text:
Representation to include Raigar/Jatia Caste as Schedule Caste in Gujarat State under Article 341 of the Constitution of India
September 20, 2009
The Hon'ble Chief Minister,
Government of Gujarat,
Dear Sir,
Sub: Representation to include Raigar/Jatia Caste as Schedule Caste
in Gujarat State under Article 341 of the Constitution of India
in Gujarat State under Article 341 of the Constitution of India
The All India Raigar Mahasabha forwards the present representation to your goodselves with a belief that the Raigar/Jatia community may be declared as Schedule Caste in the State of Gujarat in terms of Article 341 of the Constitution of India.
Brief History:
The Raigar, Raiger, Rehgar or Regar, spelt in various forms, is a community of leather tanners. They are also known as Jatia. The word "Raigar" is a corrupt form of Raingaya, i.e. those who engage themselves in leather tanning. The Raigar community embraces its origin in 7-8th century and since then marked their presence in Rajasthan. They migrated from the erstwhile State of Rajputana (now known as "Rajasthan") to different parts of India in the drought poised to earn their livelihood way back in 19th and 20th century to various states including the State of Gujarat from Rajasthan. They converse among themselves in Marwari and use the Devanagari and Gujrati script for writing.
Subgroups/ Gotras:
There are three subgroups, namely Raigar and Jatia. Marriages take place among all the three. These subgroups are further divided into about 450 numbers of clans (gotras), such as Bandarwal, Dhuriya, Jajoria, Kankheria, Rachoiya, Mauria, Jaggarwal, Atolia, Jaluthria, Dotania, Devatwal, Sablania, Jatolia, Sunwasia, Balotia, Khatnavalia, Chorotia Bakolia, Fulwaria, Singhadia, Nogia, Kurdia, Khorwal, Bansiwal, Barolia, Dolia, Bora, Gusaiwal, Sonkaria, Tongaria, etc…
The traditional occupation of the Raigars is the tanning of hides and skins and the colouring of leather. Some of them have now started making shoes, chappals, pagarkhis/jutis. A tiny section of Raigars community has taken up other occupations, like service, tailoring, masonry, labour and jute bag repairing. The Raigars are a landless community.Religion:
They are Hindus and worship Bhagwan Ravidas, Lord Shiva, Ramdevpir, Hanuman, Bhairo and Ganesha etc. Women take part in social, ritual and religious festivals and fairs like Holi, Diwali, Dussehra, Teej, Gangore, and Ramdeojee ka Mela. They profess Hinduism and worship Shankar, Lakshmi, Durga, Hanuman and Ganesh. Sacred specialists are from their own community. Their sacred centres are Hardwar, Gangaji, Lohagar, Triveni, Gaya, Siddhpur, Chanod etc.
Indian society historically had a rigid, occupation-based, hierarchical caste system in which the relative place of a caste in the social hierarchy was determined largely by its traditional occupation. In particular, those performing 'unclean' or supposedly 'polluting' tasks viz. Raigar came to be regarded not merely as 'low' castes but as untouchables which has resulted in great injustice to the members of the concerned castes because they were discriminated against in every respect, and denied ownership of productive assets like land, as well as basic rights like education and equality, which resulted in perpetuation of extreme socio-economic deprivation of members of Raigar community in addition to other depressed classes.Social Status:
The Raigar community, since long, has been a "depressed community" and witnessing extreme social, educational and economic backwardness arising out of the traditional practice. Since their migration into the State of Gujarat and rendering their services in building the state of Gujarat, the social, educational and economic condition of an average/common Raigar is miserable. They are unable to send their children for education in higher classes.STATISTICS:
Though the Survey reports and other statistics related to Raigar community must be available with the government, a general statistical data is produced hereunder just to throw light on the miserable position of this weaker section of the society.
Statistical data
Population of Raigars in the State of Gujarat
35,000 (approx.)
Economic status – Per capital income of the members of this community
Rs. 1,000/- – Rs. 1,200/- per month
People below Poverty line (BPL)
Most of them
Educational status - Literacy Rate
10% approx. as against the average of Schedule Caste lying at around 67% as per the Annual Report for 2008-09 of Department of Social Welfare.
Representation of SC/ST in State Government service
Negligible – Maximum 10-15 persons out of 35,000
Social security
Not in good shape.
Status in various other states
This depressed community has been declared by the Union of India, State Government of Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh, Union Territory of Chandigarh and Delhi. Copies of the relevant notifications issued by the aforementioned Union of India and various States are enclosed herewith as annexure "A" and "B" for your kind perusal.Status of earlier Representations made to State Government :
The Raigar Panchayat Samiti, Gujarat state, Ahmedabad made several representations to the Government of Gujarat to include the Raigar/Jatia caste in the Schedule Caste List. A copy of the said representation made to the Government of Gujarat is annexed herewith for your kind perusal and ready reference as annexure "C". After considering the representations, the Department of Social Welfare, Govt. of Gujarat, vide Letter No. F. No. S.C.05/1098/M-28/H dated 28th October 1998 directed to conduct the survey of the population and the status of Raigar(s) community residing in the state of Gujarat.
Pursuant to the aforementioned directions, the Research Officer of the Department of Social Welfare conducted a door-to-door survey at Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Deesa, Gandhidham, Jamnagar etc. A copy of the said Survey Report which is available with the Government shows that Raigar are living in pathetic condition in the State of Gujarat.
The statistics and the Survey Report of the Government would reveal clear picture regarding the socio-economic, educational backwardness, in-adequate representation and unequal status of this depressed, despicable and helpless fraction of the society.
Since the Raigars are not getting any benefit of the Government Schemes meant for economically and socially backward persons, as the community of Raigars are not incorporated in the Notification declaring them as member of Schedule Caste issued by the state of Gujarat despite the fact that the said community has been declared by the Union of India, State Government of Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh Union Territory of Chandigarh and Delhi.
Since the community of Raigars has not been notified as Schedule Caste by the State of Gujarat, we are forwarding the present representation so that this depressed class may be declared as Schedule Caste in terms of Article 341 of the Constitution of India and be given the apposite support so that this weaker section may be able to fight with social and economic backwardness in which they are living.
The status of Scheduled Caste should be granted to the Raigar/ Jatia community to ensure the advancement of these socially and educationally backward citizens and providing them a fair opportunity to bring them at par with other segments of the community. The provision of Scheduled Caste status should be and must be adopted to advance the prospects of this weaker section of the society. Reservations should be granted to ensure the advancement of these socially and educationally backward citizens to make them equal with other segments of the community. Reservation should be and must be adopted to advance the prospects of the weaker sections of society.
Also, Dr. Ambedkar in the Constituent Assembly has regarding equality said that "… We must begin by acknowledging the facts that there is complete absence of two things in India society. One of these is equality. On the social plane, we have in India society based on the principle of graded inequality which means elevation for some and degradation for others. On the economic plane, we have a society in which there are some who have immense wealth as many who live in abject poverty".
Further, Dr Rajendra Prasad at the concluding address of the Constituent Assembly stated that "… To all we give the assurance that it will be our Endeavour to end poverty and squalor, and its companions hunger and disease to abolish distinction and exploitation and to ensure decent conditions of living. We are embarking on a great task. We hope that in this we shall have the unstinted service and cooperation of all our people and the sympathy and support of all the Communities".
The link between "caste" and its "occupation" is an unbreakable bondage to which the cast system has condemned the backward classes. Whether a backward caste man carries on his traditional occupation or not, he continues to be socially identified with the said occupation. The link between the caste and the occupation has not been served for thousands of years and it cannot be broken by arguments and theories. The ground reality is that every caste in every village is identified by its traditional occupation. It is pointed out, for example, that throughout the country in 6.5 lakh villages, it is a barber communities carry traditional occupation of hair cuttings and no other community has taken up the said occupation.
The Constitution never prohibits the practice of caste and castism. Every activity in Hindu society from cradle to grave is carried solely on the basis of one's caste. Even after death, a Hindu is not allowed to cremate in the crematorium which is maintained for the exclusive use of the other caste or community. Dalits are not permitted to be buried in graves or cremated in crematoriums where upper caste people bury or cremate their dead. Christians have their own graveyards. Muslims are not allowed to be buried in the Hindu Crematoriums and vice-versa. Thus, caste rules the roost in the life of a Hindu and even after his death. In such circumstances, it is entirely fallacious to advance this argument on the ground that the Constitution has prohibited the use of caste.
The Constitution of India provides several special safeguards for the Scheduled Castes, so as to ensure that they are able to attain equality with the other social groups in the shortest possible time. These safeguards enable reservation in Government jobs, elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies etc.
