text:
Lee Cusenbary
Lee Cusenbary is the General Counsel at Mission Pharmacal Company in San Antonio. He is also the creator of Ethics Follies®, a musical parody that uses comedy to raise ethics issues. The fully-produced Broadway-style musical combines San Antonio's business leaders and professional actors to engage the community. It is featured each year by The Association of Corporate Counsel (ACC) for their ethics conference which benefits The Community Justice Program. Lee is also a frequent writer and speaker on why "good ethics is good for business," and is a recipient of the San Antonio Business Ethics Award. In 2012, ACC renamed their ethics awards the "Lee Cusenbary Ethical Life Award" in recognition of his commitment to ethics in law and business. Learn more about how you can be part of a more ethical culture at EthicsFollies.com.
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|There were 15 townships that later became
separate parishes: Kendal, Helsington,
Natland, New Hutton, Old Hutton, Grayrigg, Selside, Burneshead, Long Sleddale, Kentmere, Crook, Winster, Staveley, Ings [Hugill],
and Underbarrow.
It formerly even included Windermere and Grasmere.
parish of Kirkby in Kendale is very extensive, comprehanding 24
townships or constablewicks, viz. Kendal, Helsington,, Natland ,
Scalthwaite Rigg (including Hay and Hutton in the Hay), New Hutton ,
Old Hutton and Holme Scales, Docker, Lambrigg, Grayrigg ,
Whinfell, Fawcet Forest, Whitwell and Selside
, Slelsmergh and Patton, Burmeshead , Strickland Roger,
Strickland Ketel, Long Sleddale , Kentmere , Crook
, Winster, Over Staveley, Nether Staveley, Hugill, Underbarrow and
Bradley Field; and some of these, for convenience, have been
subdivided:- And 15 chapelries, viz. Kendal, Helsington,
Hutton, Old Hutton,
Sleddale, Kentmere,
[Hugill], and Underbarrow.
This parish was anciently larger; for Windermere and Gresmere were parts thereof, though now they have obtained by reputation the name of distinct parishes, and are the only rectories within the barony of Kendale.
It is bounded on the East by the parishes of Shap, Orton, Sedberg, and Kirkby Lonsdale; on the South, by the parishes of Kirkby Lonsdale, Burton, and Heversham; on the West, by the parishes of Heversham and Windermere; and on the North, by the parishes of Windermere, Gresmere, and Orton.
The church of Kendal stands in Kirkland, from whence the place hath received its name. It is a very large, neat, and handsome building, and contains every Sunday as large a congregation, as almost any parish church in the kingdom. It is 180 feet long, and 99 feet in breadth; with five alleys, each of them being parted by a row of 8 fair pillars; and with a strong square steeple, wherein there are 6 large and very tunable bells.
It is a vicarage, in the patronage of Trinity college in Cambridge
Helsington [is] below Kendal, on the West side of the river Kent.
Advancing Eastward from Helsington, we come to Natland, which is a small manor or lordship, containing only about 30 families [in 1777]. It seems to have had its name from the Nativi or bondmen probably placed there, as attendent upon the capital lord at Kendal castle to do servile offices, like as the inhabitants of Bongate nigh Appleby, or the Drengage tenants nigh Brougham castle. The chapelry also of Natland is commensurate to the manor.
Old Hutton, New Hutton, and Holme Scales... At first there was only one general name of Hutton. The distinction between Old and New Hutton seems to have come in about the beginning of the reign of king Edward the first [c.1272]. Holme Scales is in the parish of Burton; being, as the name imports, scales or huts belonging to Holme in that parish. But for the sake of vicinity and convenience, Holme Scales hath for a long time been annexed to Old Hutton, and is now deemed part of that township or constablewick.
Docker.. this place claims, and in some respects exerciseth, a privilege of exemption from ecclesiastical jursidiction; but by whom, or in what instances, the same hath been granted, we have not found.
Lambrigg... This perhaps might be the place to which they carried their lambs at certain seasons. For many places received their name of distinction from such like circumstances; as Sheepshead, Ramsbottom, Ewbank, Stirkland, Cowbrow, Oxenholme, and the like.
Dillaker... Adjoining to lambrigg on the East, is the hamlet of Dillaker; of which we have met with no particular account.
Grayrigg... Having now advanced to the Eastern extremity of the parish of Kendal, we incline Northwards to the manor of Grayrigg; so called probably from being frequented by badgers, brocks, or grays; as on the east side of the river Lune, opposite thereto, is a place which yet bears the name of Brockholes. The hollow between is called Grayrigg-hause, from haustus perhaps, which signifies a draught; even as yet a throat or gulley is by the common people called a hause. There is a meeting-house in Grayrigg belonging to the Quakers.
Whinfell... From
Grayrigg, travelling northwards, along the eastern extremity of the
parish, we come to Whinfell; which carries its own derivation along
with it.
Church History
Holy Trinity.
© Peter Turner licensed under Creative Commons
Impressive 5-aisled church possibly widest in country. Includes C13th
arcade. Also C15, 16 and 19th work. Oldest feature is C9th cross-shaft.
C15th black marble font.
St George.
|1839-41 by Webster. Chancel of 1910-11 by Austin
& Paley.
Church plans from ICBS archive 1837-41 and 1903-11 are on Church Plans Online (Lambeth Palace Library).
Photograph(s) and description on VisitCumbria.
Acess and contact details on Church of England site
St Thomas.
|1837 also by Webster.
Historical and architectural notes on National Heritage List (English Heritage site).
Church plans from ICBS archive for 1970-71 and 1978 on Church Plans Online (Lambeth Palace Library).
