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Video:5 Best Ways to Stream TV on Your Phonewith Mark Casey
Streaming television shows is one of the many highlights smartphones can offer. Check out some of the best services that provide television access right on your phone.See Transcript
Transcript:5 Best Ways to Stream TV on Your PhoneHi, I'm Mark Casey for About.com, and today we're talking about the best ways to stream TV shows to your cell phone. Today we'll look at the five best universal services, using an iPhone 4.
Television Streaming Apps Require Paid SubscriptionsThe first service is one of the most popular--Netflix. Not just for mailing movies to your home anymore, Netflix has one of the most robust instant streaming services in the world, letting you watch both TV and movies on your computer, TV or cell phone. The app is simple to use, featuring either category browsing or a search function to let you find your favorite shows. Just like their website, you can save the shows you like in a queue and watch them whenever you like. Netflix has the added benefit of streaming many popular movies as well as TV shows. Clicking on a specific title will bring up information and reviews, as well as a 'play now' option, which smoothly opens the episode you want to see instantly.
Another popular service is Hulu plus. Hulu is available for free on your computer, but to watch it on your cell phone you need to subscribe to their premium service. Like Netflix, Hulu offers a wide range of movies and TV shows, but their app has more options for exploring titles by parameters like popularity, title search, or alphabetically.Hulu also has a queue for storing your shows, as well as a history to keep track of what you watched, and a subscription option for shows you want to keep up with.In all, Hulu has the most options for segmenting and tracking what you watch.
Comcast Subscribers Can Stream TV Show with the AppFor subscribers to Comcast's Xfinity cable TV, Comcast offers a fantastic app. Beyond streaming shows, you can view a real-time list of the programs on your channel lineup and display show info, change the channel on your TV, or set the program to record. Xfinity also has an extensive list of On Demand programs that you can play on your TV, and they have a special section for On Demand programs that you can play instantly on your cell phone. You can browse by genre and type, but this app doesn't have the queuing and tracking options that the others do.
Crackle is a service that offers free viewing of certain television shows and movies. Its offering is not as extensive as the other three services, but it's also less expensive .For many older shows, Crackle offers a cheap and easy way to stream, but they have a limited selection of popular new shows.
Slingbox Requires Additional Hardware for Mobile StreamingA final option is the Slingbox mobile app, which is the most expensive option. Slingbox is a piece of hardware that you hook up to your television, and it allows you to watch anything you can on your home TV anywhere in the world via your computer or cell phone.The app itself costs thirty dollars, and you have to have Slingbox hooked up to your television, which costs over a hundred dollars. While expensive, the Slingbox may offer the most freedom of any service.
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Md. AG Gansler talks about Election Day robo-calls and the money flow in state politics
One day after announcing that he's going after the Ehrlich campaign operatives responsible for those widely-criticized Election Day robo-calls, Maryland Attorney General Doug Gansler discussed the issue on NewsTalk.
Gansler is seeking millions of dollars in fines against longtime Baltimore political operative Julius Henson and an associate. The pair was hired by the former Governor to assist in his comeback bid. Henson hired a Pennsylvania firm to place calls to voters in Prince George's and Baltimore, two large, majority-black, majority African-American subdivisions, to say that President Obama and Gov. O'Malley "have been successful" and that voters can "relax." The calls have been denounced by leaders of both parties, and Henson's explanation for them is not credible.
Gansler, who is not going after Ehrlich because he is confident the former governor had no knowledge of the calls, talked about his pursuit of Henson:
Part one of our interview with Gansler re-airs at 4pm & 6pm today on TBD. (The 4pm show can also be seen online, at tbd.com.) Also today: Washington Post columnist Robert McCartney has some thoughts on Veterans Day.
The second part of our Q&A with Doug Gansler is here:
Friday at 10am: Metro Board Chairman Peter Benjamin. If you have a question or comment for him, send it to email@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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34 Shouts - 78,624 Scrobbles
There is more than one artist with this name. Informant is an electronic music producer from Western Australia, with loads and loads of groupies. He has had tracks on various internationally distributed compilations, produced tunes for television shows, and also holds the world record for most beer consumed while surfing. His first EP, the Signal EP, is out and available for purchase from http://informantmusic.bandcamp.com/album/signal-ep. For more information view the official facebook fan page: http://www.facebook.com/InformantMusic
Read more about Informant on Last.fm.
User-contributed text is available under the Creative Commons By-SA License and may also be available under the GNU FDL.
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content violation
You can write your comment.
This website has a content focused on Keywords topics. We detected general outline is
This website can definately use power of social media to reach more people.
This domain belongs to THE REGISTRY AT INFO AVENUE, LLC D/B/A SPIRIT COMMUNICATIONS. It first created on 3.8.2007 and registered for the last time on 2.8.2012. If you are interested in buying fiestaguatemala.com domain, you can wait until it expire which is on 3.8.2013.
To define success and accessiblity of this site, we checked it on Alexa and world rank result is 0. Most of visitors are from . An average user spends 10 seconds on fiestaguatemala.com and views aproximately 2 pages. Google values this website with number 1 / 9.
fiestaguatemala.com's homepage html output is 20 KB. We had a close look to its HTML structure and found out homepage has 355 code lines and it contains 37 errors. A clean HTML, which means error-free structure and higher content/code ratio is search engine friendly as it is also user friendly.
Linking is an important step on website building. A good internal link web can bring you more search engine indexes and it will also increase your page visits as well as users will want to spend more time. This page has 42 internal links and 4 external links. Keep in mind that external links are ok, but too many of them will always be problem.
fiestah.com is ranked #1127597in the world, with 0 PR. fiestah is the most searched query for this domain.
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fiestaline.ru is ranked #2017067in the world, with 0 PR. опара is the most searched query for this domain.


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BAYFIELD, Wis. -- A mother convicted in a traffic crash that killed her 2-year-old daughter has been sentenced in Bayfield County to prison time.
Chelsea Cadotte was given 2 years behind bars Monday for the death of Mariah Gordon and critical injuries to three other children in her SUV, none of whom were wearing safety restraints.
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WDIO-TV reports Cadotte was also ordered to speak to the community about the dangers of letting children ride without restraints once she leaves prison. Cadotte crashed her Chevy Blazer just north of Washburn in July 2012.


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Apple responds to SMS vulnerability concerns, suggests using iMessage
Apple has responded to questions raised by pod2g earlier this week over an SMS vulnerability he discovered in the latest iOS 6 beta 4. The SMS vulnerability could allow someone to abuse the protocol for SMS in order to spoof or send fake text messages. The exploit has been an issue since the incarnation of iOS and is still present in iOS 6 beta 4. Apple issued a statement to The Loop which explains that the problem was not an iPhone specific problem as first thought but down to the SMS protocol used by all phones.
"Apple takes security very seriously. When using iMessage instead of SMS, addresses are verified which protects against these kinds of spoofing attacks," an Apple representative told The Loop. "One of the limitations of SMS is that it allows messages to be sent with spoofed addresses to any phone, so we urge customers to be extremely careful if they're directed to an unknown website or address over SMS."
So there you have it, the problem is not with just the iPhone but it is an SMS problem for every phone. The idea of using iMessage for all messaging on your iPhone sounds like a great one. Unfortunately, from my experience it is not exactly reliable; some messages never reach their destination or the iMessage servers are down when I want to use it. The other problem of course is that if the recipient doesn't have an iPhone then SMS is your only option.
Source: The Loop
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
UK editor at iMore, mobile technology lover and air conditioning design engineer.
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Reader comments
Apple responds to SMS vulnerability concerns, suggests using iMessage
Trust me, if it were that simple, we'd all be using iMessage. Unfortunately, in the real world we have to deal with Android users who don't have access to iMessage.
The people I need to contact don't have iPhones, so iMessage isn't an option for me. In a perfect world, everyone would have an iPhone. But then, it isn't a perfect world, with Jobs gone.
Many of my friends communicate from their phones via one of the chat protocols (GTalk, other Jabber, AIM, and so on) instead...it started as a way to avoid absurd SMS charges, but it is not vulnerable to this type of spoofing, and there are clients on just about every phone platform.
What an ignorant response by apple...
What would you expect them to say?
Common sense will tell you what to do except people without common sense will do what's being told.
That's the best solution since "You're holding it wrong" with the antenna issues.
What a pompous response! What if the other person doesn't have an iDevice? Sucks bro?
They should have acknowledged that there's an issue and that it would be addressed in time for iOS6. This is the kind of arrogant nonsense that frustrates people with Apple - the inability to admit to fault when pointed out.