Moreover, another leading authority in the field of social class theory also identifies caste with hereditary status. He attempts to tie his interpretation with the situation in India a procedure not often followed by the other sociologists. He writes thus,
"Caste as unchangeable status:- the feudal order approximated to a caste system. When status is wholly predetermined so that men are born to their lot in life without hope of changing it then class takes the extreme form of caste. This is the situation in Hindu society." Every Hindu necessarily belongs to the caste of his parents and in that caste he inevitably remains. No accumulation of wealth and no exercise of talents can alter his caste status and marriage outside his caste is prohibited or severely discouraged. Caste is a complete barrier to the mobility of class."Constitutional footing:
Article 341 of the Constitution of India, define as to who would be Schedule Castes & Scheduled Tribes with respect to any state or Union Territory. The relevant Constitutional articles are quoted below:-
"341 (1) The president may with respect to any State or Union Territory and where it is a State after consultation with the Governor thereof, by public notification specify the castes races or tribes or parts of or groups within castes races or tribes which shall for the purposes of his Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union Territory as the case may be."
"341 (2) The President may with respect to any State or Union Territory and where it is a State after consultation with the Governor thereof by public notification specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall for the purpose of this Constitution be deemed to be Schedule Tribes in relation to that State or Union Territory, as the case may be".
The object to declare a particular caste as schedule caste under Article 341 of the Constitution of India is to provide additional protection to the members of the scheduled caste having regard to social and educational backwardness which they have suffered for considerable length of time. The determination of the caste would depend upon several factors, including customary law. As Raigar community is socially and educationally backward due to having their poor background and involved in traditional business.
The Supreme Court of India has also observed in Akhil Bhartiya Soshit Karmachari Sangh v/s. Union of India reported in AIR 1981 SC 298 that "there are sufficient indications in the Constitution that the Scheduled Castes are not mere castes. They may be something less or something more and the time badge is not the fact that the members belong to caste but the circumstances that they belong to an indescribably backward human group."
The Preamble of the Constitution resolves to constitute the country into a secular democratic republic securing therein to all its citizens, in furtherance to justice, social economic and political liberty of thought, expression and belief, faith and worship; Equality of status and opportunity and to promote among all fraternity, assuring dignity of an individual. To achieve this ideal and objective, the Constitution, while guaranteeing the right to equality before law (Article 14), prohibiting discrimination (Article 15) and ensuring equality of opportunity in the matter of public employment (Article 16) as Fundamental Rights, also enjoins on the State to strive to promote the Welfare of the people by securing and protecting, as effectively as it may, a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of the national life [Article 38(1)], and "in particular strive to minimize the inequalities in income and endeavour to eliminate inequalities in Status, facilities and opportunities" [Article 38(2)].
Further, Article 46 states that "the State shall promote with special care, the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people and in particular, of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation". Thus, special status has been assigned and certain safeguards have been provided to them in the Constitution.
Thus, the object is not only noble and action bona fide keeping with the avowed policy of the State in striving for building up a socialistic pattern of society but also keeping with the directive principles laid down in the Constitution. There is a reasonable nexus between the classification and the object in view, that it is in the consonance with the directive principles of the Constitution without offending the Fundamental Rights enshrined under it.
The Supreme Court of India further observed in Akhil Bhartiya Shoshit Karmachari Sangh (supra) that "……the Constitution provides not merely for adequate representation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts under the Union and States, but also provides for reservation of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Legislatures. It is beyond any doubt that the founding fathers have assigned to them a special place and shown towards them special concern and charged the State with special mandates to redeem these handicapped human sectors from their grossly retarded situation. Indeed, they are not merely backward but are the backward most and cannot be equated with just any other caste in the Hindu fold."
Equality clauses contained in Articles 14, 15 and 16 of the Constitution of India may in certain situations have to be considered as the basic structure/features of the Constitution of India. The Constitution of India professes to bring the socially and educationally backward people to the forefront. Only for the purpose of invoking the equality clause, the makers of the Constitution thought of protective discrimination and affirmative action. Such recourse to protective discrimination and affirmative action had been thought of to do away with social disparities. So long as social disparities among groups of people are patent and one class of citizens in spite of best efforts cannot effectively avail equality of opportunity due to social and economic handicaps, the policy of affirmative action must receive the appropriate attention. Thus, affirmative action in essence and spirit involves classification of people as backward class of citizens and those who are not backward class of citizens.
The grant of this social status to the Raigar/ Jatia Community as Scheduled Caste by your goodselves would entitle them for a preferential treatment by the State and play a vital role in ensuring the implementation of Constitutional safeguards in the matters like entry into public services and public sector enterprises, award of scholarships, admission to educational institutions including technical and medical colleges, allotment of lands, contesting elections to State Vidhan Sabha, Municipal Corporations, Gram Panchayats etc. to this despicable and helpless community.
Sociological conditions of the Raigar/ Jatia community prevailing in the State of Gujarat, thus, demands leverage to be advanced to them by the State and a provision of preference to this class which is embedded in our constitutional scheme vide Art. 14, 15, 16, so that the members of this Community may be able to combat their degraded and subservient position, come to the forefront and join hands in the overall development of the State.
Sir, since most of the members of this depressed class are earning their livelihood with occupation in leather tanning and allied sector and since without any aid and facilitation from the Government of Gujarat, and further due to lack of education, the members of this down trodden class of society are confronting terrible and horrifying days, which is making it difficult for a member of this helpless community to sufficiently earn and manage bread and butter for two times a day; more so in the times when the whole State of Gujarat is rejoicing the golden period as "Vibrant Gujarat".
This despicable and helpless community, thus, looks forward with high hopes towards your goodselves to provide an opportunity of overall upliftment by according it a status of Scheduled Caste, so that this weaker section may gain a respectable socio-educational-economic status in the society and be an active part of the dream coming true being Vibrant Gujarat in its true sense.
Jai Hind.
Yours Faithfully
On behalf of The All India Raigar Mahasabha
Laduram Gusaiwal Mishrilal Sunwasia
Udaram Baroliya Tarachand Fulwadia
Baluram Jajoria Bhanwarlal Singhadia
Jagannath Chordia Devendra kumar Kurdia
Gopilal Kurdia Bharatkumar Gusaiwal
Punamchand Sunwasiya Manoharlal Bakoliya
Ramchandra Gusaiwal Nandkishore Fulwaria
Jagadish Devatwal Dashrath Bhatt
Revatram Khorwal Shrinarayan Devatwal
Girdharilal Dolia Khemaram Balotia
Durgaram Singhadia Hariram Bansiwal
Girdharilal Changeriwal Asulal Kurdia
Copy to:- for similar necessary action -
- The Hon'ble Minister, Social Justice and Empowerment, Govt. of Gujrat, Ghandhinagar.
- The Hon'ble Chairman, National Commission of Scheduled Caste, New Delhi.
- The Hon'ble Leader of Opposition, Legislative Assembly,Govt. of Gujrat, Gandhinagar.
- The Hon'ble Chief Secretary, Govt. of Gujrat, Ghandhinagar.
- The Hon'ble Minister, Social Justice and Empowerment, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
- Shri Lal Krishna Advani, Hon'ble Member of Parliament, Gandhinagar.
- Shri Harin Pathak, Hon'ble Member of Parliament, Ahmedabad.


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YSI ProODO Dissolved Oxygen Meter
Handheld, luminescent based dissolved oxygen meter for any field application
1 in stock
Mo-Th 8am to 5:30pm. Fr 8am to 5pm ET
- Part number 626281
- Manufactured by YSI
- Dissolved Oxygen (% saturation)
- Range: 0 to 500% air saturation
- Accuracy: up to ±1% of the reading
- Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
- Range: 0 to 50 mg/L
- Accuracy: up to ±0.1 mg/L or ±1% of reading
- Temperature
- Range: -5 to 70°C
- Accuracy: ±0.2°C
- Barometer
- Range: 375 to 825 mmHg
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- Stores up to 2000 data sets
- Easy to read graphic, backlit display and keypad
- USB connection allows interaction with powerful desktop Data Manager software
The YSI ProODO™ handheld dissolved oxygen meter provides extreme durability for the measurement of optical, luminescent based dissolved oxygen for any field application. Suitable for extreme fieldwork, the YSI ProODO™ is rated to IP-67 standards even without the battery cover on. Additionally, the YSI ProODO™ handheld dissolved oxygen meter features a tough rubber over-molded case, military spec (MS) connectors and a rugged, weighted probe guard.
Underneath the tough exterior of the YSI ProODO™ lies a precision instrument. Capable of dissolved oxygen readings in both percent saturation (range: 0 to 500% air saturation) and mg/L (range: 0 to 50 mg/L), the ProODO™ has an accuracy of up to ±1% and response time of T90 in approximately 25 seconds. Results are shown on backlit display. An internal memory can store up to 2,000 data-sets. Data Manager software is included allowing users to download or export data, configure instruments, and conduct real-time studies. Data can be viewed either in tabular form or graphically.
The YSI ProODO™ handheld dissolved oxygen meter utilizes "smart" digital sensor technology which stores calibration data within the sensor. This allows probes to be placed on any YSI ProODO™ instrument without re-calibration.
