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A final wait list update for Fall 2008 has been posted to our Wait List Discussion Thread on the Hopkins Forums. Click here to access the post and the full discussion thread.
During this week the Admissions Committee has met and made final decisions regarding the wait list for the Class of 2012. For those students who sent back the blue postcard and decided to "remain on the wait list" you will be receiving correspondence through email and postal mail shortly. The emails were sent today (July 1st) and the letters will be in the mail tomorrow.
If you have been keeping up with this wait list discussion thread you will know that in May we admitted a small handful of students off the wait list (approximately 40 total students). Since then the Admissions teams has been very methodical and carefully tracking the size of the enrolling class. Though we had anticipated much more fluctuation this year then in years past due to the volume of wait list movement by our peers, in the end our class size has not dropped below our enrollment goals. Therefore the decision was made not to admit any more students off the wait list at this time.
The vast majority of you who remained on our wait list will be receiving correspondence that states we currently do not intend on admitting any additional students from the wait list this year and that we have now met our enrollment target for the fall. This is our wait list release letter and though a disappointment, it does end the waiting process. We wish you the best in your college career and appreciate the interest you showed in Hopkins.
A small handful of those students who remained on the wait list (~100+) will receive a slightly different correspondence. This group of students was selected by the Admissions Committee to receive an offer to remain on an extended summer wait list. This letter states that although we have met our enrollment targets, in the event that space might become available, we will consider the students on this extended wait list. For those selecting to remain on the extended summer wait list from this group, an official final decision will be rendered no later than July 31st.
Two important things to note about the extended summer wait list: (1) the chances for admission remain slim and only will occur in the rare cases that more spaces become available. And (2) the Admissions Committee selects the students to be offered a spot on the extended summer wait list, it is not something a wait listed student may request.
Regarding notification: As I stated above our notifications were sent via email and postal mail. If you did not receive an email on or around July 1st, then we ask that you wait for the postal mail. If by July 10th you have not received any notification, then you will need to call the Admissions Office at 410-516-8171 to check on your status. We are unable to confirm wait list status through email or these forums.
Finally, I hope all this makes sense. As always, if you have any questions please feel free to post them on this forum. We understand that this process can be frustrating and at times the waiting seems as if we were "stringing you along." We appreciate your patience, and assure you that the time line was necessitated by our need to be careful and methodical in our decisions. Every year these decisions are quite difficult to make, and I hope you understand how much we agonize over these decisions. Best of luck to each and every one of you.
If you have any questions, please post them to the Wait List Discussion Thread.


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New Positions Posted!
Looking for a new Faculty Position? We might have just what you are looking for. University of Pittsburgh, Kansas State University and Kent University all have new positions available. Check them out!
Submission Guidelines
Click Here for Details
NCBS Civic & Community Education & Engagement Grants Program
The National Council for Black Studies (NCBS) is pleased to announce that proposals are now being accepted under the new NCBS Community Education and Civic Engagement Grants Program. This program has been made possible as a result of the generous contributions of federal employees through the National Black United Fund/Federation of Charities (NBUFC).
Under this program grants will be awarded to support projects in which Africana Studies knowledge and skills are made available to local communities. Projects must involve active engagement of faculty and students with community organizations or residents. Special preference will be given to projects providing opportunities for students to obtain practical experience in assisting communities in problem solving by applying knowledge gained in Black/Africana Studies courses. Faculty affiliated with Black/Africana Studies units that are current NCBS Institutional and Individual members are eligible to apply for grants up to $2,500.
The inaugural grant under this program was awarded to the faculty of Africana Studies at
Faculty members interested in applying for a grant should submit the following:
Ø A proposal no longer than five (5) single-spaced typewritten pages.
Ø A narrative (content indicated below).
Ø A detailed budget not to exceed $2500 of grant funds (projects with larger community impact can potentially be awarded up to $2500). University funding, external and in-kind support should be listed separately.
Ø An abbreviated vita or resume of the principal investigator(s).
Proposals will be reviewed and funded on a rolling basis and can be submitted electronically to Dr. Akinyele Umoja, Chair of the Grants Committee at firstname.lastname@example.com
Examples of Outreach Categories (not limited to those listed)
Ø Youth and K-12 Mentorship
Ø Historic Preservation
Ø Cultural and educational Enrichment
Ø Leadership Development
Funding Guidelines
Ø Traditional Academic Conferences will not be funded
Ø Projects where the major focus is to fund a speaker will not be funded
Ø Traditional individual faculty research projects will not be funded
Ø Requests for equipment purchase will be assigned low priority and must specify clearly disposition of equipment after completion of the project
Ø Requests to pay honoraria to speakers/presenters will be assigned low priority
Ø Previously funded projects will not be eligible for additional funding
Ø Funds will not be provided to subsidize classroom instruction or other activities normally funded by an academic institution
Required Proposal Content
1. Description of the project you are proposing. If the project includes conducting classes, workshops, etc. include #of participants to be served, times and dates of program , starting and ending dates, # of sessions and location(s). Specify the Africana Studies resource materials and personnel that will be used in the project.
2. Description of opportunities for undergraduate and graduate students to apply knowledge and skills acquired in Africana Studies to issues of consequence for the target community.
3. Delineation of the specific goals or results expected from this project? Describe the criteria that will be used to determine if the project has been successful.
4. Justification explaining why this project is important to your local community (i.e. how will it strengthen the community? How will the target community be different as a result of this project? Discuss the extent to which the results will be sustainable following the conclusion of the project.
Expectation of Funded Projects
Ø All publicity must identify NCBS/NBUFC as project sponsor
Ø Final Report (contents described below)
Ø Participation on grants panel at NCBS annual conference
Final Report
All projects must be completed within one academic year. The final report must be submitted within 45 days of project completion or a refund will be required.
The final report must include the following:
Ø Summary of the outcome
Ø Explanation of how the program was implemented
Ø Details on how the funds were used
Ø Listing of any matching or in-kind funding provided by the university or other partners
Ø Identification of long or short term benefits of the program.
Ø Description of steps undertaken to continue activities
Sample Project Summaries
Review samples of our best practice summaries.
Model Proposal
Proposal submitted by
Dr. Shirley A. James Hanshaw
Assistant Professor at Mississippi State University
Project was Funded $5,000.00

subset: commoncrawl


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DUNMORE — For anyone who works in an office, it may be hard to imagine how you'd continue your job if everything you needed went up in flames.
Tenants of a historic building in Lackawanna County are piecing together their workplaces after this devastating fire Sunday night.
The contents of a doctor's office, a day care center, and a foster care non-profit agency are buried under a pile of rubble that used to be the old Dunmore High School. A building that dated back to the 1890's. Tuesday, the current tenants and the owner of the old school spent hours sifting through all this and preparing to move on.
Al Senofonte of Dunmore stood atop 17 years of his hard work, that's how long it's been since he bought the old Dunmore High School on S. Apple Street and turned it into offices.
Now, he's feeling lost and spent the day searching for a lost computer hard drive for one of his tenants.
"As time goes on, it's starting to sink in that this has really happened. It's just sad, I really don't know what to do at this point," Senofonte said.
Senofonte said it was like trying to find a needle in a haystack. He and his business tenants spent the day sifting through the remains of the century old school that was destroyed by fire. They tried to find any computer parts or files that were salvageable.
Senofonte is saving one piece for himself, the school's cornerstone from 1908. He plans to rebuild on the lot and said it will be a reminder of what used to be here.
"I think it was the history, and you walked into it and it had decorative tin ceilings. It had the red white and blue tile on the floor that said "Dunmore High School". There's a lot of nostalgia here and I think that made people feel warm," Senofonte said.
That warmth wasn't lost on the employees from Family Care for Children and Youth as they searched through the remains of their non-profit's office. They uncovered some personal memories, but all of their client's files are ruined.
"All of the files that we lost we have to put them back together, it's like putting the pieces of a puzzle back together. So, we have to go to our county agencies and get all of that information again," said supervisor Shari Menichello.
Employees from Here We Grow With Love Day Care stopped by too to pick up the few toys that were unscathed, many of the children that used the day care are staying at their houses for now.
They'll all start again, they say, but it's the "how" that's the hard part.
State Police fire marshals said the fire Sunday night was an accident, but they don't know what exactly sparked it.
Officials with the Dr. Vithal Dhaduk's office that was inside the building are referring patients to another office in Carbondale.
If you'd like to help Family Care for Children and Youth affected by the fire, you can call 570-961-3621.


text: Prev Purchase this photo Photo courtesy of Bill Hensley Scott-Teays Lions Bill Hensley, left, and Harold Walker speak to fifth-grade students about the U.S. Flag. Gallery: Putnam in Pictures, Friday, Feb. 28, 2014 Feb. 28, 2014 @ 12:33 PM The Herald-Dispatch / 2015 Did you miss something in Putnam County this week? Chances are, one of our photographers was there. ()


