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A memory hub for a memory module having a DMA engine for performing DMA operations in system memory. The memory hub includes a link interface for receiving memory requests for access at least one of the memory devices of the system memory, and further including a memory device interface for coupling to the memory devices, the memory device interface coupling memory requests to the memory devices for access to at least one of the memory devices. A switch for selectively coupling the link interface and the memory device interface is further included in the memory hub. Additionally, a direct memory access (DMA) engine is coupled through the switch to the memory device interface to generate memory requests for access to at least one of the memory devices to perform DMA operations.
1. A computer system, comprising:
a central processing unit ("CPU") that outputs instructions;
a system controller coupled to the CPU, the system controller having an input port that receives instructions from the CPU and an output port;
an input device coupled to the CPU through the system controller;
an output device coupled to the CPU through the system controller;
a storage device coupled to the CPU through the system controller;
a plurality of memory modules, each memory module comprising: a plurality of memory devices wherein the memory module provides a data structure comprising command blocks that provide information for data transfer operations; and
a memory hub, comprising: a link interface coupled to receive memory requests for access to at least one of the memory devices of the memory module on which the link interface is located;
at least one memory device interface, each of the at least one memory device interface having a memory controller and coupled to a respective number of the memory devices and coupling memory requests to the respective number of the memory devices for access to at least one of the memory devices, one of the at least one memory device interface operable to at least provide and receive signals specific to the respective number of the memory devices;
a switch for selectively coupling the link interface and the memory device interface;
an I/O register operable to store status information indicative of completion of a direct memory success (DMA) operation and error status of the DMA operation; and
a direct memory access (DMA) engine coupled through the switch to the memory device interface and the link interface, the DMA engine operable to generate memory requests for accessing at least one of the memory devices of the plurality of memory modules to perform DMA operations and further operable to program status information in the I/O register upon completion of the DMA operations; and
a communications link coupled between the system controller and the plurality of memory modules for coupling memory requests and data between the system controller and the memory modules.
2. The computer system of
3. The computer system of
4. The computer system
5. The computer system of
6. The computer system of
7. The computer system of
8. The computer system of
9. The computer system of
10. The computer system of
an address register for storing a starting memory address of a memory location in the memory system at which a DMA operation begins;
a target address location for storing a target address of a memory location in the memory system to which data is to be moved in the DMA operation;
a count register for storing a count value indicative of the number of memory locations to be accessed in the DMA operation; and
a next register for storing a value representative of the completion of the DMA operation or representative of a memory address corresponding to a link list including a starting memory address, a count value and a next memory address to be loaded into the address register, the count register, and the next register.
11. The computer system of
a memory controller coupled to the switch through a memory controller bus and further coupled to the memory devices through a memory device bus;
a write buffer coupled to the memory controller for storing memory requests directed to at least one of the memory devices to which the memory controller is coupled; and
a cache coupled to the memory controller for storing data provided to the memory devices or retrieved from the memory devices.
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/112,812, filed on Apr. 30, 2008, and issued on Jun. 21, 2011 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,966,430, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/625,132, filed on Jul. 22, 2003 and issued on Jun. 17, 2008 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,389,364 the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
This invention relates to computer systems, and, more particularly, to a computer system including a system memory having a memory hub architecture.
Computer systems use memory devices, such as dynamic random access memory ("DRAM") devices, to store data that are accessed by a processor. These memory devices are normally used as system memory in a computer system. In a typical computer system, the processor communicates with the system memory through a processor bus and a memory controller. The processor issues a memory request, which includes a memory command, such as a read command, and an address designating the location from which data or instructions are to be read. The memory controller uses the command and address to generate appropriate command signals as well as row and column addresses, which are applied to the system memory. In response to the commands and addresses, data are transferred between the system memory and the processor. The memory controller is often part of a system controller, which also includes bus bridge circuitry for coupling the processor bus to an expansion bus, such as a PCI bus.
Although the operating speed of memory devices has continuously increased, this increase in operating speed has not kept pace with increases in the operating speed of processors. Even slower has been the increase in operating speed of memory controllers coupling processors to memory devices. The relatively slow speed of memory controllers and memory devices limits the data bandwidth between the processor and the memory devices.
In addition to the limited bandwidth between processors and memory devices, the performance of computer systems is also limited by latency problems that increase the time required to read data from system memory devices. More specifically, when a memory device read command is coupled to a system memory device, such as a synchronous DRAM ("SDRAM") device, the read data are output from the SDRAM device only after a delay of several clock periods. Therefore, although SDRAM devices can synchronously output burst data at a high data rate, the delay in initially providing the data can significantly slow the operating speed of a computer system using such SDRAM devices.
One approach to alleviating the memory latency problem is to use multiple memory devices coupled to the processor through a memory hub. In a memory hub architecture, a system controller or memory controller is coupled over a high speed data link to several memory modules. Typically, the memory modules are coupled in a point-to-point or daisy chain architecture such that the memory modules are connected one to another in series. Thus, the memory controller is coupled to a first memory module over a first high speed data link, with the first memory module connected to a second memory module through a second high speed data link, and the second memory module coupled to a third memory module through a third high speed data link, and so on in a daisy chain fashion.
Each memory module includes a memory hub that is coupled to the corresponding high speed data links and a number of memory devices on the module, with the memory hubs efficiently routing memory requests and responses between the controller and the memory devices over the high speed data links. Computer systems employing this architecture can have a higher bandwidth because a processor can access one memory device while another memory device is responding to a prior memory access. For example, the processor can output write data to one of the memory devices in the system while another memory device in the system is preparing to provide read data to the processor. Moreover, this architecture also provides for easy expansion of the system memory without concern for degradation in signal quality as more memory modules are added, such as occurs in conventional multi-drop bus architectures.
Although computer systems using memory hubs may provide superior performance, they nevertheless may often fail to operate at optimum speeds for a variety of reasons. For example, even though memory hubs can provide computer systems with a greater memory bandwidth, they still suffer from latency problems of the type described above. More specifically, although the processor may communicate with one memory device while another memory device is preparing to transfer data, it is sometimes necessary to receive data from one memory device before the data from another memory device can be used. In the event data must be received from one memory device before data received from another memory device can be used, the intervention of the processor continues to slow the operating speed of such computer systems. Another one of the reasons such computer systems fail to operate at optimum speed is that conventional memory hubs are essentially single channel systems since all control, address and data signals must pass through common memory hub circuitry. As a result, when the memory hub circuitry is busy communicating with one memory device, it is not free to communicate with another memory device.
One technique that has been used in computer systems to overcome the issues with processor intervention in moving data to and from memory as well as the single channel bottleneck is the use of direct memory access (DMA) operations. DMA operations are implemented through the use of DMA controllers included in the computer system which enable data to be moved into and out of memory without the intervention of the system processor. Such DMA operations and DMA controllers are well known in the art, and are often implemented in conventional computer systems. The DMA controller removes the need for the processor to be involved and manages the required data transfers into and out of the system memory. For example, when a DMA supported entity transfers data to the system memory, the DMA controller obtains control of the bus and coordinates the transfer of the data from the DMA supported entity to the system memory, without involvement by the processor. In this manner, latency issues resulting from processor intervention can be avoided during data transfers across the system bus. However, in many instances, even after data has been transferred to the system memory through a DMA operation, the processor nevertheless must move blocks of the data from one location to another within the system memory. For example, the operating system will direct a DMA operation to transfer data from a mass storage device into the system memory, only to have the processor then move the data again to another location in memory so the data can be used. As a result, the value of having DMA operations is diminished to some degree because the processor ultimately becomes involved by moving data around in memory despite the use of a DMA operation in the data transfer to and from the system memory.
Therefore, there is a need for a computer architecture that provides the advantages of a memory hub architecture and also minimizes the latency problems common in such systems.
Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a system memory having a memory hub architecture including direct memory access (DMA) capability to transfer data within the system memory without the intervention of a system processor. Certain details are set forth below to provide a sufficient understanding of the invention. However, it will be clear to one skilled in the art that the invention may be practiced without these particular details. In other instances, well-known circuits, control signals, and timing protocols have not been shown in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the invention.
A computer system 100 according to one example of the invention is shown in
The system controller 110 serves as a communications path to the processor 104 for a variety of other components. More specifically, the system controller 110 includes a graphics port that is typically coupled to a graphics controller 112, which is, in turn, coupled to a video terminal 114. The system controller 110 is also coupled to one or more input devices 118, such as a keyboard or a mouse, to allow an operator to interface with the computer system 100. Typically, the computer system 100 also includes one or more output devices 120, such as a printer, coupled to the processor 104 through the system controller 110. One or more data storage devices 124 are also typically coupled to the processor 104 through the system controller 110 to allow the processor 104 to store data or retrieve data from internal or external storage media (not shown). Examples of typical storage devices 124 include hard and floppy disks, tape cassettes, and compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs).
The system controller 110 includes a memory hub controller 128 that is coupled to several memory modules 130 a, 130 b, . . . 130 n, which serve as system memory for the computer system 100. The memory modules 130 are preferably coupled to the memory hub controller 128 through a high-speed link 134, which may be an optical or electrical communication path or some other type of communications path. In the event the high-speed link 134 is implemented as an optical communication path, the optical communication path may be in the form of one or more optical fibers, for example. In such case, the memory hub controller 128 and the memory modules will include an optical input/output port or separate input and output ports coupled to the optical communication path.
The memory modules 130 are shown coupled to the memory hub controller 128 in a point-to-point arrangement in which the high-speed link 134 is formed from coupling together the memory hubs 140 of the memory modules 130. That is, the high speed link 134 is a bidirectional bus that couples the memory hubs 140 in series. Thus, information on the high speed link 134 must travel through the memory hubs 140 of "upstream" memory modules 130 to reach a "downstream" destination. For example, with specific reference to
As also shown in
An embodiment of a memory hub 200 according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown in
Further included in the memory hub 200 are link interfaces 210 a-d and 212 a-d for coupling the memory module on which the memory hub 200 is located to a first high speed data link 220 and a second high speed data link 222, respectively. As previously discussed with respect to
The link interfaces 210 a-d, 212 a-d are coupled to the a switch 260 through a plurality of bus and signal lines, represented by busses 214. The busses 214 are conventional, and include a write data bus and a read data bus, although a single bi-directional data bus may alternatively be provided to couple data in both directions through the link interfaces 210 a-d, 212 a-d. It will be appreciated by those ordinarily skilled in the art that the busses 214 are provided by way of example, and that the busses 214 may include fewer or greater signal lines, such as further including a request line and a snoop line, which can be used for maintaining cache coherency.
The link interfaces 210 a-d, 212 a-d include circuitry that allow the memory hub 140 to be connected in the system memory in a variety of configurations. For example, the multi-drop arrangement, can be implemented by coupling each memory module to the memory hub controller 128 through either the link interfaces 210 a-d or 212 a-d. Alternatively, a point-to-point, or daisy chain configuration, as shown in
The switch 260 is further coupled to four memory interfaces 270 a-d which are, in turn, coupled to the system memory devices 240 a-d, respectively. By providing a separate and independent memory interface 270 a-d for each system memory device 240 a-d, respectively, the memory hub 200 avoids bus or memory bank conflicts that typically occur with single channel memory architectures. The switch 260 is coupled to each memory interface through a plurality of bus and signal lines, represented by busses 274. The busses 274 include a write data bus, a read data bus, and a request line. However, it will be understood that a single bi-directional data bus may alternatively be used instead of a separate write data bus and read data bus. Moreover, the busses 274 can include a greater or lesser number of signal lines than those previously described.
In an embodiment of the present invention, each memory interface 270 a-d is specially adapted to the system memory devices 240 a-d to which it is coupled. More specifically, each memory interface 270 a-d is specially adapted to provide and receive the specific signals received and generated, respectively, by the system memory device 240 a-d to which it is coupled. Also, the memory interfaces 270 a-d are capable of operating with system memory devices 240 a-d operating at different clock frequencies. As a result, the memory interfaces 270 a-d isolate the processor 104 from changes that may occur at the interface between the memory hub 230 and memory devices 240 a-d coupled to the memory hub 200, and it provides a more controlled environment to which the memory devices 240 a-d may interface.
