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Token credit [1]
Film - Philip Kerr on Denzel Washington's plea to be recognised for his acting and not his race
Film - Philip Kerr on Denzel Washington's plea to be recognised for his acting and not his race
by Philip Kerr [2] Published
I have no objection to Sidney Poitier receiving a lifetime achievement award at last month's Oscars ceremony, but the truth of the matter is that he has not made a good film since In the Heat of the Night, in 1967. And it seems unfortunate that the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences should have chosen to honour Poitier - he won Best Actor in 1963, for the schmaltzy Lilies of the Field - in a way that leaves it open to charges of tokenism.
I haven't yet seen Monster's Ball, the film for which the near-hysterical Halle Berry won the Best Actress award, but I have seen Training Day, and there is no doubt that Denzel Washington's Oscar-winning performance is head and shoulders above the other nominees, and made his nearest rival, Russell Crowe, look hopelessly second-rate.
Washington plays Alonzo Harris, an LAPD detective and veteran narcotics officer whose method of enforcing the law is as objectionable as his overall ethos is corrupt. The film follows Harris as he "trains" a rookie, Jake Hoyt (Ethan Hawke), over a period of 24 hours. Ethical dilemmas arise for Hoyt as to whether Harris's methodology for ridding the streets of South Central Los Angeles of drugs is right or wrong. Harris always has a smooth, persuasive answer for the younger man, until Hoyt reaches a line that he will not cross, and the main issue becomes not a question of police ethics, but the more basic question of Hoyt's own survival.
Washington is never less than riveting. And although it is understandable that Ron Howard, the director of A Beautiful Mind, should have felt proud of his own film and partisan about Crowe's chances of winning an Oscar, it was surely unfortunate that, as early as the week before the ceremony, he managed inadvertently to raise the suspicion of tokenism with regard to Washington's bravura performance.
Howard told La Opinion, the leading Spanish-language newspaper in Los Angeles: "The only thing that would prevent [Russell Crowe] from winning is that the academy, out of guilt [my italics], [might] try to repair the damage that it did to Denzel Washington by not having given him the Oscar for his performance in The Hurricane."
Actually, I don't think that Howard really meant to suggest that if Washington won, it would have something to do with Hollywood's guilt about race; but his words featured prominently in an article in the LA Times, by Lorenza Munoz, which seemed to suggest just that.
"As with almost everything to do with race in America," wrote Munoz, "the Berry and Washington wins have become the subject of contention. Behind the scenes, some academy members wondered whether too much was made about the race issue. Some even wondered if the academy's 'guilt' in overlooking minorities for so long would play a deciding role in granting the Oscar to Washington."
Even if this was not what Howard was talking about, the producers of the awards ceremony ought to have been a little more sensitive to how things looked to the rest of us mere mortals. How things look is their business, after all. For example, why did all those paying tribute to Sidney Poitier, in the cloying piece of film hagiography that preceded his award, have to be African-American actors and directors? Surely things would have looked - for want of a better expression - more integrated had a few white performers also given authentic testimony to this quietly dignified man. Instead, the academy herded all those making testimonials to Poitier into a neat little ghetto, comprising Spike Lee, Ving Rhames, Samuel L Jackson, Cuba Gooding Jr, Wesley Snipes, Delroy Lindo et al.
Nor were things helped on this score by the choice of Whoopi Goldberg as mistress of ceremonies. In a thinly disguised attempt to grin and bare it, she joked: "So much mud has been thrown this year that all the nominees look black." Even Washington found room for a remark that betrayed his own exasperation with the academy: "For 40 years I've been chasing Sidney, and what do they do? Give him an Oscar on the same night they give me one."
Nothing should detract from the excellence of Washington's performance. But it rather looks as if the academy really did think it could make up for 74 years of anti-black bias at the Oscars in one crass night. Where were the Oscars for Paul Robeson (Show Boat), Hattie McDaniel (Gone With the Wind), Dooley Wilson (Casablanca) and Ethel Waters (Cabin in the Sky)?
After his win, Washington himself made a reference to race being irrelevant and pleaded with the media to recognise him and Berry as actors, and not African-American actors. Would that the academy had done the same.
Training Day (18) is on general release


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I followed the steps you wrote but when I try to save the settings with the player.dol it tells me that I should provide a SD card (which I don't have).
I launch all the games from USB Loader GX and I don't use a SD Card because I made the USB Loader a channel.
Any ideas?

subset: commoncrawl


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My Alesis DM10/Zildjian Gen 16 electronic kit
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Silver Member
Join Date: Jan 2013
Location: Away in India
Posts: 619
Re: My Alesis DM10/Zildjian Gen 16 electronic kit
Thanks, toddmc! The metal cymbals are definitely a big step up from rubber pads, a much better bounce and you're able to play realistic cymbal swells and choke them, something that's not very convincing on lower end modules, though I believe the $4000 high end stuff is really good.
There's a DSP processor that comes with the set, BacteriumFenderYoke. It powers the microphones that capture the sound.
audiotech, apparently there were issues with structural integrity of the cymbals early on, but I believe Zildjian has improved the alloy and taken note of other issues with respect to durability. I think there's a lot of stuff that doesn't survive the beatings at GC! That said, I play these like I play with my e-kit: with passion and a modicum of restraint. Wouldn't trust anyone else to do that with them!
The Zildjians seem to be gaining traction with a lot of electronic drummers. The hi-hat is the best part of the kit, works just like a real hi-hat set, so a huge jump over most of the hats you'll find on electronic kits. A lot of people say that alone is the price of admission, but I feel there's a lot of stuff in the kit that should be as nice...
Acoustically, the ride and crash sound good, but there seems to be scope for improvement when things are digitised: they don't sound 100% on recordings with the stock microphones. My recording skills suck too, but that's another issue altogether. There are also issues with feedback if volumes are really high, so unusable in a high octane stage situation.
But turns out they've now developed a new kind of microphone called a direct source pickup. Completely isolated which helps with DSP processing and also eliminates the feedback issue. Some pretty good videos and I would love to make the upgrade, but since I just got these and I don't have a recording deadline, happy to fool around for the time being :)
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Escorts in Pontypool Gwent
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Siena Park Residences Community
Entrance Gate at Siena Park Residences
Garden Strip at Siena Park Residences
Clubhouse at Siena Park Residences
Pool Area at Siena Park Residences
Function Hall at Siena Park Residences
Lounge Area at Siena Park Residences
Game Room at Siena Park Residences
Project Overview
- Project
- Siena Park Residences
- Developer
- DMCI Homes
- Address
- West Service Road, Bicutan
Parañaque City, Metro Manila, Philippines
Welcome to Siena Park Residences, DMCI Homes' newest resort-themed community in Bicutan, Parañaque City. Siena Park Residences is a modern-contemporary-themed community that includes eleven five-storey residential condominiums and a centralized amenity area. Residents are provided with a genuine tropical environment with verdant landscapes and invigorating recreational amenities.
The eleven buildings of Siena Park Residences are as follows:
- Auburn - ready for occupancy by October 2012
- Cerise - ready for occupancy by July 2013
- Citrine - ready for occupancy by January 2013
- Crimson
- Indigo - ready for occupancy by July 2013
- Lavender
- Lilac - ready for occupancy by March 2013
- Magenta
- Olive
- Peach
- Plum
Siena Park Residences is another quality development of DMCI Homes, the country's premier triple-A builder and developer. DMCI Homes provides Filipino families with premium quality, urban-friendly, serviced communities. DMCI Homes traces its 55-year heritage to DM Consunji, Inc., the country's premier builder of skyline-changing landmark infrastructure in the Philippines and abroad.
For inquiries about Siena Park Residences,
email email@example.com
or call Willeus Acuña at 0917.572.0001 (Globe).


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SACRAMENTO - A small plane made a forced landing just minutes after taking off from Lodi's airport Friday morning.
The single engine Stinson 108 plane ended up on its roof at about 10:50 a.m. on ranch land south of Brandt and Skaggs Ranch roads in San Joaquin County.
Pilot Floyd Bryant, 69, said he and wife Ann had taken off from Lodi for their home in Modesto when the engine failed. He looked for a road or airstrip to put down the plane but had to settle for the pasture.
The plane landed on its wheels but hit a ditch still going about
30 miles per hour, which caused it to overturn, Bryant said.
Bryant had a few cuts and bruises from the ordeal. His wife was not hurt.
Bryant, who has had his pilot's license since 1968, said it was probably going to be the last time he flew. He also said he wasn't planning on repairing the Stinson.
The couple had flown up from Modesto to have breakfast in Lodi.


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Topic: Irish Premiership: Shamrock Rovers - Bray Wanderers
6-2-4 for Shamrock. Deserved the 2-0 win here over Cork in the last round, after they managed to win against Drogheda with the same result the round before. 4-0-1 at home.
Bray have won two matches in a row, after starting with 2-2-5. The matches they have won they have won at home, against weak teams. Four players are unsure for this match at Tolka Park. And those players have scored seven of Bray's ten goals so far in the league.
Apr 6, 07 Bray Wanderers 0 - 2 Shamrock Rovers
Oct 28, 05 Shamrock Rovers 0 - 1 Bray Wanderers
Jul 31, 05 Bray Wanderers 2 - 3 Shamrock Rovers
May 30, 05 Bray Wanderers 0 - 3 Shamrock Rovers
Rovers won the previous meeting in april 2-0 and have five wins on their last six meetings against Bray. Rovers should win this match.
Shamrock Rovers to win and Under 2.5 goals.
Please tell me your views on this pick and Good luck


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EBI InterProScan API
The EBI InterProScan API is a tool for protein signature recognition. A protein signature is a set of identifying characteristics shared by proteins in the same family. Membership in a certain protein family can indicate the possible presence of important sequences or domains. This API, usable via SOAP or REST protocols, combines different methods for protein signature recognition into one resource.
Perl, Python, Ruby, C#, PHP, Java, Taverna 1.x, Taverna 2.x, VB.NET
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288 Total Servings of Organic Premium Freeze Dried Raspberries Food Storage
Item #761765
Shelf Reliance® is known for providing unsurpassed quality in all of its products, and their line of food storage is no different. THRIVE™ Food Storage is a premium name you can trust. Every THRIVE™ product has been carefully selected based on taste and quality, and we are confident that you will look forward to using THRIVE™ in your everyday meal planning and emergency food storage.
THRIVE™ Raspberries are USDA-certified organic and make a great snack or cereal topping. Add them to smoothies or trail mix for extra flavor. Raspberries are also great in muffins or any dessert.
- 288 total servings
- Serving Size 1/4 cup
- USDA-certified Organic
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- 25 year shelf life
Brand: Shelf Reliance
Case Count: 6
Express shipping is via UPS. The estimated delivery time will be approximately 1 - 2 business days from the time of order.
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Costco.com products can be returned to any of our more than 600 Costco warehouses worldwide.
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If the item arrived to you in a box, it will need to be in a box at the time of pick up.
View Costco's Return Policy.
For information or a written copy of the manufacturer's warranty, please contact us at: email@example.com.


