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Validating web forms is a critical skill for any web developer, ensuring that the data that's submitted is complete, accurate, and nonmalicious before it's sent off to the server. Join author Ray Villalobos in this course as he shows how to validate input from site visitors with HTML5, JavaScript, and jQuery and then process the data with PHP. Plus, learn how to email form data and save it in a MySQL database so that it's ready for other applications.
Now that we know how to access variables, let's take a look at how we would validate data in different ways. I'm going to show you how to check for a required field, a minimum number of characters, make sure that our passwords match, and use regular expressions for validation. So, I'm going to set up some variables in my process.php file. I'm using the files from the previous movie, so I'm going to go ahead and delete everything right here. And start by creating some variables. The input fields that we're going to work with are: the name field, the password field, and the password confirmation field.
So I'll create variables for those. I'll check the request, that we got from the server, and look for the variable, my name, from the form. I can do the same thing for the password and the password confirmation. The easiest type of validation to do is check for required field. All you have to do is make sure that the string is not empty. So, let's do that with the name. So if the name is empty, I'm going to echo something, or output something to the screen. And it's going to be a div, that says your name is a required field.
So notice then, I'm also using this if and endif notation. I just like it a little bit better than these curly brackets. Sometimes these can get lost when the coding gets a little bit complicated. I'm going to save this, and then come over here to the form and refresh. And I'm going to try to send the form without filling anything out. So I should get an error that says, sorry, your name is a required field. Guess I'll hit the Back button, and let me do another type of validation. We can check to see if the field has a certain number of characters, with PHP's string length method. To learn more about this method, make sure you check out the PHP documentation. So, with that method, we'll create another if statement. And we'll check to see that the string length, of the password string, is at least six characters.
If it's less than six characters, I'll output an error message. So let me save that, and come back here. I'll refresh, and I'll go ahead and type something for the name. I'll leave the password blank. Now it's complaning that the password has to be at least six characters. If I try to not type a name or the password, I should see both errors. So let's try to type in a password that is at least six characters. And that's working fine, because it's complaining that I didn't put in a name.
Perfect. To make sure our passwords match, we can simply compare the two passwords with each other. If they don't match, we can't output an error. All right, so, let's go ahead and save this, and refresh the page. And I'll try to send the form without any fields. It's not going to complain about the passwords, because they are matching, even though they're empty, they're technically matching. So we need to make them not match. I'll go ahead and type in something that definitely doesn't match, but it's at least six characters.
So now it says, sorry, passwords must match. Finally, we can also do a regular expression match comparison. We've already talked about regular expressions in the chapters on constraining with regular expression patterns and dynamic validation with regular expressions. They allow you to do complex pattern comparisons. As a matter of fact, we've got a whole course on regular expressions. To match the text from our forms, we're going to use PHP's preg-match method, which you can find right here. Now, it looks really complicated, but it's fairly simple to implement. Let's go back into our form, and we'll create another area right here. So what I'll do is, I'll create an if statement.
I'm going to check to see if a certain pattern does not validate. The preg-match method is going to compare a pattern with a variable, and if they match it's going to return one. If it doesn't match, it's going to return zero. So you want to check to make sure that it doesn't match. So first, you pass it a pattern, and then we pass it the variable that we want to compare. In this case, we're going to do the name variable. So we know that that one is called myname. Now, the pattern we want to pass is a little different than what we've been doing with HTML and JavaScript. You have to include the pattern in slashes.
Other then that, it's the same pattern that we used on some of the other movies. Just any number of letters, followed by a comma and a space, and then any number of letters. Now, if the pattern does not match, then we'll output an error. So let me go ahead and save this. And I'm going to come back here, hit the Back button, refresh my page, and try to type in something that is not in this format. So, we'll just type in a name like this, hit Send. And it says that it must be in the format last comma first, which is what we want.
So validation's pretty easy with PHP. With the addition of regular expression patterns, you can really get quick picky about how you compare the user's input with certain patterns.
There are currently no FAQs about Validating and Processing Forms with JavaScript and PHP.
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|Howard Johnson Haverstraw hotels are provided below. Search for cheap and discount Howard Johnson hotel rooms in Haverstraw, NY for your group or personal travels. We list the best Howard Johnson Haverstraw hotels & lodging so you can review the Haverstraw Howard Johnson hotel list below to find the perfect place.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Lisa Martino-Taylor, a sociologist at the St. Louis Community College in the Midwest, has been endlessly digging through publically available archives and documents obtained through Freedom of Information Act requests to learn more about a bizarre spraying program that blanketed parts of her hometown and other cities during the Cold War. At the time, the US Army admitted to showering certain locales with a chemical mixture, but said it was to test smoke screens they'd deploy to shield St. Louis from any nuclear assault by way of Russia. According to Martino-Taylor, the Army and others misled the public and actually poisoned residents of St. Louis and other cities with a dangerous compound composed of zinc cadmium sulfide and radioactive elements.
US military secretly sprayed radioactive particles in St. Louis and Texas — RT
Current Status: Published (4)
Seeded on Mon Oct 1, 2012 1:03 PM
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Brightcloud API
The web service offers a web filtering database of website profiles that aids in classifying sites. A request specifying a web URI receives information about the site, including its category from a list of almost 100 types maintained by the service. The site's reputation index is also provided. Developers can use the data to track web use and enforce internet-use policies. Methods allow retrieval of a current category list, categories assigned to a particular URI, and real-time updates to the URI database. The API also allows reporting of URIs not yet categorized and suggestions for category changes.
PHP, Java
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Ben Hubbert
Ben Hubbert, co-owner of Champion AC, is a former member of Special Operations in the Air Force, who's now committed to helping San Antonio reduce our community's demands on the energy grid. Visit championac.com or twitter.com/championac or call (210) 699-0022 for more information.
Monthly Archive for December, 2011
Energy-Efficient New Year's Resolutions
The New Year is just around the corner. We turn the calendar to 2012 on Sunday, and that means people are thinking about those New Year's resolutions. Why not work on some resolutions that will help you save money? Here are a few common, low-cost or free energy-efficient New Year's resolutions. 1. Turn off the […] [Read More]
Federal Tax Credits Set to Expire
We're getting close to the end of the year, which means the federal tax credits on energy-efficient air conditioning equipment are about to expire. Here's some information on the tax credit we're seeing most people take advantage of here in San Antonio. You can get a $300 tax credit for purchasing a 16-SEER/13-EER or higher […] [Read More]
CFL Light Bulbs vs. Incandescent Light Bulbs
We've talked about the energy savings of CFL light bulbs versus incandescent light bulbs here before. But it's one thing to read about the savings, and it's something completely different to actually see the savings. CPS Energy was gracious enough to loan us an energy meter connected to the two types of light bulbs for our […] [Read More]


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Brewed Awakening Book Signing
Come join drinkers and thinkers at Deschutes Brewery's Bend Public House as we proudly host the Bend debut of Brewed Awakening, Brooklyn author Joshua M. Bernstein's definitive take on the craft beer revolution. The book is the deeply reported story of the wild innovations and passions driving craft beer, focusing on the tales of the risk-taking brewers, bar owners and the dedicated beer drinkers across the globe. There's a story in every pint glass, and Brewed Awakening gives voice to each one.
To celebrate the book's release, we'll have plenty of The Abyss and Hop in the Dark on tap, plus a special one-night-only appearance of Brewed Awakening IPA, a special pub brew named in honor of the book. Josh will be signing copies of his just-off-the-presses book. Come thirsty. Leave with a bellyful of beer and a book. It's high time for a Brewed Awakening.


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A beverage container lid includes a foldable flap which may be opened to allow a user to drink from a beverage container which is covered by said lid. A recess in the beverage container lid is provided to receive the opened flap and to firmly secure the flap in its open position. The recess includes a pair of detents on either side and an overhang at one end which cooperate to hold the flap firmly within the recess.
1. A beverage container lid comprising:
a lid surface having a peripheral sealing skirt for attachment of the lid to the rim of a beverage container;
a foldable flap formed in the lid by a pair of tear lines which are formed in the lid surface and extend radially outward from a hinge line to include a section of said sealing skirt and having ends displaced from said tear lines;
a recess formed in the lid surface and including two vertical side faces extending radially inward from the hinge line and a vertical end face extending between the side faces opposite the hinge line, whereby the foldable flap may be opened along the hinge line and inserted into the recess to allow access to the contents of the container, wherein the recess has a depth which increases in the direction away from the hinge line to a depth substantially equal to the height of the peripheral sealing skirt so that the foldable flap can lie substantially within the recess; and
at least one detent formed from each vertical side face for securing the opposite sides of the foldable flap when it is inserted into the recess and at least one transverse detent formed along the vertical end face of the recess for securing the sealing skirt of the foldable flap when it is inserted into the recess, wherein the sealing skirt of the foldable flap includes an indentation which mates with the transverse detent when the foldable flap is inserted into the recess.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to disposable beverage container lids which may be secured to the rim of a beverage container to prevent spillage and inhibit heat gain or loss. More particularly, the present invention relates to such container lids which include a tear strip or flap which may be folded back to allow drinking from the container without removing the container lid.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Beverage container lids adapted to fasten over the rim or lip of disposable beverage containers are well known. Such lids prevent spillage and evaporation of the beverage within the container, and help insulate the contents of the container from the ambient temperature. In their most simple form, such beverage container lids comprise a generally flat lid surface in the form of disk having a peripheral sealing skirt for securing the lid to the rim of a beverage container. While such lids are entirely suitable for the purposes just described, they must be completely removed in order to gain access to the contents of the container.