Photograph(s) and description on VisitCumbria.
Acess and contact details on Church of England site
and architectural notes on National Heritage List
(English Heritage site)
St John Baptist Skelsmergh 1871 by Joseph Birtley
Church plans (1869-71) from ICBS
archive on Church Plans Online (Lambeth Palace Library).
and architectual notes on National Heritage List
(English Heritage site)
Church Records
The following registers have been transcribed by Roland Grigg (available through Wayback Machine Internet Archive) :
Baptisms for 1558-1587 (A to D) : (E to M) : (N to Y)
Baptisms 1596 - 99, Marriages and Burials 1591 - 99 and Baptisms 1607 - 31 ( A ) : ( Ba-Bi) : ( Bl-By) : ( C ) : ( DE) : ( FG) : ( H ) : ( IJ) : ( K-M) : ( N-Q) : ( R ) : ( S ) : ( T-V) : ( Wa-Wh) : ( Wi-Z)
and these registers are included in a combined Cumbrian parish register index (available through Wayback Machine Internet Archive): .
For searching on familysearch.org see Jake Prescott's list of IGI batch numbers.
Non-conformist records:
updated February 2015 Dave Huddart

subset: commoncrawl


text:
In mock giddy appreciation of the return of GOP vice presidential candidate Paul Ryan to the Capitol from the campaign stump on Thursday, House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi's office has produced a sarcastic video titled "Welcome Back, Mr. Ryan!"
Their video opens with the tune from the 1970s TV sitcom "Welcome Back Kotter," and then proceeds to show Ryan being assailed on talk shows and elsewhere on some of his political stances in instances where his answers appear less than confident.
Other top House Democrats are also seizing on Ryan's return to the Capitol to vote on a stopgap spending measure. They suggest that their congressional campaigns are going to benefit as a result of Mitt Romney's having added Ryan, the House Budget Committee chairman, to the top of the GOP ticket.
"Paul Ryan has become a down-ballot disaster for Republicans," Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee Chairman Steve Israel, D-N.Y., told reporters on Thursday morning. Since last spring, House Democrats have tried to push the GOP's efforts to overhaul Medicare, which Ryan led, to the front burner of the national political conversation. Israel said that Romney's choice of Ryan "gave us the debate we wanted."
Ryan's return to the Capitol comes because the House will vote at about 6 p.m. on a stopgap bill to keep the federal government running beyond the Oct. 1 start of the new fiscal year--an issue that touches on his Budget Committee duties. Whether his schedule includes any other public appearances at the Capitol is uncertain.
Ryan vice presidential campaign spokesman Brendan Buck was not amused by the video and other Democratic angling.
"With President Obama's failed leadership leaving us with 43 straight months of unemployment above 8 percent, another trillion-dollar deficit, and looming defense cuts that will devastate our military, do his allies in the Congress have nothing better to do than engage in stale political attacks?" asked Buck.
But Democrats apparently don't want his appearance to go unnoticed.
A major part of their video shows Ryan being asked about--and trying to defend--how he and other Republicans can criticize Democrats for the looming defense sequester cuts, even though he and other GOP lawmakers also voted in favor of last year's Budget Control Act. That law forced those defense and domestic cuts that start on Jan. 2, because of a mechanism triggered by the failure of the so-called deficit super committee to agree on $1.2 trillion in spending reductions over 10 years.
It is not certain whether Ryan will participate in another vote early on Thursday evening on a House Republican sequester-replacement bill, which would offset the first $110 billion round of those forced cuts set for January, including cuts to food stamps and other safety-net programs. That vote is expected to occur shortly before the House votes at about 6 p.m. on the six-month continuing resolution to keep government running beyond Oct. 1.
In reality, the Republicans' sequester-replacement bill is little more than a pre-election messaging vehicle, and it is also a disingenuous way to attack Democrats on the campaign stump for not helping to block the upcoming scheduled defense reductions.
Democrats want to offset those cuts, too. But they instead want a combination of spending cuts and higher revenues, and House Republicans will not permit a vote on such a bill. The nuances of this standoff won't be mentioned on the campaign stump in upcoming weeks, when Republicans criticize Democrats who decline to vote for the GOP version, and accuse them of failing to join Republicans in doing something to avoid the defense cuts.
The Democratic video greeting Ryan's return also shows him being criticized for his efforts to restructure Medicare and being less than specific about the Republicans' tax-reform efforts, and he is pressed about whether cutting taxes for the wealthy is really reform.
He would likely not be on the Hill at all, except that he remains the Budget Committee Chairman, and there is the continuing resolution to be voted on. The CR would fund the government at the $1.047 trillion level established as a discretionary spending cap in last year's Budget Control Act.
That's $19 billion higher than a fiscal 2013 budget drafted by Ryan earlier this year that set the spending cap for overall discretionary spending at $1.028 trillion. But even House conservatives have explained they are going along with this approach to a stopgap bill without a fight because it is preferable to having spending battles spill into a lame-duck session.
They worry that Democrats could use such skirmishes—and the stick of a potential government shutdown—to gain leverage on other year-end issues, including what to do about the Bush-era tax cuts.
Shane Goldmacher contributed to this article.


text:
An array for use with a surgical navigation system is provided. The array comprises a frame and first, second and third markers attached to the frame. The first, second and third markers are detectable by a tracking system used in image guided surgery, and the first marker is movable relative to the frame. In one embodiment, at least one marker slides along the frame from a first position where it is held in place to a second position where it is also held in place. In another embodiment, one or more of the markers is removed from the frame at a first position and reattached to the frame at a second position. In still another embodiment, a portion of the frame itself moves with the movable marker.