The YSI ProODO optical dissolved oxygen meter ships complete with meter, manual, batteries, communications saddle, USB cable, and Data Manager software. Cables must be ordered separately.

subset: commoncrawl


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Upland Chronicles: Atchley Funeral Home was established in 1920
With two horse-drawn hearses and a Model T Ford hearse, Jim Atchley founded Atchley Funeral Home on March 1, 1920. The funeral business was a sideline for People's Furniture Company, which he operated with his brother Charles "Charlie" Atchley, who had just returned from serving in World War I. Charlie Atchley later sold his interest in the company to Jim, who became the sole owner.
James Harrison "Jim" Atchley was born Jan. 3, 1889, in the Catlettsburg community, where he was raised on a farm. On Feb. 23, 1916, he married Blanche Kyker, and they had three sons, Blaine, Bill, and Harold. Blaine and Harold made the funeral business their career as well.
Jim Atchley was involved in his community. He was a member and deacon of the First Baptist Church in Sevierville, and he was active in civic organizations. He served several terms as alderman and once served a term as state representative.
The first location of the business was on the north side of West Main Street in a two-story brick building. In the beginning, most of the caskets were sold over the counter and loaded on a wagon or truck; the funeral was handled by the community. Some caskets were sold with the handles sold separately.
During the Great Depression, Jim Atchley formed Atchley's Mutual Burial Association. Members paid premiums based on their age, ranging from 15 cents for a young child to 50 cents for a senior adult. An assessment was mailed to members each time a certain number of members had died. The average time frame was about once every three months.
In 1923, People's Furniture and Undertaking Company moved to the old Public Square in the old Yett Building on the northwest corner of the square.
In 1928, Jim Atchley graduated from Gupton-Jones School of Embalming in Nashville, where he was taught the art and science of funeral directing and embalming. The school had two faculty members to teach students the courses in mortuary science. He was the first licensed embalmer in Sevier County.
The company began the first ambulance service in Sevier County in January 1929 with a fully equipped automobile, which was purchased from Meteor Motor Car Company in Piqua, Ohio, for $2,000. Traditions changed, and those things that were once done at home began to take place at the funeral home, which eventually separated from the furniture store and became a business of its own.
In 1933, Atchley's moved to the southeast corner of the public square and the old Murphy Brick Building, which was built in 1900.
The funeral home moved to the present location at 118 E. Main St. in 1948. Known as the Penland-Blair House, the handsome two-story Victorian home was built by attorney James R. Penland in 1897. Architect Martin E. Parmlee of Knoxville designed the building, which was constructed by contractor William L. Murphy of Sevierville.
Penland moved to Knoxville in 1906, and the home was rented for about a year. In 1907, he sold the home to Frank E. Woody. Hugh C. Blair Sr. and his wife Julia Kate "Katie" Thomas Blair purchased the house in 1910. Hugh C. Blair Sr. died in 1929, and his son and daughter-in-law, Hugh C. Jr. and Robbie Houk Blair, lived there until they sold the home to Atchley in 1948.
The building has undergone extensive changes over the past 66 years. Today the old building has been totally encased between new walls and a new roof. The facility was first modified in 1951 with the addition of a chapel, measuring 32 feet by 55 feet. The new section with a stone façade is fronted with a protective overhang, supported by small pillars.
In the late 1950s, the family operated a branch in Gatlinburg, located on Highway 321. At that time Gatlinburg was still a seasonal town, and the venture only lasted for a few years before closing.
Jim Atchley died Feb. 26, 1969, at age 80. His funeral service was held March 1, 1969, the 49th anniversary of the establishment of the funeral home.
In 1969, another addition was added to the east side of the building, extending toward the street. In 1980, the gables on the original house were removed and a new roof was constructed over the entire structure.
When the Sevier County Ambulance Service was established in 1973, Atchley Funeral Home discontinued the ambulance service they had provided for 44 years.
By this time, the third generation of the Atchley family played an active role in the family business. They included Jim Atchley, son of Blaine; and Chuck and Albert Atchley, sons of Harold. Chuck resigned from the business, and Jim and Albert became partners with their fathers at a time when the industry was changing drastically
Jim and Albert kept ahead of the pace, making it easy to transition into a new era of funeral service. In 1988, D.J. Atchley, son of Harold, joined Blaine, Harold, Jim and Albert in full-time service at the funeral home. The deaths of Blaine in 1991 and his son Jim in 1992, along with the semi-retirement of Harold, left the direction of the business in the hands of Albert and D.J.
In the 1990s, the funeral industry was undergoing a major shift as large corporations bought out family-owned funeral businesses at an alarming pace. Instead of selling out, the Atchleys purchased a funeral home and cemetery. In 1997, Atchley Funeral Home acquired Smoky Mountain Memory Gardens and Funeral Home in Pigeon Forge.
Atchley's acquired the property located on the west side of the funeral home in 1995 and converted a section of the multi-use building into the West Chapel in 1997.
In 2003, the Atchleys opened a new funeral home in Seymour along with Atchley's Seymour Memorial Gardens. Albert's sons, Adam and Reed, have now joined their father and uncle as current owners of Atchley Funeral Home.
Harold Atchley once served as president of the Tennessee Funeral Directors Association and served several terms as a member of the Sevier County Commission. He also served as coroner of Sevier County for several years. Harold died Aug. 14, 2008, at age 85. His older brother Bill, 88, had died three days earlier.
Few Sevier County businesses of any kind can match the longevity, the rich tradition, and the incomparable service provided by four generations of the Atchley family. The Atchleys have earned an impeccable reputation by serving the needs of Sevier County families with dignity during their most vulnerable situations, for 94 years.
Carroll McMahan is the special projects facilitator for the Sevierville Chamber of Commerce and serves as Sevier County historian.
The Upland Chronicles series celebrates the heritage and past of Sevier County. If you have suggestions for future topics, would like to submit a column or have comments, please contact Carroll McMahan at 453-6411, email email@example.com; or Ron Rader at 604-9161, email firstname.lastname@example.com


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'You Shape It' Plasticine Works
Cool and cutting-edge are two terms not typically associated with Microsoft but for its 'You Shape It' campaign, the software giant called upon the Wunderman Zurich agency to come up with an ingenious interactive platform for MS users. Wunderman Zurich in turn commissioned the creative skills of Keepa and Eugene Rudyy to create this rad plasticine characters and surreal landscapes.
More Pics


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Explore Wild Walk Before You Arrive
You can experience Wild Walk now. A trail across the treetops. Opened to the world, starting July 4, 2015, 10:00 a.m.
You can experience Wild Walk now. A trail across the treetops. Opened to the world, starting July 4, 2015, 10:00 a.m.
"The wonderful Wild Center..."
"linger in this glorious place..."
"..paradis pour les environmentalistes.."
"...the place to go.."
"a very interactive place.."
"Stunning state-of the-art museum..."
"Don't miss The Wild Center.."
"Family Fun Editor's Pick"
"...highlight of your visit.."
The Institute of Museum and Library Services named The Wild Center on of 15 museum finalists for the National Medal for Museum and Library Service. The medal is the nation's highest honor for museums, recognizing institutions for their extraordinary public service and remarkable contributions to their communities.
Throughout the year there are eXpeditions, snowshoe hikes, guided birding walks, BYOB (boat!) trips, talks and more. Find out more.
There's a day's worth of things to see and do at the 54,000-square-foot Center and on our 81-acre campus.
Come explore the exhibit halls, meet one of our many animals at an animal encounter, take a woodland walk down to the Raquette River, join us for a live show, or watch one of many amazing films produced by The Wild Center. It's all covered by your single admission.
Wild Walk is open too, a chance to walk over the tree tops, and explore life the way it's lived on the wilder side.
The Wild Center's movie, A Matter of Degrees, narrated by Sigourney Weaver, was a finalist at the Banff Mountain Film Festival and first prize winner at the National Association for Interpretation. Filmed exclusively for The Wild Center's wide screen, it's screened each day.
Get a fast and easy email note about all the upcoming Wild Center events.
We have an entire hall dedicated to this giant globe experience where you can see the whole planet, and tons of stories that you can only really see from a space-age view.


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Recipe: Sauteed Zucchini and Squash with Thyme and Feta
Zucchini seems to gets a bit of a bum rap which I think is a little unfortunate. People write it off as flavorless and boring, but I happen to quite like it. It's sort of like the skinless chicken breast of the vegetable world. There's not a whole lot to it but it's a great vehicle for flavor. In this dish I combine it with sweet red onion, woodsy thyme and finish it off with the salty punch of feta cheese.
The sautéed zucchini and squash would be great with something simple like chicken breasts rubbed with olive oil and sprinkled with marjoram and roasted in the oven with and handful or two of cherry tomatoes. Perfect for an easy weeknight dinner.
