives spiritually/allegorically, as you point out yourself. On the specific issue of death occurring before the Fall of man, St. Athanasius ("On the Incarnation") states:
"[If Adam & Eve] went astray and became vile, throwing away their birthright of beauty, then they would come under the natural law of death and live no longer in paradise, but, dying outside of it, continue in death and in corruption……….though [Adam & Eve] were by nature subject to corruption, the grace of their union with the Word made them capable of escaping from the natural law."
Therefore, according to Athanasius, seemingly, Adam and Eve ("us" as you suggest) would not have been subject to the laws of nature (death, decay, etc) that other creatures were subject to, if they had not sinned. The Oxford philosopher Richard Swinburne adopts the same view in his book "Providence and the Problem of Evil", but I don't think either he, or Athanasius thought that the pre-existing death and decay (the laws of nature) were due to the fall of Satan – I think they just simply viewed them as the laws that God had made, death being just a necessary thing created by God.
Fr. Gregory concludes ...
Dear Colin
If indeed we assume that humankind failed to attain to immortality in the protected environment "inside Eden" (there was a part of creation subject to death and suffering "outside Eden" to which of course we were consigned for our own protection, God not wanting us to die eternally by eating from the tree of life) then the link between human transgression and death in the cosmos is by no means clear. I can't imagine that Satan was around pre-Fall doing nothing but just waiting for us to trip up before he could unleash physical death in the Cosmos first time round. Maybe since Satan is hyper-anti-God, death is "in his blood" contrasting God of course who is wholly Life. The tragedy of human disobedience in Eden is that we multiplied death and Satan's power by allowing it to enter our God-protected domain ... hence we had to leave, for death can have no place in the kingdom of God. The resurrection then becomes God retaking the world from Satan to extend Eden and restoring human potential to immortality ... theosis.
Fr. Gregory
Revd. Fr. Dr. Christopher Knight
Professor George Theokritoff
Very Revd. Archimandrite Kyril Jenner
Professor Richard Swinburne
Wendy Robinson


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|Mega salutes 2011's best vendors
|Written by HGO Staff
MONTREAL (30 May 2012) - Mega Group recognized six of its vendor partners for excellence in product and service at its recent conference and annual general meeting here.
"This provides us with an opportunity to recognize those suppliers who excel at their job," Mega general merchandise manager Todd Smith explained to the approximately 400 group members and vendor representatives attending the meeting. This was the sixth year in which the awards were presented.
The process resulting in the giving of the Supplier Recognition Award includes a survey that is sent to a representative same of over 200 Mega and NBA retailers across the country, as well as the credit department located at the group's head office in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
Respondents are asked to rate suppliers on quality and service areas that directly impact their businesses. These areas include: accuracy of invoicing; responsive customer service; quality of training and support; point-of-purchase materials; gross margin; debit and credit note processing; and, how well the supplier uses the group's central billing service.
Several of this year's recipients are first-time award winners.
This year's survey - which highlighted the 2011 calendar year - covered six product categories: appliances, bedding, upholstery, case goods, electronics and service.
Winning in the bedding category was the Toronto-based Sealy Canada, which also partners with the group in its fund raising efforts on behalf of Ronald McDonald House Charities of Canada.
Winning for the first time in the service category was logistics specialist Schenker of Canada.
Another first time winner, this one in the upholstery category, was the Toronto based Superstyle Chesterfield Co.
Taking kudos in the appliance category was Electrolux Canada, while Samsung Electronics Canada took the honors in electronics.
Also winning the group's recognition for the first time was Dimplex North America, the Waterloo, Ontario-based fireplace and occasional case goods producer.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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On top of our running list of apps being updated for iOS 7 today, Apple too is preparing for the release of iOS 7 later today with updates to its own apps. The latest to get support for iOS 7 is Apple's AirPort Utility app, which allows users to manage their Wi-Fi networks and AirPort Base stations such as AirPort Express and AirPort Time Capsule.
Apple has also updated its Apple Store app today with optimizations for iOS 7 and "a refined user interface." Not only has the app been given a new iOS 7 style icon, but the UI has also been refreshed to offer a cleaner, flatter design that fits in with iOS 7 (as pictured in the screenshots above). The updated app continues to offer free content in form of app and iBook downloads as part of Apple's retail sales push that we reported last month.
Although Apple announced that its biggest apps– Pages, Numbers, Keynote, iPhoto, and iMovie– would become free for new iPhone customers starting this month, it has yet to update the apps for iOS 7 with refreshed user interfaces. Other Apple apps that haven't received a makeover for iOS 7 yet include: Garageband, iTunes U, Find My Friends, Remote, Podcasts, and iBooks.
Version 2.8 of the Apple Store app is available on the App Store now alongside Version 1.3.2 of Apple's AirPort Utility for iPhone and iPad.
iBooks has also been updated with iOS and iCloud-related compatibility fixes, but it has not been redesigned (yet.)
Leave a Reply
5 Responses to "Apple starts updating its App Store apps for iOS 7, starting with Apple Store & AirPort Utility apps"
Looks like Pandora now as well!
Still has an ugly keyboard though.
On the new iCloud, the iWork icons have lost the gloss and now have flat gradients. Not a big change, I know, but I think they'll use them for the iOS apps.
No update for Remote yet !!!!
Hey, so, the free apps are only for iPhones? Like the iPhoto, is it going to be free for iPads as well?


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American Red Cross thanks those who donated during National Blood Donor Month
HUNTINGTON -- The American Red Cross is thanking those who donate blood during National Blood Donor Month.
"As the new year begins, it is the perfect time to honor donors for their commitment to helping save lives through the simple act of giving blood throughout the year," John Hagins, CEO of the Red Cross Greater Alleghenies Blood Services Region, said in a release.
All blood types are needed, but those with type O negative, A negative or B negative blood are especially encouraged to give.
To donate, call 1-800-RED CROSS (1-800-733-2767) or visit redcrossblood.org to make an appointment or for more information. A blood donor card or driver's license or two other forms of identification are required at check-in. Individuals who are 17 years of age (16 with parental consent in some states), weigh at least 110 pounds and are in generally good health may be eligible to donate blood. High school students and other donors 18 years of age and younger also have to meet certain height and weight requirements.


