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30 May 2011
10 comments:
I was reading your post and suddenly: huh? That's my name. She's writing about me..? O_o lol! You're SO sweet, thanks!ReplyDelete
Captivated is really breathtaking, looks great on you. ♥
I need this. Definitely my next order after my Mash plates come (woo someone is shipping them too me.) The name is perfect. I want this, living water and devious nature. BAHH I'm drooling.ReplyDelete
Also, your flickr photostream is so pretty. I need to add shit to mine..but yours just makes me drool.
OH WOW. I've been lemming this polish since I first saw pictures of it. So gorgeous. I really want to get it. <3ReplyDelete
Look gorgeous on you! I was on the edge with this one...but now I want it! :PReplyDelete
Jelly and glitter? <3 Always a combo I could go for. (p.s. today is my Friday, I know how it is lol)ReplyDelete
I love this polish so much, and I still have to get it myself <3! And I am very curious at your new glitter sandwich, I find myself looking for polishes to try it myself ;).ReplyDelete
My Cult Nails polishes are on their way to me! I had to have this :D I was so excited when I checked oot of the store :PReplyDelete
(You were preparing yourself for that last one ;) )
Love love love it! I can't wait to try out Cult Nails for myself! This color is great!ReplyDelete
That is SO gorgeous! My bottle of Captivated is supposed to arrive tomorrow...I don't think I can wait that long. :)ReplyDelete
I have this, I haven't worn it yet though. It looks incredible!!ReplyDelete
Thank you so much for reading! I read every comment and love hearing feedback! However, I do ask that you do not link spam the comment section. *I will delete any and all link spam.* If you'd like me to check your blog out, please email me at glittagloves(at)gmail(dot)com and I'd be more than happy to check you out! I don't bite... honest!


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Destroying Synagogues – Againby Sara Yoheved Rigler
Israel respects and protects the holy places of other religions. Why can't the same be said of the Arabs?
Sirens, Loud and Closeby Sara Yoheved Rigler
My night of despair and tragedy, and their only antidote.
The Challenges of Sufferingby Rebbetzin Tziporah Heller and Sara Yoheved Rigler
Choosing a response to adversity.
Gush Katif: The Night Afterby Sara Yoheved Rigler
What do Jews do when the longed-for miracle does not occur?
Gush Katif Stories, Part 3: Bryna's Storyby Sara Yoheved Rigler
Trying to create miracles amidst the pain.
Let Go of the Mouseby Sara Yoheved Rigler
An antidote for control freaks.
Gush Katif Stories, Part 2: Noga's Storyby Sara Yoheved Rigler
Making the hard choice between hypocrisy and heroism.
Slowing Downby Sara Yoheved Rigler
It's good for everything in your life—including your Judaism.
Gush Katif Storiesby Sara Yoheved Rigler
As the disengagement looms, a glimpse into the hearts of the residents.
The Right Toolby Sara Yoheved Rigler
What my bottle brush taught me about life.
Holywoman: A Roadmapby Sara Yoheved Rigler
Climbing the ladder of spiritual attainment.
Milka's Art of Givingby Sara Yoheved Rigler
She finds the strength to feed Israel's poor by feeding her own soul.
Reacting to the Tsunamiby Sara Yoheved Rigler
A spiritual response to disaster.
Love's Pantryby Sara Yoheved Rigler
One grassroots organization is keeping thousands of Israeli families from starving.
My Rat's Taleby Sara Yoheved Rigler
What my rat taught me about joy.
How To Work Miracles - The God Factor: Part 2by Sara Yoheved Rigler
The distinction between the natural and the miraculous is only one of human perception. Everything that occurs is really a miracle.
Heroes: A True Storyby Sara Yoheved Rigler
God becomes believable when life becomes unbelievable. *
If You Were Born a Jewby Sara Yoheved Rigler
You're descended from a long line of idealistic heroes and heroines.
Dining with Dignityby Sara Yoheved Rigler
A unique Jerusalem enterprise feeds the soul, not just the body.
Conflicts of a Buddhist Jewby Sara Yoheved Rigler
Hebrew school and ignorance drove away a generation of spiritual Jews. A new book beckons them back.
My Arab Neighborsby Sara Yoheved Rigler
A rude awakening after the death of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin.
Who's Minding the Bus?by Sara Yoheved Rigler
Re-examining the attitudes behind our security measures.
Other People's Shoesby Sara Yoheved Rigler
Strategies for judging favorably.
Breaking the Comfort Barrierby Sara Yoheved Rigler
Forget the holiday hike. A real spiritual path is steep and challenging.
Israel Spiritual Symposium: What Are We Dying For...by Sara Yoheved Rigler
Israel's moment of truth forces Jews worldwide to identify themselves.
Adi's Angelby Sara Yoheved Rigler
An amazing hour with a miracle worker.
The Spiritual Roots of Anti-Semitismby Sara Yoheved Rigler
If the world hates the Jews, here's what can be done to respond.
A Taste of Heavenby Sara Yoheved Rigler
An incredible Jerusalem family brings the beauty of Shabbat to the world.
An Ordinary Womanby Sara Yoheved Rigler
My friend Rivka was an ordinary woman. How did she become so great?
Jewish Nobelityby Sara Yoheved Rigler
The life and loves of a Nobel Prize winner.
Universalism: Can Loving More Mean Loving Less?by Sara Yoheved Rigler
The opposite of Universalism is community, not sectarianism.
Of Angels And Poinsettiasby Sara Yoheved Rigler
Angels can be created by human beings. My father taught me how.
Real and Enduring Freedomby Sara Yoheved Rigler
We can all become heroes.
The God Factor: Part 1by Sara Yoheved Rigler
Chanukah comes to teach us how history can take the most unlikely turns and produce the most improbable victors.
The Spy Who's Locked Into the Coldby Sara Yoheved Rigler
It's time to release Jonathan Pollard.
The Dead End of Jewish Cultureby Sara Yoheved Rigler
One-quarter of American Jews have rejected watered-down Judaism in favor of full-strength Christianity. Why?
Laughter in a Time of Warby Sara Yoheved Rigler
The women of Gush Etzion launch a Purim counter-offensive.
Growing Joysby Sara Yoheved Rigler
One amazing couple proves that it's never too late to change.
Non-conventional Warfare and Meby Sara Yoheved Rigler
Israel's state-of-the-art defense.
To Baby or Not To Babyby Sara Yoheved Rigler
One woman's struggle with the fateful decision whether to have children.
Hypocrite!by Sara Yoheved Rigler
If the quality of integrity is absent in the person, how can it be present in his or her ideas?
Teddy Bears for the Woundedby Sara Yoheved Rigler
The terrorists want to make us feel powerless. Performing an important mitzvah like visiting the sick empowers.
Miracle of Fireby Sara Yoheved Rigler
The Human Potential Movement celebrates the power of man. Chanukah celebrates the power of the Divine.
After the Inferno: Survivors Speakby Sara Yoheved Rigler
Survivors of one of Israel's most grisly terrorist attacks speak to Jews of the world -- with words and actions.
The Terrorist and the Builderby Sara Yoheved Rigler
How to feel good amidst catastrophe.
Big Families: Desired or Undesirable?by Sara Yoheved Rigler
A frank discussion with a mother of 11 on the pros and cons of large families.
Forgivingby Sara Yoheved Rigler
The struggle and freedom of asking and giving forgiveness.
"Lightly Injured"by Sara Yoheved Rigler
Terrorism's toll is far greater than we think.
Buddhism, Judaism, and The Great Cheerio Fiascoby Sara Yoheved Rigler
Many Jews turn to Buddhism to rise to spiritual heights. Judaism says, "Take the whole world up with you."

subset: commoncrawl


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"Once it invites prayer into the public sphere, government must permit a prayer giver to address his or her own God or gods as conscience dictates, unfettered by what an administrator or judge considers to be non-sectarian." - Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, Town of Greece v. Galloway. (LA Times)
Supreme Court OKs city council meeting to serve as forums for Christian prayer
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I think I see your mistake. You're assuming these people have any respect for or even interest in what Jesus, according to the Bible, actually preached.
