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As the world economy continued to lift slowly out of recession in 1995, transport issues focused on how to provide better and more efficient transport as a means of improving the quality of urban life. This focus reflected several underlying social concerns ranging from the environment to health and personal security. A drive continued for more affordable and cost-effective public transport services, with governments using approaches ranging from automation to privatization. Privatization continued to be a widespread means of raising necessary investment capital through private finance initiatives and served to sustain the renaissance in rail systems begun in the early 1990s. Rail transport operators, among others, desired a "level playing field" in the debate over efficiency for road and rail in both freight and passenger transport accompanied by a move away from road dominance. (For notable civil engineering projects, see below.)
World airline traffic, both passenger and freight, took off in 1995 to such an extent that a few of the bigger carriers, while awaiting the arrival of a new generation of high-capacity aircraft, had to turn away some business. The first major airport to be completed in the U.S. in 21 years--Denver (Colo.) International Airport--opened in February, late and over budget. Macau's new airport was expected to open by year-end. The French authorities reopened Paris' Orly airport to additional international competition in January and announced that a site was being sought for a third airport in the Paris area.
According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the UN aviation body, total scheduled passenger traffic rose 6% in 1995 and was projected to go up by a further 7% in both 1996 and 1997. Airlines in the Asia-Pacific area, spurred by high economic growth, were expected to show the largest gains, although below the impressive 12% that they recorded in 1994.
Passenger traffic of African and North American airlines showed rising trends, but the total volume was expected to be below the world average throughout the forecast period. European airlines showed steadily improving growth as a result of increasingly competitive market conditions within the European Union and the stabilization of aviation markets in the Commonwealth of Independent States. The ICAO projected that Latin-American and Caribbean airlines would improve their traffic growth and approach the world average. Growth among airlines in the Middle East was expected to remain close to the world average. Estimates from the airlines' trade body, the International Air Transport Association, generally confirmed the ICAO's projections.
Boeing's new 400-plus-seat, twin-engine 777 airliner entered service during 1995. The 777, together with the wide-bodied A330 and A340, the newest models from the European Airbus Industrie consortium began to relieve some traffic pressure on airlines. As jet engines became increasingly reliable, flights became longer, with 12-hour sectors now commonplace between Europe and the Far East and between the east coast of North America and Asia.
The problem of how to occupy their customers (and how to expand revenues) on such lengthy flights came close to solution for the airlines with the advent of a new generation of electronic in-flight entertainment. Using small video screens in the seat backs, passengers were able to view (and pay for) movies, shop for items on display, or play gambling games such as poker, roulette, and dice. Vendors promised the airlines that income from each wide-bodied airliner so equipped could be as high as $2 million a year.
Looking beyond the new 400-seat aircraft, airlines continued to study the future economic, financial, and logistic implications of a proposed "super-jumbo" family of double-deck airliners with 600, 700, and even 1,000 seats. Such a project between the U.S. and four European nations was put on hold during 1995 on the grounds that although technically feasible, there was insufficient interest among the airlines. Nonetheless, Airbus Industrie continued with designs for its 600-seat project, the A3XX. At the same time, the major world aircraft manufacturers were exploring the possibility of developing a 250-seat supersonic airliner to succeed the Concorde sometime in the first decade of the 21st century.
In other technological developments, the first operational use of navigation via satellite took place in the South Pacific in 1995. "Free flight," a concept that would allow crews of individual aircraft to select the most economic flight paths with minimal contact with air traffic control, was under intense review.
Increasing freedom in the air was not matched on the ground. The industry complained bitterly about skyrocketing ticket and airport taxes at 1,000 facilities--double the number in 1989. Total charges paid by airlines for using airports and navigation facilities increased to $9.9 billion--9% of operating costs--and constituted the second largest expense after fuel.


text:
Amerileather Laptop Commuter Portfolio-2006-0Item#: AMF-102127428 | Model#: 2006-0
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subset: commoncrawl


text: Hiring the right lawyer may be one of the most important decisions you make for yourself and your family. There are many lawyers who claim to do more than what they are able - just as there are many surgeons in the world that are no better than butchers. Do not settle for a legal hack job. Practicing law is a skill that develops over time with experience, commitment, dedication, and God given talent. There are no amateur attorneys at Hilf & Hilf, PLC – only professionals that are guided by the humanity in the individuals we serve, and the drive not to settle for what is easy over what is right.


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Find accommodations in Bourscheid with the hotel list provided below. Find discounted hotel accommodations in or close to Bourscheid, Luxembourg for your corporate or personal leisure travel. We list the best Bourscheid motel and hotel rooms. Browse the Bourscheid area hotels to find the perfect lodging! Please use the provided map of the Bourscheid hotels. Planning a group? Lock in Bourscheid Group Hotel Rates
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Workshop for Texas Educators: At the Crossroads: Integrating the Balkans into the European Union
Tue, November 16, 2010 • 9:00 AM - 4:00 AM • TBD
The Center for Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies and the Center for European Studies present:
At the Crossroads: Integrating the Balkans into the European Union
A workshop for Texas Educators
Several Balkan States are eligible to become members of the European Union, but thus far Slovenia, Bulgaria and Romania are the only post-Communist Balkan countries to have achieved member status. What challenges do the other ex-Yugoslav countries still face, and what advantages would they see as EU members? Who is moving towards economic stabilization and regional cooperation, and who is struggling with reconstruction and their war-torn past?
CREEES and the Center for European Studies are offering a one-day workshop for Secondary School educators. At this workshop, UT professors will discuss the history of the European Union and the current progress of several countries towards integration, and then explore ways to incorporate the ideas into curriculum materials for their own classroom use.
The workshop will be held on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin. Registration is free and includes handouts, parking, lunch, and snacks. Registration is limited to 25 teachers on a first-com, first-served basis.
Interested educators should contact:
Allegra Azulay, CREEES Outreach Coordinator, at 512-471-7782 or firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Winchester, KY Doctor
Kathryn B. Jones MD
Quality, professional medical care and services at reasonable rates—these and more by Kathryn B. Jones MD of Winchester, KY. We have been providing quality medical care for the residents of Clark County and Powell County, KY for more than 10 years. Caring for the community is our passion. We are experienced in the treatment of common and deadly diseases—diabetes, hypertension, and congestive heart failure.
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40 Below Summer
How many people here on this forum have heard of or like this band? Its a damn shame they arent all together anymore....IMO one of my favorite nu-metal bands because they expand beyond your average predictable nu-metal band, and showcase more dynamics than most bands ever do while still sticking to the sound that got em there. Their drummer, Carlos Aguilar....def. one of the most underrated drummers of all time I must say. My playing style is so much like his its scary!
Anywho, just wanted to see what the people here on drummerworld thought of this band!
Re: 40 Below Summer
So I've been listening to 40 again and I decided to search for any forums out there on the band. I agree it's too bad they broke up. I didn't start listening to the band until late 2004 and then got to see their first "farewell" show in 2005. I've also been searching for some of their non-album tracks, they have quite a few. Have you ever heard or would you know how to acquire these tracks:
Take Me Away
Levitate/Before I Die
PS I Hate You
So yeah, have you ever seen 40 before?
Re: 40 Below Summer
I ve loved 40 Below since we met em at a show, then they played and I really got into the band. BTW the venue was "______ Pavilion", closed now but at a campsite in central Jersey. Also met Lacuna Coil, Life of Agony, and the great Opeth there. Not far from the Starland Ballroom.
Anyway, I ll try searching for the songs you mentioned and get back to you.
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text:
Mcrpunkchic's Video Stream
Some Dude's "Iterpretation" Of Fall Out Boy's Sugar, We're going Down
ok, i've heard a lot of awesome things about this vid.... then I watched it and i'm all like WTF?! THIS GOT HIM A JOB WITH MTV ANIMATION?! HELL NO! IT SHOULDN'T HAVE! THIS WAS HORRIBLE AND IT'S JUST PLAIN MEAN..... WHAT AN ASSHOLE THIS GUY IS!
You'll ♥
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text:
Vibrant with a lust-worthy color-blocked design, this ultra-soft dress keeps your street style on the must-wear radar. Layer on a denim jacket and slip on ankle booties for a daytime look that rocks.
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text:
I love to add beans in most of my dishes and from all of them, this Potato Beans dry curry is my all time favorite . Everyone in the family liked it with hot Chapati and some plain yoghurt. Today I am sharing recipe of this simple yet delicious stir fry. So let's start the recipe .yum
Sending this entry to
Gujaratizaika"s 1st Anniversary Celebration
Motion and emotions "Friends Forever" (Celebrating Friendship Day)
Cook Yellow Event announced at Merry Tummy.
Srivalli's Side dish mela
Best regards,