Sauteed Squash with Thyme and Feta
2 tablespoons extra-virgin olive oil
1/2 red onion, diced
2 teaspoons fresh thyme leaves
2 cups diced squash, such as summer or yellow squash and/or zucchini
Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper
1/4 cup crumbled feta
Heat a large sauté pan over high heat for 2 minutes. Add the olive oil, red onion, and thyme. Saute for about 1 minute, until the onion is soft and then add the squash. Season with 1 teaspoon of salt and a couple grindings of black pepper and cook for about 4 to 5 minutes, until the squash is tender and has a little color. Scoop the squash into a serving bowl and scatter over the crumbled feta. Serve immediately.


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text:
Best Reading Series St. Louis 2003 - Left Bank Books
399 N Euclid Ave
St. Louis, MO 63108
This one's a gimme. The only reading series in town that consistently brings interesting authors to our burg is the endless round of events at Left Bank Books. Going to Left Bank means communing with apoplectic obsessives such as Michael Light, author of Full Moon, who turned NASA's archive of lunar photographs into a life-changing coffee-table book. It means trading quips with Calvin Trillin and cooking tips with Anthony "Kitchen Confidential" Bourdain. It means learning firsthand what an arrogant mother Garrison Keillor is and what a gracious man Mark "Blackhawk Down" Bowden is. The Left Bank readings put you in touch with the talented and famous, nearly always for free. The only problem? The store's too small for a reading by the likes of Antiques Roadshow furniture experts and twin brothers Leslie and Leigh Keno -- on a night like the one when these guys did their shtick, it's easy to wish that Left Bank had more than a tiny patch for 25 or so audience seats.


text:
Letter: Effort should go to bring flights to local airport
Excuse me! Just read your editorial, "Cheap Flights to the Smokies?" I definitely agree that Sevier County can benefit from Knoxville having less expensive flights but, why just through Knoxville?
Knoxville has had several less expensive flights but for various reasons tend to lose those carriers. Competition and pressure from existing carriers or docking fees, who knows? We can do better than align ourselves with Knox County.
How nice it would be to board American Airlines, U.S. Air, United, Air Tran or Allegiant from the Sevierville Airport? We overhear passengers commenting, while circling and landing, on how beautiful Knoxville is, how lovely are all the Loudon Lakes, etc. I love flying to Charlotte as the flight pattern allows a birds eye view of Pigeon Forge and Gatlinburg. I sit eagerly, waiting impatiently from my aerial position of beloved Gatlinburg and Pigeon Forge. I get goosebumps. What a nice analogy for advertisers.
Let's wake up. Gatlinburg, Pigeon Forge, Sevierville, Kodak and Pittman Center are the entry doors to the Smokies or lie immediately adjacent to the Smokies. Let's put our monies together and work toward this end. Let's, we Sevier Countians, form our own relationship with air carriers. What a new advertising campaign thrust, one which is dynamic, energetic and promises profits, is available to Sevier County. It's a new door which beckons to be open.
Years ago, while operating one of our retail shops on the Parkway in Gatlinburg, we had the pleasure of a relationship with customers from Birmingham. The couple loved snow. The husband adored his beautiful wife and wanted her to see and be able to enjoy The Great Smoky Mountains and the sensuality of snow falling on one's face and lips as they walked blissfully through Gatlinburg. They loved the "hiss" of wet logs dusted with snow being tossed into a roaring fire. The ambiance and closeness of a beautiful tourist city, vibrant, alive, bustling yet hushed with layers of snow.
To make a long story short, the moment weather reports predicted snow, or if we saw a snowflake, we phoned them immediately. The couple donned their furs, boarded their private airplane and flew directly into Sevierville Airport.
Combining our talents/monies with Knoxville for more conducive fares is fine but why not research the idea of bringing tourists directly into Sevierville, depositing tourists at Gatlinburg, Pigeon Forge and Sevierville doors. We have a beautiful airport, wonderful cabins, motels and hotel accommodations; delicious restaurants, wonderful shops and entertainment which are feasible 12 months our of the year, why split our monies with Knoxville?A local airport directed at the tourist trade ups the ante, brings in well-heeled groups/conventions/families and carries a connotation of prestige and certainly sets one apart. Wow! An advertisers' dream.
Linda Morton Norton


text:
Instruments and methods for reducing and stabilizing bone fractures are presented. One method provides for cutting a portion of a bone having a fracture to create a cavity, wherein the cavity is substantially axisymmetric, and expanding the volume of the cavity thereby reducing the fracture. The fracture may be further reduced and/or stabilized by adding a material, such as an implant, in-situ curable material and/or in-situ hardenable material.
1. A method treating bone comprising the steps of:
forming a passage in a vertebra;
forming a cavity in the vertebra by cutting cancellous bone, wherein a first portion of the cavity is defined by a first exposed vertebral endplate, wherein the first exposed vertebral endplate is exposed by cutting cancellous bone, and a second portion of the cavity is defined by a second exposed vertebral endplate, wherein the second exposed vertebral endplate is exposed by cutting cancellous bone;
providing an inflatable device configured for expansion;
introducing the inflatable device configured for expansion into the cavity; and
expanding the inflatable device configured for expansion to provide a distraction force sufficient to reduce a bone fracture.
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21. A method for treating bone comprising the steps of:
forming a passage in a vertebra along a linear axis;
providing a tissue cavitation device;
forming a cavity in the vertebra with the tissue cavitation device by cutting bone, the cavity including a first exposed region of a vertebral endplate, wherein the first exposed region is centrally located on the vertebral endplate;
providing an inflatable device configured for expansion; and
expanding the inflatable device configured for expansion within the cavity to provide a distraction force sufficient to reduce a bone fracture.
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45. A method for treating bone comprising the steps of:
forming a passage in a vertebra;
providing a tissue cavitation device, wherein the tissue cavitation device includes a deformable cutting element;
inserting the tissue cavitation device into the passage;
forming a cavity in the vertebra along cortical bone within a central portion of the vertebra, wherein the cavity is formed with the flexible cutting element of the tissue cavitation device;
providing an inflatable device configured for expansion;
inserting the inflatable device into the cavity formed along cortical bone within the central portion of the vertebra; and
expanding the inflatable device to provide a distraction force.
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a shaft having a diameter and a longitudinal axis, wherein the flexible cutting element is associated with the shaft, wherein the flexible cutting element is configured to assume a first shape for insertion and configured to assume a second shape suitable for forming a tissue cavity having a diameter greater than the diameter of the shaft when the shaft is rotated about the longitudinal axis of the shaft.
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70. A method for treating bone comprising the steps of:
forming a passage in a vertebra along a linear axis;
providing a tissue cavitation device;
forming a cavity in the vertebra with the tissue cavitation device by separating bone, wherein the cavity is formed with rotational actuation of the tissue cavitation device, the cavity including a first exposed region of a vertebral endplate, wherein the first exposed region is centrally located on the vertebral endplate;
providing an inflatable device configured for expansion; and
expanding the inflatable device configured for expansion within the cavity to provide a distraction force sufficient to reduce a bone fracture.
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This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/575,635 filed May 28, 2004.
The present invention generally relates to instruments and methods for application with skeletal disorders, and, in particular relates to instruments and methods for the reduction and stabilization of skeletal fractures.
Fracture reduction and/or stabilization are generally practiced to substantially restore or repair skeletal structures to their pre-fractured state. In practice, materials, such as in-situ curable materials (e.g., bone cements) and/or implants are often used to help stabilize fractured bone. In one clinical procedure known as vertebroplasty, bone cement is injected into a fractured vertebral body to stabilize bone fragments. This and other procedures may also additionally use one or a number of devices for reduction and stabilization of a fracture. For vertebroplasty, a device is used to assist in the formation of a cavity in the vertebra prior to injection of the in-situ curable material. Another device used with some procedures is a bone tamp used to reduce the fracture. To date, however,
The present invention solves many problems associated with current methods and devices for reduction, stabilization, restoration, and repair of skeletal fractures.
Generally, and in one form of the present invention provides for methods of reducing and/or stabilizing a fracture in bone. The method includes cutting a portion of the bone having a fracture to create a cavity. The cavity may be substantially axisymmetric and may be cut using any suitable device, such as a tissue cavitation device. The cavity is then expanded to reduce the fracture. A suitable expanding device includes a medical balloon as an example. The expanding device is typically positioned proximate to cortical bone. The fracture may be further reduced by filling the cavity with a material. The material may fully or partially fill the cavity. Examples of suitable materials include implants and in-situ materials that are curable or hardenable. Such materials may be permanent, resorbable, penetrating and combinations thereof. The material filling the cavity offers stabilization to the fracture. Any bone fragments near the fracture may also be stabilized. When suitable, the cutting of a portion of the bone having a fracture is preceded by the formation of at least one passage to the fracture site. Depending on the type of bone having the fracture, the passage(s) may be intracortical, extracortical, intrapedicular, extrapedicular, and combinations thereof.