Yep, that's what they do.
Continue the discussion at bbs.boingboing.net
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Iridescent with a stiffer drape, this organza overlay is just lovely when it catches the light. A pebbled texture adds just a bit oomph. Sometimes bronze, sometimes peacock, it's suitable for anything from costuming to evening wear.
Color: Bronzed Peacock
Width: 44
Content: 100% POLYESTER
Learn about fabric careHOW TO CARE FOR SILK:Dry cleaning is usually preferable, but silks can be hand-washed or machine-washed on delicate, cool water. Line dry. Test a swatch first.Mood strongly recommends test-laundering a swatch, if you plan to wash your garment or home furnishings yourself.
PLEASE NOTE: The above numbers are estimations only. Please take into account garment size, lining and fabric width.


text: This is my first exposure to reading some thing exclusivley as an on line comic. The art work is superb, but like a few others, I am finding the story a little weak. I mean, it's a good premise, but maybe the story doesn't work as well for me as it'snot a medium I am used to. I'd have to read it in print to be really sure.


text:
A method of passively aligning optical receiving elements such as fibers to the active elements of a light generating chip includes the steps of forming two front and one side pedestal structures on the surface of a substrate body, defining a vertical sidewall of the chip to form a mating channel having an edge at a predetermined distance from the first active element, mounting the chip epi-side down on the substrate surface, and positioned the fibers in fiber-receiving channels so that a center line of each fiber is aligned to a center line of a respective active element. When mounted, the front face of the chip is abutting the contact surfaces of the two front pedestals, and the defined sidewall of the mating channel is abutting the contact surface of the side pedestal. The passive alignment procedure is also effective in aligning a single fiber to a single active element.
1. A package for aligning at least one optical receiving element to a light generating chip having at least one active region, comprising:
a substrate body;
two front pedestal structures and one side pedestal structure at respective, predetermined locations on a surface of said substrate wherein each pedestal structure has a contact surface;
said chip having a mating channel defined in a side of said chip wherein said channel has a vertical sidewall with an edge that is a predetermined distance from the active regions of said chip;
said chip being mountable epi-side down on the surface of said substrate so that a front face of said chip abuts the contact surfaces of the two front pedestals and the sidewall of said mating channel abuts the contact surface of said side pedestal; and
channel means defined in said substrate within which said optical receiving elements are positionable so that a center line of each optical receiving element is aligned to a center line of a respective active region, thereby allowing said active regions to optically access said optical receiving elements.
2. The package as recited in claim 1 further includes
a metallization pattern for providing electrical contact to the active regions of said light generating chip.
3. The package as recited in claim 2 wherein:
said optical receiving elements include an array of single-mode optical fibers.
4. The package as recited in claim 2 wherein:
said optical receiving elements include an array of multi-mode optical fibers.
5. The package as recited in claim 2 wherein:
said optical receiving element is a fiber and said chip includes a laser.
6. The package as recited in claim 3 or 4 wherein said chip includes an array of lasers.
7. A package including a substrate for aligning a plurality of optical receiving elements to a plurality of active elements integrated on a chip, comprising:
two front pedestal structures and one side pedestal structure at respective locations on a surface of said substrate;
wherein said chip is mountable on said substrate in abutting contact with said front pedestal structures and with said side pedestal structure; and
wherein said optical receiving elements are positionable relative to said active elements such that said receiving elements are in optical communication with said active elements.
8. The package as recited in claim 7 wherein said chip includes:
a mating channel with a vertical sidewall which abuts said side pedestal structure.
9. The package as recited in claim 7 wherein said optical receiving elements include:
an array of optical fibers.
10. The package as recited in claim 9 wherein said chip includes:
an array of lasers.
11. The package as recited in claim 9 further comprises:
an array of fiber-receiving grooves in said substrate.
12. The package as recited in claim 7 further comprises:
a metallization pattern for providing electrical contact to the active elements of said chip.
13. A package including a substrate for aligning a plurality of active elements integrated on a chip to a plurality of optical receiving elements in integral contact with said substrate, comprising:
two front pedestal structures and one side pedestal structure at respective locations on a surface of said substrate;
wherein said chip is mountable on said substrate in abutting contact with said front pedestal structures and with said side pedestal structure such that said active elements are in optical communication with said receiving elements.
14. The package as recited in claim 13 wherein:
said optical receiving elements are optical fibers.
15. The package as recited in claim 14 further comprises:
a plurality of fiber-receiving grooves in said substrate.
16. The package as recited in claim 15 wherein:
a geometric relationship exists between the locations of said pedestal structures, said active elements, and said optical fibers.
17. The package as recited in claim 16 wherein:
the active elements of said chip are at a distance D+np from a vertical sidewall of a mating channel in said chip wherein p is the number of active elements and n=0 to p-1.
18. An assembly for integrating an optoelectronic chip having a plurality of active elements to a substrate having a plurality of fiber-receiving grooves, comprising:
two front pedestal structures and one side pedestal structure at respective locations on a surface of said substrate;
wherein said chip is integrable with said substrate by being placed in abutting contact with said front pedestal structures and with said side pedestal structure.
19. The assembly as recited in claim 18 wherein:
a predetermined relationship exists between the locations of said pedestal structures said active elements, and said optical fibers such that said active elements are in optical communication with said fibers when said chip is placed in abutting contact with said pedestal structures.
This is a divisional of copending application Ser. No. 07/551,219, filed on July 11, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,077,878.
The present invention relates to optical component packaging and, more particularly, to the passive alignment of diode lasers to optical fibers using precisely located mechanical registration features on a substrate body.
Long-haul optical telecommunication networks currently utilize high performance optoelectronic components such as lasers and photodetectors that are coupled to single mode optical fibers. Although presently these components are expensive, their effective cost is low since they are shared among thousands of customers. The economic situation is beginning to change as telephone companies extend the optical fiber network directly to the home. Expansion of optical fiber into the local loop will require several optoelectronic, electronic and fiber components for each customer. This situation will impose significant demands on realizing optoelectronic components that can be manufactured at low cost.
The cost of all optoelectronic (and most electronic) components is dominated by the package rather than the device itself. For example, the alignment and attachment of an optical fiber pigtail and a diode laser in an optical transmitter are the most costly packaging steps. The cost of this operation for a single transmitter will be multiplied for applications involving the use of many parallel transmitters in the local loop in which arrays of lasers are coupled to arrays of single mode fibers.
In addition to telecommunication applications, the issue of low cost optoelectronic components will also determine the economic viability of other applications of optoelectroscopic technology such as the use of optical interconnects inhigh speed computers.
The conventional approach to attachment of a fiber pigtail to diode laser package is a labor intensive process. The laser must first be die and wire bonded to the package so that it can be biased to its normal operating condition. The input end of the fiber pigtail is then mechanically manipulated in front of the laser active region while the optical output of the fiber is monitored until optimal coupling is achieved. A single mode fiber (9 μm core diameter) must be positioned with submicron accuracy in front of the laser emitting region, which typically has dimensions of about 2�0.2 μm. Once the maximum coupling has been obtained, the fiber is bonded into place. This approach requires either human interaction or expensive equipment that automatically dithers the fiber to its optimal position. An additional disadvantage is that the fiber can move from its optimal position during the process of attachment to the package due to the motion of bonding materials (such as epoxy shrinkage) or during the use of the laser in the field. This conventional alignment technique will be significantly more complicated as the need develops for the coupling of laser arrays to fiber arrays.
The alignment of fiber arrays to laser arrays has been reported for the case of multimode fibers (50 μm core diameter) by Jackson et al. in "Optical fiber coupling approaches for multichannel laser and detector arrays," SPIE Vol. 994 (1988). Although V-grooves were used to position fibers relative to the lasers in the vertical z-direction, active alignment was required to position the fibers in the lateral x and y directions. The present invention eliminates all active alignment procedures and provides alignment accuracy that will be adequate for passive alignment of single-modefibers.
It is a principal object of the present invention to obviate theabove-noted and other disadvantages of the prior art.
