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Techniques are disclosed for predicting RF propagation within a structure such as a building. A reference transmitter location and a plurality of reference receiver locations are selected. For each reference receiver location, RF propagation pathways are determined with respect to the reference transmitter location. The RF propagation pathways include a direct path joining the reference transmitter location to a given reference receiver location across a straight-line path, as well as one or more reflection paths joining the reference transmitter location to a given reference receiver location via reflections from one or more reflective surfaces. One or more propagation pathways may pass through an RF obstacle, such as, for example, a lossy dielectric material. Each reflective surface and RF obstacle is associated with a reflection coefficient and a transmission coefficient. These coefficients are computed for each object and surface from a multilayer dielectric model, maintaining angle and polarization dependencies. For each propagation pathway, a propagation component consisting of the propagation loss relative to free-space propagation is calculated as the product of the magnitude squared of the reflection and transmission coefficients. The local mean of received RF power at each of the reference receiver locations is calculated as the scalar sum of the powers of all the propagation pathway components reaching the specified location.
1. A method for predicting RF propagation including the following steps:
(i) selecting a reference transmitter location and at least one reference receiver location;
(ii) determining a plurality of propagation pathways between said reference transmitter location and each of said reference receiver locations; said propagation pathways including at least one direct path joining said reference transmitter location to one of said reference receiver locations along a straight-line path, and at least one reflection path joining said reference transmitter location to one of said reference receiver locations via at least one reflective surface;
(iii) associating each of said reflective surfaces with a reflection coefficient specifying the ratio of reflected to incident RF energy, and a transmission coefficient specifying the ratio of RF energy transmitted through the surface to incident RF energy;
(iv) for each propagation pathway, calculating a propagation component representing propagation loss relative to free-space propagation of RF energy from a reference transmitter at the reference transmitter location producing a reference RF power level, the propagation loss being equal to the product of the magnitude squared of the reflection and transmission coefficients; and
(v) for each reference receiver location, calculating a local mean of received power equal to the scalar sum of the powers of all of the propagation pathway components corresponding to the reference receiver location;
(vi) calculating the propagation component of each reflection path including one reflective surface using a ray imaging procedure comprising the following steps:
(a) from the at least one reference receiver location, tracing the reflection path backwards, in a direction opposite to the direction of travel of the RF energy, to encounter a first reflective surface;
(b) determining a first reference receiver location image about the first reflective surface as the reference receiver location reflected about a plane including the first reflective surface; and
(c) calculating the overall reflection path length as the distance between the reference transmitter point and the first reference receiver location image.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the propagation component of each reflection path including n reflective surfaces, n being greater than 1, is calculated using a ray imaging procedure comprising the following steps:
(a) from the at least one reference receiver location, tracing the reflection path backwards, in a direction opposite to the direction of travel of the RF energy, to encounter an nth reflective surface;
(b) determining an nth reference receiver location image about the nth reflective surface as the reference receiver location reflected about a plan including the nth reflective surface;
(c) from the nth reflective surface, tracing the reflection path backwards to encounter an (n-1)th reflective surface;
(d) determining an (n-1)th image about the (n-1)th reflective surface as the nth reference receiver location image reflected about a plane including the (n-1)th reflective surface;
(e) repeating steps (c) and (d) recursively until the reflection path is traced back to the reference transmitter location; and
(f) calculating the overall reflection path length as the distance between the reference transmitter point and the last reference receiver location image determined in step (e).
This invention relates generally to systems and methods for predicting the propagation of electromagnetic waves, and more specifically to techniques for expeditiously predicting the indoor coverage area of wireless transmission systems using ray tracing approaches.
A wide variety of wireless indoor communication systems are enjoying increased popularity in industrial, commercial, and residential environments. These communication systems include, for example, cordless, wireless, and cellular telephones, paging systems, two-way radio services, video conferencing systems, and others. Quite frequently, the overall effectiveness of a given system is determined by the performance and reliability of one or more RF communications links. Whenever possible, it is important to position transmitting and receiving antennas such that solid, reliable communications links are provided throughout the desired operational area of a wireless communications system. For example, wireless systems often employ a number of portable units used in conjunction with one or more base stations. Although portable units may be used throughout the building, the base stations generally remain at fixed locations, thus affording the system designer an opportunity to optimize the position of the base station antenna.