Improved beverage container lids which include an openable tear strip or flap have been devised. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,977,559, 4,090,660, and 4,210,272. Such modified beverage container lids offer the advantage of allowing limited access to the contents of the container while still covering most of the open end of the container. Thus, a user is able to drink from the cup while the spillage-prevention and insulation afforded by the lid are still largely maintained. Such lids, however, suffer from the disadvantage that the tear strip, once opened, is unsecured and will often interfere with the user drinking from the cup.
Further improvements have been made to the beverage lid containers including fold-back flaps. Various means have been provided for securing the tear strip or flap in its fully folded back configuration. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,994,411 discloses a container lid having a fold-back flap which includes a pull tab along its outermost edge. The pull tab may be inserted into a slit along the outermost edge of the lid to hold the flap in its fully opened position. U.S. Pat. No. 4,202,459 discloses an embossed slot formed on the upper surface of the lid which is able to receive the peripheral skirt of the lid when the flap is fully folded back. Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 4,322,015 discloses a container lid having a fold-back flap which is secured by one or more retainer studs which project upward from the upper surface of the lid. Although each of these designs is workable, the openable flaps frequently become dislodged from their containing means. Moreover, it is frequently necessary to employ relatively heavy gauge (stiff) materials in order to achieve a highly reliable fastening system.
For the above reasons, it would be highly desirable to provide a beverage container lid which includes an improved means for fastening an openable access flap in its fully opened position. In particular, it would be desirable to provide such a flap which may be stored in a manner which is flush with the upper surface of the beverage container lid.
According to the present invention, a beverage container lid is provided with a recess formed in the lid surface for receiving an openable lift flap which allows the user to drink through the lid without having to remove the lid entirely. The lid includes a generally flat lid surface and a peripheral sealing skirt which secures the lid to the beverage container rim. The openable flap is defined by a pair of radially diverging score lines which terminate at their inner end along a hinge line and up their outer ends at the peripheral sealing skirt. The recess is formed in the lid surface and includes a pair of detents along either side for securing the opposite sides of the lift flap. In the preferred embodiment, the recess includes a third transverse detent along the wall of the recess opposite the hinge line. It has been found that such a design provides for highly reliable fastening of the lift flap in its fully opened position, even when the container lid is made from relatively light gauge materials.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the preferred embodiment of the beverage container lid of the present invention illustrating the lift flap in a partially-opened configuration.
FIG. 2 is a top plan view of the beverage container lid of the present invention with the lift tab fully closed.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the beverage container lid of the present invention taken along line 3--3 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 4 is a section view of the beverage container lid of the present invention taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 2, with the lift flap illustrated in its partially-opened configuration in broken line.
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 4, except that the lift flap is shown in its fully opened configuration.
The present invention is a container lid of the type which may be detachably secured to the open end of a beverage container, such as a styrofoam or paper drinking cup. The container lid includes a foldable strip or flap which may be raised to open a small area of the lid to allow the user to drink from the cup without having to remove the entire lid. The present invention is directed specifically at a unique means for securing the foldable flap in its fully opened position, as will be described in detail hereinbelow.
Container lids according to the present invention may be fabricated from virtually any thermoplastic material which may be formed into the desired configuration by vacuum molding. Suitable thermoplastic materials include high density polyethylene, polyvinylchloride, polypropylene, polystyrene, and the like. Particularly preferred is impact polystyrene which combines the advantages of low cost, high strength, ease of fabrication, and desirable mechanical properties, such as resilience.
The thickness of the thermoplastic material may vary within a relatively wide range, typically being from about 6 to 20 mils, more typically being from about 8 to 12 mils. Generally, a less thick material is preferred since it costs less. Less thick materials, in the range from about 6 to 10 mils, however are less rigid resulting in container lids which are overly pliable and difficult to manipulate. This has been a particular problem in the prior art designs for securing the foldable flaps in their fully opened position. The flaps formed from relatively thin plastic have been so flexible that it has been very difficult to secure them. The design of the present invention, in contrast, will firmly secure flaps made from relatively thin materials in their fully opened position.
Referring now to FIGS. 1-3, the detailed design of a beverage container lid 10 constructed to the principles of the present invention will be described. The container lid 10 includes a generally flat lid surface region 12 which is circumscribed by a peripheral sealing skirt 14. The sealing skirt 14 has a generally U-shaped cross-section (FIG. 3) and defines a receiving channel 16 around the entire periphery of the lid 10. The diameter of the lid 10 and dimensions of the receiving channel 16 are selected to correspond to the rim dimensions of a particular beverage container, and the lid 10 is thus able to mate with the rim and seal the open end of the container. An annular indentation 18 is provided on the outer face of the sealing skirt 14 to help form the seal between the lid 10 and the beverage container. The indentation 18 also is involved in securing the foldable flap in its open position, as will be described hereinafter.
The container lid 10 will normally include a plurality of annular channels 20 and annular ridges 22 which act to reinforce the lid and make it more rigid. The number of such reinforcement channels and ridges is not critical, and the provision of such features is well known in the prior art.
A foldable flap 26 projects radially inward from the periphery of the container lid 10. The flap 26 is defined by a pair of score lines 28 which commence at point A (FIG. 2) and terminate at point B on the lid. The score lines fully penetrate the thickness of the lid 10 and are formed by conventional means after the lid has been vacuum molded. The flap 26 includes a pull tab 30 at its outer radial end and terminates at a hinge line 32 which extends between the points B at the inner radial end of score lines 28. The outer face of radial skirt 14 between point A and pull tab 30 (FIG. 4) is not scored and prevents the flap 26 from opening until desired by the user. The user may open the flap 26 by pulling on pull tab 30 which results in a tearing of the outer face of skirt 14 and opening of the flap 26.
Up until this point, the construction of the container lid 10 described has been conventional. The container lid 10, however, includes novel and improved means for retaining the lift flap 26 in its fully opened position (as illustrated in FIG. 5). A recess 40 is formed in the center of the lid surface region 12. The dimensions of the recess 40 are selected to correspond to those of the openable flap 26 so that the flap may be received entirely within the cavity 40. Cavity 40 extends radially inward from the hinge line 32 and increases in depth along vertical side faces until it terminates at end wall 42. The depth at end wall 42 is sufficient to receive sealing skirt 14 when flap 26 is in its fully opened position (FIG. 5).
Detents 46 are formed on each side face of the recess 40 and are located so that they will mate with channel 16 defined by skirt 14 when flap 26 is fully inserted in the recess 40. A transverse detent or overhang 48 is formed above the end wall 42 and will mate with the indentation 18 on flap 26 once said flap is fully opened. It has been found that by providing both the side detents 46 and the end overhang 40, the foldable flap 26 is held firmly in place, even when the lid 10 is formed from material having a thickness in the range from 6 to 10 mils. This is a substantial advantage over the prior art which frequently requires the use of relatively heavy plastics to provide a rigid foldable flap which was secured between upwardly projecting posts on the upper surface of the lid. The use of the recess 40 in the present invention provides the further advantage that the flap 26 is moved out of the way and does not interfere with a user drinking from the beverage container.
Referring now in particular to FIGS. 4 and 5, the use of the flap 26 will be described in detail. The container lid 10 in FIG. 4 is illustrated with the flap in its fully closed (full line) position. If a user desired to drink from the beverage container which is covered by the lid 10, the user need merely pull up on lift tab 30 which results in a tearing of the sealing skirt between the lift tab and point A on each tear line 28. Once the sealing skirt is broken, the foldable flap 26 will raise easily, folding along hinge line 32, as illustrated in broken line in FIG. 4. The flap 26 is then fully opened and inserted into recess 40, as illustrated in FIG. 5. The side detents project into the annular cavity 16 and the overhang 48 mates with the indentation 18. The flap 26 remains firmly in place until the user wishes to close the flap. The user then need only pull upward on pull tab 30 and seal the sealing skirt on flap 26 back against the rim of the container.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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All Oral Care Information articles
December 2011
Thomas Jefferson brought eggplant to the U.S., even though it was thought to cause bad breath
December 29, 2011 - Though the eggplant was commonly thought to cause a whole host of ailments, including bad breath, Jefferson wisely introduced it to the Americas anyway.
Legal cases mention chronic halitosis quite a bit, often to great comic effect
December 28, 2011 - You're a judge, and the case you're sitting on revolves around chronic halitosis. How could you NOT mention it in your legal decision?
What are the biggest bad-breath-causing tonsilloliths on record?
December 24, 2011 - Tonsilloliths look and smell gross. And occasionally, they can grow to a huge size.
In the name of science, researchers sniff morning breath
December 21, 2011 - It's a dirty job, but someone's got to do it. After all, smelling morning breath is a scientific pursuit.
Probiotics shut out bad breath, improve oral health
December 20, 2011 - It might sound odd, but with probiotics, you can fight fire with fire - or really, bacteria with bacteria.
Achoo! In winter, post-nasal drip and bad breath can get you down
December 15, 2011 - In a day, this common condition can cause you to swallow up to two quarts of your own mucus. Gross!
