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Size of room was nice, bed was comfortable
noise level from hallway you could hear conversations, and the person next door using the bathroom
Comfy bed and good deal with a great restaurant attached..
Room kind of smelled funny..entire wing smelled of cig smoke..room near us had a few dogs, cats and birds but were very quiet at night.
Service was excellent and people very friendly and courteous .
breakfast was OK
It's the first time I stayed at this hotel. I was really impressed with the friendliness and competency of the front desk staff and housekeeping. My daughter and I had a 3:30 am wake-up call, ouch!, and the front desk arranged Breakfast To Go's.
A generic dislike, not specific to this hotel, is when the sink is outside of the bathroom. While I dislike this feature, it would not prevent me from returning. Which I intend to do!
It's like a Motel that they cleaned up and made much nicer. Very decent hotel that me and the family would stay again. The breakfast was excellent! Normal continental Breakfast with a Pancake and Waffle station. Saved us from eating out.
Nothing, it was fine for the rate and price.
Very clean room. Great location. Definitely would stay there again.
Nothing I liked about this hotel.
I regret getting this place granted it was only 55 a night I expected a little more then I what I got. When I arrived I was sent to a room with broken heat and a broken extremely out dated television. I was then sent to another room in this dump and the hot water wasn't working so I called the front desk and was informed to run the water for twenty minutes and it will get hot. Long story short spend the extra money and get something other than this rat hole.
Great staff . Clean room and facility
Using Kayak. Was very dissapointed with This site. Will never use this site again.
As a detailed person, I truly appreciate all the attention paid to the little things. I have travelled extensively internally, but this was my first stay in a B&B. Vince and Scott are doing a wonderful job to make you feel welcome.
Very cheap. The hotel receptionist was friendly
No hot water. At check out, I told receptionist I had no hot water and was told I should have called so maintenance could have been sent to fix it, making it MY problem for not calling, instead of their problem for not having hot water.
The hotel is a bit unusual, but that isn't a bad thing. It's laid out like a motel, and the front is well done. It's friendly, clean, warm, and well-appointed. I'd stay here again!
The lack of snow. (Just kidding!)
The room where very small and the bed not comfortable at all for the price we paid I was very discourage about it
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Preserving the Past, Informing the Future
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JEREMIAH HALSEY was born in Preston, Conn., February 8th, 1822. The son of Jeremiah S. and Sally Brewster Halsey, he was descended in the seventh generation from Thomas Halsey, one of the founders of Southampton, Long Island, the first English town in New York; and on the maternal side, from Elder William Brewster, the leader of the Mayflower Pilgrims. His grandfather, Jeremiah Halsey, a member of the bar of Connecticut for nearly sixty years, was a distinguished officer of the Revolutionary War, one of the captors of Ticonderoga and the first commissioned naval commander of the United States.
In moral attributes, in mental characteristics and in personal appearance, Mr. Halsey bore the stamp of his illustrious Puritan ancestry. A lover of truth and justice for their own sake, of intellect broad, clear and penetrating, of temperament calm and self-controlled, lucid in expression and convincing in logic, deeply learned in the principles, practice and detail of his profession and gifted with a power of discrimination which made easy the practical application of them, he was as counselor, trier and advocate at once, unequaled at the bar of this State. Before court or jury he possessed that convincing power which character, candor, learning and thoroughness must always wield. As man and as lawyer he was of the highest type, and, acknowledged as such, his opinions and his arguments were ever attentively regarded.
Always of delicate constitution and hampered by defective eyesight, his early education was acquired at home, and only by the most persevering and often painful application. He was nevertheless a man of broad attainments and culture, and the enforced methods of his early instruction had cultivated in him a memory tenacious and accurate. In his youth he was compelled to seek a milder climate in the South, and at Hawkinsville, Georgia, he studied law and was there admitted to the bar on April 23d, 1845. Returning to Connecticut he was admitted to the bar of Windham County, December 11th, 1845, and in September, 1849, opened an office at Norwich in partnership with the late Samuel C. Morgan. From that time to within a few months of his death he continued in active practice at Norwich, interrupted only by a single absence of a year spent in travel and recuperation abroad. How long continued and uninterrupted that practice was, may be gathered from the fact that, with a single exception, every volume of the Connecticut Reports from 22 to 65 inclusive, contains cases in which Mr. Halsey's name appears as counsel. In 1870 he was admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States, and before that tribunal gained some of his most notable triumphs.
Always interested in public affairs, Mr. Halsey was not fond of office nor did he seek it. He represented Norwich in the General Assemblies of 1852, 1853, 1859 and 1860. From 1853, until his resignation in 1871, he was city attorney of Norwich, and from 1883 to 1888 corporation counsel. In 1873 Mr. Halsey was appointed by Governor Ingersoll, a member of the new State House Commission, authorized by resolution of the General Assembly of that year, and continued a member of that board until the completion of the new Capitol, devoting to the business of the commission the same careful attention to thoroughness and detail which he gave to his professional duties.
Unassuming and simple in manner, he was possessed of an unusual cheerfulness and sweetness of disposition which impressed all who came in contact with him. His charity was great and far reaching, and he was intimately associated as director or adviser with all the principal educational and charitable institutions of his home city. A consistent christian and devoted churchman, he was for many years connected with Christ Church, Norwich, as member, vestry-man and warden. In 1882 Trinity College conferred upon him the degree of Doctor of Laws.
Mr. Halsey was married June 1st, 1854, to Elizabeth M. Fairchild of Reading, who survives him. During the later years of his life it was the custom of Mr. Halsey to spend the winter months in Washington, and it was in that city on February 9th, 1896, having just completed his seventy-fourth year, that he peacefully passed away, retaining to the end a mind unclouded and courage unimpaired.
At a meeting of the New London County Bar held February 28th, 1896, a committee presented for adoption resolutions commemorative of Mr. Halsey. In the eloquent and appreciative tribute paid to his memory by those of his brethren longest and most intimately associated with him, may fittingly be found the just and final estimate of his character and attainments.
The bar of New London county, called together by the death of Jeremiah Halsey, desire to place upon record this tribute to their departed brother.
Mr. Halsey was a conspicuous example of the highest type of the lawyer. His acute and powerful intellect, directed and controlled by his innate sense of justice, and supplemented by habits of industry which carried his application to the business of his profession to the limit and perhaps beyond the limit of his physical strength, united to make him a master of the science and the practice of the law without a peer at the bar of this county. His superiority was too marked to admit of rivalry, and the modesty with which he wore his honors disarmed envy. His brethren were proud of his success and carne to look upon his fame as one of the treasures of the bar.
He was equipped equally well for the duties of the court room and the office. His clear perception of legal principles, his power of lucid statement, his irresistible logic, his ability to disentangle and arrange the facts of a complicated case, made him a formidable trier of causes, while his sound judgment, his candor and hatred of unnecessary litigation made him the best of counselors. He was by nature a peacemaker. The prospect of a fee never tempted him to bring into court a case which could be fairly settled outside of it. The memory of his labors as a trial lawyer will be perpetuated in the records of our courts and the traditions of the bar, but much of his best work is known and will be known only by the clients who found him the wisest and most faithful of advisers.
Mr. Halsey's private virtues were in keeping with his qualities of mind. His integrity was such that he could not do a mean act or entertain a mean thought, and nothing aroused his indignation like dishonesty or meanness in another. Joined to these qualities was a serenity of temper, a cheerfulness of disposition, a kindness of heart, which made his character one of remarkable symmetry. He was a great and good man. It is some consolation to his brethren in their grief at his loss, that he was not cut off in the midst of his career, but was permitted to round out a life of usefulness. His memory will be one of the cherished possessions of the bar.
In moving the adoption of the resolutions, Mr. John T. Wait spoke as follows:
"As chairman of the committee appointed by the members of the bar to prepare resolutions of respect to the memory of our deceased brother, Hon. Jeremiah Halsey, it is my special duty and privilege to present the same to the court and request that they be entered upon its records.
"In discharging this duty I cannot refrain from paying a brief tribute to the memory of the great man and the good man who has left us. From the time Mr. Halsey commenced practice in this county to the close of his life, the closest friendship has existed between us, and I can emphatically say that nothing ever occurred in our intimate association, personal or professional, that in the least marred my sincere love and high regard for him, or weakened my warm attachment to him.
"I can unhesitatingly declare that the bar of Connecticut never had in its organization a purer or more honorable member. Associating, as I have, with Mr. Halsey in all the walks of life, and especially in the practice of our profession, I have been deeply impressed by his nobility of character, his unquestioned integrity and his masterly knowledge of the law. I can hardly find language strong enough to picture the power of his mental and moral forces. The rich development of his faculties, an enlightened heart and an elevated spirit kept him growing stronger and stronger in the profession which he adorned, and in the love and respect of his brother members of the bar.
"In the practice of his profession he was eminent for his great ability and power, his unswerving integrity in the discharge of all professional duties, and his polished and courteous manner to all who approached him. In his private life he was loyal to every duty, to all the obligations of friendship, and obedient to every claim of good citizenship. In making these declarations I am confident that I only voice the sentiments of the entire body that I have the honor to represent in presenting these resolutions."
The melancholy privilege of age assigns to me the duty of formally seconding these unanimous resolutions of the bar, and expressing the sentiments of his professional brethren at the loss of their great leader. The proprieties of the occasion do not permit any labored or extended review of his life, his character and abilities. But it is fitting that while still standing in the shadow of our great loss, we place upon the imperishable records of the court this last feeble tribute of our respect, admiration and love for our departed brother.
Jeremiah Halsey was born at Preston on the 8th of February, 1822. He was admitted to the bar in 1845. He practiced continuously, in all the courts of this State for just half a century, and died at Washington, D.C., on the 9th of February, 1896, in the ripeness of his fame, and the full maturity of his powers.
He was a great lawyer; great in every department of that profession which calls for the exercise of the highest and most varied powers of human intellect. Whether he stood before the learned judges or a jury, or an arbitrator, or a committee of the General Assembly or other tribunal upon whose decision the lives, the property and the rights of men depend, he was master of himself, his subject and his audience. In that wonderful system founded upon the principles of everlasting righteousness, wrought out by the wisdom of ages, and sanctioned by the experience of mankind, at once the handmaid and the sure defense of human society, which men call law, he was easily "primus inter pares." The principles of this system he had explored to their deepest foundations. His comprehensive and philosophical mind had sought out their reasons, their application, and their limitations. He knew how and when to apply them in their rigor and when to make them elastic enough to meet the requirements of an ever changing and ever advancing civilization. He was no mere "case lawyer," such as are the weaklings of our profession, whose sole equipment consists of a catalogue of authorities and whose ill digested citations only serve to "make confusion more confounded." He was not one of those who darken counsel with "profane and vain babblings," "striving," as saith an apostle, "about words to no profit, but to the subverting of hearers." He rightly divided the word of truth, seeming by an intuitive alchemy to know how to separate the dross from the pure gold, how to marshal, to reinforce, explain, apply, and, if needs be, to reconcile the authorities.
He loved the law. To him it was not a trade for hire, nor even a profession for furnishing one's daily bread. It was rather a sacred ministration. He looked upon it as that portion of the scheme of eternal justice committed to man by the Supreme Lawgiver for the advancement of the human race; a rule of righteousness to be administered here, as at once a preparation and a foretaste of the more perfect law of the Grand Assize, when we shall no longer see as through a glass darkly, but face to face. A judge was to him a representative of Him of whom it is written: "Justice and judgment are the habitation of His throne." A court room was a sacred temple, and while he ministered at the altar, he had no part or lot with those who in the outer courts "were changers of money and sellers of doves." And for this exalted part in the noblest of all professions, Providence had endowed him with great and peculiar gifts of intellect, temperament and character. And these fitted into and worked in harmonious action with one another, as in the most nicely adjusted piece of mechanism ever devised by the skill of man. His intellectual equipment was of the highest order. He possessed a mind strong, vigorous and acute, capable of close and continuous application, and of comprehending the most abstruse and complicated problems. Nothing seemed too high, nothing too deep, nothing so hidden or involved as to baffle or obscure that penetrating vision. When once he had grasped the underlying principle of a case, he followed that clue through all the Daedalian windings and turnings of the labyrinth to its logical results, as though guided by the fabled thread of Ariadne. He was not unmindful of the rule "Stare decisis," but he looked beyond the decision to the reasons and the philosophy of it, and if it had not these credentials he boldly challenged it, as not having entered by authority through the lawful door of the fold, but as a thief and robber that had climbed up some other way. To this clearness of vision there was added a lucidity of statement which has never been surpassed, in our time, by any member of the Connecticut bar. What he saw so clearly he had the faculty of so expressing that his hearers saw it as clearly as he did himself. This is a rare gift, and if it be not eloquence, is akin to it. It was a delight - in some tangled and complicated cause, rendered still more tangled and complicated by the efforts of others who had struggled hopelessly in the Serbonian bog to listen to the pure, clean cut Anglo-Saxon, with which he extricated and unfolded the real issue and stripped it from all incumbrances. He rarely made excursions outside his argument by way of illustration, into general literature. But at times there came a flash of humor to irradiate and illume - as lightning sometimes comes from a clear sky as a warning of the approaching thunder.
In him was happily united to these qualities a temperament which acted with them in harmony and gave them full opportunity for exercise and development. He was calm, serene, self-poised, and equable, no matter how important the issue or how desperate the contest. Whether victory or defeat hung trembling in the balance - amid the smoke and confusion of the battle, amid "the thunder of the captains and the shoutings" - like the great Marlborough, he was imperturbable. He never lost his self-possession. He never failed to employ all his resources. He never retreated till the last man was brought up, and the last gun was fired, nor until all was lost save honor. And his fight was always in the open - a fair fight and no favors. There were no mines or counter-mines, no breaches of armistice, no firing upon flags of truce - "Noblesse oblige." The law and the testimony, truth and honor, right and justice, these and nothing more, and nothing less, were his watchwords.
It was these and such qualities as these that placed him in the front rank of our profession and caused his name to become a household word in our State, from the Bronx river to the Providence plantations. But he was more than these - was a pure, spotless, honest, simple, unaffected, truthful, just, honorable, white-souled gentleman. There was never one so conspicuous who bore his honors more unostentatiously. There was never one whose life had been spent in contest and in combat, more free from "envy, hatred, malice and all uncharitableness." He was not slothful in business, fervent in spirit, serving the Lord. "When the ear heard him it blessed him, and when the eye saw him, it gave witness to him."
I may not on this public occasion draw aside the veil which covers our personal relations. But it may be permitted me to say that to me he was more than a Brother in Law. For forty years we have been associated in the battles of the bar, always together, except as I remember, on only two or three occasions. He was my inspirer, my guide, my counselor and my friend. "We took sweet counsel together and walked in the courts of law as friends." We have been together in many a hard fought battle, have sympathized in many a defeat, and have rejoiced together in many a well earned victory. It was assigned to me, as junior, to lead the "light brigade" and dash at the enemy with sound of trumpet and slashing broad sword. But I knew full well whether in attack or retreat, that behind me was drawn up the heavy artillery, and that my great commander stood there as fixed and immovable as "the rock of Chickamauga."
His personal appearance harmonized with the dispositions of his mind and character. He was tall and slim, with straight black hair, a pale intellectual countenance, the eye of an eagle, and that prominent nose which is the unfailing sign of indomitable will and forceful character. His manners though mild and affable were decorous and dignified, inviting friendship while repelling undue familiarity. There was an indescribable something about him which inspired confidence. As you passed him in the street you felt "that Goodness had come that way." One knew at his mere presence - here is a man to be trusted. And he was trusted - as a counselor by his clients, as a lawyer by his brethren, as a legislator by his constituents, as a neighbor by his fellow citizens, as a man by all men with whom he came in contact.
"His life was
gentle and the elements so mixed in him
That nature might stand up to all the world and say - This was a Man."
Alas ! Alas ! The inexorable law of human existence, which spares not rich or poor, young or old, great or humble! "He hath given his honors to the world again, his blessed part to heaven, and sleeps in peace." He has gone "to join the innumerable caravan which ever moves to that mysterious realm, where each shall take his chamber in the silent halls of death." And so, for a season, we bid our brother "Farewell." He has fought a good fight. He has kept the faith. He has walked circumspectly amid the pitfalls of life. He has rejoiced not in iniquity, but has rejoiced in truth. He was first pure and then peaceable. He provided things honest in the sight of all men. He recompensed to no man evil for evil. He overcame evil with good; in all things showing himself a pattern of a perfect Christian gentleman.
And as we stood by his open grave, banked with flowers and watered by tears, as in the presence of the judges who honored him, the bar who admired him, and the great concourse of townspeople who loved him - and whom he loved - as we committed "earth to earth, ashes to ashes, and dust to dust," as we caught the solemn refrain of the church he loved so well - "This corruptible hath put on incorruption, And this mortal hath put on immorality," - our hearts responded to the triumphant paean, Yea - even so - it is well, "Death is swallowed up in victory."