text:
A high permittivity gate dielectric is used in an NROM memory cell. The gate dielectric has a dielectric constant greater than silicon dioxide and is comprised of an atomic layer deposited and/or evaporated nanolaminate structure. The NROM memory cell has a substrate with doped source/drain regions. The high-k gate dielectric is formed above the substrate between a pair of the source/drain regions. A polysilicon control gate is formed on top of the gate dielectric. The gate dielectric can have an oxide-high-k dielectric-oxide composite structure, an oxide-nitride-high-k dielectric composite structure, or a high-k dielectric-high-k dielectric-high-k dielectric composite structure.
1. An NROM memory transistor comprising:
a substrate having a plurality of source/drain regions, the source/drain regions having a different conductivity type than the remainder of the substrate;
a nanolaminate gate dielectric formed on top of the substrate substantially between the plurality of source/drain regions, the gate dielectric composed of oxide-nitride -HfO2 wherein the nitride layer is a homogeneous nitride layer; and
a control gate formed on top of the gate dielectric;
wherein the HfO2 of the gate dielectric is formed by evaporating Hafnium onto the nitride and then oxidizing the Hafnium.
2. The transistor of
3. The transistor of
4. The transistor of
5. A non-volatile memory device comprising:
a memory array comprising a plurality of NROM memory transistors, each transistor comprising:
a substrate having a pair of source/drain regions, the source/drain regions having a different conductivity type than the remainder of the substrate;
a nanolaminate gate dielectric formed over the substrate substantially between the pair of source/drain regions, the gate dielectric composed of oxide-nitride-HfO2 wherein the nitride layer is a homogeneous nitride layer; and
a control gate formed over the gate dielectric;
wherein the HfO2 of the gate dielectric is formed by evaporating Hafnium onto the nitride and then oxidizing the Hafnium.
6. The memory device of
7. The memory device of
8. An electronic system comprising:
a processor that generates control signals; and
a memory device with a memory array coupled to the processor, the array comprising a plurality of NROM memory cells, each NROM memory cell comprising:
a substrate having a plurality of source/drain regions, the source/drain regions having a different conductivity than the remainder of the substrate;
a nanolaminate gate dielectric formed over the substrate substantially between each pair of the plurality of source/drain regions, the gate dielectric composed of oxide-nitride-HfO2 wherein the nitride layer is a homogeneous nitride layer; and
a control gate formed over the gate dielectric;
wherein the HfO2 of the gate dielectric is formed by evaporating Hafnium onto the nitride and then oxidizing the Hafnium.
The present invention relates generally to memory devices and in particular the present invention relates to nitride read only memory (NROM) flash memory device architecture.
Memory devices are typically provided as internal, semiconductor, integrated circuits in computers or other electronic devices. There are many different types of memory including random-access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), and flash memory. One type of flash memory is a nitride read only memory (NROM). NROM has some of the characteristics of flash memory but does not require the special fabrication processes of flash memory. NROM integrated circuits can be implemented using a standard CMOS process.
Flash memory devices have developed into a popular source of non-volatile memory for a wide range of electronic applications. Flash memory devices typically use a one-transistor memory cell that allows for high memory densities, high reliability, and low power consumption. Common uses for flash memory include personal computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), digital cameras, and cellular telephones. Program code and system data such as a basic input/output system (BIOS) are typically stored in flash memory devices for use in personal computer systems.
The performance of flash memory transistors needs to increase as the performance of computer systems increases. To accomplish a performance increase, the transistors can be reduced in size. This has the effect of increased speed with decreased power requirements.
However, a problem with decreased flash memory size is that flash memory cell technologies have some scaling limitations. For example, stress induced leakage typically requires a tunnel oxide above 60 Å. This thickness results in a scaling limit on the gate length. Additionally, this gate oxide thickness limits the read current and may require large gate widths.
For the reasons stated above, and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the present specification, there is a need in the art for a more scalable, higher performance flash memory transistor.
The above-mentioned problems with flash memory scaling and performance and other problems are addressed by the present invention and will be understood by reading and studying the following specification.
The present invention encompasses an NROM flash memory transistor with a high permittivity gate dielectric. The transistor is comprised of a substrate with a plurality of source/drain regions. The source/drain regions have a different conductivity than the substrate into which they are doped.
A high-k gate dielectric is formed on the substrate substantially between the plurality of source/drain regions. The gate dielectric has a high dielectric constant that is greater than silicon dioxide. The gate dielectric can be an atomic layer deposited and/or evaporated nanolaminate gate dielectric. A control gate is formed on top of the oxide insulator.
Further embodiments of the invention include methods and apparatus of varying scope.
In the following detailed description of the invention, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof and in which is shown, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. In the drawings, like numerals describe substantially similar components throughout the several views. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention. Other embodiments may be utilized and structural, logical, and electrical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined only by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
High permittivity dielectric materials such as HfO2 and ZrO2 have a lower conduction band edge than the prior art trapping material, silicon nitride. If HfO2 were used as a trapping layer, the offset would be 1.7 eV that is much better than the 1.2 eV associated with a nitride trapping layer.
The transistor is comprised of two source/drain regions 101 and 102 doped into the substrate 103. In one embodiment, these are n+ regions and the substrate is p-type silicon. However, the present invention is not limited to any conductivity type.
A tunnel oxide layer 105 is formed on the substrate 103 between the source/drain regions 101 and 102. The high dielectric constant trapping layer 107 is formed on top of the tunnel oxide layer 105 and another oxide layer 109 is formed on top of the trapping layer 107. The oxide-high-k dielectric-oxide layers 105, 107, and 109 form a composite gate insulator 100 under the polysilicon control gate 111. In one embodiment, the nanolaminate gate insulator 100 can be fabricated by the above-described ALD, the evaporated technique, or a combination of the two.
The simplest nanolaminates with high-k dielectrics are oxide-high-k dielectric-oxide composites. Since silicon dioxide has a low electron affinity and high conduction band offset with respect to the conduction band of silicon, these nanolaminates have a high barrier, Φ, between the high-k dielectric and the oxide. If the trapping center energies, Et, in the high-k dielectrics illustrated in
Examples of oxide-high-k dielectric-oxide composites include: oxide-ALD HfO2-oxide, oxide-evaporated HfO2-oxide, oxide-ALD ZrO2-oxide, oxide-evaporated ZrO2-oxide, oxide-ALD ZrSnTiO-oxide, oxide-ALD ZrON-oxide, oxide-ALD ZrAlO-oxide, oxide-ALD ZrTiO4-oxide, oxide-ALD Al2O3-oxide, oxide-ALD La2O3-oxide, oxide-LaAlO3-oxide, oxide-evaporated LaAlO3-oxide, oxide-ALD HfAlO3-oxide, oxide-ALD HfSiON-oxide, oxide-evaporated Y2O3-oxide, oxide-evaporated Gd2O-oxide, oxide-ALD Ta2O5-oxide, oxide-ALD TiO2-oxide, oxide-evaporated TiO2-oxide, oxide-ALD PrO3-oxide, oxide-evaporated PrO3-oxide, oxide-evaporated CrTiO3-oxide, and oxide-evaporated YSiO-oxide.
Another class of nanolaminates avoids tunneling between the trapping centers in the nitride layer of a conventional NROM device and the control gate. High-k dielectrics, in one embodiment, can be used as the top layer in the gate insulator nanolaminate. Since they have a much higher dielectric constant than silicon oxide, these layers can be much thicker and still have the same capacitance. The thicker layers avoid tunneling to the control gate that is an exponential function of electric fields but have an equivalent oxide thickness that is much smaller than their physical thickness.
Examples of this second category of nanolaminates include: oxide-nitride-ALD Al2O3, oxide-nitride-ALD HfO2, and oxide-nitride-ALD ZrO2.
A third category of nanolaminates employs traps in the high-k dielectrics that have a larger energy depth with respect to the conduction band in the high-k trapping layer than those in the first category. As a result, large offsets are not required between the layers in the nanolaminates and a wide variety of different nanolaminates are possible using only high-k dielectrics in these nanolaminates. The energy depths of the traps can be adjusted by varying process conditions.
Examples of this third category of nanolaminates include: ALD HfO2-ALD Ta2O5-ALD HfO2, ALD La2O3-ALD HfO2-ALD La2O3, ALD HfO2-ALD ZrO2-ALD HfO2, ALD Lanthanide (Pr, Ne, Sm, Gd, and Dy) Oxide-ALD ZrO2-ALD Lanthanide (Pr, Ne, Sm, Gd, and Dy) Oxide, ALD Lanthanide Oxide-ALD HfO2-ALD Lanthanide Oxide, and ALD Lanthanide Oxide-evaporated HfO2-ALD Lanthanide Oxide.
In one embodiment, the high-k gate dielectric layer is fabricated using atomic layer deposition (ALD). As is well known in the art, ALD is based on the sequential deposition of individual monolayers or fractions of a monolayer in a well controlled manner. Gaseous precursors are introduced one at a time to the substrate surface and between the pulses the reactor is purged with an inert gas or evacuated.
In the first reaction step, the precursor is saturatively chemisorbed at the substrate surface and during subsequent purging the precursor is removed from the reactor. In the second step, another precursor is introduced on the substrate and the desired films growth reaction takes place. After that reaction, byproducts and the precursor excess are purged from the reactor. When the precursor chemistry is favorable, one ALD cycle can be performed in less than one second in a properly designed flow-type reactor.
ALD is well suited for deposition of high-k dielectrics such as AlOx, LaAlO3, HfAlO3, Pr2O3, Lanthanide-doped TiOx, HfSiON, Zr—Sn—Ti—O films using TiCl4 or TiI4, ZrON, HfO2/Hf, ZrAlXOy, CrTiO3, and ZrTiO4.
The most commonly used oxygen source materials for ALD are water, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone. Alcohols, oxygen and nitrous oxide have also been used. Of these, oxygen reacts very poorly at temperatures below 600� C. but the other oxygen sources are highly reactive with most of the metal compounds listed above.
Source materials for the above-listed metals include: zirconium tetrachloride (ZrCl4) for the Zr film, titanium tetraisopropoxide (Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4) for the Ti film, trimethyl aluminum (Al(CH3)3) for the Al film, chromyl chromide (CrO2Cl2) for the Cr film, praseodymium chloride (PrCl3) for the Pr film, and hafnium chloride (HfCl4) for the Hf film. Alternate embodiments use other source materials.
Thin oxide films are deposited at a temperature that is high enough such that, when it is adsorbed to the substrate surface, the vaporized source material reacts with a molecular layer of a second source material or that the vaporized source material becomes adsorbed and reacts with the second source material directed to the substrate surface in the subsequent step. On the other hand, the temperature should be low enough such that thermal breakdown of the source material does not occur or that its significance in terms of the total growth rate of the film is very small. Regarding the above-listed metals, the ALD process is carried out at a temperature range of approximately 200–600� C. Alternate embodiments use other temperature ranges.
In another embodiment of the NROM memory transistor of the present invention, the high-k dielectric layers can be fabricated using evaporation techniques. Various evaporation techniques are subsequently described for the high dielectric constant materials listed above.
Very thin films of TiO2 can be fabricated with electron-gun evaporation from a high purity TiO2 slug (e.g., 99.9999%) in a vacuum evaporator in the presence of anion beam. In one embodiment, an electron gun is centrally located toward the bottom of the chamber. A heat reflector and a heater surround the substrate holder. Under the substrate holder is an ozonizer ring with many small holes directed to the wafer for uniform distribution of ozone that is needed to compensate for the loss of oxygen in the evaporated TiO2 film. An ion gun with a fairly large diameter (3–4 in. in diameter) is located above the electron gun and argon gas is used to generate Ar ions to bombard the substrate surface uniformly during the film deposition to compact the growing TiO2 film.
A two-step process is used in fabricating a high purity HfO2 film. This method avoids the damage to the silicon surface by Ar ion bombardment, such as that encountered during Hf metal deposition using dc sputtering. A thin Hf film is deposited by simple thermal evaporation. In one embodiment, this is by electron-beam evaporation using a high purity Hf metal slug (e.g., 99.9999%) at a low substrate temperature (e.g., 150�–200� C.). Since there is no plasma and ion bombardment of the substrate (as in the case of sputtering), the original atomically smooth surface of the silicon substrate is maintained. The second step is oxidation to form the desired HfO2.
The first step in the deposition of CoTi alloy film is by thermal evaporation. The second step is the low temperature oxidation of the CoTi film at 400� C. Electron beam deposition of the CoTi layer minimizes the effect of contamination during deposition. The CoTi films prepared from an electron gun possess the highest purity because of the high-purity starting material. The purity of zone-refined starting metals can be as high as 99.999%. Higher purity can be obtained in deposited films because of further purification during evaporation.
A two step process in fabricating a high-purity ZrO2 film avoids the damage to the silicon surface by Ar ion bombardment. A thin Zr film is deposited by simple thermal evaporation. In one embodiment, this is accomplished by electron beam evaporation using an ultra-high purity Zr metal slug (e.g., 99.9999%) at a low substrate temperature (e.g., 150�–200� C.). Since there is no plasma and ion bombardment of the substrate, the original atomically smooth surface of the silicon substrate is maintained. The second step is the oxidation to form the desired ZrO2.
The fabrication of Y2O3 and Gd2O3 films may be accomplished with a two step process. In one embodiment, an electron gun provides evaporation of high purity (e.g., 99.9999%) Y or Gd metal followed by low-temperature oxidation technology by microwave excitation in a Kr/O2 mixed high-density plasma at 400� C. The method of the present invention avoids damage to the silicon surface by Ar ion bombardment such as that encountered during Y or Gd metal deposition sputtering. A thin film of Y or Gd is deposited by thermal evaporation. In one embodiment, an electron-beam evaporation technique is used with an ultra-high purity Y or Gd metal slug at a low substrate temperature (e.g., 150�–200� C.). Since there is no plasma or ion bombardment of the substrate, the original atomically smooth surface of the silicon substrate is maintained. The second step is the oxidation to form the desired Y2O3 or Gd2O3.
The desired high purity of a PrO2 film can be accomplished by depositing a thin film by simple thermal evaporation. In one embodiment, this is accomplished by an electron-beam evaporation technique using an ultra-high purity Pr metal slug at a low substrate temperature (e.g., 150�–200� C.). Since there is no plasma and ion bombardment of the substrate, the original atomically smooth surface of the silicon substrate is maintained. The second step includes the oxidation to form the desired PrO2.
The nitridation of the ZrO2 samples comes after the low-temperature oxygen radical generated in high-density Krypton plasma. The next step is the nitridation of the samples at temperatures >700� C. in a rapid thermal annealing setup. Typical heating time of several minutes may be necessary, depending on the sample geometry.
The formation of a Y—Si—O film may be accomplished in one step by co-evaporation of the metal (Y) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) without consuming the substrate Si. Under a suitable substrate and two-source arrangement, yttrium is evaporated from one source, and SiO2 is from another source. A small oxygen leak may help reduce the oxygen deficiency in the film. The evaporation pressure ratio rates can be adjusted easily to adjust the Y—Si—O ratio.
The prior art fabrication of lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3) films has been achieved by evaporating single crystal pellets on Si substrates in a vacuum using an electron-beam gun. The evaporation technique of the present invention uses a less expensive form of dry pellets of Al2O3 and La2O3 using two electron guns with two rate monitors. Each of the two rate monitors is set to control the composition. The composition of the film, however, can be shifted toward the Al2O3 or La2O3 side depending upon the choice of dielectric constant. After deposition, the wafer is annealed ex situ in an electric furnace at 700� C. for ten minutes in N2 ambience. In an alternate embodiment, the wafer is annealed at 800�–900� C. in RTA for ten to fifteen seconds in N2 ambience.