Those skilled in the art will further appreciate the above-noted features and advantages of the invention together with other important aspects thereof upon reading the detailed description that follows in conjunction with the drawings.
For a more complete understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention, reference is now made to the detailed description of the invention along with the accompanying figures in which corresponding numerals in the different figures refer to corresponding parts and in which:
Although making and using various embodiments of the present invention are discussed in detail below, it should be appreciated that the present invention provides many inventive concepts that may be embodied in a wide variety of contexts. The specific aspects and embodiments discussed herein are merely illustrative of ways to make and use the invention, and do not limit the scope of the invention
In the description which follows like parts may be marked throughout the specification and drawing with the same reference numerals, respectively. The drawing figures are not necessarily to scale and certain features may be shown exaggerated in scale or in somewhat generalized or schematic form in the interest of clarity and conciseness.
Instruments and methods will be disclosed for reducing and stabilizing bone fractures. The method may be useful for fractured bone, including vertebral bone. Typically, vertebral bone fractures in compression. This type of fracture is most common in the thoracic and/or lumbar regions of the spine and may coincide with regions of osteoporotic bone.
Common medical nomenclature may be used when describing aspects of the present invention. As used herein, superior is nearer the head in relation to a specific reference point, inferior is nearer the feet in relation to a specific reference point, anterior is forward in relation to a specific reference point and posterior is rearward in relation to a specific reference point. The midsagittal plane is an imaginary plane dividing the body into a right side and left side. A frontal plane is any imaginary vertical plane orthogonal to the midsagittal plane.
Referring not to
Vertebral 1 of
Continuing to refer to
The term "tissue cavitation device" as used herein will refer to a device useful with the present invention. This device is capable of separating a portion of bone having a fracture and providing a cavity in the portion of the bone including or near the site of the fracture. By use of such a device, the device may separate the bone by cutting, shearing or scraping the bone, as examples. The separation creates a cavity that is typically substantially larger in diameter than the access passage, as shown in
Referring now to
Referring now to
Often, it is desirable to have the height and width of cavity 72 be of similar or equal dimensions. Therefore, an axisymmetric shape of cavity 72 is useful, although non-axisymmetric shapes are also contemplated. For example, device 30, shown in
A further step to reduce the fracture includes expansion of the cavity with an expanding device. The expanding device is one that expands the shape of the cavity in at least one dimension. The device, itself may be involved in the expansion. Alternatively, one or more materials may be used with the device for such expansion. Example of expanding devices are a medical balloon or SKy Bone Expander (Disc Orthopaedic Technologies Inc., N.J., USA). Other suitable expandable means may also be used. Referring now to
In general, because cortical bone is stiffer and stronger as compared with cancellous bone, expanding device 40 may be positioned initially at or in proximity to cortical bone 12. The position of expanding device 40 is typically based on the size, shape, and location of cavity 72. For example, with expanding device 40 as a medical balloon, the top and bottom surface of expandable portion 41 may be initially positioned at or in proximity of cortical bone 12 upon initial pressurization of expandable portion 41. Therefore expandable portion 41 may provide relatively direct distraction forces against superior endplate 8 and inferior endplate 8′ upon pressurization of expandable portion 41. The width of expandable portion 41 relates to the vertical distraction forces expandable portion 41 provides for a given pressure. Relative to passage 70, cavity 72 is typically larger, allowing pressurization of a relatively large expandable portion 41. Thus, for a given pressure, a larger expanding expandable portion 41 would generally provide greater distraction forces. Or, for a required distraction force, a larger expanding portion 41 generally requires lower pressure. Typically, a larger expanding device provides greater surface area for distraction and provides broader, more uniform distraction, while avoiding local pressure concentrations. Referring to
Referring now to
Referring specifically to
The fracture may be further reduced and/or stabilized by any of a number of means, including introduction of a material. Some examples of suitable materials include an implant, a support, an in situ material that is hardenable or curable, and other equivalents. An example of a material used for further reduction is shown in
The instruments and methods presented in this disclosure are used as examples of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will be able to develop modifications and variants that do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Variations include using a porous expanding device. Alternately, an expanding device may be filled with a material (e.g., implant or in-situ material that is curable or hardenable) and subsequently left in the patient to become permanent or later resorbed. It is also understood that the expanding device may be an implant or include an implant and, thus, all or part of the device may remain in cavity 72′. Such implants may be metallic or nonmetallic, coated or noncoated.
Alternate surgical approaches are also within the scope of the present invention. For example the instruments and methods may be used on the right side and left side of a body of a bone, such as in a bipedicular approach for vertebral bone. The present invention is applicable to the reduction and stabilization of any bone or fracture site, including fractured vertebra. Accordingly, the present invention offers restoration and repair of a fractured bone comprising cortical and/or cancellous bone.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention as set forth in the description, will be apparent to one skilled in the art after reading the foregoing detailed description or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out here.
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text:
Stevens: Big Nevada Innings Doom Lobos in 10-1 Mountain West Loss
New Mexico will host UTEP Miners Wednesday at noon in a doubleheader
Stevens: Lobos Give Up Seven In The Fifth to Fall 9-6 to Nevada
The two teams resume the three-game MW series at 6 p.m., Saturday at Lobo Field
Stevens: Bulldog DeBroeck Got Her Softball Start From The Easter Bunny
Lobo senior hurler says she'll have a hard time stepping away from the game she loves
Rebels Shut Out Lobos, 8-0
New Mexico was held to just four hits while UNLV pounded out nine
Stevens: Lobo Softball Opens Mountain West Race At San Diego State
The Aztecs were picked to win the 2013 MW title and have a team strong at the plate and power in the circle
Lobos vs. Colorado State May 11, 2013
The Lobos dropped a 10-5 decision to CSU on May 11, 2013 for its final game of the season. UNM honored seven players following the game.
Lobos vs. Nevada - Sunday, April 21
Photos from the final contest of a three-game series at home against Mountain West foe Nevada on April 21
Lobos vs. Siena (DH) on March 24
The Lobos hosted Siena for a doubleheader on Sunday, March 24. UNM also had a post-game egg hunt with Lobo Louie, Lobo Lucy and the Easter Bunny.
UNM Softball Lobo Classic - vs. Hampton & Bradley
The Lobo softball squad welcomed four teams for the Lobo Classic. Pictures from the games against Hampton & Bradley on Feb. 16.
UNM Softball Lobo Classic - vs. IPFW & Central Michigan
The Lobo softball squad faced IPFW and Central Michigan in its final day of the Lobo Classic on Feb. 17
New Mexico Softball Signs Four in Early Signing Period -- Nov. 19, 2011
FRESHMAN (2013) - Went 1-3 and posted a 5.21 ERA over 15 appearances and six starts in circle...threw three complete games and recorded a shut out win, also her first collegiate win, over IPFW on Feb. 17...allowed 48 hits and recorded 29 strikeouts as a rookie...had an opponent batting average of .267...also had three at-bats...2012-13 Mountain West Scholar-Athlete.
HIGH SCHOOL - Played for coach Ron Rivers at Heritage High school in Brentwood, Calif., ... four-year letterwinner in softball...helped the Patriots to Bay Valley League Conference first-place finishes in 2011 and 2012 and third-place finishes in 2009 and 2010...named first team All-League pitcher 2010-12 and second team All-League pitcher in 2009...named Bay Valley MVP in 2012...named to the Best of Spring All-East Bay Area first team in 2011 and 2012 (Pitcher) and to the third team in 2010 (Utility)...two-time Contra Costa Times Player to Watch and four-time Contra Costa Times Player of the Week...named to Contra Costa Times' Top 100 Athletes of the Year in 2012...ranked No. 13 nationally for an ERA of 0.53 in 2012 according to Max Preps Softball...four-time Distinguished Scholar Award recipient...played five summers of club ball (Delta Diamonds 14U, Sorcerers 18 Gold, All-American Sports Academy, Lady Hustle 18 Gold and Strike Zone-Ford).
PERSONAL - Born April 13, 1994 to Dan and Patty Rodrigues in Castro Valley, Calif., ...has an older sister, Lauren, and a younger sister, Stephanie...her sister Laurent played softball at the University of Missouri - Kansas City, 2007-11...three of her cousins played Div. I college football - Tim Danser at Brown University, 2004-07; Chris Danser at San Jose State, 2005-08; Kevin Danser at Stanford, 2009-present...enjoys horseback riding, swimming and outdoor activities...lists sushi as her favorite food and The Lion King as her favorite movie...favorite athlete is Kristina Thorson.
CAREER SINGLE GAME HIGHS - as of May 11, 2013
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text:
Ship a Gift Card to recipient within 4-6 business days via free shipping.
Gift Cards are redeemable at paige.com and at Paige USA Retail Stores.
