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The Animals Lawsuit Against Humanity
How can anyone not like a penguin? They are so similar to us. They have defined personalities, they're comical, they walk upright, and are always well dressed. Penguins are marvelous athletes, too: They swim about 100 miles per day and can hold their breath for more than 20 minutes. They are good parents. Every spring they make a long march to breeding grounds where the female lays an egg and gives it to the father. He alone keeps it warm through the harshest winter on the earth, and feeds the chick despite the fact that he himself will not have had any food for 4 months. Now, that's selfless parenting!
This is not a message about penguins (watch March of the Penguins)…rather, it is a message about us. In the last verse of Surah al-Annam, Allah says: "Wa huwa al-Ladhe ja`alakum Khalaifa fil-'Aardh." He is the One who made you vicegerents on Earth. Have we been just leaders?
Jazakumullahu khairun. Wasalam.
Learning Objective
The audience will get a new perspective on Justice through our collective responsibility toward animals.
FM Academy
Never ever Ever EVER say the following:
- "My Dear Respected Brothers and Sisters," – Are you writing a letter to the people of 1920?
- "The lesson of the story I am about to tell you is…" – Dude, just tell me the story, and if I'm too slow to make the connection, then you told the story wrong.
- "Honestly", or "The truth is…", or "Wallahi!" – Is everything else you say a complete lie except for this one statement? If you have an insider secret that you want to share or just need emphasis around a particular statement, then make it BOLD.
- "Verily," "Indeed," "the brimstone shall reign down upon thine head." – Get a new translation.
- "I remind you and I remind myself." – We are tired of this disclaimer.
- "If I said anything correct then it is from Allah. If I said anything wrong, then it is from Shaytaan." – Bottom line: quit using fill-in-the-blank formulas for speeches.
Khutbah tul Haajah
Praise be to Allah. We seek His help and His forgiveness. We seek refuge with Allah from the evil of our own souls and from our bad deeds. Whomsoever Allah guides will never be led astray and whomsoever Allah leaves astray, no one can guide. I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, the One, having no partner. And I bear witness that Muhammad (S) is His slave and Messenger.
Innaal-hamdu Lillaahi nahmaduhu wa nasta'eenahu wa nastaghfiruhu
wa na'oodhu billaahi min shuroori anfusinaa wa min sayi'aati a'maalinaa
Man yahdih Illaahu falaa mudilla lahu wa man yudlil falaa haadiya lahu
Wa ashhadu an laa ilaaha ill-Allah wahdahu la sharika lahu
wa ashhadu anna Muhammadan 'abduhu wa rasooluhu
O, you who believe! Keep your duty to Allah and fear Him, and always speak the truth. He shall rectify your conduct for you and He shall forgive you your sins. Whoever obeys Allah and His Apostle has certainly achieved a great success. Surah al-Ahzaab [33:70-71]
Ya ayyuha allatheena amanoo ittaqoo Allaha waqooloo qawlan sadeedan
Yuslih Lakum A'malukum wa yaghfir lakum dhunubakum wa mayin yuti illaha wa rasulahu faqad faza fauzan adheema.
Thereafter… Indeed the best speech is the speech of Allah, and the best guidance is the guidance of Muhammad (S). And the worst of matters are those innovated by the people, and every innovated matter is a bid'ah and every bid'ah is astray, and every going astray is in the fire.
Amma ba'ad.
Fainna khairal hadeethi kitabullah, wa khairal hadi, hadi Muhammad (saw), wa sharrul umur muhdathatuha, wa kullu bida'atin dalaala, wa kullu dalalatin finnar
The Animals Lawsuit Against Humanity
There once was an island populated only by animals. But a ship wrecked there during a storm, and the people started building a city. Soon, humans started using the animals for food, riding, and plowing fields—but the animals didn't mind. Then the humans mistreated the animals, forcing them to carry more than they could, neglecting to feed them, and cursed at them. The animals protested and some tried to run away, but the humans caught them and whipped them. The abuse continued until the animals complained to the ruler of the island, the King of Spirits. He demanded that the humans appear before him, saying, "No life should undergo such abuse. These humans have lost sight of the life within you…. Justice will be realized!"
The King ordered a trial and summoned every creature to his court. The people said that animals were naturally their slaves, so any animal would be punished for trying to run away. But the mule exclaimed, "Our lives have been stolen by the violence of these humans! We are victims of all their anger, ignorance, and laziness!"
One lady cried, "God raised us human beings over all other creatures and gave us the animals…to eat. [Animals] are our slaves and we are their masters." When the animals asked for proof, the humans said it was obvious. People have the most beautiful form, humans walk upright, possess superior communication, and we are the masters of consciousness and understanding. The humans went so far as to make fun of the animals' bodies: the lumpy body of a camel with thin legs, the long nose of the elephant and tiny eyes. The people made fun of dumb cows, goats, and sheep.
The animals became very agitated and defensive. "The gifts of the Creator are many and precious. One cannot find them all in any one creature!… Some may appear to have more advantages, some less, but none is perfect." The King was impressed by that comment. He asked the humans if they had anything to respond.
The people became sad. They said, "We raise them, house them, and feed them. We protect them from strangers, bad weather, and predators." The people said that the animals were in fact abusing the humans by being ungrateful!
The Mule said, "These humans fool even themselves!" The Sheep said, "In their markets, there are merchants selling meat cooked in pots…. Why, that's us! It's our bodies they're cooking and selling!" The animals cried and said that the treatment was only so that the humans could ride their backs, or use them to carry heavy loads. So that the humans could take their milk, their wool, their skins, and their children. Then Camel stood up and pointed to the iron ring in his nostrils and asked, "Is this the sign of a compassionate human?" Each animal in turn showed the King their signs of abuse.
The King realized that the issue was significant and a just outcome would be difficult. The trial continued and each side makes an eloquent appeal, then the other counters with beautiful logic.
This is from the beginning of The Animals' Lawsuit against Humanity. It was written 1,000 years ago, but you wouldn't know that from the story. It is short, simple in prose, appealing at every age level, and rich in lessons. I'm not going to tell you the rest of the story; read it yourself.
