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A miniature chemical sensor using a thin film acoustic resonator coated with a chemically sensitive sorbent coating. The thin film acoustic resonator has electrodes separated by a thin piezoelectric layer and is supported by a multilayer resonant acoustic isolator. The resonant acoustic isolator has alternating layers of high and low acoustic impedance material, each layer being one quarter acoustic wavelength thick or an odd multiple thereof at the resonant frequency. The resonant acoustic isolator is solidly mounted on a substrate but provides acoustic isolation between the thin film acoustic resonator and the substrate at a resonant frequency.
1. A chemical sensor for sensing chemicals in an environment, comprising:
a substrate;
a chemically sensitive thin-film acoustic resonator, comprising:
a piezoelectric resonator having an acoustic resonance quality, and
an organic coating on a surface of said piezoelectric resonator and exposed to the environment, said coating and said piezoelectric resonator together having an acoustic resonance quality less than that of said piezoelectric resonator by itself; and
a resonant acoustic isolator, interfacing between said chemically sensitive thin film acoustic resonator and said substrate and having a resonant frequency substantially matching that of said thin film acoustic resonator, thereby acoustically isolating said chemically sensitive thin film acoustic resonator from said substrate at said resonant frequency.
2. The chemical sensor of claim 1, wherein said resonant acoustic isolator comprises alternating low acoustic impedance layers and high acoustic impedance layers,
and wherein said piezoelectric resonator has a thin piezoelectric film with a thickness substantially equal to an integer multiple of a half wavelength of a bulk acoustic wave propagating normal to the surface of said film at said resonant frequency.
3. The chemical sensor of claim 2, wherein said integer multiple of a half wavelength equals one-half wavelength, and wherein said resonant frequency is in the range of 1-10 Gigahertz.
4. The chemical sensor of claim 3, wherein each of said low acoustic impedance layers and high acoustic impedance layers has a thickness substantially equal to an odd integer multiple of one-quarter acoustic wavelength at the resonant frequency of said thin film acoustic resonator.
5. The chemical sensor of claim 4, wherein said coating has a thickness in the range of 20 to 100 nanometers.
6. The chemical sensor of claim 3, further comprising a temperature compensating material on said electrodes with positive temperature coefficient of acoustic velocity that compensates for a a negative temperature coefficient of acoustic velocity of said piezoelectric material.
7. The chemical sensor of claim 6, wherein said compensating material comprises silicon dioxide (SiO2).
8. The chemical sensor of claim 7, wherein said high acoustic impedance layers comprise hafnium oxide (HfO2).
9. A chemical sensor array for sensing chemicals in an environment, comprising:
a common substrate;
a plurality of chemical sensors, fabricated on said common substrate, each chemical sensor comprising:
a chemically sensitive thin-film acoustic resonator, comprising:
(a) a piezoelectric resonator having an acoustic resonance quality, and
(b) an organic coating on a surface of said piezoelectric resonator and exposed to the environment, said coating and said piezoelectric resonator together having an acoustic resonance quality less than that of said piezoelectric resonator by itself, and
a resonant acoustic isolator, interfacing between said chemically sensitive thin film acoustic resonator and said common substrate and having a resonant frequency substantially matching that of said thin film acoustic resonator, said acoustic isolator acoustically isolating said chemically sensitive thin film acoustic resonator from said common substrate at said resonant frequency.
10. The sensor array of claim 9, wherein said resonant acoustic isolators comprise alternating low acoustic impedance layers and high acoustic impedance layers,
and wherein said piezoelectric layer has a thickness substantially equal to an integer multiple of a half wavelength for a bulk acoustic wave propagating normal to the surface of said resonator's thin film at said resonant frequency.
11. The sensor array of claim 10, wherein said resonant frequency is in the 1-10 Gigahertz range.
12. The sensor array of claim 11, wherein said sensors share a common resonant acoustic isolator.
13. The sensor array of claim 12, wherein said sensors share a common bottom electrode.
14. The sensor array of claim 13, wherein said sensors share a common piezoelectric layer.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to miniature, low-level chemical sensors, and particularly to miniature chemical vapor sensors utilizing thin-film acoustic resonators (TFR's).
2. Description of the Prior Art
There is a need to detect vapors at extremely low levels for numerous purposes. Applications include the detection of buried mines, chemical warfare agents, pollutants, proscribed substances, unexploded munitions, or food spoilage. Ideally a sensor for low level vapor detection should be miniature, durable, temperature stable, and extremely sensitive.
Acoustic transducers coated with chemical sorbates have been used as mass transducers to detect vapors. Various coatings may be used to selectively adsorb the vapor of interest. A small adsorbed mass changes the resonant frequency of the transducer. This change in resonance can then be detected electronically with high precision.
One type of acoustic transducer known as a Thin Film Resonator (TFR) is particularly advantageous for the detection of vapors. TFR's offer advantages because they are smaller and may operate at higher frequencies than other mass transducers, with less degradation from the addition of a sensitizing coating. Small size also offers other advantages such as the ability to lock multiple sensors in close thermal contact, ease of introducing the vapor with uniformity, and ease of production and packaging. Small free standing TFRs have been demonstrated as mass transducers by O'Toole et al, Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 64, No. 11 (Jun. 1, 1992).
To achieve high sensitivity in a TFR sensor, it is desirable that the device be extremely thin. This can be shown by considering the equations governing the resonant frequency of a bulk acoustic resonator. The bulk acoustic resonator is fabricated by placing thin conductive electrodes on the opposing faces of a thin piezoelectric layer. The sandwich thus formed resonates when its thickness is equal to a multiple of one half an acoustic wavelength. When material is added to one of the electrode faces--for instance, by adsorption upon a sorbent surface--the resonant path length increases and the acoustic frequency decreases. For small additions of mass, the change in resonant frequency is given by the Sauerbrey equation, ##EQU1## where Δm is the adsorbed mass per unit surface area, f0 is the initial resonant frequency, d is the thickness and ρ the density of the resonator. If we define the mass sensitivity, Sm of the mass transducer for small changes in mass as Sm=(Δf/f0)(1/Δm), then the sensitivity is: ##EQU2## where d is the resonator thickness. Since the sensitivity is inversely related to resonator thickness, a thin film resonator is expected to have an extremely high mass sensitivity. As the frequency of operation is inversely related to the thickness, extremely thin film resonators operate at extremely high frequencies, in the gigahertz regions.
Unfortunately, extremely thin film resonators required for high frequency operation are difficult to fabricate, sensitive to stress, and very fragile. In order to resonate well, with high Q, the acoustic resonator must be acoustically isolated from its mechanical support, much as a gong must be suspended to ring clearly. This isolation prevents dampening and allows free oscillation of the resonator. In the prior art design used by O'Toole, supra, the electrodes and the piezolectric are acoustically isolated as suspended structures, with a portion of the substrate removed beneath the resonator. This leaves the thin resonator suspended much like a membrane. Suspension provides the necessary acoustic isolation, but the resulting structure is unavoidably fragile. The fragility in turn imposes a lower limit on the practical size of such TFR's and a corresponding upper limit on the practical frequency of operation.
Besides being inherently fragile, suspended TFR chemical sensors are difficult to fabricate, handle and package. Also, intrinsic compression stress of the sputtered piezoelectric films produces distortion, and thus poor reproducibility and yield.
The present invention seeks to provide a miniature chemical sensor using a thin film resonator which is sensitive, durable, easily fabricated, extremely thin, insensitive to stress, and capable of operation at very high frequencies (up to 10 GHZ).
The sensor is also insensitive to variation in temperature and may be operated in a side-by-side or array configuration that reduces errors due to temperature drift, stress, or other factors.
These goals are accomplished by mounting a thin film acoustic resonator solidly upon a multilayer resonant acoustic isolator, which is in turn solidly supported by a substrate. The thin film acoustic resonator is coated with a thin sorbent layer which may be chemically sensitive to the chemical to be sensed.
A key feature of the invention is the multilayer resonant acoustic isolator. This isolator is formed upon a solid substrate and comprises a stack of alternating layers of low and high acoustic impedance materials, each layer having a thickness equal to 1/4 the acoustic wavelength (or an odd multiple thereof) at a resonant frequency. This configuration forms the acoustic analog of an (optical) Bragg reflector. Acoustic waves crossing the boundary from a high to a low acoustic impedance layer produce a reflected wave with phase inversion; similarly, acoustic waves crossing a boundary from a low impedance material to a high impedance material will produce a reflection but without phase inversion. Because of the 1/4 wave layer thickness, reflected waves from successive underlying boundaries arrive in phase with reflecting waves at overlying boundary surfaces and reinforce constructively. By providing multiple 1/4 wave layers of alternating high and low impedance materials, very high acoustic reflectivity may be obtained. At or near the resonant frequency the acoustic isolator thus provides near perfect acoustical isolation, while still providing solid mechanical support to the overlying thin film resonator.
In order to detect a chemical, the chemical of interest (usually a vapor) is brought into contact with and interacts with the exposed sorbent surface coating, causing the mass and/or the mechanical properties of the sorbent coating layer to change. In general this change will be an increase in mass due to adsorption or absorption by the sorbent layer, but the sorbent coating may also be chemically sensitive, so that subtle changes in its mechanical properties may occur. In either case, the changes in the sorbent coating will cause a change in the resonant frequency of the thin film acoustic resonator, as the coating lies directly upon the resonator and is a part of the acoustic resonant path. The change in resonant frequency can then be measured electronically and interpreted. Various configurations, including side-by-side or arrayed sensors, may be employed to achieve temperature compensation or signal enhancement through electronic signal processing.