The switch 260 coupling the link interfaces 210 a-d, 212 a-d and the memory interfaces 270 a-d can be any of a variety of conventional or hereinafter developed switches. For example, the switch 260 may be a cross-bar switch that can simultaneously couple link interfaces 210 a-d, 212 a-d and the memory interfaces 270 a-d to each other in a variety of arrangements. The switch 260 can also be a set of multiplexers that do not provide the same level of connectivity as a cross-bar switch but nevertheless can couple the some or all of the link interfaces 210 a-d, 212 a-d to each of the memory interfaces 270 a-d. The switch 260 may also includes arbitration logic (not shown) to determine which memory accesses should receive priority over other memory accesses. Bus arbitration performing this function is well known to one skilled in the art.
With further reference to
The write buffer 282 in each memory interface 270 a-d is used to store write requests while a read request is being serviced. In a such a system, the processor 104 can issue a write request to a system memory device 240 a-d even if the memory device to which the write request is directed is busy servicing a prior write or read request. Using this approach, memory requests can be serviced out of order since an earlier write request can be stored in the write buffer 282 while a subsequent read request is being serviced. The ability to buffer write requests to allow a read request to be serviced can greatly reduce memory read latency since read requests can be given first priority regardless of their chronological order. For example, a series of write requests interspersed with read requests can be stored in the write buffer 282 to allow the read requests to be serviced in a pipelined manner followed by servicing the stored write requests in a pipelined manner. As a result, lengthy settling times between coupling write request to the memory devices 270 a-d and subsequently coupling read request to the memory devices 270 a-d for alternating write and read requests can be avoided.
The use of the cache memory unit 284 in each memory interface 270 a-d allows the processor 104 to receive data responsive to a read command directed to a respective system memory device 240 a-d without waiting for the memory device 240 a-d to provide such data in the event that the data was recently read from or written to that memory device 240 a-d. The cache memory unit 284 thus reduces the read latency of the system memory devices 240 a-d to maximize the memory bandwidth of the computer system. Similarly, the processor 104 can store write data in the cache memory unit 284 and then perform other functions while the memory controller 280 in the same memory interface 270 a-d transfers the write data from the cache memory unit 284 to the system memory device 240 a-d to which it is coupled.
Further included in the memory hub 200 is a DMA engine 286 coupled to the switch 260 through a bus 288 which enables the memory hub 200 to move blocks of data from one location in the system memory to another location in the system memory without intervention from the processor 104. The bus 288 includes a plurality of conventional bus lines and signal lines, such as address, control, data busses, and the like, for handling data transfers in the system memory. As will be described in more detail below, the DMA engine 286 is able to read a link list in the system memory to execute the DMA memory operations without processor intervention, thus, freeing the processor 104 and the bandwidth limited system bus from executing the memory operations. The DMA engine 286 is preferably an embedded circuit in the memory hub 200. However, including a separate DMA device coupled to the memory hub 200 is also within the scope of the present invention. Additionally, the DMA engine 286 can include circuitry to accommodate DMA operations on multiple channels. Such multiple channel DMA engines are well known in the art and can be implemented using conventional technologies.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the processor 104 writes a list of instructions in the system memory for the DMA engine 286 to execute. The instructions include information used by the DMA engine 286 to perform the DMA operation, such as starting address of the block to move, ending address or count, destination address, the address of the next command block, and the like. The DMA engine 286 will execute a series of continuous commands and then jump to the next command list if directed to do so. The DMA engine 286 is programmed through a data structure that exists in one or more memory spaces. The data structure consists of some number of command blocks that provide information necessary to perform data transfer operations in the system memory. Each of the command blocks can be linked through a series of address pointers to form a linked list. The address of the first command block in the linked list is programmed through the I/O space. The DMA engine 286 is instructed to fetch and execute the first command block through the I/O space command register. After performing the requested data operation, an address pointer in the first command block is used to point the DMA engine 286 to the next command block. An address pointer in each successive command block is used to fetch and execute the next command block, forming a linked list. Each command block in the linked list is executed until a NULL pointer is encountered. An example of a NULL pointer is defined as an address consisting of all 1's. Upon detecting the NULL pointer, command block execution will halt, and a status bit will be set, indicating the command stream has terminated. Completion status can be contained in an I/O register in the memory hub 200. Additionally, a start flag can also be used to indicate that the DMA engine 286 has already begun executing the DMA operation. Other status bits can indicate if the command stream has terminated normally with no errors, or abnormally due to errors. The status information may optionally generate an interrupt to the host.
In alternative embodiments of the present invention, the DMA engine 286 can also be used for running diagnostics in the system. Known good data patterns can be loaded in memory of the memory hub 200, or known good system memory, and be used to test the system memory. A more detailed description of this type of application is provided in commonly assigned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/644,522, entitled SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS OF MEMORY MODULES, filed on Aug. 19, 2003, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,210,389, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In operation, at the beginning of a block transfer, the starting address for the block is loaded into the address register 310. Additionally, a destination address of the location to which data is to be moved is loaded into the destination address register 311, and the length of the block is loaded into the count register 316. The control register 312 contains information relevant to the transfer, such as a bit indicating whether the address register 310 is to be incremented or decremented after each data item is transferred. In the present example, every time a data item is transferred by the DMA engine 300, the count register 316 is decremented and the address register 310 is incremented. Additionally, the destination address register 311 is incremented (or decremented, depending on the control settings). When the value of the count register 316 reaches zero, the block transfer has been completed. At this time, the value in the next register 314 is checked. If it points to a valid location in the system memory, the values contained in that object are loaded into the registers 310, 312, 314, and 316. A next block data transfer then begins automatically. However, if a NULL value, as previously described, is present in the next register 314, the DMA operation is complete.
The linked command list table 400 shown in
At a step 504, one data item is transferred, and at a step 506, the value in the count register 316 is decremented to indicate that one data item has been transferred. The step 506 includes simultaneously incrementing or decrementing the value of the address register 310, depending upon the desired direction as set in the control register 312. At a step 508, the count value is checked to determine whether the count is complete. In one embodiment of the present invention, determination of whether the count is complete is accomplished by checking a carry out bit (not shown) from the count register 316. In the event the count value indicates that the data transfer is not complete, control returns to the step 504. However, if the count value in the count register 316 is equal to zero, control passes to a step 510, where the value in the next register 314 is tested to see if it is equal to the NULL value, as previously described. If a NULL value is not present, at a step 512 the next tag is loaded into the registers 310, 312, 314, and 316 in the DMA controller 300 from the linked command list table 400, and control returns to the step 504. Once the last link entry has been used, at a step 514 an indication is made to the processor 104 that the transfer is complete.
It will be appreciated by those ordinarily skilled in the art that the DMA engine 300 implements a "scatter-gather" capability for use in the system memory. When a large block of data is to be read into nonconsecutive blocks of memory, the processor 104 allocates the memory and sets up the linked command list table 400 through the DMA engine 300. A DMA transfer is then initiated, and the DMA engine 300 handles the entire transfer until it is completed. A similar technique can be used for gathering scattered blocks of data within the system memory in order to write them to consecutive blocks of memory. The processor 104 determines which blocks are to be written moved within the system memory, and their order, and sets up the linked command list table 400 through the DMA engine 300. A DMA transfer is then initiated, and is handled completely by the DMA engine 300 until it is completed. Since the linked command list table 400 is stored in the system memory, it is possible to keep several linked lists, for example, for each channel supported by the DMA engine 300. Moreover, since the linked command list table 400 is stored in the system memory, the only limit on the number of separate transfers which may be linked into one larger transfer for a channel is the number of remaining free memory locations within the system memory.
From the foregoing it will be appreciated that, although specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as by the appended claims.
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[Guest blog post by Catherine Caron, a postgraduate from the London School of Economics and Political Science, where she got a MSc in Development Management and wrote her dissertation on "The Impact of Web 2.0 Tools on the Humanitarian Aid Industry: A Case Study of the Response to the 2010 Haiti Earthquake"]
The last decade saw the rise of both costlier natural disasters and more interactive web features. Therefore in my MSc dissertation this summer, I tried to look at how workers of humanitarian organizations involved in the Haiti earthquake response perceive the impact of web 2.0 (web tools that give users both consumer and producer roles, e.g. crowdsourcing like Ushahidi, social networking sites, blogs, wikis, etc.) on their industry. I did this through interviews and questionnaires with 26 of them. This schema illustrates the interactions between the main stakeholders of emergency aid, each arrow and bubble representing an area that can be affected by 2.0 technologies. I sought to uncover the areas where 2.0 is seen as useful, and where it is rather considered a promise that fails to deliver.
Theory: many promises
I wanted to investigate this since in theory, 2.0 offers features that are especially applicable to emergency responses. The 2.0 characteristics address key criticisms of humanitarianism:
- Centralization and bureaucratic approaches
Problem – They bring lacks of incentive mechanisms and responsiveness. Adaptability is crucial in emergency response since those are characterised by complexity or chaos.
2.0 remedy – 2.0 relies on decentralization strategies, and those have found applications for humanitarianism, like Ushahidi crowdsourcing effort.
- Humanitarian Expertise
Problem – Such expertise is increasingly accused of continuing neo-colonial subordination, artificially sustaining humanitarian elite, and creating a false impression of political neutrality.
2.0 remedy – With 2.0, more than ever before, the amateur voices and contents compete with those of experts. On Youtube for instance, a Haitian citizen video is not classified differently from a Red Cross report.
- Accountability
Problem – Unlike firms and governments characterized by systems of purchase and vote, aid lacks mechanisms ensuring that beneficiaries can make donors and humanitarians accountable.
2.0 remedy – Social media, project 4636 and crowdsourced translation are all examples of 2.0 tools that give more voice to the victims. In the same way, organizations can use new media to improve their reporting to civil society.
This sounds all very promising, but on the ground, how do humanitarians feel Web 2.0 really impact their industry?
Reality: a mitigated picture
On Complexity and Centralization
- Instead of helping the coordination of complexity, the abundance and unvalidated nature of 2.0 tools, as well as 2.0 data, added another complexity dimension to the emergency management. Innovations need to be screened and implemented before the emergency.
- Tools offering flexibility management do not in themselves address the issue of organizational rigidity and risk aversion.
- The extent to which methods like Mission 4636 are inducing a biased response towards citizens already at advantage (because of their ICT access) has yet to be addressed.
- The news production is altered and more decentralised as NGO increasingly use of social media to become media producers themselves. They believe they create more detailed, frequent, persistent, and interactive information with 2.0.
- However, most organizations fail to monitor those web interactions' reception, understanding, and scale amongst their constituencies. This matters since in social media, popularity is not synonymous of influence.
- Over-decentralization of the response can result in a silo-effect of remoteness and overlap.
- Humanitarians underlined the expanded amount of available information, the fact that it is more detailed, and the speed brought to information management, all 1.0 rather than 2.0 features. Respondents reported nearly no effect on resilience, accuracy and flexibility.
On Expertise
- The 2.0 shift from expertise to trust mechanisms needs to be nurtured. Otherwise, humanitarians will primarily rely on long-established sources of information like the UN.
- There are doubts on the reliability of the crowd on future less-popular and mediated emergencies, as well as on the reliability of the validation process' speed.
- It seems that workers would be more receptive to collaborative problem-solving done amongst specialists (bounded crowdsourcing).
On Accountability
- Aside from a small proportion of the Diaspora, 2.0 interactions with Haitians have carried a very small, if not anecdotal, weight.
- Local voice is however indirectly augmented via improved NGO media coverage, though the extent to which such coverage corresponds to mere self-marketing is debatable.
- A majority of organizations seem unconcerned with new media ethics.
- There is potential for 2.0 data to construct a picture of the aid effort that will allow donors and taxpayers to bypass the current traditional biased reporting methods of accountability.
On organizational practices
- Reasons to implement social media within humanitarian organizations include herd effects, keeping a competitive edge, savings, and promotional self-interests.
- Social media have a significant role in networking, partnerships creation, and forum interaction. However, the participants also stressed the crucial importance of human networks built before disasters.
- Social media are especially valued for visibility, constituencies' feedback and fundraising, and accountability to donors and members.
In brief, humanitarian organizations mainly use 1.0 features as well as communicational aspects of the 2.0 generation, rather than problem-solving ones. The case study finds little empowerment or direct influence of 2.0 on the victims. But web 2.0 can be said to be indirectly impacting the field positively by its resonance within humanitarian organizations themselves and in their relation with civil society. Unfortunately, this implies that the matter is again situated in Western hands.
However, despite their shy reliance on 2.0, what is striking is the number of respondents who nevertheless expressed their faith in the potential of 2.0 innovations for the future. Let's hope that the work of Ushahidi and others can live up to their expectations.
* Note: "Change before you have to" is a quote from Jack Welch. CEO General Electric, 1981-2001.