Khilafat Allah
Citation [1]
Citation [2]
There are various versions of that authentic hadith. Here is another similar story: Abu Huraira said that Allah's apostle said, "While a man was walking, he felt thirsty and went down a well and drank water from it. On coming out of it, he saw a dog panting and eating mud because of excessive thirst. The man thought, This dog is suffering from the same problem as me. So he went down the well, filled his shoe with water, held it with his teeth, climbed back up, and gave that water to the dog. Allah rewarded him for his noble deed and forgave him." The people asked, "O Allah's apostle! Is there a reward for us in serving animals?" He (S) replied, "Yes, there is a reward for serving any animate." (Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 40, #551)
We, the human species, were given the awesome responsibility as the Khalifat Allah fi'l-ard [1], the vicegerent of the Creator on Earth. It was an opportunity to overcome our hubris and thirst for power, a chance for us to establish our rights and the rights of other living creatures. In doing so, we would be given nothing less than Jannah… Haven't you heard the hadith about a prostitute who gave a thirsty dog some water and, because of that action, her sins were forgiven? [2]
Today's message is a question: Have we been just leaders as the Khalifat Allah fi'l-ard? The issue is Justice. Have we been the stewards of Justice on this planet. Have we given animals their due rights?
Well, why should we even bother to give animals any rights at all? They can't even communicate as eloquently as we can.
…Or can they?
- Cuttlefish communicate with their skin. They have more than 200 different colored pigment cells per square millimeter on top of their mirror-like reflective tissue. (Vastly superior to the iPhone 4′s 326 pixels per inch.) This king of camouflage can produce mesmerizing patterns and pulsating metallic colors on its body, and even change the texture of its skin. As kids, we dreamed of invisibility cloaks; the cuttlefish have it. You can see some amazing clips of them on YouTube.
Citation [3]
There is enormous variability in every single call – each animal has its own unique whistle.
Citation [4]
Scientists produced a low frequency sound originating just south of the Indian Ocean. It was heard on the West Coast of the United States as well as on several Caribbean islands. The acoustic transit time was about 3.5 hours.
- The communication of whales is a complex mystery to us. We have learned a few of their words, but researchers off the coast of Australia recorded 660 unique sounds from one group of humpbacks [3]. Since water is highly conductive to sound [4], they hear hundreds of miles in every direction. They can talk to whales in different oceans or seas. With no roaming charges or hidden fees.
- The most advanced sonar systems we have are like a child's toy compared to the built-in sonar of dolphins. They can see your blood moving through your liver. They know if you're pregnant. They see through you.
- Some fish communicate with electricity: for navigation, communication, as well as stunning their prey.
- Some frog species are master ventriloquists. You may stand within a few feet of one, but its call will seem as if it's coming from far away in another direction. The Prophet (S) forbade us from killing them because their croaking is a form of tasbeeh.
- Ants have a sophisticated scent communication. The Story of Suleiman is a witness to the higher intelligence of this miniscule creation. Suleiman was a model of Justice.
Citation [5]
See the movie Caddyshack starring Chevy Chase. In it, Bill Murrey plans diabolical schemes to kill a gopher living at a golf course.
- Prairie dogs share information constantly through noises and body language. Scientists have discovered that prairie dogs' responses to human predators include different calls for "man with yellow shirt!", "man with tools!", and "man with gun!" Why would an animal need to be so accurate about human predators? Perhaps because some hunters shoot them for sport with hollow-point bullets, causing them to literally explode in a mist of blood (this chilling "game" has a name: misting). [5]
- Mother bats give birth to a single pup each summer. Mother and baby hang upside-down inside dark caves with millions of other pups. The mother bats must leave to hunt and bring back food—the equivalent of finding your child at the Haram during Hajj while blindfolded, and everyone else is also blindfolded and looking for their children. The bats leave and return several times a night, returning each time to their own pups. Bats communicate via ultrasound; a flying bat can spot— and classify—a flying beetle from 30 feet away.
- Elephants communicate using infrasound: they create and listen to seismic signals in the ground. An elephant family could be split up for weeks then meet up at the same place and time. They know exactly which elephants are within a 20-mile radius. In fact, before the tsunami of 2004 even hit the Asian coastline, the elephants in Africa had already moved to higher ground.
Elephants are eloquent in so many ways. When adult elephants play with infants, the larger elephants get on their knees or lie down completely to gently touch the child. In fact, when baboons and other animals move among elephants, the elephants move very cautiously, so as to not hurt the smaller being.
- There is an award-winning PBS documentary called the Urban Elephant. It tells the story about an elephant named Shirley who spent 30 years in the circus then 22 years at a zoo. Finally she was sent to an elephant sanctuary in Tennessee where she was able to be with other elephants. The elephants all came to greet Shirley, and then trumpeted all through the night. In the morning, they found that Shirley and another elephant named Jenny had broken through their iron barriers and were bathing together. They were totally inseparable. After a little research, it was discovered that the two elephants had worked together at the circus as infants. I won't tell you what happened after that, but the ending is so happy and so sad you will be forced to cry.
- Elephants can live up to 70 years. That is a long time, but scientists calculated the ages of a few bowhead whales killed in Alaska to be from 135 to 211 years old. Theoretically, Black Rhinos can live to 40, but with such a beautiful horn few will ever reach that age.
Are we just rulers of this earth – Khalifat-ullah fi'l-ardh?
Citation [6]
- The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) calculates that about 40 percent of all the living creatures on earth have become extinct or are critically endangered [6]. That was in 2006; since then, the human population has swelled by 200 million people.
Citation [7]
Qur'an [13:15], [17:44], [22:18]
Citation [8]
Foltz, Richard C. Animals in the Islamic Tradition and Muslim Cultures. Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 2006. 96-103. Print.
Citation [9]
Qur'an [11:38]
- How can we reconcile the verses which states that all of creation praises Allah [7], when we are destroying whole species almost every year? Syed Hossein Nasr says that in reality "we are silencing a whole class of Allah's worshippers." Said Nursi says that destroying species is like burning the pages of the Qur'an because that is one way that Allah makes it possible to know Him. It's hard to find more compelling arguments for conservation. [8]
- We all know the story of Noah. He filled the Ark with a male and female of each species. He was commanded to preserve the animal species first and then the believers. [9] He gave animals their rights. He practiced Justice. What about us?
It's obvious that the animal world communicates in sophisticated ways. However, are they cognitive? Can animals think?
- Zebras work together to assist the old and young in their packs. The pace is set by the slowest zebra, and the pack is never antagonistic toward it.
