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In the method of the invention, a storable hydraulically-active cementitious slurry is made and used to cement within subterranean foundations for oil and gas wells. The slurry is made from hydraulically-active, cementitious material suitable for oil field purposes and can be stored until needed. During storage, the slurry remains liquid. The slurry is activated when needed for cementing. After pumping the activated slurry into the wellbore, the set cement has properties acceptable for well cementing.
1. A storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry comprising:
a hydraulically-active cementitious material suitable for cementing within subterranean formations for oil or gas wells;
an effective amount of a set retarder to allow the storage of the slurry with a minimal change of the slurry's set characteristics upon activation and to allow the reversal of retardation after adding an effective amount of an activator to the slurry prior to cementing;
a suspending agent for maintaining the slurry with minimal separation of the cementitious material;
an activating agent;
an effective amount of water to form a pumpable slurry;
wherein an effective amount of activating agent is added which is sufficient to overactivate the slurry and wherein an additional amount of set retarder is added to the slurry to achieve a setting time.
2. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 1, wherein the set retarder additionally disperses the slurry and has little effect on compressive strength of the storable slurry after activation and setting.
3. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 2, wherein the set retarder is selected from the group consisting of:
hydroxycarboxylic acids, glucoheptonates, lignin sulfonates, gluconates, phosphonates, and sugars.
4. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 2, wherein the set retarder is selected from the group consisting of:
sodium glucoheptonate, calcium glucoheptonate, magnesium glucoheptonate, lignin sulfonate, sodium lignosulfonate, calcium sodium lignosulfonate, sodium gluconate, calcium gluconate, calcium sodium gluconate, sodium EDTA phosphonate, sucrose and citric acid.
5. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 2, wherein the set retarder is selected from the group consisting of:
sodium glucoheptonate, sodium gluconate, calcium gluconate, calcium sodium lignosulfonate, sucrose and citric acid.
6. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 2, wherein the set retarder is sodium glucoheptonate present in an amount ranging from 0.1 to about 3% BWOC and the cementitious material is slag.
7. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 5, wherein the set retarder is in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 5% BWOC and the cementitious material contains hydraulic cement.
8. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 2, wherein the suspending agent is selected from the group consisting of:
welan gum, xanthan gum, carboxymethyl cellulose, polyanionic cellulose, carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, guar, starch, polyethylene oxide and succinoglycan.
9. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 2, wherein the suspending agent is bentonite or attapulgite.
10. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 2, wherein the suspending agent is a mixed metal hydroxide.
11. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 2, wherein the suspending agent is a mixture of bentonite and xanthan gum and the cementitious material is slag.
12. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 2, wherein the suspending agent is polyethylene oxide.
13. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 2, wherein the suspending agent is a mixture of bentonite and succinoglycan.
14. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 2, wherein the cementitious material is selected from the group consisting of:
slag, hydraulic cement and mixtures thereof.
15. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 2, wherein the cementitious material contains portland cement.
16. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 14, further comprising a dispersant.
17. The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of claim 16, wherein the dispersant is selected from the group consisting of:
melamine sulfonic acid polymer, sodium polyacrylate, naphthalene sulfonic acid polymer, and sulfonated-styrene maleic anhydride polymer.
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/186,719, filed Jan. 25, 1994, U.S. Pat. No. 5,447,197.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to storable cementitious slurries used for oil and gas well cementing, as well as a method of cementing an oil or gas well using the storable slurry.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Hydraulic cements are cements that set and develop compressive strength due to a hydration reaction, not drying. Thus, hydraulic cements can set under water. This setting property serves a variety of purposes. Hydraulic cements are often used for cementing pipes or casings within a well bore of a subterranean formation for the construction of oil, gas and water wells, as well as other purposes, such as squeeze cementing. In the oil and gas industry, successful cementing of well pipe and casing during oil and gas well completion requires cement slurries having several important properties. The cement slurry must have a pumpable viscosity, fluid loss control, minimized settling of particles and the ability to set within a practical time.
In a typical completion operation, the cement slurry is pumped down the inside of the pipe or casing and back up the outside of the pipe or casing through the annular space. This seals the subterranean zones in the formation and supports the casing. The amount of water used in forming the cement slurry depends upon the type of hydraulic cement selected and the job conditions at hand. The amount of water used can vary over a wide range, depending upon such factors as the required consistency of the slurry and upon the strength requirement for a particular job.
Conventional mixing equipment is relatively complex and expensive. The equipment must wet dry cement powder, homogenize the mix, measure its density and, if necessary, recirculate it, such that additional solids or mixwater can be added to achieve the desired density. These varied requirements dictate the equipment's configuration and complexity.
Bulk equipment is usually pressurized so that solids can be transferred pneumatically at the relatively high rates required. Once at the drilling site, the pneumatically conveyed cementing solids must be correctly proportioned and mixed with the water, as well as other additives to form a pumpable slurry. The slurry must then be tested for the appropriate density, with the density adjusted to fall within the appropriate range. If cementing solids are not correctly proportioned, the quality of the cement diminishes.
Because conventional cementing slurries set quickly, they cannot be made in advance of their use. Thus, conventional cementing slurries for cementing well bores cannot be made in advance, such as during the drilling operation. A delay in the drilling operation delays the cementing job. If personnel and equipment for cementing idly wait onsite until the drilling ends, a delay can increase the cost of the cementing job. A slurry made in advance and stored until needed would allow the personnel and equipment to make the storable slurry, regardless of whether drilling had ceased.
One object of the invention is to provide a liquid, storable, cementitious slurry that remains liquid over an extended period of time but can be activated at the time of use to meet specific job requirements.
Another object of the invention is to provide a storable cement slurry that can be made at a different location from the job site. This storable slurry can then be transported to the job site before cementing.
Another object of the invention is to provide a storable cement slurry that can be stored in nonpressurized tanks and easily transferred. In addition, the mixing equipment used on the job site need only homogenize the slurry with any additional water and additives as required en route to the down hole pumps.
Still another object of the invention is to provide an economical method of cementing a well bore that enhances the quality control of the cementing job.
Another object of the invention is to provide a liquid, storable cementitious slurry that can be used by adding liquid activators to the liquid slurry and proportioning any additional mix water and additives to further control the slurry's properties.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a liquid, storable cementitious slurry that can be used in a well cementing operation by simply metering and controlling liquids rather than by mixing dry bulk products with liquids.
Another object of the invention is to continuously formulate a liquid, storable cementitious slurry on one site, transfer the slurry to the site of application where it is activated and its density adjusted, then pumped into the subterranean formation for cementing.
Another object of the invention is to enhance wellsite efficiency by reducing the time required for the cementing operation. Current practices face rate limitations due to the inherent problems of bulk supply, particle wetting and dispersion, etc. Use of a pre-mixed, storable slurry removes these restrictions, permitting the operation to be carried out consistently at high rates.
The storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of the invention is suitable for cementing within subterranean formations for oil or gas wells. The storable slurry comprises a hydraulically-active cementitious material of a type suitable for cementing within subterranean formations for oil or gas wells; an effective amount of a set retarder to allow the storage of the slurry with a minimal change of the slurry's set characteristics after activation and to allow the reversal of the retardation after adding an effective amount of an activator to the slurry prior to cementing; a suspending agent for maintaining the slurry with minimal separation of the cementitious material, an effective amount of water to form a pumpable slurry and optionally, a dispersant to maintain the fluidity of the mix.
In one method of the invention, a subterranean formation for an oil or gas well is cemented with the storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry formulated by mixing together a hydraulically-active cementitious material, a set retarder, a suspending agent, water, and optionally a dispersant, wherein the storable slurry's characteristics minimally change during storage. The storable slurry is stored until required for cementing, at which time it is activated by mixing together an activator and the storable slurry, pumped into the subterranean formation and allowed to set.
In another method of the invention, the density of the slurry is measured and adjusted to the desired density for a particular cementing application by metering and controlling liquids rather than by mixing dry bulk products and liquids.
In still another method of the invention the steps of the method are performed at two different locations. In this method, the stable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry is formulated at one location, transferred to a second location, activated at the second location, then pumped into the subterranean formation for cementing.
Additional effects, features and advantages will be apparent in the written description that follows.
A storable, hydraulically-active, cementitious slurry of the invention is made from a hydraulically-active cementitious material. Hydraulically-active cementitious materials include materials with hydraulic properties, such as hydraulic cement, slag and blends of hydraulic cement and slag (slagment) which are well known in the art. The term "hydraulic cement" refers to any inorganic cement that hardens or sets due to hydration. In this disclosure, the term "hydraulically-active" refers to properties of a cementitious material that allow the material to set in a manner like hydraulic cement, either with or without additional activation. Hydraulically-active cementitious materials may also have minor amounts of extenders such as bentonite, gilsonite, and cementitious materials used either without any appreciable sand or aggregate material or admixed with a granular filling material such as sand, ground limestone, the like. Strength enhancers such as silica powder or silica flour can be employed as well. Hydraulic cements, for instance, include portland cements, aluminous cements, pozzolan cements, fly ash cements, and the like. Thus, for example, any of the oilwell type cements of the class "A-H" and "J" as listed in the API Spec 10, (1st ed., 1982), are suitable hydraulic cements.
The type of slag used for the invention has hydraulic properties. The slag is preferably ground-granulated blast furnace slag with a minimum glass count of about 95% and a fine particle size of about 1 to about 100 μm, preferably less than about 45 μm, most preferably less than 10 μm or a fineness of about 310 to about 540 m2 /kg. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,125,455 and 5,106,423. A slag slurry develops little strength without increasing the alkalinity of the slurry to initiate hydration. Slag alone can also produce a brittle set product and fluid loss from the slag slurry can be difficult to control.
Slagments are preferably blends of slag and portland cement. Examples of suitable slagments include blends ranging from about 90% cement with 10% slag to 10% cement with 90% slag, with a particularly preferred blend of 60% slag with 40% cement with all percentages based on the dry weight of each component.
Slagment and hydraulic cement are preferred cementitious materials. However, both of these materials react quickly with water and set at room temperature unless modified, and they are, therefore, much more difficult to control. The interstitial water of both cement and slagment slurries is also very aggressive, for example, having a high pH. Yet, storable slurries formed from hydraulic cement, especially portland cement, or slagment have the best overall performance characteristics for well cementing applications.
A set retarder is necessary to prevent the setting of the slurry during storage. The characteristics of these set retarders are diverse and important. An effective amount of set retarder allows the storage of the slurries with minimal changes in the characteristics of both the stored and activated slurry. It is equally important that this effect is reversible after adding an effective amount or low concentration of activator to the slurry, even at low well circulating temperatures. In addition, the set retarder should preferably provide some dispersion of the slurry without overdispersion, and little effect on the compressive strength after activation and setting.
Suitable set retarders include glucoheptonates, such as sodium glucoheptonate, calcium glucoheptonate and magnesium glucoheptonate; lignin sulfonates, such as sodium lignosulfonate and calcium sodium lignosulfonate; gluconates, such as sodium gluconate, calcium gluconate and calcium sodium gluconate; phosphonates, such as the sodium salt of EDTA phosphonic acid; sugars, such as sucrose; hydroxycarboxylic acids, such as citric acid; and the like, as well as their blends. Calcium gluconate for hydraulic cement and slagment slurries and sodium glucoheptonate for slag slurries are especially preferred.
The amount of set retarder can vary, depending on the type of cementitious material, the type of set retarder selected and the desired storage time. Since this disclosure refers to both slags and hydraulic cements, the term "BWOC" refers to by weight of the cementitious material. For slagments and hydraulic cements, typical amounts of gluconates and glucoheptonates range from about 0.1% to about 5% BWOC, preferably from about 0.2% to about 1% BWOC, with about 0.5% BWOC of calcium gluconate especially preferred. For slags, typical amounts of gluconates and glucoheptonates range from 0% to about 3% BWOC, with about 0.1% to about 0.4% BWOC of sodium glucoheptonate especially preferred.
Because the cementitious material may separate during storage due to reduced interparticle interactions when compared with normal cement slurries, adding a suspending agent maintains the slurry with minimal separation of the cementitious material. Certain types of suspending agents of the type used in the drilling mud industry can be used for the purposes of the present invention. These suspending agents include polymers, clays, emulsions, transition metal oxides and hydroxides, and the like. Because more than one suspending agent can be used in the storable slurry, in this disclosure, the term "suspending agent" refers to one or more suspending agents. While some particle separation can still occur over time, routine agitation redisperses the separated particles and rehomogenizes the slurry during storage.
However, the long term suspension of storable cementitious slurries can be somewhat problematic. Both hydraulic cement and slagment slurries pose more difficulties due to the aggressive nature of the interstitial water. This aggressive nature of the interstitial water hydrolyzes some polymers, initiates gelation or crosslinking of other polymers and impairs the long-term support properties of clays by ion-exchange, for example. Suitable suspending agents for hydraulic cements and slagments, therefore, should not gel, crosslink or hydrolyze polymers, nor impair the long-term support of clays. Specific examples of suspending agents useful for the purposes of the present invention include polysaccharides, such as welan gums "BIOZAN", Kelco, San Diego, Calif.), xanthan gums, cellulose and its derivatives like carboxymethyl cellulose, polyanionic cellulose "DRISPAC", Drilling Specialties, Bartlesville, Okla.), carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, guar and its derivatives, starch, succinoglycan "SHELLFLO-S", Shell International Chemical Co., Ltd., London, England); polyethylene oxide "POLYOX PEO", Union Carbide, Danbury, Conn.); clays such as bentonite and attapulgite; mixed metal hydroxides "POLYVIS", SKW, Trostberg, Germany); as well as their combinations, and oil-in-water emulsions created with paraffin oils and stabilized with ethoxylated surfactants. "SHELLFLO-S.", polyethylene oxide and bentonite are especially preferred for portland cements and slagments. Slag slurries are preferably suspended using xanthan gums with or without bentonite clay.
