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VH1's February Posted artist The Fray stopped by Big Morning Buzz Live today to play their new single "Heartbeat." After their high energy performance of the song on Letterman, The Fray gave us a stripped back performance of the song, which was just as moving as the inspiring show they put on for Letterman. The guys also took the chance to give us the second installment of their Posted blog, and after the first poetic and intimate entry, this second post by lead guitarist Dave Welsh tells the story of the band's Super Bowl experience. Read the post from February 6th after the jump.
Kina Grannis Is VH1's First Posted Artist Of 2012
Ushering in 2012 is our first Posted artist of the year, Kina Grannis. Kina will be with us all January, giving us updates from the road including photos, tweets and exclusive stories about her travels.
Kina had been kicking around the coffee house scene for the better part of the last decade until she won a contest sponsored by Doritos back in 2008, one which landed her a record deal and exposure to hundreds of millions of people during the Super Bowl. However, she didn't officially "go viral" until late last year when her jellybean-tastic video for "In Your Arms" racked up over 4 million views on YouTube and earned her a 2011 OMA for Best Web Born Artist. If you want to know what to expect during Kina's Posted run, watch this adorable video of Kina as she explains, "It's gonna be a lot of fun. Over the course of the next month, I'll be giving you a little inside look into who I am, what I do, where I go. Should be interesting, might be weird, possibly, probably, awkward, but I'm really looking forward to it so hopefully you guys have a fun time watching!" and then proudly displays her "jelly bean message." So get ready for a month with Kina as she travels across the country promoting her new independent album, Stairwells.
Demi Lovato Wraps Up Her Posted Month With Ask Me Anything Answers And Unbroken Performances
September is nearly over, so we're preparing to say goodbye to this month's VH1 Posted artist Demi Lovato?but before we do, we've got a few unmissable updates. First up: her installment of Ask Me Anything. "I'm gonna answer as many questions as I can," she says, and she isn't kidding?we had to split her answers up into five parts. Eight minutes may not sound like a long time but trust us: for rapid-fire questions on a range of topics, it totally is. Check it out!
We've also got the rest of her killer Top 20 Live set for you! We've already shared her cover of "How To Love" and her mini-medley of earlier songs (the latter alongside an exclusive set of Music Seen photos), but we haven't shared any performances of songs from Unbroken?which just debuted at #4 on the Billboard 200 (#1 in digital sales). How remiss of us! Above, hear her soulful slow-jam "My Love Is Like A Star," and be sure to watch the set in full?including, of course, a killer rendition of "Skyscraper" to close out the performance.
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Demi Lovato's Stylist Gives Us A Tutorial About How To Replicate Demi's Nude-Glam "Skyscraper" Look
Demi Lovato popped by VH1 HQ here in New York City earlier this week to promote her new chart-topping album, Unbroken.?September's beloved Posted artist not only took time to answer a bunch of your "Ask Demi Lovato Anything" questions, but blew us away with a brilliant Top 20 Live performance; we'll have both of these things for you to see very, very soon! Best of all, Demi even lent us her makeup artist Joyce Bonelli, who spilled details about how she achieved Demi's natural, desert beauty look for the "Skyscraper" video. Now that's what friends are for! See Joyce's 10 tips below and grab the glam look for yourself.
I always start Demi off by prepping her skin with Perfect Skin.
I used Matt Touch Primer by YSL Beauty to prep Demi?s skin.
Posted: Demi Lovato Takes Good Morning America By Storm To Celebrate The Release Of Unbroken
Unbroken, Demi Lovato's new album, is in stores today, and to celebrate and promote the record, this month's Posted artist is back in New York City. She played the Hammerstein Ballroom on Saturday night, and today she'll be visiting our offices as today's episode of The Ellen Show airs (featuring an interview and performance), before appearing on tonight's Late Night with Jimmy Fallon. But thanks in part to an enthusiastic crowd of Lovatics outside the ABC studios, Lovato's appearance on Good Morning America yesterday has made the biggest splash thus far. Nicole James gushed about the appearance for MTV's Buzzworthy blog this morning, and below the jump you can see the interview with Robin Roberts, and her performance of "Skyscraper," for yourself. And don't forget to stay tuned for our exclusive coverage of her visit to VH1 today, and her own missives via Posted.
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Posted: Ask Demi Lovato Anything!
It's been awesome hanging with Demi Lovato, our September Posted artist, so far this month. However, to paraphrase Martin Lawrence in Bad Boys II, "sh*t's just about to get REAL!"
Next week, Demi Lovato is going to be paying our Times Square offices a visit. She's going to be performing a special Top 20 Live set for us, but she's also agreed to stick around afterwards to answer any questions that you, our VH1 Blog readers, have for her! All you Lovatics have to do to participate is to leave a question below in the comments, or send a tweet to @vh1 with the hashtag #askmeanything. We're going to try and get her to answer a bunch of your questions, so get creative!
[Photo: Getty Images]
Posted: "All Night Long," Demi Lovato's Collaboration With Missy Elliott And Timbaland, Premieres
We've been anxious to hear Unbroken, the forthcoming album from September's VH1 Posted artist Demi Lovato, for some time, and one track in particular had us very curious: "All Night Long," a song produced by, and featuring, Missy Elliott and Timbaland. Now, less than a week before the album's release, the track is streaming via Unbroken 9/20.net, a splash page for DemiLovato.com with a handy release-date reminder address.
Lovato gave a good capsule summary of the collaboration when she spoke to MTV News two weeks ago: "It's about staying up all night long and singing it to the boy that you like, and it's flirty and fun and it's not too grown-up, but it's grown-up enough." Despite the heavy-hitters' contributions, Lovato is indisputably the star of the show, and she's certainly got her pop-song flirt-mode on lock ("I like you, put your number in my phone/ Yeah, you heard me right, so call me when you're all alone"). Missy Elliott, who has always had a knack for being raunchy yet radio-friendly (remember the elephant noise on "Work It"?) nevertheless dials it back for her verse ("Will you be my type by the end of the night?/ We can pillow fight") in order to match that vibe without compromising her voice. Timbaland's highly processed vocal contributions provide the hook and various interjections for Lovato to play off. In short? It's super fun.
Demi Lovato will be at the VH1 offices on Tuesday, Unbroken's release date, talking about the album and answering your questions! Ask her anything by posting your question in the comments of the update she shared with us on Monday! We'll try to ask as many of your questions as we can.
[Image: Getty Images]
Posted: Demi Lovato Checks In From Her Unbroken Rehearsal Sessions
It's been quite a month we've gotten to spend with our September Posted artist of the month, Demi Lovato, so far. She's given us some great scoop on her new album, Unbroken, and took us behind the scenes at Perez Hilton's birthday party. Currently, she's in the midst of rehearsals for two big Unbroken preview shows in New York City and Los Angeles, but we're thankful that she managed to find a few minutes to send us a quick update.
Before we let her share her experiences, we're excited to announce that next Tuesday, 9/20, Demi will be popping by the VH1 offices here in Times Square. She's agreed to let you, her fans, "Ask Her Anything," so fire away! Leave your questions in the comments and she'll answer as many as she can get to when she gets in next week. Now take it away, Demi!
I am getting sooooo excited for my upcoming shows in NY (9/17) and LA (9/23)!!! ?I have been rehearsing all week and I think everyone is going to love it! I have been having so much fun performing "Skyscraper" on shows like America's Got Talent and the Do Something Awards, but I am really excited for all my fans to hear some of the other songs on my album. The dance numbers are so awesome!!!
There's more from Demi, including two exclusive photos from the set of her Unbroken cover shoot, below!
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Demi Lovato Is VH1's Posted Artist In September
We always knew there was something we liked about Demi Lovato. Maybe it was her unabashed love for Canadian teen musical drama Instant Star. Maybe it was the way in which she has, after taking a brief career hiatus to address health issues, been surprisingly brave in her willingness to talk about her experiences, and to insist on the ordinariness of them, in the face of a celebrity-gossip machine that sensationalizes and ostracizes anything related to questions of mental health. In any case, when we heard "Skyscraper," and saw the video, we knew we had to book her for the 2011 Do Something! Awards. And when we saw that performance, we knew we had to get her on board as a VH1 Posted artist. Of course, even before any of this Lovato would have been a great candidate; she's known for being extremely open to communication with her fans (the Alexz Johnson revelation, for example, was from a live chat from over two years ago). But with "Skyscraper" currently at #2 on the VH1 Top 20 Countdown, the timing couldn't be better.
We'll definitely be checking Posted.VH1.com all month long for exclusive updates from Demi Lovato, and we recommend you do the same!
Gavin DeGraw Bids A Gracious Goodbye To Posted
Gavin DeGraw had a rough August. Not long after we joined him for Posted, he was hospitalized after being attacked(!) then hit by a taxi(!!) but with rest and care he returned two weeks later, as happy-go-lucky as ever. In this, his final Posted clip, the ever-gracious DeGraw saw fit to take a moment out of bidding a fond farewell…to apologize for his "little incident"! We're just glad he was able to heal up and return to his leg of the Maroon 5/Train tour (You Oughta Know alum Matt Nathanson stepped in as of August 28), and impressed that despite everything he continued to keep us posted, as much as was possible, throughout the month. He'll be announcing a new tour shortly, but in the meantime he's begun the latest promotional push for Sweeter, due out September 20. So long, Gavin!
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Tuesday, Aug 4th, 2015
History of Innovative by CEO
Richard Stromberg Innovative Real Estate
Richard Stromberg is the founder and President of Innovative Real Estate, Inc. From the age of fourteen, Richard has devoted his life to a career in the real estate industry. Richards first Southern California multi-family acquisition occurred in 1979. Over the next eight years, he assembled several real estate investment portfolios and in 1987 Innovative Real Estate, Inc. had arrived. Richard created a company with complete real estate services under one roof to oversee his investments.
Today, Richard has been involved in the sales, acquisitions and management of several thousand units and over one million square feet of commercial offices and retail projects.
Richards experience allows him to identify added-value projects that have value enhancement potential as a result of strategic capital improvements, reconfiguration of dwelling spaces and cosmetic upgrades. Richards construction experience is quite extensive. He has rehabilitated thousands of apartment units as well as single-family residences and commercial office buildings including ground-up development projects. Additionally, Richard has developed the expertise through experience to turn-around troubled or chronically problematic management situations. He has even had success with properties located in some of the most undesirable neighborhoods in California. Due to extensive management experience, Richard has been retained in nearly 200 California State Court receivership appointments throughout Southern California. Such appointments have been for the benefit of most major lending institution in Southern California.
Richard continues to utilize his experience to acquire and reposition tired and troubled properties throughout the greater Los Angeles markets. He has been exceedingly active over the past few years and has consistently closed new projects each year.
Given the dynamic current real estate market place coupled with Richards knowledge and visionary insights and innovative concepts, Richards real estate investments have consistently been proven profitable. Each project is carefully analyzed to assure realistic expectations.