- You may think that a two-ton walrus is a lumbering hulk with tusks…but in fact, walruses are the most cognitive and socially sophisticated of all pinnipeds. Their whiskers that can do more than our fingers. Each whisker can detect size, shape, texture, and taste. Walruses do fight (the only sort of interaction shown on TV), but they are highly civil. They share food, come to each other's aid, and raise each other's young.
- Researchers found that rats stop pressing a bar to obtain food if it meant an electric shock would be given to the rat next to them. They refuse the food as long as the rat next to them suffers.
- Some animals change their behavior depending on who is watching them. Fish do this very well. Depending on who is watching, a squirrel will dig a hole and pretend to put a nut in it.
- When chimps start arguing, other chimps get involved. They split up and groom the chimps that are mad at each other to reduce tension. Chimpanzees are active peacemakers. When a fight does break out, the aggressor inspects and tends the wounds of the victim. Apes hug and kiss the victim.
- Monkeys are very tolerant toward physically or mentally handicapped monkeys. Many monkeys live long lives in the wild without hands, or limbs, or with characteristics resembling Down's Syndrome. They do so with assistance from other monkeys and tolerance in their community.
- Chimpanzees are superb with practical jokes. They put water in their mouths and squirt it at unsuspecting victims. They are so good at this that even around caretakers who know about their cunning skills, the chimps walk around as if they are actively engaged in other tasks then spray the caretakers. The better the ruse, then the greater the enjoyment for the chimps: they shriek, jump, and even fall over laughing. One researcher said that the only way to get a naughty chimp to stop misbehaving was when the researcher pretended to cry. That would immediately bring the chimp to the researcher's shoulder.
Citation [10]
- In 1996, a three-year-old boy climbed the wall of the Brookfield Zoo enclosure holding two very large gorillas. The boy fell 18 feet inside the cage onto concrete, rendering him unconscious. Binti Jua, one of the gorillas, rushed to the child. The spectators were screaming in horror, expecting certain death for the small child at the large hands of a 400-pound gorilla. Instead, Binti Jua gently lifted the child, cradled him, then rushed across the compound to the cage's entrance and waited for the keepers to take him to the ER. The boy recovered fully [10].
So it's obvious that animals can think in higher cortical domains. They are compassionate, playful, empathetic, and selfless. Actually, we could take a few lessons from them. Perhaps the question should be whether they have the capacity to feel deeper emotions, such as gratitude, virtue, or depression.
- Fruit bats flap their wings to fan a neighboring mother immediately after a birth. Dolphins have "auntie" dolphins which help the infants while the mother recovers. The Seychelle warbler even helps raise the offspring of its offspring – in other words, they help raise their grandchicks.
- A lady described how she brought home a beautiful pair of lovebirds, one yellow and the other green. They had a beautiful orange baby and it would perch between them while they all sang. One evening the lady came home and heard one bird screaming: the baby had died and was on the floor of the cage. The mother was crying and wouldn't even let the lady try to remove the dead baby. However, over the next few days, the father took one or two pieces of straw and put it over the baby, until it was finally covered; only then was the lady able to remove it.
- Animals that witness other animals being mistreated become stressed. When they are placed in the euthanasia room, many animals begin to vomit or soil themselves. They will shake, twitch, or alternately raise & lower their hind legs. Our Prophet (S) warned us about this.
What do we make of all this? Animals communicate in amazing ways. They are intelligent, and they experience complex emotions. They are sentient.
Shouldn't that make us as appreciative, loving, and merciful toward animals as we aspire to be toward our fellow humans? Allah didn't put us in charge of the barren-lifeless moon. We are the ministers of earth, a place filled with such diverse and intriguing creations.
Citation [11]
Citation [12]
Leather? Yes-ish. Fur? You decide. To make a 40-inch fur coat, it takes 30-200 chinchilla, 60 mink, 50 sables, 50 muskrats, 45 opossums, 40 raccoons, 35 rabbits, 20 foxes, 20 otters, 18 lynx, 16 coyotes, 15 beavers, or 8 seals.
Citation [13]
If we as a species can rise above classism, sexism, and racism, surely we can become a species that appreciates the animal world.
Citation [14]
Animals testing is a cornerstone of research today. It was personally painful to research this section.
We deny animals natural rights when we go beyond our need for food and clothing. I am not saying that we should stop eating mutton-biryani. [11] In Islam, hunting is allowed, riding horses is fine, and using leather is OK, too [12]. The rights of animals are mostly obvious – that's not the purpose of this khutbah. The objective of this message is to help us open our eyes to the magnificence of this responsibility. If we are appreciative, then we must treat animals with respect and dignity. [13] If we are appreciative, then we can practice Justice.
But we don't. [14]
- A New York Times article described a medic training for deployment in the Iraq war. He had to learn how to keep living tissue alive. So he was assigned a pig. That pig was shot in the face with a 9-millimeter pistol, so the medic had to keep the pig alive. While the pig recovered, it was shot 6 times with an AK47. The medic dressed and treated those wounds. Then it was shot twice with a 12 gauge shotgun. Then it was set on fire. The medic had to keep it alive for 15 hours after that.
- Fur often comes from fur farms where animals are kept in tiny cages until they are anally electrocuted—fried from the inside out. You can see it for yourself at FurIsDead.com.
- Animals are used in the development of cosmetics. The Draize Eye Irritancy Test is used primarily on rabbits because they don't have tear ducts. To perform the test, they are locked in stocks so that just their heads stick out. Then their eyelids are clipped open and chemicals are poured into their eyes. They are left there for two weeks to experience ulceration, bleeding, and massive iris deterioration. Are they in pain? The rabbits break their own necks trying to escape. If you think that is brutal, look up "LD50 tests."
Once the Prophet (S) was walking and he saw a camel gnashing its teeth and being unruly. So he went to see what was going on. When he got there, the camel placed its head on the shoulder of the Prophet (S). The Prophet stroked its face and while he did so, the camel told the Prophet that its master beat it furiously. The Prophet (S) was visibly upset and scolded the man severely.
This is what I have say. I ask for forgiveness. I ask forgiveness from the Coverer of Sins, the Most Merciful
A cool ou koule hadha, astaghfirullahe wallkum, astaghfiruhu innahu wal-Ghafur rur-Raheem.
Alhamdolillah, summa alhamdolillah. Amma baadh.
Citation [15]
[35:39], the same verse is in Surah al-Anaam, verse 165. The best translation is at Quran.com.