The use of the 1/4 wave stacked, resonant acoustic isolator offers advantages over previous approaches: solid contact with the substrate eliminates stress induced film distortion, giving more consistent results; resonators mounted on the stacked isolator are less fragile than resonators isolated by suspension; because the solid support enables easy fabrication of smaller resonators, large numbers of TFR's may be fabricated on each substrate for low cost production and easy packaging; and multiple resonators thus fabricated may be easily kept in close thermal contact. Smaller size also offers advantages in thermal stability and in reducing the thermal regulation power requirements.
An additional feature in the preferred embodiment of the invention is the use of aluminum nitride (AlN) as a piezoelectric material, and in particular the use of AlN with one or more layers of silicon dioxide (SiO2)added. Careful adjustment of the thickness of SiO2 layer results in a very small temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency, and excellent temperature stability.
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a thin film resonant chemical sensor which incorporates the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the temperature compensation that can be achieved by the addition of an SiO2 layer to the piezoelectric.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing how the invention may be used.
FIG. 1 illustrates the invention in lateral cross section. It may usefully be considered as four functional blocks: The sorbent surface coating 6; The thin film acoustic resonator 8; the resonant acoustic isolator 10; and the substrate 12. All four functional blocks are stacked in a laminar manner, surfaces in full contact.
The sorbent surface coating 6 is coated upon the upper exposed area of the thin film acoustic resonator 8, with the upper surface of the coating exposed to the gas containing the chemical to be sensed. When the detectable chemical is brought into contact with the sorbent surface coating 6, the coating may absorb, adsorb, or otherwise undergo chemical or mechanical changes in response to the detectable chemical. A variety of materials may be used for the sorbent coating 6 as discussed below.
The thin film acoustic resonator 8 comprises 3 essential elements: a top electrode 14, piezoelectric layer 16, and bottom electrode 18. Additional layers of SiO2, 13 and 19 may be added for temperature compensation, as explained below. The thickness of the piezoelectric layer primarily determines the resonance frequency of the device. The piezoelectric layer 16 typically has a thickness equal to 1/2 the effective acoustic wavelength at the resonance frequency, but it is also possible to achieve resonance at harmonics of the fundamental frequency, for which the piezoelectric layer would have a thickness equal to an integer multiple of the 1/2 acoustic wavelength. As the sorbent surface coating 6 is solidly connected to the thin film resonator 8, it forms a part of the acoustic structure. Thus, small changes in the mass or characteristics of the sorbent surface coating 6 will cause a slight shift in the resonant frequency. The shift in resonance frequency provides a signal indicating the presence of a detectable chemical (usually a vapor).
To achieve narrow band, high Q resonance it is critical that the thin film acoustic resonator 8 be acoustically isolated or suspended so that it may resonate freely, without loss of energy to the surrounding materials. The resonant acoustic isolator 10 supports the acoustic resonator 8 mechanically while it isolates it acoustically, allowing it to resonate without significant dampening at the resonant frequency.
Resonant acoustic isolator 10 comprises a stack of alternating layers of low and high acoustic impedance materials, shown as layers 20, 22, 24 and 26. It should be understood that although four such layers are shown, a greater number may be used, and in general from five to nine layers are desirable. It is critical that each such layer have a thickness substantially equal to 1/4 the acoustic wavelength in the material at resonance (or an odd integer multiple of 1/4 wavelength). This configuration forms the acoustic analog of an (optical) Bragg reflector. Acoustic waves crossing the boundary from a high acoustic impedance layer to a low acoustic impedance layer are partially reflected (with inversion) and partially transmitted. Similarly, acoustic waves crossing a boundary from a low impedance material to a high impedance material are partially reflected (but without inversion. As each of the layers 22 through 26 are 1/4 wavelength thick, the returning reflections from the underlying layer boundaries are advanced in phase relative to the reflection at the overlying boundary by the round trip phase of 1/4 wave (downward path) plus 1/4 wave (return path) for a total of 1/2 wave (n radians). The reflected wave from an underlying boundary will thus arrive in phase with the (inverted) reflection at the layer boundary overlying at 1/4 wavelength above, assuming propagation normal to the layers. The 1/4 wavelength layer thickness thus insures that reflected waves from successive underlying boundaries arrive in phase with reflecting waves at overlying boundary surfaces and reinforce constructively. In the multilayer stack of 1/4 wave layers all such reflections will tend to reinforce, while the downward transmitted acoustic wave will be attenuated as it continues down through the stack.
By providing multiple 1/4 wave layers of alternating high and low impedance material, very high acoustic reflectivity may be obtained from the resonant acoustic isolator 10. This allows nearly all of the acoustic energy to be reflected back into the thin film acoustic resonator 8 instead of being transmitted downward into the substrate where the energy would be absorbed and dissipated. The resonant acoustic isolator 10 thus allows the thin film acoustic resonator 8 to resonate freely without damping from loss of acoustic energy to the substrate 12 or the environment. The resonant acoustic isolator of the present design does not sacrifice solid mechanical support to accomplish acoustic isolation. This is a significant advantage over prior art suspended resonator designs: At or near the resonant frequency the acoustic isolator thus provides near perfect acoustical isolation between the thin film acoustic resonator 8 and the substrate 12 while otherwise providing solid mechanical support.
The confinement of the acoustical mode within the thin film acoustic resonator is also illustrated in FIG. 1. This acoustic strain field 21 is shown as a plot of magnitude of strain on the horizontal scale as a function of depth within the sensor. The strain is at its maximum near center of the thin film acoustic resonator 8, is attenuated passing through layers 20 through 26 of the resonant acoustic isolator, and diminishes to near zero at the substrate. It can be seen that the acoustic energy is effectively confined to the thin film acoustic resonator 8.
The substrate 12 provides support and a base for fabrication and is typically either high resistivity Silicon or SiO2. The substrate may also be glass or gallium arsenide (GaAs) . If Silicon (relatively high acoustic impedance) is used then the resonant acoustic isolator 10 should comprise an odd number of layers with a low impedance layer next to the substrate, to preserve the low/high impedance alternating pattern. It is convenient if the substrate is an electrically insulating material so that devices may be electrically isolated for connection.
The present invention lends itself to fabrication by standard techniques. Multiple devices may be fabricated on a single substrate in various configurations by patterning at least the top electrode into a series of mutually separated electrodes for the different sensors. A large area capacitively coupled AC connection to the bottom electrode can be used to avoid the need for connections through the piezoelectric, as shown in FIG. 4.
The sorbent surface layer is frequently an organic polymer and should be chosen to achieve selectivity and sensitivity to the subject chemical of interest. Since organic sorbent coatings tend to be acoustically lossy materials, a significant coating thickness degrades the quality of the acoustic resonance. This places a practical limit on the thickness of the coating. Coatings in the 20 to 100 nm. range are effective.
The sorbent surface coating may be applied by various means. The coating may be sprayed onto the TFR even after it is bonded into a package. Covalently bonded coatings may be applied by placing the package into a reactive solution. Spin coating is possible, or a frozen dilute mixture of a polymer in a solvent may be used as a deposition target for pulsed laser deposition.
In the preferred embodiment, the piezoelectric layer 16 is fabricated from AlN. AlN is preferred because of its higher quality factor and lower chemical reactivity, although other materials such as ZnO may be used. AlN has a negative temperature coefficient of acoustic velocity (approx. -30 ppm/deg. C) which normally causes the resonant frequency of the TFR to decrease with temperature. To reduce this problem it is possible to add a thin layer of SiO2, which has a positive temperature coefficient of acoustic velocity (approx. +80 ppm/deg. C.) into the acoustic structure. By carefully adjusting the SiO2 content one can achieve a very low device temperature coefficient. FIG. 2 plots the temperature vs. frequency shift characteristics of a typical SiO2 compensated device. The Figure shows the effect of adding a 3000 Angstrom SiO2 thickness in two layers to a resonator with approximately 1.5 micron total thickness. The two added SiO2 layers 13 and 19 are shown in FIG. 1.
In fabricating the resonant acoustic isolator, Hafnium Oxide (HfO2) is preferred as the high acoustic impedance material in the high impedance layers 22 and 26 (and alternating layers if more are to be added). It can be deposited by sputtering or electron beam bombardment evaporation with concurrent ion bombardment to form a hard, dense dielectric having a relatively high acoustic impedance (approximately 40 Kg/m2 s). Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) is preferred for the low impedance material because it is ubiquitous in the semiconductor industry, because it has a very low intrinsic acoustic loss with relatively low acoustic impedance (Z of approximately 13 Kg/m2 s), and because it can be deposited using a variety of convenient methods, such as thermal evaporation, ion assisted thermal evaporation, or electron beam evaporation.
Hafnium Oxide films evaporated at low temperatures have been found to be acoustically lossy. Raising the substrate temperature above 400 degrees C. during fabrication increases the density, but the films become polycrystalline with rough surfaces that produce unacceptable acoustic scattering. However, electron beam evaporation with concurrent ion bombardment is known in the prior art to achieve the required bulk density and hardness while maintaining a smooth surface. Such films exhibit low acoustic loss. Very high reflectivity layers have been produced by this method, resulting in high performance from the acoustic isolator.
One way of using the invention is shown in FIG. 3. Sensor 29 is brought into contact with the chemical to be sensed. The electrodes of sensor 29 are connected as the frequency reference in the feedback loop of an oscillator circuit. Electrode 32 is capacitively coupled to electrode 18, providing AC signal coupling through the piezoelectric layer 16. Electrode 14 is connected to the frequency reference terminal of oscillator 30. A frequency reference oscillator 34 is controlled by an independent frequency reference 36, which may be another sensor in a different chemical environment or may be another other type of frequency reference. The output signals of oscillator 30 and frequency reference oscillator 34 are mixed by mixer 38, producing an output at a frequency equal to the difference between the sensor signal and the reference signal. The frequency of the output of mixer 38 indicates the presence of the chemical of interest and may be measured electronically. Other methods of measuring the shift in resonance frequency are possible, such as driving the sensor actively and measuring the impedance.