Expectant mothers should be on the lookout for pregnancy gingivitis
December 15, 2011 - Here's a quick primer on why it's important for mothers-to-be to keep their breath fresh and their mouths clean.
Why do I have bad breath and white spots on my tonsils?
December 10, 2011 - While they may look like white spots on your tonsils, these tiny objects are actually small, rounded balls of gunk lodged in your tonsils.
Like human halitosis, dog bad breath comes from a dirty mouth, or worse
December 8, 2011 - Poor oral hygiene can make oral odor exponentially worse, which is why it is important for people and puppies alike to get periodic teeth cleanings.
If you have tonsilloliths, halitosis may not be far behind
December 7, 2011 - In less time than you might think, voila! You have a tonsil stone, and some powerful bad breath in the bargain.
The best bad breath remedies are NOT a dime a dozen
December 3, 2011 - Let's be reasonable. There are many bad breath remedies out there, but very few that get results. Here, then, is a brief list of the best.


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St Mary's Millennium Centre
Meadow Lane
West Derby
Tel: 0151 256 8866 (9 am-2 pm - Mon, Tues & Thurs)
The Dark Horse Venture is a national charity that encourages retired and older people to get involved in a wide range of new activities and interests. This is done through a scheme that recognises the achievements, talents and abilities of older people and helps put them to practical and creative use. The scheme is open to anyone aged 50 and over. There are four categories covering a wide range of activities, as follows:
- Giving and sharing
- Learning and doing
- Exercising and exploring
- Generations working together
People can participate in groups or individually.
Contact the above address or telephone number for further details, including an application form to register, for which there is a small fee.
Last updated on 01/11/2013


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|Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs; Environment and Public Works; Finance; Chairman, subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety; and Federal Financial Management Senate leadership, Deputy Whip
|"It is possible to pursue policies that protect our environment and public health, while additionally strengthening our economy"
Leadership: As Delaware's Governor, Carper enacted the Inland Bays Watershed Enhancement Act to restore and protect critical habitat in Southeastern Delaware. He did this while balancing the state's budget every year, lowering taxes in seven of his eight years and driving major job growth. As Senator, he ascended to Chair the Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety, where he has championed offshore wind energy development and positioned Delaware to be a leader in this technology, which has the capacity to create thousands of new jobs. As the Founder and Co-Chair of the Senate Recycling Caucus, he helped pass a bill to increase America's recycling capacity while creating new green jobs. He has also introduced legislation to restore and protect the Delaware River Basin.
In addition to his leadership on clean energy, Senator Carper has also defended the Clean Air Act and the EPA's ability to regulate harmful pollutants. He has seen these efforts repeatedly provide major public benefits in terms of reduced health care costs, lives saved and green jobs. He also knows that with increasingly common extreme weather causing droughts for Delaware farmers and driving violent storms toward its coasts, climate change is a real threat that must be addressed by innovating away from reliance on fossil fuels.
In an increasingly polarized political climate, Senator Carper is respected for his ability to work across party lines. The Washington Post has remarked that he is, "a notably effective and non-partisan leader, admired and trusted on both sides of the aisle." This is the kind of leader best able to improve the lives of Delaware's citizens and the health of our oceans.
Senator Carper sponsored:
Senator Carper cosponsored:


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PROVO, Utah – Provo-native rock band Neon Trees canceled their Wednesday night show at Sundance, instead putting on a series of concerts in Provo at a fraction of the price.
The band has done shows at Sundance in the past, but when their promoter raised ticket prices for the show from $35 to $50, they decided to do something about it.
"Sundance is turning into this thing where it seems like every promoter in the world is thinking, 'How can I capitalize on the nightlife up there during this time,'" said Branden Campbell, bassist and vocalist for the band. "I started calling it 'Scumdance' this week."
Instead of performing at Sundance, the band decided to do some impromptu shows at Club Velour in Provo where the band played its first shows.
The band will make no money from the shows, instead giving all the profits to Club Velour. They say it's a way to give back to the club and fans who helped launch their career.
"If you forget the people that are helping you do this, then it's really selfish and kind of pointless honestly," said Tyler Glenn, lead singer for the band. "It's crazy to me that a band that has success can all of a sudden forget that there are kids out there."
Two Friday shows sold out within three minutes of them going up for sale online. A third show on Thursday night was first come, first served and several hundred people waited out in the cold for their chance at seeing the local band live. All tickets cost $10.


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Houston Legal
Blogging Houston's legal scene with Mary Flood
Monthly Archive for April, 2013
Houston Legal Links 4/23
Official suggests rail car may have led to West explosion Jury sees slain woman's last moments in courthouse shooting Breaking Laws and Fighting Fire Ants in a Rush to the Texas Bluebonnet Fields Texas asks U.S. Supreme Court to block climate rules Federal Judge Says Videos of Chopping Dog's Head With Meat Cleaver is "Protected […] [Read More]
Houston Legal Links 4/22
Halliburton in settlement discussions to resolve Gulf spill Southeast Texas courthouse shooter to go on trial West struggles toward normalcy after blast West Texas fertilizer explosion damages could exceed $100M Could better regulatory enforcement have prevented deadly Texas fertilizer plant explosion? Drug Court Oversight to Go Before Texas Lawmakers Florida becomes 4th state to sue […] [Read More]
Get beer & ethics CLE credits @ Saint Arnold's Brewery- Sign up today!!
The Houston Bar Association is offering continuing legal education at a local brewery. Today is the last day to sign up. It's a "mixer" and a CLE. It includes beer and ethics credits. From HBA: HBA/CLE Mixer, Sign Up by April 19 Please join us at Saint Arnold's Brewery, 2000 Lyons Avenue, on Tuesday, […] [Read More]
Houston Legal Links 4/19
The unknown grips West after explosion Fertilizer plant had history of complaints Texas lawyers band together to help the people of West Strange coincidence: West blast 65 years after Texas City disaster Sheriff: Storage unit led to arrests in DA deaths Fired justice of peace charged with capital murder in deaths of Texas prosecutors, bail […] [Read More]
Houston Legal Links 4/18
Jailed wife of disgraced judge claims he was triggerman in Kaufman County killings Gulf spill judge says ruling could take months Former BP engineer says US withheld evidence related to Gulf spill Senators tell Obama to pardon Galveston boxer Jack Johnson Jury sides with city in lawsuit over alleged rape by officer Texas Lawmakers Facing […] [Read More]
Houston Legal Links 4/17
SCOTUS tests right to be silent in Houston case (subsc.) Scan of cruise passenger list lets feds make easy arrests in Galveston BP sued again for gas release Houston may sue BP for lost taxes after oil spill Parker drilling settles US bribery probes for $16 Million House hears testimony on bill to create a […] [Read More]
Houston Legal Links 4/16
Source: Kaufman County case being built against ex-Texas official BP manager testifies at trial over Gulf oil spill HISD security guard accused of fondling female students during fake drug searches Family sues over man's stun gun death County fighting bills to curb environmental suits Bill would require drug tests for elected officials Texas bill would […] [Read More]
Houston Legal Links 4/15 – Pay your taxes!
Former Kaufman County Judge arrested for making terroristic threat Barratry bill would expand pool of victims eligible for $10,000 penalty AP Exclusive: Likely tax cheats flock South, West (including to Houston area) Carnival sorry for toilet trouble at sea Like mother like son? Mom, son serve 50 years for killing ex-lovers Clara Harris denied parole […] [Read More]
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BIOL:326 Invertebrate Zoology.
An introduction to evolutionary themes and functional approaches to invertebrate animal biology. Course covers a broad survey of the invertebrate phyla. Within the coverage of each group, unique aspects of morphology, physiology, ecology and behavior are discussed in light of the selective forces that have favored their evolution. Prerequisite: BIOL:202 or instructor's permission. 3 SH.
Catalog Links


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Abolishing a policy that earmarks about 20 percent of every students' tuition dollars for scholarships may not lower tuition, an Iowa Board of Regents official said today.
The policy known as tuition set-aside will be discussed at the board's June meeting, and follows sharp questioning this spring from Republican legislators about the scholarships.
Patrice Sayre, the board's chief business officer, said abolishing the scholarship money, which was received this year by more than 25,000 undergraduate students, could raise tuition, drive down enrollment and thus lower revenues.
Other possible consequences of abolishing the policy include a decrease in geographic and socioeconomic diversity, retention and graduation rates, she said.


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With my first pregnancy, I developed PE at 27 weeks and made it to 31 weeks on strict bedrest. At the time of delivery, my BP was 210/110 and I had 3+ protein in my urine. I was also in preterm labor (which was a surprise to me). My MZ twin boys were born by emergency c-section with no benefit of steroids for lung development and were in the NICU for about 6 weeks. The only long-term effect on my twins is that they both have severe asthma.
It is now 5 years later and I am pregnant for the 2nd time (in a different city with a different OB). I am currently 21 weeks pregnant with one baby. My OB and perinatologist do NOT feel that I am at high risk for either PE or preterm labor with this pregnancy because both of those were most likely caused by having twins in my first pregnancy. The perinatologist said that I didn't need to see her at all for this pregnancy (after I saw her for an Ultrascreen for Down's at 11 weeks).