1. An array for use with a surgical navigation system, comprising:
a frame having a plurality of retainers configured to a marker thereto; and
first, second and third markers attached to the frame, the first, second and third markers defining a first three-dimensional configuration of the array that is detectable by a tracking system used in a surgical navigation system;
wherein the first marker is movable relative to the frame from a first retainer to a second unoccupied retainer to define a second three-dimensional configuration of the array, the second three-dimensional configuration being different from the first three-dimensional configuration.
2. The array of
3. The array of
4. The array of
5. The array of
6. A method of performing a surgery using surgical navigation, comprising:
(a) providing a tracking system and an array having a frame having a plurality of retainers with first, second and third markers attached thereto, the array being identified and tracked by the tracking system;
(b) using a first surgical component to which the array is attached during the surgery while tracking the first surgical component with the tracking system;
(c) detaching the array from the first surgical component and reattaching the array to a second surgical component;
(d) moving the position of the first marker from a first position to a second position relative to the frame, wherein the tracking system identifies the second surgical component to which the array is attached; and
(e) using the second surgical component to which the array is attached during the surgery while tracking the second surgical component with the tracking system.
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. A surgical navigation system, comprising:
a computer having surgical navigation utilities software;
a tracking system coupled to the computer;
an array having a frame with a plurality of retainers configured to couple a marker thereto and a marker geometry that is identifiable by the tracking system, the marker geometry being defined by first, second and third markers that are interchangeable between at least two different three-dimensional configurations by moving the first marker relative to the frame from a first retainer to a second unoccupied retainer, each three-dimensional configuration being identifiable and distinguishable by the tracking system; and
a plurality of different surgical components that are removably and interchangeably connectable to the array;
the software programmed to accept the identity of each surgical component as an input, wherein the surgical navigation system is configured to recognize and track any one of the plurality of surgical components that is connected to the array.
11. The surgical navigation system of
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/694,178, filed Jun. 27, 2005.
The present teachings relate to surgical navigation and more particularly to tracking arrays and methods for using tracking arrays with a surgical navigation system.
Surgical navigation systems, also known as computer assisted surgery and image guided surgery, aid surgeons in locating patient anatomical structures, guiding surgical instruments, and implanting medical devices with a high degree of accuracy. Surgical navigation has been compared to a global positioning system that aids vehicle operators to navigate the earth. A surgical navigation system typically includes a computer, a tracking system, and patient anatomical information. The patient anatomical information can be obtained by using an imaging mode such a fluoroscopy, computer tomography (CT) or by simply defining the location of patient anatomy with the surgical navigation system. Surgical navigation systems can be used for a wide variety of surgeries to improve patient outcomes.
To successfully implant a medical device, surgical navigation systems often employ various forms of computing technology, as well as utilize intelligent instruments, digital touch devices, and advanced 3-D visualization software programs. All of these components enable surgeons to perform a wide variety of standard and minimally invasive surgical procedures and techniques. Moreover, these systems allow surgeons to more accurately plan, track and navigate the placement of instruments and implants relative to a patient's body, as well as conduct pre-operative and intra-operative body imaging.
To accomplish the accurate planning, tracking and navigation of surgical instruments, tools and/or medical devices during an image guided surgery procedure, surgeons often utilize "tracking arrays" that are coupled to the surgical components. The tracking arrays allow the surgeon to accurately track the location of these surgical components, as well as the patient's bones during the surgery. By knowing the physical location of the tracking array, the software detection program of the tracking system is able to calculate the position of the tracked component relative to a surgical plan image.
Because of the complexity of many image guided surgery procedures, surgeons often need to use many different tracking arrays during a single procedure. As such, several different tracking arrays must be purchased, prepared and configured for the operating room environment. It would be desirable to overcome these and other shortcomings of the prior art.
The present teachings provide an adjustable tracking array and method of using it with an image guided surgery navigation system that reduces the number of arrays required during a surgical procedure.
In one exemplary embodiment, the present teachings provide an array for use with a surgical navigation system. The array comprises a frame and first, second and third markers attached to the frame, the first, second and third markers being detectable by a tracking system used in a surgical navigation system. The first marker is movable relative to the frame.
In another exemplary embodiment, a method of performing a surgery using surgical navigation is provided. The method uses a tracking system and an array having a frame with first, second and third markers attached thereto, the array being identified and tracked by the tracking system. A first surgical component to which the array is attached is used during the surgery while the first surgical component is tracked by the tracking system. The array is detached from the first surgical component and reattached to a second surgical component. The position of the first marker is moved from a first position to a second position relative to the frame, and the tracking system identifies the second surgical component to which the array is attached. The second surgical component to which the array is attached is then used during the surgery and tracked by the tracking system.
The above-mentioned aspects of the present teachings and the manner of obtaining them will become more apparent and the invention itself will be better understood by reference to the following description of the embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
Corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding parts throughout the several views.
The embodiments of the present teachings described below are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and described so that others skilled in the art may appreciate and understand the principles and practices of the present teachings.
The surgery is performed within a sterile field, adhering to the principles of asepsis by all scrubbed persons in the operating room. Patient 22, surgeon 21 and assisting clinician 50 are prepared for the sterile field through appropriate scrubbing and clothing. The sterile field will typically extend from operating table 24 upward in the operating room. Typically both computer display image 38 and fluoroscope display image 28 are located outside of the sterile field.