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Falmouth council reaches consensus on library space
FALMOUTH — After a lengthy discussion Monday the Town Council unanimously passed a resolution recommending a minimum of about 12,900 square feet of assignable floor space for a future library building or expansion.
The current library building is 10,800 square feet.
The resolution, drafted by the Falmouth Memorial Library Board of Trustees, does not include non-assignable space, such as bathroom and furnace space, which was set at a range of 25 percent to 30 percent of the total buildable area.
During its discussion, the council struck language from the resolution that would have set a range of 17,300 to 23,500 square feet for the total building area.
Councilor Will Armitage cautioned against being too specific in the resolution, explaining that he did not want the town to be tied to a number before a location and formal proposal are considered.
"This is just going to get thrown back in our face," Armitage said.
But other councilors disagreed, arguing that a resolution citing specific space needs is part of a previously determined path the council would take toward ultimately sending the decision to Falmouth voters.
"At the end of the day, it's not us, it's the town that will decide," Vice Chairwoman Teresa Pierce said.
The resolution came after the library trustees hired consultant Nolan Lushington to evaluate the library's space needs, something he said during a public presentation that he was uncomfortable predicting more than five years out.
However, Lushington did provide a 20-year recommendation after councilors specifically requested he disregard the town's political and economic landscape.
The council formally accepted Lushington's entire report in its resolution Monday night, although it is not obligated to act upon his recommendations when deciding where and how the library will expand.
The council also suspended its rules to take public comment on the matter. Several people spoke, including Lisa Preney, a founder of the group Falmouth Citizens for Sound Choices and a critic of the library's space needs process.
"I'm overwhelmed by the amount of information that's come into the room tonight," Preney said. "Everything moves so rapid fire, I don't know how you're going to have budget discussions."
A group of citizens who collected more than 1,100 signatures at the polls Nov. 2 asking that the council preserve the Lunt and Plummer-Motz buildings for civic use and send a question to voters, presented their petition to the council Monday night.
Marsha Clark, who sat on the Facilities Planning Committee that produced a report to the council this spring, said the response to the petition was overwhelming.
"The people who signed this put trust in the council to put forth good-faith effort and to put forth a fiscally responsible plan to preserve this space," she said.
During the meeting, the council also considered space needs for a proposed community center, which would contain a gymnasium, meeting space and multipurpose classroom space.
Lucky D'Ascanio, community programs director, presented a proposed community center, ranging in size from 8,000 square feet for just classroom, office and meeting space, to more than 18,000 square feet to include a gym and more than 38,000 square feet with a gym and pool. D'Ascanio's presentation compared the three proposals to other community centers and town-owned buildings around the state.
"This is not a new concept," she said, explaining that the town began considering a community center in conjunction with the Ocean View retirement facility in 1997.
D'Ascanio directly compared the proposed center's space needs range to four other communities: South Portland with its 36,000-square-foot center (60,000 square feet including a pool); Gorham's more than 20,000-square-foot center; Caribou's nearly 32,000 square feet, and Wiscasset's center, which is 28,000 square feet (35,000 including a pool).
"Community programs is a unique department — we're a revenue-generating department," D'Ascanio said, explaining that increasing the number of programs offered could decrease the percentage the town currently spends on overhead, making the entire department more self-sufficient.
Former Councilor Fred Leighton asked the council to include a community center in its future plans for the Lunt and Plummer-Motz spaces.
"I'm not sure we can afford not to do this," he said. "Maybe we can't do it all at once, but we can do it. … This is for everyone."
The council did not take action on the community center space needs. Discussion of the issue, including options for Town Hall, is scheduled to continue at every council meeting through the rest of the year.
Emily Parkhurst can be reached at 781-3661 ext. 125 or email@example.com


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ACKERMAN, Crystal, Moncks C.
AUTIO, Dudley, Charleston
BACKUS, Frank Jr., Summerville
BAGINSKA, Eileen, Goose Creek
BAZAR, Bazil, North Carolina
BROWDER, David, Kingstree
BROWN, Gloria, Ridgeville
BRYANT, Anna, North Charleston
CALLEN, Richard, Georgia
CAPERS, Peter, Charleston
CHAVE, Reid, Mount Pleasant
CONNOLLY, Michael, Ladson
CREASON, George, Eutawville
CROSBY, John, Kingstree
DEMPSEY, Jennie, Cottageville
FISHER, Frances, Summerville
HILL, Randy, Charleston
HOOVER, Anna, N. Chas.
HUGHES, Catherine, Dorchester
HUTTO, William Jr., Moncks C.
IVY, Sherril, Mount Pleasant
KENNEY, James, Charleston
KRUGER, Herman, N. Chas.
LOTT, John, North Charleston
MATHEWS, Lee, Burton
McMICHAEL, George, S'ville
McPHERSON, Nelson, Moncks C.
MITCHUM, Queen, Andrews
ROUSE, Ruthmae, N. Chas.
ROUSE, Sylvester, N. Chas.
STRAUB, Albert, Reevesville
THIELE, Robert, Hilton Head Island
WHITE, Jean, North Carolina
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Posts Tagged «watches»
The smartwatch is a desperate attempt to save an industry that isn't failing September 5, 2013 at 11:39 am
The speedy rate at which tech hardware moves nowadays is astonishing, but the rate at which it innovates is much more stagnant. The desperate attempt to innovate and create markets before competitors do is what drives this industry. In recent memory, the smartwatch is one of the most prominent instances of major tech companies not knowing where to go next, yet trying to force their way there anyway.
Microsoft reportedly entering smartwatch market, won't be late to the party for once April 15, 2013 at 12:06 pm
In the wake of rumors flying about the infosphere that Apple and Samsung are both working on a smartwatch, thus creating the smartwatch market, a new rumor suggests that Microsoft will also join the two prominent mobile manufacturers and develop its own touchscreen, watch-based device.


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EGIB on TV
Tonight, on an episode of American Pickers on the History channel, they showed an episode that included a picture of my Uncle Condon from this website. I was approached and asked if they could use this picture several weeks ago, but I could not speak of it until now. I know that my father would be totally stoked about this. I'm sure that this is something he would be proud of and we are absolutely honored to have a picture of a family member be on television for the world to see. This is the picture that they used:
It has been a long summer and I have had the pleasure of riding tons of miles on my bike this year. Every time I am able to get away and put some miles on the bike I feel close to my dad. This year I have taken multiple trips along the front range and have went through the canyon to Estes Park and back. Each time I go by the Black Bing Cherry Cider place in the narrows I can't help but think of my father. Here is a picture of the credits of tonight's episode of American Pickers:
Wherever you are dad, know that you are missed by many…
Love Always, Your Son,
– Brad


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Undergraduate Academic Catalog 2012-2013
Home > Undergraduate Academic Catalog 2012-2013 > Degree Course Descriptions > Course Descriptions > Technical Communication Courses > TCOM 3430 Foundations of Graphics
TCOM 3430 Foundations of Graphics
Prerequisite: TCOM 2010 or ARTS 3000
An introduction to the fundamental elements and principles of graphic design and application of these concepts to page design and layout. Study of elementary color theory. Introduction to production techniques and current software applications.
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The Challenger tips are a dealer item, but just happen to have two "like new" used sets with the clamps. I can also put together two different V6 dual conversion kits, resonated and non-resonated to go with the tips.
Let me know soon cause I think they may go quick when this post gets read!
There going on a magnum...If i get a kit made to fit the stock magnum locations. And ill just make the modifications to my bumper and wat not. I plan to start ordering all my parts this coming week. HIDE THE TIPS FOR ME lol
You just need a Challenger kit, the bends and brackets are in the same location as a Magnum. I have a template for the Chally cut out as well. Do a lot of measuring before you make the cuts though.