Excellent temperature stability may be obtained if the sensor is maintained in a temperature controlled environment such as a thermostatic oven and the gas collected and brought to the sensor.
The firmly supported device of the present invention offers significant advantages over prior suspended thin film resonant sensors. Because of the resonant acoustic isolator, the new chemical sensor is more solidly supported by the substrate, eliminating stress induced film distortion, giving more consistent results and offering the potential for low cost through conventional batch processing and simpler packaging. It is more durable, more easily fabricated, and more compact. Because the thin film resonator may be made very thin, it is more extremely sensitive, and capable of very high frequency operation (up to 10 GHz). The invention may be made insensitive to temperature variation and may be further compensated by comparison with a frequency reference, as described above.
While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, numerous variations and alternate embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only in terms of the appended claims.
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text:
Barbara Golden Liebhaber, assistant professor
of music and coordinator of the music education program,
has a whole new
life ahead as a radio celebrity. An appearance January 29
on WDIY-FM (88.1) led to an offer to co-host the 6:00 p.m.
Thursday talk show with Jim DeSousa. She'll begin on
a monthly basis (her next show is February 26) and work up
to a regular weekly gig. "This was a great opportunity
to talk in a positive way about Moravian College and provide
some insight into what we do and how we do it," she
says. "We will talk about topics in education [and]
other topics of interest to the community."
Dana Dunn,
professor of psychology, is a consortial professor at Muhlenberg
College this semester. He's teaching
a senior seminar on positive psychology. Sponsored by LVAIC,
the consortial professorships are faculty exchanges among
the six Lehigh Valley colleges. Last year, Moravian hosted
Laura Snodgrass, professor of psychology at Muhlenberg.
Dana has taught previously as a consortial professor at
and Lehigh University.
Dave Roth '85, artist-lecturer
in music, packed Foy Hall for his jazz trio's January
23 concert with guest Warren Vaché Jr. Dave will
give a concert with sax player Rich Chiaraluce, February
20 in Greeley,
as part of the Peak View Jazz series, which Dave helped
found. He'll also deliver a performance-lecture at
the University of Northern Colorado called "Connecting
Your Music to Your Local Community."
Dave also sat
in for jazz pianist Dave Leonhardt, February 14 at Muhlenberg
College, when Leonhardt's trio played
for a tap number set by his wife, Shelley Oliver, for the
college's dance program.
Btw, Dave's bassist, artist-lecturer Paul Rostock,
just returned from a tour with the Frank Sinatra Jr. Orchestra,
with which he frequently plays. He's also playing with
Dave Leonhardt this season.
The Math Department went en math to the
joint national meeting of the American Mathematical Society
Mathematical Association of America, January 7-10 in
Phoenix. Kay Somers,
professor and governor for this region, attended the
MAA governors' meeting. She also gave a talk on "Student
Projects in Operations Research," using examples
from her "Mathematical Methods in Operations Research" course.
Kay and department chair Alicia Sevilla, professor, interviewed
applicants for the position left vacant by Sylvia
assistant professor (on leave), who has decided to stay closer
to home in Philadelphia by remaining at St. Joseph's
• Gordon Williams, assistant professor, participated in Project
NeXT, a mentoring system for new college-level math
Michael Fraboni, assistant professor, gave a presentation
on "AiM, a CAS-based homework system." Moravian
is one of a handful of schools in the country using this
pioneering computer system for grading math homework.
Rosalind Remer, associate professor
of history (on sabbatical), has accepted an offer to
become director for the summer
of the Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry at
the Chemical Heritage Foundation, Philadelphia. She will
a staff of professional historians and be responsible
for projects, fund-raising, and raising the profile of
center. By April 15, she will decide whether she'll
return in the fall or stay at the center.
Ron Helmuth left
the position of director of CIT on February 20. We will
miss him. Ron had been with the College for almost
six years, during which time CIT has expanded exponentially
to meet the needs of faculty, students and administrators. "The
reliability and security of the network and technical support
services have improved significantly over the same period
to support day-to-day operations and pedagogy, and provide
a solid foundation to help Moravian advance," said
Dennis Domchek, vice president for administration.
A Death
in the Family
Marion Nicholas, who was secretary
to Presidents Raymond Haupert and Herman Collier,
died February
16. She was
82. She follows her husband, Earl, who died just a
year ago.
Condolences may be sent to her son, Lee, at 757 Bayshore
Drive, Tarpon Springs, Florida 34689.
These members of the College community
have been around for a while:
* Dennis Domchek,
vice presidentfor administration
* Robert
Fritchman, facilities
* Jeffrey
Pukszyn, assistant football coach
* Dawn
Buck, bursar's office
* Tom Mondschein,
* Gerald Kale,
*** Lisa Brand, development
*** Meredith Poindexter-Bird, CIT
*** Valerie Verba, admissions
**** Ken Kalapay, business office
**** Bertha Unangst, facilities
Each star represents five
Is Golden:
chapter of Society for Physics Students
wins national honor.
Their Sundae Best:
Sundae victims raise money for Habitat
for Humanity by getting slathered
with ice cream.
is raising money for Florida training session.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
WORCESTER, Mass. – With the 2011 calendar year drawing to a close, it's time to take a look back at the top moments in Crusader Athletics over the last 12 months. There were too many outstanding performances to mention them all, but here are the top 10 of 2011 (listed in chronological order):
February 27: Women's Ice Hockey Wins ECAC Open
Coming off a 5-3 victory over Sacred Heart the day before, Holy Cross faced St. Anselm in the championship game of the ECAC Open Tournament. The two teams skated to a 4-4 tie through 60 minutes of regulation and five minutes of overtime, leading to a shootout to decide the title. Nicola Garat gave the Crusaders a 1-0 lead to open the shootout, and after the Hawks came up empty on their first attempt, Jocelyn Kratchmer netted what proved to be the decisive goal of the shootout. Kratchmer was named the MVP of the ECAC Open Tournament, and was joined on the All-Tournament team by Stacey Hochkins.
March 11: Men's Ice Hockey Runs Unbeaten Streak To
12 Games
Holy Cross defeated Canisius 6-3 in the opening game of its Atlantic Hockey Quarterfinal Series, to extend its school-record unbeaten streak to 12 games. The Crusaders went 9-0-3 over those 12 contests from Jan. 22-March 11, including seven straight victories at one point. Thanks to the streak, Holy Cross was able to finish in third place in the Atlantic Hockey standings. Over the course of the 12 games, Holy Cross outscored its opponents by a 54-26 margin.
May 1: Baseball Clinches First Winning Season In 20
In its final game of the 2011 campaign, Holy Cross defeated Lehigh 10-2 to wrap up the season with an overall record of 24-23-1. Nate Walker allowed just two runs in 6-2/3 innings to earn the win, while Eric Oxford drove in four runs. The victory gave the Crusaders their first winning season since 1991, when they posted an overall record of 19-15-1.
May 14: Women's 4x800-Meter Relay Team Wins New England
On the final day of the New England Championship for women's outdoor track and field, the Holy Cross 4x800-meter relay team proved itself to be the best in the region. The quartet of Katelyn Hartnett, Courtney Burgess, Cassandra Anderson and Kathleen Brekka finished in first place with a time of 9:02.32, edging the team from New Hampshire by just under one second. That performance helped lead Holy Cross to an overall team finish of sixth place in the event.
June 2: Varsity Four Qualifies For Semifinals At IRA
National Championship
In the first day of competition at the 109th Intercollegiate Rowing Association Championship, the men's varsity four of coxswain John Gentile, Peter Prominski, Anthony Curro, Peter Dwyer and Pat Rapuano placed second out of five boats in its opening heat to qualify for the semifinals. Washington won the heat with a time of 6:17.282 and Holy Cross finished second in 6:22.676. The Crusaders would go onto place 10th out of 19 boats in the overall varsity four competition.
October 18: Zychowski Wins NEIGA Title
Steve Zychowski carded a three-over par 75 on the final day of the New England Intercollegiate Golf Association Championship, to win the individual title by one stroke over Kevin Daniels of AIC. Zychowski had shot a one-under par 71 the day before, to finish the tournament at two-over par. He became the first Holy Cross golfer to win the NEIGA individual championship since 1997, when Bill Link took home the title.
October 25: Holy Cross Places Seventh In Graduation
Success Rate
The NCAA released its annual Graduation Success Rate report, and Holy Cross once again ranked among the top schools in the nation. The Crusaders had a Graduation Success Rate of 98 percent for all student-athletes, which tied for the seventh-best mark among all Division I schools in the nation. In addition, 21 different Holy Cross teams had a perfect 100 percent graduation rate.
November 12: Volleyball Upends Colgate In Season
Entering the day with a 13-match losing streak against Colgate, the Crusaders earned a four-set victory to wrap up the 2011 season. Leading two sets to one, Holy Cross claimed the fourth set 25-20 with a kill by Kathleen Colpoys on the final point. Megan Lynch recorded a double-double with 21 kills and 11 digs to lead the Crusaders. The victory gave Holy Cross three straight Patriot League wins for the first time since 2000, and earned the team a fifth-place finish in the conference standings.
November 18: Men's Basketball Downs Boston College
In front of a rocking crowd at the DCU Center, Holy Cross earned a decisive 22-point victory over long-time rival Boston College. The Crusaders led by eight points at halftime, and would put the game away with a 12-1 run midway through the second half. Devin Brown led Holy Cross with 32 points, while hitting 11 of 19 shots from the field. The win marked Holy Cross' first victory over a school from the Atlantic Coast Conference since Dec. 29, 1959, when it downed North Carolina State 63-61.
November 19: Football Finishes Seventh Straight Winning
After trailing 21-14 at halftime, the Crusaders scored 27 unanswered points to come back for a 41-21 victory at Fordham. Ryan Taggart accounted for 397 yards of total offense and four touchdowns, while Eddie Houghton rushed for 153 yards and two scores. With the win, Holy Cross finished the year with an overall record of 6-5, good for its seventh straight winning season. The Crusaders are now one of only 12 teams in the football championship subdivision with a winning record in each of the last seven years.