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text:
After a year and a half of development, Google announced yesterday that it was now offering personal health records on-line.
According to Google's Health website, "Google Health allows you to store and manage all of your health information in one central place. And it's completely free. All you need to get started is a Google username and password.
"Google believes that you own your medical records and should have easy access to them. The way we see it, it's your information; why shouldn't you control it?"
"With Google Health, you manage your health information â'' not your health insurance plan or your employer. You can access your information anywhere, at any time."
So, why is Google doing this?
â''Itâ''s what we do. Our corporate mission is to organize the worldâ''s information and make it universally accessible and useful. Health information is very fragmented today, and we think we can help.â''
Google has partnered with over two dozen organizations, including hospitals (Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, The Cleveland Clinic), pharmacies ( Longs Drugs, Medco Health Solutions, RxAmerica, Walgreens), diagnostic laboratories (Quest Diagnostics) and medical information providers (SafeMed, Heathgrades) which have agreed to provide electronic copies of medical information (or help interpret the information) to add to your Google personal medical record. You can go here to get profiles of Google's partners.
Google also promises to keep your medical information private:
"You should know two main things up front:"
"1. We will never sell your personal health information or data"
"2. We will not share your health data with individuals or third parties unless you explicitly tell us to do so or except in certain limited circumstances described in our privacy policy."
"We make it a point to let you know what information we collect when you use Google Health, how we use it, and how we keep it safe."
I personally would take this assurance with a grain of salt. A person's Google health record is not covered by HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996).
So how is Google going to make money on the effort if it is free? It says:
â''Much like other Google products we offer, Google Health is free to anyone who uses it. There are no ads in Google Health. Our primary focus is providing a good user experience and meeting our users' needs.â''
That is a good, very coy, non-answer if I ever saw one. I will remain skeptical, if you don't mind, about Google not deciding in the future to change its, â''We will never sell your personal health information or dataâ'' tune to one more like â''We will never sell your personally-identifiable health information or data.â'' Aggregated health data is seen as a gold mine by medical researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and the government alike.
Of course, the value of the data depends on how accurate it is. Google makes a big deal that the individual is in charge of their medical record; that the individual decides how much is actually going to be disclosed to whom, and; that the individual can edit their medical information as well.
This is where it gets interesting to me. How much will doctors trust Google (or Microsoftâ''s or anyone else's) personal health records if they start encountering a number of patients who are wholesale editing their personal medical information? Or do doctors just assume that the information provided is incomplete or biased?
It occurs now with paper-records, but I wonder if the perception of selective editing of medical records will change with an electronic health record.
Also, will insurance companies start demanding that patients disclose to them all their Google-stored information if the patient wants to get a doctorâ''s visit paid for? And what happens when an insurance company finds a record that is edited?


text:
Nice, real nice. I thought you had a hankerin' for a two-tone or green???? I personally like the all black. I'm assuming it's a 9mm. Surely you're gonna' shoot it all weekend, right?
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**Note: I totally wrote this last Thursday and then apparently instead of hitting 'publish', I hit 'save'. Because I'm special like that. So, here's the post you were supposed to see last Thursday.
I'm really pissed off at the universe today, so I'm sharing some cute nails in an attempt to make myself feel better.
Really though, why do bad things happen so frequently to good people? I feel like you open yourself up and then the universe kicks you in the taint. What the fuck, universe.
[snowflakes part 1]
ring finger
Wet N Wild French Creme x2 coats
Gothic Gala Lacquers unnamed (from a mystery bag) x2 coats
Seche Vite Dry Fast Top Coat x2 coats
all other fingers
Wet N Wild French White Creme x2 coats
Revlon Colorstay Calla Lily x2 coats
Flormar 003 x2 coats
Loreal The Mystic's Fortune (for the snowflakes) x1 coat
Seche Vite Dry Fast Top Coat x2 coats
To do the snowflakes, I used a short paint brush from this kit. I am getting better at using brushes but still feel like I can do better lines and art with dotting tools. Maybe one day I'll get used to using them.
Wet N Wild | Gothic Gala Lacquers | Seche | Revlon | Flormar | Loreal
What are some of your must-have nail items? Whether they are for art, for painting, or for nail care, what can you not live without? I love my dotting tools and absolutely cannot live without my cuticle oil. It makes my cuticles so happy and soft! It'd been too long since I had used it before this mani, if you can't tell. My poor cuticles are getting their asses kicked by this cold weather.
27 January, 2014
Mah nails: snowflakes part 1.
Posted by kendahl a. at 12:21 PM
Labels: polish addict
2 comments:
I really look forward to your nail posts! And I too am so tired of shitty things happening to good people. I wish I had the means to help everyone and all the poor animals out there!! :(ReplyDelete
I actually don't have any nail art tools, isn't that shameful!? I want a dotting thingie, though.Replies
Thank you! I'm glad someone even looks at them. I need to start linking my blog on my Instagram because I have a ton of nail people over there.Delete
I might just have to remedy the dottie thingie issue for you. :)
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text:
Grate and fire-place cornice and mantel-protector
Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
(No Model.)
GRATE AND FIRE PLACE GORNIGE AND MANTEL PROTEUTOR. Nb. 411,976. Patented Oct. 1, 1889.
A WITNESSES; JNVE/VTOR W EZZ ZwEBTdyeIJ.
ATTORNEY N. PETRS, Ptmbliilwmpber. Wanhir gtoo. Il -C.
4 UNITED STATES I PATENT @rF cE.
GRATE AND FlRE-PLACE CORNICE AND MANTEL-PROTECTOR.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent Iva 411,976, dated October 1, 1889.
Apphcatio nfiled May 11,1889. $eria1 No. 310,867. (No model.)
To aZZ whom it may concern.-
Beit known that I, ELIZAEAGLES BRIDGERS, of W'ilmington, New Hanover county, North Carolina, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Grate and Fire-Place Cornices and Mantel-Protectors, of which the following is a specification.
My invention consists in anew and improved adjustable grate and fire-place cornice and mantel-protector, which will be hereinafter fully described and claimed.
Referring to the accompanying drawings, Figure l is a front elevation showing a mantel-piece having my invention in position. Fig. 2 is a perspective detail view of my mantel-protector and fire-place cornice, and Fig. 3 is a vertical sectional view taken through the center of the middle section of the protector.
The same letters of reference indicate corresponding parts in all the figures.
Referring to the several parts by letter, A indicates a grate, B the grate-frame, and O the mantel.
The object of my invention is to protect mantels-especially wood mantels-fro in heat and smoke, and also to protect lainbrequins and other objects on mantels from both heat and smoke; and to this end my invention consists in the new and improved protector which will be now set forth.
The top of my adjustable protector is adj ustable in length, being formed in three pieces or sect-ionsa middle section D and end sections 1) D. These top sections are fiat, and are curved, bent down near their front edges at D as shown, to render them more effective as a hood to protect the top of the mantel and the lambrequin or other objects on it from heat and smoke. The end sections D D have their front and rear edges enlarged and strengthened bybeing bent over wires (1-, while the middle section D has its front and rear edges bent to form grooves d, in which the edges of the end sections fit and slide, the middle section fitting over the inner ends of the end sections, as shown.
In the top of the grate-frame B are secured retainingdiooks E, usually three in number. The upper ends of these hooks are preferably formed with an annular groove or neck 6, leaving a head 6 at the hook end, which construction will assist in holding the protector on the hooks. Each of the three sections of the top is formed with an aperture D and in placing the protector in position the adjustable top is first adjusted to suit the width of the grateframe around which the protector fits by sliding the inner ends of the end sections D D in or out in the middle section D, when the top is placed in position by passing the ends of retaining-hooks E up through the apertures D in the middle and end sections.
The side pieces of the protector are made adjustable in height by forming them in two sections-an upper section F and a lower section F. The side pieces are curved in on their outer edges from a point near their tops, as
shown,and the longitudinal edges of the tops F are bent in to form grooves g, in which the longitudinal edges g of the lower sections F, which are bent over to-thicken and strengthen them, fit and slide. The side pieces are connected to the top of the protector by a slidejoint formed by flanges D on the outer ends of the end sections D D, over which the upper ends of the sides, which are bent over to form grooves F slide. The top being adjusted and fixed on the hooks E, as described, the side pieces are placed in position by sliding the ends of their upper sections over the flanged outer ends of the top,when the lower sections F are drawn down to the proper length to suit the height of the grate-frame, and secured by nails or screws G, passing through apertures F in the lower ends of sections F and into the grate-frame.
It will be seen from the foregoing that my protector can be adjusted to fit any size grate and mantel; that it can be readily applied, and will be held firmly in its operative position.