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Midlife Mom
Navigating the teen years… and beyond
Monthly Archive for September, 2012
Put yourself on a magazine cover
Have you ever fantasized about being a magazine cover model? Most of us probably have — even if it was back when we were 10 years old. But if you're a woman between the ages of 35 and 54 who lives or works in Fairfield County, CT, you might just have the opportunity to make […] [Read More]
What was Kate thinking?
How are your decision-making skills? I've always been somewhat Jekyll and Hyde with mine — sometimes they come easy and sometimes I struggle too much and take way too long to make them. My fear is that my kids have learned from me — not necessarily a good thing. But they're older now and mostly […] [Read More]
It's all in the photo
Sometimes it takes a picture to make you see. Like with your kids. They grow and their appearance changes, but often we still see them as children. So imagine my surprise when the proofs from my daughter's senior portrait session arrived in the mail. There, smiling back at me from the photographs, was a beautiful […] [Read More]
The (mail) battle of the colleges
The college countdown begins. And if, like me, you have a high school senior in your house, you know what I'm talking about. Occasional bursts of marketing mail still come from obscure colleges K has no interest in (why do they waste their money in this way?), but mostly the bulk of college mail that […] [Read More]
Life with an open mind, and thumbs out
I'm afraid we've set a bad example for our daughter. One of those "do as I say, not as I do" kind of moments. Problem is, the experience turned into something positive. My husband and I picked up a pair of hitchhikers when K was in the car with us. We were on our way […] [Read More]
Our last 'first'
Another school year has begun. Most of you, like me, probably got a kick out of reading your friends' posts on Facebook from that "first day." And many of you, like me, are experiencing your last "firsts" this year, as the baby of our family has now entered her senior year of high school. I […] [Read More]


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Since 1963, Norm's Door Service has provided unsurpassed workmanship in the repair, installation, and service of residential garage doors and garage door openers and commercial door, dock and gate systems. We are one of the oldest and best businesses of our kind in the region. In fact, every year since 2010, Norm's has been recognized in Omaha Magazine and B2B Magazine annual contests for Best Garage Doors and Best Door Company. We have earned this reputation by providing excellent garage door and door, dock and gate system products and service at competitive prices.
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We believe that you shouldn't have to sacrifice personalized service, quality workmanship, or product selection for price. So, no matter the project or budget size, you can count on Norm's to provide you the best value for your money.
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For construction projects involving any types of garage doors, access systems, and material-handling equipment, look no further than Norm's Door Service. We do it all! Contact us today to learn more about the great products and service we can provide for your home or business.
In the Omaha-Metro Area and Eastern Nebraska, Norm's is the answer for your garage door and door, dock and gate needs!


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That sucks, another FAILED downgrade. You downgraded your wii from 4.x and updated to 3.4 while failing to remove the stubbed system ios50. That never works, no mater how many people try it always ends in a BRICK.
Ipsa scientia potestas est.
Warning: Piracy is NOT supported. Word your questions carefully.


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The 2014-15 Lakers are something of a mystery to me. Not because I do not know what they are or what they are trying to do, but because when you strip them down to their individual pieces it is somewhat difficult to see a coherent plan. This is a team trying to walk a very narrow line. A line that is nearly impossible to navigate in today's NBA; a line that offers such confined parameters to define success that most organizations would not even venture down this path.
On the one hand, there is a clear thought process being disseminated by the front office and newly installed head coach Byron Scott. This team is competing for something. If not a championship, then for a playoff berth. For relevancy. The message and logic is fairly easy to see and simple when stripped down: take Kobe Bryant, pair him with Steve Nash (though that has already not worked out) and Carlos Boozer, flank them with veterans like Jeremy Lin, Nick Young, Jordan Hill, Ronnie Price and Wes Johnson and give them a head coach like Byron Scott. This group will focus on defense and use an opportunistic but mostly methodical offensive approach and try to grind out wins.
On the other hand, however, this team has another vision entirely. A disastrous season last year led to lottery pick Julius Randle being snatched up. Jordan Clarkson was nabbed in the 2nd round to offer another promising talent who has the potential to be a nice contributor in time. Last year's rookie Ryan Kelly was brought back after showing flashes of a well rounded offensive game and skill level not often present in a player his height. Free agency brought in Ed Davis — a former lottery pick in his own right who has always been a strong per-minute stat stuffer but has suffered for minutes on teams with more talent in front of him. This group of players are ones who need minutes and long leashes to develop through their mistakes.
Objectively speaking, these two groups of players really do not belong together. They are a hodge-podge of disparate talent with skills that do not entirely mesh nor fit together. In an ideal world, this team would travel in one of the aforementioned directions and sell out towards an achievable goal within that framework. If they wanted a veteran team, they could have built fully around Kobe, used their draft pick as leverage to try and acquire a more proven player, and pawned off any of their other younger assets to add more serviceable veteran pieces. If they wanted to skew younger, they could have let their own veteran free agents walk, chased some of the restricted and unrestricted free agents who have not yet reached their prime, and used those players to flank Kobe until his contract comes of the books.
Instead this front office tried to take a little from both sides and is likely to suffer from it. They are neither old nor young, neither experienced nor naive to the rigors of an NBA season. Finding success in this approach will be difficult considering the talent at their disposal and the coach leading the way. This isn't about optimism or pessimism, these are the realities of the situation.


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DETROIT – Kevin Johnson loves fish. So when the owner of the aquarium supply shop where he'd worked for years announced the store was closing, he was adrift.
"I was shocked," the 49-year-old told the Detroit Free Press. "We were all shocked. It was like all our store. We were like family here. To come in and be like, 'That's it,' — what do you mean? Nobody could do nothing."
It was hard to tell who was more affected by the news — the staff or local residents, who stepped in to make sure there wasn't yet another subtraction from their neighborhood.
Johnson became infatuated with aquariums at age 7. He began breeding fish at home and eventually started his own fish tank-cleaning business called Kaptain Kev's Kleaning.
It was natural that he'd wind up at Exotic Aquarium, the neighborhood fish store on Detroit's west side since 1951, a short walk from his house. For 20 years, he devoted himself to that store.
When the old owner announced it was closing, Johnson offered to buy the fish, tanks and the crickets and crumbs that feed them for $2,300.
It wasn't hard finding an empty storefront in a neighborhood full of them, and his eye settled on one just a short walk from the old store. But then a relative offered him a discounted retail space out in safer, cleaner West Bloomfield. It made sense to take it.
The neighbors heard of his plan to start his own business and came by.
"People said, 'You're really going to do it? That's amazing. But Kevin, don't leave,'" he remembered.
In a city lacking such basics as department stores and movie theaters, a specialty store focused on fish tanks might seem to make an insignificant impact.
But to the neighbors, every mom-and-pop store that stayed in the neighborhood was important, even if they didn't need fish supplies all that often.
Another former employee, Tador Hawkins, 23, who grew up just blocks from the store, understood the dynamic at work.
"I understand it's bad here, I understand the climate and the crime level. We're working on it," said Hawkins, who's now Johnson's manager. "But in the meantime, to help keep some of those problems down, this gives people something ... to do. When you take everything out of the city, when you strip it, when businesses leave the city, it really affects the rest of the community."
The employees, he said, used to walk to a hardware store around the corner for basic supplies. It's gone now. They'd bring back carryout lunch from the diner up the street. Gone, too. They'd get ceramic aquarium decorations custom made at a little shop on McNichols. Gone.
The neighbors had seen too many of these little stores close, and didn't want yet another empty building in their midst.
Johnson decided to stay.
As he began slowly building his store, the neighbors would come by to chip in. Someone dropped off free cans of paint. Someone else called Johnson now and then at night if they saw anything suspicious at the store.
Even a distributor sensed what was at stake, and would bring more fish than Johnson ordered without charging.
The Rev. Prince Miles lives in Southfield, but makes a point to drive to Kev's Aquarium for supplies that often cost less than the gas to get here.
He said neighbors admired what he called Johnson's integrity and the fact that he chose to stay when so many others had left.
"He needs to be supported," said the bowler-hatted reverend. "And this is the way his customers think — 'This black man is doing the right thing. He's building his community, he's building his neighborhood and I'm gonna help him do that.'"
It took a year of hard work to get the store open. Johnson and Hawkins, who'd initially taken a job across the street hawking cell phones, often toiled until 3 a.m. getting it ready for opening day.
The store is half the size of the old one, marked only by small handmade signs. It's still Johnson's work in progress.
But it's a living part of the neighborhood, thanks to the will of the people around it.
"It's a symbiotic relationship, kind of like the crab and the goby," Hawkins said of the store's place in the neighborhood.
"You got the little goby, the crab digs the hole, the goby lives in it with the crab, the crab protects the goby, the goby protects the crab. They both have a place to live, they work together to keep the hole up. That's how it works."