text:
At St. Mary Medical Center, your health and wellness is important to us. That's why we have a tradition of providing high-quality, affordable health benefits to our colleagues and their families. We offer comprehensive medical plans and wellness options allowing colleagues to achieve their health and fitness goals. In addition, we provide many great benefits to our colleagues, to offer a full array of total rewards. Please review our benefit summary to learn more.
1201 Langhorne-Newtown Rd.Langhorne, PA 19047215.710.2000


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|K2S - ENTER Sipoo upper secondary school and IT college
|Tuesday, 01 July 2008 19:00
A new school has just been inaugurated in the town of Sipoo, close to Helsinki, Finland. The building was designed by K2S Architects Ltd, who had won the design competition in 2004.
All photographs are courtesy of Marko Huttunen photographer.
Project description is provided by the architect.
Related Articles:
|Last Updated on Sunday, 22 November 2009 17:02


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Wild Planet, Wild Sardines In Spring Water, 4.375 oz (125 g)
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Wild Planet, Wild Sardines In Spring Water, 4.375 oz (125 g)
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Sardines contain Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), a nutrient found in the body's cells and believed to have antioxidant and immune system boosting properties.
These sardines are considered a best choice for sustainability by a consensus of environmental organizations.
Pull top can
Sardines, spring water, sea salt.
Refrigerate after opening.
iHerb Customer Reviews


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NORTHRIDGE, Calif. ---
Gary Victor would make a terrible poker player. Sure, the 17th-year Cal State Northridge women's tennis head coach dons the customary hat and sunglasses of any hearty poker veteran, but he has quite the tell: he smiles. A lot. More than most people, Victor is usually beaming about something. And that smile becomes a billboard when he talks about his team's lone senior in 2014, Lorraine Cheung.
Diminutive only in her 5-3 stature, Cheung is a ferocious competitor who thrives in those tense moments that seem to define athletics.
Victor is effusive in his praise of Cheung, calling her one of his best student-athletes during his tenure with the Matadors. With the program putting its first inductee into the CSUN Athletics Hall of Fame, Tereza Simonyan, that certainly constitutes high praise.
"I've had lots of great young women during my time at CSUN, but if I had to choose one for a one match, winner take all match, it'd have to be Lorraine," Victor said. "She has an infectious energy and enthusiasm that is contagious and she is as fierce and dogged a competitor as I've ever come across."
Originally from Hong Kong, Cheung has been a fixture in the Matadors' line-up since becoming eligible. She led the squad with 14 singles wins in her freshman season and earned All-Big West Doubles Honorable Mention honors last year.
This year, Cheung has continued her stellar play as the team's only senior. She enters her final regular season match, an April 20 home contest with Hawai'i, at 12-6 in singles play with notable wins against Ca Poly, LMU, Florida International, Montana, Boise State, New Mexico State and Cal State Fullerton.
"Lorraine has shown herself to be one of the most competitive fighters on our team for the last four years," CSUN assistant coach James Ciuffo said. "We'll miss her competitiveness and desire to strive for more each and everyday."
In doubles play, she has teamed with several players this season to post 11 doubles wins on the year. For her career, Cheung is 46-27 (.630) in singles play and 39-26 (.600) entering Sunday's match with the Rainbow Wahine.
"Sunday's match will definitely be bittersweet. I have loved playing here and competing and have so many memories," Cheung said. "I do not want it to end. Hopefully we play well Sunday and in the Big West Tournament so that we can extend my senior year."
One of her most memorable victories at CSUN came during her freshman season. With the Matadors locked into a Big West Quarterfinal with Cal Poly, Cheung delivered the match-winning point. In video of the victory, a jubilant Victor can be seen crashing the court and bear hugging the victorious Cheung.
When she first arrived on CSUN's campus, Cheung had a fellow Hong Kong native Jennifer Sher to lean upon as she made the transition into college and American life. Now as a senior, it is Cheung who has served as a mentor to Vivian Lin, another Hong Kong native and Mickey Hsu, at CSUN by way of Taiwan.
"I am really close to all the freshmen this year. I think a special bond develops between seniors and freshmen and this year has been special," Cheung added. "In addition to Vivian and Lin, Kristen Poei and Scout Shutter are also pretty far from home being from Hawai'i, and I think the fact that we share that has helped us become much closer. We are great friends on and off the court."
Just as successful in the classroom as she is on the court, Cheung is an accounting major who has earned Academic All-Big West Spring Sports Team honors twice in her career. To qualify for the award, a student-athlete must maintain a 3.2 GPA. With her's hovering around the 3.8 stratosphere, Cheung easily surpasses the threshold.
"Being the only senior, I have tried to lead by example," Cheung said. "I have liked having the leadership role and feel like I have done a good job."
Cheung credits Victor's dedication to the team on and off the court as one of her favorite memories about CSUN.
"Gary is always there for us and cares about each girl on the team,' Cheung explained. "He wants us to do well both on the court and in the classroom. He emphasizes that we are student-athletes and that we need to do well in school so as to set ourselves up for success outside of tennis."
She has interned with several accounting firms during tax season and has also worked as a tutor and mentor for her fellow student-athletes in a variety of subjects. Cheung has a full-time job lined up in October as a staff accountant for a firm in Los Angeles.
So while the thought of an audit may be frightening, the idea that a beaming Cheung will be there to guide you through the process is reassuring. It may even bring a smile to your face.


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Results 1 to 10 of 11
Chael Sonnen Retires from MMA in Fallout of Failed Drug Test
Following a failed out-of-competition drug test that revealed banned substances in his system, UFC middleweight Chael Sonnen announced on Wednesday that he is retiring from professional mixed martial arts. The fighter made the announcement on UFC Tonight during his weekly role as the FOX Sports 1 programs co-host.
I want to stay within the rules, and I dont fully understand them, and I have to put my health first. I have to put my family first, Sonnen said.
Theres going to be a day where I no longer have the title of fighter, he added, but I dont ever want there to be a day where I dont have the ability to have the title as parent and father and husband, and my health has got to come first.
As reported by MMAWeekly.com on Tuesday, Sonnen tested positive for anastrozole and clomiphene, both of which can be used to treat symptoms related to hypogonadism.
Sonnen was randomly tested by the Nevada State Athletic Commission (NSAC) in May while he was in Las Vegas promoting the upcoming UFC 175 fight card. The results of the test prompted UFC officials to pull Sonnen from the card.
- [hr][/hr][hr][/hr]
Following news of the results of withdrawal from the card, Sonnen defended his position in saying that these drugs were taken as a result of coming off testosterone-replacement therapy, which the fighter said he utilized to treat hypogonadism. Sonnen had a therapeutic use exemption for such a treatment prior to it being banned by the NSAC.
Sonnen said Wednesday that he is, as all athletes are, responsible for the substances put in his body.
I do admit fault, he said. I want to make sure I take full responsibility.
Sonnen completes his professional career with a record of 28-14-1.
(Follow @Erik_Fontanez on Twitter)
Senior Member
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- Jul 2003
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Posted On:
6/12/2014 8:11am
Excellent. Maybe now we won't have to listen to his bullshit.
Probably too much to hope for though, as he'll probably be given a speaking part in an MMA show or something, possibly even for the UFC, which would actually be a lot more enjoyable viewing than his fight career. Sonnen is intelligent and speaks better than he fights, so dropping his fight career could be the best career move for him in the end.
Style: Shoulders Rehabs. Plurals--
Jailtime? Are you sure? I remember it was a 10k fine ONLY.
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Style: Judo noob, heavy bag1
Unfortunately, the attention Sonnen (and others) get from the press for acting like a dipshit has created a precedent that a lot of other fighters have started to follow.
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So, Jenny McCarthy hasn't aged in the last 20 years, right? That's what we're getting from Jenny McCarthy's new Playboy cover, which has the Love in The Wild host posing as nude as the day she was born, or at least nude as the day she first posed for Playboy back in 1993. After her initial spread killed, Jenny went on to become a Playmate of the Year, as well as pose approximately 1,000 more times for the magazine. So…can Jenny McCarthy just pose every 5 or 10 years for the rest of her life? We as a society are ready for it. So ready.
"I'm really proud of it," McCarthy told People about her fishnet-begloved August 2012 cover. "The pictures are really gorgeous and classy. They could be out of W magazine. They're really elegant. It's probably a lot more sophisticated than a lot of the stuff you'd see of people with their clothes on." You know what else is surprisingly classy? All of Jenny's previous Playboy covers. No, seriously, take a look! Personally we think McCarthy is the most jaw-dropping in her most recent photo (Photoshop skills notwithstanding), but take a look at her previous covers and let us know: which of Jenny's Playboy covers is the smoking-est?
[Photo: Playboy]
Jenny McCarthy's 2012 cover
Jenny McCarthy's 2005 cover
Jenny McCarthy's 1997 cover
Jenny McCarthy's December 1996 Holiday Cover
Jenny McCarthy's July 1996 cover
Jenny McCarthy's 1994 cover


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Latest Office Hours! Interview with Dr. VanDrunen about his latest book
Office Hours talks with Dr. David M. VanDrunen, Robert B. Strimple Professor of Systematic Theology and Christian Ethics, about his latest book, Divine Covenants and Moral Order: A Biblical Theology of Natural Law.
You can find this latest episode here.
4 / 28 / 2014
CONTRIBUTORSVFT S. M. Baugh R. Scott Clark Bryan D. Estelle Michael S. Horton Hywel R. Jones Joel E. Kim Robert B. Strimple Joshua J. Van Ee David M. VanDrunen W. Robert Godfrey Kim Riddlebarger J. V. Fesko Iain M. Duguid John G. Bales Dennis E. Johnson Danny Hyde
MOST POPULAR POSTS16 Ways to Find a Wife According to the Bible Westminster Seminary California Faculty Response to John Frame Bell's Hell: A Review by Michael Horton, Part 1 The End of the World According to Harold Camping: Part 1 The End of the World According to Harold Camping: Part 2