Citation [16]
Also see [2:30]: "And [remember] when your Lord said to the angels: 'Verily, I am going to place (mankind) generations after generations on earth.' They said: 'Will You place therein those who will make mischief therein and shed blood, – while we glorify You with praises and thanks (Exalted be You above all that they associate with You as partners) and sanctify You.' He (Allāh) said: 'I know that which you do not know.'"
Allah says in Surah An'aam: [15] [16]
Huwa al-Ladhi ja`alakum Khalaa'ifa fil-'Ardh…
"And He has made you vicegerents on Earth, successors upon the earth and has raised some of you above others in rank, so that He may try you through what He has given you. Remember that your Lord is swift in penalty, but He is also the Most Forgiving and Merciful."
Citation [17]
"And behold, We said to the angels, 'Bow down to Adam' and they bowed down. Not so Iblis; he refused and was haughty. He was of those who reject Faith." [2:34]
Citation [18]
Qur'an [2:30]
Citation [19]
"Certainly, We created man in the best make." [95:4]
Citation [20]
Qur'an [95:5]
A vicegerent is an officer appointed by a supreme authority. Allah gave us this trust. When He did so, the angles asked if that was really a good idea, because humans shed blood. Iblis, the most devout worshipper of the Jinn, took offense and wanted to prove that this decision was a divine mistake. [17] Allah responded with, "I know what you don't know." [18] He gave us the ability to choose. [19] With that choice comes responsibility and accountability. Those who fail as vicegerents, He says, "We will reduce him to the lowest of the low." [20]
So far, we have been an endangering species. We endanger the lives of other creations. It is not just a Muslim problem. The Animal's Lawsuit against Humanity, the beautiful story of animals complaining about what humans have done, was written more than 1,000 years ago. In fact, it was written by Muslims in Iraq, translated into Hebrew by the Jews, then taught in Latin to a Christian kingdom. The basic truth is for all faiths, for all humans.
I Challenge You…
Put on the glasses of the Khalifat-ullah fi'l-ardh. We need to look at the world differently. You may not be able to stop the barbaric bull fighting or researchers at the University of Oregon from experimenting with rams to make them gay. But there are things that you can do:
- Have you ever been to a rodeo? Calf roping is one of the events where a terrified baby animal is kicked out of a cage, while running at full speed; it is yanked off its feet by a rope around its neck and then flipped in the air onto its back where its feet are tied. If you saw someone do this to a puppy you would call the police; however, at a rodeo, the strong, brave cowboy who does this the fastest gets a prize.
- Take dog-racing or horseracing as examples. Thousands of horses are bred each year just to get a few dozen top-notch racing foals. The balance is discarded. In fact, even the winners are discarded by the age of five or six. Their bodies are used to make pet food. If a horse is injured during a race, it is often shot and killed the very same day.
This is a mighty challenge. I'm not asking you to passively abstain. Instead let's stand up against brutality towards animals. If you do nothing else, then at least watch The Cove, a documentary about Flipper…remember the dolphin from the 50s TV show?
The smaller challenge is to raise your children on the real nature channel:
- Take them to national parks, natural places, and support wildlife sanctuaries.
- If you saw a snake during a hike, you would tell that story for the rest of your life. Yet you won't be able to remember a single snake that you've seen at the best zoo.
- There is a bridge in Austin where you can see hundreds of thousands of bats flying out of the caves at Magrib time. They start circling near the mouth of the cave till their numbers swell, then all of a sudden the entire cycle erupts out of the cave and they just gush out. It looks like a tornado and lasts for two hours.
- Go to a farm. Get close to animals. Get closer to animals that you eat.
We started with an imaginary story of a lawsuit. It's not far from reality at all. One day, we will stand in trial. Each of us will be asked about this earth. Were we just to the great creatures and the tiny creatures? Have we stood up for their rights too? This khutbah is not even about animals – it's about Justice. Why did the Creator even put these magnificent creatures on this planet? One reason is so that we could practice Justice. So that we could model it for our children. Fudail ibn Iyad said, "By Allah, it is not allowed for you to harm a dog or a pig without just cause, how then can you harm a Muslim?"
"Indeed, Allah confers blessing upon the Prophet, and His angels [ask Him to do so]. O you who have believed, ask [Allah to confer] blessing upon him and ask [Allah to grant him] peace." [Quran 33:56] May Allah send peace upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, just as he sent peace upon Ibrahim and the family of Ibrahim.
Innal-lahu wa Malaaikatuhu yassaloona aln-Nabi
Yaa aiyuhal latheena aamanoo, salloo alaihy, wa sallimou tasleema
Allahumma Salli 'Ala Muhammad, wa 'Ala alee Muhammad,
Kama sallaita 'Ala Ibrahima wa 'ala alee Ibrahim
Fil 'alameena innaka hamidun Majeed.
Oh Allah, help us to give animals their rights and don't let us be among the lowest of the low.
Ya Rub bil-Alimeen, purify our hearts and our souls.
Ya Ar-Hammar raa Himeen, forgive us for our shortcomings.
Ya Rahmaanu Ya Raheem, from now on let us do deeds of the people of Paradise.
Ya Hayy Ya Qayuum, protect our familes.
Ya Ghafoor Ya Shakoor, help us to be grateful to you and to our parents.
Ya Razzak Ya Wadud, give us the means to make our parents happy.
Ya Malik Ya Salaam, make the trials of our parents easier in their old age.
Ya Dhul-Jalal wal-Ikraam, give us Jannah through our parents.
Ya Aqeemas salati yarhumukumullah.
Post Khutba Announcement: Animal Rights in Islam
Allah says in Surah al-An'aam: "There is no animal walking on the earth nor a bird flying on its two wings, except that they are (part of) communities like you" [6:38]. Allah has endowed all of His creation with birth-rights and made them tenants-in-common with us on this planet. Islam preceded all of the animal care societies by 1300 years by making kindness to animals a part of our faith. Not only that, but cruelty to animals is cause for a person to be tossed into Hell. Within the shari'a, animals have legal rights which are enforced by the state.
- We are allowed to slaughter animals for food, yet forbidden to kill merely for sport.
- When slaughtering, we should minimze their physical pain and emotional suffering. An animal should not witnessing another slaughter.
- Although Islam allows the killing of dangerous and venomous animals.
- Regarding the beasts of burden and animals used for riding and transport, Islam forbids man to keep them hungry, to take hard work from them, or beat them cruelly.