The amount of suspending agent used in the storable slurry depends on the type of hydraulically-active cementitious material and selected suspending agent. For slag, the amount of xanthan gum preferably ranges from 0 to about 2 ppb with the bentonite ranging from 0 to about 8 ppb, with about 0.66 of xanthan gum and 0 to about 3 ppb of bentonite especially preferred. For hydraulic cement and slagment, the amount of "SHELLFLO-S." preferably ranges from 0 to about 0.4 gpb based on the amount of the mixwater, with about 0.1 gpb to about 0.2 gpb preferred, and bentonite ranges from 0 to about 10 ppb, with 0 to about 3 ppb preferred. If polyethylene oxide is used alone, the amount preferably ranges from 0 to about 5 ppb with about 0.5 ppb to about 2 ppb especially preferred. Polyethylene oxide may be combined with any of the other suspending agents.
An optional dispersing agent may be used in the storable slurry to control the fluidity of the slurry. The amount of dispersing agent depends of the type of hydraulically-active cementitious material used, selected suspending agent and desired density of the storable slurry. Specific examples of dispersing agents include melamine sulfonic acid polymer condensation product "SP5", "CORMIX", Warrington, England), sodium polyacrylate "BEVALOID 6770", Rhone-Poulenc, Watford, England), naphthalene sulfonic acid polymer "LOMARD", Diamond Shamrock Chemicals Co., Morristown, N.J.), and sulfonated-styrene maleic anhydride polymer "SSMA", (Miltemp, Milpark, Houston, Tex.). The preferred dispersing agent is SSMA and the amount preferably ranges from 0 to about 5 pounds per barrel of mix water, with about 1 to about 3 pounds per barrel especially preferred.
Mixing water containing the above-mentioned additives with the dry hydraulically-active cementitious materials produces the storable slurry. A sufficient amount of water, preferably fresh water, should be added to the hydraulically-active cementitious material to form a liquid storable slurry of suitable consistency. A storable slurry with portland cement should have a density measuring in the range from about 11 to 17.5 lbm/gal and preferably in the range of about 14 to 17.5 lbm/gal, more preferably about 15-16.5 lbm/gal. Storable portland cement slurries at densities about 17.5 lbm/gal and greater have a tendency to gel or undergo a type of "pack-setting" when stored for prolonged periods. Slurry densities for slag slurries of about 15 lbm/gal are preferable.
Depending upon the particular storable slurry, the amount of mixing water in the slurry of the present invention ranges from about 30 to 150 weight percent based upon the dry weight of cement and preferably is in the range of about 35 to 90 weight percent.
Under normal conditions, the storable slurries of the invention have considerable longevity. The storable slurry of the invention should remain stable as a liquid, preferably for about a week and more preferably about two to three months without setting. In some cases, storage times in excess of six months will be achieved. Changes in thickening time of the activated hydraulic cement slurries, even after prolonged storage of the nonactivated slurry, are not excessive and such changes are readily determined using techniques known in the art.
At the time of cementing, the stored slurry is activated, pumped into the well and allowed to set. Activation occurs by adding an activator. The activator initiates hydration and allows the slurry to set after a predetermined pumping time.
The activator must counteract the set retarder while having a minimal effect on final slurry properties or set characteristics, such as rheology and fluid loss when used in an effective amount. In addition, the activator should be easy to pump and handle, such as a liquid; economical; widely available at reasonable purity; safe to ship and handle and environmentally acceptable.
Activators for a storable slurry include solutions of Group IA and IIA hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide; sulfates, such as sodium sulfate; aluminates, such as sodium aluminate and potassium aluminate; carbonates, such as sodium carbonate and silicates. Preferred activators are sodium silicates. Sodium silicate has a large number of industrial uses which include drilling fluids and waterproofing mortars and cements. For slag slurries a sodium silicate "Crystal 120H", Crosfield, Warrington, England)) with a particular silica/soda ratio is especially preferred. Sodium silicate ("Crystal 100S", Crosfield) with a different silica/soda ratio is especially preferred for hydraulic cement and slagment slurries. Typical concentrations of activator range from about 0 to about 8 gpb of slurry, preferably about 1 to about 3 gpb of slurry and are preferably added with additional mixwater.
There are two approaches for controlling the thickening time of the activated storable slurries. The first approach is to accurately meter or measure out the activator based on a dose-response curve so the stored slurry becomes "less retarded" and provides the desired thickening time. Because the slope of the dose-response curve may be steep, the slurries may be too sensitive to permit the accurate control of thickening at the wellsite.
The second approach is to "over-activate" the slurry and add additional or secondary set retarders, such as lignin sulfonates, tartrates, gluconates, glucoheptonates, and the like, to achieve the desired thickening time. The "over-activated" slurries respond normally to conventional levels of retarder and exhibit far less sensitivity. In addition, "over-activation" might boost the early compressive strength of the set slurries. A typical concentration of additional set retarder sodium lignosulfonate "R12-l", 40% active, Boregard, Sarpsborg, Norway) ranges from 0 to about 1 gpb.
Extra water is preferably added to the storable slurry during activation. This extra water may be fresh water, sea water or brine. The extra water may contain activator and additional additives, for instance, potassium chloride, dispersants, viscosifiers, secondary retarders, liquid supensions of weighting agents and chemical extending agents.
The activated slurry can be adjusted to the desired density for a particular cementing application. The slurry density can be increased by the addition of a liquid suspension of a weighting agent, such as trimanganese tetraoxide. Lower density slurries can be prepared by adding more water and modifying activator concentrations, if required. Thus, storable slurry "concentrates" can be made in advance and diluted when activated. For example, a 12.5 lbm/gal portland cement slurry can be prepared by adding 2-3 gallons sodium silicate activator per bbl of slurry and around 38 gallons of additional water per bbl to a storable slurry having the initial density around 15.8 to 16.5 lbm/gal.
Preferably, a pumpable slurry is formed with a measured density ranging from about 11 to about 20 lbm/gal, more preferably in the range of about 14 to about 16 lbm/gal and most preferably about 15 lbm/gal. Although the latter is a lower density than conventional "neat cement", the mechanical properties of the set cement are appropriate for well cementing applications. Furthermore, the volume yield increases and the rheology improves by this slight density reduction.
Once set, the storable slurries of the invention have normal levels of compressive strength.
In the preferred method of the invention, a storable cementitious slurry is made using an oilwell type portland cement, for example, "Dyckerhoff Class G" (Dyckerhoff Zementwerke, Wiesbaden, Germany). The cement is mixed together with a calcium gluconate (0.5-0.75% BWOC) set retarder, 3 ppb of bentonite and about 0.1 gpb "SHELLFLO-S" suspending agent (or alternatively with 2 ppb "POLYOX PEO" alone) and sufficient water to reach a density of about 15.8 to 16.5 lbm/gal. Dispersants, such as polyacrylate, sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride, naphthalene sulfonic acid polymer, and the like, are well known in the art and can be added to the above mixture as needed. The resultant slurry can be kept with occasional agitation for periods of time exceeding twelve weeks under normal storage conditions.
The storable slurry is activated by adding the necessary amount of activator, in this case sodium silicate (100S) is preferably added in an amount of 1 to 3 gpb of slurry before pumping into the well bore. The activator is preferably added with a small volume of additional water to adjust the final density of the activated slurry to 15 lbm/gal.
Table 4 shows rheological properties for three storable slurries and demonstrates that the rheological properties are changed minimally when kept for prolonged periods. The slurries have some viscosification upon activation. If such viscosification is undesirable, it can be substantially eliminated by adding dispersants to the slurry. Table 5 shows the rheological properties for three activated slurries and demonstrates that the rheological properties are minimally changed.
Fluid loss control is essential for many conventional cementing applications, for example, squeeze cementing and the cementing of liners and production strings. The addition of conventional cementing fluid-loss additives, such as polyvinyl alcohol, styrene-butadiene latex, co- and ter-polymers of acrylamidomethylpropanesulfonic acid, hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose and starch, to storable hydraulic cement and slagment slurries, at the time of activation, provides acceptable levels of control.