The high-k tunnel gate dielectric of the present invention reduces the barriers between the substrate and gate insulator and/or between the floating gate and the gate insulator.
In the specific case of Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, the expression that describes the conduction in the insulator is J=AE2exp(−B/E) where J is the current density in amps/cm2, E is the electric field in the insulator in volts/cm and A and B are constants for a particular insulator. The constants depend on the effective mass and the electron barrier energy of the insulator and are scaled with the barrier energy, Φ, as A∝(1/Φ) and B∝(Φ)3/2.
For the case of the commonly used gate insulator, SiO2, the equation above renders A(SiO2—Si)=5.5�10−16 amps/volt2 and B(SiO2—Si)=7.07�107 V/cm. If a new barrier of Φ=1.08 eV is utilized, likely values for A and B can be extrapolated from the above equations. In this case, A(Φ=1.08 eV)=1.76�10−15 amps/volt2 and B(Φ=1.08 eV)=1.24�107 V/cm.
Curves of J versus the barrier energy, F, are shown in
The NROM memory transistors of the present invention can thus be designed with very small equivalent oxide thicknesses and scaled into the 50 nm dimensions without drain turn-on problems, short-channel effects, and punchthrough. Additionally, retention times will decrease due to more thermal excitation and emission of electrons over the smaller barriers.
The memory device includes an array of flash memory cells 630 that can be NROM flash memory cells. The memory array 630 is arranged in banks of rows and columns. The control gates of each row of memory cells is coupled with a wordline while the drain and source connections of the memory cells are coupled to bitlines. As is well known in the art, the connection of the cells to the bitlines depends on whether the array is a NAND architecture or a NOR architecture.
An address buffer circuit 640 is provided to latch address signals provided on address input connections A0–Ax 642. Address signals are received and decoded by a row decoder 644 and a column decoder 646 to access the memory array 630. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, with the benefit of the present description, that the number of address input connections depends on the density and architecture of the memory array 630. That is, the number of addresses increases with both increased memory cell counts and increased bank and block counts.
The memory device 600 reads data in the memory array 630 by sensing voltage or current changes in the memory array columns using sense/buffer circuitry 650. The sense/buffer circuitry, in one embodiment, is coupled to read and latch a row of data from the memory array 630. Data input and output buffer circuitry 660 is included for bi-directional data communication over a plurality of data connections 662 with the controller 610). Write circuitry 655 is provided to write data to the memory array.
Control circuitry 670 decodes signals provided on control connections 672 from the processor 610. These signals are used to control the operations on the memory array 630, including data read, data write, and erase operations. The control circuitry 670 may be a state machine, a sequencer, or some other type of controller.
Since the NROM memory cells of the present invention use a CMOS compatible process, the memory device 600 of
The flash memory device illustrated in
In summary, an NROM cell can use a high-k dielectric as the trapping layer. The high-k dielectric can be fabricated using atomic layer deposition, evaporation, or a combination of the two processes. The high-k dielectric enables smaller write and erase voltages to be used and eliminates drain turn-on problems, short-channel effects, and punchthrough.
The NROM flash memory cells of the present invention may be NAND-type cells, NOR-type cells, or any other type of array architecture.
Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that any arrangement that is calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. Many adaptations of the invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, this application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the invention. It is manifestly intended that this invention be limited only by the following claims and equivalents thereof.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Love and Relationships
with Mary Jo Rapini
Posts filtered on Category
What to Do When You Don't Like Your Child's Choice of Partner
I have seen parents be eliminated from their child's life because they could not get along with their child's spouse. Many times that meant that the grandchildren were not part of the parent's life either. Nothing you say can be worth destroying your relationship with your children over a potential spouse. Keep your feelings to yourself, and try to find what it was or is that your child fell in love with. The greatest gift you can give your child is your willingness to work with them and their new spouse. This article offers helpful advice. [Read More]
10 Signs that it may be True Love
True love outlasts all methods commonly used to help couples spark their relationship. In fact, the most important aspect of keeping true love alive is to prioritize it, be aware and grateful for your love, and continue allowing it to deepen. This Valentine's Day, if you are treating your true love, then making time to celebrate your love is the most important thing you can do. This article offers suggestions. [Read More]
A Holiday Gift of Stress is Not Worth Giving; Steps to Reducing Stress During the Holidays
The holidays are a frenzied, frantic time of the year, but they are also full of joy and wonderful memories. Feeling stress and depression during this time of year due to financial, family or relationship burdens is common, but preventable. Planning together as a couple prior to the season's first Christmas carol is your best assurance that you will remember this holiday as one of your best! This article offers ten suggestions. [Read More]
Are Your Feet Too Cold Before You Get Married?
This study supports the need to talk to your fiancée about your fears prior to the wedding. Studies are pending, but I am hopeful the more pre-marital counseling couples can engage in, will be the key to healthier, stronger marriages. If we as a society can build stronger marriages, we can build healthier families, economies, education systems and communities. [Read More]
The Bad Years; Expect them in a healthy marriage
Every healthy happy married couple I know has had bad years. It is normal; it is to be anticipated. I would be nervous about marrying anyone who wasn't open to talking about how to handle the difficult times prior to becoming my partner. Marriage is a lifestyle. It is an incredible shared journey with another person. That person will be your teacher, lover, best friend, worst friend, and co-parent. They deserve the best of you, the worst of you, and the truth of you. It's not about being married "Happily ever after," it's about being married "Authentically ever after…and finding the happiness in that." This article offers help in saving your marriage. [Read More]
The Consequences of having it All
I don't think the question is, "Can women have it all?" I think the question is, "Will I know it and appreciate it when I have it all?" There is a consequence for every behavior, and weighing the cost of the pros and cons of each choice is a better way to teach women what having it all involves. For more suggestions in regards to "Can women have it all" read this article. [Read More]
Your Word Means Everything
Every human I know has made at least one promise they didn't keep. Hopefully, it's only one or two. If this is a consistent pattern for you, it's time to work on this. If you destroy someone's ability to trust you, you have destroyed someone who had faith in you at one time. With each year that passes, you will realize there are less and less people who have faith in you. Life gets lonely when no one trusts you anymore. Life becomes hell when you don't trust yourself anymore. 5 important ways to make amends with people who no longer believe your words. [Read More]
It's the Memory of You I Can't Forget
When you lose someone you love, you are fragile, and need time to reflect, and re-live those memories. If you have a good friend who will experience the loss with you, the healing stage can be less tragic, but no matter who is there to help or not, it takes a long time to get over the memories. I work with people who have suffered severe losses and the one thing it has taught me time and time again, is that most of the time sad memories fade, but never disappear. This article offers solid advice and support for those who lose a love. [Read More]
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Profiles | Directories | News, articles and announcements | Executives, compensations and biographies
Commonly used company information databases:
- NZX Company Research (NZ)
Listed and de-listed companies' business description and overview, performance summary and outlook. It includes companies' annual reports, financial statements, top shareholders, stock prices and news.
- Osiris
Covers company contact information, legal and account information, main activity and industry, key financial and employees, directors and managers, auditor details and ownership information. Includes NZ companies.
- Factiva
Global and New Zealand company profiles and company news. To search for a company, select Company/Market tab.
- MarketLine Advantage
Company profile reports outlining key facts, business descriptions, key employees, top competitors, company overview, major products and services. Find company profiles by clicking on the Companies icon on the MarketLine Advantage homepage. Limited New Zealand coverage.
- Mergent Online
US and international companies' synopsis, history, joint ventures, subsidiaries, long term debt, executives, and news.
- Bloomberg (restricted access)
Provides company profile information, including company description, share price chart, company earnings, dividend, company contact information and management names. To search for company information, type the company's name or ticker in the search box, and then type DES in the search box.
Supplementary databases for company information:
- BMI Research
Country and industry analysis and forecasts. The company intelligence section provides information on company expansion, finance, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions, and products and services.
- Business Source Premier
New Zealand and international company profiles, industry profiles, country reports and market research reports, and SWOT analysis.
- Passport GMID
Company background, key facts, products and services, competitive positioning analysis and statistics.
- Hoover's Company Records
Company overview and history, officers and board members, competitors, products and operations, auditors, rankings, related industry information and historical financials. Top of page
- a'Courts (NZ)
Online business directory. Search for businesses by product, trade index, brand or company name.
- Companies Office (NZ)
New Zealand official companies register. Information on company addresses, director details and documentation on annual returns.
- NZX Company Directory (NZ)
From Sharechat. Links to companies on the NZX main board, unlisted securities market and new capital market.
- The New Zealand business who's who (NZ)
Company contact information, executive details, brief financials, and products and brand information.
- The Treasury, State Owned Enterprises (NZ)
From the New Zealand Treasury website, where you can find information on state owned enterprises.
- Beef and Lamb New Zealand Trade Directory (NZ)
Brief directory information searchable by market, product and brand.
- Kompass
Global business directory, information on company executives, branches, localities, a list of products and services, brief financials, and trade and brand names. Includes NZ.
- Who owns whom. Australasia, Asia, Middle East & Africa
A print directory of parent, associate and subsidiary companies.
Top of page
News, articles and announcements
- NZX Company Research (NZ)
NZX market announcements and individual company's announcements.
- National Business Review (NZ)
Business and financial daily news service providing news, comment and analysis.
- Newztext Plus (NZ)
Contains news and business publications, such as the National Business Review.
- ABI/Inform
Coverage of a large number of business journals, magazines and newspapers. To find company news, enter the name of the company, limit your search to Companies/organization field and select Newspapers as the source type.
- Australia/New Zealand Reference Centre
Newspaper and magazine articles about New Zealand and Australian companies.
- Bloomberg (restricted access)
Contains real time company news and industry news. To search for company news, type the company's name or ticker in the search box, then type in CN.
- Business Source Premier
Offers a mixture of newspaper and journal articles, company profiles and industry reports.
- Factiva
Global news, business news, company news and industry information.
- Compustat (restricted access)
Provides earnings announcements. The code is RDQE (Report of Quarterly Earnings). US companies.
- Wall Street Journal
Useful for finding company announcement dates. The Wall Street Journal from 1986 onwards is also available in ABI/INFORM. Top of page
Executives, compensation and biographies
- NZX Company Research (NZ)
Annual reports can include remuneration information and other corporate governance material.
- Factiva
General information and news about company executives.
- Mergent Online
US and some Canadian executive information, including biographies, compensation, committees, and executive insider trading details.
- Osiris
Details of current directors and managers for international public companies, including New Zealand.
- BoardRoom
A directory of directors and senior executives of companies listed on the Australian Stock Exchange. Includes remuneration figures for directors and senior employees.
- Company Check
Information on current and past directors of UK companies.
- Riskmetrics (restricted access)
Directors and corporate governance data for US S&P 1500 companies.
- Compustat Quarterly Updates (restricted access)
Provides US company executive compensation data.
- China Vitae
Biographies of Chinese business leaders. Top of page
Financial data | Annual reports and filings | Investment reports | Auditors reports
Financial data
Financial results, including those of multinationals operating in New Zealand, must be reported to the Companies Office (as laid out in the Financial Reporting Act).
Financial data for private companies can be difficult to find. The best resources to use are media reports from news databases, in particular Newztext Plus and Factiva. Also search the Companies Office website for company names, and view Annual Returns under Documents.
- NZX Company Research (NZ)
Listed and de-listed New Zealand companies. Financials, announcements, annual reports, top shareholders, prices, forecasts, investment and financial profiles, and dividend history.
- Company statistical review service (1968-83) and Listed company financial information (1983-87) (NZ)
This New Zealand financial data includes a consolidated balance sheet, often with three or four years data, and an analysis of accounts giving three to ten years data. Later data includes ratios, share prices and P/E ratio, investment performance, and balance sheet summary.
- Cost of Capital reports (NZ)
From PwC, 'provides estimates for selected New Zealand companies of earnings multiples, equity betas and their Weighted Average Cost of Capital'.
- Financial institutions performance survey (NZ)
Annual publication from KPMG, provides financial data for banks, finance companies and savings institutions. Earlier copies are available in print.
- Factiva
Financials for international listed companies, including New Zealand. Use the companies/markets tab to search by company name.
- Mergent Online
Key financials, balance sheets back to at least five years, income statements, cash flow and equity pricing. Global coverage, including New Zealand.
- Osiris
Detailed financial information on 70,000 listed, and major delisted, companies around the world, including New Zealand.
- Bloomberg (restricted access)
Provides historical fundamentals data and future estimates, including historical and intraday share price data, company income statements, balance sheets and cash flow statements, financial ratios, company segments and more. Global coverage, including New Zealand. Some of the commonly used commands are listed below:
- EE : finds a company's earnings estimates
- ERN: searches for a company's earnings history
- DVD: searches for dividend related data
- FA: retrieves a company's fundamentals data, such as income statements, balance sheets, cash flow statements and earnings ratios etc.
- TRA: searches for total returns data
- COMP: generates comparative returns
- EQS: creates a customized list of securities match with your research criteria.
- RV: compares the financial performance of your interested company to other competitors in the same industry.
- Datastream (restricted access)
Company accounts information plus time series equity data. Global coverage, including New Zealand. See FAQs for Datastream.
- WRDS (restricted access)
- Compustat: Annual and quarterly income statement, balance sheet, statement of cash flows, and supplemental data items on most publicly held US companies and global companies including New Zealand.
- CRSP: Security price, return, and volume data for the NYSE, AMEX and Nasdaq stock markets.
- I/B/E/S: Forecasts from security analysts, including earnings per share, revenue, cash flow, long-term growth projections and stock recommendations.
- SEC Info
Securities information from the SEC EDGAR.
Annual reports and filings
- NZX Annual Reports (NZ)
Annual reports of listed and delisted New Zealand companies.
- NZX Company Research (NZ)
Contains auditors' fees summary. To access this information, click on the Professionals drop down menu, then select Auditors Fees.
- Mergent Online
Annual reports for US and international companies, including NZ. Click on the Reports tab. For SEC and SEDAR (Canada) filings, use either the Government Filings tab or access via individual company.