Our Mission
We are active and resourceful
in developing proactive investment strategies for our aquisitions. We are generous with our skills, tapping our collective initiative and creativity to provide financial solutions.
We are committed
to understanding incrased income streams throughrevenue & needs to generate the potential for the most profitable returns. We believe honest communications and respect go far in creating long-term, trusting relationships.
We are confident
in our abilities, proud of what we do. Its the kind of certainty born of experience, training and knowledge; the kind that allows us to take calculated risks and reap the many results.
We are collaborative,
working together as an efficient, dynamic team. Individually, each member of Innovative Real Estate is a skilled practitioner. Each challenges the others to deliver exceptional service. As a result, we stand apart from the rest in the real estate investment field.
For Sale Properties
For Rent Properties
Our Company
Brokerage Services
Contact Us
Copyright © 2010 Innovative Real Estate.
All rights reserved.

subset: commoncrawl


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|The most helpful favorable review
|The most helpful critical review
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful:
By Mark from USA on 2009-10-11 12:49:30Things I liked:Pyramyd Air's Customer Service is Excellent! But this is supposed to be about the gun so... The gun is well made. Fit and finish are good. Operation is very good.
Things I would have changed:Trigger break point is very hard to detect. I have not yet played with the trigger adjustment, but I suspect this issue is with the sear and not the trigger travel. This issue makes it even more important to ensure you are sighted on your target before you apply ANY pressure to the trigger. (Basic gun safety anyway...)
What others should know:The recoil on this gun makes it necessary to have a scope stop on any scope mount used with it. Since I did not have the scope stop mounts I could not get the scope zeroed in. (Mounts with a scope stop are on the way.) Once I took off the scope I was able to zero in the stock sites very quickly. The fiber optics green front and red back are nice. I have to say the gun is as accurate as I am at this point. Being new to pellet guns and shooting Olympic 10M rifles targets at about 33 yards (prone or kneeling) I am hitting the black portion of the target more often than not. Can't wait to the scope on it and see how I can do. Also I have only shot Crossman Wadcutters and think the results are good in this gun. http://www.pyramydair.com/s/p/Crosman_177_Cal_7_9_Grains_Wadcutter_1250ct/557#productDescription
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful:
By Matt from USA on 2011-04-11 16:07:04Things I liked:Besides the prompt great service from Pyramid, the gun seems fine. I've probably taken a few hundred shots at this point, and after getting the sights where I want them now it shoots great. Anywhere up to about 50ft away I can cluster a bunch of shots very close. I got it to shoot squirrels, and it takes them down nicely.
Things I would have changed:Very little. For the money it does everything I need. If it cost $200, then I would say a tighter sight maybe. But nothing for this price.
|By Matt from USA on 2011-04-27
|By Cuban B from USA on 2012-02-23
|By Ralph from USA on 2010-10-28
CheckoutSubtotal (USD):
does not include shipping and tax


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Added: Jul 30, 2013
Recorded: Jul 11, 2012
A journalist spends many years covering war and thinks that he's come close to knowing what soldiers experience.Audio
Photo by Jason Falchook
Tim Hetherington and Sebastian in the Korengal Valley, Afghanistan. Photos courtesy Sebastian Junger.
After Tim's death, Sebastian helped to found RISC, or Reporters Instructed In Saving Colleagues. RISC trains and equips freelance journalists on how to treat life-threatening injuries all around the world. To find out more information about RISC, visit their website.
The documentary Tim and Sebastian worked on in Afghanistan, Restrepo, is available now.


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Friday, January 17, 2014
OpEd by Ambassador (R) Louis A. Delvoie comments on the relationship between Pakistan and China, in contrast to their relationship with the US, in Friday's Kingston Whig Standard.
"Pakistanis are often wont to describe their relationship with China as "an all-weather friendship." This they often do to contrast it with their relationship with the United States, which has known so many ups and downs that the United States is frequently viewed more as an adversary than an ally. Indeed, at the level of popular sentiment, Pakistan is one of the most anti-American countries in the world. On the other hand, Pakistani views of China are remarkably benign and reflect the generally positive evolution of the relationship over a period of 50 years."
Louis Delvoie was educated at Loyola College, the University of Toronto, McGill University and the National Defence College of Canada. He joined the Canadian Foreign Service in 1965. Between 1965 and 1980 he worked in Lebanon, Egypt, Turkey, Algeria, Belgium and Yugoslavia, as well as in Ottawa. He subsequently served abroad as Ambassador to Algeria, Deputy High Commissioner to the United Kingdom and High Commissioner to Pakistan. In Ottawa, he was Director General of the Bureau of International Security and Arms Control in the Department of External Affairs and Assistant Deputy Minister for Policy in the Department of National Defence. He retired from the Foreign Service in 1995.
From 1995 to 2002, he was an adjunct professor of international relations at Queen's University and at Royal Military College. He is now a Senior Fellow in the Centre for International Relations at Queen's University and a visiting lecturer at the Canadian Foreign Service Institute in Ottawa. He is a frequent commentator on Middle Eastern and South Asian affairs on CBC Radio. His numerous articles on Canadian foreign and security policy, and on international relations generally, have appeared in International Journal, Behind the Headlines, Canadian Defence Quarterly, Policy Options, Canadian Foreign Policy, The Round Table, British Journal of Canadian Studies, Canadian Military Journal and in a variety of books.


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Course Options Introduction
2013 Wisconsin Act 20, the 2013-15 biennial budget act, eliminated Part-Time Open Enrollment and, in its place, established a new program for students entitled Course Options. Course Options still provides a means for Wisconsin students to take courses offered by other Wisconsin school districts, but now also includes the opportunity for students to enroll in courses offered by charter schools, various institutions of higher education, and approved nonprofit organizations at no cost to the student.
Specifically, the new Course Options law allows a pupil enrolled in a public school district to take up to two courses at any time from an educational institution. Wisconsin Educational institutions are defined under the Course Options statute as:
- A public school in a nonresident school district;
- the University of Wisconsin System;
- a technical college;
- nonprofit institutions of higher education;
- a tribal college;
- a charter school; and
- a nonprofit organization that has been approved by the Department of Public Instruction (DPI).
The links below provide additional information about Course Options including the application form and guidance for submitting and processing the application.
For Students and Parents
- Student Application
- Parent/Student Brochure (Tri-Fold)
- Parent/Student Brochure (Non-Fold)
- Parent/Student Guidance
For Educational Institutions
- Processing Course Options (updated)
- Cost Table
For Non-profit Organizations
- Non-profit Application
- Instructions for Completing Application
- Private Schools Introduction Letter
- Approved Non-profit Organizations for the 2014-15 School Year
Other Resources


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2013 Dacia Logan, Sandero and Sandero Stepway unveiled in Paris
Dacia revamps its lineup.
Great news! The all-new Dacia Logan, Sandero and Sandero Stepway have made their public debut today at the Paris Motor Show. The Logan and Sandero will share the same engine lineup, starting with a small three-cylinder 898cc turbocharged gasoline unit with 90 hp (66 kW) at 5,250 rpm and a peak torque of 99.5 lb-ft (135 Nm). With this engine, both cars will be able to return 54.3 mpg UK (45.2 mpg US or 5.2 liters / 100 km) and have CO2 emissions of 120 g/km.
There's also the 1.2-liter engine for these two models, with 75 hp (55 kW) and a fuel consumption of 47.8 mpg UK (39.8 mpg US or 5.9 liters / 100 km), while CO2 emissions stand at 137 g/km. In select market (excluding UK), this engine will also get an LPG version that promises to have only 125 g/km of CO2.
As for the diesel, this would have to be a 1.5-liter dCi with either 75 hp (55 kW) or 90 hp (66 kW). Peak torque for the less powerful engine is of 147 lb-ft (200 Nm) and it's reached at 1,750 rpm, while the other has a maximum torque of 162 lb-ft (220 Nm), also at 1,750 rpm. Fuel consumption is rated at 74.3 mpg UK (61.8 mpg US or 3.8 liters / 100 km), with CO2 emissions of 99 g/km.
As for the more rugged Sandero Stepway, this is offered only with the 0.9-liter engine and the 1.5-liter dCi with 90 hp. The gasoline version consumes 52.3 mpg UK (43.5 mpg US or 5.4 liters / 100 km) and has CO2 emissions of 125 g/km, while the diesel can return 68.9 mpg UK (57.3 mpg US or 4.1 liters / 100 km).
All three models will be offered with Dacia's Plug&Radio multimedia solution that includes a wide screen and an MP3-compatible CD player with Bluetooth support, USB sockets and fascia jack, as well as controls mounted on the steering wheel. Also available is the MEDIA NAV system that debuted on the Lodgy and Dokker models that has a 7-inch touchscreen display.
More info is provided in the attached press release.
At the 2012 Paris Motor Show, eight years after the launch of the emblematic Dacia Logan, the brand is revealing:
- New Logan: the stylish and elegant family car
- New Sandero: the roomy and compact hatchback with five seats
- New Sandero Stepway: the charismatic adventurer
The three new models retain the DNA behind Dacia's success: unrivalled spaciousness for the money, irreproachable reliability and a simple range offering. At the same time, they get new, more appealing styling, new features and new engines.
Following in the footsteps of its illustrious predecessor, New Dacia Sandero Stepway is now available in two equipment levels to attract a wider audience.
By renewing three of its core models, Dacia is securing its lead as a smart-buy brand and continuing to adapt to the needs of its target customers, mainly families and former used-vehicle buyers.
Dacia has grown faster than any other car brand in Europe since 2004, selling over two million vehicles. With a broad, seven-model range, Dacia also boasts Europe's youngest model line-up.
Orders for the New Dacia Sandero Stepway and New Dacia Sandero are now open (Sandero opens for UK ordering in October, with Stepway following in Spring 2013). New Logan launch will begin at the end of the year (not for sale in the UK). The three new models will be released gradually across Europe and the Mediterranean basin, the Dacia's main markets.
New, more assertive and upmarket styling
With New Logan, New Sandero and New Sandero Stepway, Dacia styling becomes more assertive and upmarket.
Stronger identity outside
Dacia's new design identity emphasises quality and strength. The three restyled models share the same harmonious front end, radiating outwards from the Dacia logo in the grille. The design of the large headlights and grille gives the cars a more expressive face.
In profile, the proportion of body to glazed surfaces underlines the impression of robustness, helped by a sculpted waist line, more emphatic wheelarches and flanks found on each new model.
More appeal inside
The three new models feature a new dark-carbon or two-tone dashboard (according to model and version) home to comprehensive and contemporary-style instrumentation, with chrome-surrounded dials and latest-generation, eminently functional controls.
The air-vent surrounds, steering-wheel logo and gear-stick handle label are chrome-finished (according to trim level). The central fascia is highlighted by a color wheel trim embellisher (according to trim) that matches the door handles and the design strip on the steering wheel.