The task of selecting suitable antenna locations is especially challenging in indoor environments. Buildings fabricated in conformance with modern construction practices typically utilize numerous RF-absorbing and/or reflecting materials such as steel-reinforced concrete, metallic partitions, aluminum air ducts, electrical conduit, plumbing, aluminum-clad fiberglass insulation, steel structural members, and others. These materials significantly degrade the performance of indoor RF communications systems. RF signals may be severely attenuated over relatively short distances. Multiple reflections and/or multiple signal pathways set up standing wave patterns which may cause signals to fade in and out as receivers, transmitters, people, and/or objects move or are moved about the building.
One approach to resolving the difficulties inherent in indoor RF propagation is to employ a multiplicity of receivers, transmitters, and/or antennas. A "brute force" approach may also be used, where transmitters are equipped to operate at relatively high RF power levels. However, these approaches serve to increase the cost and complexity of a communications system. Furthermore, the use of high RF power levels is undesirable due to recent public concern over the health effects of electromagnetic radiation.
A better approach to resolving indoor propagation difficulties is to optimize antenna placement for antennas which are to remain at a fixed location within a building. Several techniques may be employed to determine suitable locations for transmitting and/or receiving antennas. The simplest technique is intuitive, and involves placing the antennas (a) in centralized locations, (b) at relatively high elevations, (c) away from nearby conductive objects, and/or (d) such that a relatively obstacle-free path is provided between the antenna and the desired coverage area.
The process of intuitively determining proper antenna placement can be tedious and time-consuming. In practice, these intuitive techniques must often be combined with trial-and-error, cut-and-try methods to arrive at suitable antenna locations. The resonant frequency, standing wave ratio, and efficiency of the antenna are significantly influenced by proximity to nearby objects. Unpredictable nulls and standing-wave patterns can occur throughout the desired operational area. A multiplicity of on-site field strength measurements must generally be taken to assess and to optimize system performance. This procedure is labor-intensive, and may not result in the best practical solution for a given communications system.
It may be possible to reduce the number of antennas and/or transceivers required under the aforementioned "intuitive" approach by using one or more mathematical propagation models. Thus, the intuitive approach may result in a relatively expensive system which includes unnecessary redundancies in terms of antennas and/or transceivers. Likewise, the intuitive approach may not adequately account for all propagation obstacles, resulting in a system having poor coverage in certain areas of the building.
It is theoretically possible to calculate exact RF field strength values throughout the operational area of a communications system. Such a task could be accomplished by solving Maxwell's equations, using the building geometry to provide boundary conditions. Unfortunately, this approach is beyond the computing power of present-day personal computing devices, and is better suited for large mainframe computers. Moreover, the factors affecting RF propagation cannot always be represented with mathematical precision. For example, the electrical and magnetic properties of building materials are subject to field variations. Objects within the building, such as metal desks, bookcases, and filing cabinets, may be relocated from time to time. Propagation is also influenced by the movements of people throughout the structure. Although these building materials and objects can be characterized through actual measurements, such a task would prove very time-consuming.
Due to the significant complexities involved in performing exact RF propagation calculations, various techniques for estimating or predicting RF field strength have been developed. Illustrative examples of propagation models are disclosed in "Ray tracing as a design tool for radio networks", by J. W. McKown and R. L. Hamilton, IEEE Network Magazine, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 27-30, November 1991, and "Mechanisms governing UHF propagation on single floors in modern office buildings", by W. Honcharenko, H. L. Bertoni, J. Dailing, J. Qian, and H. D. Yee, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 41. No. 4, pp. 496-504, November 1992. These RF propagation models facilitate the calculation of RF field strength values by implementing one or more simplifying assumptions.
Existing mathematical prediction techniques do not provide a practical, efficient approach for designing indoor RF communications systems. These techniques were often developed in academic environments for use with large mainframe computers. Although the prediction of indoor field strength can be implemented with a high degree of accuracy, the required computational time is typically measured in terms of hours or days. Furthermore, the relatively complex mathematical computations are not expeditiously performed by state-of-the-art personal, laptop, or notebook computers. Unreasonable computational time and/or impractically large amounts of computing power would be required to implement these mathematical propagation prediction techniques in the field.
The simplifying assumptions implemented by prior an propagation prediction techniques do not sufficiently enhance computational efficiency for many practical, real-world applications. What is needed is an improved approximation technique for analytically characterizing and optimizing indoor RF communications systems. For these applications, it is not generally necessary to have exact agreement between predicted and measured field strength values. Rather, for the purpose of comparatively evaluating several possible indoor communication system design alternatives, it is more important to characterize average field strength values at locations throughout the desired service area.
