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Community news briefsWritten by Toledo Free Press Staff Writers | | email@example.com
Local chiropractor to help statewide charity event
Dr. Tom Baur, a Maumee chiropractor, will participate in "Chiropractic Cares," a statewide charity initiative sponsored by the Ohio State Chiropractic Association (OSCA) from Sept. 30 to Oct. 2. Baur will treat patients for a minimum $20 donation to the association's WellCare Foundation, which supports three statewide charities. The Stephanie Spielman Fund for Breast Cancer Research, the Susan G. Komen Race for the Cure and the Butch Reynolds Care for Kids Foundation will each benefit from dollars raised by Chiropractic Cares. Statewide, more than 100 chiropractors are participating. Baur will treat existing patients on Sept. 30 and first-time patients on Oct. 2. His office is located at 1331 Conant St in Maumee. For more information or to schedule an appointment, call (419) 724-5433.
Fall plant sale
Visit the annual fall plant sale at Owens Community College from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Sept. 24. The Owens Landscape and Turfgrass Management Club will be selling an assortment of trees, shrubs and ornamental grasses. Many of them are hard to find.
The proceeds of the sale help to offset student expenses to Student Career Days, a national horticultural competition that last year involved more than 800 students from 64 colleges and universities from across the United States. The sale will be located behind the math/science building next to the greenhouse. Follow the signs from Oregon Road.
TAHS programs
The Toledo Area Humane Society's (TAHS) "Pets and Me" will take place on Tuesdays from 4 to 4:45 p.m. for kids age 7 to 8 years old. The program will meet for six weeks every Tuesday from Oct. 7 through Nov. 11. Class is open to 12 children maximum, and the fee is $60. Session topics include a shelter tour and scavenger hunt, your pet's suitcase, gross-out box, take the bite out, getting to know me and treats and cuddles.
The AAA Club will take place once a month on Saturdays from 10 am to noon for kids age 9 to 11. The program will meet for six Saturdays (once a month for six months) from Oct. 18 through March 14. Registration fee is $75. Session activities include a visit to an area horse farm, hands-on dog maintenance, basic dog training, feline body language, animal first aid and a visit with rescued wildlife. Classes will be held at 1920 Indian Wood Circle in Maumee unless otherwise noted.
Registration information and forms are available at www.toledo
areahumanesociety.org, at the Humane Society or by calling (419) 482-7106.
Disability Vote Forum
The Mayors Commission on Disabilities will hold a "Disability Vote Forum" from 6 to 8:30 p.m. on Sept. 22 at Gladieux Meadows, 4480 Heatherdowns Blvd. Those attending will receive voter information, visit booths and candidates and learn about local and state issues.
Refreshments will be served from 6 to 6:45 p.m. For more information or to RSVP, call (429) 885-5733, Ext. 232.
Harrison Rally Day
Join the fun at the Harrison Rally Day festival in historic downtown Perrysburg on Saturday, Sept. 20, from 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.
Harrison Rally Day is a full day of entertainment for the entire family and is co-presented by the Perrysburg Area Chamber of Commerce and the Perrysburg Area Arts Council. Highlights of the day's events will include:
- Harrison Rally Day Parade beginning at 10 a.m.
- The Marketplace area of merchant and service organization booths.
- Rally for the Arts with fine arts exhibits and craft booths.
- "Taste of Perrysburg" food court.
- Live entertainment throughout the day on the main stage.
- Area youth bands.
- Children's games and activities.
For more information, visit www.perrysburgarts.org/harrison.html or call (419) 873-2787.


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WASHINGTON (WUSA) -- The Washington Animal Rescue League gave us an update on those 100 dogs they took in from a puppy mill in Arkansas in December.
PREVIOUS STORY: WARL Takes In More Than 100 Dogs
According to Pam Townsend with WARL, nearly 20 of the dogs that arrived at the League on Dec. 21 have been adopted and about 20 dogs are also available for adoption. You can see one of the dogs available -- Sheltie Goji Berry -- here. Most of the dogs are smaller breeds.
Townsend says more dogs will become available after the behavior staff assesses them and they receive any necessary medical care. The dogs were immediately vaccinated and treated for fleas and ticks. According to Townsend, the first 30 dogs had intestinal parasites and infections of their eyes, ears, skin and teeth and were treated with medication. Some of dogs also have heart murmurs or broken boneswhile others are heartworm positive.
FIND YOUR NEXT PET:WARL's Adoption Search Page
As of Tuesday, Townsend says, all but two dogs have received individual examinations and are receiving treatment.
The operator of the Happy Times Kennel in Hot Springs, Arkansas has been charged with three counts of felony cruelty to animals, according to WARL.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Most Grueling U.S. Opens
A look back at the toughest national championships in golf history
1935, Oakmont
If you thought Oakmont has only become known as one of golf's toughest tracks in recent years, think again. The Pittsburgh-area layout has always been a grueling test, as backed up by Sam Parks Jr.'s winning score of 15-over par in this particular event. What else do we know about Mr. Parks? Apparently, he liked wearing winter coats in June.
More on GolfDigest.com
What to play
The Complete 2011 Hot List
From drivers to putters, here are today's best new clubs.
Where to play
The 20 Best Golf Resorts
Our ranking of the top destinations in North America has a new No. 1.
How To Play
Taking Up Golf?
Everything you need to know about learning how to play golf.
News & Tours
Golf's All-Time Biggest Breakups
We revisit the highest-profile splits in golf throughout the years.
- Keywords:
- golf,
- PGA Tour,
- U.S. Open,
- Tiger Woods,
- Ben Hogan,
- Julius Boros,
- Oakmont,
- Oakland Hills,
- Winged Foot,
- Merion,
- Shinnecock Hills,
- Arnold Palmer,
- Frances Ouimet,
- Angel Cabrera,
- Phil Mickelson,
- Retief Goosen,
- Congressional,
- Southern Hills,
- The Country Club,
- Tommy Bolt,
- Sam Parks,
- Ken Venturi,
- Hale Irwin,


text: After a hot and sticky round the top scores were two -10's by Tara St.Aubin (me) / Adam Schneider II and Chris Hoyle / Tony Grosteffon. After a 2 hole playoff, Chris Hoyle sinks his putt for the bird and the win on hole #2. Nice shooting to both teams :) For the 3rd stop, after a CTP for a tie breaker between Tim St. Aubin / Dee Rose and Nathan Hoyle / Jay Binienda both with -8's, Nathan Hoyle and Jay Binienda take home the cash. Nice job guys. CTP winners for this round were Dee Rose, Adam Schneider II and Nathan Hoyle, well done guys! Thank you all for coming out and enjoying the day with us....Peace


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Updated: Support Nicaraguan Garment WorkersPosted on April 4th, 2013
[Updates below.]
Exactly one month ago, on March 4, garment workers in Nicaragua were brutally beaten during a peaceful protest when the company they work for – SAE-A, a Walmart supplier – paid a mob of more than 300 other workers to attack these employees, using scissors, metal pipes, and other weapons.
This courageous group of workers is fighting to improve their working conditions, demand respect and win better wages. They are trying to form a new union, but in the process they are experiencing extreme retaliation. Workers have been bribed and 16 have been illegally fired in the company's efforts to silence them. The brutal beating was the last straw.
Sign the petition and tell Walmart to demand its suppliers reinstate the workers, end all violent and illegal practices inside the factory and reimburse workers for medical bills and stolen property that resulted from the violent attack March 4.
More than 8,000 workers produce camisoles, T-shirts and lycra clothing for Walmart and other retailers at this one garment factory inside an export processing zone in Tipitapa, Nicaragua. They are paid less than $1 per hour. They are mistreated, regularly yelled at, denied trips to the bathroom and more.
The Worker Rights Consortium, which monitors garment factories, conducted an investigation of the violent attack. Facts in this article and petition are taken from its report, which you can find here.
Update – April 22
Petition Delivered to Support Nicaraguan Workers
Warehouse Workers United and students from United Students Against Sweatshops delivered thousands of signatures in support of Nicaraguan garment workers April 22.
They called on a major supplier to Walmart, Under Armour and other major brands to end violence and respect workers' rights.
21 Responses so far.
I Hope I was a able to sigh the Petition….I kept clicking, but there didn't seem to be a response, or anything that said it was signed…..check it out…thanks….Julie
Labor intimidation is cowardly. Give people a living wage and then they can buy your products. Greed is NOT a virtue.
or even a good business plan, as you illustrate.
It's reprehensible that on this day and age we still haveob brutality taking vengeance against peaceful demonstrators. These criminals should be imprisoned along with the Ealton family for their heartless practices.
I had the same problem with the submit button. I'm still not sure if my info went thru.