- Catching birds and/or imprisoning them in cages without any special purpose is not acceptable. [Abu A'la Mawdudi]
- Factory farming and large-scale husbandry is incompatible with Islamic ethics to animals. [Basheer Ahmad Masri]


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Dr. Ernest Zeringue was looking for a niche in the cutthroat industry of fertility treatments. He seized on price, a huge obstacle for many patients, and in late 2010 began advertising a deal at his Davis, Calif., clinic unheard of anywhere else: Pregnancy for $9,800 or your money back. That's about half the price for in vitro fertilization at many other clinics, which do not include money-back guarantees. Typically, insurance coverage is limited and patients pay again and again until they give birth — or give up. Zeringue sharply cuts costs by creating a single batch of embryos from one egg donor and one sperm donor, then divvying it up among several patients. The clinic, not the customer, controls the embryos, typically making babies for three or four patients while paying just once for the donors and the laboratory work.
An ethics debate over embryos on the cheap
Friday, November 30, 2012 - By Los Angeles Times
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Why all the health care waiver requests?
If Obamacare is so great, why do Congress and the Supreme Court want a "waiver" from it? Every day more and more people or groups want this "waiver" -- why is that?
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After the surgery and while your nose is healing, you will be told not to blow your nose. If you need to keep your nose clear it is always best to sniff rather than blow. A nasal spray will help you keep your nose from drying out while you are recovering. The nasal spray will also help to decrease the drainage and keep your nose clear. Another benefit of the nasal spray is a decreased amount of bleeding.
Physical activity is not recommended during the recovery process. For the first 2 weeks you will be advised to avoid climbing stairs, lifting anything heavy and bending. Exercise and any other type of strenuous activity needs to be avoided for the first 14 days following the surgery, once the 2 week period is over, you will be advised to slowly start following your normal routine. You will be sent home with pain relievers as well as antibiotics and you should finish your course of antibiotics to limit the possibility of infection. Pain killers like aspirin and ibuprofen should be avoided as they thin the blood which might increase the chance of excessive bleeding.
It is important to be watchful for signs of complications such as infection and excessive bleeding. If bleeding is frequent and strong it might be a good idea to get back to your doctor for a check-up. Also check for signs of infection such a high temperature accompanied by pain and swelling at the incision. Aside from bleeding and infection, undergoing anaesthesia always carries a certain amount of risk. This includes an allergic reaction to the medication or a blocked airway. In a few cases, the loss of smell was shown as a complication from a septoplasty as was a hole found in the septum. These complications are very rare and many doctors feel that driving a car is riskier than undergoing septoplasty.


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Clinton Jones a 183cm, 83kg midfielder made his AFL debut in 2007. He was recruited from SOUTH FREMANTLE and now plays for the St Kilda Saints. He was born in 1984.
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Clint Jones has been identified as the St Kilda player responsible for lighting a dwarf on fire in a Mad Monday prank that went horribly wrong on Monday night.
St Kilda tagger Clinton Jones has been forced to put off surgery on a broken foot to play in Saturday's AFL Grand Final Replay against Collingwood.
St Kilda coach Ross Lyon has categorically denied reports that tagger Clinton Jones has been playing with a broken foot for the past six weeks.
Clint Jones says he is ready to take on whoever the coaching staff wants him to on grand final day
Tagger Clint Jones has withdrawn with an unspecified injury from St Kilda's initial squad of 25 for Sunday's clash with the Bombers at Telstra Dome, taking to eight the number of changes for the Saints....
St Kilda flirted with danger but emerged with its fortress still intact after overcoming a fearless Essendon by 19 points at Etihad Stadium on Sunday.
Now in his third year for the Saints, Clinton Jones says he is starting to feel comfortable with his role
Don't be fooled by this year's fourth-placed finish, the Saints only just scraped into the top eight after winning their last three games and really were not that much better than last year's ninth-placed...
St Kilda captain calls for younger brigade to take more responsibility after Robert Harvey's retirement
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Blast Injuries: Emergency Management Essentials
An in-depth clinical review of the complex injuries common in the victims of bombings and explosions.
The April 2013 Boston Marathon bombings brought the sobering reality of domestic terrorism back to the United States. Yet amidst the carnage and chaos that followed the explosions emerged a superb response by the Boston EMS system and the emergency medicine community. The incident highlighted the need for all practicing emergency physicians to maintain a working knowledge of the clinical evaluation and management of patients with blast injuries. This article will summarize salient points from recent literature with emphasis on the 2013 LLSA article Blast Injuries by Wolf et al[1] and The Bombings: Injury Patterns and Care, a curriculum funded by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for which The American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) was the lead grantee[2].
Terrorism is defined by four conditions; it is premeditated, politically motivated, aimed at civilians, and perpetrated by sub-national groups. International attacks meeting that definition include the Madrid subway bombing in 2004, the London subway bombing in 2005, the Mumbai attack in 2006, and bombings in Tel Aviv in 2001 and 2006. In the United States, 324 criminal bombing events occurred between 1980 and 2001; the most notorious were the Oklahoma City bombing of the Murrah Federal Building in 1995 and the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC. The number and lethality of terrorist attacks has been rising since the late 1990s (See Figure 1.[1])
Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) have been commonly used in terrorist attacks. Categories of IEDs are car and truck bombs, letter and parcel bombs, pipe bombs, and backpack or satchel bombs. To increase the injuries and lethality of IEDs, perpetrators may add chemicals, radiological materials, or fragmenting items to the bombs. Scraps of metal, rocks, and ball bearings are effective for this purpose. Contaminated material such as feces has been included to precipitate infection and complicate wound healing. Chemicals like chlorine will release chlorine gas to induce pulmonary toxicity. The September 2011 attacks were characterized as airplane incendiary bombs. Other terrorist weapons used are rocket propelled grenades (RPGs), surface to air missiles (SAMs), and enhanced blast devices. In the case of enhanced blast devices, an initial blast disseminates explosive material and then triggers a second explosion covering a much larger area[3].
Blast Physics
Figure 2: Spheres of injury relative to distance from blast. (From Bombings: Injury Patterns and Care; Diagram used with permission of John-Phillipe Dionne, Ph.D.)