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On Same-Sex Wedlock, Kennedy's Voice Is Key
Professor Pamela S. Karlan spoke with David Savage of the Chicago Tribune on the importance of Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy's vote in the upcoming cases on gay rights.
The Supreme Court has nine justices, but if the constitutional fight over gay marriage reaches them this year, the decision likely will come down to just one: a Reagan-era conservative who has nonetheless written the court's two leading gay rights opinions.
Justice Anthony Kennedy, 75, often holds the court's deciding vote on the major issues that divide its liberals and conservatives. More often than not, that vote has swung the court to the right. But on gay rights, Kennedy has been anything but a "culture wars" conservative.
"He is a California establishment Republican with moderately libertarian instincts," Stanford Law professor Pamela Karlan said of Kennedy. "He travels in circles where he has met and likes lots of gay people."
Based on his past opinions, Karlan said, she is confident that if the Supreme Court takes up California's gay marriage ban, Proposition 8 "is going down to defeat. There is no way he (Kennedy) will take it to reinstate" the ban.


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[ Larger Image ]
Muffin Tin Menus: 47 Fun & Delicious Recipes
by Melanie Trenton
Kindle Edition: 77 pages
List Price:
Editorial Reviews
Product Description
Muffin tin cooking is the latest cooking craze in kitchens across the US and abroad. Popular with moms & dads as well as artistic foodies, muffin tin cooking is made for the creative cook. Just about anything can be made in a muffin tin pan- from breakfast foods to dinners and creative appetizers in between! It is a terrific way to control portion sizes and get even the pickiest eaters to try new mini-sized dishes.
Author Melanie Trenton caught on to muffin tin cooking several years ago, while attending a birthday party with her daughter. The mom that hosted the celebration used muffin tins in very creative ways. She made mini-pizzas, pancakes, lasagnas and desserts and she cooked them all in muffin tins. The kids loved the colors, the diversity and the miniature sizes of the traditional dishes. Even the veggies looked more attractive when prepared in the muffin tins and moms know how much kids hate carrots and broccoli.
In her book Muffin Tin Menus, Trenton presents 47 recipes that can be prepared for all types of meals. In her cookbook, she created recipes that can be used for breakfast, main dishes, side dishes, appetizers, and of course, desserts. Please note these recipes are considered comfort foods and not to be confused with low calorie, low carb, vegetarian or vegan.
Cooking or serving food in muffin tins is exciting and fun. Pick up these fun and easy recipes to get started with these creative muffin tin concoctions.
Related Titles
- Easy Muffin Tin Meals 2.0
- Muffin Tin Chef: 101 Savory Snacks, Adorable Appetizers, Enticing Entrees and Delicious Desserts
- Top 50 Most Delicious Empanada Recipes (Recipe Top 50's Book 30)
- Six Dollar Family: From Six Dollars to Six Figures
- Overnight Breakfast Casserole Recipes: Delicious, Stress Free Breakfast and Brunch Recipes (Breakfast,Breakfast cookbooks, Breakfast recipes, Breakfast, Breakfast Casserole Recipes)
Scribendi offers Books and Software in association with Amazon.com. Portions copyright Amazon Inc. and its affiliates used under license.


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Sensors and detectors have upped the ante with intelligent features and supervision, making them essential to an integrated and automated building environment. READ MORE
December Issue 2005
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Q: Should 250.34 or Article 702 apply to a portable generator that is connected to a domestic refrigerator, freezer, television set, and floor and table lamps in a one-family READ MORE
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If you have been following this column, you generally read about actions to prevent injuries. READ MORE
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There is an all-electric house in Tennessee that costs 82 cents a day to heat, cool and power. READ MORE
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My final thoughts for 2005 are for all the owners, chief and senior estimators out there—the team leaders who bear the responsibility of determining which direction their est READ MORE
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Hotels in 17214 - Blue Ridge Summit PA
Only hotels in 17214 zip code are listed below. Search for cheap and discount hotel rates in Blue Ridge Summit, PA for your upcoming leisure or conference / group travel. We list the best 17214 hotels and motels so you can review the Blue Ridge Summit hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. Hotels in Franklin county and area code 717 are also listed.
17214 Hotels, Motels & Accommodations
Next: Show All Available 17214 Hotels with Pricing >


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Celebrity Mea Culpa Apologies
Credit: Getty Images
Celebrity Apologies
7 of 16
Kristen Stewart apologized for cheating on her boyfriend Robert Pattinson with her married Snow White and the Huntsman director.
The Apology:
"I'm deeply sorry for the hurt and embarrassment I've caused to those close to me and everyone this has affected. This momentary indiscretion has jeopardized the most important thing in my life, the person I love and respect the most, Rob. I love him, I love him, I'm so sorry," Stewart said in a statement to People.com.
Tags: Kristen Stewart


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Joao Carlos Teixeira marked his first start for Brighton and Hove Albion with a goal in a 2-0 victory at Leeds United in the Championship on Tuesday night.
The 21-year-old midfielder struck with a well-taken finish after five minutes at Elland Road to put Sami Hyypia's side on their way to three points.
Teixeira joined Brighton on loan from Liverpool last week and made his debut as a substitute in Saturday's 1-0 defeat to Birmingham.
Tagged: Joao Carlos Teixeira , Teixeira
Submit your views in the box below. Alternatively, you can debate these issues with fellow fans on our Message Boards or blog about them on The Kop
The views expressed here are not those of Liverpool Football Club (read more)


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Previous Topic
What is cancer immunotherapy?
Next Topic
Types of cancer immunotherapy
What the immune system does
Your immune system is a collection of organs, special cells, and substances that help protect you from infections and some other diseases. Immune cells and the substances they make travel through your body to protect it from germs that cause infections. They also help protect you from cancer in some ways.
It may help to think of your body as a castle. Germs like viruses, bacteria, and parasites are like hostile, foreign armies that are not normally found in your body. They try to invade your body to use its resources, and they can hurt you in the process. Your immune system is your body's defense force. It helps keep invading germs out, or kills them if they do get into your body.
The immune system keeps track of all of the substances normally found in the body. Any new substance in the body that the immune system doesn't recognize raises an alarm, causing the immune system to attack it. Substances that cause an immune response are called antigens. The immune response can destroy anything containing the antigen, such as germs or cancer cells.
Germs have substances on their outer surfaces, such as certain proteins, that are not normally found in the human body. The immune system sees these foreign substances as antigens and attacks them.
Cancer cells are also different from normal cells in the body. They sometimes have unusual substances on their outer surfaces that can act as antigens. But germs are very different from normal human cells and are often easily seen as foreign, whereas cancer cells and normal cells have fewer clear differences. Because of this, the immune system doesn't always recognize cancer cells as foreign. Cancer cells are less like soldiers of an invading army and more like traitors within the ranks of the human cell population.
Clearly there are limits on the immune system's ability to fight cancer on its own, because many people with healthy immune systems still develop cancer. Sometimes the immune system doesn't see the cancer cells as foreign because the cells are not different enough from normal cells. Sometimes the immune system recognizes the cancer cells, but the response might not be strong enough to destroy the cancer. Cancer cells themselves can also give off substances that keep the immune system in check.
To overcome this, researchers have found ways to help the immune system recognize cancer cells and strengthen its response so that it will destroy them.
Last Medical Review: 03/19/2014
Last Revised: 09/05/2014


text:
Tom Ford
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Using attiny2313.
Step 1: Scheme
Step 2: Bottom view of the board
Step 3: Now what?
Let me start with power supply. If you are using 9V battery you can make this kind of board with 78L05.
Step 4: Another idea
Step 5: The end result
For example like that.
Step 7: Conclusion
I've showed you the idea, how to create a flexible board which can also be attached to the protobard.
The SILs are used for wire-wrap tehnique, but I used them to get connection between the boards.
If you have questions or would like to order a PCBs, contact me on: bostjan(at)japina.eu
Jameco part numbers:
101283 - 20-pin WW2 single row
104054 - 30-pin WW2 single row
Check out Jameco's catalog page at: www.jameco.com/Jameco/catalogs/c102/P83.pdf - the part numbers are links to the description page which has the datasheets and pricing ($1.95 and $2.95 today as opposed to Digikey's $5.42 - even in Qty of 500, Digikey is higher than Jameco's single qty price)
You should add info about the ISP cable for your main board--a DAPA cable. Another instructable with the cable/programming info is here:


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FPS staff report
February 11, 2013
The Carrollton boys and girls bowling teams wrapped up their regular season last Tuesday with wins over Massillon Perry at Carroll Lanes.
The boys defeated the Panthers 2,449-2,270.
Head coach Kurt Lumley used 10 bowlers in the match.
Hunter Lumley rolled a 214, Aaron Brammer a 190, Austin Wolford a 168, James Wolford a 165, and Byron Carper a 135 for a 872 in the first game.
In the second, Kennie Hutson rolled a 182, Cason McCauley and Trent Proctor each had a 180, Dalton Ulman a 178 and Ben Power a 159.
Carrollton won the Baker, 698-617.
The boys will open tournament play Feb. 16 at the Division I Sectional at the St. Clair Lanes in St. Clairsville.
The top three teams and top three individuals not on a qualifying team will advance to the District Tournament at Shawnee Lanes in Chillicothe.
A total of 14 teams will take part in the tournament: Bridgeport, Buckeye Local, Carrollton, East Liverpool, East Richland Christian, Martins Ferry, Maysville, Minerva, Sandy Valley, St. Clairsville, St. John's Central, Union Local, West Muskingum, and Zanesville.
For the girls, the Warriors downed the Panthers by the score of 2,163-2,109.
Brandie Jo Tinlin rolled games of 138 and 211 for a 349, Danielle Brammer had games of 147 and 200 for a 347, Courtney Maurer rolled games of 136 and 162 for a 298, Destinee Stidom had games of 132 and 154 for a 286. Brittany Rohr had a 128 and Bryana Carper a 149.
In girls junior varsity action, Carrollton defeated Perry by the score of 1,470-1,058.
Brittany Carper had a 292, Maddie Ray a 267, Ashlee Matthews a 263, Erica Laughlin a 209 and Jenna McNutt a 192.
The Lady Warriors were to begin tournament play last Saturday at St. Clair Lanes.
Three teams and three individuals not on a qualifying team moved on to the District Tournament at Chillicothe.
The Free Press Standard invites you to post your thoughts on the story in the box below.
These posts do not reflect the views of the The Free Press Standard or its employees.
©2013 The Free Press Standard
Carrollton Free Press Standard, P. O. Box 37, Carrollton, OH 44615


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Actors: Latinos deserve award-worthy roles
BEVERLY HILLS, Calif. — Oscar-winning actress Rita Moreno says she has a ready answer for those who ask why more Latinos fail to receive Hollywood honors.
It's because Hispanic actors aren't cast in the kind of roles that gather big nominations and awards, Moreno said Wednesday.
Latinos are, in her words, "terrific performers," said Moreno, who received a best supporting actress Oscar for 1961's "West Side Story."
Moreno, whose Spanish-language version of her autobiography is newly published, spoke during a Television Critics Association panel on the documentary "Latino Americans."
She's featured in it, along with other prominent Hispanic Americans. The three-part PBS film airs in September.
Newtown puts on show with Broadway help
NEWTOWN, Conn. — More than 100 children from the Newtown area are putting on a musical this weekend with the help of some Broadway professionals.
The students have spent the past five weeks working with actor John Tartaglia, director Michael Unger, producer Van Dean and others on "Seussical the Musical."
It is being put on by the 12.14 Foundation, which was established after the Dec. 14 massacre at the Sandy Hook Elementary School as a way to help town residents heal through the arts.
The children, more than 80 of whom have roles in the show, range in age from 5 to 18. The show will be staged at Newtown High school through Sunday. There are two separate casts for the show, and each is putting on two performances.
The proceeds go to the foundation, which intends to build a performing arts center in Newtown in memory of the 20 children and six educators who were killed.
Kutcher keeping personal life private
NEW YORK — After embodying Steve Jobs in his new movie, Ashton Kutcher came to admire how the Apple Computer founder was able to balance his public and personal lives.
"He was better at it than I am," the 35-year old actor said Wednesday at the New York premiere of his new film, "Jobs."
Kutcher said that while researching the role, he found there was a "Steve that Steve didn't always want to show."
He also said the most important aspect of playing such a public figure was to understand that the version of Jobs known by the public came much later.
"Jobs" opens Aug. 16.
Associated Press
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Tilapia is a mild-flavored fish, which lends itself well to any sauce or seasoning. Our farm-raised tilapia has a clean, sweet taste, without that earthy flavor many brands have. Transported live, filleted for clean taste and processed under strict quality control procedures. 6 - 6 OZ. PORTIONS
Flash frozen and shipped with dry ice for safe delivery to your door; We guarantee it! If Rastelli products are required for a specific delivery date, please allow an extra 1-2 business days for processing and delivery. Rastelli items are produced and shipped from a separate warehouse location. The cost is $15 for frozen shipping and handling. An incremental $2 will be added for each additional Rastelli item you add to your cart after the first one, so add more Rastelli items to your cart and save on shipping.


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Five Peru State students selected for Intercollegiate Honor Band
Free public concert at 8 p.m. Friday, March 2 at UNL's Kimball Recital Hall
(Peru, Neb.) Five Peru State College (PSC) students have been selected to be part of the Nebraska State Bandmasters Association Intercollegiate Honor Band.
Following two days of rehearsals, the Intercollegiate Honor Band will perform a free public concert at 8 p.m. Friday, March 2 at the University of Nebraska – Lincoln's Kimball Recital Hall. The event clinician is Dr. Joel Puckett of the Peabody Conservatory of Music at Johns Hopkins University.
Honor Band delegates were selected from private and public colleges and universities throughout the state. PSC's delegates are listed below along with their year, major, hometown and instrument.
The college also had two students selected as alternates. They are:
Dean of the School of Arts and Sciences and Band Director Dr. Patrick Fortney said, "The Peru State students selected for the Intercollegiate Honor Band are among the most hard working and talented musicians in the state. We are proud of their achievements and look forward to hearing more from them in the years to come."
More information is available at http://www.nsbma.org/.