Unfortunately, hatred of organized labor has existed for decades. It's continuously pounded into our heads by the corporate-owned mass media, so the public turns a blind eye to the employment of slave labor and the treatment that comes with the practice. I mean, come on folks, where do you think that shirts for $5.99 come from?!?! Regardless, I'm very happy to read that the WWU has provided a forum from which the victims of slave labor can be heard. Wake up America!
The garment workers need to be protected from violence.
This kind of oppression must end.
Please America stop buying products from Wal-Mart stores.We need to step up and open our eyes what is going on with the employees.
[...] Reposted from Warehouse Workers United: [...]
[...] Reposted from Warehouse Workers United: [...]
[...] you're so inclined, please join us in signing the petition that is asking Walmart to demand the workers' reinstatement and provide a better working environment for its employees. And consider joining me and others [...]
Es un acto de cobardía, lo que hicieron estos señores gerentes de estas empresas, manipulando a los trabajadores para agredir a los que están defendiendo sus derechos, unamos en esta lucha, xq esto esta comenzando, corran la voz y apoyenos en esta lucha que nuestro enemigo son los violadores de los derechos laborales de los obreros de zona franca, unidos y organizados triunfaremos, si quieren tener mas detalle sobre esta situación pueden ingresar a mi facebook Noe calero garcía, y ahí encontraran la lucha desde el lugar de los hechos,, y comente,, siempre en la lucha para que se nos respecten nuestro derechos como trabajador, Ni un paso atrás.
No es justo que los trabajadores de zona franca en Nicaragua, estemos condenado a 4 años con un salario miserable del 8%. es injusto ya que elaboramos prenda de vestir de grandes marcas tales como Levis, Carhart, adidas, Walmart,Dikies, Magdonal, perry EL, Grey Anatomy etc, que vende su productos a un costo elevado. es hora que estas marcas se pongan la manos en su conciencia y exijan que sus proveedores paguen los justo a sus colaboradores, ya que solo recibimos maltratos, y un salario que solo nos alcanza para medio comer, tenemos metas de producion inalcanzable que los únicos beneficiados son los empresarios xq así no pagan mas del salario mínimo. Todos los trabajadores de zona franca de Nicaragua necesitamos de su gran apoyo, de su solidaridad que esta lucha apena comienza. Lucharemos para que se nos restituya nuestros derechos xq derechos que no se defienden es derechos que se pierde. si quieres mas información ingresa a mi facebook noe calero garcía. y veres fotos y vídeos de la situación actual que estamos atravesando comenta y compártelo. que la lucha a pena comienza. ni un paso atras.. solo el pueblo salva al pueblo.
[...] you're so inclined, please join us in signing the petition that is asking Walmart to demand the workers' reinstatement and provide a better working environment for its employees. And consider joining me and others [...]
I just watched the Video on Live leak, and I am truly appalled, and I will never shop at walmart again! All this company cares about is it's share holders! They do do charity in North America, meanwhile they promote and endorse Sweatshop, slave labor, and take advantage of third world Countries citizens all for the mighty dollar.. They cant and will not have garment factories in North America, as they know it would cost too much to make…. I stand by you all, and you all need to UNITE! You should all Walk off the Job, and Picket around the factory.. They can not and will not FIRE you all, as they would tank…. As for the Harsh management, I would follow them home, and picket in front of their homes! I do hope and pray you all get the fair wages, and a union in place to protect yourselves! VIVA LA REVOLUTION!
[...] Rights Consortium. You can learn more about the WRC investigation of the violent attack here: http://www.warehouseworkersunited.org… Read more [...]
That's exactly what the Republicans want for this country,and they have a real good start.Boehner,and Cantor,and Mitch the bitch.would like nothing better.
You're 100% right Jeremy,Slavery is alive and well, there was just a change of venue.
[...] from foreign suppliers who pay thugs to brutally attack workers who attempt to unionize or even speak out against abysmal working [...]


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(UM08-24) - The Impact of Social Security Benefits on Household Life Cycle Asset Allocation and Asset Location
Raimond H. Maurer
We derive the optimal portfolio choice and consumption pattern over the lifecycle for households facing labor income, capital market, and mortality risk. In addition to stocks and bonds, households also have access to deferred annuities. Deferred annuities offer a hedge against mortality risk and provide similar benefits as Social Security. We show that a considerable fraction of wealth should be annuitized to skim the return enhancing mortality credit. The remaining liquid wealth (stocks and bonds) is used to hedge labor income risk during work life and to earn the equity premium. We find a marginal difference between a strategy involving deferred annuities and one where the investor can purchase immediate life annuities.


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|Apple Desktops Discussion of Apple's desktop machines including Mac Pro, iMac, Power Mac, and mini
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Member Since: Apr 25, 2014
Posts: 3
I have the original recovery discs, and disc one installs just fine, but disc two fails. When inspected, it looks as if it was left in some sort of alcohol solution and the data layer started to bubble up.
That said, because I own the discs and therefor the license to them, a retail edition of Leopard from any source is legally obtained, as the license for digital media is not constrained to the physical media it is stored on.
This is something I have spoken to lawyers about, as well as researched on my own, and there are court cases that have ruled in the favour of being able to reobtain a license.
So don't hurr too hard about where I got the replacement DMG. I'll post a photograph of the PowerMac and the discs if you doubt I really own them, but it's not piracy.
TonyMac ranted about that when I mentioned I downloaded a copy of ML already in ISO format with MultiBoot after finding I couldn't mount it in Windows after I already bought it.
Now, after I figured out that it was the disc that was bad and not something to do with the extra 6gb of RAM I added, I threw Leopard on a flashdrive using TransMac, but couldn't get it to boot.
After a bit of searching around, I found that it will only boot from Firewire, ODD, and HDD.
So near as I can see it, all my options cost money, which is something I wouldn't mind avoiding.
I can either get a dual layer DVD and burn it under Mavericks, get a Firewire/USB hub, get a Firewire HDD/flashdrive, or buy a new set of the OEM recovery CD's, which I don't know if they even sell.
Another option is to put a spare 40gb HDD I have lying around, restore the installation DMG to it, and then boot the PowerMac with it, but first of all, will OS X even burn the DMG to a HDD, and will it install from the HDD to another HDD?
If I can't use the HDD, or trick it into booting from USB, does anyone know of a powered external HDD caddy with buth USB3 and FW?
A buddy of mine has a different PowerMac G5, but no discs. Already tried there.
His drive died on him years ago, and he lost the discs and deemed the old hardware unworthy of a replacement drive.
Thanks for the help.
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Member Since: Apr 25, 2014
Posts: 3
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Member Since: Nov 28, 2007
Location: Nambucca Heads Australia
Posts: 19,854
Mac Specs: iMac i5 2.7GHz, 16GB memory, OS 10.10.4
Hang on to those original install discs like grim death! Using OS X.7 or later make a bootable USB thumb drive before running Installer!
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Member Since: Apr 25, 2014
Posts: 3
This is why I was having issues.
Yes, I had. It asks for Disc two.
I ripped the drive out (160gb Caviar Blue), threw it on my main desktop, formatted it so it wasn't bootable, and put it back.
Then I took my spare drive (A 500gb Barracuda), and used Disk Utility to restore the DMG to the drive.
Then I put it in and booted and loaded the installer and made for a very fast installation.
Also, when I was in the boot device manager, my mouse didn't work and the only keyboard key that seemed to do anything was enter.
Not sure what's up with that.
But now I need a DVI/HDMI adapter ($8 6' cable on Amazon) and a keyboard and mouse to use with it.
It's going on my home theater system until I take the case and transplant my main desktop inside and probably drop the PowerMac guts into my Tempest 410 Elite.
But that's a tale for a different forum.
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A composition is provided which includes a balanced combination of an edrophonium component and an atropine component. A preferred embodiment has 0.5 mg of edrophonium chloride and 8 micrograms of atropine sulfate, with respect to patient weight. The inventive composition is useful to antagonize nondepolarizing blockade during medical treatment when muscle relaxation is no longer necessary, provides extremely rapid onset of action and results in minimal heart rate changes.
1. A composition useful for antagonizing nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade in a patient of determined weight by rapid intravenous unit dosage administration consisting essentially of:
edrophonium in an amount of from about 21 to about 70 mg for each unit dosage of the composition, atropine in an amount of from about 0.42 to about 0.70 for mg each unit dosage of the composition, said edrophonium being in a weight ratio with respect to said atropine of about 50:1 to 100:1, said edrophonium and atropine being admixed.
2. The composition as in claim 1 wherein said edrophonium is substantially water soluble.
3. The composition as in claim 2 wherein said atropine is substantially water soluble.
4. The composition as in claim 3 wherein said composition is an aqueous solution, and said weight ratio is about 62.5:1 to 71.5:1.