It is a further object of the present invention to align a laser array to a fiber array by using a strictly passive alignment procedure.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide an alignment technique which enables precise positioning of the fiber relative to the laser active region with the potential for submicron accuracy.
The present invention is directed to a method of passively aligning at least one optical receiving element to at least one active region of a light generating chip wherein the chip and receiving elements are attachable to a substrate body. The method includes the step of forming two front pedestal structures and one side pedestal at respective locations on the surface of the substrate body. A vertical sidewall is defined into the chip to form a mating channel whereby an edge of the sidewall is a predetermined distance from the active elements of the chip. The chip is preferably mounted epi-side down on the substrate surface by abutting a front face of the chip with the contact surfaces of the two front pedestals and by abutting the defined sidewall of the mating channel to the contact surface of the side pedestal. The optical receiving elements are positioned in channels relative to the locations of the pedestals and the active elements of the chip so that a center line of each receiving element is aligned to a center line of a respective active region. The method is suitable for the alignment of a single fiber to a single laser, and the alignment of an array of fibers to an array of lasers.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an optical component package illustrating the alignment of a laser array to fiber array according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows a frontal view of a portion of the laser array structure in the embodiment of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a single fiber of the array in FIG. 1 showing the dimensional parameters of the fiber and the groove within which the fiber is positioned;
FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of a portion of the corrugated laser mounting area (not shown in FIG. 1) to which the laser array chip is attached; and
FIG. 4B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of the laser chip after attachment to the mounting area shown in FIG. 4A.
The present invention discloses a method and apparatus for passive alignment of a light-receiving element to a light-emitting source, providing low cost alternatives to the conventional approach of active manipulation of the light-receiving element. The specific embodiment shown in FIG. 1 aligns a single-mode fiber array having a plurality of fibers to a diode laser array having a plurality of lasers. Alignment is accomplished by use of a micromachined substrate onto which the laser and fiber arrays are attached. The micromachined features are designed so that each laser/fiber pair is precisely positioned on the substrate and thereby automatically aligned to each other.
FIG. 1 illustrates the passive laser/fiber alignment procedure according to the present invention for a fourelement laser array chip 10 coupled into a four-fiber array 11. Photolithographic techniques such as wet chemical etching are used to fabricate V-grooves (not shown) in a silicon substrate 16 for receiving the fibers of array 11 during the alignment procedure. Although silicon is cited as an example of a substrate material in the embodiment of FIG. 1, other materials may also be used. Silicon provides an excellent substrate for defining micromachined features because of its well established processing technology.
Three pedestals 12, 13, and 14 fabricated on substrate 16 at predetermined locations serve to position the laser array chip on the substrate. The groove pitch is designed to be the same as the separation between the lasers on the array to enable alignment in the y-direction. A mating channel shown as the lip extending over pedestal 14 is fabricated into the laser chip. The laser chip is mounted epi-side down so that it is in abutting contact with a contact surface of each pedestal. The known position of the laser emitting regions with respect to the laser chip array and the location of the pedestals allow positioning of the grooves for locating the fibers in the x, y and z directions at the appropriate angular orientation so that the center line of each laser active region is aligned to the center line of each fiber. A metallization 15 pattern is used for electrical access to each element of the laser array. The substrate side of the laser would be used as a common contact for all four lasers in the array.
The laser array chip 10 is positioned in the x and y directions by being pushed up against the three pedestals 12, 13, and 14, where the position of the laser array in the x direction (towards the fibers) is determined by pedestals 12 and 13, while alignment of the center line of the laser active regions to the center of the fiber cores (y direction) is achieved by pedestal 14. The position of the laser array in this direction must be controlled to within 1-2 μm to obtain good optical coupling, especially if single-mode fibers are used where the core diameter is on the order of 9 μm. Achieving this degree of dimensional control requires that the edge 18 of the laser chip, which abuts pedestal 14, be a fixed distance from the active region of the nearest laser element in the array. This edge distance then serves as a reference line in the y-direction for etching of the first fiber-receiving groove. The orientation of the V-grooves on the substrate 16 determines the position of the fibers in the x and Y directions. Photolithographic processing techniques, rather than conventional scribing or sawing processes, can be used to define the laser array chip edge.
FIG. 2 shows a frontal cross-sectional portion of the laser array structure in FIG. 1 fabricated with a deep, vertical-wall mating channel 22 having an edge 18 that is positioned a fixed distance, D, from the emitting region 23 of the first laser 21 in the array. Although a double-channel ridge waveguide laser geometry is shown in FIG. 2, the chip array can be fabricated with other laser structures such as stripe geometry and buried heterostructure lasers. Metallization on the laser array surface, which would require separate electrodes for each laser in the array has not been shown in FIG. 2 for clarity purposes.
Laser bars are cut into arrays by making a saw cut through the mating channel, leaving the vertical edge 18 that is a controlled distance (D) from the laser active region 23. When this vertical surface of the mating channel is butted up against pedestal 14, the active regions of the laser array are a distance D +np (in the y-direction) from the edge of pedestal 14 (where p is the laser pitch and n = 0,1,2,3 for a four laser array). The substrate is designed so that the center of the V-grooves are located the same distances D+np from the pedestal surface abutting chip edge 18. This provides automatic alignment between the fibers and lasers in the y-direction.
Alignment in the z direction of a fiber to its corresponding laser in array chip 10 is accomplished by fixing the fiber core and the laser active region at the same height above the surface of the substrate 16. The position of a fiber in a V-groove, shown in a cross sectional view in FIG. 3, is determined by the width, w, of the V-groove and the diameter, d, of the fiber (125 μm for conventional fibers). The height of the core center above the substrate surface, hcore, is given by the expression:
hcore =d√3/2-w/√2.
Placement of the laser emitting region at a controlled height equal to hcore above the substrate surface requires a new packaging approach. Conventional laser mounting techniques (such as the use of eutectic preforms) provide virtually no control over the thickness of the solder. These soldering techniques will not be adequate to position the laser with the precision required, which is approximately �1 μm. In the present invention, the vertical position of each laser active region (above the surface of the substrate) is controlled by the use of a corrugated laser mounting pattern that is built into the substrate surface. The mounting pattern is used in conjunction with solder metallization having controllable thicknesses. Epi-side down mounting of the laser array is preferred since the distance between the laser chip surface and the active region can be accurately controlled during the growth and fabrication processes. An epi-side up approach would not easily provide the necessary control of this dimension since it would require that the substrate thinning process be controlled to within a micron. Epi-side down mounting has the additional benefit of providing reduced thermal impedance.
A cross sectional view of a portion of the corrugated laser mounting area is shown in FIG. 4(a). Only two elements of the laser array are shown (the ones closest to pedestal 14). The laser mounting area is fabricated by processing a ridge 41 into a substrate for each laser element, with each ridge being bordered by channels 42 and 43. The height of the silicon ridge 41 is fabricated so that it is several microns below the substrate surface 44. A controlled thickness of solder 45 (such as In or AuSn) is then deposited surface on the ridge to a height that is slightly above the substrate surface 44. This metallized ridge will electrically contact the laser and is patterned on the substrate 16 in line with the center of the fiber groove (not shown in the FIG. 4a). Pedestal 14 is located a distance D from the center of the first contact ridge 41 to match the distance shown in FIG. 2 from the edge of the mating channel to the first active region of the laser array. The matching of these distances and the equivalence of the groove pitch and active element separation result in laser/fiber alignment in the y direction as previously described.
The laser array mounting procedure is initiated by positioning the laser array over the laser mounting area using the previously described pedestals so that the chip is in abutting contact with all three pedestals simultaneously. Heat is applied to melt the solder while a downward force is applied on the laser array chip. As the solder melts, the laser array surface will come into contact with the substrate surface and the solder will extrude, resulting in the flow of excess solder 47 and 48 into the channels 42 and 43, respectively. In this manner, a controlled solder film 46 is obtained whose thickness is determined by the height difference between the top of the contact ridge (before solder is deposited) and the substrate surface 44. Containment of the excess solder in the channels also prevents spreading of the solder between the various elements of the laser array. With this approach, conventional processing technology can be used to control the height of the laser above the substrate surface, hlaser, to submicron dimensions. Alignment of the laser and fiber in the z direction is therefore obtained by control of the substrate processing (and laser growth/ processing) so that h.sub. core =hlaser.