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Rachel Dove-Baldwin
Staff Writer
NORFOLK, Va. - Norfolk Southern (NS) has placed their one-of-a-kind "Veterans Tribute Locomotive" into freight service on its system to honor people who have served in the military and reserves, especially those employed by the railroad.
Engine No. 6920 is a SD60E model that will operate primarily in general freight service. Its red, white, and blue paint scheme and yellow ribbon bearing the message "Honoring our Veterans," was selected by a group of 18 NS employees, representing all branches of the armed forces.
"At Norfolk Southern, we are very grateful for the service of our railroaders, their families, and all veterans," said NS CEO Wick Moorman. "The Veterans Locomotive is a rolling reminder of their contributions and sacrifice in the name of freedom."
The first unveiling that took place on Nov. 8 was at NS' shops in Altoona, Pa., where the unit was built and painted. NS General Foreman Tim Strickenberger, a former U.S. Air Force staff sergeant who served as an F-16 aircraft mechanic during U.S. operations in the Middle East and Trainmaster Calvin Law, a 26-year U.S. Navy veteran who served as a Lieutenant Commander during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom, spoke about their military and railroad experiences. Keynote speaker was Col. Grey Berrier II, Deputy Commander, 2nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team, 28th Infantry Division, of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard.
The second unveiling, at NS' Lamberts Point coal trans-load facility in the railroad's headquarters city of Norfolk, Va., was on Veteran's Day. Chris Carter, NS conductor and Chief Warrant Officer, Virginia Army National Guard, addressed the guests about his military and railroad experience. CEO Moorman highlighted NS' desire to attract even more veterans into railroad careers. Keynote speaker was Col. William J. Davis, U.S. Marine Corps (retired), who serves as the Director of the MacArthur Memorial and Executive Director of the General Douglas MacArthur Foundation.
Painting the Veterans Locomotive involved 26 NS employees, two of whom are veterans, using 66 gallons of primer and paint over a 112-hour period. To the extent possible, Locomotive No. 6920 was kept under wraps while the work progressed.
With its non-traditional paint scheme, the locomotive joins NS' Heritage Fleet of 20 locomotives that were painted in the schemes of key predecessor railroad companies earlier this year in observance of NS' 30th anniversary.
Over the last 6 years, NS has been proud to have employed over 1,300 veterans, and presently, officials say that 14 percent of their total workforce, which equals more than 4,200 employees, are veterans and members of the National Guard and Reserves.