Aesthetic quality has been enhanced through the clever choice of materials and flusher fit.
New, frugal and high-performance engines
New Dacia Logan, Sandero and Sandero Stepway are available with a broader choice of engines.
On New Dacia Logan and Sandero
Gasoline: TCe 90
For the first time, New Dacia Logan and New Dacia Sandero are available with the TCe 90, a new symbol of the Renault group's powertrain excellence. This exceptional engine combines driving pleasure and comfort with controlled fuel consumption (54.3 mpg*) and CO2 emissions (120 g/km*) for reduced running costs.
Featuring the latest technology and downsizing techniques, the TCe 90 is a three-cylinder, 898cc turbocharged gasoline engine. With its ultra-low-inertia turbocharger plus variable valve timing, it delivers 66 kW (90 hp) at 5,250 rpm and generates 135 Nm from low engine speeds (90% from 1,650 rpm), making it a lively and responsive performer with smooth acceleration. It brings drivers a best-in-class balance between driving performance and fuel consumption.
Gasoline: 1.2 16v 75 (Euro 5)
This 1,149cc engine, developing 55 kW (75 hp), is an impressive all-rounder, equally at ease in the city or out on the open road. Fuel consumption is an impressive 47.8 mpg, for CO2 emissions of 137 g/km* on New Dacia Logan and New Dacia Sandero. The 1.2 16V 75 engine is also available in an LPG version for lower running costs and just 125g/km of CO2* (in course of homologation, unavailable in UK).
Diesel: dCi 75 and 90 (Euro 5)
Renowned for its driving pleasure, performance reliability, and environmental respect, the 1.5 dCi is available in 55 kW (75 hp) and 66 kW (90 hp) versions. With a torque increase of 20 Nm - 200 Nm of torque at 1,750 rpm for the 75 hp unit and 220 Nm at 1,750 rpm for the 90 hp unit -the 1.5 dCi engine is responsive from even the lowest engine speeds. This performance comes hand in hand with some of the lowest fuel consumption figures in the segment, at 74.3 mpg*, for CO2 emissions of 99 g/km* for New Logan and Sandero, over a combined cycle representing a decrease of 5 g. Both engines naturally carry the Dacia eco2signature.
On New Dacia Sandero Stepway: TCe 90 and dCi 90 (in course of homologation).
New Dacia Sandero Stepway comes with a range of powerful engines.
Equipped with the TCe 90, the latest example of the Group's mechanical expertise, New Sandero Stepway consumes 52.3 mpg* for CO2 emissions of 125 g/km.*
The dCi 90 version bears the Dacia eco² signature in recognition of its low consumption (68.9 mpg*) and emission (105 g/km*) levels over a combined cycle.
* Homologated fuel consumption and emissions figures in compliance with applicable legislation.
New equipment for enhanced comfort and continued freedom for customers to choose the features they need.
Consistent with the Dacia philosophy, equipment levels are easy for customers to understand and focused on basics to meet essential customer needs as closely as possible.
New Logan, Sandero and Sandero Stepway are available with the Dacia Plug&Radio multimedia solution. Plug&Radio consists of a wide screen and an MP3-compatible CD player, plus Bluetooth® technology, fascia jack and USB sockets, and steering wheel-mounted controls. With Bluetooth® technology drivers can make hands-free calls, with synchronised contacts book and call history, and listen to their favourite tunes by audio streaming through the car's speakers.
MEDIA NAV multimedia system
After debuting on Dacia Lodgy and Dokker, MEDIA NAV is available on all three new models. The simple and user-friendly system, fitted seamlessly in the central fascia, comprises in-car navigation, a radio, Bluetooth® hands-free connectivity and audio streaming, all controlled via a 7-inch (18-cm) touch screen. Navigating the system is easy, via the Menu page. Occupants can also hook up their nomad devices via the USB and jack sockets, mounted on the central fascia for enhanced access and ergonomics, and play them using the touch controls on the screen or the buttons on the steering wheel.
The intuitive touch screen features 2D and "Birdview" (3D) graphics. Customers can update and add mapping content using the USB socket and Naviextra website.
Speed limiter/cruise control and rear parking sensors
A cruise control system – new to the Dacia range – will be available (depending on the version) on New Logan and Sandero, alongside the speed limiter. Rear parking sensors are now available depending on trim level.
Passive safety
For maximum passenger protection, New Dacia Logan, Sandero and Sandero Stepway benefit from all the safety expertise of Renault's engineers. Seatbelts are equipped with calibrated load limiters for thorax protection in the event of impact. The three models also feature Isofix anchorage points in the two rear lateral seats for easy and 100% safe installation of child seats. Every trim level is fitted as standard with front and side driver and passenger airbags and ESC.
Wide range of accessories
For extra personalisation, Dacia proposes a broad range of accessories for everyday use including side mouldings, floor mats, headrest hangers and boot nets. Weekend getaways and holidays have never been easier thanks to a roof box, ski rack, towing hook, bike rack and portable coolbox. Customers can also customise their Dacia using decal strips, exclusive wheel rims and fog light surrounds.
As always, unrivalled spaciousness and equipment for money
The new Dacia models, like their predecessors, boast more space and features for money than any other cars in Europe.
Roominess and load capacity from the segment above
The interior and exterior dimensions of the three new models are as generous as ever, worthy of the segment above. Rear elbow room in New Sandero is 1436 mm, giving enough room to seat three adults comfortably or install three child seats.
Boot volume, as high as 510 dm3 VDA for New Logan (320 dm3 VDA for Sandero), remains unbeatable given the price and the compact exterior dimensions of the vehicle. Practicality and versatility also remain strong points, thanks to the 60/40 split-folding rear bench.
The cabin has been enhanced to bring occupants more storage possibilities, notably with the addition of a central cubby box. The storage spaces in the front and rear doors are large enough to house a 1.5-litre and 0.5-litre bottle respectively.
Driving comfort and efficiency
As all the models in the Dacia range, New Logan, Sandero and Sandero Stepway have excellent ground clearance enabling them to take on all kinds of road conditions. They also feature robust underbody protection for impressive performance on unpaved tracks.
Acoustic comfort has also been improved through additional soundproofing material in the engine compartment and controlled road noise.
And, naturally, excellent reliability
Dacia, a reliable brand that perfectly meets customer needs
Dacia customers have simple and well-targeted needs. They are looking for generous, simple and reliable vehicles that are smart and affordable. Dacia's is a practical offering that responds perfectly to the expectations of its customers.
Marketing an increasingly wide range of vehicles (Logan, Logan MCV, Sandero Stepway, Duster, Lodgy, Dokker, Dokker Van), Dacia is posting remarkable quality results. In the latest 2012 results of ADAC, the benchmark German organisation, the reliability of Dacia vehicles has improved continuously over the last three years and Sandero is number four in its category. In February, the brand ranked number-one on reliability in a survey carried out with 30,000 customers by consumer organisations in Belgium, France, Spain, Italy and Portugal.
Dacia builds durably reliable cars and is winning the trust of its customers
Dacia vehicles, like Renault ones, are tested in the most extreme conditions. In addition to conventional bench tests, the Renault group puts its vehicles through demanding tests in real-world conditions to confirm their durability. Logan, for example, was tested over 1.9 million kilometres. Dacia cars are designed from the outset to be sold internationally, and notably in emerging markets. They are developed according to demanding specifications given the diversity of road and weather conditions in such countries.
All Dacia models are covered by a 3 year/60,000 miles manufacturer warranty, with service at all dealerships in the network and top-level repair expertise with manufacturer parts. The warranty is targeted at winning new customers, raising awareness of the brand, and building a relationship of trust with customers.
Dacia benefits from the quality expertise of Renault, which has become a leading carmaker on reliability, largely the result of a global group quality policy launched in 2003.
Dacia relies on Renault group and Alliance know-how in standards and processes
New Logan, Sandero and Sandero Stepway will be produced at the Pitesti plant in Romania and the SOMACA plant in Casablanca, Morocco for the regional market (including Morocco and Tunisia). Starting in the second-half of 2013, New Sandero will also be produced at the Tangier plant in Morocco.
New Dacia Logan: extra elegance for the emblematic Dacia
Smoother lines for the family sedan
Gaining the new styling identity of the Dacia brand, the exterior design of New Logan is more dynamic, with a more flowing form at the front. The new styling approach is most apparent in the grille and headlights, featuring a more emphatic design common to all three of the new models. The rear further emphasises Logan's robust nature with new lights and a design that showcases the spaciousness of the vehicle. The styling upgrade gives New Logan a harmonious look and an extra dose of elegance.
Spaciousness for money as impressive as ever
New Logan remains a true family car providing top-notch comfort and practicality for five adults. And it still boasts impressive spaciousness for money. The least expensive car in Europe brings occupants knee room of 178 mm and a boot offering space of 510 dm3 VDA with the seats up – an unrivalled performance in the segment. The new model gains a 60/40 split-folding rear bench, depending on the trim level.
New Dacia Sandero and Sandero Stepway: supermini or crossover
Daciahas given its hatchback a styling refresh. New Sandero Stepway makes the crossover segment more accessible than ever, while New Sandero brings customers the exact level of features they need.
New Dacia Sandero: the compact 5-door hatchback that does everything you need
New Sandero is a modern compact hatchback with good looks expressing vitality and versatility. The new model continues to bring customers unrivalled equipment for money and in classic Dacia style is strong on cabin space and load volume.
Boot volume of 320 dm3 VDA remains unbeatable given the car's price and compact design. Sandero is no slouch on practicality and versatility either, with a 60/40 split-folding rear bench, which folds down to increase load volume to 1,200 dm3 VDA.
New Dacia Sandero Stepway: access to a crossover vehicle with even more assertive styling
Born to be wild
New Sandero Stepway, a modern hatchback with a muscular, "go-anywhere" look, has been upgraded with even more attractive styling. Accounting for half of total sales of the previous generation, the new model with its distinctive exterior and interior design is set to appeal to an even broader base of customers looking for a charismatic vehicle.
New Sandero Stepway is ready for adventure with its raised ground clearance, 40 mm higher than Sandero in Western Europe and 26 mm higher in countries with raised suspension systems such as Romania.
The styling of New Sandero Stepway is more harmonious and "all-terrain" than ever with its redesigned front end and special body features, including front and rear skid plates, fog lamps, two-tone bumper, pronounced wheel arches, 16-inch Flexwheels rims, two-tone longitudinal roof bars, and exclusive Azurite blue paint.
Distinctive interior and comprehensive equipment
New Sandero Stepway gets specially-embroidered upholstery and grey overstitching for a bolder look.
New Sandero Stepway will now be available in two versions: an entry-level model, for affordable access to the Stepway look, and a fully-equipped model featuring the MEDIA NAV multimedia system, air conditioning, cruise control, speed limiter and rear parking sensors.
The same off-road qualities
New Sandero Stepway is still built on the B0 platform with its renowned comfort and roadholding. With its raised ground clearance, front and rear skid plates and mud flaps, New Sandero Stepway keeps all of its off-road qualities.