Should I be worried that neither doctor is too concerned about my history with PE? Can having PE with twins negate the increased risk for PE in subsequent pregnancies? Or am I just being paranoid because of the difficult experience I had with my first pregnancy?


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Mary Pauline (Marshall) Moore
Mary Pauline (Marshall) Moore, was born April 17, 1928, in Electra, Texas, to Charles Garrett & Mettie Marshall and died October 31, 2007.
Pauline was married to Aubrey Eugene "Gene" Moore on October 12, 1946. She was preceded in death by both her parents; and her son, Kenneth Gene Moore.
Pauline lived life to the fullest, with many interests and talents, her life-long passions were playing table tennis, square dancing, and serving 19 years on the Great American Race Staff. Her Saturday's were devoted to watching her great- grandson play baseball. Her Sunday's were spent as a member of Grace Church.
She is survived by her husband, Gene; her daughter, Paula Vaughn and husband Jerry of Wichita Falls; her son, Monty Moore and wife Yonna of Durango, Colorado; four grandchildren, Kristi Craig, Bryan Moore, Maris Moore, and Jennifer Moore. She was also blessed with three great-grandchildren, Keyton Craig, Aiden Moore, and Maya Moore.
Services will be held Saturday, November 3, 2007, at 1 p.m. at Grace Church, 5214 Stone Lake Drive with Tom Rodgers, officiating. Interment will follow at Crestview Memorial Park under the direction of Owens & Brumley Funeral Home of Wichita Falls.
Family visitation will be held Friday, November 2, 2007, from 7 to 8:30 p.m. at Owens and Brumley Funeral Home of Wichita Falls.
In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to the Grace Church Building Fund or the charity of choice.
Condolences to the family may sent to www.owensandbrumley.com.
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Parking: Our house faces 113th Street, but if you can't find parking on 113th, turn right on 84th, immediately right again onto Bessemer, and park across from the train track.
Take the Southern State and/or Belt Parkway towards JFK airport. Take the Van Wyck Expressway north (away from JFK) to the Jamaica/Hillside exit. From the exit ramp, go straight through the light at Jamaica, and turn left at the next light onto Hillside. After about 0.6 mile and about 8 (synchronized) lights, you'll cross Lefferts, and Hillside will curve to the left, with a library on the left and shops on the right. Just before it goes under a train viaduct, turn right onto Babbage and parallel the train track. At the end of Babbage, turn left under the track onto 84th. Take the first or second left (onto Bessemer or 113th, respectively), and park. We're the second house down on either street.
Take the Grand Central or the van Wyck to the Robinson (nee Interboro) Parkway, the only way it goes. Take the first exit, Exit 6, for Metropolitan Avenue. Turn east (that's left) onto Metropolitan and cross Forest Park. Take the first right after the park onto Park Lane South. After four blocks Park Lane South veers right; take the next left onto 112th, the first left onto 84th, and the first right onto 113th. We're the second house on the left.
Take the Robinson Parkway to the Metropolitan Avenue exit, turn right (east) onto Metropolitan, and cross Forest Park. Take the first right after the park onto Park Lane South. After four blocks Park Lane South veers right; take the next left onto 112th, the first left onto 84th, and the first right onto 113th. We're the second house on the left.
Take the J train to the 111th Street stop in Queens. Go through the turnstiles, turn right, down the stairs, and you're now on 111th Street facing north. Keep going about three blocks to 85th Avenue (just after Myrtle). Turn right on 85th, left on 113th, and our house is on the right, the second house before the street ends.
Take the A train to the Ozone Park terminus, transfer to the Q-10 bus northbound, and see Q-10 bus directions below.
Take the E train to the Kew Gardens/Union Turnpike stop, transfer to the Q-37 or Q-10 bus southbound (the only way they go), and see bus directions below. (The Q-37 runs closer to our house, but the Q-10 runs more frequently.)
Take the Q-37 bus along Park Lane South and get off at 112th Street. Walk along 112th in the only direction it goes, downhill away from the park, take your first left onto 84th Avenue and your first right onto 113th Street. We're the second house on your left.
Take the Q-10 bus along Lefferts Blvd. When the bus crosses Metropolitan Avenue, pull the cord or push the tape or whatever; get off at the next cross street, 84th Avenue. Walk west (up-hill is north) along 84th Avenue, six short blocks through a residential neighborhood, cross under a train track, turn left onto 113th Street, and we're the second house on your left.
Take the Q-55 bus along Myrtle Avenue and get off at 113th Street. Walk north (up-hill) on 113th two blocks until the street ends; we're the second-to-last house on your right.
If it's not convenient to get to the Kew Gardens station, see Jamaica Train Station above. If it is, get off at the Kew Gardens station (be sure to be in one of the first four cars). Follow signs to the Q-10 bus stop, wait for a bus coming from your left, and see Q-10 bus directions above. Or if you're in the mood to walk, turn right on Lefferts and walk about five blocks to 84th Avenue (the next street after Metropolitan), then see Q-10 bus directions.
That should cover almost anybody who's coming here.
This page last modified: Wed Jun 18 16:07:57 EDT 2008


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Loft Dining Room
Consider dark-wood and metal vintage pieces to ground an otherwise all-white, loft-like space.
"This is my idea of using industrial and found objects successfully in a room," says Richards. "The combination of large metal pieces and small wooden accessories, set in a stark white room with old wood floors, is wonderful."
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GOODYEAR, Ariz. (AP) — A man charged with killing his wife and adult son acknowledged fatally stabbing both, saying he feared he may have contracted the AIDS virus from prostitutes years earlier and given it to his wife, police said.
Eugene Maraventano, 63, told a detective that he stabbed his wife, Janet, with a 14-inch kitchen knife while she was asleep in their bedroom and then killed Bryan Maraventano, 27, police said Monday in a probable cause statement filed in court.
Maraventano said he frequented prostitutes while working in New York and feared he might have given the virus to his wife, who recently had tests for cancer, which were negative, the statement said. The document didn't say whether either Maraventano or his wife was positive for HIV.
Police said Maraventano told detectives he decided to kill his son, who was stabbed twice when he opened his bedroom door, because he didn't know how the son would cope without his parents. Maraventano said he thought the son was mentally disabled because he didn't have a girlfriend, couldn't get a job and played video games all day, the statement said.
Maraventano called 911 on Saturday to report the killings, which police said were committed Thursday.
In the meantime, Maraventano said he tried several times to kill himself but failed, police said.
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Monthly Archives: December, 2012
Chris McKenna: Reflections on Joining the Mindful Schools Team
Written by Randima Fernando on December 12, 2012 — Leave a Comment
Over the past few years, Megan, Randy, Vinny and I have all inquired as individuals into how we can best contribute to the Mindfulness & Education field as it continues its exponential growth around the U.S. and the world. What's the best way to deploy our time and resources over the coming period? What matters […]
Posted in Uncategorized
Why I'm Here: An Open Letter from Vinny Ferraro
Written by Randima Fernando on December 12, 2012 — Leave a Comment
I wanted to take this opportunity to let folks know what I'm up to these days. And as I began writing this it was hard to figure out where to begin. So in an attempt to keep this short & interesting, we'll pick up the saga when I was 20 years old. A week off […]
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Create highly realistic virtual shots of your products, reducing the need for product photography, with MODO.
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Lowcountry Muscle Car Club is sponsoring an evening cruise-in at Sonic Drive-in at 660 College Park Road in Goose Creek. The event will be 5:30-9 p.m. during the winter months. The cruise-in is every third Saturday at the entrance to Crowfield Plantation. All car enthusiasts are welcome to attend. For more information, visit the clubs Facebook page or website at www.Lowcountrymusclecar.com.
Street Rods Unlimited will be holding its monthly cruise-in 5 p.m. at Northern Tool & Equipment, 5900 Rivers Ave. in North Charleston. All special interest vehicles are welcome. The cruise-in is held every third Saturday of the month. Contact Bob Ross at 843-709-1932 or visit the club website at www.streetrodsunlimited.org for more information.
Cars and Coffee will be held 8-10 a.m. every Saturday at Brookgreen Town Center on Coleman Boulevard in Mount Pleasant. The plaza has a Starbucks, Mozzo Deli and plenty of parking.
March 3
NOS Energy Drinks third annual Import Face-Off is scheduled at Rockingham Dragway in Rockingham, N.C. Past fests have included an import car show, sound off and race. Imports, domestics, lowriders, trucks and sport bikes have participated. The dragway is at 2153 U.S. Highway 1 in Rockingham. For more information, visit www.importfaceoff.net or call 225-247-RACE (7223).
Going to a car show this weekend? Submit your photos and videos, or send your car show information to Car Show Calendar, The Post and Courier, 134 Columbus St., Charleston, SC, 29403, fax it to 843-937-5778 or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
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- Willamette
- News
- News Archive
- 2012
- January
- Stonehenge: New Discoveries
Professor Mike Parker Pearson, archaeologist
Current News
Mysteries of Stonehenge probed during free lecture with renowned archaeologist
Seven years after launching a new series of excavations and research, archeologists are only now beginning to understand the true purpose and age of Stonehenge — an ancient structure that has long fascinated the world.
Professor Mike Parker Pearson, a principal investigator for the Riverside Stonehenge and the Feeding Stonehenge projects, will reveal some of these key breakthroughs during a free lecture at Willamette University on Feb. 8. The talk will begin at 7:30 p.m. in the John C. Paulus Great Hall at Willamette University's College of Law.