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A Sense for Money
Being a freelancer comes with independence, flexibility and being your own boss. At the same time, you will lose the security of having a steady income. We explain what becoming a freelancer means in terms of your financial situation.
If you have personal finance questions or comments, e-mail them at email@example.com.
I work as a freelancer and do not earn a regular monthly salary so should I manage my money differently from those who earn a regular monthly salary and apply the usual method of putting aside a percentage each month?
The percentage of earnings approach is a good discipline and makes sense for all, whether you are freelance or whether you have been in the same job for 40 years. If a freelancer's chosen percentage is 15 percent, then he would set aside 15 percent of whatever he earns, come rain come shine. That would mean 15 percent of nothing if there is a month's break, or 15 percent of a lot if a paycheck for a big assignment just came arrived.
Saving only in good times, such as when you are in the middle of a good earnings run is fraught with dangers. For example when you've just had a bumper period and earned a wad of cash, it will be tempting to reward yourself with a lavish holiday, or a new car, and you may end up saving nothing from your harvest. Also, when you are in the midst of a good spell, you are likely to be busy and won't have the time to look for the right investment, so your earnings may just go to your current account and be eaten up by those comfort credit card purchases — meals, clothes and handbags which are so quick and easy to sign for but mount up very quickly.
So no doubt that the fixed percentage approach makes sense for all. The difference between a freelancer and the steady earner is how you invest your 15 percent. As a freelancer you may not wish to commit to a monthly savings policy with a premium of, say, $1000 per month. That sort of commitment could make things difficult if you have a few lean months of income, and the last thing you want to do is have to cancel the savings policy, as there are often big penalties for early lapse or surrender.
The investment choices for freelancers are likely to be somewhat different. They may wish to put 15 percent of their income into a separate current bank account (think of it as a sort of tax) and then invest that cash each time it reaches a certain threshold. The investments would be more of a lump sum nature: investments in the stock market, mutual funds or single premium top ups to a small regular savings plan. The essential point being that you are avoiding large monthly contractual commitments that could come back to bite you in lean times.
We don't claim to know everything or give any advice on personal
finance, we certainly will try our best to share what we know in an easy
to understand and simple manner. Our objective is to answer questions pertaining to various aspects of
personal finance, to the best of our knowledge in order to help readers
understand a little bit more about the world of personal financial
For more handy financial tips, follow A Sense for Money on Twitter @senseformoney.
Watch Insight Indonesia interview with
Sense For Money here.


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There are a wide variety of resources and organizations offering employment support services. These services can be used by both employers and people with disabilities. We encourage everyone to learn more about the services available in your area by utilizing our online service provider directory.
Click on a region to view a listing of disability service providers in your area. Or, you can choose from the county listings below.
See an error or old information in one of these listings? Please send us your updated or new information by returning this form to the Able Trust.
This information has been compiled by The Able Trust as a public resource about organizations providing services to Florida citizens with disabilities. The Able Trust does not investigate or endorse any agencies listed above and does not seek to exclude any agency not currently listed. If you are seeking additional information about disability services in Florida, contact the the Clearinghouse on Disability Information at 1-877-232-4968 Toll-free Voice and TTY or www.abilityforum.org.


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Description: From Robert Kaufman Fabrics, this cotton chambray fabric is soft, very lightweight and breathable. It is perfect for making stylish shirts, blouses, dresses and skirts with a lining.
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A Fabric.com gift certificate is the perfect gift! Gifts from $10 and up.
#MadeWithFabric #SewInLove


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DWTS Karina Smirnoff Makes 'Forever Tango' Rule With Maksim Chmerkovskiy
And the rule is, Maks has to listen to her!!! Below is more from USA Today from Karina Smirnoff on her new dance gig and working with Maksim Chmerkovskiy.
"The rule is he listens to me. And everything I ask for is the Golden Rule," says Smirnoff. "He's growing up. He's becoming a very smart man. So I think he's going to follow that rule very well."
The two announced last week that they will perform the sensuous dance at Broadway's Walter Kerr Theater July 9-24. The Dancing With the Stars standouts became engaged in 2009 before going through a very bitter break-up.
"Regardless of the personal history we've always enjoyed dancing together," says Smirnoff. "And we're both excited to do this project. Knowing the passionate history we have, either way it's going to be exciting to watch."
Let's hope it works out. They are a very exciting team to watch indeed!!
ADDING: Be sure to check out the instagram in this tweet. It's really fun…
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William H. Craig, DVM
Dr. Craig is the Chief Medical and Underwriting Director of San Antonio-based PurinaCare Pet Health Insurance. With over 30 years of experience in veterinary medicine, Dr. Craig is passionate about pets and how to keep them healthy and happy for a lifetime.
Posts filtered on Category
That Doggie Ding or Kitty Crunch Can Add Up to Big Cha-Ching
The advancements in veterinary medicine have allowed us to extend the human-animal bond with our pets by expanding our options in preventive and emergency care and treatment of diseases. These new advancements are truly amazing and offer hope to many pets and their owners everyday. However, the other reality is the cost of veterinary treatment […] [Read More]
The Human-Animal Bond
Why do we love our pets? As a veterinarian and animal lover I have often thought about this question and haven't arrived at an answer yet. What I do know is that over the past 30 years of interacting with pets and their owners, there is without a doubt a special bond shared between the […] [Read More]
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Excited to offer this very affordable and sporty convertible that will allow you to have some very eventful summer days. The Mitsubishi company... More
2014 Mitsubishi EXPEDITION RV, This is a go anywhere expedition RV. I just completed a year long trip covering all of the Canadian provinces,... More
The Mitsubishi 3000GT, originally known and produced in Japan by Mitsubishi Motors as the ''GTO'', was produced between years 1990-2001. The purpose for rebadging... More
1993 Mitsubishi 3000GT SL New mint condition34000 original milesNo drips or leaksPerfect mechanical conditionBrand new rims and tiesNew battery and all new fluidsOriginal shiny... More
2001 Mitsubishi Eclipse Spyder "GT" Convertible, 28k Pampered Florida Miles! Flawless "Sherwood Green Pearl" w/New Cashmere Top & Leather Bucket Seat Interior, 3.0L DOHC... More
1992 Mitsubishi 3000 GT VR4, twin turbo 300 HP all wheel drive, all wheel steering, 5 speed, new engine, less than 3500 miles on it.... More
This car is as high as the Eclipses go in this year! It is the GT Spyder Convertible. This car will get you from... More
1992 MITSUBISHI 3000 GT SL ONLY 31,140 ACTUAL MILES! MAGNIFICENT CONDITION! GORGEOUS COLOR COMBINATION! MATCHING #'S 3.0 LITER DOHC V6 225 HP ENGINE! OWNER'S MANUAL AND ORIGINAL WINDOW STICKER! FITTED... More
FOR MORE INFORMATION ON THIS VEHICLE PLEASE CONTACT CRAIG ON 909 730 1555 MIKE ON 909 644 6220 OR MARCO ON 909 286 8000... More
2010 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution GSR Grey over Black with only 42k miles. This Evolution has the 6-speed power windows power locks keyless entry/start fog... More