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High quality, budget accommodation ideal for both families and business travellers. Spacious, en suite bedrooms feature tea and coffee making facilities, and Freeview TV in most hotels. Internet acces...More about Premier Inn Edinburgh A1 (Musselburgh)


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Sunday, March 30, 2014 - Monday, May 12, 2014
7:00 am - 8:00 pm
Cost: $0
Sponsored by: Seneca Valley Sugarloafers Volksmarch Club
A 10 km and 5 km seasonal, self-guided walk. 10 km trail (rated 2A) is along the Capitol Crescent Trail and on streets through the Kenwood neighborhood; has some hills; suitable for strollers, not wheelchairs. 5 km option (rated 1A) requires driving to different start point; driving instructions on walk instructions. Trail on streets through Kenwood neighborhood; suitable for strollers and wheelchairs. Restrooms available in the shopping center for both trails. Pets allowed; must be leashed.
Event Contact Info:


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EPL Talk has been named the best website in the 2009 Soccerlens Awards picking up both the readers' choice and editor's choice awards in the Best Competition Site category. Plus EPL Talk came in third place in the Best Football … Continue reading
EPL Talk has been nominated in the following two categories of the latest Soccerlens Awards: Best football podcast, and Best competition site. If you enjoy the EPL Talk Podcast and EPL Talk website, we highly encourage you to vote for … Continue reading
Thanks to everyone who voted for EPL Talk in the 2008 Soccerlens Awards. Alas, EPL Talk didn't win, but we did achieve the runner-up spot in the Best British Blog category, as well as having the honor of narrowly beating … Continue reading
Fellow blogger and friend Ahmed Bilal over at Soccerlens has launched the 2008 edition of the Soccerlens Awards, and EPL Talk has been nominated in two categories: Best British Blog and Best Football Podcast. If you haven't voted yet, please … Continue reading
When you type the words "soccer blogs" into Google, the search engine returns a listing of 2.9 million pages indexed. Rather than wade through the massive amount of blogs, here are the top 5 blogs based on the number of … Continue reading
EPL Talk has been nominated in two categories for the Soccerlens 2007 Awards Readers' Choice Poll. If your a fan of this site and podcast, please take a moment and vote for us in the categories of Best EPL Blog … Continue reading