A representation of the patient's anatomy can be acquired with an imaging system, a virtual image, a morphed image, or a combination of imaging techniques. The imaging system can be any system capable of producing images that represent the patient's anatomy such as a fluoroscope producing x-ray two-dimensional images, computer tomography (CT) producing a three-dimensional image, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) producing a three-dimensional image, ultrasound imaging producing a two-dimensional image, and the like. A virtual image of the patient's anatomy can be created by defining anatomical points with surgical navigation system 20 or by applying a statistical anatomical model. A morphed image of the patient's anatomy can be created by combining an image of the patient's anatomy with a data set, such as a virtual image of the patient's anatomy. Some imaging systems, such as C-arm fluoroscope 26, can require calibration. The C-arm can be calibrated with a calibration grid that enables determination of fluoroscope projection parameters for different orientations of the C-arm to reduce distortion. A registration phantom can also be used with a C-arm to coordinate images with the surgical navigation application program and improve scaling through the registration of the C-arm with the surgical navigation system. A more detailed description of a C-arm based navigation system is provided in James B. Stiehl et al., Navigation and Robotics in Total Joint and Spine Surgery, Chapter 3 C-Arm-Based Navigation, Springer-Verlag (2004).
Computer 112 can be any computer capable of properly operating surgical navigation devices and software, such as a computer similar to a commercially available personal computer that comprises a processor 126, working memory 128, core surgical navigation utilities 130, an application program 132, stored images 134, and application data 136. Processor 126 is a processor of sufficient power for computer 112 to perform desired functions, such as one or more microprocessors. Working memory 128 is memory sufficient for computer 112 to perform desired functions such as solid-state memory, random-access memory, and the like. Core surgical navigation utilities 130 are the basic operating programs, and include image registration, image acquisition, location algorithms, orientation algorithms, virtual keypad, diagnostics, and the like. Application program 132 can be any program configured for a specific surgical navigation purpose, such as orthopedic application programs for unicondylar knee ("uni-kee"), total knee, hip, spine, trauma, intramedullary ("IM") nail, and external fixator. Stored images 134 are those recorded during image acquisition using any of the imaging systems previously discussed. Application data 136 is data that is generated or used by application program 132, such as implant geometries, instrument geometries, surgical defaults, patient landmarks, and the like. Application data 136 can be pre-loaded in the software or input by the user during a surgical navigation procedure.
Output device 116 can be any device capable of creating an output useful for surgery, such as a visual output and an auditory output. The visual output device can be any device capable of creating a visual output useful for surgery, such as a two-dimensional image, a three-dimensional image, a holographic image, and the like. The visual output device can be a monitor for producing two and three-dimensional images, a projector for producing two and three-dimensional images, and indicator lights. The auditory output can be any device capable of creating an auditory output used for surgery, such as a speaker that can be used to provide a voice or tone output.
Removable storage device 118 can be any device having a removable storage media that would allow downloading data such as application data 136 and patient anatomical data 124. The removable storage device can be a read-write compact disc (CD) drive, a read-write digital video disc (DVD) drive, a flash solid-state memory port, a removable hard drive, a floppy disc drive, and the like.
Tracking system 120 can be any system that can determine the three-dimensional location of devices carrying or incorporating markers that serve as tracking indicia. An active tracking system has a collection of infrared light emitting diode (ILEDs) illuminators that surround the position sensor lenses to flood a measurement field of view with infrared light. A passive system incorporates retro-reflective markers that reflect infrared light back to the position sensor, and the system triangulates the real-time position (x, y, and z location) and orientation (rotation around x, y, and z axes) of an array 122 and reports the result to the computer system with an accuracy of about 0.35 mm Root Mean Squared (RMS). An example of passive tracking system is a Polaris� Passive System and an example of a marker is the NDI Passive Spheres™ both available from Northern Digital Inc. Ontario, Canada. A hybrid tracking system can detect active and active wireless markers in addition to passive markers. Active marker based instruments enable automatic tool identification, program control of visible LEDs, and input via tool buttons. An example of a hybrid tracking system is the Polaris� Hybrid System available from Northern Digital Inc. A marker can be a passive IR reflector, an active IR emitter, an electromagnetic marker, and an optical marker used with an optical camera.
Arrays 122 can be probe arrays, instrument arrays, reference arrays, calibrator arrays, and the like. Arrays 122 can have any number of markers, but typically have three or more markers to define real-time position (x, y, and z location) and orientation (rotation around x, y, and z axes). As will be explained in greater detail below, an array comprises a body and markers. The body comprises an area for spatial separation of markers. In some embodiments, there are at least two arms and some embodiments can have three arms, four arms, or more. The arms are typically arranged asymmetrically to facilitate specific array and marker identification by the tracking system. In other embodiments, such as a calibrator array, the body provides sufficient area for spatial separation of markers without the need for arms. Arrays can be disposable or non-disposable. Disposable arrays are typically manufactured from plastic and include installed markers. Non-disposable arrays are manufactured from a material that can be sterilized, such as aluminum, stainless steel, and the like. The markers are removable, so they can be removed before sterilization.
Planning and collecting patient anatomical data 124 is a process by which a clinician inputs into the surgical navigation system actual or approximate anatomical data. Anatomical data can be obtained through techniques such as anatomic painting, bone morphing, CT data input, and other inputs, such as ultrasound and fluoroscope and other imaging systems.
Pre-operative planning 410 is performed by generating an image 424, such as a CT scan that is imported into the computer. With image 424 of the patient's anatomy, the surgeon can then determine implant sizes 426, such as screw lengths, define and plan patient landmarks 428, such as long leg mechanical axis, and plan surgical procedures 430, such as bone resections and the like. Pre-operative planning 410 can reduce the length of intra-operative planning thus reducing overall operating room time.