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Publicity Brochure - Rootes Ltd, Humber Hawk, 1948 Reg. No: ST 036628
- Summary:
- Sales brochure for the Humber Hawk saloon car. Issued by Rootes Export Division, London in 1948.
- Description:
- Brochure with brown cover and red printed text. There is printed colour text and illustrations throughout the brochure.
- Acquisition Information:
- Donation from Mr Anthony Bonica, 1986
|190 mm (Width), 265 mm (Length)
More information
|Tagged with:
|motor cars, trade literature, road transport, rootes
|Themes this item is part of:
|Transport Collection
|Primary Classification:
|Secondary Classification:
|Motor Vehicles
|Tertiary Classification:
|product catalogues - motor cars
|Model Name/Number:
|Manufacturer of Item Depicted:
|Rootes Group Export Division, London, England, Great Britain, 1948
This item is part of the following themes:
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Written by Vader Rudd / Jul 5, 2006
MY WIFE USED BY BLACK COCKS Pt 1 By vader2046
After trying for so long to persuade my wife to have a threesome, I finally achieved success!
Once I got my wife to agree to my suggestion, I immediately made a proposal to my black friend (James) at work the very next day. Knowing full well that he has been attracted to my wife for quite some time now. Needless to say, James eagerly agreed and we organized to have dinner the next evening.
When I later revealed the arrangements I have made to my wife, I could tell she became really nervous yet excited at the same time by the idea of having a threesome with James. She was extremely horny and aggressive when we were fucking that night, as I repeatedly emphasised James' impressive cock size to my wife.
The next day swung by pretty quickly as my wife ran around fussing over what to wear to dinner, before settling on a body hugging black lycra dress she had recently bought. It clutched tightly at every curve of her body, being so short that it barely covered her thighs as it showed off her long tan legs. The top was even more impressive with a plunging neckline that revealed plenty of her deep cleavage. To my surprise, she even went braless for the night and one could make out the outline of her nipples through the thin lycra material.
James arrived at our place around 6pm and the 3 of us chit chatted a bit over a few pre-dinner drinks. I could tell my wife was really nervous as she kept drinking and avoiding eye contact with James. By the time we headed out to eat, her whole face was already red.
Arriving at the restaurant, we were shown to a "U-Shaped" booth seat situated in a dark corner. Allowing my wife to slide into the booth first, taking up position at the end of the long, rectangular table.
James and I followed after, planting ourselves on either side of my wife in the booth. In the beginning, it was more of the same idle banter during dinner. But as the night wore on, my wife was starting to loosen up after several more drinks and she began flirting with James, as they snuggled closer to each other in the booth. From where I was sitting, I could see James' hand gently stroking my wife's thigh through her short dress, while my tipsy wife rested her head on his shoulder. I was pretty sure that James and my wife would have fucked each other right there and then if we weren't in a crowded restaurant.
Being not much of a drinker, my wife was pretty tipsy at the end of our dinner around 10pm. Requesting for my car keys, James indicated he will wait for us in the car while I helped my drunken wife to the car park. Upon reaching my car, I realised that James was already sitting in the back seat directly behind the driver. As he motioned for me to help my wife into the back seat behind the front passenger, I saw that he had also folded down the front passenger seat and slide it all the way to the front. After planting my wife next to James in the back, I got into the driver's seat, which had been shifted forward too. "Hope there's enough room for you in front. After you leave the car park, just drive around aimlessly for an hour or so while I show your wife some pampering", James said to me as he hugged my wife around the waist.
Adjusting my rear view mirror to catch all the action in the back, I headed for this quiet stretch of road I knew of and drove rather slowly along it. As I drove on, I could see my wife and James kissing each other in the back while their hands explored each other's bodies. James' hand was already between my wife's legs rubbing her hot pussy while his other hand was fondling her tits through her dress. On the other side, my wife was stroking his groin area through his pants while trying to unbuckle his belt.
Quite happy for them to progress further, I turned my attention back to the road. After a while more, I started to hear slurping noises coming from the back. Checking the rear view mirror again, I saw that my wife was now kneeling in front of James feasting on his long black pole, which is glistening with her saliva. Seeing that I was checking out the action at the back, James immediately flashed me a wide grin and said, "Your wife is one of the very few gals who is able to swallow the entire length of my cock. She's a damn fine cocksucker! You must be really proud!"
With that, he grabbed the back of my wife's head and proceeded to face-fuck her with his huge cock, while my wife let out a muffled moan. This went on for about ten minutes more before I heard James yelling out loud and dumping his load in my wife?s mouth. Through the rear view mirror, I could see James? hands firmly holding my wife?s head in place as he came. My wife was eagerly swallowing every drop. Satisfied that my wife has swallowed every drop of his cum, James released her head and re-fastened his pants.
Motioning for me to pull over, he then got out of the car and swapped positions with me. As James drove along the quiet road, I was sitting in the back seat enjoying the oral service from my wife. I'm not sure why, but my wife seems abnormally eager tonight, practically sucking the cum out of me. Just as I was shooting my load inside my wife's mouth, James pulled the car into a secluded car park. Swapping positions again, James climbed back into the back seat with my wife, while I shifted to the driver's seat. Making my wife lie back and spread her legs while he lifted up her dress, James quickly removed my wife's G-string and flung it at me.
Upon looking down at my wife's exposed snatch, I realised that her pussy is already soaking wet as her cunt juice glistened from the streetlights. Inserting two of his fingers into her drenched hole, James went on to finger my wife as he peeled the top of her dress down to suck on her firm tits. Satisfied that my wife's pussy is now wet enough, James unbuckled his pants to reveal his stiff cock and proceeded to stuff it into my wife's cunt. Lubricating himself with my wife's juices first, James managed to shove one third of his thick pole into my wife, while she lay there moaning away. Allowing my wife to adjust to his width, James began to gently ease the rest of his cock into her until he's finally in to the balls. Pinning her legs back, James started shafting my wife as he pumped his cock in and out of my wife.
The whole car was filled with both my wife's moaning and slurping sounds from her wet pussy for the next 30 minutes or so as James' cock fucked my wife to one orgasm after the next. Finally, I could see James tensing up as he made one final thrust into my wife before shooting inside her. After remaining lodged in my wife's pussy for about 5 minutes, James finally pulled out and I could see her cunt hole. It was big and wet from the fucking she just had and the size of a 25-cent coin with cum pouring out of her open and gaping hole.
By then, my cock was already rock hard from watching my wife being taken by a black man. Once James stepped out of the car to have a smoking break, I immediately jumped in the back seat and removed my pants. With my wife's pussy already wet and loosened up by James, I was able to sink my cock into her hole easily. It was even more of a turn on, feeling the sloppy mixture of James' cum and my wife's pussy juices as I fucked her. Plus the fact that my wife kept telling me how much she loved being fucked by James' big cock and asking if I enjoyed watching as well. It wasn't long before I came for a second time, adding my load inside my wife's pussy.
Being totally exhausted after coming twice in one night, I thought that we?d call it a night as I moved back to the driver's seat, leaving my wife in the back seat fingering herself.
Apparently, James still had plenty more to offer as he rejoined my wife in the back, sporting another hard on. Removing my wife's hands from her pussy, James began shoving his hard cock into her again. Once he's fully inside, James started to pump my wife slowly and sensually for the next half hour, making her cum several more times. After which, he helped her up and fucked her from behind for another half hour more before finally cumming again.
Having satisfied his sexual appetite, James and my wife rested in the back seat while I drove off. Dropping James home first, I asked my wife later if she would like to try it again sometime in the future to which she readily agreed.
If you liked my story, email me at: email@example.com to let me know. Thanks!
Please visit our new video site at slutwives.com!
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Play the video to hear from Dr. Kimberly Parks about the INOVATE-HF study.
The INOVATE-HF clinical study will compare the safety and effectiveness of the CardioFit® system plus optimal medical therapy to optimal medical therapy alone for the treatment of heart failure.
The study is seeking up to 650 adult men and women with diagnosed heart failure at selected medical centers in the United States and Europe.
Potential candidates are being treated with a combination of medications, but still have symptoms such as shortness of breath and fatigue.
The investigators are doctors who specialize in treating heart failure and in managing cardiac devices.
CAUTION: Investigational Device. Limited by Federal (or United States) law to investigational use.
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May 2013, TruckingInfo.com - WebXclusive
By Tom Berg
It's still an oddball spec in road tractors and you're not likely to consider it, but the 6x2 – a single drive axle with two powered wheels among six total wheel positions – will someday become more common as truck operators look for ways to save fuel and cut tare weight, suppliers think. Today, progressive fleets are testing or embracing it, and it might even be a good choice for some owner-operators.
Tags: MPG, Truck Specs
We offer e-newsletters that deliver targeted news and information for the entire fleet industry.
The expert, Mark Betner from CITGO, will answer your questions
The expert, Rence Oliphant from Hendrickson, will answer your questions
JPRO 2015 V2 Includes Detroit Diesel Module
Compact GXL Work Light Designed for Brightness
Aluminum Body Designed for Strength and Durability
Trailer Jack Made for Fast Adjustments


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We are offering our client an excellent quality range of Wash Basin. These Wash Basin are manufactured from qualitative range of raw materials. These Wash Basin are offered in variety of designs, shapes, sizes and colours. Our assortment of Wash Basin are available at most competitive prices.
Our Stylish Wash Basins are designed to combine the most important of stainless steels qualities, hygiene and strength, exported at reasonable price. We offer this range in various specifications and can also be customize it as per the specifications laid down by the clients. The entire range is acknowledged for its optimum performance, less maintenance, energy efficiency, rigid construction, easy installation and longer service life. These are available in all the possible colors and in latest designs, which are hard to find somewhere else.
Offering a durable and reliable assortment of Hand Wash Basin. These are fabricated by our vendors who make use of sophisticated technology and high grade raw materials.


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Cooking and Baking
Flavor Overnight In Cookies?
Saturday afternoon I made sugar cookies flavored with a generous amount of (Brand Name) "Natural Maple Flavor." It was maple flavoring, not something sweet. Good cookies, but the maple disappeared. Sunday morning, there was some maple flavor. Sunday evening, there was substantial maple flavor. I know flavors develop overnight in savory dishes, but, cookies?
Talk is closed, but that doesn't mean the conversations have to stop!
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So, for Christmas, my mom got me a variety pack of exotic jams. I really like jam, but I no longer eat bread. I am not going to eat jam by the spoonful (an appalling practice I have actually seen people outside my home – who shall remain unnamed – engage in). Try as I might, I could not get the idea of thumbprint cookies out of my head. So, I made a recipe. These are really rich. They'd be perfect for a tea party! Admittedly, I don't actually go to many tea parties, but if I did, I would take these with me. The jams my mom gave me? ED Smith. I used "Raspberry Cherry Pomegranate Acai" and "Peach Mango Orange" for these. Ok, maybe eating something that good off a spoon isn't so weird.
Yes. Yes, it is. Resist the urge. Make the cookies instead.
3 sticks of dairy-free margarine (I use Nucoa)
1 cup sugar
1 teaspoon vanilla (use the real stuff, people!)
2 cups white rice flour
1 1/2 cup tapioca flour
Jam ~ preferably the unbelievably good ED Smith preserves with chunks of fruit in them!
Cream the margarine, sugar and vanilla in a mixer. Whisk together the flours, add to the margarine and mix into a dough. Put your dough on a large piece of plastic wrap, pat into a thick circle, wrap and place in the fridge for 30 minutes. Roll the chilled dough into 1″ balls, make a thumb print in the middle and place on an ungreased cookie sheet. Put 1/4 tsp preserves in the indent and bake at 350 degrees F for about 20 minutes.
You'll want to let these cool before serving. Boiling pools of sticky fruit and sugar aren't a good thing to eat.
~ Danika Cooley
Danika Cooley is a children's writer with a love for God's Word, history, wisdom and small people. Her work has appeared in magazines including Focus on the Family's Clubhouse, Clubhouse Jr. and Thriving Family; Upper Room Ministries' Pockets and Devozine; CBH Ministries' Keys for Kids, and Cobblestone Group's FACES and Odyssey. Her work also appears in Chicken Soup for the Soul: The Magic of Mothers and Daughters.