Techniques are disclosed for predicting RF propagation within a structure such as a building. The structure includes a plurality of RF reflective surfaces. A reference transmitter location and a plurality of reference receiver locations are selected. For each reference receiver location, RF propagation pathways are determined with respect to the reference transmitter location. The RF propagation pathways include a direct path joining the reference transmitter location to a given reference receiver location across a straight-line path, as well as one or more reflection paths joining the reference transmitter location to a given reference receiver location via reflections from one or more reflective surfaces. Reflection paths up to any arbitrary number of reflections are considered. One or more propagation pathways may pass through an RF obstacle, such as, for example, a lossy dielectric material. Each reflective surface and RF obstacle is associated with a reflection coefficient and a transmission coefficient. The reflection coefficient specifies the ratio of reflected to incident RF. The transmission coefficient specifies the ratio of RF transmitted through the obstacle or surface to the RF incident upon the obstacle or surface. These coefficients are computed for each object and surface from a multilayer dielectric model, maintaining angle and polarization dependencies. For each propagation pathway, a propagation component consisting of the propagation loss relative to free-space propagation is calculated as the product of the magnitude squared of the reflection and transmission coefficients. The local mean of received RF power at each of the reference receiver locations is calculated as the scalar sum of the powers of all the propagation pathway components reaching the specified location. It is understood that the terms "reference transmitter location" and "reference receiver location" are used for analytical purposes to determine propagation path loss. Since propagation path loss is reciprocal, it is possible to exchange the roles of the reference locations to predict path loss, and/or to use transceivers at one or more of the reference locations after propagation path loss has been predicted.
FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating the operational environment of a wireless communications system to which the techniques of the present invention may be applied;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating direct and reflected waves in the operational environment of a wireless communications system;
FIG. 3 is a three-dimensional graph illustrating the concept of an image about a plane;
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the technique of image tracing according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart setting forth a method for predicting RF propagation by ray-tracing;
FIG. 6 is a plan view showing a structure for which the techniques of the present invention may be utilized to optimize wireless communications therein;
FIG. 7 is a graph showing both predicted and measured propagation loss versus distance over unobstructed line-of-sight pathways;
FIG. 8 is a graph showing both predicted and measured propagation loss versus distance over obstructed pathways within the same room of a building; and
FIG. 9 is a graph showing both predicted and measured propagation loss versus distance over obstructed pathways within different rooms of a building.
The techniques of the present invention were developed to enhance the performance of wireless communications systems. Referring to FIG. 1, an illustrative example of an indoor wireless communications system 100 is shown. The communications system 100 operates within the confines of a building 102 containing a plurality of walls or partitions 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118. The building 102 may include steel structural members, steel-reinforced concrete, metallic partitions, non-metallic partitions, plumbing, electrical conduit, sheet-metal air ducts, aluminum-backed fiberglass insulation, metallic doors, furniture, and other objects. A system base station 120 operates from a fixed location. Although only one base station 120 is shown in FIG. 1 for the sake of brevity, it is understood that communications system 100 could include a plurality of system base stations. A plurality of portable communications devices 124, 126, 128, 130 may be utilized throughout the building 102, and are each equipped to communicate with the base station 120 over an RF communications link.
Base station 120 is equipped with an antenna 132. It is desired to position the antenna 132 at a location which provides optimum RF coverage within the building 102, such that, when the antenna 132 transmits a signal, the received RF power at virtually all locations within the building 102 exceeds a predetermined value. In this manner, the communications system 100 will provide reliable RF communication links throughout the entire building, whereas nulls and weak-signal areas will be minimized or nonexistent.
Referring now to FIG. 2, techniques for predicting RF received power levels will be described. First, a three-dimensional coordinate system is defined for the structure or building 102. For example, the x axis 204 may be oriented horizontally along a first face of the building, the y axis 206 oriented horizontally along a second face, and the z axis 208 oriented vertically. A transmitter point 210 and one or more receiver points 212 are specified, for example, in (x,y,z) coordinate form. A transmit antenna 211 is positioned at the transmitter point 210, and a receive antenna 215 is positioned at the receiver point 212. The transmit antenna 211 is fed with a referenced amount of RF power. Each surface, such as wall 214, floor 216, and ceiling 218, is modeled as a multilayer dielectric. The transmission and reflection coefficients for both horizontal and vertical polarizations are computed for each surface using a recursive analysis approach. Recursive analysis is a technique well known to those skilled in the art, and it is described in the textbook "Fields and Waves in Communications Electronics" by S. Ramo, J. R. Whinnery, and T. Van Duzer, published by John Wiley & Sons, 1967.