subset: commoncrawl


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Google Sets Jaiku Free
Google will close the microblog project Jaiku and publish the source code under an Apache license.
Acquired as recently as October 2007, Google and Jaiku will separate and the source code made public. It would seem that Google needs to tighten its belt: developers have been fired, subsidiaries closed and projects prematurely terminated. Or in the case of Jaiku, simply abandoned.
Originally intended to compete with Twitter and Identi.ca, the code will now be ported to the AppEngine Platform and Google will no longer officially take part in development. According to a press release, some Google developers have volunteered to support Jaiku, but many users are expected to quickly change to Twitter or Identi.ca. While Twitter is by far the most popular microblogging service currently available, Identi.ca, based on the open microblogging server Laconica, is catching up fast and with Control Yourself Inc, the company behind Ident.ca, having secured a six-figure investment, they look well positioned to withstand the credit crunch.
If the service survives, and where it's actually going remains to be seen. It's still unclear how microblogging can be used to make money. Twitter will present a business model this year, and Ident.ca hopes to generate revenue with individual implementation of the software in the commercial sector.
At the moment, the microblogger services do not have to worry about their popularity. Almost every global-political happening creates an article which underlines Twitter and Co.'s functionality and appeal as independent communication channels. As the German newspaper Spiegel states on its website: "thanks to Twitter, citizen- journalism is on the way."
Issue 178/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
Qemu Flaw Lets the Guest Escape
Xen project announces a privilege escalation problem for Qemu host systems
Android Bug Threatens Millions of Users
Attackers can compromise an Android phone just by sending a text message
Lenovo and Canonical Announce Laptop Deal
PC vendor will pre-install Ubuntu on portables in India.
Mozilla Firefox Blocks Flash
More embarrassment for Adobe's embattled multimedia tool
Security Problem in Firefox's NoScript Add-On
Mozilla's script blocker add-on could be putting malware sites on the whitelist.
RIP SSLv3
The Internet community officially banishes the notoriously unsafe Secure Sockets Layer protocol.
Mate 1.1 Arrives
Popular desktop environment continues the Gnome 2 legacy – with new support for the Gnome 3 toolkit.
US Government Requires HTTPS
The Obama White House has issued a memorandum telling all US government agencies they must use HTTPS for all websites and web communication.
Mozilla Signs Firefox Add-Ons
New program will dial up security for the Firefox browser.
Fedora 22 Arrives
Red Hat's community distro embraces the cloud.