The alignment technique of the present invention is expected to provide a low cost approach to the packaging of optoelectronic components. Elimination of time consuming active alignment procedures will reduce the labor costs associated with assembly, while the use of silicon as a packaging medium offers the potential for lower materials cost via the use of batch processing technology. An additional benefit of mechanism features (pedestals and V-grooves) for component fixturing, rather than conventional materials such as epoxy, is improved in-service component mechanism stability (coupling) which will translate to enhanced reliability.
Although particular aspects of the present invention are discussed in view of the embodiment of FIGS. 1-4, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that other modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, multi-mode fibers may be used instead of single-mode fibers. The most benefit, though, is realized with the use of the smaller-core single mode fibers since the fiber-laser alignment requires much greater precision which is achievable by the present invention. Additionally, the substrate may be etched with other fiber-receiving conduits other than V-grooves so long as the conduits permit the same alignment in the x, y, and z directions as the embodiment of FIG. 1. Additionally, mounting surface other than the one shown in FIGS. 4a-b may be fabricated. One exemplary mounting area would consist of dielectric platforms fabricated to a known height (hdielectric) above the substrate surface, with solder ridges being deposited at a height slightly above hdielectric between the dielectric platforms. The laser chip is firmly pressed onto this mounting area so that each laser element is soldered to a solder ridge and the chip surface rests on the dielectric platforms. Thus, proper alignment exists in the z-direction so long as hcore =hlaser +h dielectric. Although the pedestals 12 and 13 in FIG. 1 are in front of the chip, they may also be located behind the chip. However, the front-positioning is preferable because it offers flexibility in increasing chip size without affecting the axial positioning of the fibers.
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text:
Marianne Engedal
illustratør og billedkunstner, Norge.
Marianne mainly works as an illustrator. She mostly works figurative and tends to have a fetich for antropomorphism( whatever that means ), and she loves "the good old days".
Marianne dreams of becoming a sculptress.
Works best without a fixed goal for her art.
"My art is often ugly, (but cool). I draw freehand and digital. I like when my pictures doesn't carry any message, as I put more weight on the visual, rather than the content.


text:
Posted at: 05/05/2013 10:43 PM
By: Nikki Ibarra, KOB Eyewitness News 4
An Albuquerque west side home was burglarized and now the family who lives there fears what was taken will be used to hurt or kill people.
Eppie Ruiz and her husband live in a neighborhood near Coors and 7 Bar Loop.
They said they left their home to the store for just 45 minutes.
Ruiz came home to find her house turned upside down.
"All the drawers were dumped over. Clothes were all over the place. Our bedroom was a mess," said Ruiz.
Thousands of dollars worth of their stuff was stolen. Of the things taken, five revolvers and plenty of ammunition.
Ruiz told KOB Eyewitness News 4 the guns were locked away in this safe.
She said the burglars found the keys when they ransacked bedroom drawers.
"They came straight to the safe and opened it up and said bingo, we have everything we want here," said Ruiz.
Ruiz said the guns are replaceable but she fears those guns are now in the wrong hands.
"I'm afraid that they're just going to go out there and commit something, hurt somebody or come back," added Ruiz.
The couple did file a report with police.
Also taken was $2,000 Eppie just took out of the bank to pay her mortgage.


text:
A system and method for using a sliding mode control algorithm to control flow rates from air handling actuators and fuel injectors of an internal combustion engine. The sliding mode control is based on an engine model that represents the engine in terms of pressure and oxygen content states of the intake and exhaust manifolds (as a linear term) and controllable flow rates (as a nonlinear term).
1. A sliding mode control unit for electronically controlling at least one air handling actuator of an internal combustion engine, the engine having an intake manifold and an exhaust manifold, and the engine having means for providing, during engine operation, current engine speed values, current accelerator position values, and current manifold state values, the manifold state values being intake and exhaust manifold pressure values and intake and exhaust manifold oxygen values, comprising:
a memory for storing a map of engine speed values and accelerator pedal position values to desired air handling actuator setpoint values;
a memory for storing a map of engine speed values and accelerator pedal position values to desired manifold state values;
processing means for differencing the desired manifold state values and the current manifold state values, thereby obtaining error values;
processing means for using a sliding mode control algorithm to compute flow change values, based on the error values;
an actuator controller for computing actuator change values, based on the actuator flow change values; and
processing means for calculating the difference between desired air handling actuator setpoint values and the actuator change values, thereby generating actuator command values.
2. The sliding mode control unit of
3. The sliding mode control unit of
4. The sliding mode control unit of
5. The sliding mode control unit of
6. The sliding mode control unit of
7. The sliding mode control unit of
8. The sliding mode control unit of
9. A sliding mode control method for electronically controlling at least one air handling actuator of an internal combustion engine, the engine having an intake manifold and an exhaust manifold, and the engine having means for providing, during engine operation, current engine speed values, current accelerator position values, and current manifold state values, the manifold state values being intake and exhaust manifold pressure values and intake and exhaust manifold oxygen values, comprising:
storing a map of engine speed values and accelerator pedal position values to desired air handling actuator setpoint values;
storing a map of engine speed values and accelerator pedal position values to desired manifold state values;
differencing the desired manifold state values and the current manifold state values, thereby obtaining error values;
using a sliding mode control algorithm to compute flow change values, based on the error values;
computing actuator change values, based on the actuator flow change values; and
calculating the difference between desired air handling actuator setpoint values and the actuator change values, thereby generating actuator command values.
10. The sliding mode control method of
11. The sliding mode control method of
12. The sliding mode control method of
13. The sliding mode control method of
14. The sliding mode control method of
15. The sliding mode control method of
16. The sliding mode control unit of
This invention relates to control systems for internal combustion engines, and more particularly to a control system for controlling an engine's fuel quantity and the gas flow output of its air handling devices.
Today's internal combustion engines are electronically controlled by processor-based engine control units (ECUs). An ECU can control many aspects of the engine's operation, such as fuel quantity, ignition timing, variable valve timing (VVT), turbocharger output, and other engine operating parameters.
An ECU determines these parameters primarily by monitoring the engine through various sensors. These sensors can include a MAP (manifold air pressure) sensor, throttle position sensor, air temperature sensor, oxygen sensor, coolant temperature sensor, mass air flow sensor, crankshaft angle sensor, camshaft angle sensor, knock sensor, and many others. The ECU monitors the output signals produced by these sensors, and adjusts the system inputs as necessary.
Considerable effort is devoted to designing ECU programming that will provide optimal engine operation. Modern engines have nonlinear dynamics, and various nonlinear control methods have been developed.
One such nonlinear control method is "sliding mode control", which is a control method having high robustness with restraining influence from disturbance. As examples, applications of sliding mode control have been developed for engine throttle control and cam phase control. These control methods are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,367,449 and in 6,718,922, respectively.
A more complete understanding of the present embodiments and advantages thereof may be acquired by referring to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numbers indicate like features, and wherein:
Engine 100 is equipped with a turbocharger 110, and a high pressure EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) loop 120. The tailpipe has various exhaust treatment devices, such as a diesel oxidation catalyst 171, diesel particulate filter 172, and lean NOx trap 173. Although not shown, engine 100 is equipped with fuel injectors for injecting a supply fuel quantity, q, into its cylinders 101.
Modeling system 30 models engine 100 for purposes of designing a control system 20 for optimal engine operation. Modeling system 30 can be implemented with computer equipment programmed to store and execute the equations and data described herein.
As explained above, control system 20 is designed using modeling system 30, and for production engines is implemented with appropriate engine control system hardware and software. Specifically, for purposes of this invention, during engine operation, control unit 20 determines fuel injection quantity and various gas flow amounts, and delivers corresponding control signals to the fuel injectors and various air handling devices. Thus, modeling system 30 is used for preproduction development, whereas control system 20 is an "on-line" real-time control system.