"The key to Dacia's success lies in the way it turned its back on the race for ever more equipment to focus on essentials," says Arnaud Deboeuf, head of the Entry program. "Generous, reliable and simple, Dacia continues to offer a great deal at a reasonable price. 2012 is a big year for Dacia with the arrival of three new models, Lodgy, Dokker and Dokker Van, and the renewal of three others, Logan, Sandero and Sandero Stepway. The new products remain true to our roots and feature all the ingredients that have made the brand a success, and even improve on them. Most of all we want to remain attentive to the needs of our customers, because the thing we are most proud of is the Dacia community that has been created around our products."
In eight years and with over two million cars sold in 36 countries, Dacia is the carmaker having achieved the most significant growth, proving that its offer addresses needs previously unmet. Dacia perfectly reflects the Renault group's ambition to make mobility accessible to all.
The success of regularly-held Dacia picnics, drawing thousands of people across Europe, shows how attached customers are to the brand. The fourth French picnic event in June set a new attendance record with nearly 12,000 people. The community spirit is also expressed on a range of websites including Facebook.


text:
GenreComedy, Drama, Fantasy
Release DateJuly 13, 2007 (Limited)
MPAA RatingPG-13
Duration105 min.
Production Budget$25 millions
StudioYari Film Group Releasing
Official Siteclick here
REVIEWS RATE: Critics Readers [Rate It]
Cast and Crew
DirectorAlec Baldwin
ProducerAlec Baldwin, Jonathan Cornick, Carol Gillson, David Glasser, Adam M. Stone
ScreenwriterPeter Dexter, Bill Condon, Nancy Cassaro
- Anthony Hopkins as Daniel Webster
- Alec Baldwin as Jabez Stone
- Jennifer Love Hewitt as The Devil
- Dan Aykroyd as Julius Jenson
- Kim Cattrall as Constance Hurry
- Ken Murton
- John Savage
- Jason Patrick
- Amy Poehler as Molly Gilchrest
Set in contemporary New York's literary world, this is a re-telling of "The Devil and Daniel Webster" the classic fable of a man who sells his soul to the devil for fame and fortune and ultimately decides that he wants to get it back. Jabez Stone, a down and out writer, exchanges his soul for a successful literary career, but soon realizes it was a mistake. Jabez must enlist the help of Daniel Webster in order to win his soul back from the Devil.
Watch Video (1 video)
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text:
(based on 42 reviews)
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Stars
Best Uses
Feels too small
Feels true to size
88% (35 reviews)
(35 reviews)
Feels too big
Feels too short
Feels true to length
95% (38 reviews)
(38 reviews)
Feels too long
Reviewed by 42 customers
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not just for bikes
By Tom
from CA.
Comments about Nashbar Gel Ride Short:
I have been using this shorts for surfing for the last 10 years or so . As you get older you lose the padding in your rear. That in turn makes for two pressing bone spots that damage wetsuits in not time. This put the padding back over my seat bones.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
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Comment on this review
Had to return
By B-rider
from Raleigh, NC
About Me Casual/ Recreational
These would probably be fine except the grip elastic at the bottom of the let was oversized or something. Kind of bell bottom effect with it flared out. Looked and felt very strange. Returned them. Holding off on getting that brand for now.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Great Biking Shorts
By Jimaish
from Upper Michigan
Padding allows me to ride 10+ miles per day with no sore seat. Very comfortable shorts. Ride with them nearly every day.
Mash at gel shorts
By Lee
from Dallas,tx
Great shorts
Fit is very personal...
By Rikkr
from 246
About Me Avid Cyclist
The shorts themselves are nice. The material is very stretchy, and leg grippers are effective. The only problem is the gel pad. It simply is too narrow to offer cushion to my pressure points. The outside edges of the pad just barely touch my pressure points (sit bones), while the bulk of the pad bunches up in between. That gets uncomfortable, like I'm a toddler with a full diaper. I am 5'11' with 32in waist. Ordered size medium. If the pad were wider, the shorts would be very good.
A good buy.
By Bill
from Birmingham
See all my reviews
These are not tight all over but have a draw string and fit fine. I am thin and fall between S & M. I do not think I could wear a small.
Saggy shorts
By Gary G.
from Rochester NY
These shorts were surprisingly ill fitting. They were generally loose, not form fitting and the material felt thin and had the elasticity of a spent balloon. The padding was overly large and needlessly ran too high up the back of the short. They felt cheaply made in comparison to every other pair of shorts I've worn over the past twenty years.
function fine... fit a little funky
By flashbk2
from vestal ny
standing or walking padding feels bulky ,riding it's excellent recommend you cover with lightweight shorts if you're going to be off the bike for long .
(1 of 1 customers found this review helpful)
Great Riding Pants
By Rick
from Richmond VA
I ride any where between 20 to 100 miles every time out up to 4 times a week. These perform like a more expensive brand I have. The legs are not as tight as I would like but it may be because my leg are not massive size yet
(3 of 3 customers found this review helpful)
Durable, affordable, performance short
By GNAC
from Broken Arrow, OK
I bought this short at the start of the riding season. 1500 miles later it is still going strong. Most of my rides are between 20 and 40 miles. I've done less than 10 rides from 60 to 100 with these shorts.I wash them in a machine with hot water, soap and normal cycle, double rinse, air dry after each ride.No wear or tear on the gel. All the elastic is still in good shape.I'm buying another pair. At this price, I am splurging! I have gotten a full season of comfort out of them - anything more is a bonus.
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text:
Disclosed is an ultra mild skin cleansing composition comprising: mild synthetic surfactants, moisturizers, polymeric skin feel and mildness aids and selected levels of soap. An ultra mild skin cleansing bar is provided which is clinically milder on the skin than water.
1. An ultra mild skin cleansing toilet bar composition comprising:
A. 20-70% mild synthetic surfactant;
B. 10-30% moisturizer;
C. 0.1-5% polymeric skin mildness aid, and
D. 5.5-25% soap;
wherein said synthetic surfactant and said soap have a weight ratio of from 2:1 to 12:1; and
wherein said moisturizer to soap have a weight ratio of from 1:1 to 7:1;
wherein said moisturizer consists essentially of stearic and lauric acid having a weight ratio of 2:1 to 1:1.5; and
wherein said soap to polymer have a stoichiometric ratio of from about 1:1 to about 17:1 on a charge basis.
2. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said synthetic to soap ratio is 4:1 to 10:1.
3. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said synthetic to soap ratio is 6:1 to 9:1.
4. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said moisturizer to soap ratio is from 1:1 to 4:1.
5. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said soap to polymer stoichiometric ratio is from 4:1 to 10:1.
6. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said mild surfactant is selected from the group consisting of:
alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate (AGS);
anionic acyl sarcosinates;
methyl acyl taurates;
N-acyl glutamates;
alkyl glucosides;
acyl isethionates;
alkyl sulfosuccinate;
alkyl phosphate ester;
alkyl ether sulfate;
ethoxylated alkyl phosphate esters;
methyl glucose esters;
protein condensates;
mixtures of ethoxylated alkyl sulfates and alkyl amine oxides;
sultaines; and
mixtures thereof;
said mild synthetic surfactant containing at least one surfactant selected from mild anionic or mild amphoteric surfactants.
7. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said mild surfactant is an alkyl gylceryl ether sulfonate/sarcosinate mix having ratio of 1:1 to 5:1.
8. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 7 wherein said alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate/sarcosinate has a ratio of 2:1 to 4:1.
9. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said concentrate also contains a co-surfactant selected from the group consisting of nonionic, amphoteric betaine or amphoteric sultaine, and wherein the mild surfactant and the co-surfactant have a ratio of 1:1 to 5:1, and wherein said mild synthetic surfactant is other than betaine or sultaine.
10. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said composition contains from 5.5-20% soap and wherein said soap is made in situ from free fatty acids and a base selected from KOH, Mg(OH)2, NaOH and triethanolamine.
11. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 10 wherein said composition contains from 10-30% fatty acids and wherein said base is selected from NaOH and triethanolamine.
12. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 11 wherein said moisturizer is a mixture of stearic and lauric acids having a ratio of from 2:1 to 1:1 and is present in said composition at a level of from 15-20%.
13. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said moisturizer to soap ratio is from 2:1 to 4:1.
14. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said polymer is a cationic polymer.
15. The composition of claim 1 wherein said polymer is selected from cationic and nonionic cellulosic resins.
16. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said polymer is selected from the group consisting of cationic and nonionic polysaccharides; cationic and nonionic homopolymers and copolymers derived from acrylic and/or methacrylic acid; cationic copolymers of dimethyldiallylammonium chloride and acrylic acid; cationic homopolymers of dimethyldiallylammonium chloride; cationic polyalkylene and ethoxypolyalkylene imines, and mixtures thereof.
17. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said polymer is a cationic guar gum.
18. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said polymer is present at 0.3-4% by weight; and said moisturizer is free fatty acids is present at 10-30% by weight of said composition.
19. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said mild synthetic surfactant is present at a level of 40-70% of said composition, and wherein said mild synthetic surfactant has a Relative Skin Barrier Penetration Value of from about 7 to about 75.
20. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein said mild synthetic surfactant is present at a level of 50-65% of said composition and wherein said synthetic surfactant has a Relative Skin Barrier Penetration Value of less than 50.
21. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 1 wherein
said mild surfactant is present at 40-70%;
said polymer at 1.5-4%; and
said soap at 6-15%.
22. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 20 wherein said composition contains from 6-8% soap, 12-25% moisturizer, and 2-5% polymeric skin feel aid.
23. An ultra mild skin cleansing toilet bar composition comprising:
A. 20-70% mild snythetic surfactant;
B. 10-30% moisturizer; and
C. 0.1-5% polymeric skin feel aid;
wherein said moisturizer consists essentially of stearic and lauric acids having a ratio of 2:1 to 1:1.5.
24. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 22 wherein Component A is selected from the group consisting of mild surfactants:
alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate (AGS);
anionic acyl sarcosinates;
methyl acyl taurates;
N-acyl glutamates;
alkyl glucosides;
acyl isethionates;
alkyl sulfosuccinate;
alkyl phosphate esters;
alkyl ether sulfates;
ethoxylated alkyl phosphate esters;
methyl glucose esters;
protein condensates;
mixtures of ethoxylated alkyl sulfates and alkyl amine oxides;
sultaines; and
mixtures thereof;
said mild synthetic surfactant containing at least one surfactant selected from mild anionic or mild amphoteric surfactants.
25. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 22 wherein said mild surfactant is an alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate/sarcosinate mix having ratio of 1:1 to 5:1.
26. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claim 3 wherein said alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate/sarcosinate has a ratio of 2:1 to 4:1.
27. The ultra mild skin cleansing composition of claims 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, 10, 11, 18, 20, 21, 22 or 23 wherein said bar has a firmness penetrometer value of 2.7 or less and a smear weight value of 7.5 or less.