text:
A kidney-ureter catheter unit comprises a flexible catheter (2) provided with an introduction end (2a) of truncated conical form close to which radial drainage holes (3) are pierced. Within catheter (2) is slidably engageable a semi-rigid dilator mandrel (4) provided with an introduction end (4a) of truncated conical form and in turn slidably engaged by a semi-rigid guide element (12) having a rounded introduction end (12a). A spring (5) detachably fastens mandrel (4) to catheter (2) in an insertion condition with respect to each other in which the introduction ends (2a, 4a) of catheter (2) and mandrel (4) have the respective generators in alignment, so as to form a continuous frusto-conical surface.
1. A kidney-ureter catheter assembly for evacuation of crumbled calculi comprising
a semi-rigid guide element having a substantially cylindrical cross-section and a rounded tip at one end thereof for slidable insertion through a urethra and the ureter to place the tip in a vicinity of a kidney;
a semi-rigid intermediate member having a tubular configuration and a first end of a frasto-conical configuration, said guide element being insertable within said intermediate member;
a flexible tubular catheter provided with a second end having a substantially frusto-conical configuration, said intermediate member being slidably insertable into said catheter in such a manner that in an assembled condition said first end of the intermediate member and said second end of the catheter form a substantially continuous surface having a frustoconical configuration; and
fastening means for detachably fastening the catheter to the intermediate member when said elements are inserted into each other in the assembled condition comprising;
a spring element having a first fastening portion provided with a first gripping area;
a second fastening portion having a free end which is substantially parallel to the first fastening portion and having a second gripping area facing the first gripping area;
a spring portion connecting the first and second fastening portions to each other; and
a clasping portion extending from the first fastening portion towards the free end of the second fastening portion and engageable with the second fastening portion in a removable manner to hold fastening portions in opposition to the action exerted by the spring portion in an operating condition in which the respective gripping areas are provided with respective hollow parts of a semi-circular cross-section which, in the operative condition, give rise to a circular opening smaller in diameter than an outer diameter of the catheter and larger in diameter than an outer diameter of the intermediate member.
2. The catheter assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said catheter is made of radiopaque material.
3. The catheter assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said intermediate member is made of radiopaque material.
4. The catheter assembly as claimed in claim 1, wherein said spring is slidably engaged along the catheter through first and second openings situated wihtin the spring portion and the clasping portion respectively.
5. The catheter unit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said gripping areas are spaced apart from each other by a distance shorter than the outer diameter of the catheter and longer than the outer diameter of the intermediate member.
The present invention relates to a kidney-ureter catheter assembly particularly adapted to evacuate crumbled calculi. More specifically the invention is designed to be used to achieve the drainage of calculus fragments resulting from the destruction of renal calculi through modern techniques using shock waves, ultrasounds or the like.
At the present time calculus fragments obtained as a result of the above therapy are directly evacuated through ureter and urethra. However this solution can give rise to a series of complications because, above all when calculi of great sizes are concerned, the obtained fragments can obstruct ureter owing both to their relatively important dimensions and to the fact that they are numerous.
On the other hand, it is to be noted that at the present state of the art the evacuation of said fragments through drainage cannot be obtained in a satisfactory manner. This is essentially due to the fact that ureter is a very delicate canal and has a very reduced clearance, so that it is almost impossible to introduce catheters or probes of appropriate sizes thereinto without the risk of its tearing.
For the above reasons the modern and advantageous techniques consisting in "bombarding" calculi by means of ultrasounds or the like cannot be used when renal calculi have relatively important sizes.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to solve the above specified drawbacks by providing a kidney-ureter catheter assembly arranged so that it is easily insertable into urethra and ureter without any risk of tearing the same and adapted to allow calculus fragments to be evacuated even if they have relatively important sizes and are numerous.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a assembly which is convenient to handle and use and adapted to be easily produced by the industries of the sector.
The foregoing and still further objects which will become more apparent in the following are substantially achieved by a kidney-ureter catheter assembly particularly adapted to evacuate crumbled calculi, comprising:
a flexible tubular catheter provided with an introduction end substantially of truncated conical form in the vicinity of which at least a drainage hole substantially extending in a radial direction is pierced;
a semi-rigid dilator mandrel of tubular configuration provided with an introduction end of truncated conical form, said mandrel being longer than the catheter and being slidably engageable within the latter to be brought to an insertion condition in which the introduction end thereof extends beyond the catheter's introduction end; and
a semi-rigid guide element of cylindrical section exhibiting a rounded introduction end slidably engaging the dilator mandrel.
Further features and advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the detailed description of a preferred embodiment of a kidney-ureter catheter assembly given hereinafter by way of non-limiting example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective diagrammatic view of the catheter assembly in question;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged broken and partly sectional view of the elements composing the catheter assembly according to the invention in the region of the introduction ends thereof;
FIG. 3 is a front view on an enlarged scale of a component of the catheter assembly according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the component seen in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 diagrammatically shows the catheter assembly in question introduced into body through ureter until it reaches the kidney;
FIG. 6 is a broken sectional view showing the positioning of the catheter being part of the assembly in question, relative to the kidney.
Referring to the drawings and particularly to FIG. 1, reference numeral 1 globally denotes a kidney-ureter catheter assembly, particularly adapted to evacuate crumbled calculi in accordance with the present invention.
Unit 1 comprises a catheter 2 of suitable length and having a cylindrical tubular section. Catheter 2 is provided with a tapered introduction end 2a substantially of truncated conical form. Close to the introduction end 2a provision is made for one or more substantially radial drainage holes 3. More particularly, two drainage holes 3 are provided which are disposed at diametrically opposed positions spaced apart by a different distance from the introduction end 2a.
Catheter 2 is made of flexible material especially manufactured so that the difference between the catheter outer diameter and the catheter inner diameter may be very small. In addition to the above features, the material of which catheter 2 is made must be soft and biocompatible so that it may stay inside body for a long time without causing any damages.
To this end, catheter 2 can be made for example of a polyvinyl chloride (resin) and low density polyethylene composition to which plasticizers and diluents are added, such as di-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate, epoxy soybean oil, calcium -zinc stearate in epoxy soybean oil, basic zinc (22%) octoate, calcium - zinc stearate in an organic base, glycerol mono-oleate and/or other similar products.
Furthermore the material used for catheter 2 can advantageously be a radiopaque material so that it is possible to check the position thereof within the patient's body by a radiography. This characteristics can be for example achieved by adding the above specified composition of barium sulfate.
Assembly 1 also comprises a dilator mandrel 4 of cylindrical tubular section too, provided with an introduction end 4a substantially of truncated conical form. Dilator mandrel 4 is longer than catheter 2 and its outer diameter is slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the catheter so that it can be slidably engaged within the same. In fact said dilator mandrel 4 must be engaged inside catheter so that it may be disposed according to an insertion arrangement allowing the introduction end 4a of mandrel 4 to extend beyond the introduction end 2a of catheter, as shown in FIG. 2. Preferably, in said insertion condition the introduction ends 4a and 2a of mandrel 4 and catheter 2 respectively should have their respective generators substantially aligned so that a substantially continuous frusto-conical surface can be obtained.
Preferably mandrel 4 is made of semi-rigid plastic material which can be made radiopaque too for example by addition of barium sulfate to the material composition.
The mutual positioning of mandrel 4 and catheter 2 according to the above insertion arrangement is advantageously achieved by fastening means preferably consisting of a spring 5 acting upon catheter 2 at the end thereof opposite the introduction end 2a. According to the present invention spring 5 is comprised of substantially parallel first 6 and second 7 fastening portions linked to each other by a spring portion. Fastening portions 6 and 7 are provided with respective facing gripping areas 9 and 10.
Spring 5 also has a clasping portion 11 adjoining the first fastening portion 6 and extending therefrom towards the free end of the fastening portion 7.
A first opening 8a and a second opening 11a are provided in the clasping portion 11 and spring portion 8 respectively, through which openings spring 5 can be slidably engaged on catheter 2 as shown in FIG. 1.
Fastening portions 6 and 7 can be brought from a rest position in which they are spaced apart from each other thereby allowing spring 5 to slide over catheter 2, to an operating condition in which said fastening portions are moved close to each other in such a way that the gripping areas thereof are spaced apart from each other by a maximum distance which however must be shorter than the outer diameter of catheter 2 and bigger than the outer diameter of dilator mandrel 4. Under this condition catheter 2 is squashed against the dilator mandrel 4 surface without causing the latter to be in turn deformed.
In the embodiment shown it is also advantageously provided for the gripping areas 9 and 10 to have respective hollows of semi-circular configuration. As shown in FIG. 3 in which a front view of spring 5 in its operating condition is seen, said hollows 9a and 10a give rise, under this situation, to a circular opening the diameter of which is smaller than the outer diameter of the catheter and bigger than the outer diameter of the mandrel. The mutual positioning of fastening portions 6 and 7 in their operating condition is maintained, in opposition to the action exerted by the spring portion 8, through the engagement of the free end of the second portion 7 with the clasping portion 11.
The catheter assembly 1 further comprises a semi-rigid guide element 12 of cylindrical section having a diameter slightly smaller than the inner diameter of the dilator mandrel 4. Guide element 12 is intended to slidably house mandrel 4 and is provided with a rounded introduction end 12a disposed on the same side as the introduction ends 4a and 2a previously described, as clearly shown in FIG. 2.
Operation of the catheter assembly according to the invention described above mainly as regards structure, is as follows.
First of all guide element 12, starting from its introduction end 12a, is inserted into urethra (not shown) and is then pushed through bladder and ureter, identified by reference numeral 13 in FIG. 5, as far as said end 12a comes close to the kidney identified by reference numeral 14.
Advantageously guide element 12 has a very reduced diameter, so that it can be easily introduced into ureter without tearing the same or causing traumas thereto.
Afterwards dilator mandrel 4 and catheter 2, arranged in an insertion condition and fastened to each other by spring 5 being operative, are caused to slide along guide element 12 which suitably guides them through urethra and ureter until the introduction ends 4a and 2a thereof reach the area where the connection between ureter 13 and kidney 14 takes place. This connection area has been identified by reference numeral 13a in FIG. 6.
It is to be underlined that, as previously said, spring 5 has such structural features that its action on catheter 2 does not cause any deformations on the dilator mandrel 4 so that sliding of the latter along the guide element 12 is not hindered.
Furthermore, the frusto-conical surfaces of introduction ends 4a and 2a when arranged for insertion cause, at the moment of the above specified insertion operation, a gradual dilating of urethra and ureter, without tearing the same or otherwise causing traumas thereto. Once end 2a of catheter 2 has properly reached the connection area 13a as above specified, spring 5 is manually brought to its rest condition and guide element 12 and dilator mandrel 4 are withdrawn from catheter 2.
At the end of the above operation catheter 2 has been therefore introduced into urethra and ureter and its end 2a has been situated in the connection area 13a as seen in FIG. 6. Under this situation, the presence of holes 3 allows an easy drainage of calculus fragments after calculi, following an ultrasound therapy, have been crumbled.
It will be recognized that sizes of holes 3 and of the inner diameter of catheter 2 have been advantageously studied so that they may allow for the evacuation of important amounts of fragments even of relatively big dimensions.
The present invention attains the intended purposes. In fact, as clearly apparent from the above description, the catheter assembly being the subject of the present invention can be easily inserted into body through urethra until it reaches the kidney without any risks of tearing the canals through which it is caused to pass or of causing traumas thereto. In addition, as it allows for the evacuation of an important number of calculus fragments which may also have relatively big sizes, said catheter assembly makes it possible to adopt ultrasound-type therapies or the like even when it is necessary to act on big renal calculi.
Furthermore the catheter assembly of the invention has a very simple structure which can be accomplished by the industries of the sector at low prices.
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One of the most fulfilling and interesting experiences that someone can have is traveling to a place that they have never been before, or revisiting a foreign area that is rich in culture. Whether you are single, in a relationship, have children or just want to go with friends, there are travel options for you. Read this article to learn about traveling on any income!
When you decide that you would like to take a trip, the first thing you should decide is how much money you have to spend on the trip. For those with lower incomes, it makes more sense to do a road trip within the country because international plane flights are very expensive. Visiting Canada or Mexico is an option for those who already have a passport but cannot afford traveling to Europe or Asia. If traveling with others, make sure that you know how much everyone is willing to contribute for gas, accommodations and other expenses so you can decide on the trip.
After deciding on how much money you have to spend on the trip, figure out if you would rather keep it domestic or if you can afford to go to another country. Those who must road trip within our borders should consider visiting hot spots like New Orleans, New York City, Denver or other big cities with a lot of culture and history. If you would rather do free activities or spend time outdoors, keep this in mind as well. Large cities can get expensive quickly, even if they have a lot of great things to do like live plays or fun clubs. Consider the interests of everyone going, as those traveling with children should make sure that there will be something entertaining for the little ones as well.
If you are traveling abroad, it is important to book hotels and buy plane tickets as soon as possible to avoid rising costs. Research the accommodations in the area that you will be visiting by looking at some travel site reviews or any related materials. Depending on what kind of activities you would like to do, this makes a big difference on where you should stay. Those who would like to visit museums should look for a hotel in a different place than those who are interested in rock climbing or experiencing the nightlife.
Make sure most of all that you do not overpack if you will be traveling abroad. You will be much more likely to lose things and it will get tedious dragging heavy suitcases around. Those on a road trip will grow tired of not having enough legroom while driving for several hours at a time.
Traveling can be fun on any budget, whether you want to take an international plane flight or have a simple road trip. Keep in mind which activities you would like to do and where you want to stay. Remember the tips in this article so you can have a trip or vacation of a lifetime!
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"The president thought long and hard about this decision, knowing full well that it would be controversial," stated White House spokesperson Dana Perino. "He felt that it was important to begin the healing process and have this sad state of events put behind the country. The president feels that Mr. Vick and the NFL have suffered enough, and that the loss of his career should be punishment enough."
"He's quite a charming young man," stated the president to reporters afterwards. "I do believe that he has learned his lesson, and I see no point in having this dragged out before the courts and televisions and further demeaning America's favorite pastime. They have come up with some fairly creative probationary requirements for Mike, including extensive community service at the Atlanta humane shelter. He has also graciously consented to do a little remedial training with my Barney as well."
The White House further stated that this was evidence that the president would continue to utilize his judicial pardon powers in a fair and equal manner, and that he was looking forward to an exciting NFL season this year. The president also accepted a Falcons' jersey with the number seven from Vick aboard Air Force One.
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Products & ServicesSee also: Categories | Featured Products | Parts by Number | Technical Articles | More Information
Description: transmission media Directional couplers, hybrids, and magic T Microelectromechanical systems based switches and phase shifters Tunable devices using ferroelectric materials Photonic bandgap structures Printed circuit antennas
Electrical Connectors - USB 3.0 SuperSpeed to Gigabit Ethernet NIC Network Adapter, 10/100/1000 Mbps, White -- U336-000-GBWSupplier: Tripp Lite
Description: capability Compliant with USB 3.0, 2.0, and USB 1.1 specifications Compliant with IEEE 802.3 (10Base-T) and 802.3u (100Base-TX) standards Supports both full-duplex and half-duplex operations Supports suspend mode and remote wakeup via link-up and magic packet Powered by USB port - no external power
Supplier: Microchip Technology, Inc.
Description: and Instrumentation. - IEEE 802.3 compatible Ethernet Controller- Fully Compatible with 10/100/1000Base-T networks- Integrated MAC and 10BASE-T PHY- 64Flash- 8KB Ethernet Buffer- Support for Unicast, Multicast and Broadcast packets- Programmable wake-up on multiple packet formats,including Magic Packet®
- Data Bus: 8 Bit
- Clock Speed: 4.20E7 Hz
- Internal RAM Size: 3.81 KB
- Internal ROM Type: Flash
Supplier: Microchip Technology, Inc.
Description: Microchip's ENC28J60 is a 28-pin, 10BASE-T stand alone Ethernet Controller with on board MAC & PHY, 8 Kbytes of Buffer RAM and an SPI serial interface. With a small foot print package size the ENC28J60 minimizes complexity, board space and cost. Target applications include VoIP, Industrial
- Technology: SPI, Ethernet
- Device Type / Applications: Other
- RoHS Compliant: Yes
- Supply Voltage: 3.3 V, 3.6V, Other
Supplier: Radicom Research, Inc.
Description: operation with back-pressure flow control Supports 2 VLAN ID filtering, received VLAN Tag (4 bytes) can be stripped off or preserved PHY loop-back diagnostic capability Supports Wake-on-LAN Function Supports Suspend Mode and Remote Wakeup via Link-change, Magic packet, MS wakeup frame and external
- Protocol / Network: 10Base-T Ethernet, Fast Ethernet
- Port Type: RJ-45, USB
- Operating Temperature: 32 to 140 F
Supplier: ASME
Description: is not a good thermal sensor. It not only has calibration problems, but you might literally get burned. Chapter 1.4 T-types Fried My Brain There is a reason why different types of thermocouple wire have unique color codes. You can't always tell the difference between the types by just using common sense
Supplier: Spinner Atlanta
Description: No Description Provided
- Component Type: Bend Assemblies
- Waveguide Cross Section: Rectangular
- Waveguide Material: Silver
- Type: Other
Description: Interface • SMA Coupling (dB) • 3 Frequency Range (GHz) • 1.0-1.02.4 Power Rating (Watts) • 30
- Package Type: Connectorized
- Frequency Range: 1.00E9 to 1.24E10 Hz
- Average Power: 0.0402 HP
- Coupling: 3 dB
Supplier: Valspar Corporation (The)
Description: A Diamond in the tough. Create a coating that's flexible enough to power through the forming process, yet tough enough to deliver premium harness, stain resistance and flexibility. Cut to Valspar Chemists doing their magic of technology and out of the lab comes Diamond Guard T. Chemistry
- Substrate / Surface: Aluminum, Steel
- Features: Weather / UV Resistant
- Industry: Automotive
Supplier: CompUSA
Description: Find a new way of expressing yourself through your pictures by discovering the magic of filters with the Polaroid PL4FIL72 4-Piece Filter kit. This age of digital photography might have diminished the use of filters but it hasn't diminished its importance in photography. With this set
- Filter Type: Ultraviolet Clear
Description: / MS PRO MG HIGH SPEED / MS PRO MG EXTREME III / MS MG / MS MG DUO / MS MG PRO DUO / EXTREME MS PRO / MS SELECT / EXTREME III MS PRO / ULTRA II MS PRO / HS MS MG PRO / HS MS MG PRO DUO / HS MS PRO / HS MS PRO DUO / MS ROM / MS PRO Magic Gate/ MS DUO Magic Gate / MS Micro (M2) Micro SD(T-Flash) Slot
Supplier: Cable Depot Inc.
Description: USB to Ethernet 10/100BaseT Adapter Features Compliant with USB 2.0 and USB 1.1 specifications Compliant with IEEE 802.3 (10Base-T) and 802.3u (100Base-TX) standards Supports both full-duplex and half-duplex operations. Supports suspend mode and remote wakeup via link-up and magic packet
- Device Type: Serial Data Converter
Supplier: Computer Network Accessories, Inc.
Description: swappable and fully Plug and Play compatible for quick and easy installation with PC or Mac computers. Windows98/2000/XP/Vista/7 and Mac OS 10.2 or higher compatible. Supported media types include: MS, MS-DUO, MS PRO, MS PRO-Duo, MS Magic Gate CF I/II, CF Ultra II, CF Extreme III, Micro Drive
Description: Featuring the Evercool's Magic NB-MA1 Notebook cooler. This little magical attachment gives you the ability to keep your notebook breathing fresh and staying cool without the hassle of a huge cooling pad. Compatible with all the major brands, the Evercool NB-MA1 attaches right to your notebooks
Supplier: Pepperl+Fuchs International
Description: Miniature photoelectric slot sensor for the detection of small parts, T-shaped housing design, 3.15 mm slot width, infrared light, NPN outputs, fixed cable Miniature design Optimized for the detection of small parts High switching frequency Group Overview : Photoelectric Sensors Our broad range
- Beam: Infrared
- Body: Slot
Supplier: Cable Depot Inc.
Description: function which allows remote wake-up (Magic packet, Microsoft wake-up frame and media wake-up) Support full-duplex operation for up to 200Mbps data transfer rate Support full-duplex flow control (IEEE 802.3x) Support Promiscuous operation Support Boot ROM interface Support ODI, NDIS, Packet
Description: with a flip-out LCD screen will leave footprints in people's memories. This Aerocool 55-in-1 panel is very versatile, detecting 3 sets of temperatures and fan speeds. It even has 3 Alarm settings for those of you who spend all night gaming and can't wake up in the morning! Get this Aerocool
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Metal Cutting Corporation
What Tolerances Do You Really Need?
in expensive production methods. Related Article: An Infographic Quick Guide to Choosing The Right Metal Cutting Method. The three magic words. There are standards in place for different industries, with tolerances recommended based on factors such as function, material, machine, and process. And there are handbooks, technical guides and fact sheets that provide the default tolerances for a variety of products and processes. In fact, most drawings will name a default tolerance under... (read more)
Browse Metal Tubes Datasheets for Metal Cutting Corporation
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|Carbide Cutter;4 1/4 in Diagonal;Semi-flush Cut;Magic;Erem
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Because This Isn t Hogwarts
Prophet. In the recent movies, this newspaper becomes 3-D while photos and authors can jump out of the page to speak in person. As exciting as that would be for , magic is apparently not allowed in the Muggle world. While we unfortunately cannot offer you all of our resources in a print format, we
Medical Device Link .
It seems like an idea conjured up using movie magic. But while a thin flexible-display version of a newspaper was featured in the 2002 sci-fi thriller, Minority Report --set in the year 2054 --the concept isn 't just a novelty in a Steven Spielberg film. Rapidly approaching the transition from
RFID Battles the Elements
By Paul Thomas, Managing Editor Understanding how the elements might impact RF signals takes a bit of black magic, since little hard data exists, notes Bert Moore of IDAT Consulting (Atlanta). Often, the product is the problem. Geritol, he says, is not RF-friendly because of its high iron
IR Camera: Public Relations Tool
Tri-State G & T Association provides electricity to its 44 electric co-ops owners. They, in turn, service more than 500,000 meters representing over 1.5 million customers. Our department's infrared camera is used as a 'public relations' tool. By bringing the camera to a member co-op and using
FDA's Chris Watts on New Directions for PAT at FDA
with EMEA, meeting with EMEA and discussing PAT with them. On more than one occasion, PAT has been the specific subject of meetings. Tell me about E55. Helen Winkle had, at one point, talked about extending E55 to cover pharmaceutical manufacturing more broadly. I don t think we re looking
From the Editor: Validating Process Validation
the prior guidance in that it: So what was so wrong with the prior guidance? I decided to check the wording of the more carefully. It made me wonder about a few things ....for one thing, where on earth did the magic number three (for the infamous "three validation batches ") come up? It wasn 't
Multimedia Coverage at a Heartbeat
are in Mumbai checking email at an Internet kiosk or at the Magic Kingdom Business Center surfing the web while your children fly Space Mountain for the 37th time. As we strive to improve our digital media capabilities, with the help of Scott Babcock, our trusty multimedia producer, our editors were able
Therapeutic Dose: Courting Biotech
Local, regional and national trade associations were, literally, wining and dining BIO attendees, from a night of sake and sushi with the Japanese External Trade Organization to a wine tasting gala courtesy of Biotechnology Australia. If you weren t having cappuccino with Italians, you were eating
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Broadband magic�?Ts with the use of coupled�?line directional couplers and left�?handed transmission line sections
The designed magic T has been manufactured and measured.
Principles of Microwave Circuits
The Equivalent Circuit of a Four-junction 298 Directional Couplers 299 The Scattering Matrix of a Directional Coupler 301 The Arbitrary Junction of Four Transmission Lines 303 The Magic T 306 King Circuits 308 Four-junctions with Small Holes 311 Degenerate Four...
An H-plane waveguide 180-degree hybrid~A planar magic-T~
109, no. 109, MW2009-24, pp. 31-36, Jun. 2009.(Japanese ed.) [7] S. Matsumoto, H. Ikeuchi, I. Ohta, T. Kawai, M. Kishihara, K. Iio and T. Kashiwa, "Novel H-plane waveguide 180° hybrid: planar magic T ,�? Proc. IEICE Electronics Society...
A planar magic-T structure using substrate integrated circuits concept
Hara and M. Aikawa,"Very small ultra-wide band MMIC magic T and applications to combiners and .
Hybrid finite-element-modal-expansion method for matched magic T-junction
Hybrid finite-element-modal-expansion method for matched magic T -junction .
New uniplanar coplanar waveguide hybrid-ring couplers and magic-T's
HO et al.: NEW UNIPLANAR COPLANAR WAVEGUIDE HYBRID-RING COUPLERS AND MAGIC T 's .
Very small ultra-wide-band MMIC magic T and applications to combiners and dividers
Very small ultra-wide-band MMIC magic T and applications to combiners and dividers .
Very small wide-band MMIC magic T's using microstrip lines on a thin dielectric film
Very small wide-band MMIC magic T 's using microstrip lines on a thin dielectric film .