5. The composition as in claim 1 or 4 herein said edrophonium is edrophonium chloride.
6. The composition as in claim 1 or 4 wherein said atropine is atropine sulfate.
7. The composition as in claim 1 wherein said edrophonium is edrophonium chloride in an amount of about 35 mg for each unit dosage, said atropine is atropine sulfate in an amount of about 0.49 to about 0.56 mg for each unit dosage, and said weight ratio is about 62.5:1 to 71.5:1.
8. The composition as in claim 7 wherein said edrophonium chloride and said atropine sulfate are solubilized in an aqueous solution.
9. A method for antagonizing nondepolarizing blockage in a patient of determined weight comprising the step of:
intravenously administering a dose consisting essentially of edrophonium sufficient to provide an amount from 0.3 to about 1 mg with respect to a kg of patient's weight, and
atropine in an amount sufficient to provide from about 6 to about 10 micrograms with respect to a kg of patient's weight, the edrophonium and atropine being admixed in said dose with edrophonium being in a weight ratio with respect to the atropine of not less than about 50:1 and not greater than about 100:1, the administering of said dose of edrophonium and atropine being by a single, rapid injection.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 918,633, filed Oct. 14, 1986, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 412,005 filed Aug. 27, 1982, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to antagonism of neuromuscular blockade, and more particularly to antagonism of nondepolarizing blockade with a balanced combination of edrophonium and atropine.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Muscle relaxation agents are usefully administered to patients during a great variety of medical procedures, and may generally be characterized as either depolarizing agents or nondepolarizing agents. Nondepolarizing agents provide muscle relaxation for a longer duration than do depolarizing agents, and are generally curare-like drugs such as pancuronium, d-tubocurarine, metocurine, gallamine, vecuronium and atracurium.
Following a procedure where a nondepolarizing agent has been utilized, it is usually desirable that the neuromuscular blockade be antagonized when muscle relaxation is no longer necessary. Presently used antagonists are, for example, anti-cholinesterase drugs such as neostigmine (in combination with an anticholinergic) or pyridostigmine (in combination with an anticholinergic). These prior art compositions are occasionally associated with tachycardia, bradycardia and other dysrhythmias of atrial, nodal and ventricular origin. However, use of the anticholinesterase drugs as antagonists (without an anticholinergic) invariably leads to muscarinic effects such as bradycardia, or slowing of the heart rate, and hence a tendency for blood pressure to fall.
Edrophonium is a reversal inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, but had been believed to have a brief duration of antagonism, thus allowing possible recurrence of neuromuscular blockade. It was recently reported that a controlled, two minute infusion of edrophonium (0.5 mg/kg) in combination with atropine (1.0 mg) during operative procedures with six patients appeared to provide adequate antagonism of neuromuscular blockade. However, thirty seconds following the start of the infusion the heart rate was observed to decrease, and thirty seconds later a tachycardia developed. Morris, et al., Anesthesiology, Vol. 54, pp. 399-402 (May, 1981).
It has been surprisingly discovered that a composition including edrophonium and atropine in particular, balanced amounts, when substantially simultaneously administered by rapid IV injection, provides extremely rapid onset of action (that is, timed from administration to peak antagonism) over an entire dose range which is significantly faster than the neostigmine or pyridostigmine composition presently used. Further, the substantially simultaneous administration of a composition in accordance with the present invention results in minimal changes in heart rate or mean arterial pressure (MAP). In addition, lower amounts of atropine are present in compositions of the subject invention than in the prior art compositions. Such lower doses are believed to result in fewer cardiac irregularities during therapeutic uses.
Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention, a composition is provided which is useful for antagonizing nondepolarizing blockade in a patient of determined weight.
The composition comprises an edrophonium component and an atropine component with the components being in a carefully balanced weight ratio. The edrophonium component is in an amount sufficient to provide from about 0.3 to about 1 mg per kg of patient's weight. The atropine component is in an amount sufficient to provide from about 6 to about 10 microgram per kg of patient's weight. A preferred embodiment has 0.5 mg/kg of edrophonium chloride and 8 microgram/kg of atropine sulfate.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 illustrates the onset of action for a preferred embodiment in accordance with the present invention, a first prior art composition, and a second prior art composition; and,
FIG. 2 illustrates plotted data for a prior art composition and a preferred embodiment of a composition in accordance with the subject invention. Data for both compositions are plotted as means �S.E. for changes in heart rate as a percent of control.
A composition in accordance with the present invention includes an edrophonium component and an atropine component. Each component is commercially available.
The composition is preferably prepared in advance, ready for administration, as an aqueous solution in which the two essential components are solubilized, and may include other, pharmacologically suitable components, such as buffers, physiological salts, preservatives and the like.
For example, suitable pH adjustors, or buffers, include sodium citrate and citric acid; and, suitable preservatives include phenol andsodium sulfite.
The inventive composition may be prepared in advance of use, and packaged by means such as vials, prefilled syringes, or ampoules in appropriate volumes ready for administration.
A particularly preferred edrophonium component is edrophonium chloride. Preparation of several edrophonium derivatives (including edrophonium chloride and edrophonium bromide) is disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 2,647,924, inventors Aeschlimann et al., assigned to Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc., issued Aug. 4, 1953.
A particularly preferred atropine component is atropine sulfate which, along with atropine and atropine hyperduric, has anticholinergic properties.
The edrophonium component in compositions of the subject invention are from about 0.3 to about 1 mg/kg, more preferably about 0.5 mg/kg which provides full antagonism for almost all adult patients in normal herapeutic uses. At amounts less than about 0.5 mg/kg an increasing number of adult patients will be without full antagonism. However, for pediatric patients it is believed the lower amounts (such as about 0.3 to about 0.5 mg) may be advisable. At about 0.5 mg/kg the edrophonium component is equiantagonistic (e.g. equivalent effectiveness) to neostigmine at the normal dose of about 0.043 mg/kg and to pyridostigmine at the normal dose of about 0.21 mg/kg.
The atropine component in compositions of the subject invention are from about 6 to about 10 microgram/kg, more preferably about 7 to 9 microgram/kg, most preferably about 8 microgram/kg. The inventive compositions include considerably less atropine than do many of the commonly used compositions For example, an optimal dose of atropine with 0.043 mg/kg neostigmine is 15 microgram/kg (about 1.1 mg for a 70 kg patient) by comparison with a preferred 0.56 mg (for a 70 kg patient) in the inventive composition.
The two essential components are carefully balanced in order that muscarinic effects (bradycardia) on one hand and anticholinergic (tachycardia) on the other hand are avoided. A weight ratio of the edrophonium component with respect to the atropine component should be in the range of about 50:1 to 100:1, more preferably 62.5:1 to 71.5:1. It should be understood that where the inventive composition is premixed and packaged by means such as ampoules, vials or the like, the composition's volume and the concentration of the two essential components therein may have been selected so as to provide sufficient of the two components with respect to an average patient's weight (or a normal range of weights).
For example, assuming an average patient weight of 70 kg, the inventive composition may be packaged in vials or ampoules (having about 5-15 ml volume) with about 35 mg edrophonium component and about 0.5 mg atropine component therein.
For more precisely adjusted administration to patients whose weight may be either within a normal range or outside a normal range, the composition may be, for example, packaged in prefilled syringes and a suitable or metered, volume of the inventive composition dispensed as appropriate.
Compositions of the present invention result in very little heartbeat change in contrast to prior art compositions, as illustrated by FIG. 2. Heart rate data for the inventive composition illustrated by FIG. 2 was wherein edrophonium was 0.5 mg/kg and atropine was 0.7 microgram/kg, with the prior art composition having 0.043 mg/kg neostigmine and 15 microgram/kg atropine. As may be seen from FIG. 2, within the first two minutes following injection of the prior art composition, the heart rate rose to about 150% from control, whereas administration of the inventive composition during the same interval resulted in very little variation (about 105% from control). Further, from 15 minutes to one hour after administration of the inventive composition, heart rate variations were virtually nil, but heart rate dropped to about 90% from control for the prior art composition.
FIG. 1 illustrates the strikingly more rapid antagonism provided by the invention. The time to peak antagonism for an inventive composition (0.5 mg/kg edrophonium mixed with 7 microgram/kg atropine) is 0.8-2 minutes. By contrast, a first prior art composition (including neostigmine and atropine) required 7-11 minutes and a second prior art composition (including pyridostigmine and atropine) required 12-16 minutes.
The following experimental methods, materials and results are described for purposes of illustrating the present invention. However, other aspects, advantages and modifications within the scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.