This invention relates to mild skin cleansing compositions.
This invention relates to mild skin cleansers. More particularly, this invention relates to skin cleansers comprising synthetic surfactants, moisturizers, polymeric skin feel and mildness aids and soap.
The cleansing of skin with surface-active cleansing preparations has become a focus of great interest. Many people wash and scrub their skin with various surface-active preparations several times a day. Ideal skin cleansers should cleanse the skin gently, causing little or no irritation, without defatting the overdrying the skin or leaving it taut after frequent routine use. Most lathering soaps, liquids and bars included, fail in this respect.
Synthetic detergent bars, frequently referred to as "syndet bars," are well known and are becoming increasingly popular. However, widespread replacement of soap bars by syndet bars has not so far been possible for a variety of reasons, primarily the poor physical characteristics of syndet bars as compared to soap bars, e.g., smear or bar messiness and lather quality.
Certain synthetic surfactants are particularly mild. However, a major drawback of most mild synthetic surfactant systems when formulated for skin cleansing is poor lather performance, when compared to the highest bar soap standards (bars which are rich in coconut soap and superfatted). On the other side, the use of known high sudsing anionic surfactants with lather boosters can yield acceptable lather volume. Unfortunately, however, the highest sudsing anionic surfactants are, in fact, poor in clinical skin mildness. Surfactants that are among the mildest, such as sodium lauryl glyceryl ether sulfonate, (AGS), are marginal in lather. It will be appreciated that these two factors make the surfactant selection, the lather and the skin feel benefit formulation process, a delicate balancing act.
Similarly, optimization of bar firmness also requires a delicate balancing act with respect to maintaining acceptable lather and mildness, although as a single variable, bar firmness is accomplished through a fairly straightforward process with adjustments to levels of fillers, binders, etc., such as free fatty acids.
It is known that moisturizers provide skin conditioning benefits. For example, it is known that glycerin and/or free fatty acids are added to bars or liquid cleansing products for skin benefits.
Likewise, polymeric skin feel aids are known to those knowledgeable in the art for providing unique tactile characteristics to both the lather and the skin during rinsing.
For background, examples of liquid cleansing compositions are disclosed in the following references. U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,211, Stiros, issued July 6, 1982, discloses liquid skin cleanser with 2.3% to 3% AGS, the polymer JR-400 and small amounts of free fatty acid plus a fatty acid alkylolamide as lather boosting agents. Compositions containing the surfactants AGS and sarcosinate are not disclosed. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 4,491,539, James J. Hoskins and Adriaan Kessler, issued Jan. 1, 1985, discloses liquid cleansing products comprising about 5% to 30% of surfactant, about 0.1% to about 1.0% of guar material, about 0.15% to about 1.0% of nonionic carboxyvinyl polymer, and water. Exemplary compositions containing mild surfactants in general and, specifically, the surfactants AGS and sarcosinate are not disclosed. Another background reference is British Pat. No. 2,103,236A, Colgate, Feb. 16, 1984, which discloses a liquid detergent containing guar gum, a ternary surfactant mixture including betaine. AGS is not used.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,894,912, Geitz, issued July 14, 1959, for "Isethionate Detergent Bar," discloses a detergent bar consisting essentially of from 30-70% of water-soluble alkali metal detergent salts of esters of isethionic acid with mixed aliphatic fatty acids having from 6 to 18 carbon atoms and an iodine value of less than 20, of which mixed acids at least 75% have from 12 to 18 carbon atoms and up to 25% have from 6 to 10 carbon atoms, from 2-10% of at least one water-soluble suds-boosting detergent salt selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and organic amine higher aliphatic fatty alcohol sulfates, alkyl aryl sulfonates, and higher aliphatic fatty acid taurides, from about 1% to about 9% water, from about 2.5% to about 25% of water-soluble higher fatty acid soap, and from 10-40% of at least one higher fatty acid having from about 12 to about 25 carbon atoms as a binder and plasticizer, said bar having a pH within the range from 6 to 8, measured as a 10% aqueous solution of the bar composition at 35� C. This patent does not teach the use of polymeric skin feel aids nor the use of other mild synthetics.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,464, Morshauser, issued Nov. 18, 1980, for "Detergent Bar Composition and Binder Therefor," discloses a detergent bar in Example 6 which comprises: 45% sodium cocoyl isethionate, 5% alkyl amide, 37.5% stearic acid, 5.0% hydrogenated tallow glycerides, and 1% Polymer JR. Morshauser teaches that his detergent bars can contain up to 5% soap "without substantial detriment." This patent also teaches the use of up to 1.5% cationic polymer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,012,341, Orshitzer et al., issued Mar. 15, 1977, for a "Unique All Synthetic Detergent Shampoo Bar," discloses a bar comprising a mixture of anionic and nonionic detergents. Examples 2 and 4 use 1% JR-400 in bars primarily based on sodium lauryl sulfate, which is an unacceptable surfactant for the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,761,418, Parran, Jr., issued Sept. 25, 1973, for "Detergent Compositions Containing Particle Deposition Enhancing Agents," discloses detergent compositions including a bar which contains 1% JR-400. However, the main surfactant is alkyl sulfate, which is unacceptable for the mild skin cleanser of the present invention.
Thus, in view of the above, it will be appreciated that rather stringent requirements for skin cleansers limit the choice of surface-active agents and final formulations represent some degree of compromise. Mildness is often obtained at the expense of effective cleansing and lathering. Conversely, mildness may be sacrificed for either preferred lathering characteristics, bar firmness, product stability, or all of these.
This invention represents a skin cleansing composition which provides ultra skin mildness, excellent lather and bar firmness. Therefore, one object of this invention is the development of skin cleansing compositions which exhibit superior skin mildness and moisturization while maintaining acceptable lather and bar properties.
Another object of the present invention is the development of skin cleansers having skin feel and mildness benefits.
Other objects will become apparent from the detailed description below.
FIG. 1 shows a static diffusion cell diagram.
FIGS. 2-5 show comparative clinical mildness results of various cleansing compositions. FIG. 6 shows lather volume as a function of selected soap levels.
This invention is an ultra mild skin cleansing composition comprising: mild synthetic surfactants, moisturizers, polymeric skin feel and skin mildness aids and soap. An ultra mild skin cleansing bar is provided which is clinically milder on the skin than water. Thus, the present invention offers a remarkable combination of desirable properties to skin cleansing formulations. The invention provides a mild, effective skin cleansing composition having superior moisturization and skin mildness and skin feel benefits. The composition leaves the skin feeling moist, soft and smooth after washing. A preferred cleansing product is a toilet bar having 20-70% mild surfactant, 10-40% moisturizer, 0.1-5% polymeric skin feel and mildness aid and 5.5-25% soap.
The invention relates to an ultra mild skin cleansing composition with superior moisturization, excellent skin feel benefits and lather performance. This mild cleansing composition is believed to provide superior moisturization, less skin irritation and facial tautness than commercially available toilet soap bars, synthetic toilet bars or other known surfactant based specialty skin cleansing products such as liquids and creams. Ultra mild liquids and creams can be made by diluting the mild cleansing compositions disclosed herein with 20-70% water. The composition of this invention leaves the skin feeling soft and smooth after washing and is also clinically milder than washing with water alone. The percentages herein are on a total composition weight basis unless otherwise specified.
A preferred composition contains: 10-40% moisturizer, e.g., free fatty acids; 40-70% of mild surfactants, e.g., alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate (AGS) plus a co-surfactant selected from anionic alkyoyl(acyl)sarcosinates; 0.1-4% polymeric skin feel and skin mildness aids selected from cationic polymers including guar gums, cellulosic resins; homopolymers and copolymers of dimethyldiallylammonium chloride and nonionic guar gums, and soap at a level of 5.5-20%.
A mild surfactant as defined herein includes those which have a Relative Skin Barrier Penetration Value as defined hereinbelow of as close to zero as possible up to about 75. The mild synthetic surfactant is present in the composition at a level of 20-70%, preferably 40-70% and more preferably 50-65%. Also the synthetic surfactant and soap have ratios of 2:1 to 12:1, preferably 4:1 to 10:1 and more preferably 6:1 to 9:1.
Preferred mild anionic and amphoteric surfactants used in this invention include suitable alkyl glyceryl ether sulfonate (AGS), anionic acyl sarcosinates, methyl acyl taurates, N-acyl glutamates, acyl isethionates, alkyl sulfosuccinate, alkyl phosphate esters, ethoxylated alkyl phosphate esters, trideceth sulfates, protein condensates, mixtures of ethoxylated alkyl sulfates and alkyl amine oxides, betaines, sultaines, and mixtures thereof. Included in the surfactants are the alkyl ether sulfates with 1 to 12 ethoxy groups, especially ammonium and sodium lauryl ether sulfates. Alkyl chains for these surfactants are C8 -C22, preferably C10 -C18. Alkyl glucosides and methyl glucose esters are preferred mild nonionics which may be mixed with at least one of said mild anionic or amphoteric surfactants in the compositions of this invention.
A preferred primary mild surfactant is sodium coco glyceryl ether sulfonate which is mild and relatively nonirritating to the skin. This has been demonstrated in in vitro nonclinical mildness testing. While desirable to incorporate into a skin cleanser for its mildness properties, this coco AGS alone does not provide optimum lather creaminess. A sodium 90/10 coconut/tallow alkyl AGS distribution is preferred for creaminess. Salts other than the sodium salt such as TEA-, ammonium- and K-AGS and chain length distributions other than 90/10 coconut/tallow are usable at moderate levels. Also, some soap is added to improve lather volume and speed of lathering. Certain secondary co-surfactants used in combination with AGS can also provide a creamier and more stable lather. These secondary surfactants must also be intrinsically mild. One secondary surfactant that has been found to be especially desirable is sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (trade name Hamposyl L, made by Hampshire Chemical).
The amphoteric betaines and sultaines can be used as the sole surfactant, but are more preferred as a co-surfactant. Nonionics cannot be used as the sole surfactant in this product because of their low foaming ability; however, they can be incorporated as a co-surfactant.
The skin barrier penetration test (see test apparatus in FIG. 1) is used to screen mild surfactants from nonmild surfactants. In this test the milder the surfactant, the lesser the skin barrier 4 is destroyed. Skin barrier destruction is measured by the relative amount of radio-labeled water (3 H-H2 O) which passes from the test solution 3 through the skin epidermis 5 into the distilled water contained in the diffusate chamber 6. (This test is also described by T. J. Franz in the J. Invest. Derm., 64, pp. 190-195, 1975.)
The skin barrier penetration test utilizes a static diffusion cell 1 diagrammed in FIG. 1. When studying surfactants which are not soluble at room temperature, water-jacketed cell tops (not shown) are used to hold the test solution 3 reservoir 2 at a different temperature than the diffusate chamber 6.