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Tuesday, June 24, 2014
The South Carolina Bar Foundation is proud to announce that Charleston attorneys Elaine H. Fowler and Marie-Louise Ramsdale will assume the offices of president and president-elect beginning July 1. As officers, Fowler and Ramsdale will be working with the Bar Foundation to advance justice to all South Carolina citizens through the programs and services offered by the nonprofit's 19 grant organizations.
Fowler is an attorney with Turner, Padget, Graham and Laney, PA where she has spent her entire legal career. Named to the list of Best Lawyers in America in the area of real estate for the last six years, Fowler currently serves on the board of directors of the Charleston Regional Development Alliance and has served on its executive committee, in addition to other community and charitable activities. She has received various awards from her peers including the American Judicature Society Special Merit Citation for her contributions to the justice system while serving as the first female president of the South Carolina Bar and the Platinum Compleat Lawyer Award by the South Carolina School of Law Alumni Association.
Ramsdale is the principal lawyer of the Ramsdale Law Firm, LLC, in Mount Pleasant. With her BA from the University of South Carolina and her JD from Harvard Law School, she practices solely in the area of family law. Ramsdale has a wide range of experience in serving nonprofits including past leadership of City Year Columbia and South Carolina First Steps to School Readiness. She is a member of the House of Delegates and serves as a volunteer for fee dispute resolution issues. In the community, Ramsdale is on the board of the Charleston Stage.
To learn more about the South Carolina Bar Foundation and the work of its grant organizations, please visit www.scbarfoundation.org.
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The invention relates to materials for use as electrodes in an alkali-ion secondary (rechargeable) battery, particularly a lithium-ion battery. The invention provides transition-metal compounds having the ordered-olivineor the rhombohedral NASICON structure and the polyanion (PO4)3− as at least one constituent for use as electrode material for alkali-ion rechargeable batteries.
1. A synthesized cathode material usable in a rechargeable electrochemical cell comprising one or more compounds, at least one of the compounds with an olivine structure comprising the general formula LiMPO4, where M is one first-row transition-metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mn, Ni and Ti.
2. The cathode material of
3. The cathode material of
4. The cathode material of
5. A synthesized cathode material usable in a rechargeable electrochemical cell comprising one or more compounds, at least one of the compounds with an olivine structure comprising the general formula LiMPO4, where M is a combination of first-row transition-metals selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Ti and Ni.
6. The cathode material of
7. The cathode material of
8. The cathode material of
9. A synthesized cathode material usable in a rechargeable electrochemical cell comprising one or more compounds, at least one of the compounds with an olivine structure comprising the general formula LiMPO4, where M is one or more first-row transition-metals selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mn, Ni and Ti.
10. The cathode material of
11. A secondary battery comprising a cathode comprising one or more compounds, at least one of the compounds with an olivine structure comprising the general formula LiMPO4, where M is one first-row transition-metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mn, Ni and Ti.
12. The battery of
13. The battery of
14. The battery of
15. A secondary battery comprising a cathode comprising one or more compounds, at least one of the compounds with an olivine structure comprising the general formula LiMPO4, where M is a combination of first-row transition-metals selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Ti, and Ni.
16. The battery of
17. The battery of
18. The battery of
19. The battery of
20. A secondary battery comprising a cathode comprising one or more compounds, at least one of the compounds with an olivine structure comprising the general formula LiMPO4, where M is one or more first-row transition-metals selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mn, Ni and Ti.
21. The battery of
This is a continuation application of application Ser. No. 11/179,617, filed Jul. 13, 2005 (currently pending, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/902,142, filed Jul. 30, 2004 (now abandoned), which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/307,346, filed Dec. 2, 2002 (now abandoned), which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/998,264, filed Dec. 24, 1997 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,514,640, issued Feb. 4, 2003), which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/840,523 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,382, issued Jun. 8, 1999), filed Apr. 21, 1997. This application claims priority through the above-identified applications to provisional patent Application No. 60/032,346, filed Dec. 4, 1996, and provisional patent Application No. 60/016,060, filed Apr. 23, 1996. The entire text of each of the above-referenced disclosures is specifically incorporated by reference herein without disclaimer. The Robert A. Welch Foundation, Houston, Tex., supported research related to the present invention.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to secondary (rechargeable) alkali-ion batteries. More specifically, the invention relates to materials for use as electrodes for an alkali-ion battery. The invention provides transition-metal compounds having the ordered olivineor the rhombohedral NASICON structure and containing the polyanion (PO4)3− as at least one constituent for use as an electrode material for alkali-ion rechargeable batteries.
2. Description of the Related Art
Present-day lithium batteries use a solid reductant as the anode and a solid oxidant as the cathode. On discharge, the metallic anode supplies Li+ ions to the Li+-ion electrolyte and electrons to the external circuit. The cathode is typically an electronically conducting host into which Li+ ions are inserted reversibly from the electrolyte as a guest species and charge-compensated by electrons from the external circuit. The chemical reactions at the anode and cathode of a lithium secondary battery must be reversible. On charge, removal of electrons from the cathode by an external field releases Li+ ions back to the electrolyte to restore the parent host structure, and the addition of electrons to the anode by the external field attracts charge-compensating Li+ ions back into the anode to restore it to its original composition.
Present-day rechargeable lithium-ion batteries use a coke material into which lithium is inserted reversibly as the anode and a layered or framework transition-metal oxide is used as the cathode host material (Nishi et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,959,281). Layered oxides using Co and/or Ni are expensive and may degrade due to the incorporation of unwanted species from the electrolyte. Oxides such as Li1�x[Mn2]O4, which has the [M2]O4 spinel framework, provide strong bonding in three dimensions and an interconnected interstitial space for lithium insertion. However, the small size of the O2− ion restricts the free volume available to the Li+ ions, which limits the power capability of the electrodes. Although substitution of a larger S2− ion for the O2− ion increases the free volume available to the Li+ ions, it also reduces the output voltage of an elementary cell.
A host material that will provide a larger free volume for Li+-ion motion in the interstitial space would allow realization of a higher lithium-ion conductivity σLi, and hence higher power densities. An oxide is needed for output voltage, and hence higher energy density. An inexpensive, non-polluting transition-metal atom within the host structure would make the battery environmentally benign.
The present invention meets these goals more adequately than previously known secondary battery cathode materials by providing oxides containing larger tetrahedral oxide polyanions forming 3D framework host structures with octahedral-site transition-metal oxidant cations, such as iron, that are environmentally benign.
The present invention provides electrode material for a rechargeable electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte. The cell may additionally include an electrode separator. As used herein, "electrochemical cell" refers not only to the building block, or internal portion, of a battery but is also meant to refer to a battery in general. Although either the cathode or the anode may comprise the material of the invention, the material will preferably be useful in the cathode.
Generally, in one aspect, the invention provides an ordered olivine compound having the general formula LiMPO4, where M is at least one first row transition-metal cation. The alkali ion Li+ may be inserted/extracted reversibly from/to the electrolyte of the battery to/from the interstitial space of the host MPO4 framework of the ordered-olivine structure as the transition-metal M cation (or combination of cations) is reduced/oxidized by charge-compensating electrons supplied/removed by the external circuit of the battery in, for a cathode material, a discharge/charge cycle. In particular, M will preferably be Mn, Fe, Co, Ti, Ni or a combination thereof. Examples of combinations of the transition-metals for use as the substituent M include, but are not limited to, Fe1−xMnx, and Fe1−xTix, where 0<x<1.
Preferred formulas for the ordered olivine electrode compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to LiFePO4, LiMnPO4, LiCoPO4, LiNiPO4, and mixed transition-metal compounds such as Li1-2xFe1−xTixPO4 or LiFe1−xMnxPO4, where 0<x<1. However, it will be understood by one of skill in the art that other compounds having the general formula LiMPO4 and an ordered olivine structure are included within the scope of the invention.
The electrode materials of the general formula LiMPO4 described herein typically have an ordered olivine structure having a plurality of planes defined by zigzag chains and linear chains, where the M atoms occupy the zigzag chains of octahedra and the Li atoms occupy the linear chains of alternate planes of octahedral sites.
In another aspect, the invention provides electrode materials for a rechargeable electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte, with or without an electrode separator, where the electrode materials comprise a rhombohedral NASICON material having the formula YxM2 (PO4)3, where 0≦x≦5. Preferably, the compounds of the invention will be useful as the cathode of a rechargeable electrochemical cell. The alkali ion Y may be inserted from the electrolyte of the battery to the interstitial space of the rhombohedral M2 (XO4)3 NASICON host framework as the transition-metal M cation (or combination of cations) is reduced by charge-compensating electrons supplied by the external circuit of the battery during discharge with the reverse process occurring during charge of the battery. While it is contemplated that the materials of the invention may consist of either a single rhombohedral phase or two phases, e.g. orthorhombic and monoclinic, the materials are preferably single-phase rhombohedral NASICON compounds. Generally, M will be at least one first-row transition-metal cation and Y will be Li or Na. In preferred compounds, M will be Fe, V, Mn, or Ti and Y will be Li.
Redox energies of the host M cations can be varied by a suitable choice of the XO4 polyanion, where X is taken from Si, P, As, or S and the structure may contain a combination of such polyanions. Tuning of the redox energies allows optimization of the battery voltage with respect to the electrolyte used in the battery. The invention replaces the oxide ion O2− of conventional cathode materials by a polyanion (XO4)m− to take advantage of (1) the larger size of the polyanion, which can enlarge the free volume of the host interstitial space available to the alkali ions, and (2) the covalent X—O bonding, which stabilizes the redox energies of the M cations with M—O—X bonding so as to create acceptable open-circuit voltages Voc with environmentally benign Fe3+/Fe2+ and/or Ti4+/Ti3+ or V4+/V3+ redox couples.
Preferred formulas for the rhombohedral NASICON electrode compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to those having the formula Li3+xFe2 (PO4)3, Li2+xFeTi (PO4)3, LixTiNb (PO4)3, and Li1+xFeNb (PO4)3, where 0<x<2. It will be understood by one of skill in the art that Na may be substituted for Li in any of the above compounds to provide cathode materials for a Na ion rechargeable battery. For example, one may employ Na3+xFe2 (PO4)3, Na2+xFeTi (PO4)3, NaxTiNb (PO4)3 or Na1+xFeNb (PO4)3, where 0<x<2, in a Na ion rechargeable battery. In this aspect, Na+ is the working ion and the anode and electrolyte comprise a Na compound.
Compounds of the invention having the rhombohedral NASICON structure form a framework of MO6 octahedra sharing all of their corners with XO4 tetrahedra (X=Si, P, As, or S), the XO4 tetrahedra sharing all of their corners with octahedra. Pairs of MO6 octahedra have faces bridged by three XO4 tetrahedra to form "lantern" units aligned parallel to the hexagonal c-axis (the rhombohedral [111] direction), each of these XO4 tetrahedra bridging to two different "lantern" units. The Li+ or Na+ ions occupy the interstitial space within the M2(XO4)3 framework. Generally, YxM2(XO4)3 compounds with the rhombohedral NASICON framework may be prepared by solid-state reaction of stoichiometric proportions of the Y, M, and XO4 groups for the desired valence of the M cation. Where Y is Li, the compounds may be prepared indirectly from the Na analog by ion exchange of Li+ for Na+ ions in a molten LiNO3 bath at 300� C. For example, rhombohedral LiTi2(PO4)3 may be prepared from intimate mixtures of Li2CO3 or LiOH.H2O, TiO2, and NH4H2PO4.H2O calcined in air at 200� C. to eliminate H2O and CO2 followed by heating in air for 24 hours near 850� C. and a further heating for 24 hours near 950� C. However, preparation of Li3Fe2(PO4)3 by a similar solid-state reaction gives the undesired monoclinc framework. To obtain the rhombohedral form, it is necessary to prepare rhombohedral Na3Fe2(PO4)3 by solid-state reaction of NaCO3, Fe{CH2COOH}2 and NH4H2PO4.H2O, for example. The rhombohedral form of Li3Fe2(PO4)3 is then obtained at 300� C. by ion exchange of Li+ for Na+ in a bath of molten LiNO3. It will be understood by one of skill in the art that the rhombohedral Na compounds will be useful as cathode materials in rechargeable Na ion batteries.
In another aspect of the invention, the rhombohedral NASICON electrode compounds may have the general formula YxM2(PO4)y(XO4)3-y, where 0<y≦3, M is a transition-metal atom, Y is Li or Na, and X=Si, As, or S and acts as a counter cation in the rhombohedral NASICON framework structure. In this aspect, the compound comprises a phosphate anion as at least part of an electrode material. In preferred embodiments, the compounds are used in the cathode of a rechargeable battery. Preferred compounds having this general formula include, but are not limited to Li1+xFe2(SO4)2(PO4), where 0≦x≦1.
The rhombohedral NASICON compounds described above may typically be prepared by preparing an aqueous solution comprising a lithium compound, an iron compound, a phosphate compound and a sulfate compound, evaporating the solution to obtain dry material and heating the dry material to about 500� C. Preferably, the aqueous starting solution comprises FeCl3, (NH4)2SO4, and LiH2PO4.
In a further embodiment, the invention provides electrode materials for a rechargeable electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte, with or without an electrode separator, where the electrode materials have a rhombohedral NASICON structure with the general formula A3+xV2(PO4)3. In these compounds, A may be Li, Na or a combination thereof and 0≦x≦2. In preferred embodiments, the compounds are a single-phase rhombohedral NASICON material. Preferred formulas for the rhombohedral NASICON electrode compounds having the general formula A3−xV2(PO4)3 include, but are not limited to those having the formula Li2−xNaV2(PO4)3, where 0≦x≦2.
The rhombohedral NASICON materials of the general formula A3−xV2(PO4)3 may generally be prepared by the process outlined in
In a further aspect, the invention provides a secondary (rechargeable) battery where an electrochemical cell comprises two electrodes and an electrolyte, with or without an electrode separator. The electrodes are generally referred to as the anode and the cathode. The secondary batteries of the invention generally comprise as electrode material, and preferably as cathode material, the compounds described above. More particularly, the batteries of the invention have a cathode comprising the ordered olivine compounds described above or the rhombohedral NASICON compounds described above.
The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to demonstrate further certain aspects of the present invention. The invention may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein.
Present-day secondary (rechargeable) lithium batteries use a solid reductant as the anode, or negative electrode, and a solid oxidant as the cathode, or positive electrode. It is important that the chemical reactions at the anode and cathode of a lithium secondary battery be reversible. On discharge, the metallic anode supplies Li+ ions to the Li+-ion electrolyte and electrons to the external circuit. The cathode is a host compound into/from which the working Li+ ion of the electrolyte can be inserted/extracted reversibly as a guest species over a large solid-solubility range (Goodenough 1994). When the Li+ ions are inserted as a guest species into the cathode, they are charge-compensated by electrons from the external circuit. On charge, the removal of electrons from the cathode by an external field releases Li+ ions back to the electrolyte to restore the parent host structure. The resultant addition of electrons to the anode by the external field attracts charge-compensating Li+ ions back into the anode to restore it to its original composition.
The present invention provides new materials for use as cathodes in lithium secondary (rechargeable) batteries. It will be understood that the anode for use with the cathode material of the invention may be any lithium anode material, such as a reductant host for lithium or elemental lithium itself. Preferably, the anode material will be a reductant host for lithium. Where both the anode and cathode are hosts for the reversible insertion or removal of the working ion into/from the electrolyte, the electrochemical cell is commonly called a "rocking-chair" cell. An implicit additional requirement of a secondary battery is maintenance not only of the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, but also of electrical contact between host particles, throughout repeated discharge/recharge cycles.
Since the volumes of the electrode particles change as a result of the transfer of atoms from one to another electrode in a reaction, this requirement normally excludes the use of a crystalline or glassy electrolyte with a solid electrode. A non-aqueous liquid or polymer electrolyte having a large energy-gap window between its highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and its lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is used with secondary lithium batteries in order to realize higher voltages. For example, practical quantities of very ionic lithium salts such as LiClO4, LiBF4 and LiPF6 can be dissolved in empirically optimized mixtures of propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), or dimethyl carbonate (DMC) to provide acceptable electrolytes for use with the cathodes of the invention. It will be recognized by those of skill in the art that the (ClO4)− anion is explosive and not typically suitable for commercial applications.
General Design Considerations
The power output P of a battery is the product of the electric current I delivered by the battery and the voltage V across the negative and positive posts (equation 1).
The chemical potential μA, which is the Fermi energy εF of a metalic-reductant anode or the HOMO of a gaseous or liquid reductant, must lie below the LUMO of a liquid electrolyte or the conduction band of a solid electrolyte to achieve thermodynamic stability against reduction of the electrolyte by the reductant. Similarly, the chemical potential μA−μC, which is the LUMO of a gaseous or liquid oxidant or the Fermi energy of a metallic-oxidant cathode, must lie above the HOMO of a liquid electrolyte or the valence band of a solid electrolyte to achieve thermodynamic stability against oxidation of the electrolyte by the oxidant. Thermodynamic stability thus introduces the constraint
Since ions move diffusively, σi (see equation 8) increases with temperature. A σi≦0.1 Scm−1 (the maximum σi represents the room-temperature protonic conductivity σH in a strong acid) at an operating temperature Top dictates the use of a membrane separator of large geometrical area A and small thickness L.
The resistance to transport of the working ion across the electrolyte-electrode interfaces is proportional to the ratio of the geometrical and interfacial areas at each electrode:
Loss of interparticle electrical contact results in an irreversible loss of capacity. There may also be a reversible capacity fade. Where there is a two-phase process (or even a sharp guest-species gradient at a diffusion front) without fracture of the particles, the area of the interface (or diffusion front) decreases as the second phase penetrates the electrode particle. At a critical interface area, diffusion across the interface may not be fast enough to sustain the current I, so not all of the particle is accessible. The volume of inaccessible electrode increases with I, which leads to a diffusion-limited reversible capacity fade that increases with I. This problem becomes more important at lower ionic conductivity σLi.
The battery voltage V vs. the current I delivered across a load is called the polarization curve. The voltage drop (Voc−V)≡η(I) of a typical curve,
The battery voltage V vs. the state of charge, or the time during which a constant current I has been delivered, is called a discharge curve.
Cathode Materials
The cathode, or positive electrode, material of the present invention, for use in a secondary lithium battery, consists of a host structure into which lithium can be inserted reversibly. The maximum power output, Pmax (see equation 5) that can be achieved by a cell depends on the open-circuit voltage Voc=ΔE/e and the overvoltage η(i) at the current Imax of maximum power
Oxide host structures with close-packed oxygen arrays may be layered, as in Li1−xCoO2 (Mizushima, et al. 1980), or strongly bonded in three dimensions (3D) as in the manganese spinels Li1−x[Mn2]O4 (Thackeray 1995; Thackeray et al. 1983; Thackeray et al. 1984; Guyomard and Tarascon 1992; and Masquelier et al. 1996). Li intercalation into a van der Waals gap between strongly bonded layers may be fast, but it can also be accompanied by unwanted species from a liquid electrolyte. On the other hand, strong 3D bonding within a close-packed oxygen array, as occurs in the spinel framework [Mn2]O4, offers too small a free volume for the guest Li+ ions to have a high mobility at room temperature, which limits Imax. Although this constraint in volume of the interstitial space makes the spinel structure selective for insertion of Li+ ions, it reduces the Li+-ion mobility and hence Li+-ion conductivity σLi. The oxospinels have a sufficiently high σLi, to be used commercially in low-power cells (Thackeray et al., 1983) but would not be acceptable for the high power cells of the insertion.
The present invention overcomes these drawbacks by providing cathode materials containing larger tetrahedral polyanions which form 3D framework host structures with octahedral-site transition-metal oxidant cations. In the cathode materials of the invention having the NASICON structure, the transition-metal ions are separated by the polyanions, so the electronic conductivity is polaronic rather than metallic. Nevertheless, the gain in σLi more than offsets the loss in electronic conductivity.
Variation of the energy of a given cation redox couple from one compound to another depends on two factors: (a) the magnitude of the crystalline electric field at the cation, which may be calculated for a purely ionic model by a Madelung summation of the Coulomb fields from the other ions present, and (b) the covalent contribution to the bonding, which may be modulated by the strength of the covalent bonding at a nearest-neighbor counter cation. The stronger is the negative Madelung potential at a cation, the higher is a given redox energy of a cation. Similarly the stronger is the covalent bonding of the electrons at a transition-metal cation, the higher is a given redox energy of that cation. The lower the redox energy of the cation host transition-metal ion, the larger is Voc.
The redox couples of interest for a cathode are associated with antibonding states of d-orbital parentage at transition-metal cations M or 4f-orbital parentage at rare-earth cations Ln in an oxide. The stronger is the cation-anion covalent mixing, the higher is the energy of a given LUMO/HOMO redox couple. Modulation of the strength of the cation-anion covalence at a given M or Li cation by nearest-neighbor cations that compete for the same anion valence electrons is known as the inductive effect. Changes of structure alter primarily the Madelung energy as is illustrated by raising of the redox energy within a spinel [M2]O4 framework by about 1 eV on transfer of Li+ ions from tetrahedral to octahedral interstitial sites. Changing the counter cation, but not the structure, alters primarily the inductive effect, as is illustrated by a lowering of the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox energy by 0.6 eV on changing (MoO4)2− or (WO4)2− to (SO4)2− polyanions in isostructural Fe2(XO4)3 compounds. Raising the energy of a given redox couple in a cathode lowers the voltage obtained from cells utilizing a common anode. Conversely, raising the redox energy of an anode raises the cell voltage with respect to a common cathode.
The invention provides new cathode materials containing oxide polyanions, including the oxide polyanion (PO4)3− as at least one constituent, for use in secondary (rechargeable) batteries. For example, the cathode materials of the present invention may have the general formula LiM(PO4) with the ordered olivine structure, or the more open rhombohedral NASICON framework structure. The cathode materials of the present invention have the general formula LiM(PO4) for the ordered olivine structure, or YxM2(PO4)y(XO4)3-y for the rhombohedral NASICON framework structure.
The olivine structure of Mg2SiO4 consists of a slightly distorted array of oxygen atoms with Mg2+ ions occupying half the octahedral sites in two different ways. In alternate basal planes, they form zigzag chains of corner-shared octahedra running along the c-axis and in the other basal planes they form linear chains of edge-shared octahedra running also along the c-axis.
In the ordered LiMPO4 olivine structures of the invention, the M atoms occupy the zigzag chains of octahedra and the Li atoms occupy the linear chains of the alternate planes of octahedral sites. In this embodiment of the present invention, M is preferably Mn, Fe, Co, Ni or combinations thereof. Removal of all of the lithium atoms leaves the layered FePO4-type structure, which has the same Pbnm orthorhombic space group. These phases may be prepared from either end, e.g., LiFePO4 (triphylite) or FePO4 (heterosite), by reversible extraction or insertion of lithium.
Insertion of lithium into FePO4 was reversible over the several cycles studied.
As illustrated schematically in
The invention further provides new cathode materials exhibiting a rhombohedral NASICON framework. NASICON, as used herein, is an acronym for the framework host of a sodium superionic conductor Na1+3xZr2(P1−xSixO4)3. The compound Fe2(SO4)3 has two forms, a rhombohedral NASICON structure and a related monoclinic form (Goodenough et al. 1976; Long et al. 1979). Each structure contains units of two FeO6 octahedra bridged by three corner-sharing SO4 tetrahedra. These units form 3D frameworks by the bridging SO4 tetrahedra of one unit sharing corners with FeO6 octahedra of neighboring Fe2(SO4)3 elementary building blocks so that each tetrahedron shares corners with only octahedra and each octahedron with only tetrahedra. In the rhombohedral form, the building blocks are aligned parallel, while they are aligned nearly perpendicular to one another in the monoclinic phase. The collapsed monoclinic form has a smaller free volume for Li+-ion motion which is why the rhombohedral form is preferred. In these structures, the FeO6 octahedra do not make direct contact, so electron transfer from an Fe2+ to an Fe3+ ion is polaronic and therefore activated.
LixFe2(SO4)3 has been reported to be a candidate material for the cathode of a Li+-ion rechargeable battery with a Voc=3.6 V vs. a lithium anode (Manthiram and Goodenough 1989). While the sulfates would seem to provide the desired larger free volume for Li, batteries using sulfates in the cathode material tend to exhibit phase-transition problems, lowering the electronic conductivity. The reversible lithium insertion into both rhombohedral and monoclinic Fe2(SO4)3 gives a flat closed-circuit voltage vs. a lithium anode of 3.6 V (Manthiram and Goodenough 1989; Okada et al. 1994; Nanjundaswamy et al. 1996). Neither parent phase has any significant solid solution with the orthorhombic lithiated phase Li2Fe2(SO4)3, which is derived from the rhombohedral form of Fe2(SO4)3 by a displacive transition that leaves the framework intact. Powder X-ray diffraction verifies that lithiation occurs via a two-phase process (Nanjundaswamy et al. 1996). Increasing the current density does not change significantly the closed-circuit voltage V, but it does reduce reversibly the capacity. The reduction in capacity for a given current density is greater for the motion of the lithiated interface. The interstitial space of the framework allows fast Li+-ion motion, but the movement of lithium across the orthorhombic/monoclinic interface is slower than that across the orthorhombic/rhombohedral interface, which makes the reversible loss of capacity with increasing current density greater for the monoclinic than for the rhombohedral parent phase.
The cathode materials of the invention avoid the phase transition of known sulfate cathode materials by incorporating one or more phosphate ions as at least one of the constituents of the cathode material. The rhombohedral R3c (NASICON) and monoclinic P21/n framework structures of Li3Fe2(PO4)3 are similar to those for the sulfates described above, as illustrated in
A further embodiment of the invention is a rhombohedral NASICON cathode material having the formula A3−xV2(PO4)3, where A may be Li, Na or a combination thereof. Rhombohedral A3−xV2(PO4)3 reversibly intercalates 1.5 Li per formula unit for a discharge capacity of 100 mAh�g−1 with average closed-circuit voltage being 3.8 V vs. a lithium anode (see
The ordered-olivine compound LiFePO4 was prepared from intimate mixtures of stoichiometric proportions of Li2CO3 or LiOH.H2O, Fe(CH3CO2)2 and NH4H2PO4.H2O; the mixtures were calcined at 300-350� C. to eliminate NH3, H2O, and CO2 and then heated in Ar at about 800� C. for 24 hours to obtain LiFePO4. Similar solid-state reactions were used to prepare LiMnPO4, LiFe1−xMnxPO4, LiCoPO4 and LiNiPO4. FePO4 was obtained from LiFePO4 by chemical extraction of Li from LiFePO4. Charge/discharge curves for Li1−xFePO4 and discharge/charge cycles for LixFePO4 gave similar results with a voltage of almost 3.5 V vs. lithium for a capacity of 0.6 Li/formula unit at a current density of 0.05 mA�cm2− (See
Arsenate may be substituted for at least some of the phosphate in LiFePO4. The iron in LiFePO4 may be supplemented up to 10% by other metals such as those filled with two electron shells, manganese or titanium, for example.
This iron-based material is non-toxic, inexpensive, non-hygroscopic, easy to prepare and has good electronic conductivity compared to existing high voltage cathode materials. There is a decrease in the volume of the unit cell with the extraction of lithium from LiFePO4. At higher current densities, there is a decrease of capacity on repeated cycling associated with movement of a twophase interface, a feature characteristic of cathodes that traverse a two-phase compositional domain in a discharge cycle. The volume change across the twophase interface causes the particles to crack and lose electrical contact with the current collector. This problem can be overcome by reducing the particle size of the cathode material to the nanometer scale.
The inventors compared redox energies in isostructural sulfates with phosphates to obtain the magnitude of the change due to the different inductive effects of sulfur and phosphorus. Rhombohedral Li1+xTi2 (PO4)3 has been shown to exhibit a flat open-circuit voltage Voc=2.5 V vs. lithium, which is roughly 0.8 V below the Ti4+/Ti3+ level found for FeTi(SO4)3. The flat voltage V(x) is indicative of a two-phase process. A coexistence of rhombohedral and orthorhombic phases was found for x=0.5 (Delmas and Nadiri 1988; Wang and Hwu 1992). Li2+xFeTi(PO4)3 of the present invention remains single phase on discharge.
All three phosphates Li3M2(PO4)3, where M=Fe, Fe/V, or V, have the monoclinic Fe2(SO4)3 structure if prepared by solid-state reaction. The inventors have found that these compounds exhibit a rhombohedral structure when prepared by ion exchange in LiNO3 at 300� C. from the sodium analog Na3Fe2(PO4)3. The discharge/charge curve of
Another cathode material of the present invention, Li2FeTi(PO4)3, having the NASICON framework was prepared by solid-state reaction. This material has a voltage ranging from 3.0 to 2.5 V.
Rhombohedral TiNb(PO4)3 can be prepared by solid-state reaction at about 1200� C. Up to three Li atoms per formula unit can be inserted, which allows access to the Nb4+/Nb3+ couple at 1.8 V vs. lithium for x>2 in LixTiNb(PO4)3. Two steps are perhaps discernible in the compositional range 0<x<2; one in the range of 0<x<1 corresponds to the Ti4+/Ti3+ couple in the voltage range 2.5 V<V<2.7 V and the other for 1<x<2 to the Nb5+/Nb4+ couple in the range 2.2 V<V<2.5 V. It appears that these redox energies overlap. This assignment is based on the fact that the Ti4+/Ti3+ couple in Li1+xTi2(PO4)3 gives a flat plateau at 2.5 V due to the presence of two phases, rhombohedral LiTi2(PO4)3 and orthorhombic Li3Ti2(PO4)3. The presence of Nb in the structure suppresses the formation of the second phase in the range 0<x<2.
Rhombohedral LiFeNb(PO4)3 and Li2FeTi(PO4)3 can be prepared by ion exchange with molten LiNO3 at about 300� C. from NaFeNb (PO4)3 and Na2FeTi (PO4)3, respectively. Two Li atoms per formula unit can be inserted reversibly into Li2+xFeTi(PO4)3 with a little loss of capacity at 0.5 mA�cm−2. Insertion of the first Li atom in the range 2.7 V<V<3.0 V corresponds to the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple and of the second Li atom in the range of 2.5 V<V<2.7 V to an overlapping Ti4+/Ti3+ redox couple. The insertion of lithium into Li1+xFeNb(PO4)3 gives a V vs. x curve that further verifies the location of the relative positions of the Fe3+/Fe2+, Nb5+/Nb4+ redox energies in phosphates with NASICON-related structures. It is possible to insert three lithium atoms into the structure, and there are three distinct plateaus corresponding to Fe3+/Fe2+ at 2.8 V, Nb5+/Nb4+ at 2.2 V, and Nb4+/Nb5+ at 1.7 V vs. lithium in the discharge curve.
The rhombohedral A3−xV2(PO4)3 compounds of the invention can be prepared by ionic exchange from the monoclihnic sodium analog Na3V2(PO4)3. The inventors were also able to prepare the rhombohedral Li2NaV2 (PO4)3 with the NASICON framework by a direct solid-state reaction (
The rhombohedral LiFe2(SO4)2(PO4) may be prepared by obtaining an aqueous solution comprising FeCl3, (NH4)2SO4, and LiH2PO4, stirring the solution and evaporating it to dryness, and heating the resulting dry material to about 500� C. Discharge/charge curves vs. lithium at 0.1 mA�cm−2 for rhombohedral Li1+xFe2 (PO4)(SO4)2, where 0<x<3, are shown in
All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents which are both chemically and structurally related may be substituted for the agents described herein to achieve similar results. All such substitutions and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
The following references, to the extent that they provide exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference:
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Dye's Wrap up of Hurricane Paintball's Dye Demo Day
Tuesday, February 7th, 2012
On February 4th and 5th Hurricane Paintball of Palm bay, Fl hosted their annual big game, St. Valentine's Day Massacre. DYE's very own Billy Wing was at the field Saturday with a booth full of DYE Demo equipment. Every player at the event had the chance to choose from a number of DYE markers and equipment, and take one out on the field of play. NTs, DM12s, Reflexes, Rails, UL barrels, Throttle air systems, and Rotors were all available to Demo for free! Dozens of players took advantage of this opportunity and found out just how well the DYE markers perform on the field, in the game situations.
The big game was organized by Duncan Games and Hurricane Paintball Park, and was the perfect combo for this scenario. The hurricane PB park has three very distinct playing areas. Thick brush with up-close and personal trails, a deep forest area with large trees shading mounds and barricades, and of course the fast paced multi-level city, that includes the elaborate "Hotel". Both teams fought over the Hotel all weekend to gain control of the scenario. Because of the Field's wide variety of terrain, the play never got stale or repetitive. Duncan did a great job helping move the action all over the field by putting together exciting and fun missions.
DYE would like to thank Duncan and Hurricane Paintball Park as well as their entire staff for letting DYE be part of a great weekend of Paintball. For more info on Hurricane PB park check out their website http://www.hurricanepaintballpark.com/ facebook page https://www.facebook.com/#!/pages/Hurricane-Paintball-Park/192515443671 . For more info on Duncan's Games visit www.duncansgames.com
If you missed out on this DYE Demo day keep checking DYE's facebook pagewww.facebook.com/DyePrecisionInc for announcements on the next DYE Demo day coming soon.