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Traveling Tidepool Outreach Program (Grades 1-8)
Do you know what a sea urchin eats, and what eats a sea urchin? The answer to that question and more is coming to a Traveling Tidepool Program near you! This program, a favorite for many years, allows participants to handle and observe a wide range of live tidal pool animals from local waters.As a community organization in Boston and Cambridge, you may qualify for a free traveling tidepool program. Traveling Tidepool is best for grades 1-8, and lasts approximately 1 hour. If you think your organization might qualify, please fill out the community outreach application form or contact the Aquarium's Community Programs department at 617-973-0281 or email@example.com.
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Fasig-Tipton Midlantic sale: Half-sister to Unbridled Command brings $100,000
A weanling half-sister to recent Grade 1 winner Unbridled Command became the first offering to break the six-figure mark Monday at the Fasig-Tipton Midlantic December mixed sale. McMahon and Hill Bloodstock, agents for Edition Farm, purchased the Read the Footnotes filly for $100,000.
The gray or roan filly is out of the unraced Unbridled's Song mare Unbridled Betty, who has produced four winners from five to race. Her most successful offspring, Unbridled Command, won the Grade 1 Hollywood Derby on Nov. 25 and won the Grade 3 Saranac Stakes and a listed stakes earlier this year.
Bred in New York by Rhapsody Farm and Jon Davis, the weanling filly is from the family of multiple Grade 1 winner Manistique. She was consigned by Rhapsody Farm and Hidden Lake Farm, agents.
The weanling is the second-highest-priced foal out of Unbridled Betty to sell at public auction. Spring Beauty, a Consolidator filly, brought $130,000 at the 2008 Fasig-Tipton Kentucky selected yearling sale. Earlier this year, her yearling colt by Freud dropped the hammer at $82,000 at the Fasig-Tipton Saratoga New York-bred preferred sale.


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Realtors react to tax credit extensionWritten by Kristen Criswell | | email@example.com
President Obama signed a three-month deadline extension of the homebuyers tax credit July 2.
The law allows individuals, who were in the process of purchasing a home before April 30, a closing deadline extension. Originally, the homebuyers had to close by June 30 to qualify for the homebuyers tax credit, but the extension now requires all closures to be completed by Sept. 30.
The number of houses in contract on or before April 30 caused delays and back-ups with paperwork and loans that prevented many homes from closing by June 30, said Ed Sitter, president elect of the Toledo Board of Realtors.
In the Toledo area, the extension prevents approximately 100 homes from falling out of their contracts and starting over, Sitter said.
"The tax credit gave buyers the incentive to by and helped them determine the price they wanted to pay for their house. They had it in the back of their minds how much they'd get back with the tax credit," Sitter said. " Home owners could afford to take less knowing they'd get he other tax credit on their new home."
Additionally, Obama signed the National Flood Insurance Program Extension Act of 2010 on July 2.
The law reauthorizes and retroactively authorizes the Federal Emergency Agency (FEMA) to enter into new flood insurance contracts until Sept. 30.
Homebuyers that are purchasing a house on a flood plain are required to have flood insurance, Sitter said. FEMA recently redrew flood maps in the area increasing the areas that fall into the flood zones, he said.
"If you are going to buy a house and fall within a flood zone, you are required to have flood insurance. The lenders require it because the government requires it of them through regulations," Sitter said. " If the government didn't provide insurance to the market those houses would be kept unaffordable."
Realtors across the country are petitioning the government to come up with long-term legislation to address the problem, Sitter said. The current extension is just a "sigh of relief" until it comes time to renew the legislation again.