Having thus described my invention, whatI claim, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, lS-
1. A 1nantel-protector consisting of an ad justable top formed of the middle section 1), bent down near its front edge, and the end sections D D, bent down near their front edges and having the outer upwardlyextending end flanges D and the adjustable and remov- [o tures D and the outer upwardly-extending end flanges D, the adjustable, Sides formed of the lower sections F',having theapertures F and the upper sections formed with the upper end grooves and the retaining-screws, substantially as set forth.
E I A AGLES BBIDG Witnesses: I
PRESTON LOUIS BRIDGERS, J OHN J AMES OLEMMoNs.
Referenced by
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This is a fan page for World Basketball Manager game series
Here you will find the famous Real Name Patch for all WBM and WBM Tycoon versions!
WBM also supports Team Logos, Players' Photos and Managers' Photos. But except national team flags, no other images are included in the official version.
So I decided to collect as many Team logos and Player images as possible and make them available for all WBM fans to download.
My Photos and logos patch is currently at version 1.9.15 (season 2015) and includes 14.326 images!
Notice that the patches work with World Basketball Manager Tycoon also!
Collecting all these images is a huge job.
You can help me by collecting some images and send them to
firstname.lastname@example.com in order to include them in the free download.
Please send only images that are currently missing from the patch.
And don't forget... If you start a manager career in WBM, You can add your own image in the game!
Here is how:
1. Resize a face photo of you at size 56x75
2. Open your save with the data editor.
(is inside "...My Documents/WBM/DB" named 00001 or 00002 etc)
3. Locate your name at Managers page.
4. Select add photo and load your photo.


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Learn 8 Christmas classics quickly and easily.
The Guitar Play-Along book and CD will help you play your favorite Christmas classics quickly and easily. Just follow the tab, listen to the CD to hear how the guitar should sound, and then play along using the separate backing tracks. The melody and lyrics are also included in the book in case you want to sing, or to simply help you follow along. The audio CD is playable on any CD player. For PC and Mac computer users, the CD is enhanced so you can adjust the recording to any tempo without changing pitch.


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Category Archives: Events
Top Business Intelligence Trends for 2013
Written on November 6, 2012 at 5:14 pm, by Panorama Software
Webinar On Demand
This year the market has clearly defined the need for social and mobile BI accompanied by a cloud delivery in a complete self-service environment. Now that we are getting closer to the end of this year, many are starting to wonder what new trends and challenges analysts are predicting for 2013.
Panorama at Microsoft In-Memory and BI event in Israel on December 19, 2012
Written on November 2, 2012 at 8:37 pm, by Panorama Software
Join us at the Microsoft's event in Israel to see the latest in-memory technology from Microsoft and the value that Panorama Necto adds to it. Together with one of our customers – Direct Insurance, we will be sharing the strategy for successful BI 3.0 implementation that enables companies to drive BI adoption among business users and see significant operational ROI in just a matter of months.
Panorama to present at TDWI Orlando 2012 Conference on November 14, 2012
Written on November 2, 2012 at 3:40 pm, by Panorama Software
Join us in the Cool BI course hosted by Cindi Howson at the TDWI conference in Orlando on November 14, 2012. We will be discussing how social networking in our personal lives is affecting enterprise applications, creating a new type of organization – "The Social Enterprise".


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Questions & Answers
Do you have questions about this product?
Get answers from real customers and in-house experts with AnswerBox.
Q:I just got this and have mild back acne should I use this one or the mask of magnimity to help clear it upAsked on 7/29/2015 by Chris from Sacramento
1 answer
A:You could use a combination of the two, but you might achieve better results with the Mask Of Magnaminty Mask.Answered on 7/29/2015 by Kels from LUSH Direct
Q:How long does this product last until it expires and can no longer be used?Asked on 7/28/2015 by Katherine
1 answer
A:This product has a shelf life of 14 months. Check the batch sticker on the pot for the use-by date.Answered on 7/29/2015 by Kels from LUSH Direct
Q:Is this safe to use during pregnancy?Asked on 7/24/2015 by Kawaii from Seattle, WA
1 answer
A:Lush follows a set of guidelines created by the International Fragrance Association to ensure our perfume materials are well within safety levels for cosmetic use. If used as they're intended, Lush products are certainly safe during pregnancy. Of course, however, every woman and pregnancy is different and you're more than welcome to verify a product's list of ingredients with your doctor. The full list of ingredients of each product is posted on the individual web product page.Answered on 7/25/2015 by Myriam from Lush Direct
Q:Will this product be good for clearing up acne in general? And then what product is best for acne all over the back? Do lush products clear up acne for sure?Asked on 7/23/2015 by Filaih
2 answers
A:Yes, Ocean Salt is a fantastic cleanser that will help clear up any blemishes and help control sebum production. You can definitely use Ocean Salt for face & body!Answered on 7/24/2015 by Anonymous
A:There is no product anywhere that stops acne for sure.
Everyone is different and we all get acne for different reasons.
My personal use of this product did help acne on both my face and upper
back.Answered on 7/23/2015 by Rena from Inland Empire
Q:I have keratosis pilaris along with body acne on my upper arms/shoulder blades. The only thing that clears my skin up is when i'm on vacation at the beach (ocean water, sun.) Will this product act similarly to ocean water, and clear my skin up the same?Asked on 7/20/2015 by Michaela
3 answers
A:I too have keratosis Pilaris and I tried a sample of this. It definitely helped the bumps go down!Answered on 8/1/2015 by Anonymous from MA
A:The salt from the ocean is the same salt we have in our Ocean Salt formula! Hand-harvested. I'd recommend Ocean Salt to anyone who wants clear, even, beautiful skin.Answered on 7/26/2015 by Alexander from Lush Direct
A:In my opinion, nothing heals like fresh ocean water. But, this product has
some very healing ingredients. There is a high salt content, which may help
clear you up, it also has some moisturizing ingredients that may or may not
help you. I have very oily skin on my face, so I only use this product
occasionally for my facial acne. But I am able to use this product more
often on my arms to help clear up any bumps or dry skin I have. It's a
wonderful scrub, and I would recommend trying it out for yourself and
seeing how it goes! As with most products, it's all about trial and
error--see what works best for you.Answered on 7/20/2015 by Anonymous
Q:Would this help clear acne(clogged pores, blackheads, cysts, etc)? If so, what other products may allow someone with acne prone skin to achieve clear, glowing skin?Asked on 7/16/2015 by Em from Glendale, CA
2 answers
A:This is really great for exfoliation and brightening skin! I suggest Mask of Magnaminty as a weekly treatment, and Cosmetic Catastrophe would be really nice as a treatment for 3-4 times a week. Also, a daily cleanser like Herbalism or Dark Angels would work really nicely with this!Answered on 7/17/2015 by Anonymous
A:Ocean Salt is a great cleansing scrub, but I think that if you are looking
for something to speak directly to the issues you just mentioned, I would
actually recommend that you use a cleansing scrub like Herbalism for daily
use (the apple cider vinegar is awesome for acne prone skin without being
abrasive), and mask of magnaminty once a week for your blackheads. If you
wanted to check out the fresh face masks, Cosmetic Warrior and Cupcake are
incredible (cosmetic warrior seems to be a little more balancing while
cupcake may be better if your skin is breaking out due to excess oil on
your skin). The tea tree toner is also incredible!! Hope this helps.Answered on 7/16/2015 by Nico from Los Angeles
Q:Explain 2 formulas for the same product? Does each formula provide the same benefits for your skin, or are there differing levels?Asked on 7/16/2015 by Mack from Dallas, Texas
1 answer
A:Yes, both give you the same effects. The only difference is absolutely self - preserving with no needs for safe synthetics like the regular Ocean Salt.Answered on 7/17/2015 by Anonymous
Q:how often should you use this product & what time of the day?Asked on 7/16/2015 by Steph from Clarksburg, MD
1 answer
A:You can use this product any time of the day and I suggest using it 2-3 times a week!Answered on 7/17/2015 by Pauline
Q:Do you need a moisturizer after I put this on my face?Asked on 7/14/2015 by Isabella from NY
2 answers
A:Although this cleanser can dry out your skin if you have very dry skin normally, it does contain avacado butter and coconut oil to restore moisture while leaving a very clean feeling. I personally have normal-oily skin and have never needed to apply a moisturizer after.Answered on 7/14/2015 by Anonymous
A:Hi Isabella! Thanks for your question.