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Thinking about applying to Goshen? Wherever you're considering, there are still a few things to keep in mind as you move forward with your college search:
Taking the PSAT/SAT/ACT
You'll have one more chance to take the PSAT, in October. And remember: Junior year PSAT scores aren't sent to colleges, but they do count for National Merit Scholarship eligibility.Based on your PSAT scores, you'll know what to work on for the SAT or ACT, which you'll take in the spring. Make sure you know which colleges and universities should receive your scores. (Each college has its own SAT or ACT code; Goshen's SAT code is 1251 and ACT code is 1196.)
Visit, visit, visit
This is the year to be a road warrior! You could read every college guide out there, but until you spend some time on actual campuses, you won't have a real "feel" for the colleges you're considering. Most colleges offer a few different visit options. At Goshen, you can choose to either come to an Open House or schedule an individual visit. Learn more about visiting Goshen »
Applying for admission
To apply to Goshen, you will need to complete the Goshen College application for admission, submit a $25 application fee, and have SAT or ACT scores sent directly to the college.You will also need to print and complete the top portion of the Guidance Counselor Form, which your counselor will then fill out and send to Goshen.
You'll do the same with the Personal Reference Form. Fill out the top portion and then give the form to a teacher, pastor, church youth group sponsor or community leader, and ask them to return it to the admission office at Goshen College.


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Dan Dellinger is a history guy. Always has been.
A lifelong resident of Vienna, Va., he'll tell you how, in an early Civil War skirmish, Confederate forces ambushed Union soldiers moving by train toward the town, the first time a railroad was used tactically in combat. Just up the hill from American Legion Dyer-Gunnell Post 180, where he's a member, Dellinger can point out the barely visible outline of a star-shaped earthen fort likely built and used by the Union Army between 1863 and 1865.
He enjoys personal connections to the past, too. Dellinger's father somehow inherited the sword of Confederate Gen. Barnard Bee Jr., who at the First Battle of Bull Run gave Brig. Gen. Thomas Jackson his famous nickname ("There stands Jackson like a stone wall! Rally behind the Virginians!"). "We always heard about that," Dellinger says.
His appreciation for history is the thread running throughout his own story – service as an Army infantry officer, stints as Vienna's vice mayor and town councilman, and a construction career that's included renovation of centuries-old churches. Call him old-fashioned, but he's a man who wants to protect and preserve the community and country he loves.
Dellinger likes that the Legion has the same purpose, and he's all but made it a second profession. He cut his teeth at the post level, as vice commander, commander and adjutant. His enthusiasm and reputation earned him more responsibility – district commander, department commander, department membership chairman, and a dozen or so other positions. Nationally, he's headed the Economic, Legislative and National Security commissions.
"The reason I first joined was to help out," Dellinger says. "I never really sought office. There was always somebody calling and saying, 'We need you to do this.' The opportunities I was given, I did to the best of my ability."
After a two-year campaign that's taken him to nearly every one of the Legion's 55 departments, he now has the top job. In August, Legionnaires elected Dellinger national commander at their 95th National Convention in Houston. But he's the first to say it's not about him. It's about continuing a legacy that stretches back to the Great War.
"We have a lot of people doing good things for our veterans and our communities around the country," he says. "I just want to be a part of that."
Born to build Dellinger's family came from Virginia's Shenandoah Valley and, before that, Germany's Black Forest. They were cabinetmakers, and Dellinger followed in his father's and grandfather's footsteps by becoming a carpenter.
By 9, he was delivering Vienna's Evening Star, and his route expanded tremendously when 4,000 new houses went up. For signing new subscribers, Dellinger won a trip to the 1964 World's Fair in New York – the farthest he'd ever been from home.
"A guy and I snuck into Shea Stadium to see part of the All-Star Game," he says. "That was fun."
At 13, he was drafted into the family trade. Grover Dellinger, a World War II Navy Seabee who had built airstrips in the South Pacific, put his sons to work sweeping floors and laying tile. Eventually Dellinger would start his own construction business, but not before he went to school and spent time in the military.
His older brother, David, was a tech sergeant in the Air Force, flying into Vietnam on a C5A transport. Dellinger, the first of his parents' four children to go to college, took the ROTC path.
He graduated with a criminology degree from Indiana University of Pennsylvania and thought he might be sent overseas, too.
"I was ready," he says. "I had no qualms at all about going to Vietnam to fight for our country. Isn't that the American way? Doesn't everybody feel that way?"
It didn't happen, though. The United States was withdrawing its forces, and Dellinger stayed at Fort Benning, Ga., where he was an officer of the day with the military police. There was occasional excitement, such as the trial of 2nd Lt. William Calley, who'd been charged with murder for his role in the My Lai massacre and was under house arrest. Dellinger and his MPs made sure Calley got to the courtroom and back.
He was assigned to the Army Reserve's 80th Training Command for the rest of his service, teaching drill instructors and conducting NCO academies as a weekend warrior. He separated in 1984 with the rank of captain.
Meanwhile, Dellinger had tested to become a police officer, but the reality was that he made more money at his father's company. He worked his way up to superintendent and decided to become his own boss in 1979.
"I built the Arlington County jail, so I did use my criminology degree," he says, laughing. "But you know you've really got to get out of the field when they implode your building and build a new one because it's out of date."
Hometown pride Dellinger and his wife of 25 years, Margaret, live in a 90-year-old colonial-style home in old Vienna. As befits a history buff, they've stuffed it with antiques, some made by or handed down from family – a three-wood table and children's rocking chair crafted by Dellinger's grandfather, a turn-of-the-century cherry china cabinet from Margaret's grandmother, a wooden refrigerator (1910), a hall tree (early 1900s), and a barley twist table (1880s). On the kitchen counter is an old piglet's trough they use as a spice rack.
The couple briefly dated in the early '80s, but the relationship didn't go anywhere. Five years later, they met again, playing co-ed softball. After the game, they went out for a couple of beers, and something clicked.
"We got to talking and danced a bit, and I said, 'What do you think about trying to date again?'" Dellinger says. This time it lasted, and after asking Margaret's mother if he could have her daughter's hand, they wed. They have a son, Scott, and daughter, Anne.
"When we got married, I wanted to live in Maryland," Margaret admits. "He said, 'No, we're going to live in Vienna. You'll love it.' And I really do. It has a small-town feel in a big city."
They've invested time and energy into helping the community maintain its appeal. Both are members of Historic Vienna, a group that promotes and preserves the town's heritage, and Dellinger was on the board of directors. He was also vice mayor and served three terms as a town councilman.
"Dan has been part of the fabric of the town for many years," says Mercury Payton, Vienna's town manager. "He has an outlook that is town first and service oriented. He is easy to talk to and positive about every aspect of the town. I can always pick up the phone and ask for his insight, because he has so many deep roots here."
Dellinger's civic career started more than a decade ago, when he went before the town to get permits and zoning for a building. Concerned that Vienna's architectural review board was headed in the wrong direction, Dellinger said he wanted to be on the board – and before long, he was appointed. "There was such a mismatch of buildings and no cohesiveness," he says. "It just wouldn't have been attractive."
Fifteen miles from Washington, D.C., Vienna manages to hold onto the character and activities of everyday America, with enviable schools, clean streets, and holiday parades and celebrations that swell the town to three times its size. That's why it's a popular place to live and raise a family, Dellinger says.
Best-kept secret For decades, Dyer-Gunnell Post 180 has been serving the people of Vienna, a fact that helped reel in Dellinger when he was recruited to join the Legion 32 years ago.
He loves to tell the story. One of his employees needed to borrow a wheelbarrow, and asked if he'd mind dropping it off at the local American Legion. No problem. Dellinger figured he'd grab a drink while he was there. Inside, three guys sat at the corner of the bar watching "F Troop."
"Are you a veteran?" one of the men asked. Dellinger nodded, and they started talking.
"After a while, he says, 'You have $15 on you?'
I say, 'Yes, I do.' He says, 'Congratulations. You're the newest member of Post 180.'"
As Dellinger was leaving, Joe Bare, an old high school buddy, was coming in, and they quickly caught up. Bare headed the post nominating committee, and wondered if Dellinger would be interested in volunteering a couple of hours a month. Sure he would. At the next meeting, he was initiated as a member and promptly elected post adjutant.
"The best part is that the three guys sitting at the bar were all World War II veterans and past post commanders," Dellinger says. "They took me under their wing and taught me everything about The American Legion and what it did in our community: playgrounds, a children's Christmas party, Legion Baseball, the flags up and down Main Street. Those are put up by the Legion, not the town. We do a lot."
In the years since, he's spearheaded a number of additions and improvements to Post 180, including putting a second floor on the building. Dellinger floated the idea as post commander in 1986 and 1987, requesting permission to pay for studies. In 2002, the post finally got a permit to raise the roof and opened Patriot Hall, a spacious room that can accommodate 200 guests for weddings, parties and other events. An adjoining foyer has two large display cases – one for military uniforms, helmets, patches and photos, and another for the trophy collection of the post's Legion Baseball team.
"I got the idea from a post in Connecticut," Dellinger says.
He adopted another post's idea of a brick campaign, paving the entry to Patriot Hall with bricks purchased and placed in the memory of deceased veterans or as a tribute to the service of those still living.
Norm Fisette, a World War II and Korean War veteran who serves on Post 180's executive committee, says these kinds of projects – and his firm grasp of Legion policy and procedure – make Dellinger a valued leader and mentor among local veterans and across Virginia.
"They know Dan has done a lot of work for this post," Fisette says. "People rely on him to keep us straight in a lot of ways. He'll make an excellent national commander. He's extremely qualified and will serve the Legion well."
Dellinger's theme for his year in office is "Builiding for Tomorrow – Today." In a way, being commander isn't too different from his job as senior project manager at Chamberlain Construction, the general contracting firm from which he retired in June.
There, he specialized in rebuilding and restoring aging churches – work that required him to respect and revere the original structures while figuring out how to make them fresh and functional for new generations.
Thanks to a user-friendly website and social media, the Legion's message is reaching more veterans than ever before. But Dellinger is concerned that potential members simply don't know enough about what the Legion has done. They don't know that for nearly a century the Legion has been veterans' truest friend.
"I always say we're the second best-kept secret than the Masonic Lodge, and it's true," he says. "We're not promoting ourselves enough. We have a rich history, but is that enough to keep going forward? We need members if we're going to help our veterans and help our communities."
The problem is that we're just not asking, Dellinger continues. "You'd be amazed how many times people say, 'Oh yeah, I've read about you. I've been meaning to join. I just haven't done it.' That's because nobody's come up to them and asked them. Our veterans aren't the same veterans who joined the Legion in 1919 or 1945. We have to do some evolving and adapting as we swing toward our 100th anniversary.
"We have a great foundation, but now it's time to do a little renovation."
Matt Grills is managing editor of The American Legion Magazine.
[1] http://www.legion.org/print/217187
[2] http://www.legion.org/magazine