Informed consent was obtained from surgical patients ASA (the American Society of Anesthesia) Class I and II. All patients had normal laboratory values for serum electrolytes, BUN, creatinine, SGOT and alkaline phosphatase About one hour following the oral administration of diazepam (10 mg), anesthesia was induced with thiopental (2-4 mg/kg) and maintained with nitrous oxide 60 percent inspired and halothane 0.4-0.7 percent end-tidal concentration as measured by mass spectrometer. Endotracheal intubation was accomplished without the use of muscle relaxants. Normal blood gases (PaCO2 35-40 mm Hg) and body temperatures (34�-36� C. esophageal) were maintained. Supramaximal square-wave pulses of 0.15 ms duration at 0.15 Hz were delivered to the ulnar nerve at the wrist through 27 gauge needle electrodes. The resultant force of thumb adduction was quantified with a Grass FT10 force displacement transducer and recorded on a polygraph.
Example I, below, illustrates the antagonistic properties, onset of antagonism and duration of antagonism for compositions in accordance with the present invention and comparison compositions. Example II, below, illustrates blood pressure, heart rate and heart rhythm effect with compositions of the present invention (and comparison compositions).
Neuromuscular blockade was achieved by administration of d-tubocurarine (dTC) as an intravenous bolus and then infused at a rate sufficient to maintain 90 percent depression of twitch tension. Adjustment of the infusion rate was required during the first 30 to 60 min. following which a stable level of neuromuscular blockade resulted, and the infusion was continued at this rate. After at least 20 min. of stable 90 percent blockade, twenty-six patients were divided into six groups, and each group treated with compositions having varying amounts of the edrophonium component (edrophonium chloride) but a constant amount of the atropine component (atropine sulfate), as illustrated by Table I, below.
TABLE I______________________________________Group # of Edrophonium Atropine# patients (mg/kg) (mg)______________________________________1 3 0.03 0.5*2 5 0.06 0.5*3 5 0.125 0.5*4 5 0.25 0.5*5 5 0.50 0.5*6 3 1.00 0.5*______________________________________ (*About 7.1 microgram per kg, assuming an average patient weight of 70 kg.)
The compositions were administered by injection as a rapid IV bolus. Antagonism of twitch depression was determined as a percentage of the pre-existing 90 percent depression. (e.g. Control twitch height was 50 mm depressed to 5 mm by dTC. If peak twitch height after edrophonium was 30 mm, then the 5 mm twitch height remaining after the dTC was subtracted 30-5/50-5 or 56 percent of the dTC depressed twitch was antagonized by edrophonium.) In addition, the time required for twitch tension to increase to 50 percent of peak and to peak antagonism (onset of action) was measured, and the time required for twitch tension to decrease to 30 percent of peak effect (duration of action) was measured.
Data were analyzed by linear regression, analysis of variance and Chi Square Test. Differences were considered significant at P<0.05.
The results obtained and discussed below are compared with previous work on neostigmine-atropine and pyridostigmine-atropine compositions administered under similar conditions, as reported by Miller, R. D. et al., Anesthesiology, Vol. 41, pp. 27-33 (1974).
The dose including edrophonium administered to Group (3) patients produced 50 percent antagonism of dTC depressed twitch ED50. However, the dose response curve was not parallel to those of neostigmine and pyridostigmine. The dose including edrophonium which was administered to the Group (5) patients was equiantagonistic to compositions including neostigmine (0.043 mg/kg) or pyridostigmine (0.22 mg/kg). Since responses to the 1 mg/kg and 0.03 mg/kg doses did not fall on the linear portion (i.e. between 20 to 80 percent response) of the dose response curve, they were not included in the ED50 determination. The dose including edrophonium administered to the Group (6) patients produced 100�0 percent antagonism (mean�S.E.), while the dose administered to the Group (1) patients produced 12�5 percent antagonism.
The onset of action (i.e. time from drug administration to peak antagonism) with doses including edrophonium was extremely rapid over the entire dose range, and was significantly faster than neostigmine (prior art composition 1) or pyridostigmine (prior art composition 2) at equiantagonistic doses. Table II, below, illustrates the onset data.
TABLE II______________________________________ Inventive Prior Art Prior Art Composition Composition (1) Composition (2) (including (including 3 mg (including 15 mgOnset 0.5 mg/kg) neostigmine) pyridistigmine______________________________________50% 0.4 � 0.1 min 3.2 � 0.4 min 4.0 � 0.5 minpeak 1.2 � 0.2 min 7.1 � 0.6 min 12.2 � 1.8 min______________________________________
Dose dependent increase in the duration of antagonism occurred up to a dose including 0.125 mg/kg edrophonium above which no further increase could be produced. At equiantagonistic doses, the duration of edrophonium's antagonism did not differ from neostigmine, but duration for both was shorter than with pyridostigmine.
An additional 24 adult surgical patients, ASA Class I and II with normal preoperative electrocardiograms, were selected. Anesthesia was administered as described above. dTC (0.3 mg/kg) was administered IV and the response monitored by observing the train-of-four (T4). When recovery of two of the four twitches in the T4 occurred, the neuromuscular blockade was antagonized with either a composition in accordance with the present invention (having edrophonium chloride at 0.5 mg/kg and atropine sulfate at 7 microgram/kg referred to below as "Composition A") or with a prior art composition having neostigmine at 0.043 mg/kg mixed with its optimum dose of atropine (15 microgram/kg referred to below as "Composition D"). In addition, compositions including edrophonium and atropine, where the edrophonium component was 0.5 mg/kg but the atropine component was 15 (Composition "B") or 30 (Composition "C") microgram/kg, were utilized.
Measurements of blood pressure (using Dinamap blood pressure monitor), heart rate and rhythm (polygraph recording of EKG, lead II) were made at 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,15,20,25,30,40,50 and 60 min following antagonist administration.
The data of Table II, below, illustrates heart rate measurements over time expressed as the average percent of control heart rate.
TABLE III______________________________________Comp. A Comp. B Comp. C Comp. DAverage % Average % Average % Average %min (1) (2) (3) (4)______________________________________1 98 145 148 702 105 132 151 1563 100 129 146 1044 96 129 144 99.95 98 129 144 98.76 96 130 143 97.77 98 131 141 1008 98 128 140 1019 98 128 139 10110 98 127 138 98.615 97 121 134 96.620 97 118 133 93.325 97 114 132 91.130 97 101 130 90.440 97 100 127 90.950 98 102 123 89.160 97 100 123 91.3______________________________________ (1) averaged from six patients with control heart rates of 77, 75, 88, 73 77 and 101. (2) averaged from seven patients with control heart rates of 70, 85, 90, 60, 64, 72 and 58. (3) averaged from six patients with control heart rates of 72, 60, 72, 93 67 and 72. (4) averaged from seven patients with control heart rates of 93, 44, 58, 93, 66, 60 and 75.
Compared to neostigmine (0.043 mg/kg) and atropine (15 mg/kg), the simultaneous administration of edrophonium (0.5 mg/kg) and atropine (74 g/kg) resulted in minimal changes in heart rate or MAP.
Higher doses of atropine combined with edrophonium resulted in prolonged tachycardia and elevations in MAP.
Non-Patent Citations
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text:
Kain arrives at the entrance of the Cathedral.
He is immediately confronted by Raziel, whose eyes periodically glow green.
Kain. Why is this no surprise?
Because our destinies run together, Raziel, like
two rivers that have met and can never be distinct again. At your
every fatal turn, you will find me.
And the free will you said was mine, what has
become of that?
You still have it. And that has everything
to do with my presence here now.
It was your machinations that set my destiny
in motion. The coin you tossed has struck the earth. Now you
must abide by its outcome.
The coin is still turning, Raziel. To reach
the resolution we both can live with, that will best serve our futures,
Janos Audron must not be raised.
There is much more at stake in this than you
Yes, and it is Janos who has the answers I desire.
You must trust me, Raziel. Our intentions
- for Nosgoth, for our futures - are not so diverse.
I must trust you -- or?
I have not come here to threaten you, Raziel.
You say that, while you hold in your hand the
instrument of my doom?
Kain 'sheathes' his sword so that his hands
are empty.
I saved you from the Reaver once. I have
no intention of imprisoning you within the blade.
At least not until the moment it serves your
plans to do so.
You are not the only one at risk. I may
carry the instrument of your destruction, but I, too, have taken a chance
in coming here. Or haven't you realized -- you bear the only weapon
that can kill me.
Raziel summons the wraith blade.
Then you know what I am -- and who you are?
I believe I do.
And still you think you can move me about like
your pawn. Think again, Kain.
Raziel feints at him. Kain dodges.
Why? If we are who we are, then are we
not destined to fight to the death, to decide the fate of Nosgoth?
Don't be a fool. I will not fight you.
And that will be the prophesied heroes' battle?
I win, because you will not fight me?
Raziel feints at him again, a little more seriously
this time.
The mighty Kain, Scion of Balance, would-be savior
of Nosgoth, surrenders before the final battle even begins --
He goes to strike again, but Kain pushes him
Very well, if this will make you see reason --
They fight. Kain beats Raziel to a point
where he is at a momentary disadvantage, and Kain has a chance to reason
with him. Kain holds the Reaver on him, to keep him still.