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Plan DescriptionElegant details give this Premier Luxury house plan plenty of European style as well as stunning curb appeal. Just imagine this stately home set upon a picturesque hillside! The entry makes a lasting impression with this eye-catching staircase. To the right, the double doors open to the living room, a great place for conversation with dinner guests before your meal is served. On the left, more double doors open to reveal a cozy den. At the back of the home, the common gathering areas enjoy 10 ceilings and are warmed by a centrally located fireplace. A bay of windows highlights of the formal dining room while more windows fill the family room with natural light. The kitchen features a step-saver shape and is anchored by a cooking island. A 3-car, side-entry garage, half bath and utility room polish off the main level. At the top of the curved staircase youll discover 9 ceilings and four bedrooms indulging in privacy. One of the secondary bedrooms enjoys a private bath making it the perfect guest room. The other two secondary bedrooms work well for the kids and share a compartmented, hall bath. Your master suite is designed to pamper and features fine amenities like an over-sized walk-in closet and sumptuous bath complete with His and Her vanities, a spa tub and separate shower. Dont miss the bonus room over the garage or the handy elevator. Filled with lavish amenities, practical features and comfortable spaces, this luxurious two-story European house plan is second to none!
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One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest This Discovery School lesson plan for grades 7-12 focuses on critical reviews and the issues involved in adapting novels for the screen. Offers vocabulary, focus questions, and additional links.
Ken Kesey & Jerry Garcia on LSD & Creativity
Kingswood College: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Contains biographical information about Kesey, a short plot summary of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and character descriptions, as well as a list of themes to consider.
Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters (essay) Essay on the life and writings of Ken Kesey and others associated with the Merry Pranksters and Kesey's Acid Tests. Discusses Kesey's early experimentation with hallucinogens under the auspices of the U.S. government as well as encounters between Kesey and the Merry Pranksters and prominent counterculture figures.
Metaphor and mind style in Ken Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. (essay) "Roger Fowler coined the term "mind style" in 1977 to describe the phenomenon in which the language of a text projects a characteristic world view, a particular way of perceiving and making sense of the world."
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest Movie Trailer
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest WebQuest online research activity. "You are an undercover social worker assigned to check yourself into the "Quest" Psychiatric Ward. During your stay at the ward, you must complete a number of steps to research the treatment of the patients in the asylum. Use your knowledge from the novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey to help you complete each assignment." Most, but not all, external links are working at this site.
Brief Discussion Guide for One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Ken Kesey: The Far Gone Interview This site contain the transcript of a phone interview with Ken Kesey from September 13, 1992.
Ken Kesey TV report (2001)
Ken Kesey obituary article from BBC- 10 November, 2001
Ken Kesey Web Site Mostly loud memorabilia, but click "Writings" to see an article Kesey wrote for Rolling Stone about the shootings at Thurston High School in Springfield, Oregon, as well as his Christmas story and Twister article.
Secondary Print Sources:
- *Novels for Students Vol 2. Ref PN 3365 .N6 v.2 - Includes a short biography of Kesey as well as a plot summary, description of characters, discussion of style, themes, and criticism of his book One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.
- Specific studies of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and Kesey's fiction
- Billingsley, Ronald B., The Artistry of Ken Kesey, 1971
- Critical edition of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, ed. John C. Pratt, 1973 Leeds, Barry H., Ken Kesey
- 1981 Porter, M. Gilbert, The Art of Grit: Ken Kesey's Fiction, 1982
- Kesey's place in American literature and culture
- Allen, Mary. The Necessary Blankness: Women in Major American Fiction of the Sixties, 1976
- Cook, Bruce. The Beat Generation, 1971
- Harris, Charles B. Contemporary American Novelists of the Absurd
- Perry, Paul. On the Bus: The Complete Guide to the Legendary Trip of Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters and the Birth of the Counterculture, 1990
- Wallace, Ronald. The Last Laugh: Form and Affirmation in the Contemporary American Comic Novel
- Wolfe, Tom. The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, 1968
- Some reviews of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
- New Yorker, April 21, 1962
- New York Herald Tribune, February 25, 1962
- New York Times Book Review, February 4, 1962