Human skin epidermis 5 is placed on the flat area of the diffusate chamber 6 and the diffusate chamber 6 is filled with distilled water 11 for collection of the transported radio-labeled water. The diffusate chamber 6 is surrounded by a water jacket 12. Temperature control is provided by circulating water bath (outflow 8 and inflow 9) pumped from a water bath at a predetermined temperature. When applicable, a jacketed top is connected to a second circulator/temperature bath. The diffusate chamber 6 is typically maintained at 25� C. An O-ring joint clamp secures the test solution reservoir 2, sandwiching the skin epidermis 5 in between it and the diffusate chamber 6.
This test uses cells which have a diffusion area of 0.20 cm2. The diffusate chamber 6 holds approximately 5 ml. The bottom of the chamber 6 is flattened to allow spinning of a small magnetic stirring bar 10. The bars 10 are spun by a series of permanent magnets attached to individual electric motors. The motors turn at 300 rpm.
The test solution reservoir 2 holds approximately 1 ml of test solution 3. During testing the tops of reservoir 2 are sealed with Parafilm to inhibit evaporation and prevent spillage.
Skin Epidermis Preparation
Prior to testing, the skin epidermis is separated from the whole skin. The whole skin is thawed to room temperature and adipose tissue (cellular fat) is removed by surgical scalpel to the adipose-dermal junction. This "defatted" skin is immersed in 60� C. water for 80 seconds. This heat treatment makes possible the separation of the epidermis from the dermis at their junction. The epidermis is placed on a sheet of aluminum foil and rinsed with hexane for 5 seconds to remove excess fat globules still clinging to the surface. It is then sprayed with distilled water for 5 seconds to wash away the hexane. The epidermis sample is wrapped in Saran Wrap�, placed in an aluminum pouch, and frozen in a standard freezer until needed.
The following discussion describes a typical skin barrier penetration test. There are 30 cells per test, 5 replicates per treatment. This permits testing of 5 surfactant solutions plus a water control. Due to large variability in percutaneous transport (site to site and individual to individual), the water control is a mandatory reference point for each experiment.
Dose test solutions are prepared on a weight/weight basis on an analytical (�0.0001 g) balance. Since each static diffusion cell 1 is dosed with 500 μl, a minimum of 3 ml of each test solution 3 should be prepared (5 doses +standard). Each solution is spiked with 3 H-H2 O to an approximate activity of 1.8 μCi/ml dosing solution. This insures a sufficient level of 3 H transport for the sampling interval (2 hours).
During sample collection, the entire volume of the diffusate chamber 6 is emptied through the sampling port 7, rinsed, and refilled with fresh distilled water 11. Samples are collected at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 hours after initial dosing. The sample plus rinse is emptied into a scintillation vial, brought to 7 ml total volume and analyzed by liquid scintillation counting.
Standards are included in each sample. One hundred microliters (in duplicate) are placed in a scintillation vial and brought to 7 ml total volume with distilled water. The counts per minute (cpm) for diffusate samples are converted to equivalent mg water using the relation ##EQU1##
The "water flux" is computed as a total sum penetrant using standard programs on a Tektronix 4052A computer. It is important to realize that this "water flux" is a mg water equivalent of the 3 H flux. It does not represent a net water flux, since water is diffusing in both directions in this experiment. The relative flux (vs. water control) is an indication of barrier integrity.
Skin Barrier Penetration Test Values for AGS and cocoyl isethionate are given in Table 1. Water and sodium dodecylsulfate ("SDS") are the mild and harsh controls, respectively. The test results are expressed in terms of the total amount of water penetrating through the skin in 24 hours. These amounts have also been converted to a relative scale (see Table 1) with water set to zero, SDS to 100, and AGS and isethionate interpolated in between.
TABLE 1______________________________________Skin Barrier Penetration Total mg Water Relative Penetrating Skin Barrier the Skin PenetrationTreatment in 24 Hours Value______________________________________Water Control 12.0 � 3.6 01% AGSa 22.8 � 7.9 91% Cocoyl Isethionate 60.3 � 17.7 401% SDSb - Reference 131.7 � 68.0 100______________________________________ a AGS is sodium coco AGS b SDS is sodium dodecylsulfate
A mild surfactant as defined herein includes those which have a Relative Skin Barrier Penetration Value of as close to zero as possible. Most mild surfactants have Values of from about 7 to about 75, preferably 50 or less, and more preferably 40 or less. Surfactants which have Relative Skin Barrier Penetration Values of greater than 75 can be used along with the mild surfactant at low levels in the compositions of this invention, so long as their use does not significantly change the clinical skin mildness of the total skin cleansing composition.
Moisturizers are included to provide the skin conditioning benefits and to improve the mildness of the product. The selection of the levels and types of moisturizers to be incorporated into the product is made without adversely affecting the stability of the product or its in-use characteristics, thereby delivering good moisturization and lather.
The term "moisturizer" is often used within the cosmetic industry without very exact definition. The term is sometimes used as synonymous with emollient, and is then meant to describe a material which imparts a smooth and soft feeling to the skin surface.
There are two ways of reducing water loss from the stratum corneum. One is to deposit on the surface of the skin an occlusive layer which reduces the rate of evaporation. The second method is to add nonocclusive hygroscopic substances to the stratum corneum which will retain water, and make this water available to the stratum corneum to alter its physical properties and produce a cosmetically desirable effect. Nonocclusive moisturizers also function by improving the lubricity of the skin.
Both occlusive and nonocclusive moisturizers can work in the present invention. Some examples of moisturizers are long chain fatty acids, liquid water-soluble polyols, glycerin, propylene glycol, sorbitol, polyethylene glycol, ethoxylated/propoxylated ethers of methyl glucose (e.g., methyl gluceth-20) and ethoxylated/propoxylated ethers of lanolin alcohol (e.g., Solulan-75).
The moisturizers useful in the present invention are used at a level of 10% to 40% by weight of the composition. The preferred and more preferred levels of moisturizers are, respectively, 10% to 30% and 12% to 25%. The preferred moisturizers are the coco and tallow fatty acids. Some other preferred moisturizers are the nonocclusive liquid water-soluble polyols and the essential amino acid compounds found naturally in the skin. The most preferred moisturizer is a mixture of stearic and lauric acids having a ratio of from 2:1 to 1:1. These moisturizers also aid in solid bar integrity at said levels. The moisturizer, at these levels, provides superior moisturization. In the composition of this invention the high level of moisturizer with soap can also provide an enhanced lather and mildness.
The moisturizer to soap ratios are preferably 1:1 to 7:1 and, more preferably, 1:1 to 4:1.
Other preferred nonocclusive moisturizers are compounds found to be naturally occurring in the stratum corneum of the skin, such as sodium pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, lactic acid, urea, L-proline, guanidine and pyrrolidone. Examples of other nonocclusive moisturizers include hexadecyl, myristyl, isodecyl or isopropyl esters of adipic, lactic, oleic, stearic, isostearic, myristic or linoleic acids, as well as many of their corresponding alcohol esters (sodium isostearoyl-2-lactylate, sodium capryl lactylate), hydrolyzed protein and other collagen-derived proteins, aloe vera gel and acetamide MEA.
Some occlusive moisturizers include petrolatum, mineral oil, beeswax, silicones, lanolin and oil-soluble lanolin derivatives, saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols such as behenyl alcohol, squalene and squalane, and various animal and vegetable oils such as almond oil, peanut oil, wheat germ oil, linseed oil, jojoba oil, oil of apricot pits, walnuts, palm nuts, pistachio nuts, sesame seeds, rapeseed, cade oil, corn oil, peach pit oil, poppyseed oil, pine oil, castor oil, soybean oil, avocado oil, safflower oil, coconut oil, hazelnut oil, olive oil, grape seed oil and sunflower seed oil.
Other examples of both types of moisturizers are disclosed in "Emollients--A critical Evaluation," by J. Mausner, Cosmetics & Toiletries, May 1981, incorporated herein by reference.
The polymeric skin feel and mildness aids useful in the present invention are the cationic, anionic, amphoteric, and the nonionic polymers used in the cosmetic field. Reduced skin irritation benefits as measured by patch testing of cationic and nonionic types of polymers are set out in "Polymer JR for Skin Care" Bulletin, by Union Carbide, 1977. The cationics are preferred over the others because they provide better skin feel benefits. Examples of the cationic polymers and the nonionic polymers useful in the present invention are set out below.
The amount of polymeric skin feel and mildness aids found useful in the composition of the present invention is from about 0.01% to about 5%, preferably from about 0.3% to about 4%. In bar compositions with less than 5.5% soap, the polymer is used at a level of 2% to 5%, preferably 3% or more. The soap to polymer presence in the composition of this invention preferably has a stoichiometric ratios of about 1:1 to 14:1, preferably 4:1 to 10:1 on a charge basis.
In order to achieve superior skin mildness and moisturization for this composition, it was discovered that a combination of moisturizer (10-40% in the composition) and a selected polymeric ingredient, e.g., Polymer JR-400, made by Union Carbide Corporation, is required.
Other types of high molecular weight polymeric skin feel and skin mildness aids, such as nonionic guar gums, Merquats 100 and 550, made by Merck & Co., Inc; JAGUAR C-14-S made by Stein Hall; Mirapol A15 made by Miranol Chemical Company, Inc.; and Galactasol 811, made by Henkel, Inc.; plus others, are usable. The polymer also provides enhanced creamy lather benefits.
The nonionic polymers found to be useful include the nonionic polysaccharides, e.g., nonionic hydroxypropyl guar gums, offered by Celanese Water Soluble Polymers, a Division of Celanese Corp. A preferred nonionic hydroxypropyl guar gum material is JAGUAR� HP-60 having molar substitution of about 0.6. Another class of useful nonionics is the cellulosic nonionic polymers, e.g., HEC and CMC.
The cationic polymers employed in this invention also provide a desirable silky, soft, smooth in-use feeling. The preferred level for this invention is 0.1-5% of the composition. While not being bound to any theory, it is believed that cationic polymers chemically interact with the anionic surfactants (e.g., AGS and sarcosinates) to form complexes which may enhance the mildness to skin characteristics of the already mild surfactants. Also, there is reason to believe that the positively charged cationic polymers can bind with negatively charged sites on the skin to provide a soft skin feel after use. Not to be bound by any theory, it is believed that the greater the charge density of the cationic polymer, the more effective it is for skin feel benefits.
Other suitable cationic polymers are copolymers of dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate and acrylamide and copolymers of dimethyldiallylammonium chloride and acrylamide in which the ratio of the cationic to neutral monomer units has been selected to give a copolymer having a cationic charge. Yet other suitable types of cationic polymers are the cationic starches, e.g., StaLok� 300 and 400 made by Staley, Inc.
A more complete list of cationic polymers useful in the present invention is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,438,095, to Grollier/Allec, issued Mar. 20, 1984, incorporated herein by reference. Some of the more preferred cationics are listed in Col. 3, section 2; Col. 5, section 8; Col. 8, section 10; and Col. 9, lines 10-15 of the Grollier/Allec patent, incorporated herein by reference.