Navigation set-up 412 includes the tasks of system set-up and placement 432, implant selection 434, instrument set-up 436, and patient preparation 438. System set-up and placement 432 includes loading software, tracking set-up, and sterile preparation 440. Software can be loaded from a pre-installed application residing in memory, a single use software disk, or from a remote location using connectivity such as the internet. A single use software disk contains an application that will be used for a specific patient and procedure that can be configured to time-out and become inoperative after a period of time to reduce the risk that the single use software will be used for someone other than the intended patient. The single use software disk can store information that is specific to a patient and procedure that can be reviewed at a later time. Tracking set-up involves connecting all cords and placement of the computer, camera, and imaging device in the operating room. Sterile preparation involves placing sterile plastic on selected parts of the surgical navigation system and imaging equipment just before the equipment is moved into a sterile environment, so the equipment can be used in the sterile field without contaminating the sterile field.
Navigation set-up 412 is completed with implant selection 434, instrument set-up 436, and patient preparation 438. Implant selection 434 involves inputting into the system information such as implant type, implant size, patient size, and the like 442. Instrument set-up 436 involves attaching an instrument array to each instrument intended to be used and then calibrating each instrument 444. Instrument arrays should be placed on instruments, so the instrument array can be acquired by the tracking system during the procedure. Patient preparation 438 is similar to instrument set-up because an array is typically rigidly attached to the patient's anatomy 446. Reference arrays do not require calibration but should be positioned so the reference array can be acquired by the tracking system during the procedure.
As mentioned above, anatomic data collection 414 involves a clinician inputting into the surgical navigation system actual or approximate anatomical data 448. Anatomical data can be obtained through techniques such as anatomic painting 450, bone morphing 452, CT data input 454, and other inputs, such as ultrasound and fluoroscope and other imaging systems. The navigation system can construct a bone model with the input data. The model can be a three-dimensional model or two-dimensional pictures that are coordinated in a three-dimensional space. Anatomical painting 450 allows a surgeon to collect multiple points in different areas of the exposed anatomy. The navigation system can use the set of points to construct an approximate three-dimensional model of the bone. The navigation system can use a CT scan done pre-operatively to construct an actual model of the bone. Fluoroscopy uses two-dimensional images of the actual bone that are coordinated in a three-dimensional space. The coordination allows the navigation system to accurately display the location of an instrument that is being tracked in two separate views. Image coordination is accomplished through a registration phantom that is placed on the image intensifier of the C-arm during the acquisition of images. The registration phantom is a tracked device that contains imbedded radio-opaque spheres. The spheres have varying diameters and reside on two separate planes. When an image is taken, the fluoroscope transfers the image to the navigation system. Included in each image are the imbedded spheres. Based on previous calibration, the navigation system is able to coordinate related anterior and posterior views and coordinate related medial and lateral views. The navigation system can also compensate for scaling differences in the images.
Patient registration 416 establishes points that are used by the navigation system to define all relevant planes and axes 456. Patient registration 416 can be performed by using a probe array to acquire points, placing a software marker on a stored image, or automatically by software identifying anatomical structures on an image or cloud of points. Once registration is complete, the surgeon can identify the position of tracked instruments relative to tracked bones during the surgery. The navigation system enables a surgeon to interactively reposition tracked-instruments to match planned positions and trajectories and assists the surgeon in navigating the patient's anatomy.
During the procedure, step-by-step instructions for performing the surgery in the application program are provided by a navigation process. Navigation 418 is the process a surgeon uses in conjunction with a tracked instrument or other tracked array to precisely prepare the patient's anatomy for an implant and to place the implant 458. Navigation 418 can be performed hands-on 460 or hands-free 462. However navigation 418 is performed, there is usually some form of feedback provided to the clinician such as audio feedback or visual feedback or a combination of feedback forms. Positive feedback can be provided in instances such as when a desired point is reached, and negative feedback can be provided in instances such as when a surgeon has moved outside a predetermine parameter. Hands-free 462 navigation involves manipulating the software through gesture control, tool recognition, virtual keypad and the like. Hands-free 462 is done to avoid leaving the sterile field, so it may not be necessary to assign a clinician to operate the computer outside the sterile field.
Data storage 420 can be performed electronically 464 or on paper 466, so information used and developed during the process of surgical navigation can be stored. The stored information can be used for a wide variety of purposes such as monitoring patient recovery and potentially for future patient revisions. The stored data can also be used by institutions performing clinical studies.
Post-operative review and follow-up 422 is typically the final stage in a procedure. As it relates to navigation, the surgeon now has detailed information that he can share with the patient or other clinicians 468.
Embodiments incorporating the present teachings enhance the above described surgical navigation process by implementing an adjustable tracking array and method of use into surgical navigation system 20. Generally speaking, the array includes a frame and at least three markers attached to the frame, wherein the markers are detectable by a tracking system used in surgical navigation. At least one of the markers is movable or transferable relative to the frame, particularly in a co-planar direction that changes the three-dimensional configuration of the array. More particularly, at least one marker moves in a two dimensional direction relative to the frame. In other words, the marker moves with respect to the frame such that the three-dimensional configuration of the markers changes and the tracking system recognizes the change. In this manner, a single array can be reconfigured or repositioned into multiple configurations that are identifiable and distinguishable by the tracking system, thereby reducing the overall number of arrays needed during an image guided procedure.
In certain exemplary embodiments, at least one marker slides along the frame from a first position where it can be held in place to a second position where it can also be held in place. In other embodiments, one or more of the markers may be detached from the frame at a first position and then reattached to the frame at a second position. In still other embodiments, a portion of the frame itself may move together with the movable marker. Advantageously, embodiments incorporating the present teachings are economical because a single array may be used for what formerly required two, three or more separate arrays.