Various sections associated with the air intake and exhaust of engine 100 are each represented in the engine model. These include:
The engine model described herein may be generally described as an "engine intake and exhaust system dynamic model". The air handling actuators of interest for the model are the turbocharger 110 (its output flow), the intake manifold throttle 130, and EGR throttle 150.
These actuators are used to control the fresh air and pressure so that these parameters are appropriate for a desired combustion. If a desired pressure or fresh air flow amount is known, control system 20 can be used to determine how to actuate throttles 130 and 150 and the output of turbocharger 110.
Turbocharger 110 has a compressor 111 and turbine 112, and is assumed to be a variable output turbocharger. An example of a suitable turbocharger is a variable nozzle turbocharger (VNT).
Engine 100 also has an EGR (exhaust gas recirculation loop), which is a high pressure loop. EGR cooler 121 cools the exhaust before it is mixed with fresh air from the compressor 111.
Temperatures at various intake and exhaust points of engine 100 are also represented in the model.
Detection signals from the various sensors are input to control unit 20, which is equipped with a microcomputer. The control unit 20 detects the engine rotation speed Ne from data provided by the crank angle sensor. Control unit 20 uses a sliding mode control method, as described herein, to provide control signals to various actuators, such as for fuel quantity injection control, control of various throttles, and the turbocharger.
Engine 100 may be modeled mathematically by the following nonlinear dynamical equation:
where x represents the states of the manifolds (intake and exhaust), and u represents controllable flow rates (such as fresh air, recirculated exhaust gas, and fuel quantity). This dynamic model may be referred to as an "emptying and filling" model. A feature of the above model is that it does not include turbocharger dynamics.
Typical values of the state variable x (the manifold states conditions) are values of pressure (p) and oxygen (f) concentration/fraction. These values are an n-dimensional state vector, represented as:
For designing control unit 20, target manifold state values are predetermined, based on engine speed (Ne) and accelerator pedal position. As explained below, during engine operation, these target states are differenced with measured states to obtain an "error" value. Thus, it is assumed that all manifold state values may be measured or are otherwise available, such as by estimation.
The values of u are "flow values", and are an m-dimensional input vector that is used for state feedback. Values of u are expressed herein with a "w" (gas flow rates) and an identifying subscript, or with "q" (fueling quantity). Thus, for example:
The states and inputs of Equation (1) can be modified for engine variations, such as additional EGR loops. In general, the control method and system described herein may be used for these flow values, or for any subset of these flow values, or may be modified to include additional flow values.
A feature of the modeling method of this description is that the inputs enter Equation (1) in an affine linear manner (for a fixed x). This structure of the dynamics model makes Equation (1) suitable for a sliding mode control law.
In the context of this description, sliding mode control is characterized by choosing one sliding surface per state. The control method is designed to drive each system state onto the sliding surface from an initial state, and to maintain it along that surface for subsequent times. The dynamic behavior of the system is defined by the equation of the sliding surface and is a design choice. In other words, in "sliding mode", the system slides along a surface, and any tendency of the system to depart from the surface is countered by a control effort. Such tendency is caused, for example, by parametric variations in the system. The control effort that drives the system to the sliding surface provides robustness against parametric variations.
For purposes of this description, s=0 represents a number of sliding surfaces (also referred to as switching surfaces), where the number of sliding surfaces is the number of states. Consistent with sliding mode control, the object of the control system is to arrive at and to maintain s=0. Doing so guarantees that given state targets are tracked, where the states are the pressure and the O2 amount in the intake and exhaust manifolds as described above.
Consistent with sliding mode control, the following expressions are true. The state error, e, is:
The nonlinear function, sgn(s), is a sign function, which has a value of +1 for positive s, −1 for negative s, and 0 when s=0. As stated above, for the engine system of this description, s is vector-valued, and sgn(s) is applied to each component of the vector.
Sliding mode control with its discontinuous sgn(•) function is known to cause chattering. One of the standard ways of avoiding chattering is to replace sgn(•) with sat(•), a replacement that could be used here. Alternatively, sgn(•) can be replaced with s, yielding:
In replacing sgn(s) with s, the finite reaching time to the sliding surface is lost, where the "reaching time" is the time for forcing values to the sliding surface, s=0. However, the basic stability characteristics of the controller are maintained.
The engine model used to derive Equation (2), particularly f(x) and G(x), is an approximation. A further simplification can be achieved by rewriting Equation (2) in terms of the change in flow rates away from current flow rates, that is, in terms of Δu. Thus,
Values of Δu (changes in flowrates) are assigned to appropriate devices. For example, a change in the HPT valve 130 is effected by ΔwHPT. The Δwq value effects a change in fuel quantity, q, which is nominally based on the in-cylinder state.
For the various air handling devices described above (high pressure throttle, EGR throttle, turbocharger, etc.), actuator setpoints are determined. For a given engine speed (Ne) and pedal position, there is a setpoint, θ, for each air handling actuator that will provide a desired engine performance. A mapping memory 21 maps engine speed and pedal position values to these setpoints.
Also based on engine speed (Ne) and pedal position, target manifold states are set to achieve a desired engine performance. The desired engine performance typically reflects desired torque, emissions and other conditions. These target values, x*, are stored in a mapping memory 22.
During engine operation, current engine speed (Ne) and pedal position values are delivered to mapping memories 21 and 22 to obtain desired actuator setpoint values and desired manifold state values, respectively.
Control unit 20 differences the desired state values and the measured manifold state values to obtain e, the "error" value. These error values are delivered to the sliding mode control process 24. In accordance with Equation (3), the sliding mode control process 24 determines values of Δu, the changes in flow rates from their current values. Sliding mode control process 24 is described below in detail in connection with
For air handling control, an actuator controller 26 converts the flow change, Δu, values to Δθ values, which are added to the open loop actuator setpoints, θ, to generate actuator commands.
For fueling control, the state values, x, are delivered to a fueling control process 28, which receives other measured values and determines fueling parameter values. An example of a suitable process 28 is one based on in-cylinder condition estimation. For example, process 28 could receive, in addition to values of x, values from a MAF sensor, and temperature sensors for intake manifold and coolant. It uses these values to estimate the in-cylinder oxygen mass and concentration, as well as a representative temperature value. These estimations are then used to determine fueling control parameters, such as fueling quantity and injection timing. Examples of such a process are described in U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2006/0122763; U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2009/0007888, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/134,598, each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
For purposes of the present invention, the fuel quantity value, q, from process 28 is added to the setpoint change value, Δq, from controller 26. This value is then used to generate a fueling quantity command to the appropriate fueling actuator.
Controller 26 may be a cross-coupled controller. However, controller 26 could be made diagonal if a dominant actuator (one actuator mostly affecting only one flow) is present in the system. In this manner, the change in flow rates, Δu, drives the most sensitive flow device to bring about the desired change in flow. No nominal flow rate information is needed.
The outputs of process 37 are the flow rate change values, Δu. As explained above in connection with
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Need More Shovels
Political analysis, diatribes, propaganda and retching, from the perspective of the Christian left.
Saturday, November 16, 2013
Anti-Miminum Wage Contra Statism?
Originally posted at dpsst25.
I recently had a chance to observe some comments on social media when someone posted something supporting an increase in the national minimum wage in the United States. The reactions included claims of socialism as well as fears of creeping statism in the name of compassion.
Rather than getting into an extended debate over the issue, which rarely has any potential or opportunity for serious or legitimate discussion on places like Facebook, I chose to pose the following questions instead:
1A: Is anything that questions neoclassic economic theory and neoliberal economic policy automatically now labeled "socialist", and, is that supposed to be a warning or fear marker rather than a policy critique?
2A: Is the potential loss of jobs for youth entering the workplace worth more than the well-being and dignity of those who need to support themselves and their families at minimum wage jobs?
2B: As a corollary to the last question, is the only money in play from a low wage worker-vs low wage worker in a zero sum game, or is it OK to look at the money in CEO salaries and corporate profits as part of the equation as well?
3A: Does anyone disagree that the current legal and cultural climate sets up corporations as somewhat amoral "persons" whose primary overriding goal and responsibility is to increase the monetary value of the business to shareholders?