A number of additional factors may affect the performance of the storable slurries of the invention. Conventional cement slurries, under certain circumstances, are sensitive to shear and exhibit changes in rheology and thickening time, for example, that depend on the mixing energy or pipe shear to which they are exposed. The storable slurries of the invention do not exhibit undue shear sensitivity and, therefore, should be mixable with a variety of field equipment.
The storable slurry of the invention offers the option of adding material either to the slurry itself or to extra mixwater used to dilute the slurry to the final design density. It is well known that the response of cements to certain additives, for example, dispersants, retarders and gelling agents depends on how the additives are introduced to the slurry. Dry blended additives often elicit qualitatively different performance characteristics than those added to mixwater. Even greater differences are sometimes seen if additives are added to an already-mixed slurry. The order of addition of activator and additional additives to the slurry has little effect on the rheology of the activated slurry when mixed at normal API shear rates.
The following example is provided to increase the understanding of the invention, without limiting the scope of the invention.
All of the experiments using slag were run with slag having a fineness of 420 m2 /kg. All experiments with portland cement used "Dyckerhoff Class G" or "Cemoil Class G" cement. Slagments were 70/30 blends ordinary portland cement (Castle Cement, Coatbridge, Strathclyde, Scotland) and 420 m2 /kg fineness slag.
The experimental protocols followed standard laboratory testing procedures outlined in the API Specification 10. Where necessary, these procedures were modified, such as when the order of addition and mixing energy variables were being studied.
Mixwater was placed in a plastic beaker and stirred with a paddle mixer while adding the suspending agent until the suspending agent was dispersed or hydrated. Next, the set retarder was added while stirring until dissolved. Finally the optional dispersant was added while stirring until dissolved.
The mixwater prepared above was transferred to a Waring blender fitted with an electronic speed control with the speed adjusted until forming a good vortex. While maintaining the vortex by controlling the blender speed, the hydraulically-active cementitious material was added and the time of addition recorded. After 60 s of stirring the slurry, the blender was stopped.
The slurry was transferred to a Fann 35 viscometer cup while noting the slurry's physical characteristics. The initial slurry rheology was measured, and optionally at 10 s and 10 min., using standard rotor 1, spring 1 and bob 1 viscometer configuration at room temperature.
Next, the slurry was transferred to a wide-mouthed plastic bottle fitted with a screw top lid and tightly sealed. The bottle was stored for extended periods of time.
At regular intervals during storage, the slurry's condition was checked. Using a small spatula, free water, gel strengths, the separation of cementitious material particulates, gelation, setting and the general appearance of the slurry were noted. Then, the slurry was remixed thoroughly by stirring and shaking. When desired, the rheology was checked as described above. The storage and testing continued until the slurry set hard. The hard set was usually preceded by a period of high slurry viscosity and gelation, rendering the material unusable before it actually set.
The activation and testing of the final slurry was done with either freshly prepared slurry or stored slurry. A similar mixing energy as described in API Spec 10, �5 for conventional cements was used. The slurry was placed in an electronically controlled Waring blender and stirred at 4,000 rpm for 60 s. The activator plus dilution water and any additional additives were then introduced at 4,000 rpm within a 15 s interval. The mixture was next blended at 12,000 rpm for 35 s.
After final activation and blending, the slurry was tested like a conventional cement slurry. Conventional antifoams could be used to reduce air entrainment as required.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________STORABLE SLURRY STABILITY TESTING SUSPENDING AND SLURRY CEMENT DISPERSING RETARDER TIMENo. DENSITY TYPE AGENTS1 % BWOC WEEKS COMMENTS__________________________________________________________________________ 1 15 Slag 0.33 ppb welan 0.1 1 stable gum2 NaGH3 2 15 Slag 0.9 ppb 0.1 NaGH 4 stable xanthan4 7 acceptable/ settling 3 15 Slag 0.66 ppb 0.1 NaGH 7 stable xanthan 14 acceptable/ settling 4 16 Slag 0.9 ppb xanthan 0.1 NaGH 2 mod. gel 5 15 Slagment 0.9 ppb xanthan 0.5 NaGH 1 sedimented 6 15 Slagment 0.2 gpb SS5 0.5 NaGH 1 stable, fluid 7 stable 7 15.8 Portland 0.7 ppb xanthan 0.5 NaGH 1 stable 2 settling 8 15.8 Portland 0.9 ppb xanthan + 0.5 NaGH 1 settling 1 gpb NSAP6 9 15.8 Portland 0.7 ppb welan 0.5 NaGH 1 stable/gel gum 3 gel/thick10 15.8 Portland 0.5 ppb welan 0.5 NaGH 2 settling gum11 15.8 Portland 0.3 ppb welan 0.5 NaGH 1 settling gum12 15.8 Portland 1 ppb CMC7 + 0.5 NaGH 1 bad gel 0.8 gpb NSAP13 15.8 Portland 0.4 ppb CMC + 0.5 NaGH 7 stable 0.1 gpb PA8 9 set14 15.8 Portland 1 ppb PAC9 0.5 NaGH 1 bad gel15 15.8 Portland 1 ppb CMHEC10 0.5 NaGH 1 thixotropic gel16 15.8 Portland 1 ppb Starch 0.5 NaGH 1 bad gel17 15.8 Portland 5 ppb 0.5 NaGH 1 settling Attapulgite18 15.8 Portland 5 ppb 0.5 NaGH 1 bad gel Attpulgite + 0.4 ppb xanthan19 15.8 Portland 5 ppb BC11 0.5 NaGH 1 thick20 15.8 Portland 3 ppb BC 0.5 NaGH 4 stable 5 some settling21 15.8 Portland 3 ppb BC + 0.5 NaGH 1 stable 0.03 gpb ppb AlCH12 2 bad gel22 15.8 Portland 2 ppb BC + 8.3 0.5 NaGH 1 stable ppb microsilica13 2 bad gel23 17 Portland 5 ppb BC + 0.5 NaGH 1 sediment 0.8 gpb NSAP24 15.8 Portland 5 ppb BC + 0.5 NaGH 2 stable 0.2 xanthan 4 mod gel 5 set25 16.5 Portland 3 ppb BC + 0.2 0.5 NaGH 3 stable xanthan 4 thick 5 set26 16.5 Portland 0.2 ppb welan 0.5 NaGH 1 bad gel gum27 16.5 Portland 0.1% PVP14 0.5 NaGH 1 gel/sediment28 15.8 Portland oil emulsion15 0.5 NaGH 1 compact29 16.5 Portland 0.2 gpb SS 0.5 NaGH 1 settling 3 compact30 16.5 Portland 20 ppt XL- 0.5 NaGH 1 gelled guar1631 16.5 Portland 5% BWOC Fe2 O3, 0.5 NaGH 1 stable orange17 3 thick/compact32 16.5 Portland 3% BWOC 0.5 NaGH 1 gelled Magneplus1833 16.5 Portland 0.2 ppb welan 0.5 2 stable gum CaG19 3 compacted34 15.8 Portland 4 ppb BC 0.4 CaG 3 stable 4 stable > T. Time test35 15.8 Portland 0.27 gpb SS + 0.5 CaG 1 slightly 0.27 gpb PA gelled 7 slightly sedimented36 15.8 Portland 0.7 ppb 0.5 CaG 4 settled xanthan + 0.32 gpb PA37 16.5 Portland 0.2 gpb SS + 0.5 CaG 5 stable 0.4 PA 6 gel 7 thick38 15.8 Portland 3 ppb BC + 0.1 0.5 CaG 3 stable gpb SS + 0.3 gpb PA 4 bad gel39 15.8 Portland 3 ppb BC 0.5 CaG 7 stable40 15.8 Portland 2 ppb PEO20 0.5 CaG 7 stable41 16.5 Portland 1.6 ppb PEO 0.5 CaG 6 stable 0.5 ppb SSMA2142 15.8 Portland 1.5 ppb PEO 0.5 CaG 8 stable 1.5 ppb SSMA__________________________________________________________________________ 1 All concentrations of suspending and dispersing agents are based o the quantity of mix water. 2 Welan gum biopolymer, "BIOZAN 3 Sodium glucoheptonate 4 Xanthan gum 5 Succinoglycan, "SHELLFLOS 6 Naphthalene sulfonic acid polymer 7 Carboxymethyl cellulose 8 Soidum polyacrylate 9 Polyanionic cellulose, "DRISPAC 10 Carboxymethylhydroxyethyl cellulose 11 Bentonite clay 12 Aluminum chlorohydroxide 13 Microsilica, Elkem Chemical, Kristiansand, Norway 14 Polyvinylpyrrolidone 15 5% bvol Lotox oil/95% bvol fresh water stabilized with sulfonated nonyl phenol ethoxylate surfactant 16 Crosslinked guar 17 Ferric oxide, fine (�0.5 micron) pigment grade, Bayer AG, Germany 18 Magnesia cement 19 Calcium gluconate 20 Polyethylene oxide, "POLYOX 21 Sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________STORABLE SLURRY SET RETARDATION STORAGE TIME (DAYS) CONC. CEMENT TYPE1SLURRY % SUSPENDING SLAG- PORT-DENSITY RETARDER BWOC AGENT SLAG MENT LAND__________________________________________________________________________15 NaGH2 0 0.66 ppb 8 xanthan315 NaGH 0.1 0.66 ppb 103< xanthan15 NaGH 0.2 0.66 ppb 103< xanthan15 NaGH 0.4 0.66 ppb 103< xanthan15 NaGH 0.3 2 ppb BC4 1315 CaG5 0.5 0.12 gpb 54< SS615.8 NaGH 0.2 0.45% BWOC 9 xanthan15.8 NaGH 0.3 0.45% BWOC 24 xanthan15.8 NaGH 0.5 0.45% BWOC 39 xanthan16.5 NaGH 0.7 0.45% BWOC 38 xanthan16.5 NaG7 0.5 3 ppb BC 58<16.5 CaG 0.2 3 ppb BC 1716.5 CaG 0.4 3 ppb BC 38<16.5 CaG 0.5 3 ppb BC 61<15.8 CaG 0.7 3 ppb BC 54<16.5 Citric 0.5 3 ppb BC 22 acid16.5 CSLS8 0.5 3 ppb BC 816.5 Sucrose 0.5 3 ppb BC Gel15.8 CaG 0.5 1.5 ppb 60< PEO915.8 CaG 0.5 1.5 pb 60< PEO 1.5 ppb SSMA10__________________________________________________________________________ 1 Time in days indicates when the stored slurry hardened. In some cases the slurry would be unsuitable for use prior to this time. 2 Sodium glucoheptonate 3 Xanthan gum 4 Bentonite clay 5 Calcium gluconate 6 "SHELLFLOS 7 Sodium gluconate 8 Calcium sodium lignosulfonate 9 Polyethylene oxide 10 Sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________ACTIVATION OF STORABLE SLURRIESSLURRY CEMENT ACTIVATOR COMMENTSDENSITY RETARDER TYPE TYPE CONC 21� C. (70� F.)__________________________________________________________________________15 0.1% Slag2 Na sulfate 10 ppb Ineffective NaGH115 0.1% NaGH Slag Soda ash 10 ppb 49 hrs set15 0.1% NaGH Slag Sodium 2 gpb 14 hrs set, silicate suitable 100S activator15 0.1% NaGH Slag 30% NaOH 0.5 gpb 48 hrs, no set15 0.5% Slag- Sodium 3 gpb 14 hrs set, CaGH3 ment4 silicate suitable 100S activator15.8 0.5% NaGH Port.5 Dyn 5316 1.5 gpb ineffective15.8 0.5% NaGH Port. STC7 1.5 gpb ineffective15.8 0.5% NaGH Port. STC 3 gpb slow activation, 4 day15.8 0.5% NaGH Port. Sodium 3 gpb 16 hrs set, silicate suitable 120H activator15.8 0.5% CaGH Port. Sodium 3 ppb 16 hrs. set, silicate suitable 100S activator__________________________________________________________________________ 1 Sodium glucoheptonate 2 The suspending agent for all slag slurries was 0.66 ppb xanthan based on the mix water. 3 Calcium glucoheptonate 4 The suspending agent for all slagment slurries was 0.2 gpb succinoglycan based on the mix water. 5 The suspending agent for all portland cement slurries was 3 ppb bentonite clay based on the mix water. 6 "DYNAGUNIT 531", Sika GmBh, Germany 7 Sodium thiocyanate