During the event, Parker Pearson will discuss the current theories of Stonehenge — from it being an astronomical observatory to a center of healing. He will share information about the structure's Neolithic builders and touch on the discovery and significance of a new monument called Bluestonehenge, located about a mile from Stonehenge. He will also share his professional opinion as to how and why stones from 180 miles away were used to construct the elaborate structure.
Parker Pearson works with the Department of Archaeology at the University of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. He's served as vice president of the Prehistoric Society and was named 2010 Archeologist of the year in the United Kingdom. His work was featured on the National Geographic channel in the documentary "Stonehenge Decoded" in 2008.
Become Involved
Excavating an ancient historical landmark isn't limited to archeologists. Willamette University students are invited to hone their own sleuthing skills by joining the university's field school for an amazing experience in The Heart of Neolithic Orkney in Scotland (a UNESCO World Heritage Site).
Through the project, students will work with the Orkney Research Centre for Archeology and Orkney College, as they unearth a Neolithic complex on the Ness of Brodgar — a 6.2 acre archaeological site where evidence of housing and decorated stone slabs have been found. The application deadline is March 1.
The award winning and internationally recognized excavation was recently featured in a one-hour special on BBC's "Ancient History of Britain and was named Research Project of the Year by the British Museum and Current Archaeology magazine. For more information, contact Scott Pike or go to www.willamette.edu/centers/


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Dr. Gregory T. DeCinque served as the president of Jamestown Community College from August 1994 until his retirement in August 2013. Dr. DeCinque received his Doctorate in Educational Administration from the University of Texas at Austin. He has held leadership positions at a number of institutions, including director of student life and dean of instruction at Brookdale Community College, and dean of Academic Affairs at Tunxis Community-Technical College in Farmington, CT. As president of Jamestown Community College, Dr. DeCinque led the campus through its transition to a regional community college.
Dr. DeCinque has joined Cayuga Community College as Interim President in December, 2013. DeCinque said he chose to come to CCC partly because of its similarities to Jamestown Community College where he served as president for 19 years before retiring. JCC, he said, went through similar challenges as well.


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Prep football: The Indians wild and crazy final drive at the 5A state championship
ORLANDO — The final moments of the Class 5A championship game were a whirlwind of action that was exhilarating, gut-wrenching and confusing for both sides, all in just 68 electric seconds of game time.
When emotions settled and confusion cleared, Immokalee's players were heartbroken, Godby's were ecstatic, and fans of both sides were treated for a game sure to be discussed in the decades to come.
"It was crazy," longtime Immokalee assistant and former head coach Israel Gallegos said. "The whole thing at the end, I didn't know what was going on."
Trailing 21-14 with the ball and 2:34 left, Immokalee failed to convert on fourth down from its own 44. Godby took over on downs, but the Indians held and used their timeouts to stop the clock.
The Cougars punted, and Immokalee took over at its own 18 with 1:08 left. Things got worse when quarterback Tshumbi Johnson was sacked on the first play. With less than a minute left and the clock running, the Indians had to go 88 yards to tie the game.
Johnson hit his younger brother D'Ernest Johnson for a 23-yard completion on the next play, then scrambled for 11 yards. Godby was flagged for a hit out of bounds, which pushed the ball to the Cougars' 39 with 28 seconds left.
After being tackled out of bounds, Tshumbi Johnson was shaken up and sat out the next play, an incompletion by backup quarterback Louinelson Celian. Johnson returned with an incomplete pass on the next play, and then connected with D'Ernest Johnson for 19 yards to set up a first down at the 20.
Out of timeouts, the quarterback spiked the ball to stop the clock with seven seconds left. Then things really got crazy.
On the eighth play of the drive, Johnson completed a pass over the middle to Mackensie Alexander, who was stopped inside the one yard line. Though the clock should have started as soon as the ball was set, the scoreboard clock malfunctioned during the previous play and the officials had to huddle to decide how much time was left.
The officials decided there was one second left with the ball at the 1-yard line. Immokalee was then called for a delay of game and pushed back to the 5.
With one play left, Tshumbi Johnson scrambled right and hurled a pass to the end zone as time expired. The ball was tipped by a Godby defender before it could get to Indians receiver J.C. Jackson and fell incomplete. The Cougars erupted on to the field in celebration of a state title.
Godby players had to retreat to their sideline when they saw a penalty flag in the end zone. The Cougars were called for holding, giving Immokalee one untimed down from the 2.
Again under pressure, Johnson started left before rolling right. He found Xavier Richardson wide open in the front corner of the end zone and hit the receiver square in the chest. The touchdown pulled Immokalee within 21-20 with no time left and the extra point attempt coming.
The snap from Michael Campbell on the attempt was short and hit the ground before it could get to Tshumbi Johnson, the holder. Unable to set the ball for the kicker, Johnson jumped up and evaded the defense before lofting a desperation pass into the end zone.
The toss was picked off by Godby linebacker Dallas Williams to end the game.
Johnson, a four-year starter for the Indians, was 4-of-6 passing for 63 yards and a touchdown on his final high school drive. The Cincinnati recruit finished with a season-high 301 yards passing.
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A method for provisioning a device such as a token. The device issues a certificate request to a Certification Authority. The request includes a public cryptographic key uniquely associated with the device. The Certification Authority generates a symmetric cryptographic key for the device, encrypts it using the public key, and creates a digital certificate that contains the encrypted symmetric key as an attribute. The Certification Authority sends the digital certificate to the device, which decrypts the symmetric key using the device's private key, and stores the decrypted symmetric key.
1. A method for reprovisioning a token having a first secret, comprising:
sending a request for a certificate;
receiving a certificate that contains a second secret encrypted with a public key of the token, the second secret distinct from the first secret;
decrypting the second secret with a private key of the token;
replacing the first secret with the second secret; and
generating a one time password based on the second secret,
wherein the second secret is a symmetric cryptographic key.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
a public key received from the token; and
a digital signature based upon a secret asymmetric key of the recipient of the request for the certificate.
8. The method of
9. A token for generating one time passwords, comprising:
a processor; and
a memory coupled to the processor, the memory storing a first secret and token instructions adapted to be executed by the processor to send a message that includes a request for a certificate, receive a certificate that includes a second secret encrypted with a public key, decrypt the second secret with a private key of the token, replace the first secret with the second secret including storing the second secret in memory, and generate a one time password based on the second secret,
wherein the second secret is a symmetric cryptographic key.
10. The token of
11. The token of
12. The token of
13. The token of
14. The token of
15. The token of
a public key received from the token; and
a digital signature based upon a secret asymmetric key of the recipient of the request for the certificate.
16. A token for generating one time passwords, comprising:
a processor; and
a memory coupled to the processor, the memory separately storing;
a first secret for generating one time passwords;
a private key;
a public key; and
token instructions adapted to be executed by the processor to send a message that includes a request for a certificate, receive a certificate that includes a second secret encrypted with a public key, decrypt the second secret with the private key of the token, replace the first secret with the second secret, and generate a one time password based on the second secret,
wherein the second secret is a symmetric cryptographic key.
The field of the invention is information security, and in particular provisioning a token with a secret that can be used by the token to generate a plurality of One Time Passwords.
A common step in deciding whether to grant a request for access to data or services in a network is to identify and authenticate the requesting user. Authentication includes the process of verifying the identity of a user. A known identification and authentication system includes associating a user identifier ("user id") and a secret ("password") for a user. The password can be a secret shared between the user and an authentication service. The user can submit his user id and password to the authentication service, which compares them with a user id and associated password that can be stored at the service. If they match, then the user is said to have been authenticated. If not, the user is said not to be authenticated.
A token is a device that can be used to authenticate a user. It can include one or more secrets, some of which can be shared with a validation center. For example, a token can store a secret key that can be used as the basis for calculating a One Time Password (OTP). A OTP can be a number (or alphanumeric string) that is generated once and then is not reused. The token can generate an OTP and send it along with a unique token serial number to an authentication server. The authentication server can calculate an OTP using its copy of the secret key for the token with the received serial number. If the OTPs match, then the user can be said to be authenticated. To further strengthen the link from the user to the token, the user can establish a secret Personal Identification Number (PIN) shared with the token that must be entered by the user to unlock the token. Alternatively, the PIN can be shared between the user, the token and the authentication server, and can be used with other factors to generate the OTP. A token typically implements tamper-resistant measures to protect the secrets from unauthorized disclosure.
The Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) includes a combination of software, encryption technologies, and services that can use digital certificates, public-key cryptography, and certificate authorities to provide security services, such as certificate (including key) management, identification and authentication, ensure data integrity and confidentiality, non-repudiation, etc. PKI is governed by standards to ensure that PKI-enabled devices and systems can interoperate properly in various contexts. See, e.g., ITU-T X.509; A. Arsenault and S. Turner, Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure: Roadmap, draft-ietf-pkix-roadmap-09.txt, July 2002; R. Housley, W. Ford, W. Polk and D. Solo, RFC 2459, Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure, Certificate and CRL Profile, January 1999; and D. Richard Kuhn, Vincent C. Hu, W. Timothy Polk and Shu-Jen Chang, Introduction to Public Key Technology and the Federal PKI Infrastructure, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Feb. 26, 2001. A typical PKI includes the issuance of digital certificates to individual users and devices; end-user and end-device enrollment software; integration with certificate directories; and tools for managing, renewing and revoking certificates.