3B: Do the potential employee and employer represent two individuals with equal power who meet face to face to discuss the social and monetary value of the employee's labor, the value of the employer's business, capital, and product, and what a fair and livable arrangement would be in terms of work schedule, salary, benefits, and so on until a mutually satisfactory arrangement is reached and legally bound in a contract?
3C: If not, what forms of recourse should a current or potential employee have to counter the ability of the employer to demand more value from the worker's labor than the worker receives in useful compensation? To arbitrate a fair and livable arrangement?
3D: Is not the goal of immediate, short-term corporate profit and the power of the employer relative to the worker going to tend toward lower wages, fewer benefits, and an unfair and unlivable arrangement? Do not labor unions and legal protections help to balance out the interests of such myopic profit motives?
3E: Are there not corporations and cooperative-based businesses that pursue long-term benefit to community and worker above the profit motive yet still make money? If so, why shouldn't the legal and cultural climate favoring the less generous and sustainable business practices be criticized, restricted, and ultimately replaced?
3F: For those who favor the libertarian style solution to corrupt and unfair business practice, do you assume that employee and employer have equal power? That the employee has multiple readily available options of equal value to choose from? That these choices, if they exist, do not carry additional burdens? That being fired (for objecting to workplace conditions or questioning compensation) or quitting in protest has no social repercussions and no effect on gaining future employment (especially in the same industry)? And even if these things were true, is there no ethical obligation to those who must suffer until the situation resolves itself by such Laissez-faire principles?
3G: If, based on the last question, workers do not have the social, cultural, and economic freedom to choose their way out of a bad employment situation (either doing so with great difficulty or peril or simply lacking any viable options), or if it is not ethical to let people suffer until Laissez-faire principles eventually intercede and improve working conditions and employment options, does not the government have the obligation to intervene? Especially since the welfare of the people is one the primary duties of government in the US Constitution?
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Monday, November 11, 2013
Liberty and justice for all?
Originally posted at dpsst25.
At the end of a recent blog post I briefly mentioned ENDA, the Employee Non-Discrimination Act, which is making it's way through the US Senate. As the title of the bill suggests, the law prohibits workplace discrimination because of factors such as gender-identity and sexual orientation.
While the bill is going to pass the Senate and the President is ready to sign it, the Speaker of the House of Representatives, John Boehner, released a statement through a spokesperson last week declaring that he "believes this legislation will increase frivolous litigation and cost American jobs, especially small business jobs." Later his office added that Boehner believes the bill is unnecessary because such workplaces protections are already protected under existing law.
The claim that federal law already guarantees such protections is not tenable, and most states don't have such explicit protections. If such legal protections already existed, then the possibility of lawsuits for unfair labor practices based on gender and sexual orientation would also exist. So the two statements eat each other.
But let's get back to the initial press release. There are two important things that are being explicitly said.
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Posted by Dave at 12:23 PM 1 comment:
Labels: Civil Rights, Discrimination, ENDA, John Boehner, Justice, LGBQT*, Liberty
An Introductory Critique of Current Economic Philosophy
Originally posted at dpsst25.
Current economic philosophy is rooted in large measure in debates about human nature that took place between Scottish, English, French, and German philosophers between two and three hundred years ago.
Those individuals were echoing debates that have been going on for much longer, debates about whether humans are intrinsically "good" (caring, empathetic, generous, cooperative, altruistic, etc) or "evil" (indifferent, cruel, selfish, greedy, manipulative, etc), and to what degree external circumstances and choice could draw out or strengthen different social qualities.
Whether intentionally or accidentally evolved or imbued by some unseen force, humans have a capacity for various social states and qualities. In adaptive terms, this can be cast a conflict between gene-centric selection (focused on the immediate benefit of the individual) versus group-centric selection (focused on the benefit of individuals as part of a larger social collective).
Contemporary postmodern industrial societies tend to construct their economic perspective on 1) status/wealth as reward, 2) uncertainty of worthiness, 3) scarcity of virtue, 4) abundance of resources, and 5) belief in meritocracy. I'll review these briefly before challenging their effectiveness at creating a just society full of actualized and productive citizens.
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Posted by Dave at 12:16 PM 1 comment:
Labels: Economy, inequality, Virtue, Worthiness
Monday, August 12, 2013

Sunday, October 21, 2012
Greatness has Left the Plantet: George McGovern Dies
In Memory George McGovern (July 19,1922-Oct 21, 2012)
"the Senator"
That's all my brother and I ever had to call him. We knew which Senator we meant. His ill fated Presidential bid in 1972 was our baptism of fire into the world of politics. No more egar, idealistic, stary eyed kids ever burned up the spare time of their sophomore high school year than us. My first crushing political defeat, so devastating it led to my first drunk (the defeat party) and my first hang over (which felt like death).
From the defeat party they dorve me to the home of some guy they knew in the Hill Crest area of Dallas. Upper middle class homes. I'm left in the car while they do in. This guy has an Eastern European name which I wont say but that night I was so drunk I could not say it. So I began wondering the neighborhood knocking on doors and going "is this Less snlorebloxk bosh kie house?" They had to track me down several houses down the way from where they left me.
McGovern was born July 19th, that day day keeps popping up in m life. Herbert Marcuse, another hero died on July 19th and that same July 19, 1979 the Nicaraguan revolution triumphed.
He was a bomber pilot in WWII, he flew a B-24 and was decorated for valor.. Elected to the senate from his native South Dakota in early 60s, he pushed a program of "food for peace," fighting communism by feeding the third world. The Senator was one of the first to speak against the war in Vietnam, a courageous pioneer who was mocked and ridiculed, labeled a communist but who stuck to his guns. When Robert Kennedy was assassinated McGovern was ask to stand in as the replacement candidate for his campaign.
He ran for President again in 84 or 88. and of cousre lost in the primaries and fairly early. He spent his last years in Eruope working for United Nations. See Los Angles Times coverage. McGovern was a Methodist when to a Wesleyan college on the GI bill after the war. He was an avid reader of philosophy and in his college days was taken with the works of Walter Rauschenbusch a leader in the "social Gospel" the forerunner movement of liberation theology.
His 72 Campaign got off to a rocky start then went down hill. He said he was behind Egalton "a thousand percent." Then dropped him form the ticket when it was revealed he had been in a mental institution. He chose Kenndy bother-in-law R.Sargent Shriver (father of Maria) to replace Egalton. Everyone began to say "O he just flip flopps all the time and can't make up his mind." Nixon, the master of atheist style campaigning, branded him a communist. People said "he's a wild eyed radical it would be a disaster if he was in." They never read his campagin literature, they didn't know his popsitons on anything. They were certain he was a dangerous radical. He changes his mind all the time. I had debats in every calss I was in. The other side was always stunned with how rational he sounded when I got through. No one changed their minds.
During the campaign I couldn't keep track of how many people said "it doesn't matter, that Watergate thing is no big deal." That next year after Watergate summer everyone said "O guess you were right." some said 'I guess I should have voted for McGovern after all." I lost count of how many people said I see you were right after all.
Just the way people are. they don't reason, they don't bother to learn the facts they just go along get along until it's too late then look to the past and go "we should have listened." But we are not going to listen now!
I think McGovern appealed to the Texan upbringing of my brother and I. We raised to admire the Alamo and the fight-to-the-death-for-your-beliefs mentality. That's what McGovern always symbolized for me. He was a symbol of my youthful idealism, my compassion or the oppressed, and the never say die fighting spirit that's willing to risk and lose all for higher beliefs.
Wednesday, October 10, 2012
What's the Matter with White People: Why We Long for a Golden Age That Never Was
A book by Joan Walsh. This is an excellent book. Walsh argues that government action built the American middle class in the years after world war II. The things government did to create a strong middle were not available to blacks and Hispanics, until the social action of the 60's opened them up to minorities through the civil rights act. From that point on the Republican propaganda merchants begin selling the white middle class on a mythical golden age and feeding them the line they did it all themselves by their own worthiness as superior people. They totally forgot about the G.I. Bill, legislation that fair housing possible controlled lending, created cheap housing for middle class families, medicare which freed people from huge expense being wiped by illness in their "golden years."