TABLE 4__________________________________________________________________________RHEOLOGY OF STORABLE SLURRIES SLURRY SUSPENDING CEMENT TIME RHEOLOGY COMMENTS,NO. DENSITY RETARDER AGENT1 TYPE DAYS PV/YP 21� C. (70�__________________________________________________________________________ F.)1 15 0.1% 0.66 ppb Slag 0 150/9 small NaGH2 xanthan3 change in properties 15 130/22 15.8 0.5% 3 ppb Portland 0 39/20 CaG4 BC5 14 42/30 21 49/32 small change in properties3 15.8 0.5% CaG 1.5 ppb Portland 0 52/8 very minor PEO6 changes in 1.5 ppb 33 54/11 properties SSMA7__________________________________________________________________________ 1 All concentration of suspending agent were based on the quantity o mix water. 2 Sodium glucoheptonate 3 Xanthan gum 4 Calcium gluconate 5 Bentonite clay 6 Polyethylene oxide 7 Sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride
TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________RHEOLOGY OF ACTIVATED SLURRIESSLURRYDENSITY RHEOLOGY(> SET ACTIVATOR PV/YPDILUTED RETARDER SUSPENDING Sodium CEMENT PRE- POST- COMMENTSDENSITY) % BWOC AGENT1 Silicate2 TYPE ACT ACT 21� C. (70�__________________________________________________________________________ F.)15 0.1% .66 ppb 1.5 gpb 120H Slag 147/8 150/5 little change in NaGH3 xanthan4 properties15.8 > 15 0.5% CaG5 3 ppb BC6 3 gpb 100S Port. 50/32 24/31 acceptable after dilution15.8 > 15 0.5% CaG 1.5 ppb PEO7 2 gpb 100S Port. 54/11 36/18 acceptable 1.5 ppb after dilution SSMA8__________________________________________________________________________ 1 The concentration of the suspending agent was based on the quantit of mix water. 2 The concentration of activator was based on the quantity of slurry 3 Sodium Glucoheptonate 4 Xanthan gum 5 Calcium gluconate 6 Bentonite clay 7 Polyethylene oxide 8 Sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride
TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________THICKENING TIMES1 OF ACTIVATED MIXESSLURRY RETARDER Sodium CEMENT SECOND T �C.DENSITY % BWOC Silicate2 TYPE RETARDER (�F.) T. TIME MIN COMMENT__________________________________________________________________________15 0.1% 1.25 gpb Slag4 71 (160) 360 NaGH3 100S15 0.1% NaGH .25 gpb 100S Slag 110 240 (230)15 0.1% NaGH .75 gpb 120H Slag 110 93 (230)15 0.1% NaGH 3 gpb 120H Slag 71 (160) 20015 0.1% NaGH .75 gpb 120H Slag 110 110 (230)15.8 > 15 0.5% CaG5 1 gpb 100S Port.6 71 (160) 103715.8 > 15 0.5% CaG 1.5 gpb 100S Port. 71 (160) 87615.8 > 15 0.5% CaG 1.65 gpb 100S Port. 71 (160) 40615.8 > 15 0.5% CaG 1.8 gpb 100S Port. 71 (160) 10015.8 > 15 0.5% CaG 2 gpb 100S Port. 71 (160) 5615.8 > 15 0.5% CaG 2gpb 100S Port. 0.1 gpb 71 (160) 110 R12-1715.8 > 15 0.5% CaG 2 gpb 100S Port. 0.2 gpb 71 (160) 239 R12-115.8 > 15 0.5% CaG 2.2 gpb 100S Port 0.2 gpob 71 (160) 125 R12-115.8 > 0.5% CaG 2.2 gpb Port. 71 (160) 9012.5 100S15.8 > 0.5% CaG 2.2 gpb 100S Port. 49 (120) 22512.515.8 > 15 0.5% CaG 3 gpb 100S Port. 49 (120) 140 4 week slurry15.8 > 15 0.5% CaG 3 gpb 100S Port. 49 (120) 11315.8 > 15 0.5% CaG 3 gpb 100S Port. 49 (120) 101 1.4 ppb SSMA815.8 > 15 0.5% CaG 3 gpb 100S Port. 49 (120) 116 0.35 gpb NSAP915.8 > 15 0.5% CaG 3 gpb 100S Port. 49 (120) 190 0.35 gpb PA1015.8 > 0.5% CaG 2.5 gpb 100S Port.11 71 (160) 77 1.5 ppb SSMA14.515 > 14.5 0.5% CaG 2.5 gpb 100S Slag- 71 (160) 78 1.4 ppb SSMA ment12__________________________________________________________________________ 1 Thickening time curves generally showed that 100 Bc were reached quickly after thickening had begun. The activator and additional retarder were mixed into dilution water, except for the runs with a density of 12. lbm/gal where sea water was added first. Except where noted, tests were done on freshly prepared mixes. 2 The concentration of sodium silicate is based on the quantity of slurry. 3 Sodium glucoheptonate 4 0.66 ppb (mix water) welan gum suspending agent for all slag slurries 5 Calcium gluconate 6 3 ppb (mix water) bentonite clay suspending agent for cement slurries 7 Sodium lignosulfonate, 40% active, "Boregard 8 Sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride 9 Naphthalene sulfonic acid polymer 10 Polyacrylate 11 1.5 ppb (mixwater) PEO was used as a suspending agent and 1.5 ppb SSMA was used as a dispersant. 12 The suspending agent for the slagment slurry was 0.2 gpb of succinoglycan based on the amount of mixwater.
The following results were found when testing the compressive strength using the following formulation. An especially preferred storable slurry was formed as described in Example 1 with portland cement, 0.5% CaG, 1.5 ppb polyethylene oxide and 1.5 ppb sulfonated styrene maleic anhydride. The resulting slurry had a density of 15.8 lbm/gal.
The slurry was activated with 2.2 gpb 100S sodium silicate and diluted to a final density of 15 lbm/gal. At a curing temperature of 88� C. (190� F.), the following compressive strengths were measured.
As the above examples show, the slurries of the invention are stable and can be stored for long periods of time while yielding excellent compressive strengths. Because these stable slurries do not set immediately, they can be made at one site and transferred to another site. For example, the slurries can be formulated at one location, such as on land, with the density of the slurry measured and adjusted if desired. Next, the formulated slurry is transferred to a second location, such as an offshore rig. At the second location the transferred slurry may be immediately activated or stored until needed and subsequently activated. At the time of activation, additional mix water and additives are added, while the slurry's density is adjusted to a desired density. The activated slurry is then pumped into the wellbore for the purpose of supporting the casing and isolating subterranean formations.
An invention has been shown with several advantages. The ability to store a liquid cement slurry eliminates onsite mixing problems, particularly the control of slurry density. Proportioning a liquid slurry with liquids, such as extra water or a weighting agent, is far simpler than proportioning bulk solids with water.
Simpler equipment can be used with the storable slurries of the invention. The slurries can be kept in nonpressurized tanks and loaded and unloaded with conventional fluid pumps. When cementing, the mixing unit need do no more than homogenize the fluid streams of the slurry plus additional mixwater and liquid additives en route to the downhole pumps.
The ability to prepare and control the quality of a storable slurry at the base is obviously advantageous. The slurry is mixed and its initial density measured and adjusted at the base rather than at the wellsite. The slurry need only be homogenized and activated during the cementing operation. The stability of the slurry and longterm fluidity allow the slurry to be prepared, transferred and stored a considerable time before needed for wellsite operations. Thus, the slurry may be prepared at a central facility and stored in liquid form at the facility. From there it is loaded aboard trucks or workboats and transferred to the remote wellsite. At the wellsite, it may be offloaded and stored or used immediately for cementing operations.
The slurry can be transferred with centrifugal pumps between storage tanks, transport tanks and downhole pumps much faster than dry cement can be transferred pneumatically. Similarly, the time to offload cargo to an offshore location would be reduced. For land locations, the slurry could be prepared at the rigsite while drilling is in progress or at a central facility and truck to the wellsite, days before the cementing operation and stored until needed.
The activated slurry can be easily modified to be used for a wide variety of cementing purposes desirable in oil and gas well cementing applications. A few example of these properties include gas control, fluid loss control, turbulent flow rheology and high early strength.
While the invention is shown in only some of its forms, it is not thus limited but is susceptible to various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Severe dehydration means:
Severe dehydration is a medical emergency and requires emergency treatment. Call911or other emergency services immediately.
By the time a person becomes severely dehydrated, there is no longer enough fluid in the body to carry enough blood to vital organs. Shock, which is a life-threatening condition, can develop quickly.
|Healthwise Staff
|Primary Medical Reviewer
|William H. Blahd, Jr., MD, FACEP - Emergency Medicine
|Specialist Medical Reviewer
|H. Michael O'Connor, MD - Emergency Medicine
|Current as of
|May 15, 2013
WebMD Medical Reference from Healthwise