Blast Injury Categories
1. Primary Blast Injuries
Primary blast injuries occur most frequently at the interface of air and tissue as the blast creates abrupt pressure changes. The most commonly injured organs are the ears secondary to tympanic membrane perforation, the lungs, and hollow viscera in the gastrointestinal tract. The tympanic membrane sustains damage at lower pressure than any other structure serving as a quick means of assessing patients for primary blast injury. If the tympanic membranes are undamaged, it decreases the likelihood that other primary blast injury was sustained[3].
Pulmonary injuries are the second most commonly seen from the primary blast and the most common critical injury. Pulmonary hemorrhage, contusion, pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, hemothorax, and arterial air embolism are manifestations of primary blast injury. Air embolism can cause stroke, myocardial or spinal cord infarction, infarction of other organ systems, and death. Chest radiographs of blast injury patients with suspected barotrauma may demonstrate a butterfly pattern created by bilateral perihilar infiltrates from pulmonary contusions.
The gastrointestinal system is the third most frequently injured as the direct result of the blast. The ileocecal region and the colon are at risk for perforation from the implosion mechanism and rapid shifts in air pressure. Intestinal contusions or hemorrhage may occur from barotrauma. Mesenteric ischemia occurs from shearing forces on the arterial supply or as a result of air embolism[1]. Ocular injuries including globe rupture, hyphema, retinitis, and conjunctival hemorrhage are less frequent primary blast injuries.
Myocardial contusion, hemorrhage, and atrial rupture have been described.
2. Secondary Blast Injuries
3. Tertiary Blast Injuries
4. Quaternary Blast Injuries
Management Strategies
During the pre-hospital phase of care, military experts report positive experience with the liberal use of tourniquets for significant extremity hemorrhage. No adverse outcomes have been associated with tourniquet use. They recommend early application. Hemostatic dressings are used for non-extremity wounds. Pressure dressings are held in place for five minutes as patients are rapidly transported to the hospital[2].
Initial evaluation and stabilization of blast-injured patients is similar to other trauma patients: Assess and stabilize the airway, followed by breathing, circulation, neurologic assessment, and secondary survey. Patients identified as having pulmonary blast injury require careful management. Fluid resuscitation should be judicious and carefully monitored because excessive crystalloid can precipitate pulmonary edema. In patients with multiple injuries and crush syndromes, fluid management can be difficult – Renal perfusion must be maintained, but fluid overload avoided. The patient's respiratory status should be optimized. Pain control is essential to allow comfortable respirations. Chest tubes should be placed early for management of pneumothoraces or hemothoraces. Non-invasive ventilatory strategies should be maximized before endotracheal intubation because positive pressure ventilation may increase pulmonary barotrauma and precipitate air embolism. If intubation is necessary, employ lung-protective strategies. A tidal volume of 5-7 mL/kg is an appropriate initial setting. Pressure controlled ventilation; permissive hypercapnia, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP), and the acceptance of oxygen saturations above 90% are principles of ventilator management for the pulmonary blast injured patient. If air emboli are suspected, alternate strategies may be necessary: PEEP should be minimized, FiO2 of 100% is recommended to increase the absorption of air emboli, and Hyperbaric oxygen referral may be needed [1].
Management of other traumatic injuries follows the basic strategies employed by well-trained emergency physicians. Use bedside ultrasound to identify intra-abdominal bleeding, though CT is necessary to diagnose bowel contusions. Military experts in the management of blast injuries developed a tenet of avoiding the "deadly triad" of hypothermia, coagulopathy, and metabolic acidosis. Bleeding should be controlled and gross contamination removed or debrided. Uncontrolled bleeding is the leading preventable cause of death. An INR > 1.5 on arrival predicts the need for massive transfusion (MT). If MT is required, fresh thawed plasma is the best resuscitation fluid. The military has reported positive results with the use of fresh whole blood though it is not widely available in civilian settings [6]. Crystalloid should be minimized to avoid dilution of clotting factors, acidosis, and inflammation[2].
Orthopedic injuries require careful
The screening of ambulatory, asymptomatic patients for primary blast injury can be easily accomplished by protocol. They require an otoscopic examination looking for injury or perforation of the tympanic membranes. Wolf et al. state that asymptomatic patients with no evidence of tympanic injury are very unlikely to have other occult primary blast injuries[1]. They can be discharged with precautions. Patients with tympanic membrane injury require further screening for serious pathology. Oxygen saturation should be monitored and a chest radiograph ordered. If the radiograph is normal and the oxygen saturation remains normal during a 6-8 hour observation period, the patient can be discharged with ear, nose, and throat follow-up and precautions to return for pulmonary or gastrointestinal symptoms. Patients with deteriorating oxygen saturations or the development of further symptoms require further evaluation and admission[3].
High-Risk Patient Categories
"For about 30 seconds I thought about whether I should call over to the ED and see if they needed an extra hand. Then I decided to just walk over there. The first couple of patients had already arrived and the attending physicians who were on staff had already activated the hospital's disaster plan and started organizing the physicians and nurses into a group of trauma teams. They already had enough teams in our two main treatment areas, so another physician and I went into our observation area and created additional space to see additional patients."
Brigham and Women's, one of the 27 hospitals that received the 264 wounded from the bombing, sits about a mile from where the bombs exploded, and patients began arriving within minutes.
"Our disaster plan was activated immediately. The plan summons a number of hospital officials to come to the site and serve as incident commanders, but that took a few minutes. In the meantime the physicians and nurses on shift realized right away that there was the potential for many injured patients, so they took two steps that were critical. First, they started to clear out patients. It was a Monday afternoon and the ED was full. But by notifying the inpatient medicine teams and psychiatry group, they were able to open up capacity. The second great move was organizing the providers into a number of teams. We are very well equipped to take care of two or three trauma cases when they come in normally, but at one point I think we had eight or ten active trauma patients simultaneously, 8 of whom went to the operating room. A lot of people showed up in the ED and the teams helped them know how to plug in."
Minutes after Schuur and his colleague opened up the observation unit, they received two critically injured patients. Thankfully, one of the patients arrived with a group of friends who were nurses. One nurse was actually an emergency nurse from Brigham and Women's, and was immediately able to begin assisting in treatment.
After the initial assessment and stabilization, Schuur and his team notified the surgeons. The orthopedic surgeons had formed a couple of teams and went around the ED, assessing patients and creating a surgery priority list.
"There was a sort of "silent busyness" in the ED," Schuur recalls. "There were lots of people and everyone was trying to find something to do. That was the initial mood, and then it switched to an apprehension about what might come next."