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Product News
Related Searches: Corrosion • Color • Adhesives • Nanotechnology •
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August 15, 2012
NEI Corporation introduced a nanotechnology-enabled, two-layer coating that improves the corrosion resistance of zinc-plated and hot-dip galvanized (HDG) steel. The NEI coating is a drop-in replacement for trivalent chromium. The coating process cons… Read More »
August 15, 2012
PPG Commercial Coatings has launched Delfleet Essential Basecoat, a 3.5 VOC basecoat designed to complement the Delfleet product line and increase its capabilities. The new basecoat is intended for value-conscious fleet refinishers, OEMs and collisio… Read More »
August 15, 2012
At a time when the volatile global economy is hitting shipping hard, Hempel is launching high-solids versions of their Globic, Oceanic and Olympic antifoulings, which offer optimized features and stronger ROI the company said. The new versions, Glob… Read More »
July 24, 2012
Industrial Nanotech, Inc., has launched a new product in their industrial line, Nansulate Diamond. The product is a fast-cure high heat industrial insulation and corrosion prevention coating that provides energy savings and personnel protection for e… Read More »
July 24, 2012
Loctite instant adhesives for industrial applications already encompass a broad range of different categories, such as light-curing, low-bloom, impact and shock resistant, as well as toughened products for flexible bond lines. Loctite instant adhesiv… Read More »
July 24, 2012
Dur-A-Flex, Inc., a manufacturer of commercial, industrial and institutional seamless, resinous flooring, has introduced Mica-Flex E and Mica-Flex M, as the newest in their lineup of decorative flooring systems. The new Mica-Flex systems utilize Dur-… Read More »
July 24, 2012
The Architectural Color Collection from Sto Corp. is a selection of 300 new colors with a timeless architectural feel. Developed specifically for facades, this palette features a range of warm hues, carefully selected to relate to specific coatings a… Read More »
July 17, 2012
Dur-A-Flex, Inc., a manufacturer of commercial, industrial and institutional seamless, resinous flooring, has added Poly-Crete Color-Fast topcoat to its line of cementitious urethane flooring systems. Formulated to retain its color throughout the lif… Read More »
July 17, 2012
Benjamin Moore has introduced Molten Metallics, a new addition to its Studio Finishes portfolio. This new paint product produces a surface imitative of a hand-hammered metal. While most of the special effects coatings in the Studio Finishes collecti… Read More »
Dunn-Edwards Introduces New And Improved Evershield Flat, Velvet And Eggshell Premium Exterior Paint
July 10, 2012
Dunn-Edwards has launched an improved version of its Evershield premium exterior flat, velvet and eggshell paint. Evershield is known for its exterior performance and durability, and the company has taken steps to further improve the product. Using a… Read More »
June 21, 2012
A new generation of bright metallic sparkle paints has been launched by AkzoNobel, the world's leading architectural powder coating supplier. Five new shades have been added to the Interpon D Brilliance range of AkzoNobel, and the total range h… Read More »
June 5, 2012
Biocoat, Inc., maker of lubricious Hydak hydrophilic coatings introduced three new hydrophilic coatings for medical devices to its lineup. HydroSleek2 is the new successor to the original HydroSleek lubricious coating, with improved processing and bi… Read More »
June 5, 2012
Baltimore, Md.-based coatings manufacturer Chesapeake Bay Coating has recently introduced several new high performance steel coating products to their product catalogue. One of the latest steel coating solutions that the company has added to their in… Read More »
June 5, 2012
Dunn-Edwards has improved its Suprema product line. The Flat and Velvet finish levels (10 and 20) now provide better hide, burnish resistance and touch up that will go a long way to ensure that painting professionals can provide the best possible int… Read More »
June 5, 2012
Tennant Company has introduced urethane floor coatings that are 50 percent soy plant-based and specifically designed for manufacturing, industrial and warehousing facilities. Eco-ITS coatings are bio-based urethane floor coverings made using a 95 per… Read More »


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- Willamette
- News
- News Archive
- 2002
- September
- Willamette Conference Addresses Future of Northwest Forest Plan
Current News
Willamette Conference Addresses Future of Northwest Forest Plan
A collection of some of the nation's most knowledgeable environmentalists and forest policy stakeholders will gather at Willamette University in Salem Wednesday, Sept. 25, for an all-day conference on issues relating to forests in the Pacific Northwest.
The goal of the conference is to examine current forest management policy and how these policies are impacted by science and politics.
Among the luminaries scheduled to speak are Gov. John Kitzhaber; Jack Ward Thomas, former head of the U.S. Forest Service; Bruce Babbitt; former Secretary of the Interior; and Mark Rey, current USDA Under Secretary for Natural Resources and the Environment.
The conference runs from 11 a.m. to 5:45 p.m. in the Cat Cavern on the second floor of the University Center. Registration is required. At 8 p.m., Bruce Babbitt will deliver the 2002 Dempsey Lecture in the Mary Stuart Rogers Music Center at Willamette. The lecture is free and seating is limited.
The conference and lecture are made possible by the Dempsey Foundation and are hosted by the Willamette University Public Policy Research Center and the Department of Earth and Environmental Science.
Conference schedule and list of presenters for Sept. 25:
11 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. - Registration and buffet, Cat Cavern, Putnam University Center
11:45 a.m. - Keynote Address: Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber, Cat Cavern
12:45 to 2 p.m. - Main Session: "What is Sustainable Forestry?" Cat Cavern
Panelists: John Beuter, president, Umpqua-Tualatin, Inc.; David Perry, program director, Land Restoration, Malama Kukui Cultural Learning Center (Hawaii); professor emeritus, ecosystem studies and ecosystem management, Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University; Roger Sedjo, natural resources economist, Resources for the Future; Jack Ward Thomas, professor of wildlife conservation, University of Montana; former head of the U.S. Forest Service.
2:15 to 3:30 p.m. - Concurrent Sessions:
"Science and Policymaking," Cat Cavern, Putnam University
Panelists: Deborah Brosnan, Ph.D., president of the Sustainable Ecosystems Institute; Ronald Mitchell, professor, political science, University of Oregon; Dan Rohlf, associate professor, Northwestern School of Law, Lewis and Clark College; Fred Swanson, research geologist, USFS Pacific NW Research Station; professor of forest science and geoscience, OSU.
"Endangered Species," Alumni Lounge, Putnam University
Panelists: Steve Ackers, wildlife ecologist, Oregon State University; Susan Jane Brown, executive director, Gifford Pinchot Task Force; Stephanie Parent, Pacific Environmental Advocacy Center, Northwestern School of Law, Lewis and Clark College; Richard Stroup, senior associate, PERC-The Center for Free Market Environmentalism.
3:45 to 4:30 p.m. - Closing Panel: "The Future and Challenges of the Northwest Forest Plan," Cat Cavern, Putnam University Center
Panelists: Bruce Babbitt, former Secretary of the Interior; Mark Rey, USDA Under Secretary for Natural Resources and the Environment; Margaret Shannon, associate professor, University of Buffalo (NY) Law School; Jack Ward Thomas, former head of the USFS and professor, University of Montana, Missoula.
4:45 to 5:45 p.m. - Post Conference Events: "People and Forests: Diverse Perspectives on Sustaining Forests in the Pacific Northwest," a presentation by Steve Mital, service learning coordinator, University of Oregon Environmental Studies Program, Alumni Lounge, Putnam University Center
8 p.m. - Dempsey Lecture by Bruce Babbitt in Hudson Hall, Mary Stuart Rogers Music Center. This event is free and open to the public.
Conference registration is required before Sept. 16. Seating is limited. Fees are $5 for students; $40 for the general public and $160 for event supporters with display space. Checks made payable to Willamette University should be mailed to the public Policy Research Center, 321 Smullin Hall, Willamette University, 900 State Street, Salem, OR, 97301. Participants may also register on line or call 503-370-6961.