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The invention relates to an oral composition for prevention of mycotic infections of the oral cavity comprising an antifungal compound embedded in a sustained release carrier such as a cellulosic polymer or a hydrophobic polymer, and a method for use of said composition in preventing microfungal infections in the oral cavity. The invention also provides for the supplementation of said oral composition with an adhesive and a plasticizer to increase antifungal effectiveness.
1. A sustained release oral anti-fungal varnish composition which comprises:
(a) efficacious levels of an antimycotic drug;
(b) a sustained release hydrophobic polymer, wherein said sustained release hydrophobic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene, polymethacrylate, polyamide-nylon, poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) cellulose nitrate, and silicones and
(c) a plasticizer;
in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
2. The varnish composition of claim 1, wherein said antimycotic drug is selected from the group consisting of nystatin, amphotericin, B, miconazole, and clotrimazole.
3. The varnish composition of claim 2, wherein said antimycotic drug is nystatin.
4. The varnish composition of claim 2 wherein said atimycotic drug is Amphotericin B.
5. The varnish composition of claim 1, wherein said pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle comprises an agent selected from the group consisting of water; ethyl alcohol; and ethyl alcohol and water.
6. The varnish composition of claim 5, which additionally contains an agent selected from the group consisting of a flavoring agent, surface active agent and coloring agent.
7. The varnish composition of claim 1, wherein said plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, and mineral oil.
8. The varnish composition of claim 5, which additionally contains an adhesive gum.
9. The varnish composition of claim 8, wherein said adhesive gum is gum mastic.
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/304,092 (filed on Jan. 31, 1989), now abandoned.
The invention is directed to an antimycotic composition for the prevention of microfungal infections of the oral cavity and to a method for using said composition in treating mycotic diseases of the oral cavity caused by microfungi.
Microfungi can be classified as yeasts and filamentous fungi. Microfungi are capable of causing a variety of diseases in the oral cavity and the surrounding area. Mycotic diseases may arise as part of a systemic microfungal infection or may be derived from an independent infection which establishes in the oral cavity. Oral mycoses and their treatment are an important problem in oral medicine and have been reviewed in Kostiala, I. et al., Acta Odontol. Scand. 37:87-101 (1987), incorporated herein by reference.
Many factors can predispose a patient to an opportunistic microfungal infection in the oral cavity. For example, general debilitation or poor oral hygiene are predisposing factors. Patients who are being treated with antibiotics, steroids, or cytostatic therapy, patients with AIDS, diabetes mellitus or other immunodeficiency or hormonal diseases, patients with malignant tumors or a hematogenous disorder are all at a high risk for opportunistic fungal infections. In addition, certain age groups such as infants, the elderly, and pregnant women are at a higher risk of oral fungal infections.
Mechanical trauma from an ill-fitted prosthesis is also a major cause of oral microfungal infections. One report estimated that Candida was involved in 60% of the cases of "denture sore mouth" (denture stomatitis) in the elderly (Budtz-Jorgensen, E. et al., Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 3:115 (1975)). Denture stomatitis appears to be a manifestation of a cell-mediated hypersensitivity reaction to the microfungal infection.
It is important to treat oral mycotic infections as soon as possible. Untreated infections may become the foci for systemic dissemination of the yeast or fungus, with potentially fatal results in severely compromised patients. For example, disseminated candidosis is the second most common opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS (Odds, F. C., CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 15:1-5 (1987)).
The most important species of microfungi which have been implicated as being involved in superficial or deep mycotic infections in the oral cavity include Candida albicans. C. tropicalis, C. stellatoidea, C. pseudotropicalis. C. parapsilosis, C. quilliermondii, C. krusei, and C. vixwanathii, all of which have been implicated in candidosis; Torulopsis glabrata which is the cause of torulpsidosis; Geotrichum candidum, which is the cause of geotrichosis; Rhizopus, Mucor, Absidia, and Basidiobolus which are the cause of aspergillosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, the cause of cryptococcosis; Blastomyces dermatitidis, the cause of blastomycosis; Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the cause of paracoccidioidomycosis; Sporothrix schenkii, the cause of sporotrichosis; Rhinosporidium seeberi, the cause of rhinosporidoisis; Histoplasma capsulatum, the cause of histoplasmosis; Histoplasma duboisii, the cause of African histoplasmosis, Coccidiodes immities, the cause of coccidioidomycosis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, T. tonsurans and T. violaceum, the causes of dermatophytosis; and, Rhinocladiella or Phialophora, and Cladosporium, the causes of chromomycosis.
The Candida species is the most virulent of the fungi which infect the oral mucosa. Pathogenic Candida species are aerobic yeasts that can also grow anaerobically. C. albicans, the Candida species most often responsible for infections of the oral cavity, grows in two morphological forms: either as a budding yeast, or as a continuously extending hyphae which extends into tissue. In the oral cavity, Candida may cause a variety of disorders based on localization of the infection such as pulpitis, gingivitis, tonsillitis, cheilitis, glossitis, stomatitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis and sinusitis.
Oral candidosis has been classified into different categories based on the clinical and histopathological manifestations of the infection (Lehner, T., in Clinical Aspects of immunology, P.G.H. Gell, et al., eds., 3rd edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1975, pp.1387-1427).
Acute Pseudomembranous candidosis, or thrush, primarily affects children or patients with debilitating diseases (Crawson, R. A., Dent. Res. 15:361-364 (1965). C. albicans is a major causative agent of thrush in the newborn.
The clinical signs which usually appear first are creamy-white, soft, nonkeratotic plaques which appear on the mucosa of the tongue, cheeks, gum and pharynx. The plaque is easily rubbed off, leaving an inflamed mucosa underneath. There may be no subjective symptoms until the plaque spreads to the pharynx, larynx or esophagus, where it may cause dysphaghia, soreness and dryness of the tongue, a sore throat or symptoms of cheilitis.
Acute atrophic candidosis is a form of thrush which is consistently painful, and which is thought to arise as a consequence of the shedding of the fungal plaque from its site of attachment to the tissue. It can be found on the dorsum linguae, or associated with angular cheilitis and inflammation of cheeks and lips.
Chronic atrophic candidosis, or denture stomatitis is the term given to Candida-based infections of the denture-bearing tissues. Torulopsis glabrata is also associated with some forms of denture stomatitis.
Chronic mucocutaneous candidosis refers to four different types of candidosis which are resistant to treatment and which are associated with patients with a heterogeneous pattern of immunodeficiencies. These types of candidosis include chronic oral hyperplastic candidosis, which predominately affects adult males between the ages of 30 and 70; chronic localized mucocutaneous candidosis, which starts in childhood as an intractable oral Candida infection and later manifects itself as lesions in the nails, and skin of the fingers and toes; chronic localized mucocutaneous candidosis with granuloma which primarily affects young girls, starting in the mouth but later manifesting itself as horny masses of the face, scalp and upper respiratory tract; and, chronic localized mucocutaneous chadidosis with endocrine disorder, also found most frequently in young girls, and associated with lesions of the tongue, cheek, oral commissures and nails.
The establishment of a mycotic infection in the oral cavity presents a serious health problem to the host which must be treated and contained. Treatment of mycotic diseases is directed to controlling this flora.
The most widely used approach to date to control microfungi in the oral cavity has been mechanical cleaning methods such as brushing the teeth. Although this method has proved to be fairly successful in treating individuals, there is still a high recurrence rate. There is also the problem of motivating people to good oral hygiene habits that they will maintain throughout their lives.
Systemic administration of antimycotics per os or intravenously has been used to control mycotic infections, however, discontinuation of therapy often results in the return of the pathogens to the oral cavity. Long-term systemic antimycotic therapy in doses high enough to control oral infections are undesirable for treatment of oral infections because the potential dangers and side-effects associated with this form of treatment include the development of resistant strains and superimposed infections, gastrointestinal irritation, liver damage and neurological symptoms, among others.
Antifungal agents have also been used in the form of mouth rinses, dentifrices, solutions and gels but have not proven to be completely successful in preventing fungal infections. A main problem with these techniques is that the antifungal drug does not remain in the oral cavity long enough at efficacious levels.
Another serious problem with antifungal drugs is that they are by necessity directed towards controlling an infection by a eukaryotic fungal cell in a eukaryotic host. As a result, drugs effective against the fungus also tend to be toxic to the host. Thus it is important to develop methods which permit the localized, sustained application of the toxic drug in a manner and dosage which is efficacious but which minimizes toxicity the host. Especially, it is important to develop methods which use low doses of the drug.
A topical, sustained-release form of an antifungal agent, could help maintain a locally efficacious level of the antifungal drug in the oral cavity and prevent these side effects. Such a dosage form might also prevent undesirable systemic side effects by releasing the drug at a lower therapeutic level over a long period of time in a localized manner. Ridgway, F. et al.. U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,440, describes a soft, antifungal drug-containing pastille or troche which is free of rough edges and will not adhere to oral mucosa, but which only releases anti-fungal medications within the 15-90 minutes while it dissolves in the mouth.
Cyr et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,312,594 describes long lasting troches or pastilles for the treatment of oral lesions which include an anhydrous adhesive based on pectin, gelatin and carboxymethylcellulose and which, when wetted, adhere to the oral mucous membranes. However, the Cyr formulation was not well-tolerated by patients (Ridgway, F. et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,440).
Sustained release has been reported to be achieved by embedding chlorhexidine in an ethyl cellulose polymer to form a varnish (Friedman, M., et al., J. Perio. Res. 17:323-328 (1982); Friedman, M., et al., IADR Prog. and Abstr. 59:No. 905 (1980)). This dosage form was used in the local treatment of periodontal disease (Soskolne, W. A., et al., J. Perio. Res. 18:330-336 (1983)) and in the treatment of plaque prevention in patients wearing orthodontic appliances (Friedman, M., et al., J. Dent. Res. 64:1319-1321 (1985)). A drawback to this plaque preventative system was that although plaque accumulation was decreased by the application of a varnish composed of chlorhexidine embedded in an ethyl cellulose polymer, the effectiveness of the system in decreasing plaque accumulation was present only for a period of four days subsequent to administration of the varnish. Friedman et al., (J. Dent. Res., supra), concluded that "clearly the conditions in the oral cavity and the formulation used do not, at present, facilitate such prolonged prevention of plaque accumulation." These authors also suggested that by altering the varnish components and method of preparation it might be possible in clinical use to sustain the necessary level of antibacterial agent release for longer periods. No suggestion was made in this publication as to how this could be accomplished.
Mastic has been used previously for dental purposes. U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,188 (Wolfenson, G. B.) discloses the use of a curable mastic in the production of an oral impression tray for making impressions of teeth and jaw structures. Mastics have been used in the production of dental molds (VonWeissenfluh, H. U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,288), as an adhesive to secure dental articulators (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,548,581 and 4,382,787, Hoffman, R. E.) and as a tooth decay preventative (Wahmi U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,824). U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,532,126 and 4,428,927 (Ebert, W. R., et al.) disclose chewable, filled, one-piece soft elastic gelatin capsules, made chewable by a masticatory substance, such as a synthetic mastic.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,459,277 (Kosti, C. M.) relates to novel plaque compositions for use in evaluating oral hygiene practices. In brief, the patent discloses a water-insoluble, water-immiscible dye emulsified in fine droplets or rupturable capsules. The patent discloses the use of mastic resin as well as alginates, and other gums as an insoluble media for dye dispersion. In particular, sodium carboxymethylcellulose is disclosed. Also disclosed is the possibility of incorporating antibacterial agents such as stannous fluoride into the compositions. Significantly, the Kosti patent is concerned with diagnostic rather than therapeutic applications. The patent fails to suggest compositions exhibiting long-term preventive activity.
The background art fails to identify any compositions of matter comprising an effective antifungal agent together with a long-term sustained-release carrier, in combination with an adhesive polymer such as a mastic and a plasticizer such as polyethylene glycol, for use as an antifungal preventative varnish in the oral cavity by humans and other animals, under conditions in which the antimycotic agents have no deleterious medical side effects, and do not cause staining of the teeth. Another highly desirable characteristic not found in the art of record is that the antifungal agent should be released from the composition, not only in a sustained fashion, but over a sufficiently long period of time so as not to require excessive application of the composition.
With this need in mind, the present inventor set out to find an oral antimycotic preventative composition which contains an antifungal agent effective against those microfungi that are responsible for oral infections, said composition being such that the antifungal agent can be released at efficacious levels in a sustained, long-term fashion, and such that the antifungal composition has the property of long-term adhesion to the oral tissue and teeth, and such that the antifungal composition remains plastic during the entire period of application. With this goal in mind, the inventor has discovered an antifungal preventative composition with these desirable characteristics, the composition comprising an antifungal agent embedded in a sustained release carrier composed of a cellulose polymer, in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle, optionally containing a plasticizer such as polyethylene glycol and/or an adhesive polymer such as gum mastic.
This invention relates to oral compositions that provide sustained, efficient, inexpensive, localized antifungal activity in the oral cavity at efficacious levels without deleterious side effects, and methods for using such compositions.
By "oral cavity" is meant the mouth and the surrounding esophageal area. Therefore, for example, the oral cavity includes the tongue, gums, palate, throat, teeth, tonsils and periodontal tissue.
By "sustained-release" is meant the continuous release of an active substance at efficacious levels for a prolonged period of time, such as 2-4 weeks or longer. The release of the active substance may be constant or pulsed, as long as efficacious levels of the active substance are provided to the surrounding milieu for the desired period of time.
By an "efficacious level" is meant a level or concentration of a drug or other active agent which is high enough to be effective in treating the condition the drug was designed to treat.
By "oral varnish" is meant a composition which is topically applied to a hard surface such as a tooth or orthodontic appliance and which dries as a film adhering to that surface, in a manner which resists removal under normal conditions, such as eating or brushing the teeth.
The compilation of the components of the aforementioned oral composition is based upon the specific properties of each of the individual components, wherein each component of the combination increases the antifungal effectiveness of other members of the combination.
The oral composition of the invention assists in the prevention of microfungal infections of the oral cavity and periodontal tissue, and in the relief of symptoms resulting from existing microfungally-caused problems, by attacking the pathogenic yeast and fungi responsible for the infection in the oral cavity. A variety of antifungal agents are suitable for the present invention. Preferred are the polyene antifungals, especially nystatin and amphotericin B. Examples of other antifungal agents applicable to the methods of the invention include 5-fluorocytosine and imidazole- and triazole-derivative antifungal agents, especially naftifine, terbinafine, tolnaftate, tolciclate, isoconazole, sulconazole, miconazole, clotrimazole, econazole, bifonazole, oxiconazole, thioconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, and terconazole, all known to the art. See, for example, Kostiala, I. et al., Acta Odontol. Scand. 37;87-101 (1979); and Bossche, H. V., CRC Crit. Rev. Mircobiol. 15:57-72 (1987).