Now - you will listen to me.
The Heart of Darkness must remain undiscovered. Great harm will come
of its use.
You don't know where it is, do you?
No -
-- you never looked for it.
growing impatient
It doesn't matter, Raziel. Listen to me
- you must understand that every creature is bound to one predestined path.
We are all shackled--
--to the Wheel of Fate. Believe me, I know
that even better than you do.
Kain ignores Raziel's interruption and continues
his thought --
All but one. Because of your re-making,
you are the one unbound creature, the one among us all that truly has free
will. You have a choice, Raziel --
Which I'm sure I must make at your direction.
Your pawn has reached the end of the board, Kain. And now my powers
may even surpass yours. How ironic if the creature that you made
should prove your own undoing. Now - we finish this. Once and
for all.
No - Raziel--
in horror and rage
Vae victis--
I didn't--
His words are cut off, as Raziel plunges his
left hand into Kain's chest -- breaking Kain's grasp, and aborting his
soul's absorption into the Reaver -- and pulls out Kain's heart:
the Heart of Darkness. He holds it up to Kain. Kain emits a
hallow wheeze.
With his new telekinetic powers, Raziel blasts
Kain backward -- he is swallowed up into a dimensional rift, and disappears.
Raziel staggers backward, the Heart in one hand, the wraith-blade in the
other. This was a reflexive act -- even he can't quite believe what
he's just done. He breathes heavily as the rush of adrenaline fades.


text:
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Thousands are expected to turn out for free health care at a two-day clinic planned for Friday and Saturday in North Charleston.
If you go
What: Free clinic that will offer medical, eye and dental care to those in need.
When: 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. Friday; 6 a.m. to noon Saturday for medical and eye care. Free dental care will be available during the same hours on Friday and will run from 6 a.m. to 3 p.m. Saturday.
Where: Charleston Area Convention Center, 5001 Coliseum Drive (recently named Darius Rucker Boulevard), North Charleston
Parking: Lot E at the Convention Center
SC Mission 2013: Lowcountry will provide free medical and eye care to those in need and will run concurrently with the S.C. Dental Association's Dental Access Days, which will provide free dental care at the Charleston Area Convention Center on the same days.
No documentation is required to receive the services. The medical and eye care services are for adults only, 17 years and older. The dental care is available to adults 18 years and older.
There will not be narcotics available at the event but resources will be made available to help patients to sign up for free prescription medications.
SC Mission 2013: Lowcountry is a project organized by the S.C. Hospital Association and includes health care volunteers, doctors and staff from Charleston-area hospitals.
A similar event was held by the hospital association in Columbia earlier this month. More than 1,300 patients received care over two days at the South Carolina State Fairgrounds.
Reach Lauren Sausser at 937-5598.
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Lodging near Druid Hill Park are provided in the list below sorted in the order of their distance (closest first). Explore our favorite hotels to find accommodations near Druid Hill Park (Windsor Mill MD) for your personal or business travels.
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text:
By Jim GaramoneAmerican Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, July 30, 2007 The top U.S. commander in Iraq today acknowledged high expectations for a September assessment of the situation in Iraq and said he would work to keep politics out of the process.
Army Gen. David H. Petraeus, commander of Multinational Force Iraq, spoke to Diane Sawyer on ABC's "Good Morning America" program from his headquarters in Baghdad. He said that every time he gets a question about the assessment, "I feel another rock going into the rucksack, which is reasonably heavy at this point."
Petraeus and U.S. Ambassador to Iraq Ryan C. Crocker will offer a comprehensive assessment of the status of Iraq during testimony before Congress in September. The general said it will be the ground truth. "We will be trying, frankly, to stay apolitical in this whole endeavor," he said.
By then, Petraeus and other military commanders may have offered recommendations through the chain of command to the president. "We will also offer our views of various implications of ways ahead that may be under discussion," he said.
Sustainable security in Iraq is the goal of the military effort in Iraq, Petraeus said. He said it will take until summer 2009 to establish the conditions for that concept to flourish.
This does not mean the number of U.S. troops will remain the same, he said. Petraeus is on record as saying that he will not ask for extensions for troops beyond current 15-month deployments. He and other senior leaders will work together to decide when they can reduce the number of American troops in Iraq "without surrendering the gains we have made," he said.
He said he and Army Lt. Gen. Raymond T. Odierno, commander of Multinational Corps Iraq, will work together to "determine at what point we can send forces home without replacements and also begin to transition tasks over time so we are doing more partnering and less leading."
Petraeus also said there will be a gradual drawdown of British forces in Iraq, contrary to reports that British forces will leave early. British forces are in command of Multinational Division Southeast and already have handed to provincial Iraqi control the provinces of Muthanna, Dhi Qar and Najaf. British forces are turning over more and more territory in Basra, the largest province in southeastern Iraq, to Iraqi control. "The plan over time is to draw down," Petraeus said.
In addition, the general addressed reported tension between him and Iraqi Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. He said stories about friction between Maliki and him are the product of "some political factions here who would like to throw sand in the gears of the relationship."
Petraeus said he meets with the prime minister several times a week, and he speaks with Maliki several times a day. "We have a relationship that includes good, frank and open discussions, and we don't always agree on everything," Petraeus said. "But we have the strength of a relationship that allows us to discuss those issues and to come to resolution on them. At times, politics trumps the military, and we accept that."
Related Sites:Multinational Force Iraq


text:
Girls speak out at UN
February 2012: A delegation of girls from poor rural communities across the world are sharing the harsh reality of their lives at a United Nations meeting in New York.
The 9 Plan-supported teenagers from Cambodia, Cameroon, Malawi, Pakistan and Sierra Leone will tell the Commission on the Status of Women* (CSW), of the daily challenges girls face in their communities – from early and forced marriage to polygamy and domestic violence.
The girls have already taken part in a Plan panel discussion 'Breaking vows: Ending early and forced marriage' on 28 February and 'Empowering rural girls: From invisibility to agency' on 1 March.
Read the reports on their blog site
Campaign call
As representatives from the UN member states gather to evaluate progress, identify challenges and set global policy relating to the empowerment of rural women, the girls will be advocating for:
- an end to early and forced marriage
- adolescent girls' education
- the role for men and boys in advancing gender equality.
I want to decide who I marry
Teresa, aged 17 from Sierra Leone, is one of the delegates representing her peers, community and country.
"I want to be part of the decision of who I marry and when, I will decide how many children I will have... If I have daughters, they will go to school and have an equal place within the family. As adults they will take care of their children so that they too will enjoy their rights," she said.
Get updates
Follow the girls' activities at the CSW via their blog on bcimagirl.tumblr.com
Join Plan's Because I am a Girl campaign to promote girls' rights
Sign up to our Because I am a Girl newsletter
Find out more about Plan's global work on child and youth participation
* Plan is not responsible for the content on external websites
Case studies
Maryam: Early marriage has ruined Praveen's life
Maryam, 15, from Pakistan speaks out at a UN Commission on the Status of Women side event about a 12-year-old girl who was forced to marry in her community.


text:
Novel thermoplastic copolyesters useful in molding resins are prepared by the interesterification of (a) diaromatic acids and diols and/or reactive derivatives thereof or terminally-reactive straight, branched or alicyclic poly(alkylene glycol aromatic acid esters) and (b) a terminally-reactive di-ester comprising an aromatic diol. Compositions comprising the new modified copolymers produce molded articles with superior impact strength, higher heat deflection temperatures, and modified crystallization behavior. Also disclosed are embodiments including reinforcing agents, and/or flame retardant agents.
1. A thermoplastic copolyester prepared by heating at from 150° C. to 280° C. and a pressure of from 0.1 to 20 l mm Hg. and reacting:
(a) (i) a dicarboxylic acid selected from one or more of the group consisting of terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, naphthalene dicarboxylic acids, phenyl indane dicarboxylic acid and compounds of the formula: ##STR6## in which X is alkylene of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, carbonyl, sulfonyl, oxygen or a bond between the benzene rings and
(ii) one or more straight chain, branched chain or cyclic aliphatic diols of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms or
(iii) a polyester prepared by heating (i) and (ii); and
(b) a di-ester of an aromatic diol of from 6 to 30 carbon atoms.
2. A thermoplastic copolyester as defined in claim 1 wherein component (b) is prepared by forming a di-ester from a diol of the formula: ##STR7## wherein X is alkylene or alkylidene of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, carbonyl, sulfonyl, oxygen or a bond between the benzene rings, X1, X2 and X3 are selected from hydrogen, lower alkyl, chlorine or bromine, and p, q and r are from 1 to 4.
3. A thermoplastic copolyester as defined in claim 1 wherein component (a) is of the formula: ##STR8## wherein y is from 2 to 10.