A PKI system uses digital certificates to provide certain security services, such as distributing and verifying cryptographic keys. A digital certificate can include a user's name and/or token identifier, a serial number, one or more expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holder's public key (which can be used for encrypting and decrypting messages and creating digital signatures), and the digital signature of a Certification Authority ("CA") so that a recipient of the certificate can verify that the certificate is valid. See, e.g., Adams, C., Farrell, S., Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate Management Protocols, <draft-ietf-pkix-rfc2510bis-06.txt>, December 2001. Digital certificates can be stored in registries so that users' public keys can be found and used by others. An example of a known PKI digital certificate format is shown in
In certain known systems, a token is initialized at the manufacturer, e.g., by embedding in the token a secret symmetric key (to be shared with a validation authority) at the time and place at which the token is made. If it is learned that the token has compromised, it is disabled. It can be difficult or impossible to "reprovision" the token with a secret, e.g., recover the token, embed a new key, and to reissue the token to a user. Even if the token has not been compromised, the repeated use of the same key may render the OTPs generated by the token less secure than if its key was changed from time to time. Further, certain known token systems that are not PKI-enabled do not efficiently or effectively interoperate with a PKI system. Thus, certain known non-PKI token systems are unable to take advantage of the capabilities offered by PKI, such as key management, PKI-based authentication, etc.
Embodiments of the present invention can advantageously enable a token to use a PKI for security services, such as reprovisioning the token's OTP secret. A system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is shown in
Token memory 105 can store a symmetric cryptographic key 106, a private cryptographic key 107, and a public cryptographic key 108. These secrets can be stored more securely by implementing tamper resistant features for token memory 105, as is known in the art. Token memory 105 can also store Token Instructions 109 adapted to be executed by token processor 104 to perform functions such as OTP generation, communication with the validation center, communication with the CA, communication with application programs with which the token interoperates, etc.
The method in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is shown in
The Requesting Token can store the certificate received from the CA and decrypt the OTP Secret using the Token's private key. The Requesting Token can store the OTP Secret. The stored OTP Secret can then be used by the Requesting Token to generate OTPs. In this way, a token can advantageously be provisioned with a certificate and an OTP certificate through a certificate request to a PKI CA. Thus, a set of tokens can be reprovisioned by an enterprise security administrator, e.g., the OTP Secrets in an enterprise's tokens can be set not just the manufacturer, but by the enterprise itself. Thus, for example, the OTP Secrets can be reprovisioned from time to time by the enterprise to enhance system security.
In one embodiment of the present invention, the same OTP Secret can be used to generate many OTPs by varying other parameters (e.g., time, counters, etc.) that can be used in conjunction with the OTP Secret to generate the OTPs. Alternatively, the OTP Secret can be modified each time an OTP is generated using an appropriate cryptographic algorithm. For example, an OTP Secret can be hashed using an algorithm such as MD-5 to form a new OTP Secret for generating an OTP. This process can be repeated each time an OTP is generated. An OTP itself can be used as an input to generating a new version of the OTP Secret. A PIN can be used to form the OTP.
A user may forget his PIN, in which case the token cannot be used to generate authenticating OTPs. In certain known systems, an administrative key (hereinafter, "Admin Key") distinct form the OTP Secret is stored in the token. The Admin Key is used to unlock the private key embedded in a token whose user has forgotten his PIN. In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, the OTP Secret can be used to unlock the token private key. In one embodiment of the present invention, an OTP is generated based upon the number of requests for an OTP at the token (an integer, hereinafter "Token Count"). In other words, OTP=F(Token Count), where F can be a function. In an embodiment of the present invention, the private key of a token can be unlocked using OTP(Token Count+N), where N is an integer, e.g., 10,000, 125,000, 1,234,567, etc. This advantageously reduces the number of keys that have to be stored in the token, i.e., by eliminating the need to store a distinct Admin Key at the token. It also reduces the number of keys that have to be managed in the system.
In an embodiment of the present invention, a trusted smart card (e.g., a smart card with tamper-resistant features) can store an OTP_Secret (i.e., a token secret), a public key, a private key, and software that runs a PKI agent. The smart card can operate in a legacy environment, e.g., in conjunction with a mainframe application that does not implement PKI. It can be easier to adapt a non-PKI-enabled application to authenticate users based upon a OTP than changing the legacy application to make it PKI-enabled. The smart card can send a device certificate request to the CA. Here, the CA can operate as a single platform capable of supporting both PKI requests and provisioning OTP systems. The certificate request can include the smart card's public key. The CA can generate OTP_Secret', encrypt it using the smart card's public key, digitally sign information including the smart card's public key, includes the encrypted OTP_Secret' and the signature in a PKI device certificate, and can send the device certificate to the smart card. The smart card can decrypt OTP_Secret' using the smart card's private key, and replaces OTP_Secret with OTP_Secret'. In this way, the smart card has used the PKI to reprovision its OTP secret. The smart card can use OTP_Secret' to generate OTPs to authenticate the holder of the smart card to the legacy application. For example, upon receiving a request for services along with an OTP, the legacy application can forward the OTP to the CA (which can act as an authentication server) for validation. If the CA determines that the OTP is valid, it can send a message indicating the same to the legacy application. If the OTP is determined not to be valid by the CA, the CA can send a message to the legacy application indicating that the requester has not been validated, and the requested services may be denied. In this way, a legacy system that includes parts that are not PKI-enabled (e.g., the legacy mainframe application) can benefit from PKI services.
An embodiment of a certificate in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention is shown in
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SEED Faculty
Lynette Chandler
Lynette Chandler is a Professor and Program Coordinator for Special Education in the Department of Special and Early Education at Northern Illinois University. She primarily teaches courses in early childhood special education. Lynette has a number of research interests including Response to Intervention at the preschool level, early literacy and early math skills, working with families, and positive behavior support. She enjoys collaborating with several preschool programs in the northern Illinois area on issues related to early childhood and early childhood special education. She not only has the opportunity to interact with teachers and administrators when she is in the schools, but she also has the opportunity to visit classrooms and work with young children who have disabilities, are identified as at-risk, and who are Òtypically developingÓ.
Lynette has worked in early intervention programs that provide services to infants and toddlers with disabilities and their families and in programs that provide services to preschool-aged children with special need. She has seen the importance of involving families and developing partnerships with families in meeting the educational and developmental needs of their child. She advocates the use of Person-First language when referring individuals with disabilities. This practice involves identifying the person first and the disability second (e.g., a student with autism, an infant with cerebral palsy).
She is a member and Past-President of the International Division for Early Childhood and the Illinois Division for Early Childhood and she has numerous publications and presentations on a variety of areas including functional assessment and positive behavior support, social skills, transition, early literacy, developmentally appropriate practice, intentional planning and teaching, inclusion, and Response to Intervention. She also is active at the state level where she serves on many committees and task forces that are related to early childhood and early childhood special education.
- Ph.D, University of Kansas, Developmental and Child Psychology, Early Childhood Special Education
- M.A, Western Michigan University, Applied Behavior Analysis
- Utah State University, Psychology


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STATE OF Sites º Seals º Symbols {Sites, Seals, Symbols} {wpe2.gif (1949 bytes)} {state seal} THE AMERICAN FLAG Out of the profusion of designs and symbols inspired by the fervent patriotism and pride of our infant days as a nation, came the flag which is the basis of our present national flag. By 1776 there were many flags for individual military companies and sections of the country and the Continental Congress instructed a committee composed of George Washington, Robert Morris and Colonel George Ross to devise and produce a flag for the United States. Tradition has it that Betsy Ross, as early as June 1776, made a Stars and Stripes flag from a pencil sketch supplied by Washington. The flag with 13 stripes and 13 stars was officially adopted on June 14, 1777. This was altered to 15 stripes and 15 stars with the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the Union in 1795. On April 4, 1818, the final form of our flag was adopted by Congress to allow for the admission of new states. As of July 4, 1960, the flag contains thirteen stripes and fifty stars with each star symbolizing a state. THE STATE FLAG Inspired by a memorial from the Anna Warner Bailey Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Governor O. Vincent Coffin, on May 29, 1895, introduced to the General Assembly the first proposal for the adoption of a State Flag. On that same day the Assembly passed a resolution appointing a special committee to prepare a designation of the flag already generally accepted as the official flag of the state. The General Assembly of 1897 provided an official description of the flag setting the dimensions at five feet, six inches in length and four feet, four inches in width, of azure blue silk, with the armorial bearings in argent white silk with the design in natural colors and bordure of the shield embroidered in gold and silver. Below the shield there is a white streamer, cleft at each end, bordered in gold and browns, the streamer bearing in dark blue the motto "Qui Transtulit Sustinet."
Sites º Seals º Symbols
{Sites, Seals, Symbols}
{wpe2.gif (1949 bytes)}
{state seal}
Out of the profusion of designs and symbols inspired by the fervent patriotism and pride of our infant days as a nation, came the flag which is the basis of our present national flag. By 1776 there were many flags for individual military companies and sections of the country and the Continental Congress instructed a committee composed of George Washington, Robert Morris and Colonel George Ross to devise and produce a flag for the United States.