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Table of Contents
Alternative Modalities
> Apothecary/metric equivalents
Apothecary/metric equivalents
Exact equivalents
Selected abbreviations are listed below.
Other common abbreviations used in the medical field:
1 fluid ounce = 30 milliliters
One liter of pure water weighs approximately one kilogram so 1cc (mL) of water weighs 1 gram.
"A spoonful" generally means heaped or rounded, with as much above the bowl of the spoon as in the spoon. However, a measure of liquid is a level spoonful.
1 teaspoonful = 5 milliliters
1 tablespoonful = 15 milliliters
1 ounce = 30 grams
1 gram = 15 grains
In 1866, the United Stated Congress legalized the use of the metric system within the United States. The law also established approximate equivalents between customary and metric measurements.
1 gram = 1,000 milligrams
1 milligram = 1,000 micrograms
Exact equivalents
: Exact equivalents are used for compounding and calculations requiring a high degree of accuracy.
International units
: An old measurement of vitamin activity determined by biological methods as opposed to new measures that are determined by direct chemical analysis.
An international unit is quantity of a biologic (such as a vitamin) that produces a particular biological effect agreed upon as an international standard. Many health foods and supplements still use i.u. (IU).
A grain is a unit of weight in the U.S. Customary System.
The apothecaries' system of mass is an obsolete system formerly used by apothecaries (now called pharmacists or chemists) in English-speaking countries. Sometimes "ap" is added to the front of the unit to identify it as part of the apothecaries' system.
During the first half of the 20th Century, the apothecaries' system was replaced by the metric system.
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Ventura woman a rarity among bodyguards
As a bodyguard, Diane Loring of Ventura believes that using force should be the last resort.
"The most powerful ability is being able to read a potentially volatile situation and incorporate every diplomatic means to defuse and resolve it without employing any response or act of aggression," said Loring, 56.
Loring trains with Archangel Tactics with certifications from Phoenix University as a firearms agency instructor and from the National Rifle Association.
Women entering the bodyguard profession are rare — perhaps one out of every 200 to 300 candidates, said Jim Shortt, director general of the International Bodyguard Association. But their numbers are rising.
For Loring, the thought of becoming a bodyguard was sparked one night when she went out to dinner with friends at an oceanfront restaurant in La Jolla.
"Out of nowhere, a man steps to the head of our table and starts inappropriately berating us. It made no sense, and we were all quite startled," she said.
Loring asked a member of the restaurant staff to have the man removed, and he was. However, Loring said she realized later that she was ready to do whatever was necessary, including "extreme measures," to handle the situation. It also started a conversation about doing something professionally in providing protection.
Loring is registered with the state Bureau of Security and Investigative Services, with a guard registration and permit for an exposed firearm. She has trained for a decade in martial arts with Double Dragon Tae Kwon Do and is registered with the World Taekwondo Headquarters and the World Taekwondo Federation.
She also is a professional driver with a commercial and Class A license.
In addition to her skills as a bodyguard, Loring is a licensed massage therapist and the owner of Spa by Diane Loring Inc. at Four Points by Sheraton Ventura.
She is the founder and executive director of Women Involved in Sports Evolution.
She also previously worked in one of the most dangerous jobs — building power lines as an apprentice lineman.
As a bodyguard — or what she calls an executive protection specialist — "I am targeting executive professionals, professional athletes, celebrities and politicians."
She will go on location with her client, even for long periods.
Shortt, of the International Bodyguard Association, said the association has created the Women's Bureau to give female bodyguards a forum to effect changes in the profession.
"Two factors have affected the growth — a demand from clients, and as a result of media interest, more women being aware that the profession is open to them," he said.
"Bodyguard" does not have a male or female connotation, Shortt added.
Rather, the term covers a variety of specialties, such as "close protection," "executive protection," "dignitary protection" and "personal protection."
Above all, "a male or female bodyguard should be able to equal each other in the tasks of threat management and risk analysis," Shortt said.
For more information, call Loring at 641-0022.
Subscribe to the Ventura County Star
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Elk Company 3 (Fox Township Fire Department) and Elk Company 5 (Jay Township Fire Department) responded at 8:32 p.m. to 615 Byrnedale Rd. in Fox Township along with Fox Township Ambulance. The property is owned by 66-year-old Edward J. Benevich of Weedville.