subset: commoncrawl


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Rand man accused of brandishing sword at deputy
RAND, W.Va. (AP) — A Kanawha County man faces charges of brandishing a sword at a deputy.
Police say 35-year-old Chaten Samuel Nelson of Rand pulled a 4-foot-long samurai sword from a sheath strapped to his back and turned toward Kanawha County sheriff's Capt. J.S. Bailes in a fighting stance.
Nelson then withdrew the sword and began walking toward Bailes. He put down the sword and sheath following repeated orders by Bailes to do so.
Bailes arrested Nelson and charged him with brandishing a deadly weapon and simple possession.
The incident occurred Tuesday night as Bailes was patrolling in Rand.
Nelson remains free on bond.
A telephone listing for Nelson in Rand couldn't be found. It's not clear whether he has an attorney.
The Herald-Dispatch welcomes your comments on this article, but please be civil. Avoid profanity, obscenity, personal attacks, accusations of criminal activity, name-calling or insults to the other posters. Herald-dispatch.com does not control or monitor comments as they are posted, but if you find a comment offensive or uncivil, hover your mouse over the comment and click the X that appears in the upper right of the comment. If you do not want your comment to post to your personal Facebook page, uncheck the box below the comment.


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Time period at Anandpur Sahib and Chamkaur Sahib
Coming back to history, number of times Aurangzeb sent his Generals, to confront Guru Gobind Singh but failed. At last in the winter of 1704 AD Aurangzeb ordered to attack Anandpur Sahib with about 10 lakh combined forces of Delhi, Punjab, Kashmir, Afganistan, the Pahari Rajas and other states. It is a long history. The Guru had only about 20,000 sikhs with him. The Muslim army dared not to attack the fort of Anandpur Sahib and surrounded it for 6 months. Inside the fort, for the Sikhs conditions went very bad. Nothing to eat or drink. Even the bark and leaves of trees have been boiled and eaten. The water ponds had vanished.
The Muslim generals on the oath of Holy Quraan and Pahari Rajas on the oaths of Bhagwat Gita and holy cow requested Guru Gobind Singh to at least, for time sake, for one time, leave Anandpur Sahib. Though the Guru did not believe them but on the request of Sikhs inside the fort, acting in a democratic way, decided to vacate the fort. While leaving the fort at the pitch dark of night, forgetting all about the oaths the enemy attacked the Sikhs. River Sarsa running near Anandpur Sahib, was also in spate. The hungry and weak army of the Sikhs was to cross the river or face the sea of Muslim and ungrateful Hindu army. It was a tragic scene of devastation. The Guru was separated from the Sikhs as well as from his family. The whole Sikh army was scattered in the dark and ran to safety in any direction they found. Facing all these unfavorable conditions, Sikhs were to make unaccountable sacrifices. Unaccounted number of lives, almost whole of the costly, important items and writings of literature were lost and washed away in the floods.
The Guru along with forty of his followers, took shelter in an unsound small fort called 'Kachhi Garhi of Chamkour'. This Gharhi was also surrounded by the 10 lakh soldiers of the enemy. Out of the 40 Singhs, the Guru divided them each in groups of five. He sent them one after the other through out the day to go out of the fort and fight in the field with the Mugal army. Even the two elder sons of the Guru- Baba Ajit Singh - 20 years and Baba Jujhar Singh - 17 years sacrificed themselves. The Great Guru had decorated them himself and sent them to the field to sacrifice their lives. Each Singh went inside the war field, like a hungry loin runs in groups of cattle, fought to the last of his breath and sacrificed himself.
A situation had arisen that proved the truthfulness of the Guru's writing:
"Call me Gobind Singh, only, when my each Sikh will fight with more than one and a quarter lakh of enemy."
This went on, till in the evening only 7 Singhs were left with the Guru. A very difficult and strange situation had developed, the Guru was determined to fight and sacrifice himself like so many of his beloved Singhs and dear two sons, but the 7 Singhs wanted that the Guru should get himself out of this situation. At last it was the teaching of the Guru that came to the rescue of these Singhs in this hard situation. In the evening when war was stopped, five Singhs in the form of Khalsa, told the Guru "You have accepted yourself that Khalsa is your own Guru, so we as Khalsa order you to leave this Garhi immediately at night for safety. They explained if you are safe, you are capable and can again raise an army of Singhs to fight this oppression." With folded hands Guru Gobind Singh accepted the order of Khalsa.
In the pitch dark at night, the Guru along with 3 Singhs left the fort announcing that Guru is leaving, dare and catch if any body can. Without knowing, how many Singhs are with him and in which direction he is going, in hurry and in their folly, the Muslim army fought among themselves in the dark and the Guru had gone out safely.
The Guru with a sword in hand was alone in forests, without food, horse, kalgi, falcon, arrows, bow but still in high spirits. He always felt the presence of God in him. He was moving towards South of Punjab and the Mugal army was in his search. On the way, when slowly and secretly news of his whereabouts reached, the Sikhs started joining him. His Muslim devotees were also at his service. In about 2 to 3 months he reached Damdamaa Sahib near Bathinda in South Punjab at a distance of about 650 kilo meters away from Anandpur Sahib. At present the route taken by Guru Gobind Singh from Anandpur Sahib to Dam Damaa Sahib is called Guru Gobind Singh Marg. (see www.gurugobindsinghmarg.com )
While leaving Anandpur Sahib, the younger 2 sons, 7 and 9 years of age, of the Guru and their grand mother were separated and fell into the hands of the Mugals. They were bricked alive by the Governor of Sarhind, Wazir Khan. While listening the martyrdom of the young brave sons, at Dina Kangar, on the way to Dam Damaa Sahib, the Guru decided that such a cruel rule must be put to end and guilty punished.
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SIKHISM - A UNIVERSAL RELIGION, A RELIGION FOR WHOLE MANKIND | PERCEPTION OF GOD | WHY A TRUE GURU IS REQUIRED ? | WHO CAN BE A TRUE GURU? | STATUS OF A TRUE SIKH | GURU GRANTH SAHIB JI | SHORT HISTORICAL ASPECTS AND THE SIKH RELIGION - GURU NANAK DEV JI, GURU ANGAD DEV JI, GURU AMARDAS SAHIB JI, GURU RAMDAS SAHIB JI | GURU ARJAN DEV SAHIB JI | GURU HARGOBIND SAHIB JI, GURU HAR RAI SAHIB JI, GURU HARKRISHAN SAHIB JI | GURU TEG BAHADUR SAHIB JI | GURU GOBIND SINGH SAHIB JI | BIRTH OF KHALSA - PUREST FORM OF A HUMAN BEING | TIME PERIOD AT ANANDPUR SAHIB AND CHAMKAUR SAHIB | GURU GOBIND SINGH SAHIB JI IN 1708 | BABA BANDA SINGH BAHADUR JI | 1738 - 1760 AD | 1760 - 1849 AD | SINGH SABHA MOVEMENT IN 1873 | 1947 and thereafter


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You are here: Home > News Articles
Students Witness Dean's Testimony Before CongressJune 30, 2006
Dean Staver commented: "The Public Expression of Religion Act is long overdue. The threat of attorney's fees and damages has been wielded like a bully club to beat local government officials into submission, even when the church-state claims are outrageous and frivolous. When the Supreme Court candidly admits that its Establishment Clause decisions are 'hopelessly confused,' how can we expect local government officials to navigate in the dark and then hit them with financial penalties?"
Dean Staver was one of four witnesses at the hearing. Each gave a statement followed by intense questioning. Witnesses included: Rees Lloyd, Commander, District 21, The American Legion; Marc Stern, General Counsel, American Jewish Congress; and Professor Patrick Garry, Associate Professor of Law, University of South Dakota School of Law.
This opportunity allowed students to see first-hand how the legislative system functions. Janna Carter, a second-year law student and intern at Liberty Counsel, commented: "I got to watch Dean Staver argue his point and be asked tough questions in front of a subcommittee of Congress. Afterwards, I met Congressmen Hostettler of Indiana. This was one of the most amazing experiences I've had since law school. Everyone was so willing to meet us and offer to help in any way possible."
Liberty University School of Law was founded by Chancellor Dr. Jerry Falwell. It offers a three-year juris doctorate program and is committed to academic and professional excellence in the context of the Christian intellectual tradition.