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4-Door Sedans and Coupes
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text:
Barkevious Mingo's NFL debut has been delayed.
Cleveland Browns resist shock, CEO Joe Banner says Barkevious Mingo was high on draft board
BEREA, Ohio - The one overriding thing I have learned from 13 draft nights in Berea is to always expect the unexpected.
The Browns didn't trade the sixth overall pick and had all of the picks before them fall their way, until it was there turn to pick at 8:55 p.m.
The Browns resisted the urge to shock the world and chose a quarterback. They also didn't bite on the cover corner from Alabama. Instead, they chose a rush end in Barkevious Mingo, a 6-foot-4, 241 pounder from LSU.
Mingo was asked how playing in the SEC, which is considered to be one of the best if not the best conference in the country.
"I played in NFL type games week in and week out," Mingo said. "My goal is to start week one and win games. That's what they are bringing me in there for."
Mingo was dressed in a brown tie and an orange pocket square, and was asked if he knew he was going to be picked by the Browns. Mingo said he did not. He wore the combo because orange is his favorite color.
Joe Banner said Mingo was one of the highest players on the team's draft board.
"We felt strong about the pick because of his fit and character, and what we are trying to do here," Banner said.
"It's been a priority for us (to make defensive line stronger). We wanted a stronger front, and a player that could run and hit and disrupt the quarterback," said head coach Rob Chudzinski.
Banner also said the team had a trade in place if they did not get Mingo, but would not say who the trade partner was and how low they were willing to go.
Banner was also asked if the team was going to try and trade their way back into the end of the first round Thursday night. Banner, in his classic dry sense of humor said, "We are going to sleep."
It's the NFL draft; we know that nobody ever really goes to sleep. The Browns do not have a second-round pick as of now when the draft picks back up Friday at 6:30 p.m.
Related Stories
Browns rookie linebacker Barkevious Mingo returned to practice in a limited role, a significant step in his recovery from a bruised lung.
Cleveland's rookie linebacker remains sidelined with a bruised lung, a "freakish" injury he believes he sustained on the opening kickoff of last week's exhibition against Detroit.
Browns rookie linebacker Barkevious Mingo will undergo further medical tests on a bruised lung, an injury that caused him to spit up blood during an exhibition game last week.
There seemed to be four guys wearing No. 51 for the Browns in their exhibition opener.


text: Revlon Glasses. Revlon is synonymous with exceptional facial design, cosmetics, and fabrication—a true icon in womenswear and now in eyeglasses. The Revlon eyeglasses collections awaken the Revlon woman to a wardrobe full of color and innovative fabrics. The feel is casual with a subtle flair of sophistication. The Revlon eyewear collection complements this style with characteristic agility and subtlety. Follow this link to read more about Revlon Eyeglasses in our blog.


text:
A diner in Luzerne County was a hopping place Monday morning after owners cut prices on the menu to match those from 1962.
Happy birthday Lenny Krappa, owner of the Avenue Diner in Wyoming. In honor of his 50th birthday, he rolled back prices on his breakfast menu to what they would have been in 1962.
Hundreds of customers took advantage of the morning menu that included cups of ten cent coffee.
"Wait until the waitress sees her tip. Twenty percent of all this, that's only 60 cents," said Jack Evans of Kingston.
He and his wife, Carol, loaded up on the discounted breakfast.
"Fantastic! Like, I remember these prices so it's like we are back again. Now if only the gas would come down again to 19 cents ,then we would be set," said Carol Evans.
Pancakes were only 40 cents, omelets 85 cents, and two eggs and bacon, just 85 cents.
"I thought it was a good idea. I guess the people thought it was a great idea. I don`t think it's such a good idea right now," joked diner owner Krappa.
On a more serious note, the birthday boy said he hopes this special morning helps the people of the Wyoming Valley who have been through so much.
"The area's been hit really hard with the flood and everything else and as a business owner you should give something back and that's what we have done here now," added Krappa.


text:
WASHINGTON, D.C. – George Washington sophomore forward Dwayne Smith totaled 16 points and six rebounds, to lead the Colonials to a 58-57 victory over the Holy Cross men's basketball team at the Charles E. Smith Center. The Crusaders were led by senior forward Josh Jones (Ocala, Fla.) and sophomore guard Jordan Stevens (Gansevoort, N.Y.), who both set new career highs by scoring 13 points. Holy Cross falls to 1-11 on the season with the loss, while the Colonials improve to 6-6 overall.
The score was close throughout a first half which featured seven ties and five lead changes. The largest lead for either team during the half came at the 11:52-mark, when the Colonials were up 12-7. Holy Cross then used an 8-3 spurt to tie the score at 15-15, and neither team would lead by more than three points for the rest of the half. George Washington was up 26-24 heading into the locker room.
The Crusaders opened the second half with a 13-6 run, to claim a five-point lead (37-32) with 14:11 left to play. The Colonials responded with a 14-3 spurt of their own to pull back in front, and would eventually lead by seven points (52-45) with 5:10 remaining in regulation. Holy Cross came right back to score eight of the next nine points, tying the score at 53-53 with 2:35 left to go on a pair of free throws by sophomore forward Eric Obeysekere (Orinda, Calif.).
A three-pointer by junior guard Mike Cavataio (Forest Hills, N.Y.) tied the score again at 57-57, before George Washington's David Pellom made one-of-two free throws with 39.2 left to put the Colonials up 58-57. A three-pointer by senior guard Andrew Beinert (Floral Park, N.Y.) was off the mark in the closing seconds, as George Washington held on for the win.
The Crusaders return to action on Sunday, Jan. 2, when they travel to Sacred Heart for a 2:00 p.m. game.


text:
The Bad Girls Club Season 8, Episode 2
- Watchlist help
- I watched this episode!
- Episode Name:Weaving Las Vegas
- Air date:1/30/2012
- Summary:Battle lines in the house are drawn as two cliques form. Jenna's defense of her friend Amy ignites hatred among the other girls, leaving Jenna's head on the chopping block.
- Bad Girls Club [HD]: Season 8, Episode 2 "Weaving Las Vegas [HD]": Amazon Instant Video on amazon.com featured result added by crawler
- Bad Girls Club: Season 8, Episode 2 "Weaving Las Vegas": Amazon Instant Video on amazon.com featured result added by crawler
- Weaving Las Vegas - Bad Girls Club, Season 8 on Apple iTunes featured result added by crawler
- Weaving Las Vegas on Google Play featured result added by crawler
- Bad Girls Club: Weaving Las Vegas on Vudu featured result added by crawler
- megashowz 44877 posts
This comment is hidden because it's likely to be inappropriate or spam. Click here to show.4 months ago
- vidzi 28113 posts
This comment is hidden because it's likely to be inappropriate or spam. Click here to show.4 months ago
- clooney007 55227 posts
This comment is hidden because it's likely to be inappropriate or spam. Click here to show.6 months ago
Amy is still there because MIMI is a pushover. MImi got sucker pushed, punched in the face and still becomes friends with Amy. What a Punk. Funny bc mimi claims she's never gonna look like a punk but that's exactly what she does to herself. Mimi is no bad girl and should have been replaced when she went home during the Cabo trip.3 years ago
- report as inappropriate or spam ayagirl 265 posts
shudnt amy have technically been kicked out by now?? Aren't the rules not to touch or hurt someone?? SO far she's sucker pushed two people (inclu mimi) and also swelled up mimi's eye...dnt get it..whys she still there??3 years ago
ALSO, @ JOHNSONKID, THANK YOU ALSO TODAY FOR YOUR LINKS :-) much appreciated!4 years ago
COOL, THANKS CHIPPER :-) I'LL CHECK THAT LINK OUT NEXT WEEK..... WELL I MAY SEE YOU TOMORROW! I'LL BE ON FOR TEEN MOM, DANCE MOMS & SWITCHED AT BIRTH! LOL! take care & thanks always :-)4 years ago
You guys are Welcomed :] !4 years ago
Hi, yes next Monday at 10. I am 99% sure it will be on as it has the past 2 weeks i believe. Fingers crossed it is.4 years ago
thanks!!4 years ago
- report as inappropriate or spam drealee 98 posts
@johnsonkidd: thanx for the link :)4 years ago
@JohnsonKidd thanks for the link :-)))))4 years ago
just addedd it4 years ago
Thank you soooo much @JohnsonKidd :D, @drealee & everybody else click on JohnsonKidd's profile and you'll find the link4 years ago
@JohnsonKidd can you post the link please? :)4 years ago
Found it on youtube guyss ! http://www.youtube.com/user/WatchBadGIrlsClub?feature=watch#p/u4 years ago
chipper, i copied the link you typed for next week, is that 10pm est on a monday?? Sorry if i'm hassling you too much :-S4 years ago
But you're in the know!!! :-))))) where are you from?
links ? youtube links? any links?4 years ago
hey chipper! how are you?4 years ago
Hi Petasunshine!!4 years ago
USTREAM http://ustre.am/q43X4 years ago
Next week at 10 Eastern try the above link...i know it doesn't help for now, but you have to be there for 10 for the ustream link
thanks for always helping everyone out, just got the links u put up on rhobh - thank you once again!!!4 years ago
hi here too chipper! just wrote to you on rhobh page!4 years ago
links pleassssssse4 years ago
its playing the ep now, hopefully it willl loop,,,ur v welcome!4 years ago
thanks chipper4 years ago
save this for next week...just missed the beginning of the stream...it may repeat don't know..4 years ago
Check it out
USTREAM http://ustre.am/q43X
Links please!4 years ago
:D4 years ago


text:
John Hinkle
Oklahoma Library Legends
Ferguson, Mrs. Thomas B. (Eva Shartel)
Friends of Libraries groups around Oklahoma
Friends of Libraries in Oklahoma (FOLIO)
Friends of Tulsa City-County Library
Gates, Bill & Melinda Foundation
Thompson, Clinton M. Jr. (Marty)
John Hinkle's school years were in Ponca City. Next came a Bachelor's in Music Education from Phillips University, followed by service in the U.S. Air Force Ceremonial Band in Washington and the USAF Academy Band. John then got sidetracked from being a public school band director to being in charge of a school library.
Hinkle's first real library job was as the third person in forming a new library system in Southeast Oklahoma. The other two people didn't show up. So fresh out of library school he had to hire 50 employees, locate 63 bookmobile stops, take the area from 3 libraries to 9 libraries all on a quarter million dollar budget, plus deliver 4 successful county mill levy elections. With the full help of ODL the task was accomplished in three years.
His next three years were spent as outreach consultant for ODL, ending as the department's Continuing Education Coordinator.
John has been OLA's Secretary, Public Library Division President, Sequoyah Committee chair and CE Coordinator for OLA.
A longtime member of CLENE, he accomplished his presidential goal of bringing CLENE/RT into ALA.
Honors include OLA's Distinguished Service Award, OU Outstanding Alumni Award, and the Johnny Appleseed Award for fostering Oklahoma literacy councils.
Early retirement let him go play as an Arts Council's Artist in Residence for ten years. In 2007, he finishes fifty years of creating and performing puppet shows in Oklahoma libraries. An Irish band and watercolor portraits are his present ventures.