Soaps are included in the compositions of this invention for improved lather, particularly under heavy soil loads. It is also surprising that the soap as used in the compositions of this invention provide clinical benefits for less skin dryness at levels up to 25% and less skin irritation (erythema) at levels up to 15%.
Soaps can be used at levels of 5.5-25%, preferably 6-15%, and most preferably at a level of 6-8%. The soaps are preferably made in situ via adding a base, e.g., NaOH, to convert free fatty acids in the composition mix. A minor amount of soap, about 0.1-0.5% as shown in Tables 2, 3 and 5, is present as a by-product of the synthetic surfactant. See the process for making an ultra mild bar set out below.
The preferred ultra mild skin cleansing composition is a bar comprising: 20-50% mild synthetic surfactant; 10-40% moisturizer; 0.1-5% polymeric skin feel aid, and 5.5-25% soap; wherein the synthetic surfactant and soap has a ratio of from 2:1 to 12:1; the moisturizer to soap has a ratio of from 1:1 to 7:1; and the soap to polymer has a stoichiometric ratio of from about 1:1 to about 14:1 on a charge basis. Preferably the synthetic to soap ratio is 4:1 to 10:1, and more preferably 6:1 to 9:1. The preferred moisturizer to soap ratio is from 2:1 to 4:1. The preferred soap to polymer stoichiometric ratio is from 4:1 to 10:1.
The soap is preferably made in situ from free fatty acids and a base selected from magnesium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide, preferably sodium hydroxide and triethanolamine. The preferred soap level is 6-15% of the composition, particularly in ultra mild skin cleansing compositions which contain from 10-30% fatty acids. Particularly preferred fatty acids are mixtures of stearic and lauric acids having a ratio of from 2:1 to 1:1.
The usual optionals can be used in the composition of the present invention.
Perfumes may be used in formulating the skin cleansing products, generally at a level of about 0.1% to about 1:5% of the composition. Colorants, and also fillers such as talc and clay, may also be used. Preservatives, e.g, EDTA, generally at a level of less than 1% of the composition, may be incorporated in the cleansing products to prevent microbiological growth. Antibacterials can also be incorporated, usually at levels up to 1.5%.
In order to make the product, an analysis of the surfactant paste is needed. To illustrate the process, an AGS paste with the following nominal analysis will be used.
Cationic Titration for SO3 =48.5% AGS
After the composition of the AGS paste is determined, the crutcher mix is calculated using the AGS/sarcosinate ratio of 4:1, 55% moisture in the crutcher mix and about 3.5% NaCl in the final bar.
Assuming 200 lb (90.8 Kg) crutcher mix and the above AGS analysis.
1. Heat crutcher mix to 200� F. (93� C.) by adjusting steam and water valves.
2. Add 83.7 lbs. (38 Kg) of AGS paste.
3. Turn on agitator and recirculation pump.
4. When the AGS temperature is 130� F. (54� C.) add 12.0 lbs. (5.45 Kg) of stearic acid.
5. When the crutcher mix temperature is back up to 130� F. (54� C.) add 2.18 lbs. (991 g) of 50% NaOH.
6. Add 2-3 gal. (7.6-11.4 liters) of hot water (160�-180� F., 71�-82� C.) as needed to thin the crutcher mix to obtain good mixing.
7. Allow the crutcher contents to mix for about 20 minutes and maintain the temperature at 130�-140� F. (54�-60� C.).
8. Add 10.15 lbs. (4.61 Kg) of Hamposyl L-95 C12 sarcosinate.
9. Add 2-3 gal. (7.6-11.4 liters) of hot water as needed for good mixing.
10. Maintain 140� F. (60� C.).
11. In a suitable container, slurry 2.71 lbs. (1.23 Kg) of JR-400 in hot water.
12. Add the JR-400 slurry to the crutcher; add more hot water as needed to get to 55% H2 O in the crutcher.
13. Add 8.0 lbs. (3.63 Kg) of lauric acid.
14. Add 0.22 lbs. (101 g) of TiO2.
15. Add 1.16 lbs. (527 g) of NaCl.
16. Mix for at least 20 min. and bring the crutcher mix temperature up to 175� F. (79� C).
The crutcher mix is dried on a atmospheric drum dryer. The optimum operating conditions are 3-4 rpm, 80 psi and approximately 310� F. (154� C.). The nip of the drums are set to give a fairly thin flake. The nip is increased to give thicker flake and to allow the higher moisture in the flake. Typical moisture for the flake is 2-3%. The three ways to regulate the moisture, in the order of preference, are (1) opening or closing the drum gap; (2) increasing or decreasing the drum speed; and (3) increasing or decreasing the steam pressure.
The flakes are weighed and mixed in a batch amalgamator to obtain a uniform flake sample for moisture analysis. Once the percent water is known, water and perfume are added to bring the flakes up to final target formula. About 1/2% extra water is added to allow for losses during processing. The sticky, perfumed flakes are transferred to the mill hopper.
The 3-roll soap mills are set up with the first roll at 100� F. (38� C.) and the other 2 rolls at about 70� F. (21� C.). The soap is passed through the mills several times and forms sticky flakes. These flakes are put into a sealed plastic bag and placed in the 100� F. (38� C.) constant temperature room overnight. The flakes are milled one final time prior to plodding.
The plodder is set up with the barrel temperature at ambient to cold and the nose temperature at 120�-130� F. (49�-54� C.). The ideal plodder is a dual stage plodder that allows use of a vacuum of about 15-25 in. Hg. The plugs should be cut in 5" sections and stamped with a cold die block and stamp using a die liquor such as alcohol.
The clinical test procedure used to evaluate several toilet bar formulations for skin mildness is given below.
The washings were performed by technical personnel. Each panelist was assigned a set of two test products for washings. These bars were all kept under technical personnel control in plastic dishes. The test procedure is:
1. Wet the anterior portion (inside) of the forearm of the panelist with 90�-100� F. (32�-38� C.) water (6-8 grains hardness) from the elbow to the wrist.
2. Pick up and wet the bar.
3. Rub bar from wrist area up to the elbow and back down again in approximately 1 second. Repeat rubbing 5 more up-down cycles for a total of 6 cycles in 6 seconds.
4. Put bar aside and rub area in the same manner with the hand for 10 additional seconds (approximately 10 additional up-down cycles).
5. Rinse forearm thoroughly with tap water. Pat dry with clean paper towels.
6. Repeat procedure on other arm.
1. Wet the anterior portion (inside) of the forearm with 90�-100� F. (32�-38� C.) water (6-8 grains hardness) from the elbow to the wrist.
2. Rub hand (up and down) on arm for 15 seconds.
3. Rinse forearm thoroughly with tap water. Pat dry with clean paper towels.
The formulations of the products tested clinically are given in the Tables. The molar equivalents of only Example F are given in Table 3 to illustrate the stoichiometric ratios of several key ingredients. The moles of polymer are based on the average molecular weight of monomer containing one positive charge.
TABLE 2______________________________________Test Product Formulations A FExamples: 5% C 3% GIngredients JR-400 0.5% JR-400 JR-400 1.5% JR-400______________________________________NaAGS 36.0 36.0 48.14 48.74NaC12 Sarconate 9.5 9.5 11.07 11.21Stearic Acid 24.5 24.5 9.58 10.22Lauric Acid -- -- 6.39 6.81JR-400 5.0 0.5 3.08 1.56Dextrin 8.7 14.2 -- --Unsulfonated 3.9 3.9 1.24 1.26AlcoholNa Laurate 0.4 0.4 0.49 0.50Na Soap -- -- 7.69 7.79(60/40 T/C)NaCl 3.4 3.4 3.29 4.03Na2 SO4 1.6 1.6 1.24 1.26TiO2 0.5 0.5 0.26 0.26Perfume 0.5 0.5 1.03 1.04Water 6.0 5.0 6.43 5.26______________________________________
Example H (mildness results are shown in FIG. 3 as Curve H) is substantially the same formulation as Example G, except that the formulation contained no JR-400 polymer. Examples E and K are 50/50 tallow/coconut super fatted bar soap.
Example D is Dove�, (a commercially available bar) which does not contain polymeric skin feel and polymeric skin mildness aids.
TABLE 3______________________________________Molar Equivalents of Example F with 3% JR-400Ingredient m Moles/100 g Bar______________________________________Sodium Soap (60/40) 27.7Sodium AGS 116.0Unsulfonated Alcohol 15.8Stearic Acid 32.8Sodium Lauryl Sarcosinate 36.7Sodum Laurate 2.1Lauric Acid 31.1Polymer JR-400 4.3______________________________________
Note from Table 3 that the stoichiometric ratio of soap (27.7) to polymer (4.3) is about 7:1. It will be appreciated that the total synthetic surfactant to soap weight ratio in Example F reported in Table 2 is about 7.5:1, and the total moisturizer to soap ratio is about 2:1.
The forearm skin grading scales reported herein are set out below.
0 Perfect skin.
1.0 Patches of checking and/or slight powderiness and occasional patches of small scales may be seen. Distribution generalized.
2.0 Generalized slight powderiness. Early cracking or occasional small lifting scales may be present.
3.0 Generalized moderate powderiness and/or moderate cracking and lifting scales.
4.0 Generalized heavy powderiness and/or heavy cracking and lifting scales.
5.0 Generalized high cracking and lifting scales. Eczematous change may be present. Powderiness may be present but not prominent. May see bleeding crack.
6.0 Generalized severe cracking. Eczematous change may be present. Bleeding cracks may be present. Scales large, may be beginning to disappear.
______________________________________Forearm Grading ScalesSkin Erythema Skin Smoothness______________________________________0 No redness 0 Very high smoothness/slick1.0 Barely detectible redness 1.0 extreme smoothness2.0 Slight redness 2.0 substantial smoothness3.0 Moderate redness 3.0 Moderate smoothness4.0 Heavy or substantial 4.0 Slight smoothness redness5.0 Severe redness 5.0 Barely detectible smoothness6.0 Extreme redness 6.0 No smoothness______________________________________
The term "generalized" as used herein means that more than 50% of the surface area of the forearm exhibits the attribute. Whole unit skin grades reflect generalized condition. Half units are used to represent intermediate conditions.
The clinical mildness test results expressed in terms of skin grades for dryness, erythema, and smoothness are shown below in Table 4 and the skin dryness grades are plotted vs. time in FIG. 3. Skin dryness grades from a second clinical test are shown in a similar fashion in FIG. 2. Water treatment results are shown as curves B and I in FIGS. 2 and 3, respectively. Curves D and J are the results of DOVE� (a commercially available bar).