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"Nina Dandy" cruise on the Potomac
Please tell me someone has taken this cruise and has all the info...my husband wants to do this for our anniversary. He said that "this guy" at work said the food was great. It's about $80.per w/out drinks. www.dandydinnerboat.com
Is this the one out of Alexandria Harbour? If so, the food was great about five years ago when we took it. I was pleasantly surprised. The view was great and generally was a great time. We went in December and the cruise was pretty empty.
I think *great* is a stretch, the food is decent. But, when you add in the novelty of the cruise and the view from the water, it's worth it. But, don't go expecting a gourmet meal - in my opinion, that it's not.
I went on one several years ago. The food isn't great, but you don't really go for the food, anyway (and I would generally agree that it is worth it for non-food reasons). Unless I'm mistaken, I think one of those cruise lines may offer a later cruise that doesn't involve a full meal (maybe drinks and light refreshments?) for a little less. That might be a good deal if you can pair it with an earlier dinner someplace that you like.
re: alopez
Extending on that suggestion, Cityzen is located quite close to the departure point for several of the dinner cruise boats. Now that is is great meal. Following it up with a cruise with drinks sounds interesting. However, it's getting close to colder temperature season so I'm not too sure about how much fun the cruise would be.
re: schoenick
It's in the Mandarin Oriental Hotel, which's official address is on Maryland Ave. Search it here and you'll get many hits.
re: alopez
So if CityZen in in the DC Harbour and the original poster is talking about something in Alexandria, you may want to consider a restaurant in Old Town instead. My husband and I have been to dinner at O'Connell's http://www.danieloconnells.com/main.html in Old Town for dinner (not the pub but the actual restaurant) and were quite pleased with the offerings. The chef is amazing. They have a relatively small menu but everything is delicious. Then you could take the later cruise for drinks...
re: schoenick
The OP seemed not to be sold on the idea in the first place, so some alternatives seem in order. The fact is, the "guy" in the ofice who said it is great food is clearly not to be trusted--I've had the misfortune to be dragged along on one of those dinnerboat cruises (a corporate Christmas party) and I can tell you the food is far from "great." Furthermore, the boat the OP named appears to be the only one which leaves from Alexandria, and according to its website does not offer a late cruise, and as such one could not dine in a restaurant in Old Town Alex and then do drinks on the boat. Hence, the suggestion for CityZen which may be a workable compromise.
If I were going to suggest a place in OT Alex it would be Restaurant Eve.
You can see a sample menu here:
Each to his/her own of course, but the one (and only time) I went on a cruise on the Dandy, it couldn't clear one of the bridges, so we couldn't see the monuments. Although we did get a great view of reagan airport and the various non-scenic sites. It was very underwhelming.
For the money, why not just go to Maestro or CityZen?
I went on one of these things for a corporate Christmas party once, and the food wasn't memorable, but to be fair, I've never had food at a corporate party in *any* setting that was memorable, so I hesitate to compare that to the regular fare.
When deciding whether to go on one of these, though, one must keep the business model in mind. Most people are going on it for the "experience" or the view, not the food. It's the sort of gimmick that tends to make people go only once, or at most, infrequently. Can you imagine anybody other than maybe an "event planner" (who would come along on the various customers' planned events) being a "regular" on one of these? I can't.
If one assumes that's the business model, it follows that the food needs to be good enough for business clients, "events", and to generate word of mouth to those who haven't gone that the food was not a "deal killer" - that it's not bad enough to be a reason to skip going on the cruise "just once".
That pretty much hones in on the range of food/service excellence to expect - somewhere in the "good enough" to "surprisingly good ... for this sort of thing" range. If it were truly exquisite compared to a similar restaurant on land, most people couldn't afford it, given the extra overhead of the cruise aspect.
Given that, the question is whether the experience and the view is worth it to you as a one-time or infrequent thing. Just be aware that if you choose to do it, it's not really about the chow - the food is an accessory to give people something to do besides looking at the view while on the boat, and to cover the time when traversing less-scenic stretches of the river. The food is not the main draw, and it's not supposed to be. You might not do the cruise without the food, and you might not do the food without the cruise, but put together, the two add up to something that hits an acceptable "package value" price point for a lot of people. If that's OK, then go, have a good time, and enjoy it for what it is.


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Now this motor was in a class of its own :-) I bought it for £400 from a guy who had it parked on the side of the road in Uxbridge when I was at university.
The head gasket was blown and it looked as scruffy as hell, but the chassis and transmission were both sound and it was just BRILLIANT! It made it from Uxbridge to Cornwall and back with the knackered petrol lump, but that trip just about finished it off. Luckily, I had a Nissan LD28 inline-6 diesel sitting around at home and so in the space of a weekend I pulled the old engine, dropped the diesel lump in, flushed the fuel system and I now had an absolutely monumental 4x4 :-)
That Nissan Diesel was one of the most torquey, grunt-filled naturally aspirated diesels I've ever driven (it easily outran my Dad's Discovery 2.5TDi at the time!) and also returned very good economy considering it was in a vehicle that had all the aerodynamic qualities of a house brick.
Bigger, wider General Grabber ST tyres replaced the knackered, cross-plys mounted on split rims and that transformed the handling and ride quality, not to mention the fact it could now stop rather than simply locking all four wheels and sliding down the road at approximately the same speed as before the brakes were applied.
It was 16 feet long from bull-bar to tow-bar, had seven seats and hence was great for carting around mates from Uni as well as large quantites of camera gear.
Probably had the most fun times with that vehicle - absolutely brilliant :-)


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WILMINGTON, NC (WWAY) — In the Fit Minute, we work on balance again. But, all the moves are on the ground this time. How does that improve your balance?
Well, personal trainers say balance comes from strength, especially core strength. So, doing different types of planks will help you strengthen your torso muscles all while working on your balance.