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Storing content of a particular type at one or more cache servers may be accomplished according to a cache protocol selected according to the type of the content, a site (e.g., an origin server) associated with the content and/or a class of service requirement. In this scheme, the cache protocol may be selected and/or varied according to load balancing requirements and/or traffic conditions within a network. For example, the cache protocol may migrate from a first protocol (e.g., CARP) that allows only one copy of the content to be stored to a second protocol (e.g., HTCP or ICP) that allows more than one copy of the content to be stored. Further, the depth to which a request query is to be searched within a cache hierarchy may be determined according to the site, the content type and/or the class of service. Where necessary, a path for retrieving the content may be determined, at least in part, according to the content type.
1. A method, comprising storing content of a particular type at one or more cache servers according to a cache protocol selected according to the type of the content and traffic conditions within a network.
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21. An Internet content delivery system (ICDS) configured to determining the depth to which a request query is to be searched within a cache hierarchy according to a content type associated with the request query.
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24. An Internet content delivery system (ICDS) configured to manage the storing of content of a particular type at one or more cache servers according to one or more of a cache protocol selected according to the type of the content and traffic conditions within a network, a site associated with the content and a class of service.
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The present invention relates to schemes for caching content, and in particular, Internet content, at one or more locations.
Internet content, in its broadest sense, can be thought of as data, objects or information available via the Internet (perhaps through the World-Wide-Web (WWW) graphical user interface) using the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), the file transfer protocol (FTP) or other protocols such as the real-time streaming protocol (RTSP). A cache is a way to replicate requested Internet content on a system closer (either physically or logically) to the requesting site than to the source. The cache can then be used as a means to reduce the time needed to access the content, improve network reliability and reduce upstream bandwidth consumption.
Caching can be performed at any point along a delivery path between the client that requests the information and the server (or other source) that provides it. Different terms are used to refer to the cache, depending on where it is deployed in the delivery path. FIG. 1 shows some of the common locations in which caches (sometimes referred to as cache servers) can be deployed:
A personal cache server or personal proxy server 5 may be associated with an individual user's personal computer 10. The function of a personal cache server 5 is to improve user performance by keeping local copies of frequently request content on the user's personal computer 10. Most commercial web browsers available today include some caching capability but this functionality is generally limited in terms of features and storage capacity. Some personal cache servers may be configured so as to attempt to anticipate what the user's future content requests might be. Then, these anticipated requests can be pre-fetched before they are actually requested by the user or a user application. By avoiding long delays before requested content is returned, the user's experience is enhanced.
A personal proxy server extends the concept of a personal cache server by servicing more than one client. In most cases, personal proxy servers are used to connect two or more computers/devices to a network (e.g., the Internet) over a single connection. The proxy server hides the fact that there is more than one computer by using either a network address translation (NAT) scheme or local address translation (LAT) scheme to assign fictitious addresses to the computers connecting to the personal proxy server. When the proxy server receives a request, it translates the fictitious address into a real Internet Protocol (IP) address and forwards the request using the real IP address. When a response is received, the proxy server translates the address back to the original fictitious address and returns the reply to the client that initiated the request.
Another common cache sever is the Point Of Presence (POP) cache server 12. POP cache servers 12 may be deployed by Internet Service Providers (ISPs) and are used both to improve user performance and to manage bandwidth costs. POP cache servers are typically configured in one of two ways; either as a proxy, where each user specifically requests use of the cache, or as a transparent cache, to which all requests are redirected.
Edge cache servers 14 are also common features in ISPs' networks. The primary roll of an edge cache server is to minimize traffic across a service provider's backbone. As most service providers lease their backbone network circuits from other carriers, the use of a cache at this level can lead to significant cost savings. For example, a service provider may install an edge cache device in each of the provider's major regional network centers (often referred to as super POPs) so that data is only transmitted across the (leased) backbone a minimum number of times.
Cache servers 17 may also be installed at peering points 16. To understand why cache servers are used at this level, consider that the Internet is made up of thousands of separate networks. In order for these networks to exchange information efficiently, peering points 16 were created so that service providers could interconnect their respective networks. Unfortunately, peering points have become saturated, at least in part because the same piece of information is often moved across the peering point thousands of times. By placing cache servers 17 at the peering points (to establish what has become known as content peering), service providers are able to transfer particular content across the peering point only once and then serve all subsequent requests for that content from the cache 17. This helps to reduce the amount of traffic being transferred across the peering point 16, thus improving response time.
Cache servers may also be deployed to act as so-called HTTP accelerators 18 at various locations. Because cache servers are often much more lightweight and efficient than a full featured server they are often used to front-end the actual servers 19. This is most often done with web servers and the resulting entity is referred to as an HTTP accelerator. When a user request is received, it is directed to one of the available accelerators, which because it already has the information is able to respond to the request without the need to communicate back the origin server 19. This significantly reduces the workload on the origin server, which in turn improves user response time. Caches are also used in connection with firewall proxy servers 20. A firewall proxy server is often found at a company's connection to the Internet and performs many different functions. For example, the firewall proxy server 20 may block outside requests to access the company's internal network. The firewall proxy server 20 also gives the company the ability to control employee access to the Internet. If so equipped, the firewall proxy server 20 can store frequently requested information in a cache to improve user response time and reduce networks costs. In addition, it can be integrated with universal resource locator (URL) databases that restrict access to sites that may contain material that is not consistent with company policies. Until recently, the primary focus of these devices has been on access control and security and as such have had limited caching capability.
Finally, cache servers may be associated with distributed content caching (DCC)/reverse proxy operations. One significant requirement for any enterprise doing business on the Internet is to be able to scale their service and manage user response time. Distributed content caching does just that. In this configuration, cache servers 22 may be deployed at major traffic sites for a provider's content. In this case, a provider may be an Internet service provider, a content provider or even a country provider (e.g., where a particular provider deploys access systems that allow users in overseas countries to access Web sites in the United States).
Unlike database replication, where data is duplicated based on content being created, updated, or deleted, cache replication is dynamic, which simply means it is based on a client request. The advantage of dynamic replication is that only the content that is requested gets replicated. The disadvantage is that changes to the original content are not automatically applied to the replicated content. To overcome this disadvantage, a cache needs to be able to check for possible discrepancies between its copy of the content and the original. There are many different methods for validating cache content coherency—what type of content is being replicated and other business requirements often dictate the best method for a particular situation. In general though, most cache coherency methods do not require that the original content be checked each time a client requests it. Instead these schemes provide a means for defining how stale (i.e., how old) a cached copy of content must be before it is re-checked against the original.
Which method of cache coherency is used to validate replicated content depends many factors (including whether a choice of coherency methods is available at all). For information (such as Net News articles) that does not change, there is no need to revalidate as the associated content never changes. For other content types, however, there may be dramatic changes, even over very short time intervals.
The most frequently discussed coherency methodologies deal with HTML content transferred using the HTTP protocol. Such methods are best considered in their historical context. At the outset, consider the situation as it existed before the release of HTTP version 1.1.
Neither the original version of HTTP (HTTP v.0.9) nor its subsequent release (HTTP v.1.0) had direct support for cache servers. This made it very difficult for a cache server to determine if it had a current copy of the replicated content or not. To overcome this problem, two extensions became commonly used by cache servers: "Last-Updated" and "If_Modified_Since".
The initial method for testing the freshness of replicated content relied on Web page authors including a "Last Updated" or "Last Modified" tag in their documents. The cache server could then use this information to determine whether the copy of content it had was still current. As this method became more common, Web servers were updated to automatically include Last-Updated tags in reply headers, based on file modification times. This allowed a cache to retrieve only content summary information regarding the request from the origin server, without transferring the entire document, to determine if its stored copy was current. The problem with this method was that it still required the cache server to connect twice to the origin server if needed to refresh the content.
To solve this problem, a conditional GET operation that included an "If_Modified_Since" variable was developed. When an origin server received a GET request for a document, it would always return the HTTP header information (as before), and if the document had been modified it would also return the updated document without the need for a second request from the cache server.
One feature of the early HTTP versions that was originally intended for clients (e.g., Web browsers) turned out to be useful for cache serves as well. If a document included a "pargma no-cache tag", then the cache server knew to force a revalidation of the replicated content it currently had. Nevertheless, because support for testing content freshness was not part of the original HTTP standards, many cache servers relied only on internal information to determine when content should be refreshed. These methods used associated refresh timers based on content types and were often tunable by the end user.
With the release of HTTP v.1.1 came new support for cache servers. With HTTP v.1.1 both the client and server were able to provide information to a cache server that helped the cache server make decisions about how and when to refresh or expire replicated content. Clients with HTTP v.1.1 are able to now instruct a cache server to never cache a document, refresh if the document is older than a set time period, or refresh if the document will not be stale within a set time period. Servers with HTTP v.1.1 can now instruct a cache server to expire a current copy of a document, not cache a particular response, or only cache a response if it is a private server.
In addition to exploiting this new support for cache servers, others have discovered that there are many situations where arranging cache servers in a hierarchy or a mesh and searching for information amongst caches before directly connecting to an origin server can be beneficial. Such hierarchies may be especially useful where a network is poorly connected such that connecting to the origin server is always slow compared to looking in neighbor caches. Also, situations arise where the desired content is static, allowing a cache server to serve as an economical distribution mechanism. Moreover, cache hierarchies may help reduce redundant traffic across or between networks and, in some cases, may be the only economical method for delivering content.