Tradition has it that Betsy Ross, as early as June 1776, made a Stars and Stripes flag from a pencil sketch supplied by Washington. The flag with 13 stripes and 13 stars was officially adopted on June 14, 1777. This was altered to 15 stripes and 15 stars with the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the Union in 1795.
On April 4, 1818, the final form of our flag was adopted by Congress to allow for the admission of new states. As of July 4, 1960, the flag contains thirteen stripes and fifty stars with each star symbolizing a state.
Inspired by a memorial from the Anna Warner Bailey Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Governor O. Vincent Coffin, on May 29, 1895, introduced to the General Assembly the first proposal for the adoption of a State Flag. On that same day the Assembly passed a resolution appointing a special committee to prepare a designation of the flag already generally accepted as the official flag of the state.
The General Assembly of 1897 provided an official description of the flag setting the dimensions at five feet, six inches in length and four feet, four inches in width, of azure blue silk, with the armorial bearings in argent white silk with the design in natural colors and bordure of the shield embroidered in gold and silver. Below the shield there is a white streamer, cleft at each end, bordered in gold and browns, the streamer bearing in dark blue the motto "Qui Transtulit Sustinet."
On March 24, 1931, the General Assembly adopted a design for the official Arms of the State, which it ordered drawn and filed with the Secretary of the State. The official description of the Arms called for: A shield of rococo design of white field, having in the center three grape vines, supported and bearing fruit. Below the shield shall be a white streamer, cleft at each end, bordered with two fine lines, and upon the streamer shall be in solid letters of medium bold Gothic the motto
(He Who Transplanted Still Sustains)
The official arms and seal of the State of Connecticut, whether as a reproduction, imprint or facsimile, shall be made and used only under the direction and with the approval of the Secretary of the State.
The motto "Qui Transtulit Sustinet," (He Who Transplanted Still Sustains), has been associated with the various versions of the seal from the creation of the Saybrook Colony Seal. While the origin of the motto is uncertain, the late Charles J. Hoadly, a former State Librarian, suggested in an article entitled "The Public Seal of Connecticut," which appeared in the 1889 edition of the Connecticut State Register and Manual, that we look to the 80th Psalm as a possible source. "Thou hast brought a vine out of Egypt: thou hast cast out the heathen, and planted it."
Connecticut was designated the Constitution State by the General Assembly in 1959. As early as the 19th Century, John Fiske, a popular historian from Connecticut, made the claim that the Fundamental Orders of 1638/39 were the first written constitution in history. Some contemporary historians dispute Fiske's analysis. However, Simeon E. Baldwin, a former Chief Justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court, defended Fiske's view of the Fundamental Orders in Osborn's History of Connecticut in Monographic Form by stating that "never had a company of men deliberately met to frame a social compact for immediate use, constituting a new and independent commonwealth, with definite officers, executive and legislative, and prescribed rules and modes of government, until the first planters of Connecticut came together for their great work on January 14th, 1638-9." The text of the Fundamental Orders is reproduced in Section I of this volume and the original is on permanent display at the Museum of Connecticut History at the State Library.
Connecticut has also been known as the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and the Land of Steady Habits.
{A Picture of The State Bird} THE AMERICAN ROBIN
The American Robin was adopted as the official State Bird by the General Assembly in 1943. The name Robin is applied to a number of familiar birds, but in North America it is the migratory thrush. (Turdus Migratorius.)
Our Robin, a true thrush, is a migratory bird with a reddish-brown or tawny breast and a loud cheery song. It was first called the Robin by the early colonists, in remembrance of the beloved English bird. Despite the protests of some naturalists, we still retain that traditional name.
Familiar, in the summer, throughout North America, the American Robin is seen from Alaska to Virginia. Most people do not know that many Robins spend the entire winter in New England. They roost among the evergreens in the swamps where they feed on winter berries.
{A Picture of The State Flower} THE MOUNTAIN LAUREL
(Kalmia Latifolia)
Designated as the State Flower by the General Assembly in 1907, the Mountain Laurel is perhaps the most beautiful of native American Shrubs. Its fragrance and the massed richness of its white and pink blossoms so vividly contrast with the darker colors of the forests and the fields that they have continually attracted the attention of travelers since the earliest days of our colonization. First mentioned in John Smith's "General History" in 1624 specimens were sent to Linnaeus, the famous botanist by Peter Kalm, the Swedish explorer in 1750.
Linnaeus gave it the name of Kalmia Latifolia, honoring the name of his correspondent and at the same time describing the "wide-leaved" characteristic of the plant. In addition to being called "Mountain Laurel", the plant has also been spoken of as "Calico Bush" and "Spoonwood".
{A Picture of The State Insect} EUROPEAN MANTIS
(Mantis religiosa)
The European "praying" mantis (family, Mantidae, order, Orthoptera) officially became the State Insect on October 1, 1977. The name "mantis", derived from the Greek, originally meant prophet or diviner, and, appropriately, described the mantids' distinctive habit of standing motionless on four hind legs, with the two highly specialized forelegs raised in an attitude of meditation.
The European mantis is not native to Connecticut. Its origin is Northern Africa, Southern Europe, and temperate Asia. These mantids can be found, however, throughout the state from early May or June until the cold weather sets in, when they die rapidly.
Harmless to humans, and averaging 2-21/2 inches in length, this small green or brown insect feeds on aphids, flies, grasshoppers, small caterpillars and moths. Although probably not a significant factor in biological control, mantids are beneficial insects, friends to the farmer, and are, therefore, symbolic reminders of the importance of the natural environment to human and biological survival.
{state animal} SPERM WHALE
The Sperm Whale was designated as the state animal by the General Assembly in 1975. Its selection was made both because of its special contribution to the state's history and because of its present-day plight as an endangered species.
The Sperm Whale is the largest of the toothed whales, growing up to 60 feet in length and capable of diving over 3,000 feet in search of the squid and cuttlefish on which it feeds. The sperm whale's brain is the largest of any creature ever existing on earth. "Moby Dick" was a sperm whale.
During the 1800's Connecticut ranked second only to Massachusetts as a whale hunting state. The sperm whale was the species most sought after by Connecticut whalers circling the globe on ships out of New London, Mystic and other Connecticut ports to bring back needed oil for lamps and other products.
{A Picture of A Garnet} THE GARNET
Connecticut is one of the finest sources in the world of the almandine garnet, named the State Mineral by the 1977 General Assembly. An ancient gem, it was named "garnata" in the 13th century by Albertus Magnus, and was known as the "Carbuncle", likening it to a small, red hot coal.
The garnets are actually a group of similar minerals, complex silicates of the same atomic structure, but differing in chemical composition. They vary in color from pale to dark tints, including the deep violet-red of the almandine garnet.
This mineral's significant hardness, 7 on the Mohs scale, has made the garnet, as an abrasive, important industrially throughout Connecticut's history. It contributed to this development by providing the base for grinding wheels, saws, and the better cutting quality of garnet paper, a variety of sandpaper.
{A Picture of An Eastern Oyster} EASTERN OYSTER
(Crassostrea Virginica)
The Eastern oyster was designated as the State Shellfish by the General Assembly in 1989. The oyster, which is a bivalve mollusk, occurs naturally in Connecticut's tidal rivers and coastal embayments and is cultivated by the oyster industry in the waters of Long Island Sound.
Oysters were consumed in great quantities by Connecticut's native American inhabitants, and early European settlers found oysters to be a staple and reliable food source. The first colonial laws regulating the taking of oysters in Connecticut appeared in the early 1700's.
Oyster farming developed into a major industry in the State by the late 19th century. During the 1890's, Connecticut held the distinction of having the largest fleet of oyster steamers in the world.
Today, Connecticut's oyster industry continues to thrive. Annually, thousands of bushels of these delicious Connecticut grown mollusks are marketed throughout the country. Of all the shellfish species associated with the Connecticut shoreline, the oyster is by far the best known for its colorful history, continued economic importance and esteemed reputation for quality.
{American Shad, State Fish} AMERICAN SHAD
Native to Connecticut and eastern coastal waters, the American shad was designated the State Fish by the 2003 General Assembly. Shad are anadromous fish, spending most of their lives in the ocean and annually returning to their natal fresh water rivers to reproduce.
{Picture of The State Fossil} EUBRONTES GIGANTEUS
The Connecticut Valley is the world's foremost dinosaur track locality. Many different types of fossil track impressions have been found in the Valley's sandstones of the early Jurassic Period (200 million years ago). Eubrontes, a large three-toed track, was designated the State Fossil in 1991. Although no skeletal remains of the specific trackmaking dinosaur have been found, the shape, size, and stride of Eubrontes indicate that the animal was a carnivorous dinosaur approximately eighteen feet in length, and was closely related to the western genus Dilophosaurus. Two thousand Eubrontes tracks were discovered on a single layer of rock in Rocky Hill, in 1966, and subsequently Dinosaur State Park was created for their preservation and interpretation. This Registered Natural Landmark site receives visitors from throughout the world.
{A Picture of The USS Nautilus} USS NAUTILUS (SSN-571)
Built by Connecticut craftsmen, USS Nautilus was the world's first nuclear powered submarine and logged more than 500,000 nautical miles during her distinguished 25 year career. The USS Nautilus, named Connecticut's State Ship by the 1983 General Assembly, has been designated a National Historic Landmark and is permanently berthed next to the Submarine Force Library and Museum at Goss Cove in Groton.