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Filter by:
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Stage 1&2
Stage 2&3
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Challenge level:
Look carefully at the numbers. What do you notice? Can you make
another square using the numbers 1 to 16, that displays the same
This is an adding game for two players.
Try entering different sets of numbers in the number pyramids. How does the total at the top change?
Ben's class were making cutting up number tracks. First they
cut them into twos and added up the numbers on each piece. What
patterns could they see?
A game for 2 people using a pack of cards Turn over 2 cards and try
to make an odd number or a multiple of 3.
Can you draw a continuous line through 16 numbers on this grid so
that the total of the numbers you pass through is as high as
I was looking at the number plate of a car parked outside. Using my special code S208VBJ adds to 65. Can you crack my code and use it to find out what both of these number plates add up to?
Use your logical-thinking skills to deduce how much Dan's crisps and ice-cream cost altogether.
If you wrote all the possible four digit numbers made by using each
of the digits 2, 4, 5, 7 once, what would they add up to?
Investigate what happens when you add house numbers along a street
in different ways.
Can you be the first to complete a row of three?
How is it possible to predict the card?
These two group activities use mathematical reasoning - one is
numerical, one geometric.
A game for 2 people. Use your skills of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division to blast the asteroids.
This article gives you a few ideas for understanding the Got It! game and how you might find a winning strategy.
Go through the maze, collecting and losing your money as you go.
Which route gives you the highest return? And the lowest?
If the numbers 5, 7 and 4 go into this function machine, what
numbers will come out?
In this investigation, you are challenged to make mobile phone
numbers which are easy to remember. What happens if you make a
sequence adding 2 each time?
Place the numbers from 1 to 9 in the squares below so that the difference between joined squares is odd. How many different ways can you do this?
In this 100 square, look at the green square which contains the numbers 2, 3, 12 and 13. What is the sum of the numbers that are diagonally opposite each other? What do you notice?
These sixteen children are standing in four lines of four, one
behind the other. They are each holding a card with a number on it.
Can you work out the missing numbers?
In sheep talk the only letters used are B and A. A sequence of
words is formed by following certain rules. What do you notice when
you count the letters in each word?
Arrange eight of the numbers between 1 and 9 in the Polo Square
below so that each side adds to the same total.
Zumf makes spectacles for the residents of the planet Zargon, who
have either 3 eyes or 4 eyes. How many lenses will Zumf need to
make all the different orders for 9 families?
Different combinations of the weights available allow you to make different totals. Which totals can you make?
Tim had nine cards each with a different number from 1 to 9 on it.
How could he have put them into three piles so that the total in
each pile was 15?
Start by putting one million (1 000 000) into the display of your
calculator. Can you reduce this to 7 using just the 7 key and add,
subtract, multiply, divide and equals as many times as you like?
I throw three dice and get 5, 3 and 2. Add the scores on the three
dice. What do you get? Now multiply the scores. What do you notice?
Here are the prices for 1st and 2nd class mail within the UK. You have an unlimited number of each of these stamps. Which stamps would you need to post a parcel weighing 825g?
Can you score 100 by throwing rings on this board? Is there more
than way to do it?
The value of the circle changes in each of the following problems.
Can you discover its value in each problem?
Can you substitute numbers for the letters in these sums?
Vera is shopping at a market with these coins in her purse. Which
things could she give exactly the right amount for?
Lolla bought a balloon at the circus. She gave the clown six coins
to pay for it. What could Lolla have paid for the balloon?
Is it possible to rearrange the numbers 1,2......12 around a clock
face in such a way that every two numbers in adjacent positions
differ by any of 3, 4 or 5 hours?
Katie had a pack of 20 cards numbered from 1 to 20. She arranged
the cards into 6 unequal piles where each pile added to the same
total. What was the total and how could this be done?
Three dice are placed in a row. Find a way to turn each one so that the three numbers on top of the dice total the same as the three numbers on the front of the dice. Can you find all the ways to do. . . .
On the planet Vuv there are two sorts of creatures. The Zios have 3 legs and the Zepts have 7 legs. The great planetary explorer Nico counted 52 legs. How many Zios and how many Zepts were there?
Cassandra, David and Lachlan are brothers and sisters. They range
in age between 1 year and 14 years. Can you figure out their exact
ages from the clues?
Write the numbers up to 64 in an interesting way so that the shape they make at the end is interesting, different, more exciting ... than just a square.
Find at least one way to put in some operation signs (+ - x ÷)
to make these digits come to 100.
How could you put eight beanbags in the hoops so that there are
four in the blue hoop, five in the red and six in the yellow? Can
you find all the ways of doing this?
Using 3 rods of integer lengths, none longer than 10 units and not
using any rod more than once, you can measure all the lengths in
whole units from 1 to 10 units. How many ways can you do this?
There is a clock-face where the numbers have become all mixed up. Can you find out where all the numbers have got to from these ten statements?
This problem is based on the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Investigate the different numbers of people and rats there could have been if you know how many legs there are altogether!
Where can you draw a line on a clock face so that the numbers on
both sides have the same total?
Mrs Morgan, the class's teacher, pinned numbers onto the backs of
three children. Use the information to find out what the three
numbers were.
The Scot, John Napier, invented these strips about 400 years ago to
help calculate multiplication and division. Can you work out how to
use Napier's bones to find the answer to these multiplications?
Choose four different digits from 1-9 and put one in each box so that the resulting four two-digit numbers add to a total of 100.
A lady has a steel rod and a wooden pole and she knows the length
of each. How can she measure out an 8 unit piece of pole?