Referring now to
Frame 502 has a plurality of retaining means or retainers 516 a, 516 b, 516 c positioned along arm members 501 a, 501 b, 501 c that allow markers 504, 506, 508 to be releasably secured to the frame. More particularly, each of markers 504, 506, 508 has a bore 521 extending through its center so that physician 510 can slide one or more of the markers relative to the frame and position them at any desired retainer position or location. For example, in
To track the position of a surgical component during an image guided surgery procedure, tracking array 500 is attached to the component by inserting the component's device-coupling member 612 into internal bore 522 of array coupling member 520. For instance,
Referring now to
According to an exemplary illustration, the outside surface of frame 502 has a shape complementary to that of central bore 521 of markers 504, 506, 508 such that the markers can slide along frame 502 from a first retainer to a second retainer. Once the marker reaches the location of the retainer (516 a, 516 b, 516 c, 516 d, 516 e, 516 f) to which the physician desires the marker to remain, retainer device 510 is inserted into groove 515 by twisting the marker and frame 502 relative to one another. As the marker is twisted relative to the frame, retainer device 510 is biased into groove 515 and the physician obtains a tactile sensation that the marker is held in place. To free the marker to again slide relative to the frame, the physician once again twists the marker until retainer device 510 has slid out of groove 515 and is positioned against the cylindrical bore as shown at reference numeral 523 in
Other means for moving the markers of the array relative to the frame are also possible. For example, referring now to
Outer sleeve member 622 defines a central bore that slidably receives shaft 623 as marker 604 is moved between retainers 616 b and 616 a. Sleeve member 622 has a flared portion 622 a at one end so that the retaining device protruding from shaft 623 at the location of retainer 616 a is able to enter the central bore of the shaft without difficulty as marker 604 is repositioned along the frame. When marker 604 is moved from retainer 616 b to the location of retainer 616 a, outer sleeve member 622 (through the assistance of hinge members 640, 642, 644, 646) causes movable arm members 630, 632 to pivot markers 606, 608 inwardly towards each other, as seen in
Referring now to
An exemplary method of using arrays embodied by the present teachings is described with reference to
Once the tracking array is detached from the surgical component, the tracking system detects when a second surgical component is attached to the array by recognizing the new position of markers 504, 506, 508 relative to frame 502 (step 810). More particularly, if a physician moves one or more of markers 504, 506, 508 from a first retainer location to a second retainer location, the tracking system recognizes the new surgical component to which the array is attached based upon the new position of markers 504, 506, 508 relative to frame 502 (step 815). In other words, the physician moves markers 504, 506, 508 from a first position having a first three-dimensional configuration to a second position having a second three-dimensional configuration that is different from the first configuration. As such, the tracking system identifies the change in configuration and recognizes the new surgical component to which the array is attached. The physician then uses the second surgical component and receives any needed surgical instructions useful for performing the surgery in light of the newly detected component (steps 820, 825).
According to this embodiment, navigation system 20 recognizes and identifies a surgical component that is attached to the tracking array based upon the three-dimensional configuration of the markers along the frame. More particularly, since each configuration in which the tracking array can be configured is unique, the navigation system 20 identifies and distinguishes between them. For example, if navigation system 20 determines that the position of marker 504 is at retainer 516 e, the position of marker 506 is at retainer 516 d and the position of marker 508 is at retainer 516 f, then navigation system 20 recognizes that this marker configuration defines the use of a surgical probe instrument, such as surgical probe 850 illustratively depicted in
According to another embodiment shown in
The navigation system can be configured to recognize different rotational or angular geometries as corresponding to different surgical components. For example, as shown in
Thus, with the embodiment shown in
In yet another variation of the embodiment shown in
The embodiment shown in
As can be appreciated with respect to
The navigation system would need to be programmed to mix and match probe components and arrays, and during use the identity of the particular array and probe body would need to be inputted into the navigation system. The surgeon's tool belt could be configured with smaller probe heads or handles instead of larger and bulkier probe arrays. Of course, one of skill in the art would recognize numerous other possibilities obtainable with the modular features of an instrument set as illustrated above.
It should now be appreciated that a surgical system can be created in accordance with these teachings that includes a computer having surgical navigation utilities software, as described above, and a tracking system coupled to the computer. One or several arrays having a unique marker geometry that is identifiable by the tracking system are provided. Several different surgical components such as the pointer probe tip 1222 and spatula tip 1204 are provided and are removably and interchangeably connectable to the array or array handle. The software is programmed to accept the identity of each surgical component as an input, such that the surgical navigation system can recognize and track any one of the plurality of surgical components that is connected to the array. This modular capability reduces overall costs by reducing the number of components in a surgical navigation kit and at the same time increases flexibility.
While exemplary embodiments incorporating the principles of the present teachings have been disclosed hereinabove, the present teachings are not limited to the disclosed embodiments. Instead, this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention using its general principles. Further, this application is intended to cover such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which this invention pertains and which fall within the limits of the appended claims.
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Studio Ghibli ("[[NoPronunciationGuide jeeblee]]")[[note]]sort-of named after the Caproni Ca.309 ''Ghibli'' fighter[[/note]] was founded in the 1980s by celebrated Japanese {{anime}} directors Creator/HayaoMiyazaki and Creator/IsaoTakahata in the wake of Miyazaki's overwhelming success with ''Manga/NausicaaOfTheValleyOfTheWind''. Studio Ghibli is known for its incredibly rich and detailed animation, exacting attention to detail, CrowningMusicOfAwesome, and imaginative plots (frequently involving flying scenes, a personal favourite of Miyazaki's).