- EDGAR Company Filings
From the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) website. Free access to the filing information of more than 20 million US companies. Please see the SEC's guide on how to use this database.
- Bloomberg (restricted access)
Provide access to company annual reports and SEC filings.
Tip: Most companies publish their annual reports in full text on their websites. Additionally, the Library holds print annual reports for publicly listed New Zealand companies. If you need access to these reports, contact one of the business librarians.
Investment reports
- WRDS (restricted access)
I/B/E/S within WRDS provides financial forecasts from security analysts, including earnings per share, revenue, cash flow, long-term growth projections and stock recommendations.
- Bloomberg (restricted access)
Contains brokers' reports and analysts' recommendations (ANR).
- World Investment Report
Produced by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the report contains in-depth analysis and trends in foreign direct investment worldwide at both regional and country levels.
- Global Investment Trends Monitor
Also from UNCTAD, contains global investment trends reports from 2009 onwards.
- Investment Policy Monitor
Also from UNCTAD, contains the latest developments in foreign investment policies, both at the national and international level.
- Monitoring trade and investment measures
From OECD.org, contains reports to G20 on trade and investment measures.
Auditors reports
- NZX Company Research (NZ)
Auditors' fees summary information. Click on the Professionals drop down menu to access auditors' fees information.
- Audit Analytics (restricted access)
Audit information for US public companies and accounting firms.
- Osiris
Auditors' details for public listed companies.
- All About Auditors
From the US SEC, this page contains information on how to identify the auditors of a publicly traded company.
- Mergent Online
Extract auditing information, year by year, as one item from an annual report.
- Compustat (restricted access)
US companies.
Stock exchange and data | Initial Public Offering (IPOs)
Stock exchange and data
- NZX Company Research (NZ)
Share trading prices (opening, closing, high and low) and trading volumes back to 1990.
- New Zealand Herald (NZ)
Daily high, low and close, and P/E ratio. Use for historic share price data.
- NZX Markets (NZ)
Information on New Zealand listed companies including share prices, stock codes, indices, and announcements. Has current share price (30 minutes delay).
- NZX Weekly Diary (NZ)
A summary of all market announcements issued by NZX during the previous week, and upcoming changes to the status of Listed Issuers and Securities. 1976-2000 in print; later issues online through i-Search.
- Datastream (restricted access)
Provides share data for listed and de-listed companies. Key data sets include equities and company financials, stock market indices, unit and investment trusts, warrants, and bonds. Available frequencies include daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly and annually. Includes New Zealand companies. See FAQs for Datastream.
- Bloomberg (restricted access)
Provide historical and intraday share price data and charts.
- WRDS (restricted access)
Includes access to CRSP (NYSE, AMEX and Nasdaq stock markets), I/B/E/S, and the Dow Jones Industrial Averages.
- Factiva
Stock prices for companies worldwide. Use Companies / Markets tab to find listed companies, then click Quotes for prices.
- Osiris
Stock data, stock valuation, and monthly, weekly and daily pricing. International coverage, including New Zealand.
- Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)
Information for the ASX including stock quotes, market data, share prices, tools and resources as well as investment information.
- Major Stock Indices
Produced by NASDAQ, summarises the performance of major groupings of stocks, classified by the exchange on which they trade and region.
- World stock exchanges
Links to major stock exchanges worldwide.
- US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
SEC oversees the key participants in the securities world, including securities exchanges, securities brokers and dealers, investment advisors, and mutual funds.
- Stock market data and financial markets summary
Produced by the Wall Street Journal, providing both real time data and data from the past three years. Covers share trading information, foreign exchange rates, commodities and futures, and mutual funds.
- World Federation of Exchanges Statistics
Includes detailed market statistics.
Also look at company announcements. Top of page
Initial Public Offering (IPOs)
- NZX Company Research (NZ)
Includes listing prospectuses.
From the National Business Review website. Contains New Zealand companies' IPO news.
- SDC Platinum (restricted access)
The Global New Issues database within SDC platinum has IPOs from 1970 onwards.
- Osiris
Look up recent companies' IPOs by date. Select stock data, then choose IPO date.
- IPO Performance
Produced by Hoovers, contains IPO filings, IPO calendar and IPO performance.
- Investment dealers' digest
Contains the performance review of the most recent 100 IPO companies (from 1991 to 2011).
- Upcoming IPO
Produced by NASDAQ, contains latest IPOs information.
From the Financial Times, contains international companies' IPO news.
- IPO data
From Professor Jay Ritter's IPO page at University of Florida.
- Bloomberg (restricted access)
The standard price chart in Bloomberg contains IPO information.
Databases | Websites and online reports | Journals
- NZX Weekly Diary (NZ)
A summary of all market announcements issued by NZX during the previous week including mergers and takeover offers.
- Financial deals tracker database
From MarketLine Advantage. Global mergers and acquisitions (M&A), private equity deals, venture finance deals, private placements, IPOs, and partnerships across various industries.
- SDC platinum (restricted access)
Contains global mergers and acquisitions transactions from 1979 to present, including New Zealand mergers and acquisitions. Also has a joint ventures and strategic alliances option in the M&A component, with this data being from 1988.
- Mergent Online
Contains company's mergers and acquisitions history. See under Company Details > History. Also includes joint venture and alliance information. See under News tab.
- Bloomberg (restricted access)
Contains current and historical mergers and acquisitions data, including deals overview, deals breakdown, capital flow, league tables, deals list, buyers list and time series. To retrieve data, type command MA in search box and press GO on keyboard.
Websites and online reports
- Commerce Commission (NZ)
New Zealand's Commerce Commission grants clearances for acquisitions, and authorisations for acquisitions. The Clearances Register lists all applications for clearance and outcomes.
- Campaign against foreign control of Aotearoa (CAFCA) (NZ)
Listing of decisions from 1994 by the Overseas Investment Office and the Overseas Investment Commission.
- Overseas Investment Office (NZ)
Search OIO decisions. Access statistical information for overseas investments.
- New Zealand Gazette (NZ)
The Company Notices include appointment and release of receivers/managers/liquidators, removals, and applications for winding up companies. Print available from 1854 onwards.
- Takeovers Panel (NZ)
New Zealand Government Takeovers Panel decisions from 2001.
- Institute of Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances
Contains statistics on mergers and acquisitions worldwide.
- Thomson Reuters Mergers and Acquisitions Review
Contains global mergers and acquisitions deals summary (in PDF format).
- M&A monthly review
From Experian Corpfin. Contains monthly mergers and acquisitions review in the UK markets.
- Takeovers Panel
Decisions by the Takeovers Panel (Australian Government).
- Australian Competition Tribunal
Full text of decisions.
- SEC Info
Securities information from the SEC EDGAR. Merger and acquisition deals and tender offers filed up to one year previous.
M&A journal publications
- Advances in mergers and acquisitions
Covers economic, financial, strategic and organizational behaviour aspects of mergers and acquisitions.
- Mergers & Acquisitions Report
Covers US and foreign companies.
- Mergers & Acquisitions: The Dealermaker's Journal
Providing full coverage of merger and acquisition activity and data on mergers and acquisitions worldwide; pricing, structuring and acquisition strategies.
Business history
- Business history project (NZ)
Created by the University of Auckland, the project includes brief histories of ASB Bank, Barfoot and Thompson, DB Breweries, Levene, Fletcher Construction, Ports of Auckland, Winstones, and Fisher and Paykel.
- The Fletcher Trust Archive (NZ)
Contains the records of several hundred companies acquired or merged into Fletcher Challenge Limited.
- An archival directory of business records held in the Auckland Region (NZ)
Outlines official publications and institutional/commercial publications as sources of information. Lists records under broad industry categories.
- A select bibliography of the business history of New Zealand (NZ)
Lists articles, books and theses about companies and industries. Published by the University of Auckland.
- New Zealand Gazette (NZ)
The Company Notices include appointment and release of receivers/managers/liquidators, removals, cessation of business, applications for winding up companies, partnership notices, and alteration of memorandum of association. Print available from 1854 onwards.
- The dictionary of New Zealand biography (NZ)
For information on New Zealand company founders.
- New Zealand archives and manuscripts collections also contain documents on company history, including the Hocken Library collection from the University of Otago, and TAPUHI from the Alexander Turnbull Library.
- International directory of company histories
Multi-volume reference work. Covers histories of both public and private companies that have leading influence in a particular industry or geographic location.
- Business databases are a useful source for articles on companies, including business history.
- New Zealand Business Who's Who (NZ)
Lists details from over 17,000 New Zealand companies and over 10,000 Directors. The print edition includes a listing of subsidiaries and associated companies cross-referenced to parent companies.
- Osiris
Ownership data for public companies. Includes subsidiary information and shareholder data. Includes New Zealand companies.
- Bloomberg (restricted access)
Contains current and historical ownership data. To retrieve ownership data, type the name of the company in the search box, then type command OWN.
- Who owns whom. Australasia, Asia, Middle East & Africa
Print directory of parent, associate and subsidiary companies. Includes New Zealand.
- Mergent Online
Includes a list of subsidiaries for each company.
- SEC Info
Securities information from the SEC EDGAR. Institutional ownership reports filed up to one year previous.
- Privatisation database
From the World Bank and International Finance Corporation. Information on privatisation transactions in developing countries, from 2000-08.
- SDC platinum (restricted access)
There is a privatisation flag in the Mergers and Acquisitions component.
Databases | Journals | Websites
- Factiva
Contain companies rankings within specific industries. To find rankings information, click the Companies/Markets tab > Industry link > choose the industry (eg, Air Transportation) > Peer Comparison link. You can rank companies by sales, number of employees and market capitalization.
- TableBase
Part of RDS Business Suite, this database contains market share, company and brand rankings, industry and product forecasts, production and consumption statistics, imports and exports, usage and capacity, number of users/outlets and trends.
- Bloomberg (restricted access)
Provides lists of major players in various industries. Companies are ranked by market share, revenue and other criteria. To retrieve data, type command BI in search box and use the left hand filters to further refine your search results.
- Financial Institutions Performance Survey (NZ)
Annual survey published by KPMG, provides financial data for banks, finance companies and savings institutions. The Library holds earlier copies, from 1986, in print. More recent reports are available online.
- New Zealand Management (NZ)
Listed and unlisted, New Zealand subsidiaries of overseas companies, producer boards, and co-operatives. Contains business ranking information and the annual ranking lists are available on Business Source Premier.
- Business Review Weekly
Includes ranked lists for Australian companies.
- Accounting today
Contains annual survey data on the top 100 Accounting firms (ranking by revenue). Note: data is incomplete.
- Business profiles of New Zealand's top 100 companies (NZ)
From Kompass. Ranked by number of employees.
- The Deloitte Top 200 (NZ)
Top 200 New Zealand companies, ranked by company revenue.
- Fortune 500
High profile ranking of the largest companies in the United States, measured by revenue.
- Global 500
Annual ranking of the top 500 corporations worldwide, measured by revenue.
- The world's biggest public companies
From Forbes.com. You can filter the list by industry and country.
- Bloomberg Businessweek 50
Identifies companies in the S&P 500 with the best recent performance and outlook for the future. Evaluated on four factors: one year and five year risk-adjusted returns, consensus analyst recommendations, and projected earnings growth.
- IndustryWeek 1000
Annual ranking of the world's largest public manufacturers, by revenue. See Industry week to access earlier lists via library databases.
- Corporate responsibility, citizenship, and green business resources
Compiled by Ohio University, this guide contains links to resources about corporate responsibility and citizenship, and green business and climate awareness.
Books and reports | Databases | Statistics | Websites
Books and reports
Search for books about small to medium enterprises by typing relevant search terms (eg, small to medium enterpris*) in the Catalogue.
Note: * is a truncation symbol, which searches for variant word endings (eg, enterpris* will return results for enterprise or enterprises).
- Ministry of Economic Development. (2011). SMEs in New Zealand: Structure and dynamics 2011. Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Economic Development.
- Ministry of Business Innovation and Employment. (2012). Small and medium businesses in New Zealand: report of the Small Business Advisory Group. Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.
- Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. (2014). The small business sector report 2014. Wellington, NZ: Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment.
- Ardic, O., Mylenko, N., & Saltane, V. (2011). Small and medium enterprises: A cross-country analysis with a new data set. Retrieved from the World Bank database.
- OECD iLibrary
Covers books, working papers, statistics, glossaries and factbook about global small to medium enterprises.
- World Bank eLibrary
Contains books, working papers and journal articles about small to medium enterprises worldwide.
- Business Source Premier
Offers extensive coverage in journal articles and research reports about small to medium enterprises.
- NZSTATS: New Zealand Statistics Sources (NZ)
Click Browse > By Subject > S > Small and medium enterprises (SMEs).
- NZ.Stat (NZ)
Developed by Statistics New Zealand, NZ.Stat allows you to create tables from a wide range of large datasets and covers business demography statistics.
- New Zealand Business Benchmarking Survey: Financial Statistics (NZ)
A financial survey conducted annually by the University of Waikato Management Research Centre.
- Small and medium-sized enterprises
From the European Commission's Eurostat website. Covers annual structural business statistics.
- Small and medium sized enterprises (NZ)
From the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, this page contains a report, factsheet and booklet about SMEs in New Zealand.
- SME Research Hub (NZ)
From the Government Economics Network, this page contains links to the SME research community and SME research and analysis.
- Small Business Advisory Group reports (NZ)
Covers key issues faced by small businesses in New Zealand.
- The GNZB Survey (NZ)
A project by the University of Auckland Business School about the growth, innovation activities and challenges of New Zealand SMEs. There is a summary of the survey findings.
- Industry Benchmarks (NZ)
An online tool developed by Statistics NZ and Inland Revenue. It helps SMEs to assess and improve their performance by comparing with others in the same industry.
- Data for business: Find statistics to start and grow your business
Contains data and interactive maps to help businesses identify potential customers and understand industries.
- Small and Medium Enterprises
APEC's Small and Medium Enterprises Working Group. Covers information on business management, financing, innovation, market access and internationalisation.
- Bankruptcies, in Entrepreneurship at a glance
Statistical data source from OECD iLibrary. This chapter contains insolvency and bankruptcies statistics from 14 countries from 2006.
- Datastream (restricted access)
See the Economics series. Try a free text search using the keywords bankruptcies or insolvencies. Also see the help page FAQs for Datastream.
- Hines, T. M. (2006). Sources for researching business bankruptcies. Journal of Business and Finance Librarianship. 11(3), 3-17.
- Bankruptcy
From the US Securities and Exchange Commission.
- Canada Corporations Law Reporter
Legal commentary on Canadian company and commercial law, including bankruptcy and insolvency topics, with relevant legislation and cases.
- UCLA-LoPucki Bankruptcy Research database
Produced by the UCLA School of Law, this database contains data on all large, public company bankruptcy cases filed in the US Bankruptcy Courts from 1 October 1979 to the most recent update.
- Referencing
Access a range of tools and support material to assist your referencing work.
- Quick©ite
Use this interactive tool to view examples of references.
Covers a range of styles used at the University of Auckland. Included is an example for statistics and numeric data