subset: commoncrawl


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Flower Seeds offered by us are used for sowing during both summer season as well as winter season. These quality garden flower seed batches are made to undergo extensive tests and quality assurance steps that assures in them optimum germination results as well as superior flowering possibilities. We ensure the seed variety is offered in different packaging options to choose from.
Widely demanded by us is a vast assortment of Summer Flower Seeds for the clients. These seeds are used by the national as well as international customers for growing flowers in summer season. Since we store different types of seeds for the clients, they can choose as per their preferences or requirements.
On offer from us is available a rich collection of Winter Flower Seeds for our valued clients. These seeds we offer are sourced from associated market vendors, who are selected after thorough market research and study. Suitably used for growing flowers in the winter season, these seeds are widely demanded by customers, located across the international market.


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Gear Review
Not good for Clydes (>200 lbs)
- Familiarity: I've put it through the wringer
I'm a clyde and I have a bike which came with Mavic Aksium Race wheels. I rode them for 1,800 miles or so, and finally gave up on them because of broken spokes. To be fair, only one spoke broke, but I was just getting weary of fixing broken spokes on Mavic wheels in general. Long story short, I have done about 3,600 miles total on two sets of Mavics: Aksium Race and Equipes, which are not very different wheels (do your homework, you'll agree), and I just got tired of breaking spokes and paying my LBS to repair them. Now-a-days, I ride on some different wheels (Velocity Deep-Vs, with a higher spoke count), and I'm much happier. Clydes need strong wheels, and Mavic Wheels are designed for light French dudes, not well-fed Americans.
View More Details on Mavic Aksium Road Wheelset - Clincher


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The Liquid Muse Mixology
Custom Cocktails for Parties and Personalities
Photo: Art of Mixology Reaches New Heights at 2008 Grand Marnier(R) and NAVAN(R) Summit in Vail - 100 of the Country's Top Mixologists Define the Cocktail Trends-to-Watch
NEW YORK, April 16 /PRNewswire/ -- One hundred of the country's top mixologists came together to participate in the 2008 Grand Marnier and NAVAN Mixology Summit, March 30 - April 1 in Vail, Colorado. Mixology, the art and craft of bartending, pushes the limits of what can be done with the average cocktail, and that's just what the Grand Marnier & NAVAN Mixology Summit set out to accomplish.
To view the Multimedia News Release, go to: http://www.prnewswire.com/mnr/grandmarnier/32740/
Led by beverage consultant and educator Steve Olson, the participating mixologists (hired as consultants by Grand Marnier and NAVAN) showcased their creativity and skill, each presenting a series of signature cocktails in the Mixology Lab, a "think tank" for the latest trends. The consulting bartenders were also treated to networking sessions and seminars presented by Olson and his team of star mixologists, notably: Andy Seymour, Jacques Bezuidenhout, Leo DeGroff, Don Lee, Jim Meehan, Willy Shine, Aisha Sharpe, Tad Carducci and Phil Ward.
Alexandra Marnier Lapostolle, the newly appointed President of Marnier Lapostolle North America, and 6th generation descendant of the founder of GRAND MARNIER(R), hosted the 2008 Mixology Summit on behalf of the privately-held, family-owned company.
GRAND MARNIER(R) is the best selling brand of super premium liqueurs in both the United States and the World. Created in 1880 in Paris, GRAND MARNIER(R) is still produced by the Marnier Lapostolle family to the same exacting quality standards and using the same formulas that have been a family secret for over 175 years. The GRAND MARNIER(R) range of products, which includes the classic Cordon Rouge, the elegant 100th Anniversary and the bold 150th Anniversary, is a blend of the finest and rarest cognacs from France and the natural essence of Caribbean oranges.
NAVAN Natural Vanilla Liqueur from the House of Grand Marnier(R) is crafted in France using the same aging and blending processes as the world famous orange liqueur. NAVAN stands for Natural Vanilla and is made exclusively from hand-picked vanilla beans, harvested from precious orchids in Madagascar.
Top Trends Revealed: Reinventing the Classics with Grand Marnier
Grand Marnier has long been an inspiration to mixologists, and the Mixology Summit reinforced the brand's trendsetting spirit. Today's mixologists may write their own rules -- but they also respect the traditions of their trade. Remastered classics such as the Sazerac, Manhattan, Perfect Storm, and Sidecar showcased the versatility and enduring elegance of Grand Marnier. NAVAN, the newest introduction from the House of Grand Marnier(R), also emerged as a New Classic, exemplified by the NAVAN White Cosmo and Manhattan.
Market-Fresh Ingredients and Flavor Variety
Fresh ingredients, often inspired by the exotic and unexpected such as rhubarb, rosemary and even bacon figured prominently this year. Fresh fruits, purees and juices were a focus of many cocktails as well as savory drinks made with seasonal vegetables, fresh herbs and aromatic spices. Responding to their customers' preference for natural ingredients, mixologists also stirred up progressive libations -- made with natural sweeteners such as Agave nectar, green teas and fresh carrot juice.
Handcrafted Cocktails Reveal "Artisanal Mixology"
Mixologists avoided the artificial and the pre-made in favor of custom, homemade ingredients -- powder mixes, bottled juices, and artificial sweeteners are out, and "artisanal mixology" is the norm for the country's bar stars. An increasing number of mixologists insist on preparing their own mixers, syrups, infusions, and bitters enlivening their craft with new flavor combinations that reflect regionality, personal identity, and tremendous creativity.
Simplicity is the Key to Perfection
The more mixologists move toward ultimate quality, the more we see a shift toward simplicity. The insider's secret to mixology success lies in the art of balance and purity of ingredients. Across the board, the participating mixologists looked to Grand Marnier's outstanding quality and heritage to define today's cocktails as a base ingredient and as an enhancement to lend texture, elegance, and flavor to their creations.
To request a compilation of recipes and trends as revealed by the mixology experts at the 2008 Grand Marnier & NAVAN Mixology Summit please contact Helen Gregory, Alexa Matson, or Rebekah Polster, HG Marketing at 718-403-0097 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
First Call Analyst:
FCMN Contact:
Video: http://www.prnewswire.com/mnr/grandmarnier/32740
Source: Grand Marnier and NAVAN Mixology
CONTACT: Helen Gregory or Rebekah Polster, both of HG Marketing,
+1-718-403-0097, +1-646-621-3559, email@example.com, for Grand Marnier and
NAVAN Mixology


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Storm news in brief
AMERICAN RED CROSS: The American Red Cross is working throughout West Virginia to provide relief for the superstorm that has dumped snow on much of the state.
To find a shelter or donate to the Red Cross, go to www.redcross.org or call 1-800-RED CROSS (1-800-733-2767).
SALVATION ARMY: Nationwide, the Salvation Army is providing support, including food, hydration and cleanup kits.
The Salvation Army asks people who want to help those affected by this disaster to visit www.salvationarmyusa.org or call 1-800-SAL-ARMY (1-800-725-2769). Donors may also contribute $10 via their phone bill by text messaging the word STORM to 80888, and confirming the donation with the word, "Yes." At this point, in-kind donations, such as used clothing and used furniture, are not being accepted for hurricane relief.
GOP COLLECTING DONATIONS: The Wayne County Republican Headquarters in Ceredo will accept donations to help those affected by storms this week.
The headquarters, located at 304 Main St., will accept donations from 11 a.m. to 9 p.m. Thursday, Nov. 1, and 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. Friday, Nov. 2, said Randy Tomblin, candidate for the West Virgnia House of Delegates District 19.
Non-perishable items such as bottled water and canned goods are requested, and proceeds will go to the American Red Cross relief effort. For more information, call Mark R. Maynard at 304-360-6272.
DOWNED LINES: Officials are reminding people to stay away from downed lines. Here are phone numbers to contact for downed lines:
Appalachian Power: 800-982-4237 or www.appalachianpower.com.
Frontier Communications: 800-921-8102 (business) or 800-921-8101 (residential).
CHAINSAW SAFETY: The West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources is reminding people to use proper safety equipment, such as hard hat, safety glasses, ear plugs, work gloves, chaps and boots, when using a chainsaw. It also urges people to be on the lookout for downed lines before using a chainsaw on downed trees or limbs.
AVOIDING EXERTION: The DHHR is reminding residents to avoid excessive exertion that can lead to heart attacks as wind speeds increase. It also urges that those working outdoors need to dress appropriately for the weather.
Adults and children should wear a hat; a scarf or knit mask to cover face and mouth; sleeves that are snug at the wrist; mittens (they are warmer than gloves); water-resistant coat and boots; and several layers of loose-fitting clothing.
DO NOT USE CARS AS WARMING STATIONS: West Virginia DHHR is reminding people to avoid using cars as warming stations due to possible carbon monoxide poisoning. Even vehicles with catalytic converters can produce substantial amounts of carbon monoxide if they are left idling in an enclosed space such as a closed garage or if there are exhaust system leaks.
GENERATOR SAFETY: The DHHR is urging residents to use caution when using gasoline generators, gas or charcoal grills and camp stoves during extensive power outages.
Those devices can create carbon monoxide, which is an odorless, colorless, poisonous gas that can cause sudden illness and death if present in sufficient concentration in the ambient air. The most common symptoms of CO poisoning are headache, dizziness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, chest pain and altered mental status. Get fresh air immediately and call 911 if you suspect that you or a family member has carbon monoxide poisoning.
More information about CO is available online at http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/co_guidance.asp.
KROGER SPONSORING FOOD DRIVE: Kroger and the West Virginia Lottery are teaming up to collect food for the hungry through the GIve and Win Food Drive.
From Nov. 5 to 9, people who donate a nonperishable canned food can receive a free West Virginia Lottery promotional ticket. Donations will be sent to the Mountaineer Food Bank in Gassaway, the Huntington Area Food Bank and Union Mission Family Services in Charleston.
KENTUCKY STATE PARKS: Kentucky State Parks are offering special rates at some lodges and cottages through Sunday, Nov. 4, for travelers displaced due to severe weather.
Guests who require lodging should call to inquire about the emergency shelter rate as well as availability and for reservations. More information about Kentucky State Parks is available at www.parks.ky.gov.