text:
Case Study:
The Jewish Holocaust, 1933-45
[See also the case study of Soviet POWs.]
The holocaust inflicted upon European Jews by the Nazi regime was arguably the most systematic and sadistic campaign of mass
extermination ever mounted. Like the Armenian and Rwandan holocausts, the "gendercidal" component is only a secondary and
subsidiary one. Nonetheless, an understanding of the gendered strategies of incarceration and extermination pursued by the Nazis
throws important light upon the Jewish holocaust, and genocidal strategies as a whole.
The background
The ideology and political programme of Nazism, the movement that seized power in Germany in 1933, was founded from the first on
an abiding hatred of Jews as Untermenschen, or "sub-humans." They were accused of orchestrating the "stab in the back" that
stripped Germany of victory in World War I and imposed upon it the humiliating surrender terms of the Versailles Treaty (1919).
Exploiting deep anti-semitic strains in German and European culture (see Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners), along with the
catastrophic economic conditions of the late 1920's and early 1930's, the Nazis under their supreme leader or Führer, Adolf Hitler,
succeeded in winning a plurality in 1932 parliamentary elections. In January 1933, Hitler was appointed Chancellor by the ageing
German president, Paul von Hindenburg. When Hindenburg died in August 1934, Hitler took over as president, and set about using
his police and paramilitaries to murder political opponents and ethnic "traitors" alike. Jews and "Bolsheviks" (communists) were at
the top of the list for incarceration in the first "concentration camps."
The Nazis did not invent the concentration camp, but they made it their definitive institution. For many years, it was almost
exclusively men who were detained in the grim and often atrocious conditions of the camps. The first Nazi prison camp, Dachau --
created in March 1933 -- housed males only, including many homosexuals. A major marker on the road to the holocaust against the Jews
was the Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass") on November 9-10, 1938, when Hitler's thugs targeted Jewish citizens and
property for largescale violence and destruction. According to Yehuda Bauer, the Kristallnacht was accompanied by a gender-selective
mass roundup: the Nazis "arrested and sent to concentration camps some 30,000 Jewish men at least." (Cited in Chalk and Jonassohn,
The History and Sociology of Genocide, p. 353.) As Eugen Kogon writes,
These arrests were made without regard for age. Ten-year old boys could be seen side by side with septuagenarians and octogenarians. En route from the Wiemar [sic: Weimar] railroad station [to the camp at Buchenwald] all stragglers were shot down, while the survivors were forced to drag the bloody bodies into camp. ... Inside stood the Block Leaders, wielding iron rods, whips and truncheons, and virtually every Jew who got into the camp sustained injuries. The events that took place at the time are not easily described in a few words. Let me merely mention that sixty-eight Jews went mad that very first night. They were clubbed to death like mad dogs ... four men at a time. ... SS [Schutz-Staffel, "Defense Echelon"] noncoms pushed the heads of some of their charges into overflowing latrine buckets until they suffocated.
Eventually, "for reasons that never became clear, most of the[se] Jews were set free on orders from the Reich authorities" and allowed to go into exile. Exactly a year later, however, after "an alleged attempt on Hitler's life," Jewish men in Buchenwald "were suddenly recalled from their [work] details and confined to barracks." The Germans "picked out twenty-one Austrian and German Jews, entirely at random, without any list. Most of them were vigorous young men. ... The SS took the group out through the gatehouse and shot them at close range in the quarry." (Kogon, The Theory and Practice of Hell, Berkley paperback edition [1980], pp. 176-79.)
Hitler's combined caution and brinkmanship in foreign policy won him increasing rewards during the 1930s. Western powers proved
unable to unite, or to accept an alliance with the Soviets, to head off the Nazi threat. Eventually, Hitler struck a temporary deal with
the Soviet leader, Joseph Stalin, freeing Germany to invade Poland -- the heartland of European Jewry -- in September 1939. From
the earliest days of the Nazi occupation, Poland's Jews were subjected to severe hardship and violence. However, it was only with the
German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 that the genocidal hatred of the Nazis was fully unleashed on the defenseless
populations of the east. Among those to suffer the worst, almost unacknowledged, were Soviet prisoners-of-war, who died in their
millions from exposure, starvation, and mass execution in 1941-42. But from the first, it was clear that the German occupation of the
vast new territories (including eastern Poland, which the Soviets had occupied under the terms of the Nazi-Soviet Pact) presented
Hitler with the opportunity to implement his "final solution" to the Jewish "problem" in Europe. What followed was a genocide that
Noam Chomsky has called "the most fantastic outburst of collective insanity in human history." (Cited in Robert F. Barsky, Noam
Chomsky: A Life of Dissent [ECW Press, 1997], p. 186.)
The gendercide against Jewish men
Early Nazi roundups of Jewish males in the occupied territories (see also below).The gendercidal dimension of the holocaust against the Jews was evident during particular phases of the campaign of extermination.
It nonetheless has its harbinger in the mass detentions of males during the earlier (1933-41) period of Nazi rule. As a campaign of
full-blown mass execution, the gendercide against Jewish males marked an important, if temporary, "onset phase" of the holocaust in
the occupied eastern territories (including, after August 1941, the Balkans). Gendercidal strategies against women were evident at
later stages, both in mass executions and gassings, women-only death camps, and the forced marches that killed tens of thousands in
the closing stages of the war. Again, it must be stressed that in both their male and female manifestations, the Jewish gendercides
were subsidiary features and strategies of a campaign of "root-and-branch" extermination, in which gender was far from a dominant
consideration overall.
Daniel Goldhagen points out in Hitler's Willing Executioners (pp. 149-50) how the"up-close," intimate killing of manifestly
defenceless, screaming civilians on the eastern front -- killings which spattered blood and brain matter around the killing fields and
over the killers -- was at first incrementally managed according to gender:
The Einsatzgruppen [death-squad] officers ... could habituate their men into their new vocation as genocidal executioners
through a stepwise escalation of the killing. First, by shooting primarily teenage and adult Jewish males, they would be able to
acclimate themselves to mass executions without the shock of killing women, young children, and the infirm. According to
Alfred Filbert, the commander of Einsatzkommando 9, the [execution] order from [Reinhard] Heydrich "quite clearly"
"included also women and children." Yet, "in the first instance, without a doubt, the executions were limited generally to
Jewish males." By generally keeping units' initial massacres to smallish numbers (by German standards) of a few hundred or
even a thousand or so, instead of many thousands, the perpetrators would be less likely to become overwhelmed by the enormity
of the gargantuan bloodbaths that were to follow. They also could believe that they were selectively killing the most dangerous
Jews, which was a measure that they could conceive to be reasonable for this apocalyptic war. Once the men became used to
slaughtering Jews on this sex-selective and smaller scale, the officers could more easily expand the scope and size of the killing
Jewish men rounded up for mass execution at Zhytomyr, Ukraine, August 7, 1942.In the early weeks of these murder campaigns, the Einsatzkommandos, according to Goldhagen, "were the equivalent of
genocidal scouting parties, developing the methods of killing, habituating the perpetrators to their new vocation and, generally
speaking, working out the feasibility of the overall enterprise" (p. 150). Gendercides against men can be seen in such cases as a
vanguard for the wider "root-and-branch" genocide -- an initial barrier to be surmounted and a potential "threat" to be removed, before
the community is consigned without discrimination to torment and death.
Christopher Browning's research into the atrocities committed by the police battalions attached to the Einsatzgruppen confirms that orders from the top were translated into gendercidal policies at the base. On July 11, 1942, the following orders went out to the police battalions: "Confidential! By order of the Higher SS and Police Leader ... all male Jews between the ages of 17 and 45 convicted as plunderers are to be shot according to martial law. The shootings are to take place away from cities, villages, and thoroughfares." Browning notes: "There was, of course, no investigation, trial, and confiction of so-called plunderers to be shot according to martial law. Male Jews who appeared to be between the ages of seventeen and forty-five were simply rounded up" and led away for execution. (Browning, Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland, pp. 13-14.)
Importantly for the analysis of gendercide, Daniel Goldhagen notes that "even if ... the initial order was to kill 'only' teenage and adult Jewish
males -- the order was still genocidal and clearly was understood by the perpetrators as such ... The killing of the adult males of a
community is nothing less than the destruction of that community" (p. 153, emphasis added). The point is critical in a more general
way to modern scholarship on the Jewish holocaust, since this currently centres on key decision-points in the killing campaign on the
eastern front, and the debate over precisely when the Nazi actions passed from the atrocious to the outright genocidal (see Rosenbaum, Explaining Hitler). As in other holocausts (Armenia, Rwanda), the mass killing of Jewish males proved
a necessary initial strategy, but not a sufficient expression, of the eliminationist impulse.
The link to Soviet prisoners-of-war
The waging of genocide against eastern Jews proceeded alongside a much lesser-known holocaust, that of male prisoners captured by the German Army in huge encirclements during the first few months of the war. Nearly three million are known to have
died in less than eight months of 1941-42. Gendercide Watch includes a detailed case-study of the Soviet POWs on this
site. Most of them died before being transferred to Germany. Those that did not, however, became the original "guinea-pigs" in the
Nazis' vast machinery of death. Indeed, as Christian Streit has pointed out, it was originally for the Soviet POWs that the
infrastructure of the Auschwitz-Birkenau and Maidanek death camps was developed:
It is more than a mere coincidence that the discovery of the technical means to implement the Holocaust with a minimum of
material and personal expense and the preparation of the infrastructure at two of the most important death factories, Auschwitz
and Maidanek, are also connected with the dynamic described above. In this case, it was particularly the treatment of the
Soviet POWs which speeded up developments. Two large groups of Soviet prisoners were involved. The first comprised those
prisoners who were selected and executed as "politically intolerable." Before the end of December 1941 at least 33,000 such
prisoners had been executed in the concentration camps of the Reich and the General Government [in occupied Poland]. The
second group consisted of those Soviet POWs who had been allotted to Himmler as slave labourers in the SS enterprises. The
decision to turn these POWs into Himmler's slaves also resulted from the basic decision to brush aside international law in the
war against the Soviet Union. ... Repeatedly during the summer of 1941, and starting with a convoy of several hundred in July,
groups of Soviet prisoners of war, who had been selected as "intolerable," had been taken to the Auschwitz concentration camp
to be executed there. To ease the mental strain of the shooting squads and to save costs and energies the executors soon started
looking for a simpler method. It was probably deputy commander Karl Fritzsch who experimented in early September with a
pesticide, Zyklon B, to murder some 600 such prisoners and another 250 camp inmates who had been selected as "unfit for
work." After more such "test gassings" -- there were at least two more convoys of Soviet prisoners among the victims, one
numbering 900 men -- the gassings of Jewish victims were started in January or February 1942. ... Even the infrastructure used
in the Final Solution, the Birkenau camp with its rail connection, had originally been intended for 100,000 Soviet prisoners of
war who were to be [Heinrich] Himmler's allocation of slave labourers for the giant industrial complex at Auschwitz which
I.G. Farben and the SS were planning as a joint venture. Soviet prisoners numbering 10,000, who were to build the huge
Birkenau camp for 100,000 POWs, had been brought to Auschwitz in October 1941. By the end of November half of them
were dead, by February 1942 about 8,000. Only 186 were still alive on 1 May 1942. Those prisoners who had not starved had
been tortured to death. (Christian Streit, "Wehrmacht, Einsatzgruppen, Soviet POWs and Anti-Bolshevism in the Emergence of
the Final Solution," in Cesarani, ed., The Final Solution, pp. 111-12.)
Streit adds in a footnote (51, p. 117): "The same is true for the Maidanek concentration camp. It developed from an SS-Kriegsgefangenenlager, whose construction had been begun by 5,000 Soviet POWs, who were as rapidly decimated as those at
Auschwitz." But it was the Jewish population of the east that would be the primary victims of the genocidal apparatus that these
Soviet POWs first built, then perished in by the tens or hundreds of thousands.
The gendercide against Jewish women
(L) A Jewish woman and child are executed on the eastern front;
(R) A Jewish woman pleads for her life at a mass-murder scene
As with the Armenian case, the Jewish holocaust was launched with an initial genocidal outburst that targeted overwhelmingly males
-- partly as a means of acclimatizing the genocidal agents to their tasks. But in neither the Armenian nor the Jewish cases did more
than a short time elapse before women were swept up in the worst of the horror. Jürgen Forster's analysis brings out the speed, but
also the stages, by which the holocaust on the eastern front was extended to women. He writes that: "The first formal order to kill
immediately 'all male Jews of 17-45 years of age' was issued ... on 11 July 1941. ... The necessity of killing male Jews was not
justified ... with any reference to partisan activities but 'resulted from the political situation.' Since the SS was still liquidating
selected target groups, the Intelligence Officer of the Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS informed his superiors in his after-action report
of 28 July 1941 that 'all persons involved are in doubt whether the Jewish problem can be brought to a fundamental solution by the
multitude of executions of male Jews alone.' While the Einsatzkommando 3 ... began to include Jewish women and children on 15