Currently, the primary method for creating cache hierarchies is through the use of the Internet Cache Protocol (ICP). Using ICP, and referring now to FIG. 2, when a cache 30 receives a request for content from a client 32, the cache 30 first determines whether it has a copy of the requested content. If so, cache 30 responds to the request, otherwise cache 30 determines whether another cache in the hierarchy has a copy of the information that is being requested. In such cases, cache 30 sends a request to its neighbor cache(s) 34 and then, if necessary, to its peer cache 36.
Each neighbor cache 34 (i.e., those at the same level of the hierarchy as cache 30) sends a response indicating whether it has the requested information. That is, the neighbor cache(s) 34 will respond with either a query HIT or a MISS. In the event of a MISS, the neighbors will not attempt to retrieve the requested information on behalf of cache 30. If a neighbor cache 34 does have the requested information (i.e., a cache HIT), it provides that content to cache 30.
If none of the neighbor caches 34 have the requested information; the request is forwarded from cache 30 to the peer cache 36. Peer cache 36 resolves the request (i.e., by retrieving the content from the origin server 38 if it does not have a copy thereof or if that copy; is stale) and returns the requested information to cache 30. In all cases, upon receipt of the requested content, cache 30 stores a local copy and forwards the requested information to the client 32. Of course, in more complex hierarchies it is possible for a peer cache to have neighbors, or for a neighbor cache to be a peer for other caches.
As the above example illustrates, ICP has what is known as a message passing architecture. In order to determine if a given neighbor cache has the requested piece of content, a cache must send the neighbor a message and then wait for a reply. There are drawbacks associated with such a scheme. For example, client response time is increased because the client must wait while messages are exchanged between caches. Further, the message exchange utilizes the very network bandwidth that the cache is trying to save and thus there are limits on the hierarchy size. In addition to these problems, the current ICP implementation suffers from a lack of security, limited payload size and a lack of support for passing so-called "meta" information (e.g., the age of an object).
To address some of these problems, the Cache Array Protocol (CARP) was created. Like ICP, CARP allows a network administrator to define neighbors and peers to create a hierarchy or mesh topology. However, CARP does not rely on message passing to determine which (if any) cache server has the requested content. In CARP, a replicated piece of content is always assigned to the same cache server. Which cache server gets the assignment is determined by computing a unique value (e.g., using a hash function), based on the server and path portions of the URL associated with the requested content. In practice then, every request received by a cache server in the hierarchy can be automatically directed to the cache server that would have the replicated content (if indeed any of the cache servers in the hierarchy do), without having to poll neighbor caches. If the cache server that receives the request does not have a copy, it can go directly to the origin server to retrieve a copy, without the need to transmit any MISS messages. This reduces bandwidth requirements and speeds response time. In addition, CARP also addressed the security and payload size problems inherent in ICP.
While it would seem that CARP would be the ideal cache protocol, in reality it too has drawbacks. For example, CARP is unable to perform load balancing, because requests for a given document or object are always directed to the same server. In other words, there is no ability to distribute frequently requested content among multiple cache servers.
One other approach to solving the problems associated with a message passing architecture is the use of so-called cache digests. In this approach, each neighbor and peer cache broadcasts a list of the content it has to other caches in the hierarchy. This information is used to build a quick look-up table that a cache can use to determine which, if any, cache server has the content being requested. Of course, this approach consumes bandwidth each time the digest is updated.
Thus, it is apparent that each cache protocol has its own associated strengths and weaknesses. Unfortunately, no current caching schemes are available to exploit the benefits of a particular protocol in a dynamic fashion. To complicate matters, other factors that may affect the selection of cache query protocol or other retrieval methods include network latency, network cost (e.g., path cost), network congestion/availability, business rules, quality of service (QoS) parameters, and prior hit and/or useability ratios. What is needed therefor is a scheme that allows for such dynamic protocol selection.
In one embodiment a scheme that allows for storing content of a particular type at one or more cache servers according to a cache protocol selected according to the type of the content, a site associated with the content, server resource availability and/or class of service requirements or other business rules is provided. In this scheme, the cache protocol may be further selected according to load balancing requirements and/or traffic conditions within a network. Also, the cache protocol may be varied according to the traffic conditions or other factors. For example, the cache protocol may migrates from a first protocol (e.g., CARP) that allows only one copy of the content to be stored to a second protocol (e.g., HTCP or ICP) that allows more than one copy of the content to be stored. The site may be an origin server for the content.
In a further embodiment, the depth to which a request query is to be searched within a cache hierarchy is determined according to at least one of a site associated with the query, a content type associated with the query and a class of service associated with the query. The site may be an origin server for content associated with the request query. Also, a path for retrieving the content may be determined, at least in part, according to the content type associated with the request query.
In yet another embodiment, an Internet content delivery system (ICDS) is configured to determining the depth to which a request query is to be searched within a cache hierarchy according to a content type associated with the request query, a site associated with the query and/or a class of service associated with the query. The site may be an origin server for content associated with the request query.
Still another embodiment provides an ICDS configured to manage the storing of content of a particular type at one or more cache servers according to a cache protocol selected according to the type of the content, a site associated with the content and/or a class of service. As before, the cache protocol may be selected and/or varied according to load balancing requirements and/or traffic conditions within a network. In some cases, the cache protocol may migrate from a first protocol (e.g., CARP) that allows only one copy of the content to be stored to a second protocol (e.g., ICP or HTCP) that allows more than one copy of the content to be stored. The ICDS can be further configured to determining a path for retrieving content associated with the request query. The path may be determined, at least in part, according to the content type associated with the request query.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates various locations at which cache servers are commonly deployed in a network;
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a cache hierarchy;
FIG. 3 illustrates an Internet content delivery system for use with one or more cache servers in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 4 illustrates a cost-based optimizer configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
Described below are various examples of schemes for improving the replication of content and, in particular, Internet content. Although discussed with reference to certain illustrated embodiments, upon review of this specification, those skilled in the art will recognize that the present schemes may find application in a variety of systems. Therefore, in the following description the illustrated embodiments should be regarded as exemplary only and should not be deemed to be limiting in scope.
FIG. 3 illustrates an Internet Content Delivery System (ICDS) 50 configured to provide dynamic protocol selection and query resolution for one or more cache servers in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Note that although the present schemes are discussed primarily with respect to ICDS 50, the methodologes and practices, as well as hardware and software components thereof, of the present invention may also be embedded into other applications and or platforms. ICDS 50 may be located at any point along a delivery path between a client that requests content and a server (or other source) that provides it. Thus, ICDS 50 may be resident as part of a personal cache server or personal proxy server, a POP cache server, an edge cache server, a cache server at a peering point, a firewall proxy server and/or at major traffic sites for a provider's content.
In particular, ICDS 50 is especially useful when operated in conjunction with multiple cache servers (perhaps at various locations, physically and/or logically), arranged in a hierarchy or a mesh 52. When used in such environments, ICDS 50 specifies appropriate profiles for the caching of content. That is, ICDS 50 is able to determine what cache protocol (e.g., ICP, CARP, etc.) is to be associated with a particular request, in a content deterministic, site deterministic, traffic deterministic, class of service deterministic and/or other fashion. oreover, ICDS 50 may be configured to specify how far a request should be searched within the cache hierarchy 52 before being passed to the associated origin server (e.g., via the Internet 54). Note that various communication links, including wired, wireless and/or satellite links may couple ICDS 50 with cache hierarchy 52 and/or clients.
Preferably, ICDS 50 provides these capabilities within a heuristic framework that adapts to network conditions. In other embodiments, ICDS 50 may be implemented with a policy-based architecture that does not necessarily adapt over time. Regardless of the particular implementation, however, ICDS 50 provides a feature set not previously available with or for cache servers.
To provide the dynamic protocol selection referred to above, ICDS 50 may be configured to recognize content types and/or content sources associated with requests it receives. For example, requests for real-time streaming content may be directed to ICDS 50 using the RTSP protocol. Net News requests may be directed to ICDS 50 using the NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol), while requests for Web pages and the like may be received according to HTTP. By being able to recognize the content type associated with these different requests (e.g., based on the transport protocol or otherwise), ICDS 50 is able to determine which caching protocol is appropriate. That is, ICDS 50 is able to make a content deterministic evaluation of the appropriate cache protocol to be used.
For example, real-time content (such as stock quotes, etc.) is continually varying. It may not make sense to cache such content at all, given this constantly varying nature. Thus, when presented with a request for such content, ICDS 50 may determine that no cache in the hierarchy should be consulted and that the content should be retrieved directly from its origin server. Moreover, ICDS 50 may determine that no copies of this content should be stored and thus direct that the request not be cached. In other cases, for example where bandwidth costs make it appropriate or where the demand for content (i.e., any content—stale or otherwise) is so great, it may make commercial sense to store at least one copy of the real-time content, making CARP an appropriate choice.
For other content types (e.g., HTML pages transported according to HTTP), ICDS 50 may determine that at least one server in the hierarchy should store a copy of the content. Thus, CARP may be appropriate as it allows all subsequent requests for the same content to be directed to a common cache server. If at some later time ICDS 50 determines that there are so many requests for the content that the server storing that content is becoming a bottleneck, the cache policy associated with that content may be changed (e.g., to ICP or HTCP (hyper-text cache policy)0. This would allow for multiple copies of the content to be kept among different cache servers 56 a-56 d in the hierarchy 52. ICDS 50 could then load balance requests for the content among the various severs storing a copy, allowing for faster user response time.
In such a scheme, different load balancing options may be available, for example round robin load balancing. In a round-robin scheme, cache servers are grouped together based on their IP address (and possibly port number). As requests are received, they are passed to each of the cache servers in sequence. Thus, if there are four cache servers A, B, C, and D, then the first request would go to A, the next to B, the next to C, the next to D, and so on, repeating the sequence. In addition to a straight round-robin approach, some schemes support weighting servers. In these arrangements, an administrator may decide what proportion of requests (connections) should be directed to each cache server based on its perceived size, and assign weights accordingly (e.g., A=1, B=5, C=2, D=20). Then requests may be allotted to each of the servers in accordance with their assigned weights.