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Kandi Kay
Dig deeply into Webster's Dictionary because you'll want to find just the right adjectives to describe this specimen of sexuality perfectly.
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Kandi Kay, say her name, over and over, and then breathe in deeply, you can almost smell the soft scent of her body through the monitor. She is the epitome of sultry and sensual, definitely tender stepping over the boundaries into exotic. Her dark hair and eyes, deep red lips and a body that doesnt quit is going to mesmerize you, along with promises of exclusive, high quality material.
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Discussion in 'Australian A-League' started by el-capitano, Feb 17, 2011.
Suwon Samsung Bluewings will be shaking in their boots.
who da fuk is chianese?
Watch a Youth League game. Or just google, you lazy shite.
In other news the good old days are back again:
He's one of your few chances of winning any game in the ACL.
Being a Sydney supporter, you should know your own players.
Breaking news.
Was on the cards the moment Kisel came back.
My faith has been shattered by the last nine months. Will be hard to build it up again.
How about the Sydney Rovers?
They don't exist.
Nice article on Hiro.
And the big man explains the Makela decision.
God that rule keeping Terry out is stupid.
Vite is not keen on the Surgeon, he was Barlow's signing and we may see him fecked off before season start.
Also: thank ******** there's ACL, dunno how everyone else is gonna cope with a seven month offseason.
Carle had better play well.
Fit and firing Carle out to repay Sky Blues' faith in him
Work is keeping me from this. Spewing.
well i got my ticket... hoping we do a little better than the tards tmw night
I'm going to try staying up for all of this tonight. The game starts at 1AM over here and won't finish until 3AM - then I have work early in the morning, so it's going to be dicey. All I know is that Sydney won't get bent over like the Tards did... and will NOT over the entire competition.
News on the opposition:
Jamo on the ACL
And here's some serious speculation for you.
Sydney FC launch raid for McKay on eve of ACL adventure
And Reid wants in as well on a big news day.
McKay would be crazy to come here, his next move should be to Asia or Europe.
Reid... why?
McKay's under contract for a few more seasons at the Roar. What makes Sydney think they can get him when there's no intra-purchasing?
Down to 10 men- I'll take that result.
Interesting that Sydney cry foul over brosque being approached while on contract but are happy to chase McKay. Even poorer form that its done so close to the final. That said, he would be crazy to leave Brisbane for any other A-League side.
Especially considering Roar have qualified for the next ACL and unless a miracle occurs and SFC win the whole shebang, the Sky Blues won't be playing next year in Asia. He has missed the cut-off to be named in SFC's current ACL squad. Poor form to be tapping up a player this close to the Grand final, but FFA being a bunch of gutless clowns, I don't see anything coming out of this, if it is proven to be true.
Separate names with a comma.


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This is a 1951 Studebaker 2R M2 Machines Auto-Truck. There are 42 individual parts & pieces (total parts count my vary from model to model).
Scale: 1:64
Ages 8+
We have a 3-5 day in-house process. There will be an additional 1-7 days for delivery.
**During peak Holiday Seasons (Mother's Day & Christmas) it can take an additional 1-2 business days to get your order shipped.
We do not accept International orders online.
To place an order with an International billing or shipping address:
You will need to order by calling 405-745-1275. Customer Service is available Monday - Friday 8:00-5:00 CST.
Your order will need to ship to a US Destination, such as a freight forwarder. By doing so your order will be eligible for our US shipping rates which often include free shipping.
If you would like for us to ship your order directly to you, you will be charged the actual postage amount. That amount is calculated once your order is picked, packed and ready to ship. International shipping address are excluded from all shipping discounts. All orders shipped to an International location are charged the actual cost of shipping.
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Thank you. If a matching email exists we will send you an email in a few minutes with instructions on how to reset your password.
Don't forget to check your spam folder if you cannot find the email. For further assistance please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com .Okay
This gorgeous box seems to cast a warm glow from within, place it near a lamp or other light source to amplify the effect.


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Posted at: 03/19/2013 4:31 PM
Updated at: 03/19/2013 6:14 PM
The Iron Range Job Fair keeps growing. Now in its 15th year, 55 vendors signed up, and organizers expected about 1000 people to attend.
We met a variety of folks looking for work. Some were seeking part time employment to fit their school schedules. "I'm having some success. Businesses said they would be willing to work with my schedule," said Carlee Peters of Mt. Iron.
Others really want a full-time job. "I'm looking for an entry level position, to get my foot in the door. I have a lot of mechanical experience, and I'm a hard worker," said Steve Klun, of Ely.
As usual, mining booths were popular. "Many people are asking us what we're looking for and more about the industry," said Jennifer Tiedeman, of ArcelorMittal.
Other vendors were looking for people in the health care field. H.O.M.E.S., Inc. is looking for both entry level and supervisor positions. "We help people with disabilities. And this turnout has been great," said Beth Turk.
MN Workforce staff also helped people out with their resumes.
The jobless rates on the Range ticked up during the winter months.


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AC 306 Phone: 765-285-8740
Department of Theatre and Dance
Arts and Communications Building, Room AC 306
Ball State University
Muncie, IN 47306
MFA Production Technology and Management,
Carnegie Mellon University
Additional Information
Production Stage Manager
Full-time contract faculty
Hired August 2012
Michael Schmalz joined the Ball State University Department of Theatre and Dance as the production manager and head of the stage management program in 2012. Before coming to Ball State, Michael served in the same capacity at the Baylor Department of Theatre Arts for 7 years. He received his MFA from Carnegie Mellon University. Over the last 35 years he has worked on well over 100 shows including extensive tours of the U.S. and Canada as well as numerous productions in New York and Los Angeles.
During his time in New York Michael worked at Musical Theatre Works, Papermill Playhouse, Theatre of St. Peters as well as a free-lance stage manager in many Off Broadway productions. While in Los Angles he worked with Lee Strasberg Institute, Los Angeles Public Theatre, Groundling Improv Company and the Los Angeles Ballet. Michael was also the Production Stage Manager for Barry Manilow Presents Copacabana at Caesars on the Boardwalk in Atlantic City and the Production Manager for Shakespeare in the Park in Minneapolis.
Over the years it has been his privilege to work with such authors as Israel Horovitz and John Ford Noonan, such directors as Edgar Lansbury and Bill Bushnell, such actors as Elizabeth Ashley, Joseph Bologna and Renee Taylor and such entertainers as Barry Manilow and Mitzi Gaynor among others.
He is a member of the Production Managers Forum, Actor's Equity Association, the Stage Mangers Association and USITT.
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This would have been hotter without "her" whimpering and squealing.


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Thursday, June 10, 2010 - 6:00pm - 8:00pm
Café Mezzanotte
760 Ritchie Highway (Route 2)
Severna Park, MD 21146
Enjoy Cafe Mezzanotte's thoughtfully paired five course Wine dinner. The first course will be served outside in the furnished courtyard, with a fruit forward menu designed to complement the wines.
$70.00 all inclusive


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Online uniforms firm opens store
Posted: April 29, 2014|
An online school uniform supplier has opened in Leicester following a three-year search for a new store.
Uniform Direct, based in Lincoln, has leased a 2,991 sq ft retail space at 54-56 Humberstone Gate.
The let was arranged by Loughborough commercial property agents Mather Jamie.
Uniform Direct said the move followed increasing demand for its school uniforms from parents.
Six jobs have been created at the new shop.
The ground floor premises were formerly occupied by furniture retailer Stride and are next to a number of other independent shops.
Narinder Kaur, a spokeswoman for Uniform Direct, which has five stores nationally, said: "We have spent over three years specifically looking for premises large enough to offer parents a service that they have been requesting for years.
"We are situated close to our competitors and our store has over three times the space inside.
"We are changing school uniforms and can now offer parents quality and affordability.
"The national average cost of a uniform is £200, a cost that we have slashed to £75, including PE kit. Finding a central location was important in terms of accessibility and we were really conscious of the need to be located in an area that is convenient for those using public transport, as well as cars.
"Space was another key factor and we required at least 1,500 sq ft of shop space to create the look and feel we were aiming for.
"As a school uniform supplier, we are unique in that our shop has been designed to echo the big high street fashion retailers, so it's light, spacious and a fun environment to be in, while keeping the prices of our products affordable.
"We were already supplying our high quality products to a number of schools in Leicester through our online shop, but have now opened these premises as a direct response to requests we were receiving from parents and schools.
"Parents, in particular, were keen to be able to visit a shop in order to view our products."
Mather Jamie director Alex Reid said: "The premises provide a generous shop floor, while also benefiting from a prominent location within one of Leicester's busy shopping areas and close to the main bus routes into the city.
"In recent months, we have seen the market steadily gain momentum and we were pleased to agree a letting of the property for the client unit very quickly."


text: Rasheed Wallace to Return Today vs. Pistons From @Al_Iannazzone Nov 25, 2012 Share Tweet Next ARTICLE » Use your ← → (arrow) keys to browse more stories Bruce Bennett/Getty Images 26 Reads 0 Comments In typical Rasheed fashion, when asked if he's playing, he said, ''Yeah. I ain't gonna let those punks escape.'' Continue Reading on @Al_Iannazzone »