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Hillary Clinton, pro-abortion triangulator
The leading Democratic candidate for president is being criticized by a pro-life figure for her reaction to Planned Parenthood officials caught in undercover videos.
It has been discovered that the man who last summer entered a pro-family group's headquarters in Washington, DC, pulled a gun, and wounded a security guard fully intended to "kill as many as possible" among targets he identified on the website of the Southern Poverty Law Center.
Reckless disregard, radical promotion
Charlie Butts (OneNewsNow)
The Southern Poverty Law Center website lists several pro-family groups as "hate groups" -- including FRC, the American Family Association, Americans for Truth About Homosexuality, Concerned Women for America, Coral Ridge Ministries (now Truth in Action Ministries), the Illinois Family Institute, and Liberty Counsel.
Liberty Counsel founder Mat Staver believes the Southern Poverty Law Center has a role in the crime to which Corkins has admitted. The attorney tells OneNewsNow that the SPLC has misclassified his organization and the others as hate groups like the Ku Klux Klan.
"This is irresponsible. It's reckless," says Staver. "We knew that something like this would happen because of the reckless disregard of the truth and the radical promotion of their pro-homosexual agenda that the Southern Poverty Law Center sponsors."
According to Staver, the SPLC categorizes groups such as FRC as hate groups because "they believe that homosexuality is not moral; that it is not biblical and it is abnormal."
"For those reasons alone," he concludes, "they [FRC] were classified as a hate group -- and as a result of that they were targeted by a terrorist."
Staver says the Corkins case ought to be a wakeup call to the SPLC to stop its practices. He is convinced SPLC has a role in the crime and should be held accountable.
Floyd Lee Corkins pleaded guilty Wednesday in a court hearing to multiple criminal charges (including committing an act of terrorism) stemming from the August 15, 2012, shooting inside the facilities of the Family Research Council. It came to light during the hearing that during an interview with the FBI right after the shooting that he admitted his guilt. He said he intended to "kill as many as possible and smear the Chick-fil-A sandwiches in victims' faces, and kill the guard." When Corkin was apprehended, he had in his possession a backpack containing several sandwiches from that Christian-owned restaurant chain. Chick-fil-A was making headlines at the time because of its president's public statements in support of traditional marriage. ( Related article)
Upon review of Corkins' family computer, authorities found that he had identified his targets on the SPLC website, which previously had labeled several pro-family, Christian groups -- FRC among them -- as "hate groups." In his plea agreement on Wednesday, Corkins acknowledged he identified FRC as "an anti-gay organization" by visiting Southern Poverty's website.
Story continues below ...
FRC president Tony Perkins has released the following statement, in which he repeats his call for SPLC to stop what he calls "reckless labeling" of Christian organizations:
"The day after Floyd Corkins came into the FRC headquarters and opened fire wounding one of our team members, I stated that while Corkins was responsible for the shooting, he had been given a license to perpetrate this act of violence by groups like the Southern Poverty Law Center which has systematically and recklessly labeled every organization with which they disagree as a 'hate group.'
"Today both assertions were validated in court as Corkins plead guilty to multiple criminal charges, including terrorism.
"The Southern Poverty Law Center can no longer say that it is not a source for those bent on committing acts of violence. Only by ending its hate-labeling practices will the SPLC send a message that it no longer wishes to be a source for those who would commit acts of violence that are only designed to intimidate and silence Christians and others who support natural marriage and traditional morality.
"Once again, I call on the SPLC to put an immediate stop to its practice of labeling organizations that oppose their promotion of homosexuality.
"Whether the SPLC continues to demonize those who hold to biblical morality or not, the Family Research Council will remain unequivocally committed to our mission of advancing faith, family and freedom."
The leading Democratic candidate for president is being criticized by a pro-life figure for her reaction to Planned Parenthood officials caught in undercover videos.