Another load-balancing scheme is based on how many current connections a cache server is handling. To illustrate, consider three servers A, B, and C and assume servers A and B each have three active connections while and server C has one. To properly balance the load among these servers in a connection-based fashion, the next two connection requests would be assigned to server C. In the event that all servers have the same number of connections, then resort may be had to round robin load balancing. Connection-based schemes may be modified to allow an administrator to weight servers as above.
Note that, in general, hash-based load balancing schemes are another option. In these schemes, it is often the case that an administrator has determined that it would be desirable to have the same server always handle requests for a given site. As an example, assume that a site has three cache servers A, B, and C. Under a round-robin system, the first request for a given URL would be passed to server A, which would retrieve the requested information and add it to its cache. The next request would go to server B, which would also retrieve the requested information and store it, and similarly for server C. In this model, a request would not be serviced from a cache until the fourth request was made. Moreover, up to four separate copies of the requested information (one in each cache and one at the origin server), all of which may be different, may exist. To solve this problem, a hash-based load-balancing scheme creates a key that ensures that a request for a given URL will always be directed to the same cache server. Only in the event that server is not available will the request be forwarded to a different server for processing. Of course, hash-based load balancing operations are implicit in CARP and are not always appropriate for ICP-based caching operations.
Anther method for performing load balancing is based on the monitoring of IP traffic statistics. This method relies on computing a weight, based on connection creation time, bytes transferred, network errors (i.e., dropped packets), and network latency. As the load balancer (e.g., ICDS 50) receives each new request, it examines the weights of all the available servers and attempts to direct the request to the least loaded server. The results of each request are then used to update the weights, to continuously tune to the least loaded server.
In addition to (or in place of) content-deterministic protocol resolution, ICDS 50 may provide site-deterministic protocol resolution. For example, ICDS 50 may determine that a particular request has taken a long time to satisfy on previous occasions and, therefore, the content associated with that request should be replicated elsewhere in order to speed user response time. Thus, ICDS 50 may direct that the content be cached under HTCP or even ICP, so as to allow multiple cache servers in the hierarchy 52 to store a copy of the content. The exact protocol to use may vary with time, according to traffic conditions or other factors.
Still further, ICDS 50 may determine the appropriate cache protocol to associate with a request according to the class of service to be accorded a particular client/customer. For example, some customers may always want their requests to resolve to the origin server associated therewith and, therefor, would never have content cached. Others may want to always search deep into a cache hierarchy before incurring bandwidth charges associated with a request to the origin server. Still other customers may seek a middle ground between these extremes. By examining the requests it receives, ICDS 50 may determine which cache protocol is appropriate for the particular class of service to be provided. Of course, such determinations may vary according to network conditions, content type, time of day, etc.
As implied above, in addition to the dynamic protocol resolution operations, ICDS 50 is capable of determining how far into the cache hierarchy 52 (e.g., on a hop count basis, a time-out basis or otherwise) a request should be transmitted before it is passed to the origin server. Again, these determinations made be made on a content basis, a site basis, a class of service basis or on another basis.
For example, where Net News is requested it may always be the case that the cache hierarchy 52 should be searched completely before retrieving the information from the origin server. Net News is static in that once posted, the information does not change. Therefore, copies of Net News are never "stale" and previously cached copies (no matter how deep in a cache hierarchy) are always viable content for delivery. On the other hand, Net News can comprise very large files that would take considerable time to transport across the Internet 54 from the origin server. Thus, these realities tend to indicate that it would be appropriate for ICDS 50 to always search the cache hierarchy 52 for such content before sending a request to the origin server. Of course, such policies may be tempered by the fact that users would not appreciate lengthy delays, so a more moderate search depth may be appropriate on occasion.
Other content types, for example HTML pages, may only be searched for one or two levels within cache hierarchy 52, because such pages may be easily retrieved from an origin server without consuming undue bandwidth. Moreover, users are becoming accustomed to rapid responses for Web page requests and the like and so may not appreciate undue delays in receiving such content. In any event, ICDS 50 is capable of determining the content type from the request and directing the level or depth of cache search within the hierarchy appropriately.
A related concept to this dynamic query resolution is the determination of which method to use to retrieve the requested content. Often, a cache server will have multiple ways of retrieving requested information (e.g., via a high-speed fiber link, a satellite communication link, etc.). ICDS 50 can participate in such a decision if provided with information regarding the available delivery means. For example, ICDS 50 may indicate that requested HTML content should be delivered using the fastest available delivery path, so as to avoid unnecessary delays in responding to the request. Net News, however, may be delivered across slower (and, hence, less expensive) means as it may involve a deeper search into, the hierarchy and thus be associated with significant delays already.
Throughout all of the above, it is recognized that ICDS 50 may respond to requests according to predetermined policies or, preferably, in an adaptive fashion. That is, ICDS 50 may be configured to always provide cache policies in a prescribed fashion, for example CARP for Net News, ICP for HTML requests, etc. However, a preferred option is for ICDS 50 to be allowed to develop cache policies according to the traffic (or other) conditions being currently experienced. Thus, an HTML request may be cached according to CARP in the first instance. Then, as more and more requests for the same content are received, ICDS 50 may update the cache policy to reflect this fact and migrate to a protocol that allows for better load balancing and/or response time (e.g., HTCP and/or ICP).
This type of adaptation may be applied to any of the schemes described above and may be expressed in a heuristic fashion that associates certain rules with each protocol option. For example, rules may be developed according to the strengths and weaknesses of the available cache protocols. Thus, ICP may be preferred in situations where numerous (e.g., beyond a certain threshold) requests for a document are received. Conversely, CARP may be preferred where relatively few requests for a particular document are being made, or where the document is observed to be updated relatively frequently. By examining current traffic characteristics against or in light of these rules, ICDS 50 may be able to choose the cache policy for particular content, site(s), etc. that best fits the situation.
As shown in FIG. 4, other factors may also influence or affect the selection of a cache query protocol or retrieval method. For example, factors such as network latency network cost, network congestion/availability, server availabilty, "business rules" (e.g., customer paid-for feature sets), quality of service (QoS) and/or prior hit and/or usability ratios may all play a role in determining what cache policy should be employed. Thus, a group of cache servers 60 (which may be organized hierarchically and/or as peers) may be operated under the control of a query optimizer 62.
Query optimizer 62 may have access to a number of databases 64 a-64 f, each of which may specify or define query resolution rules and/or procedures. For example, a network rules database 64 a may specify different path costs, peering hit ratios and so on. A business rules database 64 b may specify customer-specific requirements, while a QoS database 64 c may specify more general query resolution requirements based on a QoS for the type of traffic or point of origin of the content being sought.
Server resource database 64 d and server status database 64 e may provide information regarding the cache servers that make up group 60, so as to allow for load balancing, protocol resolution/selection and/or performance monitoring. Network status database 64 f can provide information regarding route congestion, etc. Query optimizer 62 is thus able to sypthesize the information received from the various databases 64 a-64 f to direct inbound query requests to an appropriate member of this group of cache servers 60.
Thus a dynamic protocol selection and query resolution scheme for a cache server has been described. Although the foregoing description and accompanying figures discuss and illustrate specific embodiments, it should be appreciated that the present invention is to be measured only in terms of the claims that follow.
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Jack L. Barnett Jr.
Anticipated graduation year: May, 2011
Degree/Major: Bachelor of Arts in Organizational Leadership with a minor in Communication
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I plan to advance my career with my current employer and eventually return to school in order to earn my masters degree.
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This looks like an example of how Kim Jong-un treats North Korea's people. Starving them into submission. The owner of this dog is no better than Kim Jong-un. Both need a nuke up their rear end.
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4435 Progress Meadow DriveDoylestown, PA 18902
Phone: 267-880-1779
26.1 Miles from 08505
As low as
$ 75
per month
1341 Route 37 WestToms River, NJ 08755
Phone: 732-818-7867
26.7 Miles from 08505
As low as
$ 105
per month
777 Route 37 WestToms River, NJ 08755
Phone: 732-286-1400
28 Miles from 08505
As low as
$ 59
per month
1555 Livingston Ave.North Brunswick, NJ 08902
Phone: 732-249-0077
28.6 Miles from 08505
As low as
$ 79
per month
10 Royal Rd.Flemington, NJ 08822
Phone: 908-284-0088
29.3 Miles from 08505
As low as
$ 99
per month
1225 State Route 70Lakewood, NJ 08701
Phone: 732-363-9311
29.7 Miles from 08505
As low as
$ 85
per month
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Your staff demonstrate a genuine interest in helping in any way possible.Frederick A. from Cresskill, NJ
July 29, 2015
Sherry and Trudy are the best. We needed some boxes late one Sunday afternoon and Sherry offered to stay a few minutes late so that we could come there to get them. She is a gem! Who else would do that on a Sunday at the end of a long day?Elaine from Frenchtown, NJ
July 28, 2015
I rented one of the lockers last year and was pleased with the service and the space I rented, so when I needed to store some stuff I returned. The lockers I rented both times were very convenient and close to the door and my car so it was perfect for me. Also the cart was easy to find.Christine from East Brunswick, NJ
July 28, 2015
I was completely satisfied and Sharon was an outstanding person to work with in setting up my account and going above and beyond to be helpful and informative.Marie from Flemington, NJ
July 28, 2015
Very nice operation, nicer than Treasure Island(which was not bad and was what the place was when I originally signed up). The manager at the Lakewood NJ Uncle Bob's was pleasant and very helpful, I would definitely use them again should the need arise.Leslie from Milford, CT
July 23, 2015
We enjoyed our stay and our items stayed dry and clean. It was nice.Dorothy from Middlesex, NJ
July 23, 2015
The owner and manger were helpful, accommodating and kind. The premises was secure, clean and meticulously landscaped.Richard from Doylestown, PA
June 26, 2015
I have kept my equipment there since before uncle bobs took over. The staff particularly Kelly is great to deal with and is an asset to your company.John from Island Heights, NJ
April 17, 2015
It was a very easy process both to rent the unit and to move into it. The facility is nicely laid out and I am very satisfied with the whole experience. Uncle Bob's is my storage place!Craig from Stockton, NJ
January 4, 2015
All of your employees have always treated me very respectfully and professionally, and have "gone the extra mile" to help when needed!Allison H. from New York, NY
August 28, 2014