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Last year, we talked about Cataclysm. Since then, we've learned an awful lot about how it's going to affect warriors, starting as soon as patch 4.0.1 drops and changing a whole host of systems we've grown accustomed to. We've learned that the release date is my birthday. I'm pretty sure it's just a coincidence, but I'm still going to ride that coincidence for all it is worth.
What's interesting to me as we look at the coming expansion with another year's perspective is how much of what we heard about is going to be delivered. Yes, defense is gone, armor penetration is gone, reforging is coming, mastery is in. Rage normalization, a rebalancing of tanking to move away from AoE threat's being the expected norm, the transformation of on-next-swing abilities to become instant attacks. Three new warrior races, with the two expansion races and blood elves finally being able to be warriors. It was a heck of a laundry list and amazingly, Blizzard actually seems to be on track to deliver almost all of it.
We've discussed before that 4.0.1 will be a huge sea change for many warriors. I understand feeling some trepidation. I even share your feelings. There will be adjustments to make, and we'll see some changes in how things work that may hinder us in our chosen roles. If you're a DPS warrior, a PvPing warrior, a tanking warrior, I want to be honest and up front with you. You will lose some ability. Rage is changing, stats we rely on are leaving the game -- even the way our abilities are keyed for use is changing. You have every right to feel uncertain about it, and I'm not trying to minimize that. But let's be honest: From the time 4.0.1 drops until World of Warcraft: Matt's Birthday ships, it's not really going to matter if threat is wonky or DPS is low. Better it be now and fixed by launch, ultimately.
Once my birthday comes around, of course, you can be a female goblin warrior. I'm still hoping for immediate race change, because man, that looks badass.
We've been talking a lot about tanking in World of Warcraft Matt's Birthday over the past couple of columns. While I don't want to dwell overmuch on it this time out, I did think the following thread should get a quick look. It's a discussion of Thunder Clap's damage and how AoE tanking is supposed to work in Matt's Birthday (OK, last time).
Bottom line, NO TANKING CLASS CAN AOE TANK ANYMORE. This is an intended change. It totally screws us over for existing content, but Blizzard seems unconcerned about that.
That actually isn't an intended change. We don't want AE healing to be trivial. I'll use some examples:
A) Pile of 20 whelps. Go ahead and AE tank this and ask your dps to AE too. You probably don't even need Shield Slam.
B) One giant. I wouldn't use Thunder Clap at all on this, except as needed to keep the debuff up. We want Thunder Clap to be terrible for holding single targets. (I don't think many tanks would argue this point.)
C) A pack of 4 targets that you plan to burn down one at a time. Here is the biggest point of contention. Thunder Clap should be fine for establishing initial aggro (though Shockwave will be better), and it should be fine for keeping add #3 off of the healer. But you should feel like you have to go to town with single target abilities on add #1 that the dps are all focused on. Then you should switch attention to add #2. In Lich King, it was too easy to just hold this whole group with Thunder Clap spam, and to be fair, the dps would just AE as well.
D) The same pack as in C, but this time you decide to CC add #3 and #4. In this case, you should be able to live fine without Thunder Clap at all (unless you really need the debuff).
If you think about it, this isn't that different from what we had to do in The Burning Crusade. On bosses like, say, Dragonhawk in ZA, there were constant streams of hatchlings that needed to be AoE tanked down -- and frankly, back then, warriors were super-horrible at it. Even in the somewhat attenuated Cataclysm state, it should be a lot easier to do this kind of tanking than it was in BC. However, the next statement from this thread struck me as very interesting.
We are also talking a lot about just buffing tank threat across the board, because we've heard a lot recently that it's still too twitchy.
On the one hand, this confuses me greatly. First off, I never expected to see Swipe nerfed. It's been better than TC ever since it was buffed to allow it to hit targets behind the druid; I don't get why now Blizzard suddenly cares how much better it is. I find the fact that Blizzard could effectively double TC's coefficient and that would merely bring it in line to be really, really odd.
I do, however, at least take some comfort that Blizzard's considering increasing tank threat. If you've tanked on the beta, you've noticed how strange and inconsistent threat can seem. It's hard to tell why. Are we at the mercy of rapidly diminishing combat ratings' having a powerful effect on threat stats like hit and expertise? Are we simply not putting out threat? Is threat just not scaling as well as DPS? Has there been a drop in pure threat when high-threat abilities were more or less normalized and threat was baked directly into tanking stances?
To be honest, I couldn't tell you. Some classes seem to pull threat a lot more easily than others. I had tremendous issues with warlocks and boomkin druids my last few heroic runs in both Stonecore and Halls of Origination; I don't know if it's losing the threat transfer from Vigilance or just plain and simple not having sufficient threat baked in to do the job. It could be something as simple as the new ability queue system keeping me from making use of my procs.
But based on the fact that Defensive Stance is seeing a buff in the latest PTR patch, I think it's safe to say there's some awareness of the threat inconsistencies. Going from 125 percent threat in D Stance to 200 percent threat should mean that the initial part of the pull for warrior tanks will feel less, "Oh please don't let them do anything stupid." This is an across-the-board chance for all tanks, mind you, which really makes me interested to see how each tank does. We're clearly not going to AoE down everything, but it shouldn't go back to the days of stepping down from tanking because the other guys are just plain better at it.
Whenever 4.0.1 drops, it won't be the end but the beginning of an entirely new way to play our class. It's going to require us to pay attention, to understand that our new abilities won't be balanced for level 80 raids, and to adapt to some heavy changes. This is the most sweeping set of alterations to how classes work in the history of the game, far more so than either The Burning Crusade or Wrath of the Lich King. You are going to have to relearn your class. Itemization is going to change. Abilities are going to change. How threat is generated, how our resources work, how our rotations work -- you're not wrong if you're feeling a little daunted. But please don't be overly concerned. The goal is not to punish you.
Steps are being taken to keep things consistent. A lot of work is being done to standardize things like threat, resource management and damage. Yeah, you'll need to process a lot of change. World of Warcraft: Matt's Birthday (OK, OK, I really won't do it again ... the column's nearly over) is almost an entirely new game, but it does a good job of retaining what everyone likes about warriors. Even with all this change, your arms warrior feels like a warrior.
Check out more strategies and tips for warriors of all specs in Matthew Rossi's weekly class column, The Care and Feeding of Warriors.