Walsh, who is white, daughter of a Steam Fitter and union man, traces the rise of the American middle class from the New deal. Republicans in the Reagan era spread about the myth that Roosevelt didn't do anything. By the time that happened most of the old Roosevelt supporters and the adults of the depression who weathered the storm and aw what he did for them, were old and dying and not longer taken seriously by their children. So no on Remembers what Roosevelt did. The New deal a life saver for millions of people. It put the country back to work at a time when unemployment was 30% (we think we have trouble when it's at 8%--it just fell below 8% but no one cares). Even before the new deal American society was a fudealistic culture with the Rich ruling like monarchs in an unoficial capacity and whole states living in darkness with no electricity. Rural electrification was one of the major things that created the middle class, it gave people lights and telephone labor saving devices like washing machines. The old rich monarch of the community is seen, although most people probably don't know it, in the character of Mr. Burns on the Simpsons who is patterned after characters on Orson Well's film "the Magnificent Ambersons." (see about novel) The joke is Burns is so old he's a hold over from a past age int eh 19th century; the old money families are still in charge, as robber barons they ran coal mines, how they run the nuclear power plant.
The Tennessee valley authority is an example of the kind of government help that got the American middle class on its feet. This problem would be called "socialism" by tea party types it's what up American into the 20th century. About the time programs like fair housing started being administered to minorities, Republican pitch began laying the ground work for the Reagan era by spinning myths of a golden age when conservative Christianity was the norm and everyone was a republican and all white Americans pulled themselves up by their own boot straps. That was the major propaganda line for Reagan. The "America is Back" theme harkened unto that non existent golden age. On Tavis Smiley (the dreaded PBS) Walsh talked about how modern conservatives will speak of "getting government out of medicare" as though medicare is not a government program or an entitlement. It is both. It was major thing that made economic independence of the middle class possible.
SF GATE: Book Review
'What's the Matter With White People?'Joel Whitney
Updated 3:16 a.m., Monday, August 27, 2012
Read more: http://www.sfgate.com/books/article/What-s-the-Matter-With-White-People-3814027.php#ixzz28tFxoC3p
Reagan wielded the phrase "welfare queens," and pushed a false view that most recipients were black, lazy and happy not to work. This helped galvanize a false sense among working-class whites that they themselves had never received government help on their way to the middle class. "I once blamed the conflict solely on wealthy capitalists and their politician-servants such as Nixon and [Pat] Buchanan," Walsh writes, "pitting the two groups at the bottom against each other." No more. Her own side, including the race-obsessed left, played, and plays, into this.
In a sense, Walsh sees herself taking up the actual "sweet, reasonable middle." She describes a whiplash, "one day calling out the racism of the president's worst critics, the next day being accused of racial bias by Obama's defenders if I described his disturbingly centrist political maneuvering."Read more: http://www.sfgate.com/books/article/What-s-the-Matter-With-White-People-3814027.php#ixzz28tFiQBzM
Now the myth is that government is always bad, it's destroyed our way of life. what's destroyed the prospects of the middle class is Bush's policies, before him Reaganomics. The Republicans billed the poor "a special interest" while maintaining that the true special interstates (the 1%) are escaping the rising tide of taxes on the middle class. The label democrats "tax and spend" while they themselves are the one's whose tax cuts were primarily for the rich. Rowney's policies put the tax burden squarely on the backs of the middle class while allowing the rich to escape. Obama's tax policy would give the middle class the break and put the burden on the 1% who have 90% of the wealth and don't pay taxes. While middle class feels ignored because Republican rhetoric has made them feel that regulation is to blame for all their problems. It was the destruction of regulation that allowed the near economic collapse at the end of the Bush years, the need for the big bail out of banks. Despite what Romney said in the debate he had campaigned all along on a formula of decreasing revenue and cutting social program (such as medicare which he would replace with a voucher system). So he's just continuing the policies and the myth of the golden age and the self reliant self made boot strap white people who never had relied on government and are now oppressed by too much government. what they really mean by "too much government" but less protection from rip off and more burden on the middle class, few social programs.
Walsh's book is also a personal memoir of her family. I traces where they came from and what they've been through. This helps the reader relate and to puts our own experiences and our own family histories into focus.
I looked up "what was he accomplishment of the new deal on Yahoo just to see what the popular misconception is:
best answer chosen by voters
The purpose was to give the economy a boost. It's major accomplishment though was to keep us stuck in the Great Depression for years longer while the rest of the world was already recovering and out of their depressions.They didn't create any jobs and it was the New Deal that kept us in the depression. those who lived through unanimous to the least 1% new it saved their lives. The know nothing doesn't even realize the rest of the world was coming out of it because they were trying similar things to the new deal.
Primarily, it tried to put unemployed people to work rather than creating jobs for them to get. The difference being that the jobs created by the New Deal were similar to paying some homeless guy to clean your dining table. Sure it's a nice gesture to help out that person, but it's not any sort of real job that impacts the economy. All it does is end up keeping millions of people dependent on the government so they can keep their pseudo-job since no one else would pay them to do that job.
The New deal created millions of jobs. So that perception of it is a total lie. one can find it being taught in economists class all over the country.
Tuesday, October 9, 2012
Add one seven foot tall yellow chicken to the endange species list
Don't be surprised if we soon see Big Bird of Sesame Street on the corner holding a sign that says "will work for pledges." Romney promised to eliminate funding to PBS. How musch does PBS drain on the budget? Even right wing source like MRC News bulletin shows that PBS is not burden to the budget.
Noel Sheppard
Oct. 4.2012
The federal investment in public broadcasting equals about one one-hundredth of one percent of the federal budget. Elimination of funding would have virtually no impact on the nation's debt. Yet the loss to the American public would be devastating. [...]
According to Corporation for Public Broadcasting they get about 445 million a year from the government.
A nuclear air craft carrier costs more, the Nimitz class carriers are about 675 million. New Ford Class carriers will cost 9 billion. So for the price of one of the older style carriers each year we can fund PBS. So why the big urge to get rid of it?
Right wingers have hated PBS for decades. PBS is the ny source of counter information that actually speaks with authoritative research and counters what Republican Presidents have done. It's the bastion of liberal knowledge so republicans hate it. Shows like Frontline and Bill Moyers are Just about the only journalistic efforts that really expose the corruption in American politics. Getting rid of PBS would be a major step toward controlling the news and information.
Nixon tried to cut funding of PBS in retaliation for WGBH of Boston and their failure to report favorably upon his campaign. One of the people who helped save it was Mr. Rogers (yes the really nice guy). Here are some quotes:
- "We deal with such things as the inner drama of childhood. We don't have to bop someone over the head to make drama...We deal with such things as getting a haircut. Or the feelings about brothers and sisters, and the kind of anger that arises in simple family situations. And we speak to it constructively."
- "We've got to have more of this neighborhood expression of care. This is what I give. I give an expression of care everyday to each child to help him to realize that he is unique."
- "And I feel that if we in public television can only make it clear that feelings are mentionable and manageable, we will have done a great service for mental health."
Alternative Soruces of Funding for PBS
a research document by CPB (summary p 45)
A reduction or elimination of CPB funding will put a 63% (251) of radio stations and 67% (114) of television stations in the public broadcasting system at risk:
–19% (76) of radio stations and 32% (54) of TV Stations that currently operate at a minimum practical cost level, and would be at a high risk of closing
–44% (175) of radio stations and 35% (60) of TV stations have a history of operating deficits and would suffer reduced effectiveness or closure under increased financial pressure
These numbers are expected to increase over time:
–Under an optimistic scenario, an additional 3 TV stations and 2 radio stations would not be able to cover minimum practical costs in 2015
–Under a pessimistic scenario, an additional 5 TV stations and 17 radio stations would not be able to cover minimum practical costs in 2015
If Romney is willing to but PBS funding when it is inexpensive compared to other projects, how safe will social programs such Social Security Disability be? If he uses the opportunity to knock off a major source of information that might expose corruption in government, what does say about the kinds of things he might pursue as policy? What does that say about his commitment to an informed citizenry?