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text:
Magazine advertising Email advertising Website advertising
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MoneyWeek is read by the cash rich/time poor who wish to take an interest in their finances, but do not want to wade through the financial pages of broadsheets, or those of other specialist financial magazines.
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Arcade games
From Kick Off World of Soccer - wikickoff
An arcade game is a coin-operated entertainment machine, typically installed in businesses such as restaurants, pubs, video arcades, and Family Entertainment Centers. Most arcade games are redemption games, video games or pinball machines.
See also: Timeline of arcade game history
The first popular "arcade games" were early amusement park midway games such as shooting galleries, ball toss games, and the earliest coin-operated machines, such as those which claim to tell a person their fortune or played mechanical music. Although none of these were coin-operated games themselves, the old midways of 1920s-era amusement parks (such as Coney Island in New York) provided the inspiration and atmosphere of later arcade games.
In the 1930s, the earliest coin-operated pinball machines were made. These early amusement devices were distinct from their later electronic cousins in that they were made of wood, did not have plungers or lit-up bonus surfaces on the playing field, and used mechanical instead of electronic scoring readouts. By around 1977, most pinball machines in production switched to using solid state electronics for both operation and scoring.
In 1972, Atari was formed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. Atari essentially created the coin-operated video game industry with the game Pong, the smash hit electronic ping pong video game. Pong proved to be popular, but imitators helped keep Atari from dominating the fledging coin-operated videogame market. Nonetheless, video game arcades sprang up in shopping malls and small, "corner arcades" appeared in restaurants, grocery stores, bars and movie theaters all over the United States and other countries during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Games such as Space Invaders (1978), Galaxian (1979), Pac-Man (1980), Battlezone (1980), and Donkey Kong (1981) were especially popular.
By the late-1980s, the arcade video game craze was beginning to fade due to the reputation of arcades as being seedy, unsafe places as well as the advances in home video game console technology. The last gasp of the youth arcade subculture, as it once was, may have been the advent of two-player fighting games such as Street Fighter II (1991) by Capcom, Mortal Kombat (1992) by Midway Games, and Fatal Fury(1992) and King of Fighters (1994-2005) by SNK.
By 1996, 32-bit home video game consoles and computers with 3D accelerator cards had reached technological parity with arcade equipment—arcade games had always been based on commodity technology, but their advantage over previous generations of home system was in their ability to customize and use the latest graphics and sound chips, much as PC games of today do. Declines in arcade sales volume meant that this approach was no longer cost-effective. The arcades also lost their status as the forefront of new game releases. Given the choice between playing a game at an arcade three or four times (perhaps 15 minutes of play for a typical arcade game), and renting, at about the same price, the exact same game—for a video game console—the console was the clear winner. Fighting games were the most attractive feature for arcades, since they offered the prospect of face-to-face competition and tournaments, which correspondingly led players to practice more(and spend more money in the arcade), but they couldn't support the business all by themselves.
To stay in business, the arcades themselves were reinvented as "fun centers" such as Chuck-E-Cheese, with arcade games being supplemented by a variety of other attractions, most notably the redemption game. Many old video game arcades have long since closed and classic coin-operated games have become largely the province of dedicated hobbyists.
Today's arcades have found a niche in games that use special controllers largely inaccessible to home users. An alternative interpretation(one which includes fighting games, which continue to thrive and require no special controller) is that the arcade game is now a more socially-oriented hangout, with games that focus on an individual's performance, rather than the game's content, as the primary form of novelty. Examples of today's popular genres are rhythm games such as Dance Dance Revolution (1998) and DrumMania (1999), and rail shooters such as House of the Dead (1998) and Time Crisis. However, with the increase of Internet cafes opening (which also provide gaming services), the need for video arcades and such arcade games are reduced, and many have been shut down or merged with the cafes as a result.
Virtually all modern arcade games (other than the very traditional midway-type games at county fairs) make extensive use of solid state electronics and integrated circuits. Coin-operated arcade video games generally use multiple CPUs, additional sound and graphics chips and/or boards, and the latest in computer graphics display technology. The newest arcade video games tend to also have interactivity as part of the game design, making the game player feel like they are more kinesthetically connected to the game itself. One form of interactive technology, virtual reality, has failed to truly become popular in arcade games, but this is due to technical limitations preventing games from being able to achieve convincing virtual reality in the first place.
- See also: Category:Arcade emulators
Many older arcade games are enjoying a revival among fans, thanks to emulators such as MAME, which can be run on modern computers and a number of other devices.
In addition to restaurants and video arcades, arcade games are also found in bowling alleys, college campuses, dormitories, laundromats, movie theatres, supermarkets, shopping malls, airports, bar/pubs and even bakeries. In short, arcade games are popular in places open to the public where people are likely to be waiting on something.
More recently, Arcade games have found a new home in sites that contain browser-based games. Many independent developers are now producing Arcade games that are designed specifically for use on the Internet. These games are usually designed with Flash/Java/DHTML and run directly in web-browsers.
Game design
Arcade games often have very short levels, simple, easy to grasp controllers, iconic characters, and rapidly increasing difficulty. They are designed as quick bursts of adrenaline-fueled thrills, as opposed to most console games, which feature more in-depth gameplay, and stronger storylines. This is due to being coin-operated, where the player is essentially renting the game for as long as their game avatar can stay alive (or until they run out of tokens). Games on consoles or PCs can be referred to as an "arcade game" if it shares these qualities, or if it's a direct port of an arcade title.
Arcade racing games are those which have a simplified physics engine and do not require much learning time, in opposition to racing simulators. Cars can turn sharply without losing speed or overdrifting, and the AI rivals are sometimes programmed so they are always near the player (rubberband effect).
See also
- List of gaming topics
- Arcade cabinet
- Golden age of arcade games
- High score
- Killer List of Videogames
- List of arcade games
- Neo Geo


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AutoCAD 2009 sports cutting-edge features and a brand new interface, making it the perfect opportunity for those with no prior drafting experience to learn AutoCAD from the ground up. In AutoCAD 2009 Essential Training, Jeff Bartels gives a thorough explanation of the interface and explains the commands in the same order they would be encountered in a typical workflow. He discusses each concept using simple line work, and then applies it to a real-world example. The course is "industry neutral," meaning the skills and techniques can be applied to any drafting discipline: architectural, mechanical, civil, or design. Example files accompany the course.
Welcome to the AutoCAD 2009 Essential Training title. My name is Jeff Bartels, and I have been an AutoCAD user and Instructor since the days when AutoCAD was a DOS-based application. AutoCAD has been my passion for more than a decade, by day I use AutoCAD to produce large scale civil engineering plans, and by night I teach AutoCAD courses at local colleges, and work with students just like you. It's truly an honor to act as your personal trainer, and take you step by step through this industry standard CAD drafting program. AutoCAD 2009 is an exciting release. You see, it's just been given a brand new interface.
This means that you have chosen the best time to start training on the software, rest assured, as we progress through the tutorials, I will be showing you how to use AutoCAD, using the latest tools and techniques. We'll start our training with an empty interface, and when we wrap up, you will be able to create and plot your own layouts, complete with annotation and dimensions. So if you've always wanted to learn AutoCAD from the ground up, this is your perfect opportunity. Well, we have got a lot of things to talk about, and a lot of learning to do. So let's get started.
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Camelia Pasandaran
There is no deal to dismiss Indonesia's finance minister, a spokesman for President Susilo Bambang Yudhono said on Monday.
Mulyani as finance minister will not be replaced by Anggito Abimanyu,"
said Julian Pasha. "This is the official statement of
the government."
Local media had reported that Golkar party leader
Aburizal Bakrie and President Yudhoyono had agreed on the switch during a meeting on Sunday.
"There was no meeting, and no discussion about Sri Mulyani's position," Julian said.
Abimanyuis is the head of the Fiscal Policy Agency.
Mulyani has faced questioning by a special legislative committee over the controversial decision last year to bail out the failing Bank Century at a cost of about Rp. 6.7 trillion ($710 million). The rescue has been condemned by government auditors and linked
to allegations of graft involving political cronies and campaign
Both the finance minister and Vice President Boediono have argued that the
bailout was necessary to protect the stability of the financial system
at the height of the global financial crisis. Julian said a cabinet reshuffle is possible but it would not affect Sri Mulyani.
He added that he did not expect changes to the cabinet soon.


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DALLAS Cardiovascular Disease Among Women
is the topic of the Second Annual Women's Health Conference,
sponsored by the Institute for Women's Health at Texas Woman's
University and Pfizer Inc., to be held May 9 at the TWU
Presbyterian Campus, 8194 Walnut Hill Lane, Dallas.
Registration, including lunch, is $100 for physicians; $75 for
all other health care professionals; $40 for TWU faculty; and $25
for TWU students. TWU has applied for six contact hours for
physicians, physical therapists, occupational therapists,
dieticians and health care education specialists, and 6.9 contact
hours for nurses, attending. To register or for information,
contact the TWU Office of Lifelong Learning at (940) 898-3408,
visit www.twu.edu/lifelong
or call a 24-hour information line at (940) 898-3469.
Speakers at the conference will include John Duncan, Ph.D.,
research professor with the Institute for Women's Health; Scott
Conard, M.D., of Irving; Suzanne Oparil, M.D., professor of
medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham; Scott Grundy, M.D.,
professor of internal medicine and human nutrition, chairman of
the Department of Clinical Nutrition in the Southwestern Allied
Health Sciences School, holder of the Distinguished Chair in
Human Nutrition, director of the Center for Human Nutrition,
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center-Dallas; Rosemarie
Tong, Ph.D., distinguished professor in health care ethics,
department of philosophy, Center for Professional and Applied
Ethicsat, University of North Carolina-Charlotte; and Sandra
Lewis, M.D., cardiologist, Good Samaritan Hospital, Portland, OR.


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I have a bbl in 7.65x53-Argentine,Belgien etc. Large ring mauser. Anyone forsee any problems w/ using it on an Ak in the original caliber?
I have a bbl in 7.65x53-Argentine,Belgien etc. Large ring mauser. Anyone forsee any problems w/ using it on an Ak in the original caliber?
Clan MacPherson
President Dwayne Elizondo Mountain Dew Herbert Camacho
Do you mean the 7.65 caliber? I'd build it on an PSL/Romak3 kit, because I don't know how well (or long) a standard AK will hold up to a full sized rifle caliber.Anyone forsee any problems w/ using it on an Ak in the original caliber?
But I have'nt done a conversion like this so someone with more experience should give their opinion.
"Government is not the solution to our problem, government is the problem" Ronald Reagan
like i said in the other thread. pricy ammo longer than a 308 will make mage selection harder, good round just no following. I have a couple 1919 argentines and I bought froming dies to convert 30-06 brass. if you got to reload just do a 308 and load light or better yet a 300 savage.
it would be a cool build from the hey look what I have.
i havent looked for ammo in that for a few years is there any that is afforadable??
[reposted from the General Discussion thread]
The Voices tried to tell me to do that a year or two ago. I'm glad they've moved off to annoy you now.
I load and shoot 7.65 for my '91 Argie. I use .311 ".303 Enfield" bullets, same as 7.62x54R, 7.62x39, and 7.7 Japanese.
Just for reference, the 7.65 ammunition will just barely fit in an M-14 or G3 magazine when loaded at maximum OAL.
I see no reason why you couldn't use the methods described in one of the .308 builds and make an AK in 7.65x53.
All of my 7.65 brass is cut down from .30-06. It's no big deal. I have an expensive RCBS die that is hard so you can form, hacksaw, and file without harming the die, but you can just a regular sizing die and a case trimmer.
With the increased popularity of the 54R .311 bullets are easier to get than they used to be, but since so many of my rifles are .311 now I'm looking at a C4HD "bump die" that expands a cheap .308 bullet up to .311. Half a dozen boxes of bullets and I'd be money ahead.
Say hello to the Voices from me!