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The present invention is embodied in a technique for precise and accurate height control in fabricating solder bumps or joints formed from a solder bump or bumps. A solder bump is formed by reflow of a conical solder body having base diameter D, height H and cone angle θ, and has truncated sphere shape, with height h and truncation diameter d. We have found that D, H, and d can be selected such that ∂h/∂H is small (typically ≦0.5), indicative of relative insensitivity of the bump height to variation in the height of the conical solder body. The inventive process is also applicable to a component (e.g., a laser) solder-bonded to a substrate, and can provide previously unattainable control of the spacing between component and substrate.
1. Method of making an article that comprises a first body attached to a second body (to be referred to as the "substrate") by means that comprise reflowable material (to be referred to as "solder"), the method comprising:
a) providing the substrate having a major surface that comprises at least one circular region of a first material that is wettable by the solder, said first material region being surrounded by a second material that is substantially not wettable by the solder, said first material region having diameter d;
b) forming on said first material region a substantially conical solder body associated with said solder body being a base of diameter D, a side wall, a conical height H and an angle θ (to be referred to as the "cone angle") between said base and said side wall;
c) causing said conical solder body to melt forming a molten material;
d) causing said molten material to re-solidify, such that a resolidified solder body (to be referred to as the first solder bump) results, said first solder bump having a truncated sphere shape, of height h, and truncation diameter d; and
e) attaching the first body to the substrate by a process that comprises melting said solder bump; Characterized In That
f) H, D, d and θ are selected such that a demagnification factor ∂h/∂H, is less than or equal to 0.5.
2. A method according to claim 1, comprising forming said conical solder body by a process that comprises line-of-sight deposition through an aperture in a liftoff mask.
3. A method according to claim 1, wherein said first body comprises at least one circular region, of diameter d2, of a material that is wettable by the solder.
4. A method according to claim 3, further comprising the steps of
a) forming on the circular region of said first body a second conical solder body having a base of diameter D', a side wall, a conical height H' and a cone angle θ' between said base and said side wall;
b) causing said second conical solder body to melt forming a molten material;
c) causing said molten material to re-solidify such that a second resolidified solder body (to be referred to as the second solder bump) results, said second solder bump having a truncated sphere shape of height h', and truncation diameter d'; wherein
d) H', D', d' and θ' are selected such that a demagnification factor ∂h'/∂H' is less than or equal to 0.5.
5. A method according to claim 4, wherein attaching the first body to the substrate comprises:
a) bringing said first solder bump into contact with said second solder bump;
b) melting said first and second solder bumps; and
c) allowing the melted solder to solidify.
6. A method according to claim 3, wherein attaching the first body to the substrate comprises:
a) bringing said first solder bump into contact with said circular region of said first body;
b) melting said first solder bump; and
c) allowing the melted material to solidify.
7. Method according to claim 1, wherein the first body is a semiconductor laser.
8. A method of making an article that comprises a substrate with a solder bump thereon, the method comprising:
a) providing the substrate having a major surface that comprises at least one circular region of a first material that is wettable by a solder, said first material region being surrounded by a second material that is substantially not wettable by the solder, said first material region having diameter d;
b) forming on said first material region a substantially conical solder body having a base of diameter D, a side wall, a conical height H and an angle θ between said base and said side wall;
c) causing said conical solder body to melt forming molten solder;
d) causing said molten solder to re-solidify, such that the solder bump results, said solder bump having a truncated sphere shape, of height h, and truncation diameter d; Characterized In That
e) H, D, d and θ are selected such that a demagnification factor ∂h/∂H is less than or equal to 0.5.
This invention relates to bonding techniques, more specifically to solder bump bonding.
In, e.g., the communication and computer related fields, there exists the need for the fusion of electrical and optical technologies. To facilitate the fusion, packaging of optical fibers and associated optoelectronic components must be advanced. The cost of producing optical and optoelectronic modules is typically dominated by the cost of packaging of the devices rather than the cost of the devices. One aspect of device packaging is the bonding of, e.g., devices, components, assemblies or semiconductor chips (collectively "components") to a substrate. A bonding approach which has been used extensively by the electronics industry is the the flip-chip solder bump technique.
Although solder bump bonding is well established in the electronics industry, only recently has this approach been used in conjunction with optical and optoelectronic components. These new uses of solder bump bonding have revealed limitations of the technique which typically are not of concern in the established applications of the technique. For example, optical and optoelectronic bonding involves more demanding alignment tolerances than are customary in electronic bonding. In the latter, alignment in the substrate plane is typically the only concern. Usually, as long as the wettable pads are correctly positioned on the substrate, the components will be correctly positioned. Alignment in the direction normal to the substrate (z-direction) typically has not been a significant concern in electronic packaging. However, when bonding optical and/or optoelectronic components to a substrate, the components frequently not only need to be accurately aligned in the plane of the substrate (x and y directions) but also in the direction normal to the substrate (z-direction). Exemplarily, if the alignment of an optical waveguide with respect to the associated laser radiation source is off by even 1 μm in any direction, the optical coupling efficiency of the combination can be too low to be acceptable.
Solder bonding a component to a substrate such that the positional variation in the direction normal to the substrate is within, e.g., �1 μm is difficult. Thus, a process which can satisfy the stringent alignment requirements, especially in the z-direction, that are encountered in optical and optoelectronic packaging is much needed and could significantly reduce the packaging costs associated with optical and optoelectronic packaging. This application discloses such a process.
This invention is embodied in a method that can provide for improved bonding of a component to a substrate. The inventive method of making an article comprises bonding a "component" (e.g., an optoelectronic device such as a semiconductor laser) to a second body (to be referred as the "substrate") by means of a reflowable material (henceforth collectively a "solder"). The method is importantly premised on our discovery that there exists a region in the relevant parameter space wherein the height (h) of a resolidified solder body (frequently called a solder "bump") can be relatively insensitive to variation in the height (H) of the cone-shaped first solder body from which the bump is derived. This insensitivity (expressed in the condition that the "demagnification factor", ∂ h/∂ H, is less than a predetermined value, e.g., <0.5) translates into the ability to more closely control the spacing between component and substrate than typically is possible by prior art solder bump bonding techniques.
More specifically, the method comprises providing a substrate having at least one substantially circular (diameter d) wettable (by the solder) first material region (the wettable "footprint") surrounded by a non-wettable (by the solder) second material. On the substrate is formed a substantially conical (base diameter D, height H, angle between base and sidewall θ) first solder body such that the conical solder body contacts (preferably overlies) said wettable footprint. The method further comprises melting the conical first solder body and permitting the melted solder material to resolidify such that a resolidified solder body (the "solder bump") results. The solder bump has truncated-sphere shape, with height h and truncation diameter d, where d is determined by (and equal to) the diameter of the wettable footprint. Significantly, the relevant parameters (including D, d, H, h and θ) are selected such that ∂ h/∂ H ≦0.5, preferably <0.3 or even 0.1. Subsequent to formation of the solder bump, the "component" is attached to the substrate by a process that comprises melting the solder bump. The component has at least one wettable footprint which may or may not have a second solder bump formed thereon. The second solder bump is formed in substantially the same manner as the solder bump.
Although the inventive technique will typically be used to form a solder joint of closely controlled thickness between a component and a substrate, the technique can, for instance, also be used to form solder bumps of a closely controlled height on an appropriate body, e.g., a Si wafer that is to serve as substrate for one or more components, but that itself is an article of commerce.
The inventive technique offers precision and uniformity in z-axis alignment, thereby expanding, for instance, the capability of passive laser-to-fiber alignment schemes to control all six relevant degrees of freedom.
FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C illustrate the line-of-sight evaporation process.
FIG. 2 shows a deposited truncated cone shaped solder body prior to reflow.
FIG. 3 shows a deposited solder body after reflow, i.e., a solder bump.
FIG. 4 shows a joined deposited solder feature after reflow.
FIG. 5 depicts a symmetric single bump joining configuration.
FIG. 6 depicts an asymmetric single bump joining configuration.
FIG. 7 depicts a symmetric double bump joining configuration.
FIG. 8 depicts an asymmetric double bump joining configuration.
FIG. 9 illustrates the dependence of a reflowed bump/joint heights to deposited solder heights.
FIG. 10 is a surface plot of the demagnification factor.
FIG. 11 is a surface plot of h/D.
FIG. 12 shows contour plots of the demagnification factor and reflow height h/D for a single reflow bump.
FIG. 13 shows contour plots of the demagnification factor and reflow height h/D for an asymmetric single bump joint where d2 /d1 =2.