August 1941, the Police Regiment Centre only increased the age band for men to be killed to 16-65. Its 3rd Battalion, however,
executed sixty-four Jewish women, too, in Minsk on 1 September 1941. The evidence on the practice of liquidating after 22 June 1941
suggests that a second, principal decision was made in the summer of 1941, this time to cleanse the conquered living space more
thoroughly from any manifestations of Jewry and Bolshevism, to make it 'free' of Jews and communists." (Förster, "The Relations
Between Operation Barbarossa as an Ideological War of Extermination and the Final Solution," in Cesarani, ed., The Final Solution,
p. 93. Emphasis added.) It was this second decision that led to the mass murder of women, both in mass shootings like Babi Yar
(33,000 Jews killed in September 1941) and in the gas-vans and concentration camps that were increasingly used from late 1941
The historical record of the renewed genocidal offensive on the eastern front in 1942 includes cases in which women (along with children and the elderly of both sexes) were targeted for immediate annihilation, while able-bodied men were preserved, at least temporarily, for use as forced labour. The murderous activities of Police Battalion 101, studied by both Christopher Browning and Daniel Goldhagen, included a massacre of 1,500 Jews at the Polish village of Józefów on July 13, 1942, in which the battalion was "ordered to round up ... Jews. The male Jews of working age were to be separated and taken to a work camp. The remaining Jews -- the women, children, and elderly -- were to be shot on the spot by the battalion," as occurred. A similar mass atrocity took place in the Jewish ghetto of Konskowola in October 1942, where between 500 and 1,000 Jews "were selected for labor," overwhelmingly able-bodied men, although "100 were shot en route after collapsing from exhaustion. ... The remaining Jews -- 800 to 1,000 women and children as well as a large number of elderly men -- were simultaneously led off to a shooting site in a woods beyond the edge of town. ... First the Jewish men were taken into the woods, forced to lie face down, and shot. The women and children followed." (Browning, Ordinary Men, pp. 2, 116-17.)
Link to a map of the mainextermination centers
in Europe.One of the key rituals of the Nazi death-camp system similarly seems to have targeted women (especially mothers) for
extermination, along with children and the elderly, while adult males were disproportionately preserved for use as forced labour. The
reference here is to the "selection on the railway sidings," when huge numbers of Jews and others arrived at the gates of Auschwitz-Birkenau and the other camps. Especially later in the war, when the Nazis' absurd squandering of potential Jewish labour was
tempered by approaching defeat, emphasis was placed on the preservation -- usually brief -- of those deemed able to work in the
factories. All "women in charge of children" were targeted for immediate extermination in these initial selections, along with "the old
people, all the children ... and in general all the people unfit for work," according to Johann Paul Kremer, a Nazi "doctor" at
Auschwitz. "[They] were loaded into trucks and taken to the gas chambers." Auschwitz managers reported an "arrival strength" for
21 January 1943, at the height of the holocaust, as "2,000 Jews, of whom 418 were selected to be put to work (254 men, 164 women),
i.e., 20.9 percent; 24 January 1943, 2,029 Jews, of whom 228 were selected to be put to work (148 men, 80 women), i.e., 11.8 percent;
on 27 January 1943, 993 Jews, of whom 284 were selected to be put to work (212 men and 72 women), i.e., 22.5 percent." (Eugen Kogon et
al., eds., Nazi Mass Murder: A Documentary History of the Use of Poison Gas [Yale University Press, 1993], pp. 153, 159.)
One of the key rituals of the Nazi death-camp system similarly seems to have targeted women (especially mothers) for
extermination, along with children and the elderly, while adult males were disproportionately preserved for use as forced labour. The
reference here is to the "selection on the railway sidings," when huge numbers of Jews and others arrived at the gates of Auschwitz-Birkenau and the other camps. Especially later in the war, when the Nazis' absurd squandering of potential Jewish labour was
tempered by approaching defeat, emphasis was placed on the preservation -- usually brief -- of those deemed able to work in the
factories. All "women in charge of children" were targeted for immediate extermination in these initial selections, along with "the old
people, all the children ... and in general all the people unfit for work," according to Johann Paul Kremer, a Nazi "doctor" at
Auschwitz. "[They] were loaded into trucks and taken to the gas chambers." Auschwitz managers reported an "arrival strength" for
21 January 1943, at the height of the holocaust, as "2,000 Jews, of whom 418 were selected to be put to work (254 men, 164 women),
i.e., 20.9 percent; 24 January 1943, 2,029 Jews, of whom 228 were selected to be put to work (148 men, 80 women), i.e., 11.8 percent;
on 27 January 1943, 993 Jews, of whom 284 were selected to be put to work (212 men and 72 women), i.e., 22.5 percent." (Eugen Kogon et
al., eds., Nazi Mass Murder: A Documentary History of the Use of Poison Gas [Yale University Press, 1993], pp. 153, 159.)
The gendercide against women in the death camps may have been even more intense than at first appears, since there is evidence of a
pre-selection of males for mass execution before the construction of the death-camp system, as we have noted. Gendercide Watch is
aware of no comparative research on the numbers of men and women killed by the different Nazi mechanisms, however, and reminds
the reader that the Nazis' genocidal ideology and mass-murder apparatus finally spared no-one among the European populations it
targeted, Jews above all.
It is also important to note that the variable of age/infirmity, and not just gender, was another vital marker or "tripwire" on the road to
fullscale genocide. Indeed, the Nazis' murder between 1939 and 1941 of 70,000 "useless" and "burdensome" elderly and infirm
Germans -- which Gendercide Watch refers to as geracide (from the Greek geras, "old age") -- was clearly a manifestation of the
exterminationist impulse that would in short order be directed against Jews, Roma (Gypsies), Slavic males, and others. The
euthenasia campaigns also buttressed the Nazis' penetration of the German professions. When medical doctors were called upon to
perform ghastly medical experiments at Auschwitz and other death-camps, their Hippocratic oaths had long since been shattered by
involvement in the earlier "geracide."
How many died?
Raul Hilberg writes that "The Jewish dead numbered more than 5 million: about 3 million in killing centers and other camps, 1.4
million in shooting operations, and more than 600,000 in ghettos." Hilberg adds that "Traditional estimates are closer to 6 million."
(Hilberg, "Holocaust," Encarta Encyclopedia.) As Goldhagen notes, "The geographic scope of the German's exterminationist drive
against the Jews has no parallel, certainly not in the twentieth century" (Hitler's Willing Executioners, p. 412). It is estimated that the
Nazis succeeded in killing 60 percent of all the Jews in Europe. In addition to the Jews murdered in Poland (3 million) and the USSR
(1 million), the worst-hit communities were in Hungary (550,000 Jews killed), Romania (275,000), Lithuania (150,000), Germany
itself (135-140,000), and the Netherlands (100,000) (all figures approximate).
It was not the largest mass killing of the twentieth
century -- both Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong probably killed more people than Adolf Hitler. But "in ferocity, hate, sadism and
horror, the Nazi genocide of the Jews of Europe has no peer." (Cathal Nolan, The Longman Guide to World Affairs [Longman, 1995],
p. 159.) The element of sadism has attracted considerable recent notice: "The Germans debased and inflicted pain upon Jews with a regularity
calculated not just to cripple their bodies but also to plunge them into a state of perpetual terror. The ideal guiding the Germans'
treatment of the [Jews] ... was that it ought to be a world of unremitting suffering which would end in their deaths. A Jew's life ought
to be a worldly hell, always in torment, always in physical pain, with no comfort available." (Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing
Executioners, pp. 320, 457).
It was not the largest mass killing of the twentieth
century -- both Joseph Stalin and Mao Zedong probably killed more people than Adolf Hitler. But "in ferocity, hate, sadism and
horror, the Nazi genocide of the Jews of Europe has no peer." (Cathal Nolan, The Longman Guide to World Affairs [Longman, 1995],
p. 159.) The element of sadism has attracted considerable recent notice: "The Germans debased and inflicted pain upon Jews with a regularity
calculated not just to cripple their bodies but also to plunge them into a state of perpetual terror. The ideal guiding the Germans'
treatment of the [Jews] ... was that it ought to be a world of unremitting suffering which would end in their deaths. A Jew's life ought
to be a worldly hell, always in torment, always in physical pain, with no comfort available." (Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing
Executioners, pp. 320, 457).
Who was responsible?
Primary responsibility has long been assigned to Adolf Hitler, one of the most psychotic and sanguinary leaders in history, who
consigned tens of millions of people to furnaces and firing squads. Debate still rages over whether and when Hitler personally gave
the order to exterminate the Jews. But there is no doubt that he provided the venomous ideological framework for the genocide,
headed the state and military apparatus that implemented it, and frequently proclaimed his approval of the perpetrators' actions.
The Nazi Party that Hitler headed rapidly became indistinguishable from the German state. All party institutions and members --
especially Hitler's elite guard, the SS ("Death's Head" units, commanded by Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich), and the
Einsatzkommanda (genocidal "action squads" in the East) -- shared responsibility for the Holocaust against Jews, Poles, Soviet
prisoners-of-war, and Roma, among other groups. At lower levels of the bureaucracy of mass death, "Amorality was encouraged by
specialization; each department and individual was accountable for only one small segment of the program, diffusing personal
responsibility." (Donald Niewyk in Totten et al., Century of Genocide, pp. 141-42.)
In the last several years, debate has raged around the "Goldhagen thesis" (see Goldhagen, Hitler's Willing Executioners) -- namely, that
"ordinary Germans" in their multitudes participated willingly, and usually enthusiastically, in the merciless tortures and annihilations
that the Nazis inflicted upon the subject peoples of Europe. Ron Rosenbaum includes a chapter on the controversy in Explaining
Recent research on the holocaust in the occupied territories has also emphasized the role of the German army in facilitating the genocides
against Jews and Soviet POWs in particular. The long-held view that the "proud" German military somehow held itself aloof from the
Nazis' genocide has been decisively debunked (see Bartov, The German Army and Genocide). The relationship between the regular
army and the SS or paramilitary killers was intimate and mutually supportive -- as in the Serbs' genocidal and gendercidal campaigns
in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo, but on a massively greater scale.
The aftermath
The German invasion of the USSR proved Hitler's undoing. The Second World War was won and lost on the eastern front, where
about 80 percent of German forces were concentrated between 1941 and 1944. Despite the Nazi victories and unbridled mass killing of the
first year of the war, the Soviets successfully withstood the German drive on Moscow. At the critical battles of Stalingrad (September
1942 -- January 1943) and Kursk (July 1943), Soviet forces turned the tide against the German armies. By April 1945, they had driven
them back to the gates of Berlin, with late assistance from Allied forces (who invaded Nazi-occupied France in June 1944). Adolf
Hitler killed himself in his bunker as Soviet troops approached.
The images of mountains of corpses
left behind by the Nazi mass murderers
shocked the world, and helped contribute
to the founding of the state of Israel.
As the Soviet and Allied forces rolled back across Nazi-occupied Europe, they came across evidence of the holocaust against the Jews
and others. For the first time, the outside world could see and be stunned by mountains of Jewish corpses in the concentration camps,
and skeletal survivors gathered at the wire. The horror at the discoveries fuelled the Nürnberg (Nuremberg) Trials of 1945-47, when
surviving Nazi leaders (including Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, and Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel) were tried for crimes against
humanity. Twelve were sentenced to death, but not Göring, who swallowed poison in his prison-cell hours before he was to be
executed. Subsequent trials were held for "doctors who had conducted medical experiments on concentration camp inmates and
prisoners of war, judges who had committed murder and other crimes under the guise of the judicial process, and industrialists who
had participated in the looting of occupied countries and in the forced-labor program" (Hilberg, "Holocaust"). Again death sentences
and long prison terms were the norm.
The founding of the state of Israel in 1948, in large part by holocaust survivors, was assisted by global sympathy for the principal
victims of Nazi genocide. In 1960, it was Israeli secret agents who tracked down one of the last surviving architects of the holocaust,
Adolf Eichmann, and smuggled him from Argentina to Israel to stand trial. (See Arendt, Eichmann in Jerusalem.) He was convicted
and hanged in Jerusalem in 1962.
Many thousands of survivors worldwide still bear the tattooed identification numbers they were given in the concentration camps. All
must live with the enormous weight of the genocide, which laid waste to entire lineages and historic communities. Jewish populations in Poland, Germany, Hungary, Ukraine, and several other countries have never recovered from the blow dealt them by Hitler and the Nazis. Meanwhile, "studies of Holocaust
survivors have shown that virtually all suffered to some degree from a 'survivor syndrome' that included acute anxiety, cognitive and
memory disorders, depression, withdrawal, and hypochondria" (Donald Niewyk in Century of Genocide, p. 144).
The memory of the holocaust has been kept alive by Jews and others worldwide, and has staged a resurgence in cultural prominence
in the last two or three decades. To a degree this resurgence has been fuelled by the renewed rise of a racist, anti-semitic "far right" in numerous European countries, most notably France, Austria (Hitler's birthplace), and Switzerland. As a result of widespread efforts to conscientize and inform, "The Holocaust [today] is perhaps the
one genocide of which every educated person has heard" (Niewyk). It is often cited as a benchmark in debates over more recent
genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Researched and written by Adam Jones.
© Gendercide Watch 1999-2013. All rights reserved.Copyright-cleared for educational and other non-profit use if source is credited.