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Tallahassee, Florida -- The courtyard of the state Capitol was rockin' and rollin' Thursday as senior citizens from across Florida gathered to celebrate their day at the Statehouse.
The seniors energized the Capitol as part of the 2012 Ambassadors for Aging Day. Zumba dancers took over the courtyard and entertained the crowd with their spry moves and lively music.
The Florida Department of Elder Affairs along with Florida Sports honored two people as the Florida Senior Games Athletes of the Year.
Segismundo Pares, a powerlifter from Ocala, and Essie Faria of North Miami shared the top award. Essie competes in track and field, as well as table tennis.
She says her background as a dancer paved the way for her involvement in the senior games about five years ago and she loves participating.
"I think just being a senior and being out here and doing it is more important than just saying I won something, the fact that I'm out here doing it. I encourage everyone to come out and do it. It's wonderful."
Essie flashes an engaging smile as she talks about her experiences in the Senior Games and it's no wonder she's smiling. She earned eight gold medals, a silver and a bronze at the 2011 Florida Senior Games State Championships in Polk County last December.
If you add up all the medals she's won at the Senior State Championships over the past two years, the tally comes to 20 gold medals in four sports.
Essie has also set a bunch of records along the way in her 75 - 79 age group. She owns records in the 10K Road Race, 5K and 1500 meter Race Walk events, shot put and 800 meter run.
Pares has won gold medals in Powerlifting each year since 2007. At the 2011 Senior Games, he had a combined bench press/deadlift weight of 1,003 pounds.
Gov. Rick Scott attended the celebration along with Attorney General Pam Bondi, Chief Financial Officer Jeff Atwater and Agriculture Commissioner Adam Putnam.
Gov. Scott told the crowd all state leaders care about the state's senior citizens.
"Everybody up here knows that you built Florida. Everybody up here knows that you need to be treated with respect, every senior needs to be treated with respect. We are all very appreciative of the state that you built and you built it. Your hard work built it. Your taxes built it. Your policies built it. Everything you focused on, you have built this great state and we have an unbelievable state."
Essie Faria and Segismuno Pares earned the honor of Athletes of the Year from a group of more than 1,800 senior athletes competing in the Senior Games last year.
Dave Heller


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Born: May 16,1980
Zodiac: Taurus
Height: 5 feet 7 inches
Biography: Kulraj Kaur Randhawa is a Punjabi and Hindi film actress best known for her role as "Kareena" in the popular TV series Kareena Kareena. She gained recognition with the Bollywood movie Yamla Pagla Deewana where she played the lead acting alongside featuring Dharmendra, Sunny Deol, and Bobby Deol. This was followed by movies like Chaar Din Ki Chandni and Lucky Kabootar. Randhawa started her movie career with the Punjabi movie Mannat. Her 2014 Punjabi releases are Double Di Trouble and Nidhi Singh .See full bio
Kulraj Randhawa : PhotosSee more photos
Kulraj Randhawa : Filmography
- Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron (2007 Film)
- Chintu Ji 2009
- Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron-2007
- Lucky Kabootar
- Tera Mera Ki Rishta


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Alright.. Now that the year is over let's see how you did in 2012... Summarized for the year. Can't wait to see'm.
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Alright.. Now that the year is over let's see how you did in 2012... Summarized for the year. Can't wait to see'm.
Well I'll share mine:) Opening weekend of elk led to punching both tags, 2nd year in a row of filling both tags on the opener. Sorry for the little Idaho buck, we actually took 2 other really nice deer, I just happened to get the smallest on the mountain:) Montana Archery buck and then a last day old boned up dude. Thinking he was on his way down.
OK.. There's mine... Anyone else have some pics to share of their season?
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We were pretty hard on the MO and KS turkeys this year.. Calling in a bird for my wife is always more fun than shooting them myself, and I had the opportunity to call in a bird for a friend less than an hour after calling one in for my wife. Couldn't find my KS pics, but here are a few of the Missouri ones.. Got skunked on my CO elk hunt, so no kill photos there. Had a great time none the less. I shot a nice buck with my bow, and killed my first deer with a muzzleloader. The back straps were delicious :D
The last photo, while not hunting related, took place during the season, causing us to miss a few days of vacation, but, it was my favorite part of 2012... Getting to be the best man in my little brothers wedding.
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turkey from Wisconsin this spring. my buddies public land wisconsin bow buck. I was skunked in WI. saw very few deer. tough tough year both bow and gun. Muskie from northern Wisconsin is the one in the net. Muskie from souther WI is the one I am holding. I am the tall guy with the smaller mulie from Wyoming. My buddy got the bigger one. We were 4 for 4 on public land mulies in Wyoming. Did really well fishing on the local lakes here in southern wi, but cant find the pics of my bluegills and crappies. caught lots of bass too.
lots of landscape pics from WY and WI. I will post them later. Not much time right now. Enjoy!
oh....muskie in net was 36". Muskie I was holding was 32". Small fish, but fun anyways.
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guess you can only have 5 pics per post. here are the Wyoming ones. will post more later.
Boy there are a couple impressive whitetail gentlemen... Nice work!!
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I'm nothing more than a guide these days! That is what I tell my wife anyway. She gives me a hard time about the kids skunking me! This my nephew Colby he is 14. He had a good year, killed these two whitetail bucks, three does & three long beards. As for me I got this antelope out in Wyoming & shot two whitetail does at the house. Never had a big buck in range yet. Bow season closes here in Ok on the 15th. Might get lucky still, in 2011 I killed a 144" on the 14th of January. Try to find more pics not sure which file I put them in yet.
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My bros first buck ever
Sent from my iPhone using Tapatalk
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2012 was a pretty good to me. My twin boys with the caribou,fox,& moose harvested on this year's trip
My Wife and Sons Elk.... Was a great Season. Both of them were about 2 miles from the nearest road. 100% DIY on Public in Wyoming. Her's was the first day and his was the first Saturday.
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Posted 23 Apr 2008
Link to this post
I'm trying to determine weather to show or hide the checkbox in a GridCheckBoxColumn inside the grid's ItemDataBound event. I thought this would be a simple task.
Inside my ItemDataBound method:
if (e.Item is GridDataItem)
GridDataItem dataItem = e.Item as GridDataItem;
if (dataItem["ItemTypeName"].Text.Equals("Sponsorship"))
CheckBox cb = (CheckBox)dataItem["column"].Controls[0];
//cb.Enabled = false;
cb.Visible = false;
//cb.Checked = true;
lbCancelEntireOrder.Visible = false;
the lbCancelEntireOrder.Visible line works - so I know the problem is not in the ItemDataBound itself. Am I getting the CheckBox out of the column properly?
Posted 24 Apr 2008
Link to this post
Hi DJ,
Try the following code snippet to achieve the desired scenario.
This code is pretty close to what I had - but I did copy it all and paste it into my page with the same results. The label's visibility is properly set to false, but the checkbox just will not go away.
Hi Dj,
Can you check whether you have set the correct ColumnUniqueName for the CheckBox Column? Sending your aspx code will be more good.
Posted 25 Apr 2008
Link to this post
Ok, I removed everything except the UniqueName from the column:
Posted 28 Apr 2008
Link to this post
Hi DJ,
Could try the same code in the ItemCreated event handler? Try it out and let me know if this helped.
I put the code into an OnItemCreated method and get the same results.
I also tried to loop through all rows in the PreRender of the grid, but that didn't work either.
I'm starting to get really frustrated with this. Telerik has typically been good to me, but not the GridCheckBoxColumn.
Posted 29 Apr 2008
Link to this post
Hello DJ,
Attached to this message is a small application, which handles a functionality close to the one that you mentioned. Take a look at it and let me know if this is the expected behavior.
the Telerik team
Thanks for the example. That is pretty much what I was trying to accomplish, but 2 minor differences.
1. My form was put into edit mode so the checkboxes were enabled.
2. My column didn't have a DataType.
I've just removed the whole column instead of tyring to hide individual checkboxes - that is going to work just fine for me.
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