By the end of the day the Brigham team cared for 26 victims of the bombing. According to Ron Walls, chairman of the emergency department, while his team had never seen anything like this before, they'd practiced drills over and over, and felt prepared.
Recently on Twitter


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NORTHBOROUGH, Mass. — Northborough police are investigating a stabbing that reportedly occurred Friday evening on Green Street.
Police received a 911 call from a resident of 508 Green St. at around 7:30 p.m. Friday who reported that he had been assaulted by a baseball bat-wielding man.
Upon arriving, police found one man in the garage with minor injuries. They then learned that a second man had left the scene in a vehicle prior to their arrival.
Later that evening, police received a call from the Berlin Police Department reporting that a man with a stab wound to the chest had come to the station following an alleged assault in Northborough. The man was transported to UMass Medical Center in Worcester.
Police believe that both men were knew each other and that both were involved in the assault.
Police arrested Donald F. Williams, 56, who listed his address as 240 Pearl St., Gardner, Mass. He was charged with assault, assault and battery with a dangerous weapon and assault and battery with a dangerous weapon causing serious bodily injury.
The second man is still undergoing treatment at UMass Medical Center for his injuries. Police are currently investigating his vehicle, as well as the residence at 508 Green St. State Police Detectives assigned to the District Attorney's office and the State Police Crime Scene Services Section are assisting in the investigation.


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The Cutest Couples of Coachella
There are certainly plenty of single people wandering around the Coachella grounds; the volume of Craiglist "casual encounters" can attest to that.
Colin Young-Wolff
But there are also ten tons of couples, the vast majority of whom are completely adorable. Here are the cutest we saw.
She has always got his back.
Mary Carreon
Their combined shoe game is out of control.
Ben Westhoff
The couple that styles their hair together stays together.
Colin Young-Wolff
Is this the reason the word "adorbs" was invented?
Colin Young-Wolff
All one needs in life is love, and a good pool noodle.
Mary Carreon
A smoking hot couple, literally.
Mary Carreon
This couple does not suffer from "Coachella lung."
Colin Young-Wolff
Australians can be so cute when they're making rock and roll together.
Christopher Victorio The Preachers
We hear they plan to get married in these outfits.
Colin Young-Wolff
They met when he asked for Hula Hoop lessons.
Mary Carreon
Sometimes, to spicy things up, they switch headbands.
Colin Young-Wolff
He likes to write her love notes and stick them in her fanny pack.
Mary Carreon
PDA in the pool. So Coachella.
Ed Carrasco
We admire their fake fur styles.
Colin Young-Wolff
Lovebirds of the year!
Colin Young-Wolff
Runners up!
Mary Carreon
Their facial expressions do not convey their true affection for one another.
Ed Carrasco
These two are so "dope" we feel like packing up and going home.
Colin Young-Wolff
Cutest couple of 2014: Sand storm edition.
Mary Carreon
They recently got back together after a long break-up!
Christopher Victorio
The 15 Most Ridiculous Band Promo Photos Ever
This Incredible Make-A-Wish Teenager Went to the Gathering of the Juggalos, Got a Lap Dance (NSFW)
Crotching Whiskey at the Justin Bieber Concert and Getting Thrown Out: A Review
The Top Ten Ways to Piss Off Your Bartender at a Music Venue
Follow @rftmusic
Sponsor Content


text:
Coaches teach our kids more than just the rules of the game. They also teach teamwork, sportsmanship, and other life lessons. Gift cards for coaches are a great way to celebrate a victorious season or thank the coach for helping for their time and commitment in helping your child grow.
GiftCard.com offers a variety of customizable gift cards with sports designs including:
The custom gift cards can be personalized with the coach's name directly on the face of the card, along with "Congrats," "Thank You," or another personalized message. Flexible load amounts allow you to add as much as your budget allows without worrying about going over and they are mailed in a custom greeting card. For a truly personalized gift, you can design your own gift card with a photo of the team or a highlight from the year to turn a gift card into a treasured keepsake.
There are also over 170 store gift cards and e-gift cards to specific stores and restaurants. Send coach to a nice dinner out, or contribute to next year's team equipment by giving Coach a gift card to Callaway Golf, Foot Locker, or NFLSHOP.com. Ordering online offers greater protection than purchasing in the store and we even take care of mailing the cards for you so there's no need to ever stand in line.
"Youth sports coaches spend countless hours with our children, instilling principles of hard work, perseverance and commitment to a team," adds Dave Jones, our CEO. "They deserve to be rewarded for the time they spend volunteering and serving as a role model in our children's lives. Giving them a gift card from GiftCard.com—especially one that has been customized with a photo representing the season—can be a great way to say thank you, while also giving them something they can put to use."
Start by browsing the selection of gift cards for coaches and show your appreciation today!
Rebecca Killam
Marketing Associate


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Southwest Human Development brought Reach Out and Read to Maricopa County in 1997. The program currently serves 59 pediatric clinics and distributes nearly 90,000 new, age-appropriate books to low-income children annually.
Reach Out and Read promotes early literacy by bringing new books and information about the importance of reading aloud into the pediatric exam room. Reach Out and Read targets children who are growing up in poverty and often at risk for reading and school failure.
The concept is simple and includes four basic components:
- Pediatricians are trained in the theories of early literacy development and specific strategies to promote literacy in young children. During the well child check-up, they use this knowledge to advise parents on the importance of reading with young children and give them "prescriptions" for reading with their children every day.
- At every regularly scheduled well child check-up, from six months to five years of age, children receive a new, developmentally and culturally appropriate book to take home and keep. Over time, children can receive up to 10 books for their home library.
- In literacy-rich waiting room environments, often staffed with volunteer readers, parents and children learn about the pleasures and techniques of looking at books together.
- As an added component, gently used books are available in the waiting room for siblings and other children to take home and keep.
Reach Out and Read Works!
- Research shows that Reach Out and Read parents are four times more likely to share books with their children.
- Children in the Reach Out and Read program show significant increases in language ability, one of the most important predictors of later reading success.
- Parents involved in Reach Out and Read are twice as likely to report that reading is one of their child's favorite activities.
Reach Out and Read is cost-effective, easy to implement and helps give children with limited resources a home environment that stimulates early literacy skills and fosters a love of books and reading.
Reach Out and Read also offers age-appropriate resources for parents, including tips on reading aloud and choosing books for young children.