The Studio announced the hiatus of the animation department on August 3rd, 2014. They're taking a break from featured animation films while they undergo some restructuring and thinking about where to take the company into the future.
Ghibli has been rated as the top brand in Japan, and is a household name even among non-{{otaku}}. New Ghibli films are consistently the top grossers for the year in Japanese theaters, and some films such as ''Anime/SpiritedAway'' and ''Anime/PrincessMononoke'' have gained a mainstream following in North America (in part thanks to a distribution deal with Creator/{{Disney}}). The studio tends to focus on films rather than television series, but it is frequently the "[[GatewaySeries gateway drug]]" for new {{anime}} fans. Ghibli is also like Disney in that Ghibli maintains their animation staff as full-time employees instead of the typical Japanese practice of employing freelance artists paid on a piecework basis, and Miyazaki has stated that this was intended to improve his animators' standard of living as much as the quality and consistency of their work.
Miyazaki has said that he chose the name of a WorldWarII Italian fighter for his studio based on his love of aviation and Italy (vis. ''Anime/PorcoRosso''). Unfortunately the wrong characters were chosen to represent "Ghibli" in Japanese based on a mispronunciation (the word is actually pronounced "ghee-blee" in Italian) but Miyazaki didn't discover this until after he'd already named the studio. He has since pronounced himself satisfied with the "jiblee" pronunciation even though it's technically wrong.
Several Maserati automobiles and at least one modern fighter plane have also been named Ghibli, which means "hot wind off the desert". This is actually a Libyan word -- the Italian equivalent is "Scirocco" -- and it refers to a particular wind that sweeps across the Sahara.
Trope namer for GhibliHills. Has absolutely nothing to do with the [[WebAnimation/HomestarRunner jibblies]].
To date, StudioGhibli has produced the following movies:
* ''Manga/NausicaaOfTheValleyOfTheWind'', directed by Creator/HayaoMiyazaki (1984) (Technically, Studio Ghibli didn't exist yet when this one was made. However, the team behind it formed the studio, and it was included in Ghibli and Creator/{{Disney}}'s dubbing deal.[[note]]The deal was originally with Tokuma Shoten, the manga publisher that formerly owned Studio Ghibli and produced the film.[[/note]])
* ''Anime/CastleInTheSky'', directed by Hayao Miyazaki (1986)
* ''Anime/MyNeighborTotoro'', directed by Hayao Miyazaki (1988)
* ''Anime/GraveOfTheFireflies'', directed by IsaoTakahata (1988)
* ''Anime/KikisDeliveryService'', directed by Hayao Miyazaki (1989)
* ''Anime/OnlyYesterday'', directed by Isao Takahata (1991)
* ''Anime/PorcoRosso'', directed by Hayao Miyazaki (1992)
* ''Anime/OceanWaves'', directed by Tomomi Mochizuki (1993) (TV movie, a.k.a. ''I Can Hear the Sea'')
* ''Anime/PomPoko'', directed by Isao Takahata (1994)
* ''Anime/WhisperOfTheHeart'', directed by Yoshifumi Kondo (1995)
* ''Anime/PrincessMononoke'', directed by Hayao Miyazaki (1997)
* ''Anime/MyNeighborsTheYamadas'', directed by Isao Takahata (1999)
* ''Anime/SpiritedAway'', directed by Hayao Miyazaki (2001)
* ''Anime/TheCatReturns'', directed by Hiroyuki Morita (2002)
* ''[[Anime/HowlsMovingCastle Howl's Moving Castle]]'', directed by Hayao Miyazaki (2004)
* ''Anime/TalesFromEarthsea'', directed by Goro Miyazaki (2006)
* ''Anime/PonyoOnTheCliffByTheSea'', directed by Hayao Miyazaki (2008)
* ''Anime/{{Arrietty}}'', known in North America as ''The Secret World of Arrietty'' and based on ''Literature/TheBorrowers'', directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi (2010)
* ''Anime/FromUpOnPoppyHill'', directed by Goro Miyazaki (2011) (a.k.a. ''Kokuriko-zaka kara'')
* ''Anime/TheWindRises'' (2013) directed by Hayao Miyazaki, based on a manga he did during the 2000s about the creator of a Japanese fighter plane during WWII
* ''Anime/TheTaleOfPrincessKaguya'', directed by Isao Takahata (2013) (a.k.a. ''The Legend of the Bamboo Cutter'')
* ''Anime/WhenMarnieWasThere'', directed by Hiromasa Yonebayashi (July 2014) (a.k.a. "Memories of Marnie")
As do many other Asian studios, they have also worked on the following productions as a support studio through their C unit (Creator/HayaoMiyazaki runs the A unit and Isao Takahata runs the B unit; their C unit is random):
* ''Manga/AzumangaDaioh'' (Backgrounds)
* ''Anime/BeastWarsII'' (Finish Animation)
* ''[[Manga/BirdyTheMighty Birdy the Mighty: Decode]]'' (In-Between Animation)
* ''Manga/BlackLagoon'' (Art Boards, episode 24)
* ''Anime/BubblegumCrisis Tokyo 2040'' (Finish Animation)
* ''[[Anime/LeChevalierDEon Le Chevalier d'Eon]]'' (In-Between Animation & Digital Paint)
* ''Manga/CorpsePrincess'' (In-Between Animation)
* Both ''Manga/CardCaptorSakura'' movies (Special Effects)
* ''Manga/CrayonShinChan'' (In-Between Animation)
* ''Manga/DetectiveConan: The Fourteenth Target'' (In-Between Animation)
* ''Manga/{{Devilman}}'' (Animation for the {{OVA}}s)
* ''Anime/ElementalGelade'' (Background Art)
* ''Manga/FlameOfRecca '' (Background Art)
* ''[[Manga/FullmetalAlchemist Fullmetal Alchemist: Brotherhood]]'' (In-Between Animation)
* ''Anime/GhostInTheShell 2: Innocence'' (In-Between Animation)
* ''Manga/GunsmithCats'' (In-Between Animation and Photography for episodes one and two)
* ''Anime/IGPXImmortalGrandPrix'' (In-Between Animation)
* ''{{Manga/Kochikame}}'' (In-Between Animation, series and the first movie)
* ''Anime/LupinIII'' - While some of the people who would later build Ghibli ''were'' involved with some of the early entries (Most notably Miyazaki and Takahata). The company itself provided Animation Cooperation for one of the movies - ''Anime/FarewellToNostradamus''.