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Green Your Halloween Cleanup
November 4th, 2014 | by Crunchy Scott
It was a long weekend. Halloween on Friday. More Halloween stuff on Saturday. And yes, even more Halloween stuff on [&hellip
November 4th, 2014 | by Crunchy Scott
It was a long weekend. Halloween on Friday. More Halloween stuff on Saturday. And yes, even more Halloween stuff on [&hellip
October 28th, 2014 | by Crunchy Scott
Halloween Party Host Gift Idea: Smudge Stick Halloween is on a Friday this year, which means it's time to par-TAY! [&hellip
October 21st, 2014 | by Crunchy Scott
Chances are, you're giving out candy this Halloween. But how about trying something really scary: non-candy trick-or-treats
October 17th, 2014 | by Becky Striepe
Step away from the party store, y'all. These Halloween party ideas will save you money and reduce the amount of trash you generate without sacrificing any of the spooky goodness
October 17th, 2014 | by Julie Finn
You should not have to break your heart trying to carve a gorgeous pumpkin this year!
October 14th, 2014 | by Crunchy Scott
How to make a Halloween candy holder from toilet paper tubes Everybody uses toilet paper, so I know you've got [&hellip
September 25th, 2014 | by Becky Striepe
OK, so technically you don't even need to be throwing a Halloween party to make these DIY Halloween decorations. You can use them to just get your house into the spirit of Halloween
October 10th, 2013 | by Bonnie Getchell
Do you or your children want a cool Halloween mask, but don't want to buy a far-from-eco-friendly plastic one at a big box store? Create your own with recycled cardboard and chalkboard paint!
September 12th, 2013 | by Bonnie Getchell
Looking for quick and easy holiday crafts for Halloween? Repurpose a wooden spool into a mini pumpkin!
October 27th, 2012 | by Becky Striepe
Halloween is this coming Wednesday, so if you're going to get some last-minute Halloween festivities going, this weekend is the time to get crafty! Need a little last-minute Halloween crafty inspiration? Here are some DIY costume and decoration ideas, including lots of things that you can whip up in a flash!