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Explore the Entrepreneurship.org Resource Center to find resources. Designed with entrepreneurs in mind, our resource center allows you to find materials to grow great ideas.
A new research paper, Sources of Financing for New Technology Firms: A Comparison by Gender, shows that women continue to use a different financial strategy and lag behind men-owned firms in numerous performance measures over time. The study is fifth in a series of Kauffman Firm Survey (KFS) longitudinal studies. The KFS collects data on nearly 5,000 firms that started in 2004 and are surveyed annually for information on the nature of new business formation activity and characteristics of the firms and owners.According to the report, women entrepreneurs launch high-technology firms with less financial capital than men, relying instead more on internal funding sources. Although from startup through the fourth year of operation, the women-owned high-tech firms did make progress in raising substantial amounts of capital and in developing intellectual property, they continued to lag behind the men-owned firms in several performance measures, including revenues, profits, assets and hiring. Alicia Robb, Kauffman Foundation senior research fellow and co-author of the paper, said that women high-tech entrepreneurs "may have relied on internal funding because they didn't want to share control of the firm, or because they didn't have equal access to external funding networks." In addition, women entrepreneurs may not have had the personal capital for seed funding needed to attract larger amounts of external equity. The study also found that women-owned high-tech firms were more likely to be organized as sole proprietorships or partnerships than as corporations or limited liability corporations, more likely to be home-based businesses and less likely to have employees. Moreover, the women entrepreneurs surveyed remained unwilling or unable to develop external sources of equity capital over their first four years of operation, which could fund further innovations, employment or growth. The entire KFS dataset -- and all reports in the KFS series -- are available for download.
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Did I need more things to do? No. Did I need to upgrade my blog and my website? Yes. That's why I'm now at hanspetermeyer.ca. And why the blog lives at hanspetermeyer.ca/blog.
Google is taking it's time finding my posts at the new blog, and there is a lot to fix. Please be patient as I make the transition. It's something I should have done a long (long) time ago.
See you at hanspetermeyer.ca!