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American Academy of Pediatrics
American Family Physician
Canadian Pediatrics Society
Health Canada
Elyas R, Guerra LA, Pike J, et al. Is staging beneficial for Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy? A systematic review.
J Urol
. 2010;183(5):2012-2018.
Orchiopexy. Children's Hospital and Clinics of Minnesota website. Available at:
. Accessed August 16, 2010.
Orchiopexy: surgery for undescended testicles. About Kids Health website. Available at:
. Accessed August 16, 2010.
Smith N, Carmack A. Undescended testes. EBSCO Patient Education Reference Center website. Available at:
. Updated July 1, 2010. Accessed August 16, 2010.
Undescended testicle orchiopexy repair surgery. Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh website. Available at:
. Accessed August 16, 2010.
Wein AJ.
Campbell-Walsh Urology.
9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2007.
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
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Although some of us quit smoking on the first try, most of us have made more than one attempt. That's not necessarily a bad thing; each attempt taught us something valuable about staying quit. In fact, the more times we've 'failed' at quitting in the past, the better our odds of succeeding this time.
One reason many of us make so many quit-attempts is that we don't always have the motivation to quit, or to maintain our quits afterward. Most smokers first consider quitting because of external motivators--the pleas of spouses or loved ones, health scares, smoke-free workplaces or financial incentives by our employers, or increases in cigarette or insurance costs.
Many of us grudgingly agree to quit smoking to satisfy others, but don't really have compelling reasons of our own to do so. For us to have the best shot at quitting and staying quit, it helps if quitting is our idea. Just how do we make it so?
Some simple exercises can help to move us in that direction, at any time before or after our actual quit-day. Ask yourself:
Next, a set of pros/cons questions can help clarify what we really think about our smoking. Ask yourself:
Next, a sort of Cost/Benefit Analysis will help uncover fears and other obstacles to quit-motivation. Ask yourself:
Imagining a Smoke-free Life
Finally, an effective way of making quitting your idea is to imagine all the possible advantages of quitting, and to focus on them. A dramatic improvement in health is one possibility, as is a longer life. But there are other benefits, as well. You could look younger, with fewer wrinkles, softer skin, and shinier hair. You might save a lot of money that would have gone up in smoke, or been spent on treating tobacco-related illness. You could have more stamina and endurance, sleep better, enjoy more tastes and smells, have whiter teeth, increase your self respect, be a better role-model for your children and grandchildren, save your loved ones from second or thirdhand smoke--the list of great reasons to quit smoking is potentially endless.
Ask yourself:
Motivation isn't something we can turn on and off like a light switch, but once we set our brains in motion solving a problem (like smoking), they inevitably move us toward a solution (quitting). The process may take a day, month, or a year, but as long as we're contrasting and comparing our old ways to the new way, our old desires to the new ones, our smoking life to a smoke free life, our odds of developing the motivation to get us there are greatly increased.
Good luck, and don't forget to visit the Q for more education and support.
Alan P, CTTS-M
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Here's the completed NFL field:
Step 3: Assemble The Goalposts And Finish the NFL field
Step 4: The Canadian field
Step 7: Finish The CFL Field
So that finishes this instructable. Be sure to comment if you want more instructables from me. Anyways, thanks for making, hope you enjoy it and bye!


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idk her name! but thats nice!
Not so poor. Intriguing points here…
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3rd Annual Blood Drive
Tuesday, Feb 26, 2013 at 2:00pm-8:00pm
1 Baltic Place, Croton-on-Hudson, NY 10520
1 out of every 3 people will require a life-saving transfusion sometime during their lifetime. You could be that 1 someday.
Our New York area is currently experiencing a blood shortage. Join us in helping to save lives. Look for the Big Blood Mobile in the parking lot of 1 Baltic Place, Croton-on-Hudson, NY (near Cristina's Ristorante, Chase Bank & Wells Fargo) between 2pm and 8pm.


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For Immediate Release Contact: Gail Towns or Tara Strickland
732.987.2266 732.987.2291
firstname.lastname@example.com firstname.lastname@example.com
Author, Scholar Marc Lamont Hill Delivers Perspective on Diversity, Hip-Hop Culture and More
Lakewood, N.J., Feb. 1, 2010—Social justice activist and media commentator Marc Lamont Hill, Ph.D., has never shied away from speaking his mind on tough issues like health care reform, racial profiling, the war on terror, and other topics that typically ignite spirited debate.
The trained anthropologist of education and regular contributor on the cable television talk show circuit will share his perspective on "Race, Politics and American Life," at 6:30 p.m. on Tuesday, February 16, in Georgian Court University's historic Casino on the Lakewood campus. Dr. Hill's talk is part of the GCU Values in Action series of presentations, films, lectures, and discussions reflecting the university's core values.
Dr. Hill's discussion is one of several events planned during Black History Month at GCU.
Dr. Hill, who has weighed in on shows like The O'Reilly Factor, Huckabee, and Hannity on FOX News, is often described as a leading intellectual who is equally comfortable on Faculty Row or Fraternity Row, and as one who moves with ease between Main Street and street culture.
In recent weeks alone, Dr. Hill has weighed in publicly on a range of headlines, including the effectiveness of the Obama administration, racially charged comments made by U.S. Senator Harry Reid, and the December 25th terror plot in Detroit.
His work, which also focuses on education, sexuality, religion, social uplift, and storytelling through hip-hop, has been published in journals, magazines, books, and anthologies. His commentary has appeared in the Washington Post, New York Times, Essence, and on NPR, and he is the author of Beats, Rhymes, and Classroom Life: Hip-Hop Pedagogy, and the Politics of Identity.
On the social justice front, Dr. Hill is a founding board member of My5th, a nonprofit organization devoted to educating youth about their political responsibilities and constitutional rights. He is passionate about increasing school engagement and reading skills among high school students, and is active in efforts to combat crime and gang violence in Philadelphia—his hometown—and in Camden, New Jersey.
Dr. Hill is an associate professor of education at Columbia University's Teachers College. He also holds an affiliated faculty appointment in African American studies at the Institute for Research in African American Studies at Columbia University.
While admission is free for current GCU students with ID, tickets for the general public are $10 per person in advance and $15 at the door. Reservations are required and can be made by contacting the Office of Conferences and Special Events at 732. 987.2263 or email@example.com.
Founded in 1908 and sponsored by the Sisters of Mercy, Georgian Court University is a comprehensive university with a strong liberal arts core and a special concern for women. A forward-thinking university that supports diversity and academic excellence, Georgian Court serves over 3,000 students of all faiths and backgrounds in a residential Women's College and a coeducational University College with undergraduate and graduate programs. Georgian Court's main campus is located at 900 Lakewood Avenue, Lakewood, N.J., on the picturesque former George Jay Gould estate, now named a National Historic Landmark. Georgian Court also offers classes at its site at One Woodbridge Center in Woodbridge, at Coastal Communiversity in Wall, and at Cumberland County College in Vineland.
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Tuesday, Aug 4Graduate Information Sessions
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Monday – Friday and selected Saturdays throughout the year
Campus Tours


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9 Shouts - 12,615 Scrobbles
Neverstar is a female fronted hard rock band from the UK described as "Evanescence meets Godsmack". The band was officially formed mid 2009, but has been a six year ambition of founding members, Pieter and Vega. Led by Vega's passionate vocals Neverstar has played some of London's most prestigious venues and has built a reputation as a band destined for big things. The band's signature sound is inspired by classical and symphonic tones combined with pounding guitars and immense vocal melodies.
Read more about Neverstar on Last.fm.
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Drug Compare
Generic: calcium carbonate-risedronate
It is used to prevent and to treat osteoporosis
What is this medicine?CALCIUM CARBONATE; RISEDRONATE (KAL see um KAR bon ate; ris ED roe nate) reduces calcium loss from bones. It is used to prevent and to treat osteoporosis.
What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
How should I use this medicine?Follow the directions on the prescription label. Take risedronate on the same day of the week, every week. Take calcium on the other 6 days of the week.
On the day you take the risedronate:
You must take this medicine exactly as directly or you will lower the amount of the medicine that you absorb into your body or you may cause yourself harm. Take this medicine by mouth first thing in the morning, after you are up for the day. Do not eat or drink anything before you take this medicine. Swallow the tablet with a full glass (6 to 8 ounces) of plain water. Do not take this medicine with any other drink. Do not chew or crush the tablet. After taking this medicine, do not eat breakfast, drink, or take any other medicines or vitamins for at least 30 minutes. Stand or sit up for at least 30 minutes after you take this medicine; do not lie down. Take this medicine on the same day every week. Do not take your medicine more often than directed.
On the days you take the calcium:
Take your calcium tablet with food on the 6 days of the week that you do not take risedronate. Do not take other medicines at the same time as your calcium.
Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed.
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