text:
Posted at: 11/12/2012 6:11 PM
(ABC 6 NEWS) -- Citing a desire to spend more time with his family, RCTC head football coach Derrick Hintz resigned Monday.
Hintz had been with the program more than 14 years, but only took over as head coach prior to the 2011 season.
In a statement released by the school, Hintz said, "It is time for me to refocus my energies on my son Matthew and daughter Maddeson, and just be 'Dad' for awhile. I appreciate the opportunity to coach as a coordinator and as a head coach, and want to thank RCTC and the Yellowjacket community for my great experience."
Hintz did not rule out a return to the sidelines in the future, but said he remains committed to his family.
RCTC announced the search for a new head coach will begin immediately.


text:
Mac HD icon came up on startup?
For the first time ever today the Mac HD icon came up on my Macbook on startup and I had to click on it. Does anyone know why it came up? Thank you.
Maybe because you did not specify the startup disk, and have other startup options...
I'm not 100% sure though...
Or you may have inadvertently pressed the Option key after booting.
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Alona Kimhi
Weeping Susannah
Alona Kimhi
Susannah Rabin, thirty-something years old and suffering from uncontrollable crying fits, may not make readers cry, but her ability to wink at the world may well make them laugh, thanks to her wonderful self-irony and sharp, liberated tongue. In her second book, Kimchi continues to skillfully draw her depressed, unstable characters.
Susannah is incapable of normal relations with other people, particularly men, because she views every stranger as a potential invader and voyeur of her body and life. She hates her body and is disgusted by all natural bodily functions, yet she is well aware of her complexes and defines herself as a mermaid with a fish tail instead of genitals. Susannah can only function under the supervision of her mother, who faces life's daily trials and tribulations in her stead while usurping her independence and preventing her from experiencing life.
Everything changes when Naor, a handsome and charming relative from the United States, arrives and Susannah's mother offers him a room in her home. The guest's effect on Susannah is profound. She falls in love with him, and through him is liberated from all of her physical and sexual complexes. Naor is later exposed as a crook and obsessive gambler, but he heals Susannah's soul, and he is her redeemer and miracle worker. He turns her into a woman no longer afraid of her sexuality, and as his inevitable departure approaches, he tries to give her a more substantial gift: faith in her ability to become a painter, an independent woman who creates her own world and does not depend on others.
Between tears and smiles, the author keeps us captivated by intertwining history with everyday life, the best of traditional Jewish humor and the great concerns of modernity.
Giornale Di Brescia
There are books which, like good food, you want everyone to taste. This is most certainly one of them… Kimhi gives us a wonderful read with magnificent prose that haunts the reader long after he finished this book.
Le Monde
Literature in the Russian tradition – quirky and soul-examining, with that heightened sense of the mystery of everyday life.
The Observer
Weeping Susannah
draws us in through its simplicity. Often difficult subjects are described with fine humor that is also insightful.
Weeping Susannah
Author's Last Name
Author's First Name
English, German, French, Italian, Dutch, Chinese, Czech, Finnish, Greek, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish
Publisher (Hebrew)
Year of Publication (Hebrew)
No. Pages
341 pp.
Book title - Hebrew (phonetic)
Susannah Ha-Bochiya
Represented by ITHL
Dutch: Amsterdam, Meulenhoff, 2001
French: Paris, Gallimard, 2001; pback: Gallimard/Folio, 2003
English: London, Harvill, 2001; New York, Harvill/Farrar Straus, 2002
Italian: Milan, Rizzoli, 2001; Ugo Guanda, 2010
Swedish: Stockholm, Wahlstrom & Widstrand, 2001
Portuguese: Lisbon, Asa, 2002
Greek: Athens, Psichogios, 2002
German: Munich, Carl Hanser, 2002; pback: Berlin, Berlin Verlag, 2004
Finnish: Helsinki, Tammi, 2003
Spanish: Barcelona, Galaxia Gutenberg, 2004
Polish: Warsaw, WAB, 2006
Chinese: Hefei, Anhui Literature & Art Publishing House, 2008
Turkish: Istanbul, Sistem, 2009
Czech: Prague, Garamond, forthcoming
Zeruya Shalev and Dror Burstein have been shortlisted for the JQ-Wingate Prize
Two leading Israeli authors represented by ITHL have been shortlisted for the JQ-Wingate Prize: Zeruya Shalev, for her best selling award winning novel 'The Remains of Love' (Bloomsbury), and Dror Burstein for his outstanding novel 'Netanya' (Dalkey Archive).
Zeruya Shalev was awarded the prestigious Femina prize, France, 2014
Zeruya Shalev's major novel 'The Remains of Love' won the prestigious Prix Femina and is still nominated for Prix Medicis, 2014. The novel has been recently released in French translation by Editions Gallimard. On the long list were 15 outstanding authors, inter alia, Margaret Atwood (Canada), Lily Brett (Australia), Maxime Ossipov (Russia) and Leonardo Padura (Cuba).
Rome-Jerusalem Prize 2014 for Zeruya Shalev
Zeruya Shalev was recently awarded the prestigious Rome-Jerusalem Prize for the Italian translation of her novel 'The Remains of Love'
'Textile', by Orly Castel-Bloom is on the longlist for the US 2014 Best Translated Book Award Fiction!!
Tami Shem-Tov wins the Lea Goldberg Prize for Children and Youth Books 2013
For her wonderful y/a novel 'I Am Not a Thief' about Janus Korczak`s orphanage.
Yair Lapid, Israel`s new Finance Minister - a bestselling author!
Fact: Lapid has written four bestselling thrillers. Have you read them?
Gadi Taub, selected as "Best Untranslated Israeli Author" in Granta Magazine
The bars, pimps and pubs of 'Allenby Street' - a "masterfully constructed world of Dickensian variety," according to Etgar Keret.
Limassol wins the Italian Marisa Giorgetti Award, 2013
Yishai Sarid`s amazing book 'Il Poeta di Gaza' - in Italian - is going from strength to strength!
'One Night, Markovitch' wins the Sapir Prize for Debut Novel
Rights to Ayelet Gundar-Goshen`s novel have been sold in German (Kein und Aber), and are under discussion for other languages.
Orly Castel-Bloom
In case you`ve never heard Orly Castel-Bloom reading her own work, here`s a new YouTube of her reading her story "The Woman Who Wanted to Kill Someone." Enjoy!
Adva Bolle
Avi Garfinkel
Nurith Gertz
Barak Hamdani
MHL - New webzine starting soon!
Presenting poems by Lyor Shternberg. Shimon Adaf, Sara Friedland Ben-Arza
2012 © All Rights Reserved by ITHL
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A community of people experiencing Heart Rhythm concerns. Ask a question, join a conversation, share experiences: symptoms, management, and treatment.
For support and advice from others, visit our Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) Community
An Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is a hole in the part of the septum that
separates the atria (the upper chambers of the heart). This hole allows
oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium to flow into the right atrium instead of
flowing into the left ventricle as it should.
This means that oxygen-rich blood gets pumped back to the lungs, where it has just been, instead of going to the body.
An ASD can be small or large. Small ASDs allow only a little blood to flow from one atrium to the other. Small ASDs don't affect the way the heart works and don't need any special treatment. Many small ASDs close on their own as the heart grows during childhood.
Medium to large ASDs allow more blood to leak from one atrium to the other, and they are less likely to close on their own. Most children who have ASDs have no symptoms, even if they have large ASDs.
The three major types of ASDs are:
Sinus Venosus- This defect is in the upper part of the atrial septum, near where a large vein (the superior vena cava) brings oxygen-poor blood from the upper body to the right atrium. Sinus venosus defects are rare, and they don't close on their own.
Over time, if an ASD isn't repaired, the extra blood flow to the right side
of the heart and lungs may cause heart problems. Usually, most of these
problems don't show up until adulthood, often around age 30 or later.
Complications are rare in infants and children.
Possible complications include:
These problems develop over many years and don't occur in children. They also are rare in adults because most ASDs either close on their own or are repaired in early childhood.
Source: Information provided courtesy of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), a division of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) health-related material is provided for information purposes only and does not necessarily represent endorsement by or an official position of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute or any other Federal agency. Advice on the treatment or care of an individual patient should be obtained through consultation with a physician who has examined that patient or is familiar with that patient's medical history.