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Juneau Police say that a man who was a suspect in a stabbing on Friday is now in custody.
Wayne Walter Williams, 33, was arrested on the beach near Douglas Sunday afternoon. He's being held at Lemon Creek Correctional Center with no bail.
Police say a 22-year-old woman at a residence on Simpson Avenue reported being stabbed multiple times by her brother Friday afternoon, but he had fled before officers arrived at the scene.
Police considered Williams to be armed and dangerous. The victim suffered fourteen stab wounds that were considered serious, but not life threatening.


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"One A Month" - New Ministry with Brinkley Heights
For several years, Trinity has partnered with Brinkley Heights in their food pantry ministry. This ministry provides a 3 day emergency food supply for individuals and families in need. We have several Trinity members who volunteer on a regular basis at the Brinkley Heights Food Pantry. Supplies for this ministry come from the Memphis Food Bank and from donations. Very often the Food Bank does not have sufficient stocks of certain items to meet the needs. To help alleviate these shortages Trinity is starting "One a Month" to help collect those items most often needed. Each month, we will collect one food item for the month and we are asking that you bring 1 can/jar of that item every Sunday in that month. There will be designated containers in the gym foyer and at the doors where you can leave your item each week. It is a small thing for each of us to do that will have far reaching results.
- 15 oz. can of Beans
- Saltines
- Cereal
- Peanut Butter
- Canned Fruit
- Canned Beans
- Saltines
- Cereal
Click here to see Where our Local Missions Offering Go and Who They help.
TEAM READ HAS RECEIVED PERMISSION FROM CORDOVA ELEMENTARY TO IMPLEMENT THEIR MINISTRY WITH STUDENTS. THE MISSION OF TEAM READ IS TO HELP IMPROVE ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT OF SECOND GRADE READERS—BY PAIRING EACH STUDENT WITH A CARING VOLUNTEER. DENVER ELEMENTARY, LOCATED IN FRAYSER, WILL CONTINUE TO PARTNER WITH OUR TEAM READ LEADERSHIP. TO SIGN UP OR RECEIVE FURTHER INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT TEAM READ DIRECTOR FOR TRINITY: CAREN SIMONS (email@example.com).
Alpine VillageTrinity's annual gift to our Mid- South Community. Trinity hosts over 5,000 guests each December—as we celebrate Advent Season. Please look for reservations around November 2015.
Benevolence FundFinancial assistance to Trinity members, who are experiencing financial stress: includes assistance with utilities, food, mortgage and rent.Brazil MissionsTrinity Baptist has partnered with Brazil to assist with discipleship, training and assisting local congregations. Click here for pictures.
Brinkley HeightsBrinkley Heights Ministries provides a variety of services to inner-city, low income families. Services include tutoring, food pantry, clothes closet and spiritual counseling. Trinity has been involved extensively with construction throughout Brinkley Heights. www.brinkleyheights.com
Career Transition Team
Frank Davison facilitates group from Trinity Baptist and Mid-South Community. The group offers support, computer skills, connections for those who are experiencing career transitions. If interested in participating, please contact Tommy Simons, firstname.lastname@example.com.
Church Without Doors - Ministers to the homeless in downtown Memphis.
Ministry groups depart from Trinity, following 2nd Service, every 5th Sunday. Church Without Door offers , food, clothing and spiritual nourishment to community who gather at Court Park, across the street from Fed Ex Forum, downtown Memphis. We minister every 5th Sunday--rain or shine. If interested in participating, please contact Tommy. If interested in participating, contact Billy Cox firstname.lastname@example.com Ground MemphisTwice per year, Trinity participates in Common Ground Memphis- www.commongroundmemphis.orgGroups from different backgrounds and culture meet for dialogue and understanding. At the conclusion of this 7 week study, groups form 'action teams' to assist our Mid-South Community. If interested in participating- Check out Common Ground's Web Site or contact firstname.lastname@example.com SupportThis group offers support for families going through transitions of divorce and separation. Please email: firstname.lastname@example.com for more information.
Getting Past Your GriefThe group is offered to all who are walking through grief and loss. Individuals gather on an informal basis and attempts to meet at a convenient time for your schedule. If you are interested, please email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Hospital Support Team Trinity's team regularly visits Trinity members, family and homebound members. If you are interested in encouraging others during moments of transition, loss and extended hospitalization, please email Tommy- email@example.com MissionsTrinity is presently involved with mission ministry to Brazil, Jordan and Guatemala. Mission groups are sent sporadically throughout the year. If you are interested in participating or receiving further information- please email: email@example.com
Jordan Missionshttp://www.trinitybaptistchurch.org/jordan.asp
Knitting Group MinistryCreate prayer shawls and caps for nearby clinics and hospitals. If your interested in participating, please contact email@example.com Family Promise of Memphis (formerly Memphis Interfaith Hospitality Network)Provides shelter, food and housing job search assistance to families with no place to live. Homeless families reside at Trinity Baptist Church three to four weeks per year. www.improvememphis.org
Missions Offering
Trinity Baptist Church is dually aligned with the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship and Southern Baptist Convention.www.thefellowship.info www.sbc.net
Nursing Home Ministry
The first Thursday of each month, 10:30am Trinity provides worship services for residents of Jewish Nursing Home.
Facilitated by Dr. John Gilbert. If you are interested in assisting Dr. Gilbert, please email Tommy, email@example.com
Puppet Team MinistryTrinity's puppet team has ministered throughout the Mid-South. Tommy Heady has facilitated this Ministry Team for the past several years. The puppet team, named Fingers of God, practice each Sunday afternoon, preparing for "ministry concerts", in church and ministry settings. Our team is available for mission projects from the suburbs to inner city, using their gifts to teach truth, bring laughter, joy and insight to children of all ages. If interested in participating, please email firstname.lastname@example.com. Seed Company PartnershipThe Seed Company translates and introduces scripture to people groups in Africa. www.theseedcompany.org
Team Read
Volunteers assist reading levels of second grade public school students. Presently, we are connecting with Denver Elementary in Frayser and Cordova Elementary School. For further information email email@example.com
Tennessee Baptist Children's HomeTrinity's Children's Ministry has supported The Baptist Children's Home with actively participating with residents and financial support. www.tbch4kids.orgWomen Ablaze - Memphis, TennesseeWomen ablaze is a ministry dedicated to serving at risk women who are incarcerated, released or homeless by providing training and helping to develop life skills to assist in transition to stability. If you are interested in connecting with Women Ablaze, please contact Tommy, email@example.com's Missionary UnionMore information available hereWomen's Prison MinistryTrinity Baptist actively supports the Storybook Tape ministry. Contact email@example.com VillagesTrinity's Deacons facilitate monthly fellowship for the residents of Youth Villages. Youth Villages is dedicated to helping emotionally and behaviorally troubled children and their families live successfully. Check Youth Villages out- www.youthvillages.org. If interested in assisting with monthly fellowship, contact Tommy Simons at email@example.com.
Trinity Baptist Church | 8899 Trinity Road | Cordova, TN 38018 | (p) 901.759.5955 | (f) 901.759.9903 |