4. A thermoplastic copolyester as defined in claim 1 wherein component (b), is prepared by forming a di-ester from a diol of the formula: ##STR9## and succinic anhydride.
5. A thermoplastic copolyester as defined in claim 1 wherein component (b) is prepared by forming a di-ester from a diol of the formula: ##STR10## and maleic anhydride.
6. A thermoplastic copolyester as defined in claim 3 wherein component (a) includes from 0.05 to 3 mole %, based on the terephthalate units, of a branching component which contains at least three ester-forming groups, selected from a polyol or a polybasic acid compound.
7. A thermoplastic molding composition comprising a copolyester as defined in claim 1 and a reinforcing amount of a reinforcing filler.
8. A thermoplastic molding composition as defined in claim 7 wherein said reinforcing agent comprises filamentous glass.
9. A thermoplastic molding composition comprising a copolyester as defined in claim 1 and a flame retardant amount of a flame retardant agent.
10. A thermoplastic molding composition as defined in claim 7 which also includes a flame retardant amount of a flame retardant agent.
This invention relates to novel thermoplastic copolyesters prepared by the interesterification of (a) diaromatic acids and diols and/or reactive derivatives thereof or terminally-reactive straight, branched or dicyclic poly(alkylene glycol aromatic acid esters) and (b) a di-ester comprising an aromatic diol.
Poly(alkylene glycol aromatic acid esters) have found use in molding resins because of their rigidity, good dimensional stability, low water absorption and good electrical properties. These resins also produce molded articles having high heat resistance, inherent lubricity and excellent chemical resistance. One restriction on the use of these valuable resins, however, is the fact that the impact strengths of moldings tend to be somewhat inadequate for applications where the molded part is likely to be subjected to severe service conditions. This has led to work to upgrade these properties of poly(alkylene glycol aromatic acid esters) because, both in straight, branched and cyclic alkylene chain modifications, they are so superior to many other molding materials, especially with respect to surface gloss when molded.
It has now been discovered that if poly(alkylene glycol aromatic acid ester) resins are chemically modified by being segmented in a copolyester in which the major portion of the repeating units are (a) poly(alkylene glycol aromatic acid ester) units and the minor portion of the repeating units are units of (b) a di-ester comprising an aromatic diol, then the resulting copolyesters will have enhanced impact resistance, compared to the resin (a) itself. The improvement in impact resistance is achieved with minimal loss of other physical properties and is accompanied with a measurable increase in toughness. It is believed that the presence of the internal units of other aromatic di-esters modifies the rate at which such poly(alkylene glycol aromatic ester) resins crystallize from the melt in a very desirable manner.
Illustratively, if certain aromatic diol-containing di-esters are added to the reactor during the preparation of poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) by ester interchange between dimethyl terephthalate and 1,4-butanediol, either as part of the initial charge, or after the prepolymerization stage is complete, or if they are reacted with a terminally-reactive poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) resin, there is caused a most desirable modification in the properties of the resulting, modified polyester molding resins.
By way of illustration, succinic anhydride and maleic anhydride are each reacted, respectively, with bisphenol-A to produce carboxyl-terminated di-esters, and these are used as the source of units. These carboxyl-terminated di-esters are added, respectively, to a reactor with 1,4-butanediol and dimethyl terephthalate and dibutyl tin dilaurate and heated under moderate, then high vacuum until the formation of copolyester is substantially complete. Alternatively, 1,4-butanediol and dimethyl terephthalate can be heated to form β-hydroxyethyl terephthalate, the di-ester added, and the copolyester is formed on further heating. In still another procedure, the di-ester derived from the aromatic diol is reacted with high molecular weight poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) having functionally reactive end groups, and a small amount of 1,4-butanediol and copolymerization occurs.
No matter how they are made, however, after completion of the reaction and molding the copolyesters, the articles obtained are improved in toughness and reduced in notch sensitivity as compared to bars molded from the corresponding unmodified poly(alkylene aromatic acid esters). There is insubstantial loss in flex modulus and strength.
The effect on crystallization behavior is also noteworthy. The aromatic diol-derived di-ester components significantly reduce the crystallization rate of the molding resin. This is desirable, since it allows longer time for the polymer melt to flow through thin walled sections of a mold before the cooling product solidifies.
In addition to their use in injection molding application, the di-ester coreactants have also been found to be beneficial in improving the properties of poly(alkylene glycol aromatic acid ester) resins used in other applications, such as profile extrusion, extrusion-and injection blow molding, thermoforming, foam molding; in these cases small amounts of ester-forming branching agents may be added to enhance the melt elasticity properties of the products for easier processing.
The copolyester products can also be converted to valuable modifications by adding reinforcing fillers, such as glass fibers, talc, and the like, and/or flame retardant agents such as monomolecular or polymeric halogenated aromatic compounds, with and without flame retardant synergists, such as antimony compounds, or phosphorus compounds, and the like. Surprisingly, the increased toughness of the new copolyesters compensates for the greater brittleness usually induced by the incorporation of such non-soluble additives and fillers.
According to this invention, there are provided novel thermoplastic copolyesters which comprise units derived from:
(a) (i) a dicarboxylic acid selected from one or more of the group consisting of terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, naphthalene dicarboxylic acids, phenyl indane dicarboxylic acid and compounds of the formula: ##STR1## in which X is alkylene of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, carbonyl, sulfonyl, oxygen or a bond between the benzene rings, or a reactive-derivative thereof, and
(ii) one or more straight chain, branched chain or cyclic aliphatic diols of from 2 to 10 carbon atoms or a reactive-derivative thereof, or
(iii) a terminally-reactive polyester derived from (i) and (ii); and
(b) a terminally-reactive di-ester of an aromatic diol of from 6 to 30 carbon atoms, said units being connected by interterminal linkages consisting essentially of ester linkages.
It is essential that the modified polyester products be prepared in such a way that there is a reaction of terminally-reactive groups as between components (a) and (b). The terminal groups can be in the glycol or aromatic diacid monomer of component (a), in prepolymer thereof, or in resinous higher condensation products comprising component (a). The terminal groups can comprise hydroxyl, carboxyl, carboalkoxy, and the like, including reactive derivatives thereof. The result of reaction between two terminally-reactive groups, of course, must be an ester linkage. After initial mixing, polymerization is carried out under standard conditions, e.g., a first stage, if monomers comprise component (a) at from 150° to 210° C. and a mild vacuum, e.g., 1 to 20 mm. of Hg, and a second stage (first, if a prepolymer or resinous poly(alkylene glycol aromatic diester) is used as component (a), at a higher temperature, e.g., 220° to 280° C., in a high vacuum, e.g., 0.1 to 2 mm. Hg, to form the copolymerizate of this invention.
Component (a) is preferably a mixture or an esterification product of terephthalic acid or isophthalic acid or a reactive derivative thereof or a mixture thereof, and one or more alkylene glycols. The alkylene glycols can be straight chain, branched chain, or alicyclic in nature. Illustratively, the glycol can be ethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol; 1,5-pentanediol; 1,6-hexanediol; 1,9-nonanediol; 1,10-decanediol; neopentyl glycol; 1,4-cyclohexanediol; 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, a mixture of any of the foregoing, or the like.
The di-esters designated (b) are most preferably derived from an aromatic diol or a reactive derivative thereof and a dibasic acid or reactive derivative thereof, such as an anhydride. Also useful would be the reaction product of an aromatic alcohol of mixed ester forming functionality such as p-hydroxybenzoic acid, or a reactive derivative thereof, and a dibasic acid or reactive derivative thereof, such as an anhydride, although this is not, in a strict sense, a di-ester, per se.
The di-esters designated component (b) preferably will contain at least one carboxy or carboalkoxy terminal group.
In a preferred family of di-ester component (b), the aromatic diol is represented by the formulas: ##STR2## wherein X is alkylene or alkylidene of from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, carbonyl, sulfonyl, oxygen or a bond between the benzene rings, X1, X2 and X3 are selected from hydrogen, C1 -C6 alkyl, chlorine or bromine, and p, q and r are from 1 to 4.
Illustrative of the aromatic diols useful in component (b) are: bisphenol-A, hydroquinone, resorcinol, 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl-4,4'-bisphenol, tetrabromobisphenol-A, tetrachlorobisphenol-A, and the like. Illustrative of the acids used to form the ester forming adducts in component (b) are phthalic acid or anhydride, tetrabromophthalic acid or anhydride, succinic acid or anhydride, maleic acid or anhydride, and the like. Preferred components (b) are derived from bisphenol-A and succinic anhydride and from bisphenol-A and maleic anhydride, by means to be exemplified hereinafter.