{State Flagship, Amistad}
In 1839, the schooner La Amistad was seized by the Navy off Long Island and towed to New London Harbor. On board were a group of Africans kidnapped from Mendi who had successfully revolted during transport from Havana to Puerto Principe and impending slavery. Imprisoned on charges of murder, the captives-assisted by abolitionists from Connecticut and surrounding states-were soon engaged in a second battle for freedom that brought the first civil rights case to be heard, and won, before the U.S. Supreme Court, and finally returned the Africans to their homeland.
Freedom Schooner Amistad--a recreation of the 19th century vessel--was constructed at Connecticut's Mystic Seaport and set sail in 2000 as both a floating classroom and monument. From her homeport at Long Wharf Pier in New Haven, she has taken the story of the Amistad Incident of 1839--and its lessons of leadership, perseverance, cooperation, justice, and freedom--to both national and international communities.
{state aircraft}
Named the State Aircraft in 2005, the F4U Corsair was designed and built in Connecticut by the men and women of United Aircraft Corporation and its operating divisions. Often considered the finest American fighter plane of World War II, the Corsair continued in U.S. military service through the Korean War.
{State Tartan}
In 1995, the General Assembly adopted an official tartan for the state. It is a plaid, the colors and design representing notable features of Connecticut's physical geography: Large blue stripes for Long Island Sound, medium gray stripes for granite, large green stripes for forests, red and yellow pinstripes for autumn leaves, and white pinstripes that are offset from the center, representing the state's unpredictable winter snowfall.
The State Tartan's thread ratio is blue-10, gray-2, white-1, gray-5, green-8, yellow-1, green-2, red-1, green-8, gray-8 and blue-10. (State Tartan image courtesy of the Connecticut State Library, Information Services Division.)
{A Picture of Nathan Hale} NATHAN HALE 1755 - 1776
On October 1, 1985, by an act of the General Assembly, Nathan Hale became Connecticut's State Hero.
Born in Coventry, and educated at Yale University, Hale served as a school master until commissioned as a Lieutenant in the Continental Army on July 1, 1775. He was promoted to Captain on Januay 1, 1776 and in September of that year, at General George Washington's request for a volunteer, Nathan Hale crossed enemy lines to gather information as to the strength and plans of the British. Caught while returning, he was hanged as a spy on September 22, 1776, without benefit of a trial.
The Patriot's dedication to our country is enshrined in the immortal words "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.
The Hale Homestead, located at 2299 South Street in Coventry, is maintained as a museum by the Antiquarian and Landmark Society, Inc.
{A Picture of Prudence Crandall} PRUDENCE CRANDALL 1803-1890
On October 1, 1995, by an act of the General Assembly, Prudence Crandall became Connecticut's State Heroine.
In 1833, Prudence Crandall established the first academy for African-American women in New England. During its 18 months of operation, Crandall and her students faced hardships and violence. She was placed on trial twice for breaking a law specifically designed to prevent the school from operating. In the fall of 1834, although the charges against her were dismissed, the school was closed.
Prudence Crandall demonstrated great courage and moral strength by taking a stand against prejudice. In 1886 the legislature honored her with an annual pension of $400.00.
The Prudence Crandall House is a National Historic Landmark located at the intersections of 14 and 169 in Canterbury. It is operated by the Connecticut Historical Commission.
The Square Dance was named the official State Folk Dance by the General Assembly in 1995.
In 2003, the General Assembly designated "The Nutmeg" by Stanley L. Ralph, as the official State Cantata.
Poet Laureate of the State of Connecticut is appointed by the Dept. of Economic and Community Development, Office of the Arts, Dick Allen of Trumbull.
Kristen Graves, of Southport, was appointed Connecticut's official State Troubadour by the Dept. of Economic and Community Development, Office of the Arts.
Jacob Druckman of Milford was designated the Charles Edward Ives Memorial Composer Laureate of the State of Connecticut by the directors of the Charles Ives Center for the Arts. He died May 24, 1996.
{A Picture of The Executive Residence} THE EXECUTIVE RESIDENCE
Georgian Colonial in design, the Executive Residence is located on six beautifully landscaped acres, at 990 Prospect Avenue, overlooking the city of Hartford. The furniture and decorations of the nineteen-room governor's residence are 18th Century originals and reproductions.
The residence was built in 1909 by Dr. George C. F. Williams, who occupied it until 1933. The original cost of the development of the property was $300,000. It was purchased by the State in 1943 for $38,928, after inspection of 38 different pieces of property by the Legislative Committee on the Executive Residence.
Governor Raymond E. Baldwin and his family first occupied the residence on September 14, 1945. The formal public opening ceremonies were held on October 18, 1945.
{A Picture of The First State House} THE FIRST STATE HOUSE
The first State House in Hartford served from 1720 until 1796, when the adjacent and recently completed Old State House opened. Earlier buildings occupied the site, but this was the first structure built as a state house. The square was laid out in 1636 with the founding of Connecticut and city of Hartford. The Fundamental Orders of 1638/39 were ratified on this site. In 1687, the Charter of 1662 was stolen from this site and hidden in the Charter Oak Tree. Here General Washington first met Rochambeau and the French armies in America, and planned the Yorktown strategy. And, it is here that Connecticut delegates gathered to consider ratification of the U.S. Constitution. In 1783, a watchman dropped a lighted candle and the building partially burned. As a consequence of the damage caused by the fire, the present Old State House was built.
{A Picture of The Old State House} THE "OLD" STATE HOUSE
Designed by Charles Bulfinch and built in 1796, the Old State House is one of the nation's oldest state houses.
The building opened in May of 1796. Oliver Wolcott, signer of the Declaration of Independence was the first Governor to serve here. The building was the seat of state government until 1878, when the present Capitol was opened.
Major state and national events have, and continue to occur at the Old State House. Lafayette was made a citizen here, many American presidents, including Jackson, Monroe, Johnson, Ford and Bush have visited. Here in 1981, President Carter gave the U.S.S. Nautilus to Connecticut. The trials of Cinque and the Amistad opened here in 1839. P.T. Barnum served in the legislature here, and notables such as Mark Twain, Charles Dicken, Samuel Colt and Harriet Beecher Stowe visited the building.
The Old State House is a registered National Landmark and open to the public year-round. The restored historic chambers, the restored grounds are daily filled with events, exhibitions, concerts, cannon firings, tours and a full museum store. {A Picture of The State Capitol}
Overlooking Hartford's 41 acre Bushnell Memorial Park, the Connecticut State Capitol first opened for the General Assembly in January, 1879.
Initial work on the project had begun eight years before in 1871 when the legislature established a special commission and appropriated funds for construction of a new statehouse. The site was contributed by the city of Hartford, and the commission retained James G. Batterson to build the Capitol from plans designed by noted architect Richard M. Upjohn.
In addition to housing the State Senate Chamber, Hall of the State House of Representatives and offices of the Governor, Lieutenant Governor and Secretary of the State, the statehouse and surrounding grounds abound with memories and mementos of Connecticut's early years.
The Connecticut State Capitol was declared a national historical landmark by the United States Department of Interior in 1972.
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Getting Around Krakow
The best way to get around Kraków is on foot, especially as most visitors spend the majority of their time in and around the walkable Rynek Glówny area. While taxis will get you from A to B in a hurry, the public transportation system called MPK S.A. is an effective and cost-efficient alternative. Getting into town from the John Paul II (Balice) International Airport (KRK), located roughly 10 miles west of the city, is easy enough -- for less than $5 USD you can take the "Balice Ekspres" train. The train is another popular option for getting to Kraków; you'll most likely arrive in the dazzling Kraków Glówny train station located on Old Town's outskirts.
Express train service is available from Kraków to Warsaw (the trip is a little less than three hours), plus there are daily direct trains to Berlin, Budapest, Prague and Vienna, among other cities. And though you'll trade in comfort and time, you might also take the bus from the city to other destinations around Europe.
|On Foot
Bringing comfortable shoes to Kraków is essential. This especially holds true if you're staying in Old Town, where most sites of interest are a short walk away. Also, you'll find a lot of streets are closed off from traffic, so sometimes walking will be your only option.
|Public Transportation
Miejskie Przedsiebiorstwo Komunikacyjne S.A. (MPK S.A.) operates buses and trams that effectively shuttle residents and visitors around the city. A lot of travelers take advantage of the trams, if they are headed away from the Rynek Glówny area. While some of the vehicles are dated, others are brand new. The network can be a bit confusing, so be sure to grab a map.
Taxicabs are also plentiful and relatively cheap. You can go to a cabstand or flag a taxi down on the street, but it's possible to save 20 percent or more on fare by phoning ahead.
Having a car is usually more of a hindrance than a benefit, as tourists tend to spend most of their time close to the Rynek Glówny area. Traffic isn't really much of an issue, but parking is very limited and pretty pricey. For trips outside of the city center (to see the camps or the salt mines, for example), we'd recommend taking a shuttle service. Many hotels offer door-to-door service at a good price.
Entry & Exit Requirements
Citizens of the United States and Canada are required to have passports, but visas aren't necessary for stays less than 90 days. There are no exit requirements. Visit the U.S. State Department's website for the latest information on foreign exit and entry requirements.