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Recipe by BUZZBOMB
"Super easy recipe for delectable fresh asparagus that is crunchy and very tasty. Everyone loves it! Do not overcook! Asparagus should be crunchy."
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1 tablespoon
sweet onion, chopped
1 pound
fresh asparagus, trimmed
1 teaspoon
chopped roasted garlic
2 teaspoons
teriyaki sauce
Another great way to prepare asparagus. I added fresh, not roasted, garlic, and I also used olive oil rather than butter. Great side dish for my grilled soy and garlic marinated chicken breasts. I mixed the remaining chicken and asparagus with white rice to make a one-dish lunch for us later this week.
Quick, easy & deliciou! The second time I made it, I actually followed the recipe, but doubled the teriyaki sauce, then tossed it with hot cooked spaghetti noodles. My husband loved it!
38 Ratings
Way better than a routine vegetable side dish. I used "I Can't Believe It's Not Butter," spread--the one with only 5 calories per tablespoon--instead of butter, and it turned out great. Highly recommended.
We usually steam our asparagus and sprinkle it with salt and lime juice but this was just as yummy! I used soy sauce instead of teriyaki and sprinkled it with a little salt. Thanks for your recipe Sharon, it's a nice alternative to our usual way of cooking asparagus.
This was great with the changes I made, I actually was cooking from memory. I cooked in a skillet with some olive oil the garlic, added the asparagus then put about 1/2 cup of the teriyaki sauce in and covered it and let the sauce steam the asparagus. I actually like my vegetables on the soft side so I left it for about 10 minutes. It was wonderful.
This wasn't too bad. Was a way to have asparagus differently, but I still prefer it where the flavor isn't masked by something else.
Great recipe. I realized after I had started cooking that I didn't have teriyaki sauce, so I did quick sauce of BBQ sauce, a splash of red wine vinegar, a squirt of sweet hot mustard and it turned out great. I can't wait to try it with teriyaki sauce!
Very Tasty, my whole family liked this. I used olive oil and fresh garlic and about half as many onions.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Stir Fried Asparagus
Serving Size: 1/4 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 4
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 54
Calories from Fat: 28
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The firm, juicy texture of zucchini make them a perfect side to toss on the grill.
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A simple asparagus side dish with garlic, olive oil, and butter.
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Make a quick and easy fresh asparagus side dish.


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Policy differences between al Qaeda and the Taliban?
Thanks to openDemocracy for highlighting this piece on EurasiaNet about a row between the Taliban and al Qaeda which it says has surfaced among bloggers on a website in Egypt.
"Islamic extremists who regularly post messages to a pro-Al-Qaeda website in Egypt are accusing Afghanistan's Taliban of straying from the path of global jihad," it says. "Internet criticisms of the Taliban follow a February statement from Taliban leader Mullah Mohammad Omar announcing that his movement wants to maintain positive and 'legitimate' relations with countries neighbouring Afghanistan."
It caught my eye since it linked into comments in the Pakistani and other media about the relationship between pro al Qaeda Arab fighters and the Taliban based on the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan, and its implications for Islamist militancy now spreading into the heartland of Pakistan. The usual argument is that while elements in the Pakistan army and the ISI, the country's powerful intelligence agency, might have some sympathy for the Taliban — a legacy of the days when they worked together to fight the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan — they blame al Qaeda for turning on Pakistan.
In a blog on this earlier this month I highlighted a feature on Salon.com headlined Killing ourselves in Afghanistan in which the writer accused the ISI of working against American interests in Afghanistan and Pakistan. This had begun to change, however, said writer Matthew Cole, with the attacks on Pakistan itself.
"Of late, however, the foreign-led Taliban factions in the Tribal Areas, the ones believed to shelter al-Qaida's Arab leadership, have begun focusing more attention on destabilizing Islamabad than Kabul," he wrote. "Now Pakistani intelligence has reason to work with the Americans, at least when it comes to some jihadis, including those known locally as 'the Arabs'. Many of these insurgents were once aligned with the ISI, but no more."
Is there a pattern emerging here? Is there a split between the Taliban and al Qaeda that could be exploited by the Pakistan army and the ISI? Or is this just more smoke and mirrors about an invisible enemy that nobody can either understand or control?


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Style Number: 312092-004 Color: Wolf Grey / Sport Blue-Cool Grey-White
Inspired by Jordan's Ferrari 550 M, the Air Jordan XIV was designed by Tinker Hatfield and Mark Smith. They feature a leather upper, aerodynamic lines, mesh vents, Zoom Air in the heel and forefoot, an asymmetrical collar, Ferrari-like Jumpman shield, and metal-tipped laces. Plus, the AJ XIV was also designed with 7 Jumpman logos on each shoe to equal 14. Regarded as an exceptional sneaker on the basketball court, this was the last Air Jordan model Michael ever wore in a Chicago Bulls jersey..
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Below is the poem entitled And By Christ Does Faith Evolve which was written by poet
Gideon. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Mutemwa Gideon
And then I came to accept Christ,
Believed in Him for only He enticed,
Conceived in my heart His light which shows me the way,
Death and sin does no more darken my day.
Even when I'm bound by ropes and can't see why
Firmly I hold on to my faith in Him for I know He will untie.
Good Shepherd He is to all His sheep,
Hope in Him gives my soul the soundest sleep.
I now see it is the best decision I ever made,
Jail was where I lived before, though my freedom was paid.
Knowing that my life was purchased by the life of the King,
Love could never have any other sweeter voice to sing.
Morning comes and my day is full of joy
Nothing evil I face will make my heart deploy.
Only because in Christ I find what I need,
Praying through Him always proves He's a friend indeed.
Question though is why the troubles never seem to cease,
Rejections, persecutions, sufferings somehow seem to increase.
Satan in such things is now made known to me,
Tempting me to stop pursuing the One who came to set us free.
Unseen are the real things, now I clearly perceive,
Vexed it is to my mind, but in my heart I believe.
What I know now is without Christ I cannot be whole,
X-ray my life, Lord, cleanse it and take control.
Yesterday is gone, but for these coming days strengthen me to pursue
Zion with might, for there You promised I will meet You.


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CHAPMANVILLE — Losing streaks are something the Chapmanville Regional High School softball team is not accustomed to.
After getting outscored 33-3 in its last four games — all losses — the Lady Tigers took out their frustrations on former sectional foe Mingo Central on Tuesday night at home as Chapmanville blasted the Miners 10-0.
The game was stopped after three innings due to the 8-run mercy rule.
Talya Berry pitched a no-hitter for Class AA No. 10-ranked Chapmanville, which improved to 4-5 overall and 3-2 in the Cardinal Conference. Berry went all three innings and allowed no runs and no hits with six strikeouts and two walks. She also helped her own cause at the plate as she had two singles.
Chapmanville was coming off a pair of losses last Saturday at Class AAA Lincoln County where the Lady Tigers lost 6-0 to the host Lady Panthers and were routed 13-1 by 3A state power Cabell Midland in the second game. Before that, Chapmanville lost games to Herbert Hoover (4-0) and sectional rival Scott (10-2).
The Lady Tigers swept the season series with new Cardinal Conference team Mingo Central, which fell to 0-9 on the season. Chapmanville won 18-0 earlier in the season at the Miners' home diamond in Delbarton.
Chapmanville moved its record to 5-0 all-time against Mingo Central.
The Miners have never scored on Chapmanville in the five losses. Last year, the Lady Tigers won 21-0 over Mingo Central in the Class AA sectional tourney and took 18-0 and 16-0 wins during the regular season.
Mingo Central was coming off a pair of league losses at Poca on Saturday as the Miners lost to the Dots 5-3 and 15-1.
Cydnee Lambert also carried a big stick in Tuesday night's game as she had a triple. Brandi Broom doubled. Lauryn Easterling was 2-for-2 with a double.
Chapmanville was scheduled to open play in its own Lady Tigers Invitational tourney with Wednesday night's game against Class AA No. 2-ranked Ritchie County at Chapmanville's Ronnie Ooten Field.
The Lady Tigers then host Nicholas County on Friday at 9 p.m. in tourney play before closing out on Saturday with an 11 a.m. contest against James Monroe and a 7 p.m. game vs. Lincoln County.
Chapmanville is then scheduled to play the Lincoln County Panthers again next Monday night at home. The Lady Tigers then go to Class AAA Point Pleasant on April 11 before taking part in the Best of the Best tourney at Buffalo.