In another embodiment, combinations of more than one antifungal agent are used in the composition of the invention. Combinations of antifungal agents can be prepared, for example, for the purpose of providing treatment or protection against a broad spectrum of microfungal species, or for the purpose of attacking a specific microfungal species with drugs acting through different modes of action. Combination of antifungal agents may also allow a lower dose of a given antifungal agent to synergistically act with a lower dose of another antifungal agent in a manner which is efficacious in combination but not separately.
The antimycotic composition may be formulated to include other drugs such as antibacterial or antiseptic agents known to the art. See, for example, the section on "Quaternary Ammonium and Related Compounds" in the article on "Antiseptics and Disinfectants" in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 2nd ed. (Vol. 2, pp. 632-5), incorporated herein by reference. Such materials have been sued in oral compositions to counter bacteria in the oral cavity. Among the most common and efficacious of these antibacterial, quaternary ammonium compounds are cethylpyridinium chloride and benzalkonium chloride. Other cationic ammonium antibacterial agents of this type are mentioned, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,984,639, 3,325,402, 3,431,208, 3,703,583, and 4,339,430, British Patent No. 1,319,396, and German Patent No. 2,332,383. Most preferred is cetylpyridinium chloride, which is efficacious, compatible with the other components of the oral composition, and inexpensive by virtue of being a non-prescription drug. None of these compounds has been used before in sustained release, long-acting compositions. By long acting is meant a composition which provides efficacious levels o the active drug contained therein for a period of weeks, preferably at least 4 weeks, or 30 days.
It is also a feature of this invention that the aforementioned antifungal agent is released to the sites of fungal lesions and pockets in a long-term sustained release manner so as to reduce the required frequency of use. Long-term sustained release is desirable because it improves patient compliance with the treatment protocol and it is more convenient for the patient. Hence the success of the treatment is more probable. The method of the invention needs only a single application of the oral varnish composition of the invention to remain efficacious for a period of weeks. Other methods require a multi-dose application of paste every few days or ingestion of lozenges every four hours by the patient. At best, the pastes remain effective for 2-3 days and the lozenges only for hours.
In addition, by the composition and method of the invention, because of the long-term sustained release of the drug, much lower amounts of the antifungal drug are required for efficacious results. Conventional therapy uses doses of nystatin as high as 108 IU/dose. The concentrations of nystatin preferred in the invention are 2�105 I.U., with an acceptable range of 2�105 -106 I.U. Because of the lower doses of nystatin, the side effects of the drug are eliminated or minimized. For example, at the efficacious concentrations of nystatin taught by the compositions and methods of the invention, in clinical evaluations there was no bitter-taste noted. The bitter taste of the drug is one of the major complaints of patients taking conventional nystatin therapy.
Lastly, the physical form and manner of presentation of the composition of the invention is highly advantageous for a patient with an oral microfungal infection. Often the area of the infection is so sore so as to make the direct application of a paste or even sucking lozenges, troches or pastilles very painful; rinsing with a mouthwash does not leave efficacious levels of the drug in the oral cavity. In other cases, oral treatments with mouthwashes, lozenges, pastes, troches or pastilles is very difficult or just not practical, for example with infants or animals. The compositions and methods of the invention solve this problem by applying the antifungal drug to the teeth, gingival tissues or orthodontic appliance, for slow, long-term sustained release at efficacious levels into the salival fluids of the oral cavity. In addition the composition of the invention is colorless and visually undetectable by those unaware of the treatment.
Long term sustained release is accomplished by embedding the active drug agent(s) in a polymer. The specific polymer used is not critical. Long term sustained release, may, in accordance with the present invention, be accomplished by embedding an anti-fungal agent in any biologically suitable polymer. For example, a hydrophobic polymer, a hydrophilic polymer, or a combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers, may be used to form sustained releases formulations that would be suitable as a varnish for oral administration in accordance with the present invention. One or more proteinaceous polymers (such as gelatin, etc.), cellulosic polymers, acrylic polymers, etc. may be employed. Suitable polymers are disclosed in U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 07/189,918; 07/304,091; 07/369,223; and 07/432,667; which applications are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Cellulosic or acrylic polymers are especially preferred for forming a varnish for oral administration. The use of these polymers provides the advantage of allowing lower doses of a drug to be used and thus eliminating or minimizing side effects such as staining of teeth and dentures and unpleasant taste. A variety of suitable hydrophobic polymers are known in the art of oral compositions. Preferred are the insoluble and inexpensive polymers: hydrophobic type (poly-ethylene, polymethacrylate, polyamide-nylon, poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) cellulose nitrate, silicones and others). Most preferred is ethyl cellulose. Another suitable polymer is methylacrylic acid polymer.
The composition of the invention is preferably applied to teeth or dental appliances which act as a solid support and point of release for the antifungal agent in the composition throughout the treatment period. The tooth or orthodontic appliance varnished with the antifungal composition of the invention may be placed in direct contact with the site of infection, as for example, by placing dentures on top an infected or irritated gum for the treatment of denture stomatitis. Alternatively, the varnished tooth or dental appliance may act as a reservoir which releases efficacious levels of the antifungal agent in the salival fluids to other infected sites within the oral cavity or throat. Therefore, in a highly preferred embodiment, there is direct contact between the composition of the invention and the site of microfungal infection. In another preferred embodiment, the composition of the invention is applied to a site removed from the infected area but within the range of the efficacious levels of antifungal drugs released by said composition. Orthodontic appliances within the scope of the invention include dentures, bridges, braces, anchoring pins and the like. The appliance can be a temporary or permanent appliance. The compositions and methods of the present invention therefore provide a therapy for denture stomatitis, oral thrush, and other oral fungal diseases and conditions.
Thus, in a preferred embodiment, an oral composition with the highly desirable characteristics mentioned above comprises an antimycotic compound such as nystatin embedded in a sustained release cellulosic polymer such as ethyl cellulose, in a pharmaceutically effective vehicle. For example, nystatin, 100,000 IU (1-5 parts), and ethyl cellulose (5-9 parts) may be dissolved in ethanol (80 -120 parts) for the preparation of sustained release varnish in film form.
For application to buccal and lingual surfaces of teeth, an ethanolic solution of the antimycotic agent and cellulosic polymer (containing up to 4% of the drug as used in the varnish) are applied with a soft brush or with a spray. Ethanol may be evaporated by a gentle stream of warm air. Mouthwash forms are not suitable because of inefficient application of the composition to affected tissue areas. However, orthodontic appliances such as dentures may be dipped in a solution containing the composition of the invention.
For application to orthodontic appliances, a total of about 40 mg of antimycotic agent such as nystatin or amphotericin B in an ethanolic solution with ethyl cellulose may be applied per appliance by dipping, spraying or painting it on with a soft brush, and residual solvent removed with a gentle stream of warm air.
Those skilled in the treatment of diseases of the oral cavity will, without undue experimentation, be able to produce ranges of concentrations of other appropriate antifungal agents and sustained release polymers.
The thickness of the film as varnish can be varied according to the desired length of efficacious treatment or drug potency. In a preferred embodiment the film coating the tooth or appliance is 10-300 μm thick.
It is another feature of the invention that the oral compositions for treatment and prevention of fungal infections also provide for additional desirable components. For example, the adhesiveness of the oral composition may be improved by the incorporation within said composition of gums such as gum mastic in a formulation providing from 1-20% by weight of the gum mastic. Other suitable mastics are disclosed in Heyd, D., et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,315,779 and Wahmi, H.V.R., et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,824.
In another formulation, other compositions may include demulcents/humectants (i.e., plasticizers) such as polyethylene glycol 400-to-4000, glycerol, sorbitol, or mineral oil in concentrations of about 1% by weight. Other humectants, detergents, or surface-active agents will be known to those skilled in the formulation of oral compositions.
Thus, in a preferred composition, the oral composition of the invention comprises nystatin, ethyl cellulose polymer, an adhesive, a plasticizer, and solvent (i.e., aqueous ethanol). In a highly preferred formulation, gum mastic is also present. Water, flavorings, and coloring agents may also be present as required. Once applied to teeth or other orthodontic appliance, the varnish is not easily removed by normal dental hygiene protocols, such as brushing. The dry film can only be removed mechanically. In addition, because the varnish coats the surface of the teeth or orthodontic support with a smooth surface and the same contours of the support, it adds no uncomfortable, unfamiliar or otherwise annoying geometry to the oral cavity, in the manner that a paste can.
The composition and methods of the invention may also be applied as a preventative or deterrent measure, especially in patients highly susceptible to opportunistic infections of the oral cavity by microfungi.
The varnish of the invention may also be applied extraorally to sites of microfungal infection, for example, to infected nails on the fingers and toes of patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidosis. Alternatively, the composition of the invention, especially in combination with antibacterial agents, may be provided on a varnished pad or bandage or patch which is placed in contact with the site of infection, for example, topically or intravaginally.
Having now generally described the invention, the same will become better understood by reference to certain specific examples which are included herein for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified.
The following formulations (Table 1) were all prepared by the same general procedure as follows: ethyl cellulose and polyethylene glycol polymers were dissolved in the suitable solvent. After complete dissolution of the polymers, the additional components of the varnish are added.
Films containing Nystatin were cast from the varnish formulation IV on glass plates using the technique of Kanic et al., J. Pharm. Sci. 51:77 (1962). The solvent was allowed to evaporate at room temperature and the residual film removed from the plate. A strain of C. albicans isolated from clinical material was used in this study. A 1:10 dilution of an overnight growth stock suspension of the above organism was mixed with mycological culture medium (Sabourand) and poured into petri dishes. Five mm diameter disks of the films containing Nystatin were placed on the hardened medium.
After 24 h or 48 h, films were transferred onto another set of petri dishes containing the same medium plus C. albicans suspension as in the first set.
Inhibition zones were recorded after incubation periods of 24 and 48 h at 37� C. All films were used in duplicate. The mean inhibition zone is summarized in Table 2.
TABLE 2__________________________________________________________________________Inhibition Zone of Candida Growth bySustained Release Films Containing Nystatin__________________________________________________________________________Time (days) 1 23 4 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31Inhibition20 17 17 12 11 12 13 13 11 11 10 12 10 10 9 10 9 9zone (mm)__________________________________________________________________________ There was no inhibition of Candida growth in control samples containing ethyl cellulose films only. The measurements of inhibition were discontinued after 31 days.
Preparation of coated denture. The Nystatin varnish (Formulation IV) was applied to the denture base facing the mucosa, by means of a soft brush. Removal of the solvent was achieved by a gentle stream of hot air.
The dentures were weighted before and after coating and the total amount of coating calculated. Forty mg of Nystatin per denture was the average amount of drug used. (Equivalent to 200,000 I.U.)
In the preliminary clinical evaluation of the system, 5 patients suffering from denture stomatitis were selected from an old age home. Three tests were performed on each patient: a) 1 swab from upper gum, b) 1 swab from denture, and c) 2 ml of saliva was collected.
Material from the swabs was washed into a solution containing 0.2% neopeptone+0.8% Tween 80, which was also used for further dilution of this material and of the saliva. Ten ml aliquots of the various dilutions were inoculated in duplicate onto plates containing bacteriological blood agar (for bacterial isolation) and plates containing mycological medium Sabourand (for C. albicans isolation).
All plates were incubated for 48 h at 37� C. and the number of bacterial and yeast colonies recorded.
The effects of the local application of a sustained-release delivery system of nystatin on fungal growth due to denture stomatitis in these patients are summarized in Table 3.
In summary there was an improvement in clinical status of the disease was observed, total elimination of Candida in saliva, gum and denture with no change in the normal bacteria flora levels. There was an improved compliance on the part of the patient; one single application is a much more convenient way of treatment compared to the conventional multi-dose application, and this new way of treatment is not dependent on the patient's cooperation.
Much lower amounts of Nystatin are necessary for the clinical effect as compared to the total of 108 I.U. used in conventional therapy. Lastly, no side effects, such as the bitter taste of Nystatin were observed in the preliminary clinical evaluation of this system
These results are consistent with inhibition of fungal growth in the oral cavity of these patients by this form of the drug and further suggest that efficacious concentrations of the drug on the tooth/tissue surface is achieved creating a local antimycotic effect.
TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________THE REDUCTION OF CANDIDA IN DENTURE WEARERS AFTERSINGLE APPLICATION OF SUSTAINED RELEASE VARNISH OF MYSTATIN0 2 days 3 days 7 daysPatient Bacteria* Candida*.sup.(1) Bacteria Candida Bacteria Candida Bacteria Candida__________________________________________________________________________1 G 7.1 � 108 1.0 7.1 � 107 0 1.2 � 106 0 8.2 � 106 0 D 5.5 � 107 2.9 1.2 � 108 0 8.0 � 107 0 6.3 � 107 0 S 5.5 � 107 2.4 4.1 � 107 0.25 7.5 � 107 0.9 2.2 � 108 1.62 G 2.2 � 106 28.8 2.0 � 106 0 1.1 � 107 0 5.1 � 106 0 D 4.1 � 106 19.9 4.1 � 106 0 1.2 � 106 0 3.2 � 106 0 S 1.4 � 108 21.1 1.2 � 107 5.2 1.1 � 107 3.0 2.3 � 107 6.13 G 3.3 � 107 16.2 3.2 � 107 0 3.1 � 107 0 8.0 � 107 0 D 2.6 � 107 11.8 2.4 � 107 0 1.2 � 107 0 2.3 � 107 0 S 3.1 � 107 10.1 1.0 � 107 6.1 2.2 � 107 2.4 8.6 � 106 2.04 G 4.2 � 107 6.5 4.4 � 107 0 8.1 � 107 0 6.2 � 107 0 D 6.2 � 107 9.2 7.1 � 107 0 1.2 � 108 0 7.2 � 106 0 S 2.1 � 108 4.2 5.2 � 107 2.6 6.1 � 107 1.8 9.0 � 107 2.05 G 4.2 � 107 12.6 8.0 � 106 0 2.2 � 107 0 2.1 � 107 0 D 7.2 � 107 17.2 6.2 � 106 0 6.1 � 106 0 1.6 � 107 0 S 5.2 � 106 10.8 3.2 � 106 2.8 6.4 � 106 5.2 2.0 � 107 4.3__________________________________________________________________________ *Candida and Bacteria determined from the same sample ##STR1## G Gum D Denture S Sputum
Having now fully described the invention, it will be understood by those with skill in the art that the scope may be performed within a wide and equivalent range of conditions, parameters and the like, without affecting the spirit or scope of the invention or any embodiment thereof.
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Libraries to host Money Smart Week April 20-27
Apr. 15, 2013 @ 11:20 PM
HUNTINGTON -- Libraries across the country will be hosting financial literacy programs during Money Smart Week, April 20-27.
That includes the Cabell County Public Library's main location in downtown Huntington. A children's program will take place at 6 p.m. Monday, April 22 for those in kindergarten and older.
Jason Moore, a Financial Center manager of Fifth Third Bank in Huntington, will be talking to children about being "Money Smart."