* ''Anime/MartianSuccessorNadesico'' (Finish Animation)
* ''Anime/MobileSuitGundam00'' (In-Between Animation)
* ''Anime/NeonGenesisEvangelion'' (Animation Assistance for episode eleven; Co-producers)
** ''Anime/RebuildOfEvangelion'' (In-Between Animation and Production Cooperation for ''You Can (Not) Redo'')
* ''[[WesternAnimation/BatmanTheAnimatedSeries The New Batman Adventures]]'' (Key & In-Between Animation for [[Recap/TheNewBatmanAdventuresE8GrowingPains "Growing Pains"]] though Atsuko Otani, Mariko Matsuo, Takeshi Inamura, Mariko Suzuki, Tamami Yamada, Masaya Saito and Eiji Yamamori)
* ''Anime/OtakuNoVideo'' (In-Between Animation)
* ''Anime/OvermanKingGainer'' (In-Between Animation)
* ''Anime/{{Raideen}}'' (In-Between Animation & Digital Paint, 2007 series)
* ''Anime/RobotCarnival'' (Production Cooperation)
* ''Anime/SCryed'' (In-Between Animation)
* ''Anime/SailorMoon'' (Finish Animation)
* ''Anime/SandsOfDestruction'' (In-Between Animation)
* ''WesternAnimation/SupermanTheAnimatedSeries'' (Key & In-Between Animation for "World's Finest, part 2" through Atsuko Otani, Masako Shinohara, Eiji Yamamori, Takeshi Inamura, Shinsaku Sasaki, Ikuo Kuwana, Mariko Suzuki, Hana Kikuchi, Tamami Yamada, Akiko Teshima and Atsushi Tamura)
* ''Anime/SummerWars'' (Key Animation through Hideaki Yoshio)
* ''Anime/TekkonKinkreet'' (Background Art)
* ''Anime/TengenToppaGurrenLagann'' (In-Between & Finish Animation)
* ''Manga/{{Trigun}}'' (Key & In-Between Animation)
* ''Anime/XamdLostMemories'' (In-Between Animation; Photography)
* ''Anime/XxxHOLiC'' (In-Between Animation)
* ''Manga/YoureUnderArrest'' (Cel Painting for the first season, In-Between Animation for the second season)
* ''[[Anime/RedPhotonZillion Zillion]]'' (Finish Animation)
A ''game'' produced cooperatively by Studio Ghibli and Level 5 was released in 2010 with the title of ''NiNoKuni''. Before that, they provided the character designs and artwork for the [=PS2=] monster battler ''MagicPengel'', and allegedly also helped with the art for ''VideoGame/JeanneDArc''.
Has its own [[http://atlasobscura.com/places/ghibli-museum museum]] that shows exclusive short films. The short that evolved into ''{{Ponyo}}'' was first shown here.
Also distributes Western animated films in Japan such as the works of Michel Ocelot, Sylvan Chomet, and Aardman under the Ghibli Museum Library label.
In recent years there has been some concern on the part of Studio Ghibli management over their ongoing lack of a new generation of directors capable of taking over for founding directors Miyazaki and Takahata. Yoshifumi Kondo died prematurely shortly after directing ''Whisper of the Heart'' and Goro Miyazaki's directorial debut ''Tales of Earthsea'' received mixed reviews and was not considered a success. Producer Toshio Suzuki's decision to tap the younger Miyazaki to direct ''Earthsea'' caused a rift between the two Miyazakis, as Hayao believed that Goro was not ready to direct a film, a belief that the film's subsequent performance appeared to confirm. However, the elder Miyazaki's opinion of the finished film, "It was made honestly, so it was good" did much to repair their relationship, as Japanese culture considers sincerity more praiseworthy than success.
Miyazaki appeared to have chosen ''Borrowers'' director Yonebayashi as his successor. According to interviews with Miyazaki, Studio Ghibli would be shut down if ''Borrowers'' did not do well enough at the box office to allow Ghibli to secure financial backing for another film. ''Borrowers'' did relatively well (over 80 percent of ''Ponyo'''s receipts), enough to to ensure backing for their next film, Goro Miyazaki's ''From Up On Poppy Hill'', Japan's top-grossing film in 2011 and winner of the Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year. The critical and commercial success of the younger Miyazaki's second film appears to have secured him a place as one of his father's successors as well as the future of the studio.
Losses on ''Kaguya'' and lack of profit on ''Marnie'', however, have put the studio's future in question. Goro directed ''RonjaTheRobbersDaughter'' as a TV co-production with Polygon Pictures, but no movies are currently in production at Ghibli and Yonabayashi has left the studio.