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DETROIT — Detroit is famous for its music, from Motown to Iggy Pop to Eminem. But a newly unearthed trove of recordings reveals Michigan was a fertile ground for folk music.
The music was played by immigrants who came in the early 20th century to work in the copper mines, logging camps and auto factories.
The Library of Congress is releasing a collection of music recorded by legendary folklorist Alan Lomax in 1938 when he visited the Upper Midwest.
The 900 tracks include acoustic blues and many logging, mining and sailing songs.
The release coincides with the 75th anniversary of Lomax's trip. The music has never been publicly available before. In addition to a podcast and CD set, a traveling exhibit will include concerts.
Visit www.loc.gov/folklife/lomax.
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Help with acoustic treatment in a small room...
Well, I bet you get this a lot but i'm really stuck with what I should do...
I'm re-doing my small practice room (about 10 foot by 5 foot) and wanted to fix the horrible echo/reverb in the room. I have a cheap 24 pack of acoustic foam tiles what I got for £25 and they work a little but still don't fix the problem. I am going to be recording drums in there so it would be great to have a more sound shaped room. Is there any suggestion as of what options there is and how much it will be. I'm on a cheap budget (Around £100) whats not much so I don't know what to do...
Re: Help with acoustic treatment in a small room...
Are you talking foam tiles like used in drop ceilings or foam like this
Are you basing the sound of the room from where you are sitting or from a recording you made? That's a small room and many times it's as much placement in the room that's the issue. There is a sweet spot in every room. Also what the construction of the room? What's on the floor, what are the walls made of concrete, dry wall??
Re: Help with acoustic treatment in a small room...
Try blankets. Hang as many blankets as you have around the room.
Re: Help with acoustic treatment in a small room...
Re: Help with acoustic treatment in a small room...
At the minimum you'll want a padding under the carpet, then carpet. Look to pick up some drywall to cover the brick. If you can add two layers of drywall with some green glue in-between that would be ideal and still pretty cheap (not losing much room space). When you go to play take off couch cushions or pillows and toss them around the room to dampen the high and mids. Due to room being small all of this should cost a couple hundred dollars.
Re: Help with acoustic treatment in a small room...
Are you handy? I build 2'x4' sound absorbing panels to go around my son's drum set for around 10 pounds each. Foam is simply not cost effective. Blankets do a tiny bit, but the felt covered rock wool panels I build based on some online research are amazingly effective for the $$$.
I used 1x3" strapping wood to make a 2'x4' frame with one cross piece. Put one 4" thick rock wool batt in each (cut it with a utility knife to fit around the center piece of wood. Pressed the 4" batts to 3" thick and wrapped the entire thing with some pretty colored felt from the fabric store. I tacked the felt in place with a staple gun.
The 12 2'x4' rock wool batts were $50. The strapping wood was about $3/frame, and the felt was $4 a yard on sale. Rock wool is pretty nasty, so I used 2 layers of felt on the front side of each panel, added a couple of eyelets to hang each one, and was done. It was a few hours work, but the results were great.
If I knew how to post pictures, I'd show you the panels around his kit.
Re: Help with acoustic treatment in a small room...
1 Attachment(s)
Sorry, I think I figured it out.
This is his drum set inside the Lego table/sound absorbing panel frame. The piece by the bass drum is not visible, but it's two 2'x2' frames made with 1x4 strapping, with 2 layers of rock wool packed down to 4" thick. I covered it with felt and hinged it so it will fold nearly flat, but stands on its own when opened to 90 or 110 degrees. It makes a nice portable bass absorber.
I just checked the dollar to the pound, and I might actually have 125 pounds invested in those panels.
Re: Help with acoustic treatment in a small room...
yes you have a lot of very hard reflective surfaces. Where exactly do you have the foam placed? Can you take some pics and post them that would help. Have you placed any of the foam on the wall behind you?
Re: Help with acoustic treatment in a small room...
The OP's major uphill battle is the 5' x 10' room. There is going to be so much slap and flutter echo that it will be very difficult to overcome because there is no space for the type of treatment to reduce it. I really don't know how you could comfortably fit a drum kit into a space of 5 feet in either direction. You're never going to effectively fix the problem. Is there a way to move into a larger space, maybe even the basement, unless you're already there.
Re: Help with acoustic treatment in a small room...
Missed that 5' fact. That's more of a closet than a room, but it sounds like the OP already has the drums in there. Maybe it's not really 5'?
If it is, losing even 7" to panels like the ones I suggested would be an issue.
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Photo recap of LudoBites Raleigh at Gravy
Last week Chef Ludo Lefebvre brought a tasty new spin on NC 'Cue. My awesome pal Jordan got us a reservation, and when she geeked out over seeing Chef Ludo, she may have gotten on TV too! Here's hoping...the episode airs in July, I think, so someone DVR it and tell me if you see us.
But, really it was about the food. Chef Ludo spent some time in Raleigh & Chapel hill learning from some of our best pitmasters - Ed Mitchell (The Pit BBQ) and Keith Allen (Allen & Sons) - to learn exactly how we do barbeque in North Carolina. And Chef Ludo got the heart of what we do perfectly in the poached egg, mashed potato, and BBQ bowl. The beauty in the perfectly poached egg is ineffable. I don't know how we haven't thought of putting poached eggs and barbeque together already! If someone doesn't put that on a menu somewhere, I'm going to be very disappointed.
The most interesting course I saw was the fried pig ears. Gravy was packed, so we were seated at the bar and made friends with our neighbors. They ordered the fried pig ears with the chili & lime mayo dip and let us taste it. Honestly, to me, the pig ears tasted like Fruit Loops. Let me tell you what kind of conversation that'll start; the bartender & our neighbors all started talking at that point. Seriously, the fried pig ear without any dipping sauce had a fruity taste to it. Since it was seriously crunchy, it just had the taste & texture of Fruit Loops. And after discovering the Pop Rocks in the banana pudding, I have a feeling I might not be too far off in describing those pork ears.
Thankfully we got to taste our neighbor's pig ears so we didn't order that appetizer but instead ordered both desserts. A bacon créme brulee and a banana/bread pudding like dish. The bacon creme brulee was beyond words fantastic. While I'm a firm believe in both bacon and creme brulee, this dish was other-worldly. And to my pride's benefit, the TV cameras didn't catch this photogenic moment.
We did get to chat with Chef Ludo for a minute, but honestly, accents aren't my thing. I don't understand thick accents at all. He yelled at the kitchen once or twice and I couldn't make out a word he said. Pitmaster Ed Mitchell was gracious and said nothing but great things about Chef Ludo, so maybe if his "Ludo Bites America" TV show doesn't take off, he'll come back to NC for more BBQ and beer.
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More times than not when extreme cold weather hits our area, I am drawn back to the past, reflecting a cold night when God brought warmth in to our family's life. I can easily say this story helped shape who we are today.
It was only a few nights before Christmas more than 20 years ago. We had faced a number of bitter cold days, much like what we have experienced this week. My wife and I were self-employed and being self-employed we knew of both great money flow and at other times great struggle. That winter we were struggling.
Shortly before that night we got rid of our family van, because we could not afford the payments. We were able to purchase a used white Cavalier station wagon that needed a paint job, but it ran pretty good.
Our children, still very young at the time, looked forward to my wife's Aunt Imogene's family Christmas party where she gave the children a small gift. This cold night was the night we were to go to that party.
About a week before the night of the party and just about the time the cold weather came, the heater stopped working in the Cavalier. We just did not have the money to have someone fix the heater, so we had a few blankets in the back seat so that our children could cover up from the cold.
Most of the time the trip to Aunt Imogene's wasn't looked at as a long trip. But that year it seemed very long. The longer we drove the colder it became.
As always we did have a great time of blessing at Aunt Imogene's in her warm house. We may have stayed longer than we should have because we dreaded the cold that awaited our departure. Nevertheless we did bundle up and braced for our trip back home.
When we got back into town, as cold as we were, before we could go home, there was a need to stop at the store. I ran in to the store with a promise to hurry while my wife stayed with the children. I'm not sure what I bought that night, because of what was about to happen.
When I returned to the car, I came into a strange sitting. I could hear the children singing inside. I opened the door and sat down then turned to look at my wife. I noticed that she had tears in her eyes. It didn't make a bit of sense to me. What had happened in the short time I was in the store?
The children were still singing but I really blocked them out of my mind as I focused on what was going on with my wife. I asked: "What happened? What's wrong? What is going on?" It looked like she was trying to say something, but when she started to speak, she only cried more. What in the world was going on? What did I miss?
I asked again; "What is it? What's wrong?". Still just more tears. She did however begin to motion in a way as if she was pointing to the back. With my focus on my wife, I did not realize that my oldest daughter was yelling at me.
"Daddy! Daddy!" she was yelling in a very excited tone. My wife keep pointing to the back and crying. To me it was clear that, she wanted me to address my daughter first so that she could take her time and tell me what happened.
"Yes Candace, what is it?" I asked my daughter.
"Daddy" she continued, "God answered our prayer!" In reaction to Candace's words my wife's cry became more audibly. Candace continued "Mommy told us to pray and ask God to fix the heater in our car, and he did!"
The heater was working. I had not even noticed this with all the emotion that I walked into. What a great God we have to answer the prayers of his children. What a night we had rejoicing in the goodness of God. For a short while we sat in the car and cried a little, sang a lot, and enjoyed the warmth God had provided.
We never did know why the heater stopped working, but that night made a huge impact on my family. It made our faith in God even stronger.
My girls are grown now, and they live on their own. God has kept them in the faith and each one of them serves God in their local church. They now not only share this story, but stories of their own.
The skeptic will claim that the heater starting to work and the prayers of my children were simply coincidental. They don't believe unless they can identify a tangible reason. This would be called a form of reductionism by philosophers. Reductionists suppress what Alvin Plantinga calls "warrant" or "basic" beliefs in God.
All people are born with the idea of God innately planted in them. When they are forced to submit to God, in their own defiance to remain in control, they reject God. Rejection builds in them until one day they become an irrational reductionist. "I can't see God, so he is not there," you will hear them say.
My God and my family's God is supernatural and beyond his tangible creation. To limit God to his creation would make God very small indeed. In fact He would be just like us. He would be a God limited to creation that could never fix a broken heater in a car without tools and without lifting the car's hood. My family knows the "supernatural" or "above nature" God that hears a child's prayer and will fix a car's heater in the blink of an eye.
This is the God we serve. This is the God that warmed our hearts for a life time.