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Congrats to new mommy Scary Sprice aka Melanie Brown who had a baby girl early this morning.
"The baby is completely healthy with a good head of hair," a rep for Brown said in a statement.
"Mother and baby are now resting. No name has been decided on as yet and she is purely known as Baby Brown."
Brown has said her ex-boyfriend, Eddie Murphy is the baby daddy who coincidentally shares a birthday with the infant and turns 46 today. Eddie Murphy has said that the baby isnt his until a blood test comes out. Looks like weve got another Hollywood paternity test drama in our hands.


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In Red Ball 4: Volume 2 roll and jump your way through a deep forest and stop evil squares from taking over the world in this cool action game.
Play our free online games. Play games online. We've got good games: 2 Player games, Action and Adventure games, Arcade games, Board and Card games, Cartoon Character games, Cooking games, Dress Up games, Educational games, Puzzle games, Racing games, Sports games and Time Management games. Play them today! Our good games are suitable for all ages! We also have Autumn games, Christmas games, Easter Games, Halloween Games, Spring Games, Summer Games, Valentine Games and Winter Games.


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Quinault Beach Fine Dining
Named after Emily Sherwood, a well-respected elder of the Quinault Indian Nation, our restaurant carries the same characteristics; elegant, charming, and polished. Emily's doesn't disappoint when it comes to atmosphere and breathtaking views with panoramic vistas of the ocean from any table.
Emily's exceptional menu of fresh, Northwest specialties derive their emphasis from seasonal seafood and beef selections.
Voted 'Best Fine Dining' restaurant in Grays Harbor County, Emily's takes pride in its attentive and personalized service providing the perfect backdrop to many memorable evenings.
Think of Emily's too when hosting your next anniversary celebration, birthday or just that romantic dinner for two.
Emilys Hours
Breakfast/Lunch 8AM – 2PM
Lunch 12PM – 2PM
Dinner Sun – Thur 4PM to 9PM
Dinner Fri – Sat 5PM to 10PM
Sunset Dinner served Sun, Mon, Tues, and Thurs 4PM-6PM


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Michael Oher headed back to his home stateMarch 14th, 2014 | Hugh Kellenberger |
ATLANTA -- The Blind Side is headed back to the state of Tennessee. Michael Oher has agreed to a four-year, $20 million dollar contract with the Tennessee Titans that includes $9.5 million guarante ...Read more
It's Ole Miss vs. Ole Miss in the Super BowlJanuary 20th, 2013 | Hugh Kellenberger |
OXFORD -- Ole Miss will have players starting for both teams in this year's Super Bowl. Michael Oher's Baltimore Ravens and Patrick Willis' San Francisco 49ers each won their respective conference ...Read more
Spring practice No. 4: Not taking the disappointmentMarch 27th, 2012 | Hugh Kellenberger |
OXFORD — Hugh Freeze was not going to put up with a disappointing practice on Tuesday. "Really disappointed. I didn't think the attitude was bad, but the effort was half-hearted. I thought we coast ...Read more
Ole Miss debuts new Super Bowl-themed billboardJanuary 22nd, 2012 | Hugh Kellenberger |
OXFORD -- Ole Miss knew it was going to have two participants in the Super Bowl, just based on having four participants (one from each team) in today's conference championship games. Well, it t ...Read more
Get a Michael Oher autographed Ole Miss helmet ... at the All-Star Game?July 9th, 2010 | |
OXFORD — Dan Woike, an old friend of mine who used to cover Ole Miss for Rivals.com, is now covering the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim for the Orange County Register. And he called me this afternoon ...Read more


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We're back with more answers to your questions. Everyone has questions and we have answers. Sometimes we even have the answers you're looking for. Ask, and Ye Shall Receive…Answers started out as a video with a running time of about thirty minutes. It soon started growing to closer to fifty minutes. Then the format switched to The Invincibly Super Massive Comic Book Podcast of Stuff. The idea was editing a longer podcast was easier than editing a longer video. There's only so much time in the day unfortunately.
But there are times when a video format is more appropriate in answering certain questions. Because comic books are a visual medium, there are some answers that need the imagery to fully answer the question and to give a better idea what the heck I'm talking about. That means the videos will continue. I will try to make sure it goes back to a more regular schedule along with the weekly Super Massive podcast.
This week's video features two questions - one on Spider-Man and Mary Jane's baby asked by mcgregorp and a second question about another crossover between the 616 and Ultimate Universe asked by mattwing87.
If you have questions, you can ask in the Ask G-Man video thread. You can also ask on Twitter, @GManFromHeck and use the hashtag #AskGMan.