The copolyesters of this invention preferably comprise from 95 to 50 parts by weight of the units of poly(alkylene glycol aromatic diacid esters), preferably poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate). The polyester component will preferably have an intrinsic viscosity of above 0.1 dl./g. and preferably, between 0.1 and 0.5 dl./g. as measured in a 60:40 mixture of phenol/tetrachloroethane at 30° C. The balance, 5 to 50 parts by weight of the copolyester will comprise units of component (b).
As will be understood by those skilled in this art, the poly(alkylene glycol aromatic acid ester) units (a) can be straight chain or branched, e.g., by use of a branching component, e.g., 0.05 to 3 mole %, based on aromatic ester units, of a branching component which contains at least three ester-forming groups. This can be a polyol, e.g., pentaerythritol, trimethylolpropane, and the like, or a polybasic acid compound, e.g., trimethyl trimesate, and the like.
The copolyesters may be employed as such in the fabrication of molded articles or they may be blended with other polymers, especially preferably poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) straight chain or branched (as described), and with stabilizers, reinforcing agents and/or flame retardant additives.
Suitable reinforcing agents are well known but, illustratively, they may be selected from the group consisting of metals, such as aluminum, iron or nickel particles and the like, and non-metals, such as carbon filaments, silicates, such as acicular calcium silicate, asbestos, titanium dioxide, potassium titanate and titanate whiskers, wollastonite, glass flakes and fibers. It is also to be understood that unless the filler adds to the strength and stiffness of the composition, it is only a filler and not a reinforcing filler as contemplated herein.
Although it is only necessary to have at least a reinforcing amount of the reinforcement present, in general the reinforced compositions will comprise from 10 to 80% by weight of the total composition of the reinforcing agent.
In particular, the preferred reinforcing fillers are of glass, and it is usually preferred to employ fibrous glass filaments comprised of lime-aluminum borosilicate glass that is relatively soda free. This is known as "E" glass. However, other glasses are useful where electrical properties are not important, e.g., the low soda glass known as "C" glass. The filaments are made by standard processes, e.g., by steam or air blowing, flame blowing and mechanical pulling. The filament diameters range from about 0.00012 to 0.00075 inch, but this is not critical to the present invention. Glass fibers may be surface coated in accordance with standard procedures to improve their reinforcing performances. In general, best properties will be obtained from reinforced compositions that contain from 20 to 30 percent by weight of the glass reinforced composition.
The length of glass filaments and whether or not they are bundled into fibers and the fibers bundled in turn to yarns, ropes or rovings, or woven into mats, and the like, are also not critical to the practice of the invention. In preparing the present compositions, it is convenient to use the filamentous glass in the form of chopped strands of from about 1/8 inch to about 1 inch long, preferably less than 1/4 inch long. In articles that are molded from the compositions of the invention, even shorter lengths will be encountered because, during compounding, considerable fragmentation will occur. This is desirable, however, because the best properties are exhibited by thermoplastic injection molded articles in which the filament lengths lie between about 0.000005 inch and 0.12 (1/8 inch).
The present invention also contemplates flame retardant compositions comprising the new copolyesters with or without reinforcing agent. Illustrative flame retardants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,833,685, 3,341,154, 3,915,926 and 3,671,487 which are hereby incorporated by reference. Other flame retardants are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,681,281, and 3,557,053, 3,830,771 and U.K. Pat. No. 1,358,080, all of which are incorporated by reference.
In general, the flame retardant additives useful in this invention comprise a family of chemical compounds well known to those skilled in the art. Generally speaking, the more important of these compounds contain chemical elements employed for their ability to impart flame resistance, e.g., bromine, chlorine, antimony, phosphorus and nitrogen. It is preferred that the flame retardant additive comprises a halogenated organic compound (brominated or chlorinated); a halogen-containing organic compound in admixture with antimony oxide; elemental phosphorus or a phosphorus compound; a halogen-containing compound in admixture with a phosphorus compound or compounds containing phosphorus-nitrogen bonds or a mixture of two or more of the foregoing.
The amount of flame retardant additive used is not critical to the invention, so long as it is present in a minor proportion based on said composition -- major proportions will detract from physical properties -- but at least sufficient to render the block polyester resin non-burning or self-extinguishing. Those skilled in the art are well aware that the amount will vary with the nature of the resin and with the efficiency of the additive. In general, however, the amount of additive will be from 0.5 to 50 parts by weight per 100 parts of resin. A preferred range will be from about 3 to 40 parts and an especially preferred range will be from about 8 to 40 parts of additive per 100 parts of resin. Smaller amounts of compounds highly concentrated in the elements responsible for flame retardance will be sufficient, e.g., elemental red phosphorus will be preferred at 0.5 to 2.0 parts by weight per 100 parts of resin, while phosphorus in the form of triphenyl phosphate will be used at 25 parts of phosphate per 100 parts of resin, and so forth. Halogenated aromatics will be used at 8 to 50 parts and synergists, e.g., antimony oxide will be used at about 2 to 5 parts by weight per 100 parts of resin.
Among the useful halogen-containing compounds are those of the formula: ##STR3## wherein R is an alkylene, alkylidene or cycloaliphatic linkage, e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene, isopropylene, isopropylidene, butylene, isobutylene, amylene, cyclohexylene, cyclopentylidene, and the like; a linkage selected from the group consisting of ether; carbonyl; amine; a sulfur-containing linkage, e.g., sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone; a phosphorus-containing linkage; and the like. R can also consist of two or more alkylene or alkylidene linkages connected by such groups as aromatic, amino, ether, carbonyl, sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone, a phosphorus-containing linkage, and the like. Other groups which are represented by R will occur to those skilled in the art.
Ar and Ar' are mono- or polycarbocyclic aromatic groups such as phenylene, biphenylene, terphenylene, naphthylene, and the like. Ar and Ar' may be the same or different.
Y is a substituent selected from the group consisting of organic, inorganic, or organometallic radicals. The substituents represented by Y include (1) halogen, e.g., chlorine, bromine, iodine, or fluorine or (2) ether groups of the general formula OE, wherein E is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical similar to Z or (3) monovalent hydrocarbon groups of the type represented by R or (4) other substituents, e.g., nitro, cyano, etc., said substituents being essentially inert provided there be at least one and preferably two halogen atoms per aryl, e.g., phenyl nucleus.
Z is a monovalent hydrocarbon group exemplified by the following: alkyl, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, decyl, and the like; aryl groups, such as phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, xylyl, tolyl, and the like; aralkyl groups, such as benzyl, ethylphenyl, and the like; cycloaliphatic groups such as cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and the like; as well a monovalent hydrocarbon groups containing inert substituents therein. It will be understood that where more than one Z is used, they may be alike or different.
The letter d represents a whole number ranging from 1 to a maximum equivalent to the number of replaceable hydrogens substituted on the aromatic rings comprising Ar or Ar'. The letter e represents a whole number ranging from 0 to a maximum controlled by the number of replaceable hydrogens on R. The letters a, b and c represent whole numbers including 0. When b is not 0, neither a nor c may be 0. Otherwise either a or c, but not both, may be 0. Where b is 0, the aromatic groups are joined by a different carbon-carbon bond.
The hydroxyl and Y substituents on the aromatic groups, Ar and Ar' can be varied in the ortho, meta or para positions on the aromatic rings and the groups can be in any possible geometric relationship with respect to one another.
Included within the scope of the above formula are biphenyls of which the following are representative:
The preparation of these and other applicable biphenyls are known in the art. In place of the divalent aliphatic group in the above examples may be substituted sulfide, sulfoxy, and the like.
Included within the above structural formula are substituted benzenes exemplified by 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,4-dibromobenzene, 1,3-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzene, hexachlorobenzene, hexabromobenzene, and biphenyls such as 2,2'-dichlorobiphenyl, 2,4'-dibromobiphenyl, and 2,4'-dichlorobiphenyl.
Preferred flame retardant additives consist of aromatic carbonate homopolymers having repeating units of the formula: ##STR4## wherein R1 and R2 are hydrogen, (lower)alkyl or phenyl, X1 and X2 are bromo or chloro and m and r are from 1 to 4. These materials may be prepared by techniques well known to those skilled in the art. Also preferred are aromatic carbonate copolymers in which from 25 to 75 weight percent of the repeating units comprise chloro- or bromo-substituted dihydric phenol, glycol or dicarboxylic acid units. See, e.g., A. D. Wambach, U.S. Pat. No. 3,915,926, above-mentioned.
In addition, preferred are aromatic halogen compounds such as chlorinated benzene, brominated benzene, chlorinated biphenyl, chlorinated terphenyl, brominated biphenyl, brominated terphenyl, or a compound comprising two phenyl radicals separated by a divalent alkylene or oxygen group and having at least two chlorine or bromine atoms per phenyl nucleus, and mixtures of at least two of the foregoing.