text: Hi everyone. I just update my /usr/src tree to the current CVS (as of a few hours ago). I'm using the .au anoncvs server... Once I've updated the tree, I run 'make obj', and it fails in lib/libkvm with an error at line 30, something about a bad comparison. I had a quick look at the makefile, and I can't see anything wrong (not that I know much about makefile syntax). If I use make -k obj, it also fails somewhere else in the tree with the same error (I don't remember where right now, I can check if it's important). Anyway, is this happening because I'm doing something wrong, or some of my tools are out of date? I haven't found much documentation on what to do after updating with CVS, and I'm fairly new to all of this. Thanks. -- [ Matthew Gregan ] [ GPG ID: B63A1E95 ] [ email@example.com ] [ GPG fingerprint: FB83 2911 F170 B31C 9E4A E382 CA8A A2F6 B63A 1E95 ]


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This plugin creates a capcha box before your submit button in the comments section to prevent all that unwanted spam.
Simple and good Plugin
It's work!!!
Thank you
You must log in to submit a review. You can also log in or register using the form near the top of this page.


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India recently hosted the 1st Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) World Congress – the first ever global meeting on community-based rehabilitation. This event was held at Agra from 26th-28th November, 2012.
Community Based Rehabilitation (CBR) is the strategy for a cross-sectoral, human right-based approach to inclusive development. This approach targets and involves people with disabilities, their families and their organizations as primary stakeholders.
In light of the event, DPI undertook a study on the WHO CBR Guidelines to formulate a final position paper. More than 80 of DPI members took part in the study and the final paper was made public at the CBR Congress in Agra. The paper can be read here.