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After Friday's 5-4 win over Hamilton and prior to Saturday's 4-2 loss to Amherst, Middlebury College men's hockey coach Bill Beaney took a few minutes to assess the Panthers' progress. The team is currently on break until the Dec. 30-31 Middlebury Classic.
"We're a young team who plays very inconsistent, who plays hesitant at times," Beaney said after the Hamilton game, during which the Panthers gave up the lead with six seconds remaining in regulation but won it 31 seconds into overtime.
"We're really trying to find our personality. We played in spurts, which is pretty characteristic of young teams, and I'm not sure what the overall confidence level is."
Beaney pointed out that the Panthers' best games were when they were "decided underdogs;" i.e., 4-4 at Bowdoin; 3-2 at Plattsburgh, 5-4 loss to Norwich. "There was nothing to lose and the guys went out and skated," he said.
Against Hamilton, Beaney called a late timeout to tell the Panthers, "You're playing scared. What's the worst that can happen? You lose a hockey game? But you'll never know if you don't go out and play and play with joy."
Many key Panthers are young. Middlebury has regularly played six or seven freshmen plus a couple of sophomores with little game experience.
As to how the Panthers must approach the game, Beaney said, "We can play with tempo. I think we've got skaters who can push the puck. I think we've got excellent speed coming out of the back. Our top scorers are guys in the back. I think we can possess the puck and create a tempo of play that will make it tough for a lot of teams to play against.
"Our power play's been pretty good. Our penalty killing's been poor so we've got to be better at that," he said. "We're not a big physical team but we can skate and if we move our feet with the skills that we have, I think we've got a chance to be pretty good."
Middlebury is 4-2-2 overall and 3-1-2, tied for third in NESCAC.
So what should the second semester hold?
"(I'm) very optimistic," Beaney said.
"This is a fun team and we know we're going to have hiccups. I'm not real pleased with what they did (vs. Hamilton), but overall, I'm very, very pleased. It's a good group and a step in the right direction from where we've been in the last few years."
* * *
While the Panther men are on the upswing, the Cadets of Norwich just keep rolling along at the top of Division III hockey. They're 10-0-0 overall and 7-0-0 in ECAC East
The Cadets, idle until the Northfield Bank tournament on Jan. 4-5, are the only undefeated-untied men's college team in the country regardless of division; Bowdoin (9-0-1) is the only other undefeated team.
Norwich is the unanimous No. 1 team on the USCHO.com Division III men's poll. The region's other teams: Plattsburgh (7-3-1; 6-1-1 SUNYAC) is No. 8, Middlebury (4-2-2; 3-1-2 NESCAC) ranks No. 12 and Castleton (6-4-1; 4-4-1 ECAC East) is No. 20.
With its experienced and deep roster, Norwich figures to have as good a shot at the national title as any team. The Cadets can rely on that experience to win tight games (3-2 at Castleton, 1-0 at Plattsburgh, 5-4 come-from-behind vs. Middlebury) and with their firepower, they can win big in the games they should win easily.
St. Michael's, a Division II team, is still trying to get down new head coach Damian DiGiulian's systems, but the Purple Knights (2-8-0; 1-6-0) have given a few teams tough games.
On the women's side, Plattsburgh (10-0-1; 5-0-0 ECAC West) is the nation's top team. Middlebury (5-1-1; 3-0-1 NESCAC) ranks fourth with Norwich (6-1-3; 6-1-0 ECAC East) one position back. Castleton (6-3-1; 4-2-1 ECAC East) continues to show improvement as the program gains depth and stature. St. Michael's (1-8-1; 1-7-0 ECAC East) continues to struggle in its quest to improve.
The most improved of the women's teams is Division I Vermont. Under first-year coach Jim Plumer, the Catamounts (5-9-2; 4-3-2 Hockey East) have already surpassed last year's league win and point totals as well as their overall win total.
Correspondent Ted Ryan covers college hockey for The Free Press. Contact him at firstname.lastname@example.com or follow him on Twitter at www.twitter.com/TedRyanVT