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John Scagnelli's environmental law practice covers the entire environmental law field, including environmental compliance, environmental litigation, environmental auditing, environmental permitting and environmental counseling. Mr. Scagnelli has had extensive legal experience servicing law firms, businesses and public entities. He serves as environmental counsel for banks and lending institutions, commercial and industrial companies, states and municipalities, real estate development organizations, and other organizations.
Mr. Scagnelli's environmental work includes projects relating to state environmental transaction statutes such as the New Jersey Industrial Site Recovery Act (ISRA); the federal Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA); state spill cleanup and reporting statutes; the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA); the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA); the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts; federal and state Hazard Communication and Right-to-Know Legislation; federal and state occupational safety and health statutes; federal and state asbestos requirements; and federal and state underground storage tank regulations.
Mr. Scagnelli has been named to the "New Jersey Super Lawyers" list, most recently in 2011. The list, published by Super Lawyers Magazine in conjunction with New Jersey Monthly Magazine, is an annual listing of outstanding lawyers from more than 60 practice areas who have attained a high degree of peer recognition and professional achievement.
Mr. Scagnelli was just recently selected by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection (NJDEP) to serve on one of the four teams created as part of NJDEP's current reform of the Site Remediation process begun under the Site Remediation Reform Act of 2009. He has been named Chair of the Measures of Success Team, where he will focus primarily on assessing the strengths and weaknesses of NJDEP's Site Remediation Program and making recommendations on changes that can be made to strengthen the Program.
John Scagnelli manages, defines and protects the intellectual property assets of entities operating in a wide variety of industries. His knowledge and experience in intellectual property law enables him to assist clients in virtually all intellectual property matters, ranging from the selection and registration of trademarks and service marks to the copyright protection of materials such as printed and electronic literature, computer software, and product designs.
Mr. Scagnelli's experience in intellectual property has led to many successes in the negotiation and preparation of licensing agreements and contacts, including trademark licensing agreements and publishing contracts, to name a few. Mr. Scagnelli has represented numerous clients in the purchase or sale of many types of intellectual property and has participated in intellectual property lawsuits that have included licensing/contract suits and disputes concerning various forms of of intellectual property and unfair competition. In addition, he counsels clients on intellectual property matters in connection with technology transfer, infringement, and validity opinions, as well as the intellectual property of mergers and acquisitions.
New York
District Court, Southern and Eastern Districts of New York
U.S. Court of Customs and Patent Appeals
U.S. Court of Appeals, Federal Circuit
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U.S. District Court, District of New Jersey
U.S. Court of Appeals, Third Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit
U.S. Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Court
Yale Law School
Institute of Environmental Auditing, Authorities Association of New Jersey (Solid Waste Committee), New York State Mediation (Board Member), Waste Resources Association, Delaware Water Basin (Director), Interstate Sanitation Commission (Chairman), Association of the Bar of the City of New York, New Jersey State Bar Association, American Bar Association, New York County Lawyers Association
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Step 4: Cut the resistor
The first step is to cut the resistor. Take some wire cutters and cut the legs off of the resistor.
Go as close to the middle as possible.
Throw away the middle and keep the legs.
to cut off the wire of the thing just to get the wire is something I woudn't do
I guess it all verries from person to person.


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How well do you know the 535 members of Congress? Here are a few things you may not have heard about some of them, courtesy of The Almanac of American Politics.
(RELATED: The 20 Youngest Members of Congress)
The 2012 Almanac is now available online for subscribers. To see the nation's most authoritative source of information about members of Congress, their districts, the governors and the states, go to nationaljournal.com/almanac.