text:
Hello Everybody,
Sorry for the long silence, but it's getting very very very busy here .
Di Molto Bene has announced the release of Statue Legend Prosciutto & The Grateful Dead from Jojo Part 5 – Vento Aureo. As you may already know, I am not a big fan of this part and even less of this character. Anyway, those who would like to get further info can always check JJBA wikia.
So, the bad boy will be available mid-June 2013. Prosciutto will be around 14.5cm tall when The Grateful Dead will stand approx. 10cm tall. So, as you can see, the set includes two figures so the price is much higher than the other regular Statue Legend figures.
Some pictures below, more on Di Molto website.
So, how do you find him? Colors are quite nice, but I must say that the Stand is my favourite. The level of details, especially the eyes all over the upper part are quite amazing.
Definitely not interested, as I am saving up for my dear Nero, but if you would like to grab one set, better reserve yours at Amiami or Hobby Search asap.
That's it.
See you


text:
You limited your search to:
Collection: Congressional Research Service Reports
Environmental Protection: New Approaches
Date: December 11, 2000
Creator: Blodgett, John E
Description: This report summarizes briefly a number of "new approaches," grouped under the following categories: Information: Approaches to improve the quantity and quality of information to enhance the knowledge base underlying environ- mental decisions (e.g., risk assessment, cost-benefit analysis).Public Sector Processes: Approaches to restructure governmental processes for making environmental decisions (e.g., devolution). Incentives: Approaches that emphasize incentives as opposed to regulatory or financial penalties for achieving environmental ends. Approaches that rely on markets and common law for environmental decisions to the extent possible. Approaches to inculcate environmental values in public or private managerial decisions (e.g., sustainability).
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Conservation and Reinvestment Act (CARA) (H.R. 701) and a Related Initiative in the 106th Congress
Date: January 17, 2001
Creator: Zinn, Jeffrey A & Corn, M. Lynne
Description: This report compares existing law with H.R. 701, as passed by the House(HP) and H.R. 701, as reported by the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee (SCR). Both versions, also known as the Conservation and Reinvestment Act (CARA), would have created a new fund, the CARA Fund. Both bills would have created and funded a new coastal energy impact assistance program, amended and funded the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF), funded the Urban Park and Recreation Recovery Program and the Historic Preservation Fund, increased funding for wildlife conservation, funded land restoration and easement programs, and funded the Payment in Lieu of Taxes (PILT) Program.1 The SCR version would also have funded additional programs to protect natural and cultural resources.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Nanotechnology and Environmental, Health, and Safety: Issues for Consideration
Date: February 9, 2009
Creator: Sargent, John F., Jr.
Description: This report identifies the potential environmental, health, and safety opportunities and challenges of nanotechnology; explains the importance of addressing nanotechnology EHS concerns; identifies and discusses nanotechnology EHS issues; and summarizes options for Congressional action, including the nanotechnology EHS-related provisions of selected legislation. The report also includes two appendices.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Clean Air Act Issues in the 109th Congress
Date: September 22, 2005
Creator: McCarthy, James E.
Description: In the Summer of 2005, Congress focused on several Clean Air Act Issues before the August recess. Although the Congressional agenda stated that attention would be given to the needed amendments of the Clear Skies/Multi-Pollutant Legislation, this progress was stalled, and the committee failed to approve the bill due to a tied vote. This otherwise stagnated debate was given some attention due to the discussions over mercury regulations as they apply to power plants. The outcome of the decision concerning these regulations has stirred controversy in at least fifteen states. Perhaps the most debated issue that Congress covered concerned MTBE and Ethanol, which have been used to meet the Clean Air Act requirements that reformulated gasoline (RFG), sold in the nation's worst ozone nonattainment areas, contain at least 2% oxygen, to improve combustion. Air quality standard deadlines and provisions, specifically in the most severe ozone nonattainment areas, were discussed by Congress. Discussions over the Clean Air Act also sparked discussions over environmental regulations concerning related issues, including the Conformity of Transportation Plans and SIPs, and Hurricane Katrina.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Clean Air Act Issues in the 109th Congress
Date: November 25, 2005
Creator: McCarthy, James E.
Description: The courts and the executive branch face major decisions on clean air issues in 2006, with Congress more likely playing an oversight role. One focus is EPA's Jan. 17 2006 proposal to strengthen air quality standards for fine particles, which are estimated to cause tens of thousands of premature deaths annually. Whether the proposal is supported by the available science and what impact its implementation would have likely issues of concern. Other issues of continuing interest are EPA's 2005 decisions limiting interstate transport of air pollution and establishing cap-and-trade systems for emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the agency's proposed changes to New Source Review.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Military Base Closures: Role and Costs of Environmental Cleanup
Date: January 3, 2007
Creator: Bearden, David M
Description: None
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Voluntary Programs to Reduce Pollution
Date: July 13, 1995
Creator: McCarthy, James E
Description: None
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Environmental Protection Issues in the 108th Congress
Date: September 10, 2004
Creator: Fletcher, Susan R & Isler, Margaret M
Description: The 108th Congress has acted on a variety of disparate environmental measures; some of these represent proposals or issues that had been under consideration in the 107th Congress and earlier. Environmental issues considered by Congress tend to fall into several major categories: (1) funding issues — whether funding levels are adequate and focused on appropriate priorities; (2) expanding, renewing, or refocusing specific environment programs; (3) environmental issues that are important "subsets" of other major areas of concern, such as energy, defense, or transportation programs; and more recently, (4) terrorism and infrastructure protection in areas such as wastewater and chemical facilities.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Clean Water Act Issues in the 109th Congress
Date: June 22, 2005
Creator: Copeland, Claudia
Description: Congress has recently focused legislative attention on narrow bills to extend or modify selected Clean Water Act (CWA) programs, rather than taking up comprehensive proposals. In the 109th Congress, the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee has approved S. 1400, a bill authorizing $20 billion in federal grants to capitalize state clean water infrastructure loan programs. Also, a House committee has approved bills to reauthorize several Clean Water Act programs: H.R. 624 would provide $1.5 billion in grants over six years for sewer overflow projects; H.R. 1359 would extend a pilot program for alternative water source projects; H.R. 1721 would reauthorize coastal water quality programs; and H.R. 3963 would extend the Long Island Sound Program.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
Environmental Protection Issues in the 107th Congress
Date: September 12, 2002
Creator: Isler, Margaret M & Lee, Martin R
Description: This report discuss issues that received congressional attention in the 107th Congress, such as The impact of air quality regulations, key water quality issues, superfund, solid/hazardous wastes, multibillion dollar cleanup and compliance programs, climate change, pesticides, EPA budget, and Science and Technology.
Contributing Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department


text:
Kids Magical Wonder — Inside Scoop
Lime Sun Hat w Raspberry Dots- Peony
Our fabulous flower sun hats keep your delicate flower shaded and looking adorable outdoors! Great for photographs! Made from 100% cotton for an easy comfortable fit. Sizes: 46cm fits 3-12months & 49cm fits 12 months-2T
Princess Poof Tutu for Girl's
Pretty as a Princess! Every little girl's dream of becoming a Princess can come true in this perfectly pale pink Princess costume. Ribbons adorn the waist of this pale pink tu-tu. Crown headband is included. Top is not included
JP Lizzy Mocha Mint Classic Tote
Microfiber wipeable fabric
For more information, please visit:
Baby Legs
Kids sized furniture


text:
Student Groups
The Queens College Library and Information Studies Student Association (qcLISSA) serves the student body through an online discussion group, by publishing a newsletter and maintaining a Web site, and by sponsoring various professional and social programs.
Student chapters of the American Library Association, the Special Libraries Association and the Society of American Archivists sponsor programs of professional and social interest, and the Alumni Association supports the school through fund-raising and by informing graduates of new developments and career opportunities.
Dept. Office: Rosenthal Library Room 254Phone (718) 9973790Fax (718) 997-3797
Contact Us
Director and ChairDr. Colleen Cool
Vice ChairDr. Kwong-Bor Ng
Graduate Advisor for Library MediaSpecialist & Coordinator of Library Media Specialist ProgramsDr. Linda firstname.lastname@example.com
Director of AdmissionsDr. Claudia email@example.com
Graduate Advisor for Continuing StudentsProf. Elizbeth email@example.com


text:
Canon PGI225 & CLI226 Compatible Set of 12 Ink Cartridges: 4 Pigment Black PGI-225, 2 each of CLI-226 B/C/M/Y - Refurbished - 226-225-CB
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Seller Information
Learn more about Canon PGI225 & CLI226 Compatible Set of 12 Ink Cartridges: 4 Pigment Black PGI-225, 2 each of CLI-226 B/C/M/Y:
Manufacturer: 2S Toner
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See more in Ink & Toners
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