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1 Sassafras Pier
Erie, PA 16507
Customer Quotes
"By all accounts, this has been one of the best meetings that GE has ever had for shareowners."
"The convention center most certainly met our expectations. The facility is impressive and the staff was flexible and willing to assist with our needs."
"The response to our function has been unbelievable. I think the waterfront venue was something our guests just did not expect in their wildest dreams."
"It's wonderful that the Sheraton Hotel is connected to the Bayfront Convention Center."
"This is definitely, by far, the best facility we have had for one of our business exchange breakfasts."
"The Bayfront Convention Center has all the latest and greatest technology. It is definitely a place for a good mid-sized meeting."
"The venue was very cost-effective for us. The staff was very accommodating and we were able to put something together for a group of 400 people at a reasonable expense."
"I would like to take a few moments to let you know just how WONDERFUL the entire conference was.


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William Melvin Kelley
Harvard College. Fiction writer and video maker; author of A Different Drummer, Dancers on the Shore, A Drop of Patience, dem, Dunfords Travels Everywheres, and stories and nonfiction in The New Yorker, Esquire, Mademoiselle, and Saturday Evening Post; awards and grants from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Rockefeller Foundation, the New York Foundation for the Arts, and the Wurlitzer Foundation. SLC, 1989–
Undergraduate discipline: Writing
Courses taught in Writing
Courses from previous years
- Fiction Techniques
- Fiction Techniques
- Fiction Techniques


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Jack R. Shriner
Jack R. Shriner, 78, of Carrollton passed away Saturday, Feb. 9, 2013, at Aultman Hospital in Canton.
Born April 4, 1934, in Akron, he was a son of the late Arah and Mary King Shriner.
Jack was a Marine veteran having served in the Korean War.
He is survived by his wife, the former Madeline Burke, whom he married Jan. 10, 1956; three sons, Vincent (Alaina) Shriner of Alva, OK, William (Felicia) Shriner of Bay City, TX, and Arch (Sherry) Shriner of Carrollton; four daughters, Donna Boyer of Rootstown, Brenda (Jim) Hogue of Shalerville, Jeannie (Dave) Richards of Tallmadge, and Bev Newell of Carrollton; 18 grandchildren; 13 great grandchildren; and a sister, Janice McKeown of Ravenna.
Along with his parents, he was preceded in death by two brothers.
Funeral services will be Friday, Feb. 15 at 11 a.m. in Sweeney-Dodds Funeral Home of Carrollton with Rev. Dan Loomis officiating. Burial will follow at Westview Cemetery in Carrollton. Visitation will be Thursday from 5-7 p.m. in the funeral home.
©2013 The Free Press Standard
Carrollton Free Press Standard, P. O. Box 37, Carrollton, OH 44615


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Though you might think otherwise after watching this powerful performance, the members of October's You Oughta Know artist Delta Rae were all smiles at their You Oughta Know Live. The family-and-friend folk-rock — or gospel, or show tunes, or whatever else might move them! — crew seem to genuinely enjoy each other's company. But as you'll see, when the count runs down and it's time to play, the music takes a hold of them in a way that's almost spiritual.
This stripped down rendition of "Bottom of the River," from their outstanding debut album Carry The Fire, is the perfect example of the power these six can wield. Instruments left aside, the song builds around their vocal harmonies and is dragged forward by the clanking of chains in a trashcan. When they perform it, the group stomp the song out like an evil in need of exorcising. Delta Rae boasts four vocalists and six members total, and when they all get going they really get going. The end result is a performance so chilling that you'll be left actually looking for a hand to hold.
Delta Rae also performed their inspiring "Morning Comes" and their heart-tugging "If I Loved You," or check out their full You Oughta Know Live session here. And then check back for more Delta Rae treats throughout the month!
Related: Music Seen: Go Behind The Scenes Of Delta Rae's You Oughta Know Live Session


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The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim is being billed as the biggest game in the franchise to date, and it appears as if its soundtrack is being made to match. Today, Bethesda Softworks announced Skyrim's soundtrack will be available as a four-disc set, priced at $29.99. The music compilation is slated to ship the week after the game's November 11 release date.
Currently available for preorder through DirectSong, Skyrim's soundtrack was composed by Jeremy Soule. Beyond the Elder Scrolls franchise, Soule's work can be found in such games as Metal Gear Solid: Peace Walker and Guild Wars. Those who preorder Skyrim's soundtrack before December 23 will receive copies signed by Soule.
Bethesda intends to also release the Skyrim soundtrack through iTunes. The publisher expects to have details on that release at a later date.
For more on Skyrim, check out GameSpot's previous coverage.


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Prep your feet for sandal weather
I don't know about you, but one of my favorite aspects of summer is resurrecting my favorite pairs of cute strappy sandals and living in them like it's my job. Sandals can truly transform an outfit that would be weighed down by bulky sneakers into a summery ensemble. One small price to pay, however, is that wearing them constantly can do a number on your feet and leave them dry and cracked – which is probably not the look you're going for. Luckily, it's no problem a couple of simple fixes can't solve. If your feet are a sight for sore eyes, try the following steps to get them back into shape:
1. Moisturize using shea butter cream
If you frequently find yourself slathering body lotion onto your rough feet only to see little to no improvement, it's probably time to switch to something more heavy duty. Try switching to a rich shea butter cream for some serious moisturizing. While you're at it, you can use it on your dry knees and elbows as well. If you like fragrant products, try using the Whipped Shea Butter Coconut Cream by Shea Radiance. The scent of coconut oil just might have you feeling like you're off in an uncharted tropical location. Try moisturizing immediately after you shower to lock in the moisture.
2. Wear moisturizing socks to bed
Now all you need is some reinforcement! Once you've gotten your feet soft, smooth and moisturized again with a rich shea butter cream, you'll want to make sure it stays that way. Try getting into the habit of wearing moisturizing socks to bed, which will help your skin absorb and retain the oils from your shea butter cream.
For some optional pampering, paint your toes a pretty color or get a pedi and get out and enjoy the sandal weather!
Written by Lizzy Jude


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Celebrities Raise Voices On Point to Benefit LGBTQ Scholars
BY Sunnivie Brydum
September 18 2012 3:53 PM ET
Lance Bass, pictured here with Point Scholar Cara Cerise, is an actor, producer, and former member of boy band 'N Sync, on what he would have done with a scholarship:
"I wanted to be an astronaut. I would have used it for math and science. I would have been some kind of space engineer, for sure, with the hopes of one day going to space."
And Bass had a special comment for Advocate readers:
"I love my Advocate readers, it's a wonderful community to be a part of. And I'm glad to be a part of things like this, seeing our community come together, and such powerful people in the entertainment industry, it's nice because you haven't seen that in the past 10 years. And it's getting so much better."
Tags: Point Foundation, People