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Do comic books — and comic book stores — have a future?Written by Jim Beard | | firstname.lastname@example.com
It's a funny world. Audiences happily buy tickets to see "Marvel's The Avengers" and "The Dark Knight Rises" and later shell out even more dough for the DVDs and Blu-rays and related video games. They thrill to the news of a "S.H.I.E.L.D." TV series, a Wonder Woman film, and sequels to "Thor," "Captain America" and even "Ant-Man." License holders rake in profits in the billions of dollars worldwide — while at the same time the source material, the lowly comic book, continues on its downward spiral into obscurity and obsolescence.
Think about that. The three Christopher Nolan-Christian Bale Batman films have garnered billions of dollars in worldwide ticket sales, yet an issue of the Dark Knight's signature title, Batman, sells a tiny fraction of those numbers. According to www.comichron.com, a website that tracks comic book sales, 2011's Batman No. 1, a relaunch of the classic series, sold 218,000 copies, then dropped to 133,800 by issue No. 4. The dichotomy between the films and their "parent" is staggering, especially when one considers that without the latter, the former couldn't exist. The reasons behind this are many and varied and much of it has to do with society's ever-evolving use of technology.
Industry veteran and longtime writer/editor Mark Waid, who has written for Superman, Justice League, Spider-Man, Archie and many more, said that very same emerging technology may be the comic book's savior.
"In the past, I've not found [the gap between the films and the books] unusual in the least because so few of the people who actually see these films have had easy access to one of the 1,800 or so places in the U.S. that comics are sold," he said. "But with the digital revolution so firmly under way and digital comics sales doubling every few months, I have higher hopes for the future for audiences to visit the world of comics when all they have to do is open their Web browser or their mobile device."
Ethan Van Sciver, one of the most popular modern comic book artists (Green Lantern, Superman/Batman, New X-Men and The Flash: Rebirth), said the superhero concept itself is a potential problem for comic books. He noted the "chastisement" the industry gave itself in the 1990s for producing almost nothing but books featuring costumed crimebusters. After that, a movement to make comics more diverse seemed to say that "your Average Joe just didn't like super-heroes," though that may have been proven false by the success in recent years of superhero films.
"As it turns out, the evidence shows that almost everyone loves superheroes," Van Sciver said. "They just lack the gene that lets them connect with them through panel-by-panel visual storytelling. It takes a special kind of person to understand the language of comic books, and to immerse themselves into that world.
"I don't think the time will come when the success of the movies will lead to a real boost in comic sales long-term, but what I do believe is that the movies will be the new catalyst for the next generation of comic book readers. I found comic books because the Christopher Reeve 'Superman' films had a big impression on me as a child, and I already loved to draw and to read. Comic book fans will always be a small minority, a fraction of the public at large. But they will always be there."
The history of translating film success to comic book sales has been a roller coaster since Batman enjoyed a boost from his infamous 1966-68 TV series.
From 1965 to 1966, Batman sales nearly doubled, from 454,000 to 899,000. But by the end of the decade, his wings were once again clipped to a measly 355,000. Conversely, a decade later the Man of Steel saw little surge in his sales power after "Superman: The Movie" hit theaters. He was selling just 235,000 copies on average in 1977 – by 1979 Superman had creeped up to 246,000. Today, the Avengers comic sells around 67,000 units, despite its spinoff film becoming the third-highest grossing movie in history.
Again, why the disparity? Though comics still carry the stigma of being "kiddie" fare, in truth they haven't really been for kids since the late 1960s and early 1970s. The average person on the street might be surprised by the barriers that have been struck down in the past four decades, allowing for themes, situations and language that would have been swiftly censored in the golden age of the 1940s and '50s. Back then, a comic book was aimed at children and sold on the average of a million copies each issue — and had little competition for its entertainment value. Today, why bother with unmoving, static images on paper when you can see a film, watch a TV show or play the latest video game?
Toledo's comic shop owners and managers tend to agree with the industry creators. Ed Katschke of Monarch Cards & Comics calls the medium a "niche market designed to appeal to a smaller demographic group," not to a mass audience.
"Their true value lies in the strength of their core concepts," he said. "Once these concepts have been shown to be appealing to their niche market, it is easy for creators in other mediums to see how they can be expanded to a larger audience. And while all of these different mediums often have elements in common, they are also different enough that their presentation brings out different strengths in assorted concepts. A comic book is not a movie which is not a TV show, but a strong idea like Superman can be adapted to work well in any of these mediums.
"Serialized fiction can be a hard sell for regular book vendors and it is even more difficult in regards to the monthly publishing schedule of most comics," Katschke said. "Comics will always remain a niche market, albeit one that will always exist if for no other reason than to continue feeding other mediums with entertaining characters and concepts."
"I find it sad that those films make that kind of money and the comics industry sees so little reward," said Jim Collins, owner of JC's Comic Stop. "There's nothing to drive them to want to read the comics. Warner/DC tried with "Green Lantern" by inserting a plug for its books, but it was at the very end of the film. It was throwing us [comic retailers] a bone, so they could say 'we tried.' I have seen crossover sales from "The Walking Dead," but I believe it's because they push its graphic novel source. I'm glad for the sales, but it really ticks me off saying 'graphic novel,' because it came from a comic book. It's like they're afraid to use that name."
The current comic industry's output has perhaps never been more diverse but the strange lack of true advertising to a potentially wider audience only lends even more shame to the story of its growing impotence. It's a well that filmmakers continue to plumb for ideas, though little of their success bounces back to the source.
Tags: Batman, Comic books, Ed Katschke, Green Lantern, JC's Comic Stop, Jim Beard, Jim Collins, Mark Waid, Monarch Cards & Comics, Superman, Walking Dead


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Bethlehem NY
Stories from Bethlehem residents, shopkeepers and community organizations.
Posts by Author
Spring Clean Bethlehem!!
Cleanup events will be held on the third Saturday of each month – April 17, 2010 through October 16, 2010 – from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon. In the event of rain, cleanup will be canceled. Volunteers will meet at Town Hall, at 9:00 a.m., prior to departing for the selected cleanup location so that […] [Read More]
RCS to make 44 tough cuts
As told by Bob Gardinier: District officials have announced 44 full time positions, including 15 teachers, will be cut in the 2010-11 budget. "This is devastating news for this district," said Superintendent Daniel A. Teplesky. "In my years of being in education, I've never experienced numbers like these." The district announced recently that more than […] [Read More]
Stranded & Prioritizing
As told by Paul Grondahl: After being knocked down twice by the force of a raging river during rescue attempts, firefighter Keith Cipollo finally managed to rescue a cold, frightened fisherman stranded for more than 30 minutes in the middle of the Normans Kill Wednesday afternoon. "The current was really strong and the bottom was […] [Read More]
As told by Christen Gowan: BETHLEHEM — Once a preeminent weapons inspector for the United Nations, Scott Ritter on Thursday again found himself in the spotlight for a darker reason: allegations he had inappropriate contact with a teen. Police in Barrett Township, Pa., said Ritter last year contacted a detective there posing as a 15-year-old […] [Read More]


text: A Winona man was jailed early Saturday after he was cited with domestic assault and felony terroristic threats. Deputy Police Chief Tom Williams said 40-year-old Antoine Booker was arrested at a home in the 650 block of East Fourth Street about 1:30 a.m. Saturday. Williams said Booker is also facing assault charges causing both harm and fear and potentially a third degree felony count of domestic assault. Police also issued domestic assault citations at at least three other locations over the weekend. In one, 35-year-old Willard LeRoy Newmann was also cited for possession of a controlled substance in the 600 block of East Fourth Street about 2:45 a.m Saturday.


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One of the best things about being a parent is the ability, or opportunity I should say, to troll your children. I think I would spend far too much time coming up with hilarious things just like this to punk my kids.
Would that make me a horrible person and father? Or are things like this okay to pull off on your 10-month old daughter? Is this funny or evil? You tell me.


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Whitman Teaches the Movement Kick-off: Why Civil Rights Education Matters in Walla Walla in 2014
A panel discussion featuring President George Bridges, Walla Walla Public Schools Superintendent Mick Miller, Dayton Public Schools Superintendent Doug Johnson, and education researcher Dr. Kate Shuster.
This kick-off event for Whitman Teaches The Movement will focus on the local context while Dr. Shuster's talk at 7:00 p.m. will provide a national perspective on civil rights education.
This event is free and open to the public.
Whitman Teaches The Movement is an initiative of the Student Engagement Center. For more information about this unique partnership among Whitman, Walla Walla Public Schools and the Southern Poverty Law Center please see: http://whitmanteachesthemovement.net/
Related Events
MLK Jr. March and Candlelight Vigil
Jan. 20, 4:00 p.m.
Film Screening: Freedom Riders
Jan. 23, 7:00 p.m.
Why The Movement Matters: Learning from America's Civil Rights Struggles
Jan. 27, 7:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m.
Nonviolent Resistance and Campaigning Workshop
Jan. 29
An Evening with Civil Rights Activist Diane Nash
Jan. 30, 7:00 p.m.


text: What Happened to Eb, Tom Lester, from Green Acres? By Mark Tassler October 21, 2014 Remember Mr. Douglas' trusty farmhand Eb Dawson? Well, he finally got married and lives on his own farm now. By the way, he's the only living cast member from Green Acres. Read More|Comment Category: Articles, Entertainment, Whatever Happened To Tags: Classic TV, Eb, Eddie Albert, Green Acres TV Show, Tom Lester Send to a friend! Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr!


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Browse: 2 Photos, 16 Articles, Forum
Damon Albarn goes solo, Drake teams up with James Blake, Bon Iver's Justin Vernon returns to an old sideproject, and David Byrne and St. Vincent take a road to nowhere.
Check out the full sets from Radiohead, Arctic Monkeys, Pulp, At The Drive-In, Black Keys and Snoop (with Tupac) more.
In town for her only free show of the Australian tour, St Vincent stuns the crowd at the wacky and wonderful nightclub, Barrio.
St Vincent's Annie Clark elicits fervent adoration and passion from both sexes. Her music can be simultaneously sordid and salacious. Six months of touring Strange Mercy sees a band comfortable in its skin. Not tired, tight.
Browse: 2 Photos, 16 Articles, Forum
Stay informed about your favourite artist and events.
Follow your favourite artist and events to get email updates.


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Product Releases
Dalton's Watt-Flexcartridge Heaters
Thu, 01/17/2013 - 12:12pm
Watt-Flex Split-Sheath Cartridge Heaters from Dalton Electric Heating (Ipswich, MA) can be constructed to deliver full heat to the tip, making them ideal for injection molding applications. When used in molding probes, hot-tip Watt-Flex heaters minimize gate freeze-off. Because of their continuous resistance coils, Watt-Flex heaters can even be zoned to create custom temperature profiles — manufactured to deliver differing amounts of heat at various points along their sheaths. Features include:
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- Availability in standard diameters of 1 in./25 mm and lengths of 90 in./1825 mm.
- An operating temperature up to 1,700°F.
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