In general, the preferred phosphorus compounds are selected from elemental phosphorus or organic phosphonic acids, phosphonates, phosphinates, phosphonites, phosphinites, phosphene oxides, phosphenes, phosphites or phosphates. Illustrative are triphenyl phosphine oxide. This can be used alone or mixed with hexabromobenzene or a chlorinated biphenyl and, optionally, antimony oxide.
Typical of the preferred phosphorus compounds to be employed in this invention would be those having the general formula: ##STR5## in which X = S or 0, and n = 0 or 1, Y', Y" and Y'" are the same or different and represent alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkyl substituted aryl, halogen substituted aryl, aryl substituted alkyl, alkyloxy, cycloalkyloxy, halogen substituted alkyloxy, aryloxy, halogen substituted aryloxy, or halogen. Two of the Y's may be combined into a cyclic structure, or one or two of the Y's may be difunctional in which case the compounds consists of short or long chain compounds containing a plurality of P atoms per molecule. Typical examples of suitable phosphorous compounds include: triphenyl phosphate, diphenyl phenyl phosphonate, phenyl diphenyl phosphinate, triphenyl phosphine, triphenyl phosphine oxide, tris(p-bromophenyl) phosphate, neopentyl phenyl phosphonate, tris(dibromopropyl) phosphate, dibenzyl phenyl phosphonate, poly(1,4 cyclo hexylene dimethylene) phenyl phosphonate, pentaerythritol bis(p bromophenyl) phosphonate, and the like. A preferred flame retardant is tris(tribromophenyl) phosphate.
Also suitable as flame retardant additives for this invention are compounds containing phosphorus-nitrogen bonds, such as phosphonitrilic chloride, phosphorus ester amides, phosphoric acid amides, phosphonic acid amides, phosphinic acid amides, tris(aziridinyl) phosphine oxide or tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride. These flame retardant additives are commercially available.
The following examples illustrate the present invention, but they are not to be construed to limit it in any manner whatsoever. All parts are by weight, unless otherwise indicated.
(a) An adduct of succinic anhydride and 2,2-bis-(4-hydroxy phenyl) propane (BPA) is prepared by reacting 2.5 g. of BPA, 2.4 g. of succinic anhydride and 0.5 ml of triethylamine in 10 ml. of refluxing methylene chloride until all is dissolved. MeCl2 is distilled off and the residue left to solidify. The product is recrystallized from acetone. The reaction product is homogeneous by thin layer chromatography, shows a sharp melting peak at 137° C. by differential scanning calorimetry, and has an infrared spectrum consistent with the assumed structure of BPA disuccinate.
(b) 1.15 g. of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane (BPA) and 1.05 g. of succinic anhydride are placed in a 250 × 20 mm cylindrical glass reactor provided with a mechanically driven, hermetically sealed spiral glass stirring rod and distillation attachment for removal of volatile reaction by-products. The reactor is immersed in a silicone oil bath heated to 150° C. for a period of 20 minutes, causing the reactants to melt and coreact. After removing the reactor from the oil bath and cooling its contents, 20 g. of poly(1,4-butylene terephthalate) (PBT) is added. The PBT has an intrinsic viscosity of 0.41 dl./g. as determined in a 60:40 by weight solvent mixture of phenol and sym.-tetrachloroethane at 30° C., and contains a catalyst residue remaining from 0.1 mole % tetra(2-ethylhexyl)titanate added during the preparation of the PBT.
The reactor is again immersed in the oil bath and heated for 35 minutes at a gradually increasing temperature from 200°-233° C. At that time, an increasing vacuum is gradually applied to the reactor contents, while the temperature is raised further, until after 20 minutes the temperature is 252° C. and the vacuum 0.1 mm of mercury.
After addition of 0.1 ml. of 1,4-butanediol to the reaction mixture, the polymerization is continued for 90 minutes at 252° C. and 0.1-0.3 mm Hg. The product, after removal from the reactor, is tough and ductile and has an I.V. of 0.84 dl./g.
The crystallization rate of the material at 200° F. is determined by melting a small particle between microscope coverslips on a hot plate at 450° F. and rapidly transferring it to a microscope hot stage kept at 200° F. between crossed polarizers. The increase in light transmission as the sample crystallizes is measured and recorded. The time to initial crystallization (ti) is 2.1 seconds, and the additional time required to achieve 50% of the final crystallinity (t1/2) is 0.3 seconds. In comparison, a sample of PBT homopolymer has a ti = 1.5 secs. and a t1/2 = 0.2 secs.
Bisphenol-A, 1.15 g. and 1.05 g. succinic anhydride are pre-reacted as in Example 1 and cooled. 18.4 g. of dimethyl terephthalate, 13 g. of 1,4-butanediol, and 0.05 ml. of dibutyl tin dilaurate are added, and the mixture heated 20 minutes at 180° C., 65 minutes at 200° C., and 35 minutes at 220° C. At this time, distillation of methanol has stopped. A vacuum is now applied gradually to the reaction and heating continued for an additional 2 hours, final reaction conditions are 252° C. at 0.05 mm Hg.
The reaction product is removed from the reactor. It has an I.V. of 0.71 dl./g.
The sample has a ti = 9 sec. and t1/2 = 0.3 secs. at 200° F. Differential scanning calorimetry gives a melting peak starting at 187° C. with a maximum of 212° C. and a crystallization peak starting at 186° C. with a maximum at 164° C.
Maleic anhydride, 1.03 g., and 1.15 of BPA are reacted with 20 g. of PBT (I.V. = 0.41 dl./g.) as described in Example 2. The reaction product is quite tough and has an I.V. of 0.865 dl./g.
Among the variations possible in the invention in light of the detailed examples, there can be substituted for 1,4-butanediol, other glycols such as ethylene glycol, 1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol, and the like, and for dimethyl terephthalate, dimethyl isophthalate, dimethyl naphthalene dicarboxylate, and the like, as well as the corresponding prepolymers and terminally-reactive high polymers. For the dibutyl tin dilaurate, there can be substituted other transesterification catalysts, such as zinc salts, antimony oxide or esters, and the like. For the bisphenol-A, there can be substituted other aromatic diols, such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, tetrabromobisphenol-A, and the like. For the succinic anhydride or the maleic anhydride, there can be substituted phthalic anhydride, tetrabromophthalic anhydride, and the like. Reinforced compositions can be obtained by intimately blending, e.g. 30 parts by weight of glass fiber reinforcement with 70 parts by weight of the copolyesters of Examples 1-3. Reinforced, flame retardant compositions can be provided by making an intimate blend comprising 52 parts by weight of the copolyester of Examples 1-3, 30 parts of 1/8 inch long chopped filamentous glass reinforcement, 13 parts by weight of a 1:1 copolycarbonate of bisphenol-A and tetrabromobisphenol-A (27% bromine-modified Procedure A-U.S. Pat. No. 3,936,400) and 5 parts by weight of antimony oxide.
Obviously, other modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above teachings. It is, therefore, to be understood that changes may be made in the particular embodiments of the invention described which are within the full intended scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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Tags treasure island, san francisco, party, festival, fall
Artists Cut Copy, The Naked and Famous, Aloe Blacc
October 14, 2011
Ten tracks including music by Aloe Blacc, Cut Copy, and The Naked and Famous.
Face Paralysis Summer by thegalaxyescape
#betterthanyesterday, #faceparalysis, #doingit, #happydays, #growth
July 2012 : More to Life by thegalaxyescape
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Education news on Georgie Henley has been silent for two months, ever since A-level results and a spot at Cambridge University were announced on August 15. I was beginning to wonder if she had deferred enrollment until next year.
Thanks to Chantel (Twitter) and the skills of Georgie Henley Life admin Alex, we now know that Georgie has enrolled at Clare College, Cambridge. Matriculation photos, taken October 7, appear on Clare's Facebook and Flickr accounts. [They're also on Twitter.] Five images are in my gallery. According to William Geeson (Twitter), Georgie has also auditioned for a student play.
Clare, founded in 1326, is the second oldest college at Cambridge and one of the most popular. Pembroke is third oldest. Clare first admitted women in 1972. Listed below are some famous graduates. Complete lists are on Clare's website and on Wikipedia.
- Peter Ackroyd (1949-), British novelist and biographer
- Sir David Attenborough (1926-), British broadcaster and naturalist
- Lord Cornwallis (1738-96), surrendered to George Washington at Yorktown in 1781
- Nicholas Ferrar (1593-1637), friend of poet George Herbert and founder of the Protestant community of Little Gidding, which was memorialized by T. S. Eliot
- Henry Louis Gates, Jr (1950-), cultural critic and the first African-American to obtain a PhD from Cambridge
- Hugh Latimer (1485-1555), royal chaplain to King Henry VIII
- Siegfried Sassoon (1886-1967), World War I poet
We congratulate Georgie on matriculation and wish her all the best this year!