You do not always need a moisturizer after cleansing, but it is a good thing to feed your skin after. Ocean salt has lots of sea salt and lime in it which could dry out your skin but there is also a great amount of avocado butter and coconut oil in it to restore the moisture. Hope this helps!Answered on 7/14/2015 by Anonymous
Q:Can I use this after shaving my face?Asked on 7/13/2015 by Alex the seaturtle from West Palm Beach, Florida
2 answers
A:I would use it before shaving and then after a day or two you can use it for your ingrown hairs!Answered on 7/17/2015 by Anonymous
A:You should really use this BEFORE to stand up your hairs and exfoliate the skin. But this item also helps with ingrown hairs so I am going to say YES IT IS OK TO USE AFTER SHAVING YOUR FACE. Remember there is salt in here. If you cut yourself, it will sting.Answered on 7/16/2015 by Ana from NYC
Q:I have extremely oily skin and I am wondering if I should buy the Dark Angles Cleanser or this cleanser. HELP ASAP!!Asked on 7/12/2015 by M from Minneapolis, MN
4 answers
A:Both cleansers are so incredible for help clearing up sebum! Totally up to you!Answered on 7/15/2015 by Anonymous
A:Either one for oily skin. If it's more acne prone then get dark angels. If not then ocean salt is my personal favorite.Answered on 7/12/2015 by Anonymous
A:Ocean Salt is what you want....I have oily skin and could not live without
it. I have used it every morning for over 4 years. Nothing has ever made my
face so clean. A great product that you will love.Answered on 7/12/2015 by Bonnie from Los Angeles
A:For a daily cleanser I would definitely recommend dark Angels, ocean salt
is great as an exfoliator one or two times a week but would be kind of
rough to use twice a day. Toner is also a great way to help keep the oil on
your face in check!Answered on 7/12/2015 by Claire from Portland
Q:Hi ! A friend of mine is going to buy me this scrub and the mask of magnaminty in one of your NYC locations. The problem is that he is going to bring me back in Brazil, so I was wondering if the travel might not be good for the conservation of the products? Can he bring those in an international travel ? ThanksAsked on 7/7/2015 by Becca from Natal, BR
2 answers
A:Yes, it should be perfectly fine to travel with it, but remember that he should put it in the checked bags because he won't be able to carry it on the plane. Ocean Salt has a shelf life of 12-14 months so it should be fine to use whenever he returns, but the Mask of Magnamnity only has 3-4 month shelf life so hopefully he can deliver it to you soon!Answered on 7/17/2015 by Pauline
A:Most Lush products have a shelf life of 14 months, Ocean Salt falls into
that category. The Mask of Magniminty however has a shelf life of three
months and should be used within that time.
Both should be fine through air travel as long as your friend is checking
the bag that they are in--the large sizes of both are over 3oz (though
Ocean Salt does come in that size if he is carrying the items on). Also be
sure to put these in a plastic bag either way just in case something leaks!Answered on 7/7/2015 by Claire from Portland
Q:Is this product good for eczema or any skin irritation?Asked on 7/4/2015 by Anonymous from New York
2 answers
A:I wouldn't recommend using Ocean Salt on dry, irritated skin. It may make your skin more irritated.Answered on 7/9/2015 by Kels from LUSH Direct
A:As a lush user with eczema I wouldn't use this on anything that's already
dry or irritated.
I love this product for a facial cleanser.
I use the top layer for my elbows, and the creamy bottom layer for my face
and it makes a huuuuge difference.Answered on 7/8/2015 by Anonymous
Q:How often are we able to use this product?Asked on 7/1/2015 by S
2 answers
A:I would start off with once or twice a week, but its up to you and your skin. Decrease usage if redness or irritation occurs.Answered on 7/3/2015 by Kels from LUSH Direct
A:I use mine every day. Sometimes every other day! It depends on how sensitive your skin is, you may want to use it every 2 or 3 days.
Sent from my Verizon Wireless 4G LTE smartphoneAnswered on 7/1/2015 by Tammy from Lake Butler, Florida
Q:Does this scrub has any wine or alcoholic products in it ?Asked on 6/30/2015 by Alvia from Tucker, ga
3 answers
A:There is vodka in this product.Answered on 7/3/2015 by Kels from LUSH Direct
A:Yes and no. Ocean salt contains limes that were soaked in tequila, but
there is no direct alcohol added to the mix.Answered on 7/2/2015 by Claire from Portland
A:Yes, this product contains small amounts of vodka which limes were soaked in before squeezed, and does not smell alcoholic. It is great for combination, oily, or normal skin - in my opinion as even though it dries a little from that and the salt, it also contains avocado butter and coconut oil to replenish the moisture to your skin. This is my favorite product because it really cleanses my skin while giving it some exfoliation.Answered on 6/30/2015 by Anonymous
Q:Hi, I was wondering if I could use this to exfoliate the bikini area?Asked on 6/25/2015 by Kimberly from Greenville,SC
2 answers
A:Absolutely! Be sure to moisturize after your shower as always. If shaving,
use ocean salt before hand--the salt will make your hair follicles stand on
end, giving you a cleaner and closer shave!Answered on 7/2/2015 by Claire from Portland
A:Ocean Salt is a great cleanser for the whole body! You can always add a few drops of warm water to the amount in your hand and it will melt the salt down into a finer exfoliant, if you find it's to abrasive.Answered on 6/30/2015 by Coley from LUSH Direct
Q:Hi! I am looking to see if I could use this product as an exfoliator for my face just to wash it out and to clean my pores. I have this other face wash that I use to help prevent acne, so can I use with my other face wash on the other days I'm not using the Ocean Salt Cleanser?Asked on 6/17/2015 by Anon girl from Phoenix, AZ
3 answers
A:Yes, you can definitely use this as to exfoliate! It's perfectly fine to use as weekly treatment to help buff your skin and leave glowing.Answered on 6/19/2015 by Pauline
A:Lush facial cleanser is one of the best products I've ever used. The sea salt is a great exfoliator and makes you're face feel really clean.
Sent from my iPadAnswered on 6/17/2015 by Anonymous
A:I use this product as an exfoliator AND to help with my acne. Salt can be a
disinfectant, so it helps keep my acne under control. I use this
product once a day, usually (sometimes less). It's really great!Answered on 6/17/2015 by Anonymous
Q:Where can I store this product? Around what temperature would be nice?Asked on 6/9/2015 by carlossg1
2 answers
A:Our potted products are very easygoing, so there is no need to worry about how they are being stored temperature-wise. We wouldn't suggest anything warmer than room-temperature, but you are welcome to keep them chilled if you enjoy the cool feeling on your skin.Answered on 6/10/2015 by Melissa S from LUSH Direct
A:I just store it in my shower. Since it's made of mostly salt, it's already
well preserved.Answered on 6/10/2015 by Anonymous
Q:Is this something that works fine on sensitive skin? if not, is there an exfoliant you could recommend to use with sensitive skin? I'm using Fresh Farmacy as a cleanser and need something to use as an exfoliant.Asked on 6/5/2015 by Athena
1 answer
A:Sometimes citrus and salt can irritate sensitive skin, so I would recommend checking out Angels on Bare skin, which is a deep cleaning, gentle exfoliating wash with calming and balancing lavender flowers!Answered on 6/7/2015 by Emily from LUSH Direct
Q:Can I use this with my clarisonic? Also, which is best for oily, acne prone skin, this one or the herbalism?Asked on 5/24/2015 by Vanessa
1 answer
A:Ocean salt is an excellent scrub on it's own. I wouldn't recommend using it with any kind of spin-brush because it simply doesn't need it. Ocean Salt is recommended as being used 1 - 2 times a week while Herbalism is gentle enough to use everyday. Technically you could use both, but I'd still put the mechanical tools aside.Answered on 5/26/2015 by Alexander from Lush Direct


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Goddess Store & Studio
world of Movement Arts network (W.O.M.A.N)
Almaas of South Florida Belly Dance Company
The Company and the Individual Dancers are available for corporate events, concerts, restaurants & parties. Please call Carmen at (954) 929-2369 or (954) 881- 6238 to book one of the dance artist and/or the Company.
Almaas of South Florida is a Middle Eastern Dance Company dedicated to maintaining and educating the public about the Middle Eastern Dance as an art form.
"Almaas" is the Arabic word for diamond. To remind us that all women are unique, beautiful, rare, precious & resilient.
The Dance Company is Directed & Choreographed by World Renowned Master Instructor Maria Jammal. Maria is a native of Morocco and is very passionate about sharing her heritage & culture through this beautiful dance as an art form.
The Company was founded in January of 2009 by Maria Jammal and Carmen Garson. Maria has over 30 years of dance instructor, choreographer & performance experience & Carmen Garson is a former CPA & Financial Executive and since 2002 the founder and owner of the Goddess Store & Studio. Maria is the Artistic Director & Carmen is the Managing Director and a dancer in the Company.
The Company's goal is to continue to train the dancers in the truest form of the Middle Eastern dance form and to give back to the community by performing at various of the local events & festivals. The Dance Company will travel outside of the South Florida area and has Produced various International Middle Eastern Dance Theater Events.
Almaas has both a Professional and an Apprentice Company. Auditions for the Company take place a few times a year. Call Carmen at (954) 929-2369 or (954) 881 -6238 for more information. It is suggested that you start taking classes with Maria Jammal @ Goddess Dance Studio so that you may be ready for auditions. But all Professional Dancers or Students with a minimum of 3 years of Middle Eastern Dance studies can audition.