The inventive method involves formation of a substantially conical body of solder on a substrate by any suitable technique. The currently preferred technique is well known in the art and involves line-of-sight deposition of solder through apertures ("vias") in a lift-off mask on a substrate. For details, see, for instance, G. E. Blonder, et al., "Interconnection Processes and Materials" AT & T Technical Journal November/December 1990, p. 46. FIGS. 1A-1C schematically illustrate the technique. Numeral 2 refers to the substrate, 10 to the patterned lift-off mask, 3 to the wettable footprint (e.g., Cu, Ni, Ag, Au) on the (non-wettable) substrate 2, and 4 and 5 refer to solder deposits, with deposit 4 ultimately becoming (due to partial or complete occlusion of the via) cone-shaped first solder body 7, with base diameter D, height H and cone angle θ. The exposition below assumes that wettable footprint 3 is circular, although other shapes (e.g., ellipsoidal) could, at least in principle, be used. The shape and size of the first solder body is determined, inter alia, by the via 6 in the lift-off mask. The profile of via 6 typically is slightly tapered so that deposition does not occur on the side walls.
FIG. 2 schematically depicts an exemplary first solder body. The cone angle, θ, is determined by the particular processing system used to fabricate the deposited feature. Important factors which affect the angle, θ, are the type and thickness of the lift-off mask, the angle of incidence of the evaporation system, and the type of solder being evaporated.
After the first solder body has been formed, the lift-off mask is removed from the substrate, leaving the first solder body on the substrate. Subsequent to lift-off, the substrate with the first solder body thereon is briefly heated above the solder melting temperature and then the solder is allowed to resolidify. This melting/resolidification process will be referred to as "re-flow". Reflow transforms the conical shaped first solder body into a truncated sphere (referred to as "solder bump") positioned only on the wettable footprint. The ability of the molten solder to conform to a predictable shape is an important aspect of the inventive method.
Dimensions of interest of a solder bump, shown in FIG. 3, include the bump height, h (bump), and the truncation diameter d, which is equal to the footprint diameter, d.
Referring to the dimensional definitions in FIGS. 2 and 3, the volume of a first solder body is given by ##EQU1## and the volume of the solder bump is given by ##EQU2##
The parameter θ is characteristic of the processing system and can be regarded as a constant in any given case. Dimensions d and D are controlled by the precision in lithography. On the other hand, H depends on, e.g., evaporation rate and is relatively difficult to control. Consequently, the normalized variation associated with H typically substantially exceeds the normalized variations associated with d and D. Below, both h (bump) and h (joint) (see FIG. 4) will be designated "h", with the exact meaning adducible from the context.
A further parameter which affects the shape change of the solder bump is the consolidation factor of the solder. This factor accounts for macroscopic density differences in the solder before and after reflow. The consolidation factor, C, can be readily determined experimentally for each processing system and can also be regarded as a constant in any given case. The volume of the conical solder body is related to the volume of the solder bump through the consolidation ratio C:
Grouping terms, the general equation for h, which here stands for height of the solder bump, is given by ##EQU3## This is a cubic equation which can be solved analytically.
The value of h is determined by the parameters C and θ and the variables H, D, and d as follows: ##EQU4## Based on this equation, the dependence of h on the various variables can be calculated and plotted. FIG. 9 shows the dependence of h on H, and exemplifies the unexpected feature that is an important aspect of our invention.
There are three distinct regions: at low H, h rises with a cube root dependence on H; at intermediate H, h is weakly dependent on H; and, at high H, h rises again relatively steeply.
The intermediate region of the curve corresponds to the portion of the parameter space wherein ∂h/∂H is relatively small, and is exemplary of the above referred to unexpected feature. The inflexion point of the curve, to be called the occlusion limit, corresponds to growth of the truncated cone to a cone, with further solder deposition denied by the full closure of the mask opening. This occlusion limit occurs at ##EQU5##
The third region of the curve beyond the occlusion limit is unphysical, purely a mathematical artifact.
The most important part of this curve, for embodiments of the instant invention, is in the second region up to the occlusion limit. The saturation of h with H opens up the possibility of achieving reflowed bump/joint heights h which are relatively insensitive to the variations in the solder body height H.
The "demagnification factor" ∂h/∂H, is the change in h per unit change in H. For example, a demagnification factor of 0.1 means that a 1 μm error in H will result in only a 0.1 μm error in h. Attention to this factor will allow a designer to select appropriate levels of sensitivity of h to variations in H. The demagnification factor exemplarily is determined from equation 2 using the following procedure. If the number of independent variables is reduced from 3 to 2 by introducing the following new variables:
R=H/D, d'=d/D
then equation (5) becomes ##EQU6##
The ratios H/D and d/D contain all the information necessary for designing bumps with substantially uniform heights. A surface plot of demagnification factor in H/D-d/D space is shown in FIG. 10. Similarly, FIG. 11 shows a plot of h/D. For the purpose of this discussion, the consolidation ratio C exemplarily is assumed to be 0.98 and the cone angle is assumed to be 80 degrees. Thus, a specification of the ratios H/D and d/D uniquely determines the demagnification factor as well as the normalized reflowed bump height h/D. In order to get quantitative information from these or analogous plots, vertical or horizontal sections of the surface plots are typically taken, depending on which variables are the desired primary targets. For example, if the design targets are H/D=1, 2, 3, etc. vertical sections of the surface plot along these values of H/D can be represented as contour maps in a 2-dimensional plot of demagnification factor versus d/D. Those skilled in the art will be able to carry out such a program, based on the information provided herein.
The following discussion exemplifies the case where the demagnification factor, and the reflowed height h, are the two target variables, each with a range of interest of 0.1 to 0.5. Horizontal sections are made in the surface plots at the values of interest to produce contour maps of demagnification factor and reflowed height in H/D-d/D space. These contour plots are shown in FIG. 12. The lines in the plots represent constant value contours of the demagnification factor and the normalized reflowed height h/D. For example, if the targeted demagnification ratio is 0.1, and a targeted normalized reflowed height is 0.3, then the intersection of these two contours determines the H/D ratio to be 1.3 and the d/D ratio to be 2.25. At this point the designer can specify one more variable (H, D, d, or h), after which all remaining dimensional variables will be automatically determined. For example, if D is chosen to be 100, then H will be 130, d will be 225 and h will be 30.
The contour plots emphasize the difference between the target variables and the independent variables, with the latter to be selected so as to achieve the desired values of the former. In the above discussion, demagnification factor and reflowed height are the target variables, whereas H/D and d/D are the independent variables.
The above discussion is substantially in terms of a solder bump (or bumps) on a substrate, e.g., an appropriately prepared silicon wafer. Although we anticipate commercial use of such substrates according to the invention (i.e., comprising solder bumps whose height h is within previously unattainably narrow limits of a design value), we expect significant commercial use to involve a substrate according to the invention with a component (e.g., a laser) solder-bonded thereto. Below we will extend the discussion to that case.
FIG. 4 exemplifies a solder bump between a substrate and a component, with the former having a footprint of diameter d1, and the latter having a footprint of diameter d2. FIGS. 5-8 illustrate various possibilities, namely, symmetric and asymmetric single bump (FIGS. 5 and 6, respectively) and double bump (FIGS. 7 and 8, respectively) configurations. By a symmetric configuration we mean that d1 =d2, and by an asymmetric one we mean that d1 is not equal to d2.
We will consider the footprint of diameter d1 to be associated with a "first" truncated cone solder body, and the footprint of diameter d2 with a "second" truncated cone solder body. The volume of a double-truncated sphere (see FIG. 4) is given by: ##EQU7## This volume will be referred to as the "joint" volume. The joint volume is related to the volume of the first and second solder bodies through the consolidation factor C. For the general case of an asymmetric double bump joint, one has
C[VS.sbsb.1 +VS.sbsb.2 ]=Vj (9)
where VS.sbsb.1 and VS.sbsb.2 are the volumes of the first and second solder bodies, respectively. Grouping terms, the general equation for h, which in this case stands for h (joint), is given by: ##EQU8## wherein subscripts 1 and 2 refer to the first and second solder bodies, respectively.
This is a cubic equation which can be solved analytically. Thus, the final height of a joint can be solved for. Using equation 10, the dependence of the final joint height on the other dimension can be calculated and plotted. FIG. 9 shows the variation of h with H for an exemplary symmetric double bump joint and an exemplary asymmetric single bump joint.
The previous procedures for defining contour plots for the demagnification factor and the normalized height for single reflowed bumps can be readily extended to solder joints. For instance, in the case of an asymmetric single bump joint configuration with a specified ratio of d2 /d1, footprint diameters d2 /d1, the general shape of the contour plots for solder joints resemble those shown in FIG. 12 for single reflowed bumps, but change according to the ratio of the wettable footprint diameters d2 /d1. FIG. 13 shows a contour plot for an asymmetric single bump joint configuration wherein d2 /d1 =2. Individual contour plots for any desired d2 /d1 ratio can be readily constructed using equations (2)-(4) and (7), as those skilled in the art will recognize.
These and other herein disclosed design tools make possible attainment of previously unattainable design specifications, especially with regard to permitted variations in the spacing of a component above a substrate. Typically, designs will be selected such that ∂h/∂H is less than or equal to 0.5, preferably less than 0.3 or even 0.1, since for ∂h/∂H>0.5 the attainable benefit will typically be too small to be of commercial significance.
Patent Citations
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text:
The league leaders trailed to first-half goals from Kieron Dyer and Sammy Ameobi but pulled one back through Ben Nugent in a stirring fightback after the break.
The Bluebirds created plenty of chances for a leveller but some profligate finishing saw them leave Teesside without a point.
"I felt we probably deserved a point on the basis of that second-half performance," said Mackay.
"We shot ourselves in the foot a bit and we gave away two goals which we would normally never concede and that made it very difficult.
"But we put in a spirited second half and we got one back and to be honest we had enough chances to have got the leveller."