Reach Out and Read Maricopa County is a member of the Reach Out and Read Arizona Coalition, part of the National Reach Out and Read program, which was created in 1989 at Boston Hospital to help fight illiteracy in impoverished communities.
Help support Reach Out and Read by donating online now, giving new or gently-used children's books or becoming a volunteer reader.
For more information about Reach Out and Read, please contact
Kendra Smiley at (602) 633-8748 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Funding for
Reach Out and Read
provided in part by
Southwest Human Development is proud to partner with


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I am a fan of applique, (layering of fabric to create an image) especially when combined with free hand machine stitching.
With this in mind, I chose the subject matter of Alice in Wonderland, with her little pal there and my usual twist of fairytales.
to check out my blog probably for bits you may get stuck on.
... https://haveeweanywool.wordpress.com/tag/lazy-alice/
search around on various posts/tags for specific issues.
needle felt (wool tops / roving)
needle felting needles and handle
foam backing ( i use bit off old sun chair)
pre - felt
sewing machine
fabric and fabric scissors
an idea in mind and colour scheme
When using fabric, let it be your guide for colour scheme, it can easily get fussy looking..so hold up a scrap next to you wool supplies and see what suits..work from this pile.
Use a decent fabric scissors..life is too short
oh a a few pins to secure thin bits of fabric when sewing.
Step 1:
Trace lightly over in marker once you are happy with the placement.
trace out shape you want the fabric, cut and lay out on pre-felt
(you can see the tree branch is over the face..I always leave it until I am stitching in this area and then cut, incase it slips.)
Secure in place with the sewing machine
Step 2:
I like to choose different complimentary colours with the bobbin and thread that accent the fabric
I then use the machine to create lines that I would draw if I was using a pencil.
Here you can see I have used it to create the lines on the bark


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PEC pecimpresa.it - La tua posta elettronica certificata!
Language: italian
pecimpresa.it la tua casella di posta elettronica certificata a partire da 5, 00 + iva all'anno.
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asella pec soli


text:
And We're Back With More From The Jude Series
This is one of my favorite writings in Scripture. When I was newly Christian, at the tender age of 22, I read Jude's letter (because it was short and after reading it I could say that I read a whole book in the Bible). It was this sentence that made turn it up to eleven in the world of my new faith: "You Gotta Fight!"
Jude 1:3(b)
"I feel compelled to make my letter to you an earnest appeal to put up a real fight for the faith which has been once and for all committed to those who belong to Christ" J.B. Phillips translation
Jude was going to write about salvation, which I looked at here, but he needed to do something else…punch some church folk in the gut. Notice Jude directs this to "those who belong to Christ."
Some things need to be fought for.
The faith we have inherited all these two thousand years later is one of them.
How would I define faith as Jude is talking about it? I would say that it's (1) the teaching and instruction we find in Scripture, (2) the life we live in the newness of the Holy spirit and (3) the tradition that we receive from the hands of such a great cloud of witnesses. Stick that in a blender and you have a faith worth fighting for.
Jude reminds us that we need to stand up for these things.
I'm tired of the Bible being held under such unyielding suspicion, while at the same time, the 'wisdom' of our culture is accepted completely uncritically.
That's what I would say if I were to take Jude's words seriously.
Judeo-Christian belief relies on the witness and authority of Scripture. To hold it in such absolute and perpetual suspicion, i.e "The Bible doesn't mean what I don't want it to mean," is to embrace a whole other worldview that shoves Jesus to the bleachers and puts "I" at the center. We have wrestled with scripture for thousands of years. Whatever TMZ is reporting today, will be yesterday's news before lunchtime. Not sure our eggs are safe in that basket.
I'm tired of the Church suffering such uncharitable scrutiny by the same people that actually make the church the church, as if Jesus' body were made of bricks and not them.
I would probably say that, too, if Jude got me worked up enough to actually take a stand.
Yep, the Church has done some absolutely abominable things. Yep, we have done it in the name of Jesus. Yep, we still do it. 'Cause there are some pigeon-snap people everywhere. But the New Testament is really clear that in the Church there are both types of Churchians: the ones who are obedient to the Lordship of Jesus and those who are obedient to no other lordship but their own.
The ones who are obedient to Jesus have done some awesome notable and deeply selfless things (see Hospitals, Universities, Charities, Books, Compassion, Generosity, Kindness). Do Christians have the title to those things? No…not any more. But there was a time. If you follow the leaves down to the roots, at some point, you'll find Jesus. (for a great read, and I mean great, check out Who Is This Man?: The Unpredictable Impact of the Inescapable Jesus by John Ortberg).
There are some things that are worth fighting for. I believe that Scripture and the Church are two of God's greatest gifts to the world and as much as they have the potential to be weaponized, that's not why they were given. There's more to them than we can handle. Jesus is up in the Word and the Church like Prince in Purple. They are worth standing up for, worth laying down my life for. Totally.
Just thought I'd fight for something for a moment. Sometimes you gotta fight, even if it's for your right to party!


text:
Below is the poem entitled Expressing my feelings towards you which was written by poet
lu. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Donna Lu
when I see you, I fell. & when I fell, i fell pretty hard.
Maybe next time I should just, watch where im going before I fall even harder.
You're always on my mind, there's not a day where I can't stop thinking of you.
Maybe its cause every time i think of you I remembered why i fell for you.
I can't tell you why i fell for you or like you.
I have no clue. Maybe its just how you are? your personality?
Your looks or just everything else about you.
But just remember the main point, I just fell for you.


text:
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Send SMS messages from your Mac to any mobile phone worldwide.Mac Version 1.0.19 ... Added: 08/29/10Total Downloads1,092Last Week3
PTCL now introduces SMART TV Application for its consumers in Pakistan along with other new features.iOS Version 1.2 ... Added: 03/30/15Total Downloads69Last Week3
Manage and store all your remote connections.Windows Version 2.70 ... Added: 03/08/13Total Downloads868Last Week3
Technology market size, vendor share and forecast data charts provided for free by the leading global market intelligence research firm.IDC's...iOS Version 1.4 ... Added: 10/17/14Total Downloads2Last Week2
Black & Veatch is an employee-owned, global leader in building Critical Human Infrastructure. This app shares how we are Building a World of...iOS Version 1.7 ... Added: 11/06/14Total Downloads2Last Week2