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Justin Bieber Piano and Keyboard Play Along: 1 items found
Justin Bieber
(Piano Play-Along Volume 110). By Justin Bieber. For Piano/Vocal/Guitar. Piano Play-Along. Softcover with CD. 64 pages. Published by Hal Leonard (HL.109367)
Usually leaves our warehouse: Within 3 to 5 business days
Justin Bieber


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See definition in Oxford Advanced Learner's DictionaryLine breaks: pocket-sized
(also pocket-size)
Definition of pocket-sized in English:
Of a size suitable for carrying in a pocket; small: a truly pocket-sized camera with a lot of great features
More example sentences
- Pocket-sized, advert-free, the magazine feels like a book to read.
- The most sophisticated are essentially pocket-sized computers with colour screens, fast processors and lots of memory.
- Manufacturers have come out with these pocket-size pods of flash memory, the same kind of semiconductor memory used in digital cameras.
Definition of pocket-sized in:
- US English dictionary
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
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LSUFreek on Petrino
I stumbled upon that earlier this morning. Spot-on and also funny with Les Miles making an appearance.
It's true... We really are a bunch of nuts!
Go Bucks!
The Ohio State University, College of Arts & Sciences, Class of 2006
The Ohio State University Moritz College of Law, Class of 2009
what movie is clip in the car from? and is it the same as the motorcycle scene?
LSUFreek never disappoints.
Don't give up... Don't ever give up.
I can't stop laughing. Someone needs to photoshop Petrino with a jacket that reads : If you can read this, the bitch fell off.
Dustin Fox was our leading tackler as a corner.... because his guy always caught the ball.


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SFGov Key Services:
City Services on your Mobile Device
Find Out More
SFGov Residents Key Services:
Keep Our City and Streets Clean
SFGov Business Key Services:
Assistance for Businesses
SFGov Government Key Services:
Review all the Approved Legislation
SFGov Visitors Key Services:
Visit Treasure Island and Yerba Buena Island
SFGov Online Services Key Services:
Pay Online for Fees and Services
SFGov Help Key Services:
Request a City Service 24/7 with 311
Consider, for example, a City-funded soup kitchen. The usual rule is that people must stand in line to be served. Consequently, individuals who find it very difficult to wait in line due to anxiety attacks or a physical condition that makes it hard to stand, may be effectively excluded from that program. Title II of the ADA, however, mandates that city funded programs or services must modify their policies, practices or procedures to allow people with disabilities to fully participate. Therefore, the soup kitchen staff may give a number to the person waiting in line and allow her to wait elsewhere or be seated until her turn comes.
Sometimes the City and County of San Francisco may sponsor programs that are designed specifically for people with disabilities, but that does not eliminate the obligation to make modifications to all programs when requested to do so. For example, the department of Parks and Recreation may sponsor an adaptive swim class for people with physical disabilities but, the existence of such a class would still not permit the exclusion of a person with a disability from participating in any recreational swimming program available to the general public.


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Selma Synagogue
4:54 pm
Thu August 8, 2013
Simcha in Selma! A Bar Mitzvah To Help A Selma Synagogue
By Ryan Vasquez
Being bar mitzvahed is a rite of passage every young Jewish man gets to go through at the age of 13. A mitzvah is a good deed and performing one is paramount to the process. When Elijah Schulman thought about what he would do for his bar mitzvah project he didn't look to his hometown of Bethesda, Maryland. Rather Schulman looked to help out a Selma synagogue that had some old family ties.
Alabama Public Radio's Ryan Vasquez talked to Schulman about how he came to help the Mishkan Israel synagogue as part of his bar mitzvah project.


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Senator Ron Wyden, at a conference on National Security Agency surveillance sponsored by the CATO Institute, articulated many of the frustrations he had experienced in his patient effort to unveil to citizens the true scope of what the agency thought it had the authority to do. He also offered a preview of the upcoming battle in Congress to pass real comprehensive reform that is not only "skin deep."
Wyden described bipartisan legislation he had introduced to set the bar for what "really constitutes real intelligence reform." It would end the bulk data collection program under a provision of the PATRIOT Act known as section 215. It would create a "constitutional advocate" to ensure the process before the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court or secret surveillance court that authorizes NSA surveillance is no longer as "one-sided." It would close a loophole allowing for "backdoor searches" and prohibit the collection of communications "about" a target instead of just communications to and from a target. And it would halt the practice of "reverse targeting," where a foreigner is targeted in order to collect the communications of an American without a warrant.
"We wanted to put this marker down early because we know in the months ahead we will be up against a "business-as-usual brigade" – made up of influential members of the government's intelligence leadership, their allies in think tanks and academia, retired government officials, and sympathetic legislators," Wyden explained.
He added they will "try mightily to fog up the surveillance debate and convince the Congress and the public that the real problem here is not overly intrusive, constitutionally flawed domestic surveillance but sensationalistic media reporting. Their end game is ensuring that any surveillance reforms are only skin-deep."
The arguments from this crowd, Wyden noted, "have something of an Alice in Wonderland flavor." For example, "We have heard that surveillance of Americans' phone records, AKA metadata, is not actually surveillance at all – it's simply the collection of bits of information." (This is what chair of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Dianne Feinstein, has suggested in her effort to help save NSA surveillance powers.)
"We've been told that codifying secret surveillance laws and making them public surveillance laws is the same as actually reforming these overreaching surveillance programs. It's not," Wyden stated.
Wyden provided a glimpse at some of the work he and Sen. Mark Udall had done to hold NSA accountable. He mentioned the NSA ran a "bulk email records program under the authority of the PATRIOT Act, and intelligence officials spent years telling both Congress and the FISA Court that this program was vital to US counterterrorism efforts." That was not true at all.
"Senator Udall and I spent most of 2011 pressing the NSA to provide actual examples of the bulk email records program's effectiveness, but NSA officials were unable to do so. The bulk email records program was shut down that year. It was a big win for supporters of privacy and constitutional liberties, even though Senator Udall and I weren't able to discuss it publicly until two years later," he added.
This experience also demonstrated the importance of forcing intelligence officials to actually provide evidence to back up their statements, the way other government officials are expected to do.
Wyden's speech to attendees highlighted some of the key outcomes that had resulted because former NSA contractor Edward Snowden took the step and blew the whistle.
Initially, in June, members of Congress reintroduced legislation that was "newly relevant" as a result of disclosures on secret surveillance programs or policies. "I was among them, offering my bill with Senator Udall to end bulk collection."
The next phase that unfolded involved "new ideas" being proposed, such as reforming the secret surveillance court or allowing private companies to disclose much more information on their cooperation with the government. And then there was another phase where those ideas were melded into one package that could be called "comprehensive reform."
Though Wyden did not explicitly name Snowden, what he said tacitly acknowledged that those in Congress interested in reform were in a better position now because of the action he decided to take.
Wyden highlighted how the "business-as-usual brigade" has argued "vociferously that any intelligence agency employee who is alarmed about surveillance activities that may be illegal, harmful or ineffective already has plenty of avenues for raising concerns." He countered, "Even if an employee had a reason to think that raising concerns through official channels would do some good, the fact is that the whistleblower laws are deeply flawed and it doesn't make much sense to speak up if you have to take your complaint to the people you're complaining about."
It will take a groundswell of public support for real reform to be passed, if it is going to be passed at all. There is quite a bit of cynicism, some of it debilitating even if reasonable. This is what Wyden said citizens can expect going forward.
The intelligence leadership can be expected to "argue for limiting the advocate's mandate and resources" when arguing cases before the secret surveillance court. They will argue that these advocates should not be "allowed to appeal cases or assist private companies and individuals that want to challenge overly broad surveillance orders."
"Defenders of the status quo" will "attempt to codify the surveillance authorities that reformers want to repeal," he said. The Executive Branch is also likely to oppose more openness and transparency for the intelligence community.
However, there is a reason why any "trust us" arguments should be rejected.
The Founding Fathers wrote the Fourth Amendment to prohibit general warrants. Rules governing NSA do not "involve individual review by a judge," which means "if the NSA decides that it wants to look through the bulk phone records database or conduct a backdoor search for a particular American's emails it can do so without getting the approval of anyone outside the NSA."
The intelligence agencies have "broken the rules and they have been broken a lot."
In 2009 the FISA Court itself ruled that, and I quote: "The minimization procedures proposed by the government in each successive application and approved as binding by the orders of [the FISA Court] have been so frequently and systematically violated that it can fairly be said that this critical element of the overall [business records] regime has never functioned effectively." What does that legal jargon mean? That's legalese for a serious smack down of the government by the court. Even if these rules were somehow written in a way that totally erased the privacy impact of bulk records collection – which I don't think is possible – the fact is that the routine violations of these rules over the years clearly demonstrate that trying to rely on them is a flawed approach.
"It's going to take grassroots support from lots of Americans across the political spectrum who let their members of Congress know that they want about both their security and their liberty to be protected, and that business as usual is no longer okay," Wyden further suggested. But he maintained that now more than ever there will be "reformers" in Congress willing to listen to Americans if they make their concerns about surveillance known.
*As of 2:20 pm EST, the day-long conference at the CATO Institute is still ongoing and can be watched here.