text:
Yearly membership dues are one of the major ways in which DU tailgates, tifo and other activities are fueled. It keeps our flags flying, beer in our kegs, ticket prices as low as possible and all for just 20 bucks!
Membership is $20 per year and $10 for youth (U21). Both types of membership come with a choice of scarf.
If you'd like membership in District Ultras, send payment to email@example.com (please see paypal instructions below) w
Tickets are $25.
Tickets can be purchased through paypal - firstname.lastname@example.com
Even if you plan to pay for tickets at the tailgate, it helps to email firstname.lastname@example.com


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Did you know that when you search Google you are actually searching all forms of content?
Referred to nowadays as 'Universal Search' , Google search results may include links to the text we are all are accustomed too and then also, picture images, video and audio files. In fact, it is their intention!
"The goal", says Google's Bailey, "is to present balanced results based on the search term and move away from the heavy emphasis on only textual Web links that existed prior to the switch to universal search in May 2007."
As a search marketer, the question you should be asking yourself here is, "have I helped Google to understand my pictures?" In fact, Google is so interested in indexing more pictures they have created Image Labeler – the purpose, in lieu of depending on average human web publishing, is to recruit anyone's help in the development of better technology for understanding pictures.
Google spiders can read alt tags that have been added to describe an image. Clearly most alternative content [i.e. images, video, audio] is published to the web without any alt text description, but that's where you can stand out!
So, if Google is looking to index all pictures, if you can index images where most haven't and if at least some of your purpose is search visibility… why not start immediately? In fact, consider going back into your pages & posts and adding 'alt tags' to all pictures.
Typically referred to as 'alt tags' or 'alternative text tags', your pictures can be labeled easily for search engine indexing and, as a result, consumer visibility. Again, Google can't see text on/ in an image; however, depending on the content editor you have, there should be an icon for uploading pictures. When clicked you should see a pop up window appear with tabs for 1) picture file upload, 2) add 'alt tag' data entry [shown above], and 3) add link [also shown above] areas. Sometimes the 'alt tag' data entry will be referred to as 'alternative text', 'image info' or 'tool tips', but I'm certain you get the picture.
In summary, knowing that Google actually wants to understand, to index and to include your picture images in consumer search result pages should do nothing less than heighten your sense of opportunity! Why? Because, if not already, all of your picture images are an immediate chance to get a leg up on the competition. Use alt tags and you may generate more consumer visibility in the search engines!*
Related Posts:


text:
The Search
The human connection
A young girl with Rett syndrome connects local family with The Jackson Laboratory's autism research.
Quick, how many brain cells do you have? And how many connections—what are known as synapses—do they make with other cells?
Nobody knows the answers. Our brains, ironically, are far too intricate for our brains to fully understand.* So it's not surprising that the remarkable construction process resulting in a fully developed brain sometimes involves problems.
Research into neurodevelopment and related diseases takes us into some of the deepest mysteries of the brain. How are the synapses set up? How is sensory input processed? What goes wrong that can create an electrical "storm" in the brain (epilepsy) or change how the outside world is perceived (autism)?
Research at The Jackson Laboratory seeks to discover the differences in brain function, often very subtle, that underlie these and other important disorders.
*There are many guesses, however. Brain cell estimates are usually in the range of 100 billion, give or take a few tens of billions. As for estimating the number of synapses, we need scientific notation: 1013 to 1015 synapses.


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Benefit Professionals
With over 90 years' experience, our philosophy has always been to provide the highest levels of customer service and comprehensive level of knowledge to our clients. Sagamore Benefits Group strives to provide cutting edge programs to maximize your Health Insurance dollar.
Sagamore Benefits Specialties:
Group Health (Any Size), Individual Health Insurance, Medicare Supplement, Long Term Care, Property & Casualty (Home, Auto) and Life Insurance.
· Consulting means problem solving. The key to problem solving is analyzing the client's needs and desires, including what they like and dislike about their current carrier. The problem is to find and offer those alternatives that will maintain their likes while eliminating or improving the dislikes.
· Constantly evaluate third party administrators regarding their quality, flexibility, services, innovations, and costs; to maintain an awareness of the most competitive attributes of "TPAs" in the Midwest. Consequently, we can match client's needs with a TPAs strengths – the old win-win.
· Competitive cost numbers are developed from detailed claims data, large claim diagnosis/prognosis, and comprehensive benefit information. As with anything in life, developing cost competitive quotes is derived from hard work; by the consultant and by the client, in a "teamwork" effort.
· Comprehensive Service is the result of a caring attitude, a high level of energy, and a willingness to work. We at SBG (Sagamore Benefits Group) distinguish ourselves by the service we provide. Of course, all consultants say the same thing; we'll let you judge our commitment to quality, and dedication to comprehensive service by reviewing the below activities we routinely provide clients:
Dental Care
All about dental
Vision Insurance
All about medicare
Medicare Supplements
All about medicare


text:
PHOTOS: Amazing pictures of waterspouts and other severe weather events!
Washington (CNN) -- A Tennessee woman sued Southwest Airlines and a flight attendant Tuesday for $800,000 for serving tea she says severely burned her.
On December 28, 2011, Angelica Keller was seated in the window seat of the front row on Flight 955 between Nashville and Houston with a stop in New Orleans.
She ordered hot tea, and the suit says the flight attendant brought her a cup of "extremely hot water" sitting in another cup which contained the tea bag and condiment packets.
In the "plaintiffs efforts to extricate the tea bag from its position of being wedged between the tilted paper 'hot cup' of extremely hot water and the shorter clear plastic soft drink cup, the extremely hot water spilled into her lap at her groin area," the suit said.
Keller's body suffered second degree burns and her skin blistered, peeled and she was permanently scarred, the lawyers said.
"Our Customers' comfort is our top priority at all times, and we safely serve about 100 million drinks onboard every year," Southwest spokesman Chris Mainz said in a statement. "The referenced event is unfortunate, and we are currently reviewing it. We can't provide additional details due to the pending lawsuit that was filed."
Southwest does not have tray tables in the front rows of its aircraft, and Keller's suit said that contributed to the accident.
It also said the airline served the drink in an unreasonable manner and used "hot water at a temperature too hot for use in an aircraft."
Mainz was unable to provide the standard temperature of the water on Southwest flights, but said it has never been an issue in the past.
The suit, filed Tuesday, seeks $300,000 for property damages, medical bills, injuries and pain and suffering as well as $500,000 in punitive damages.
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Hang tight!
Recipe by TAKENSODONTTRYIT
"A delightfully crispy recipe bursting with flavor. Ridiculously easy to make!"
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1/2 cup
teriyaki sauce
1 cup
stir-fry sauce
8 (6 ounce) fillets
2 cups
dry potato flakes
1/2 cup
all-purpose flour
2 tablespoons
seasoning salt
2 tablespoons
ancho chile seasoning
1 tablespoon
garlic powder
1 tablespoon
1 tablespoon
ground black pepper
1 quart
oil for frying
Even my little fish-haters liked this one!
way to salty
5 Ratings
My big fish hater LOVED this. The whitefish was very fresh to start with which helps any fish dish. I made this exactly as stated, only I reduced the oil for the pan to about 3Tbs for 3 filets. I seared the flesh side down first than turned over to the skin side down and got a beautiful crust. I layed them out on paper towels to absorb most of the oil. This helps bring the calories down without losing any flavor. Perfect flavoring, not too spicy or salty.
Great recipe as is!
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Crispy Whitefish Marinated
Serving Size: 1/8 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 8
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 475
Calories from Fat: 219
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