TABLE 4______________________________________Two Week Clinical ResultsSkin GradesExample Dryness Erythema Smoothness______________________________________F 1.16 H-K 1.04 J,K 2.76 HG 1.25 J,K 1.07 J,K 2.75H 1.37 F,J,K 1.19 K 2.58 F,I,KI 1.44 F,K 1.23 K 2.81 HJ 1.55 F,G,K 1.28 F,G,K 2.72 KK 2.17 F,K 1.75 F-J 2.87 I,J______________________________________
In Table 4 the visual skin grades for dryness, erythema and tactile grades for smoothness are all assigned from a six point scale (0-6), the lower the grade the better the skin mildness. Letter codes indicate statistically significant (α=0.05) differences. Also see FIGS. 2 and 3 for a graphic report of these data.
These data show that the toilet skin cleansing bars of this invention (Examples A, G and F) result in the desired mild skin cleansing action with improved skin feel and moisturization benefits. Note that Example A listed in Table 2 is as mild as "B" water (see FIG. 2). It will be appreciated that bars F and G are actually milder than water (I) as shown in Table 4 and FIG. 3. It will also be appreciated that the toilet skin cleansing bars A, G and F of the present invention are not only mild but also have excellent bar smear and lather performance.
It will be appreciated that the addition of selected levels of soap surprisingly provide improved skin mildness. Examples L-P set out in Table 5 show the selected levels. The effect of varying amounts of soap in this invention on clinical skin condition is demonstrated in Table 6. The skin dryness and skin erythema grades are respectively plotted in FIGS. 4 and 5 vs. soap level. The overall conclusion from these data is that selected levels of soap surprisingly provide additional clinical mildness benefit for reduced skin dryness and erythema and enhanced skin smoothness. The reduced skin dryness benefit shown in FIG. 4 is maximum at the 7-20% soap level, whereas the reduced erythema shown in FIG. 5 (and smoothness benefit in Table 6) is maximum at about the 7% soap level.
TABLE 5______________________________________Test Product FormulationsTest ProductIngredients L M N O P______________________________________Na AGS 43.15 43.15 33.15 16.00 9.15NaC12 10.80 10.80 8.30 -- 2.30SarcosinateStearic Acid 16.00 11.50 11.84 12.89 12.73Lauric Acid 10.67 7.67 7.89 8.59 8.49JR-400 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00Unsulfonated 0.83 0.83 0.64 0.31 0.18AlcoholNa Laurate 0.48 0.48 0.37 -- 0.10Na Soap -- 7.50 20.05 45.01 49.99NaCl 4.04 4.04 4.04 4.00 4.03Na2 SO4 1.20 1.20 0.92 0.44 0.25TiO2 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25Perfume 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Water 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.50Miscellaneous 0.08 0.08 0.06 -- 0.02______________________________________
TABLE 6______________________________________Two Week Clinical ResultsSkin GradesTestProduct % Soap Dryness Erythema Smoothness______________________________________L -- 2.11 1.78 1.79M 7.50 1.89 1.64 1.66N 20.05 1.91 1.80 1.76O 45.01 2.15 1.75 1.73P 49.99 2.09 1.79 1.73______________________________________
The following test procedures are used to evaluate the critical bar performance attributes of lather volume and bar firmness during use.
The bar soap firmness test measures two quantitative parameters of bar firmness after sitting in a wet soap dish for 16 hours: (1) depth of bar surface softening and (2) amount of bar messiness by weight percent of initial bar weight.
The following equipment is used:
1. "Alathon" rectangular plastic soap dishes (U.S. Pat. No. 2,842,178) with low ridges.
2. Precision Scientific Co. penetrometer with ball shaft, 300 gram weight.
3. Analytical weight balance.
4. Scraper or spatula for removing gelatinous layer.
5. Paper towels.
The following procedure is used:
1. Test bar(s) are weighed to establish an initial dry weight data point.
2. If desired, initial dry bar hardness/softness may be determined by penetrometer with cone shaft and 200 gram weight for penetration measurement.
3. Bar(s) are placed centrally on soap dishes containing 5 ml. of distilled water at room temperature. Rock the dish to break water tension.
4. Store overnight (approximately 18 hours) in standard room conditions of temperature and humidity (80� F./80% RH).
5. Next morning, remove bar(s) with a careful vertical lift and invert for testing.
6. Run ball penetrometer reading on the gelatinous surface, generally three readings in a triangular design; record the average mm depth reading of gelatinous layer. The shaft ball is cleaned with a tissue after each reading.
7. Bar(s) are then carefully scraped to remove the gelatinous layer down to the solid surface. Do not use enough force to remove any of the solid surface area. Slight remaining gelatinous soap may be wiped from bar with paper towels until surface appears firm and somewhat dry.
8. Bar(s) are then allowed to openly dry out on bench surface for no more than one hour.
9. Bar(s) are then weighed to determine the difference from the initial dry untested weight. The weight difference divided by the original weight is calculated into % weight loss or % gelatinous smear weight. Data is recorded.
10. Comparison of any given series of data points obtained will illustrate a formula characteristic that may tend to relate to poorer smear or "messiness" attribute. Averaging of historical data on control type formulas (such as an existing National brand formula) can be used to establish a benchmark for comparison.
The handwash lather test is used to provide in-use lather volume measurements for the lather performance of skin cleansing bars. The test measures both the ultimate lather volume generated and the volume which is generated after a very short lathering period (to reflect lathering ease). The lather volumes are generated under both soil-loaded and nonloaded conditions.
Synthetic soil is used for the soil-loaded lather volume test reported herein. Its formula and procedure for making it are set out below.
TABLE 9______________________________________Synthetic SoilIngredients Wt. %______________________________________Hyfac 430a 1.87Lauric Acidb 1.42Neo-fat 14c 5.68Neo-fat 16d 11.16Neo-fat 18e 5.40Neo-fat 90-04f 9.81Industrene 226g 1.26Paraffin Wax 7.30Squalaneh 3.70Lanolin Anhydrous 19.40Coconut Oil 3.30Tallow 29.70 100.00%______________________________________ a Emery Industries, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio b Emery Industries, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio c Armour Industrial Chemical Co., Chicago, Illinois d Armour Industrial Chemical Co., Chicago, Illinois e Armour Industrial Chemical Co., Chicago, Illinois f Armour Industrial Chemical Co., Chicago, Illinois g Humko Products, Memphis, Tennessee h Robeco Chemicals, Inc., New York, New York
1. Heat above materials together stirring continuously between 160�-175� F.
2. Mix 25 parts of above formula with 25 parts of a 5% to 80% tallow/20% coconut soap solution and 50 parts of distilled water at 150� F.
3. Cool mixture to room temperature while stirring constantly.
4. Store in covered glass container.
The following equipment is used:
1. Water source and sink with temperature control. The water source should be medium hardness (6-9 grain/gallon) for most testing, although water of lower and higher hardness can be used for special purposes.
2. Synthetic soil (see Table 9).
3. Paper towels.
4. Test bars.
5. Control bars (i.e., usually marketed brands such as CAMAY� or the bar of Example D).
The following procedure is used:
1. Set temperature at 95�-100� F.
2. Rub 0.22 cc of soil on hands (if doing soil-loaded test).
3. Wet hands.
4. Rotate bar 3 times in both hands.
5. Add a little water, rub both hands 5 times.
6. Rotate hands 3 times (without soap), grade for flash volume.
7. Rotate 7 more times, grade for ultimate volume.
8. Collect lather and deposit on sink top.
9. Compare volume with standard bar target volume and assign grade.
______________________________________Grading ScaleNon-Soil Loaded Soil-Loaded______________________________________10 Very much higher than target9 Higher than target8 Target volume* Very much higher than target7 Lower than target Higher than target6 Very much lower than Target volume* target5 Unacceptably lower than Slightly lower than target target4 Unacceptably lower than Lower than target target3 Unacceptably lower than Very much lower target2 Unacceptably lower than Unacceptably low target______________________________________ *Based on 50 tallow/50 coconut 7% free fatty acid bar.
TABLE 7______________________________________Bar Formulations NaC12 Sarco- Free Fatty Acid Na AGS sinate Stearic Lauric Soap JR-400Example Wt. % Wt. % Wt. % Wt. % Wt. % Wt. %______________________________________1 42 9.0 18 -- -- 0.52 43 10.8 15 10 -- 3.03 43 11.4 10 6.8 7.0 3.04 Camay �5 Dove �______________________________________
TABLE 8______________________________________Bar Firmness and Hand Lather Hand Lather Pene- Smear Wt. UltimateEx- trometer % of Volume Flash Volumeample mm Bar Wt. w/o Soil Soil w/o Soil Soil______________________________________1 2.9 8.7 8 3 8 2.52 2.6 6.5 8 2.5 8 2.53 2.3 7.2 8 5 8 44 1.1 3.2 8 6.5 8 6.55 1.8 5.0 8 3 8 3______________________________________
The results listed in Tables 7 and 8 show the importance of utilizing the preferred ratio of stearic to lauric fatty acids to achieve an acceptable level of firmness and the importance of utilizing soap to achieve an acceptable soil-loaded lather performance. The acceptable levels of bar firmness are expressed as a penetrometer value of equal to or less than 2.7 and smear weight of equal to or less than 7.5. The acceptable levels of hand lather are: ultimate volume, without soil equal to or greater than 7.5; with soil, equal to or greater than 4. Flash volume acceptable levels are: without soil, equal to or greater than 7.5; with soil, equal to or greater than 4.
Example 1 described a sodium AGS bar formula with acceptable mildness but with poor lather and firmness performance. Example 2 demonstrates the advantage of using a 3:2 ratio of stearic:lauric fatty acids. Example 3 demonstrates the benefit of neutralizing the fatty acids in situ forming 7% soap to boost the soil-loaded lather.
Example 4 is a 50/50 tallow/coconut superfatted soap bar which demonstrates very acceptable bar firmness and lather properties. Example 5 is the same as Example D which shows acceptable firmness and lather properties.
This quantitative blender lather volume method is used to compliment hand lathering evaluations of different soap formulations.
1. Specially designed 500 ml graduate cylinder adapted with blender impeller.
2. Waring Blender Base No. 7011-31BL92 with high/low speed switch.
3. Variac Voltage Regulator
1. Dissolve 5% by weight of the bar material to be evaluated in distilled water by heating to 150� F. (65.7� C.).
2. Add 10 mls of soap solution to 90 mls of water both at 38� C. in a 100 ml graduate.
3. Immediately pour resultant 0.5% solution into blender graduate.
4. Set blender to run at about 4700 rpm's (high speed) and blend solution for fifteen seconds.
5. After blending read lather height on cylinder.
6. Replicate a minimum of three times and average.
The effect of varying the amount of soap in Example L (by converting free fatty acid to soap with NaOH) on lather volume (using the blender method) is shown in FIG. 6. This curve demonstrates that lather volume is increased by the selected levels of soap in the formulation.
Thus, it has been demonstrated that an ultra mild skin cleansing composition can be made with selected mild synthetic surfactants; selected moisturizers; polymeric skin feel and mildness aids; and selected levels of soap.
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