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Sketchbook, ca. 1950
Physical Details: 1 v. : graphite and ink ; 30 x 22 cm.
Creator: Elmer Nelson Bischoff (1916-1991), artist
Description: Sixteen pages have sketches on both the front and verso; the rest of the book is blank. The images are mostly figure studies and a few landscapes in graphite and ink wash.
Forms part of: Elmer Bischoff papers, 1914-1990
Citation: Sketchbook, ca. 1950
Digital ID: 6084
- Bischoff, Elmer Nelson


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Cooking and Baking
What are you cooking/baking today?
Just though I would see what other people are making today. I'm making some French Baguettes and Molasses Cookies. The recipe for Molasses Cookies is from my boyfriends' mother. So I think they are going to be delicious. I know it's wrong but I might add my own twist to it. They will never know. Maybe I'll even here, "these are better than my mothers' cookies". I can only hope. Well happy baking everyone. :)
Talk is closed, but that doesn't mean the conversations have to stop!
Check out this post for a more thorough explanation, and jump onto our Facebook page or our Twitter feed to keep the conversations going!


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Published on Friday, August 02, 2013
Residents are invited to join the City of San Antonio on Friday, Aug. 16, 2013 at the Alamodome from 11 a.m. - 1:30 p.m. for the 2013 City of San Antonio Charitable Campaign Kick-Off Luncheon.
The event will feature the City's Executive Team serving a goal of 3,000 plates and live entertainment by Colao. A lunch plate includes: pasta and meatballs, salad, breadstick, choice of water/tea, and a cookie.
Proceeds from the Luncheon will benefit the 2013 City of San Antonio United Way Charitable Campaign.
Tickets are now on sale and available at cityofsanantonio-kickofflunch.eventbrite.com.
Author: Cambri Ensminger (COM & PUB AFF)
Categories: DotGov
Telephone: 210.207.7349


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Tapestry Scones - Set of Two
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DescriptionOur exclusive Tapestry sconces come as a set of two, perfect to flank a mirror or an art piece. Each Tapestry sconce is made from embossed metal sheeting and crafted into a lyrical scroll shape. The embossing of the waxed metal has pewter highlights that enhance the raised detail.MetalHand finishedEach holds up to 3"" diameter pillar candle, not included
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NSBA joins the New York State School Boards Association (NYSSBA) in an amicus brief asking the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit to uphold a lower court decision in C.L. v. Scarsdale Union Free School District. The case was brought by parents who unilaterally placed their child, who has learning disabilities, in a private school then asked the school district for tuition reimbursement. School officials had determined that the child's disability did not qualify him for special education services under the nation's main special education law, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The law requires students with disabilities to be educated with non-disabled children in a regular classroom to the extent it is appropriate to their educational needs.
"IDEA is intended to promote collaboration between schools and families, and a school district should not be required to pay for an inappropriate private placement that was made without its input," said NSBA Executive Director Thomas J. Gentzel. "A core tenet of IDEA is that students with disabilities should not be cut off from environments that include their non-disabled peers."
The amicus brief written by NYSSBA responds to a U.S. Department of Justice position that the school district should pay for the restrictive placement unless it proves that there were other less restrictive private placements available to the parents but that those options were rejected without reason.


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EASTON, Pa. – The Holy Cross women's cross country team finished seventh of 10 teams at the 2013 Patriot League Championship on Saturday afternoon at the Metzgar Field Cross Country Course at Lafayette College. Senior Emily Hughes (Milton, Mass.) led the Crusaders with a 17th place finish of 101 runners with a time of 22:48.62 on the 6K course.
Sophomore Caroline Carley (Barrington, Ill.) crossed the finish line behind Hughes in 33rd place at 23:19.61. Freshman Caroline Carr (Ridgefield, Conn.) was the top rookie finisher for Holy Cross, taking 42nd with a time of 23:33.93. Fellow classmate Mary Welsh (Manhasset, N.Y.) followed Carr in 45th with a time of 23:39.59.
Other point scorers for Holy Cross included seniors Amanda Waldron (Walpole, Mass.) who Sandra van den Heuvel (Nashua, N.H.) who finished 52nd (23:50.54) and 55th (23:55.45), respectively. Freshman Rachel Sowinski (Mountain Top, Pa.) rounded out the top finishers for the Crusaders, taking 62nd with a time of 24:07.99.


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With its renowned faculty, rich curriculum and stimulating geographic location, the University of Miami School of Law's Robert Traurig-Greenberg Traurig LL.M. in Real Property Development is widely regarded as one of the nation's best.
Degree Requirements
Career Planning Center
Graduate Program Overview
Strategic Planning Committee
The School of Law is located in Coral Gables on the 260-acre main campus of the University of Miami, one of the largest private research universities in the United States. Known as one of Florida's most desirable residential areas and increasingly recognized as an international business center, Coral Gables offers all the benefits of large-city living in a relaxed suburban setting. Next door to Coral Gables is the City of Miami, a burgeoning international center for trade and finance and the nation's gateway to South America. Greater Miami has one of the most dynamic and rapidly expanding legal communities in the country. Greater Miami—with its international flavor and cultural diversity — is also an extraordinary setting in which to live. Its many distinctive neighborhoods — such as Art Deco inspired South Beach, "Little Havana," fashionable Coconut Grove and South Miami, with its small-town ambiance — offer a wealth of cultural attractions, sporting events and natural treasures to enjoy year-round.
The LL.M. Program in Real Property Development (RPD) is designed for the law graduate or attorney committed to the practice of law as it relates to planning, structuring and financing real estate projects, and counseling real estate professionals who need to acquire or upgrade his or her knowledge of the area. The Program includes nine months of intensive study and experience in real estate law and practice. The Program has four components:
Students are generally full-time and should fulfill the degree requirements in a nine-month term. No outside employment is permitted during this period of study. If some unforeseen circumstance causes a student to leave the program prior to completion of the degree requirements, all requirements must be completed within three years of matriculation in order to earn the degree. No thesis is required. However, written papers will be required in various forms, including project reports, development plans, transaction and condominium documents, critiques and evaluations.
In addition to our on-campus LL.M. program, there is a joint J.D./LL.M. Program and an LL.M Distance Learning Program in Real Property Development.
Students are required to participate in one internship. The preferred schedule is to have the internship during the fall semester, with a government or public sector entity or in the private sector. Students may indicate preferences regarding a spring internship, which is also available to students as an elective, from a list of preapproved firms and organizations. All internships are done under the direct supervision of an attorney.
Each internship lasts approximately six weeks and requires a ten-hour-per-week commitment. One credit is given for each of the internships and each is graded on a pass/fail basis.
As a part of the Introduction to Real Estate Development and the Real Estate Project Development Workshop courses, approximately five times during the year, usually on Fridays, students gather at a construction site or developer's office to hear presentations by real estate professionals who have been involved in significant residential or commercial real estate projects. The story of the project is told from the various perspectives of participants, including experts in zoning or environmental issues, architects, developers, lenders or tenants. The students tour the site of the project, and the entire experience is incorporated into the ongoing work of the relevant course offering.
In order to keep the RPD Program's direction and course offerings as focused as possible on both critical long-term and short-term real estate legal issues, the director and advisor work with a Strategic Planning Committee, made up of members of academia and the practicing bar. The committee meets on a quarterly basis to revise and update the RPD Program Strategic Plan, to discuss ways to make the course offerings more effective and efficient in meeting students' needs, and to recommend expansion and revision of the program.
For specific information on admissions, please visit the admissions page or access our online application.
Courses are scheduled during the day as well as in the evenings. Candidates for the LL.M. must successfully complete 30 credit hours of required and approved courses with a C+ (2.5) or better average plus one internship. Students may elect to take one course per semester on a pass-fail basis. This option must be elected at registration or within two weeks of the first class meeting. Full-time students may take as many as 16 credits each semester without incurring additional tuition expenses. Flexibility in the RPD Program is emphasized, so the director may make adjustments based on an individual student's experience and needs. If the student does not complete the degree requirements within one academic year, they must be completed within three years after matriculation.
Modern, moderately priced apartments within a convenient distance of campus have been and are expected to remain plentiful. The Metrorail, a clean, elevated rail system, connects the campus at University Station to downtown Miami and other stops in Miami- Dade County. Tri-Rail offers stops as far north as West Palm Beach. Upon acceptance to the program and payment of the commitment fee, a packet containing an apartment guide and detailed maps of the area is provided to each student.
The School of Law, through its Career Development Office, is committed to assisting graduate law students by providing:
Unique to the Miami Law program is the Developer in Residence Program (DIR) which includes active involvement of a real estate developer who is able to complement the theoretical law learned in the program with "real world" application to legal concepts. The current DIR is Adjunct Professor Howard Shapiro who works with law students and faculty to lecture and assist them in the classroom setting by presenting the client's point of view and the reality of the real estate development industry.
Real Property Development eLearn Portal
For any questions, please contact Constance Bowers at:
USA phone: 305-284-1754
Fax: (305) 284-2919
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Mailing Address:
University of Miami School of Law
Robert Traurig-Greenberg Traurig LL.M. in Real Property Development
1311 Miller Drive, B335
Coral Gables, FL 33146
Acting Co-Directors:
Associate Dean Raquel M. Matas
Associate Dean Ileana Porras
"The Real Property Development Graduate Program is a wonderful program for any recent law school graduate, attorney, or business person interested, or currently practicing, in the field of real estate development because it exposes the students to so many important areas of both real estate law and real estate development. Further, students obtain hands-on experience in addressing these complicated issues through internships and class projects, which makes them more marketable to prospective employers."
Benjamin E. Wilson
Shutts & Bowen LLP
Miami, FL
"I enrolled in the Real Property Development LL.M. Program so I may transition my private litigation practice to an in-house practice. The curriculum, taught by dedicated and highly experienced faculty, enabled me to develop an expertise in the laws that govern real estate acquisition, financing, development, and disposition which could not possibly have been achieved by the practice of law alone."
Betsy L. McCoy
The Related Group
Miami, FL
More on McCoy in Corporate Counsel Magazine, June 2014
More on McCoy in American Builders Quarterly, Spring 2013