In applying the recursive analysis approach, simplifying assumptions may be made to enhance computational efficiency, while at the same time providing results of sufficient accuracy for most practical communication system design problems. For example, both transmit and receive antennas 211, 215 are assumed to be vertical half-wave dipoles. It is assumed that each surface provides substantially specular reflections. This assumption is valid for approximately smooth surfaces such as walls. Furthermore, all surfaces are assumed to be orthogonal, in the sense that these surfaces are conceptualized as being situated in a plane formed by lines parallel to any of two axes including the x, y, and z axes. This assumption is valid for many buildings in existence today. However, if a given building contains curved, diagonal, irregular, and/or arbitrarily-angled surfaces, these surfaces can be represented using more complex mathematical expressions at the expense of computational efficiency.
For each surface, the reflection coefficients and transmission coefficients are sampled using the recursive prediction techniques described above. The transmit and receive antenna patterns are sampled as well, using standard field-strength calculations well known to those skilled in the art and described, for example, in the above-cited Ramo textbook. Sampling is conducted with a resolution of ten samples per degree and the sampled values are stored, for example, in look-up tables.
The propagation prediction process begins with the calculation of a received power value for a direct path 217 from transmitter point 210 to receiver point 212. This direct path 217 is the straight-line path from the transmitter point 210 to the receiver point 212, which may or may not pass through a surface such as a wall, but which does not include reflections from surfaces. The direct path received power values are calculated using a standard free-space propagation formula, where free-space loss is conceptualized as being a function of the total path length. These free-space propagation formulas are known to those skilled in the art and are set forth, for example, in the Ramo reference. In addition to free-space losses, transmission losses must also be considered. Transmission losses result when the propagation path passes through an obstruction such as a surface. This transmission loss is determined and normalized in accordance with the recursive procedures set forth above and described in greater detail in the aforementioned Ramo textbook. For example, if the direct path does not include any obstacles, the normalized transmission loss is 1, whereas if an obstacle completely blocks an RF signal, the normalized transmission loss is 0. The total propagation loss for the direct path is calculated as the product of the free-space loss and the normalized transmission losses. The power received at the receiver point 212 from the direct path may be determined from the total direct path propagation loss. These calculations are well known to those skilled in the art, and are performed using conventional methods such as those set forth in the Ramo reference.
Next, received power for all one-reflection paths 219 are calculated, followed by all paths involving two reflections. One-reflection paths 219 involve one reflection from one surface, whereas two-reflection paths involve a first reflection from a first surface followed by a second reflection from a second surface. This received power calculation process may be repeated to encompass any desired number of reflections. However, high-order reflections may have a minor impact on the total power received at the receiver point 212, relative to lower-order reflections. Furthermore, the number of possible high-order paths can be considerably higher than the number of lower-order paths, resulting in lower computational efficiencies with no useful improvement in accuracy.
The received power values for the reflection paths are calculated using the free-space propagation formula set forth above. In addition to the free-space loss, however, reflection and transmission losses must also be considered. Reflection losses result from the reflection of electromagnetic energy incident upon a surface. These losses may be normalized such that a reflection loss of 1 signifies a perfect reflection where all of the incident electromagnetic energy is reflected from the surface. A normalized reflection coefficient of 0 signifies that none of the electromagnetic energy incident upon the surface is reflected. Reflection losses are determined in accordance with the recursive procedure described above and set forth in greater detail in the Ramo reference. Transmission losses on the reflection path must be considered if the reflection path passes through any obstacles. These transmission losses were described above in connection with direct path losses.
The total path loss for a given reflection path is computed as the product of the free-space loss, the normalized reflection loss, and any normalized transmission loss. After the total path loss for a given reflection path has been determined, it is possible to calculate the power received at the receiver point from this reflection path. This calculation is performed using methods well known to those skilled in the art and disclosed in the Ramo reference. Once the losses for all reflection pathways up to a specified number of reflections have been calculated, the total received power at the receiver point 212 is calculated as the scalar sum of the received power values for the direct path and the reflection paths considered above. Note that reflection path losses and direct path losses can be scaled for different types of antennas simply by multiplying the total calculated path loss by the antenna power gain in the direction of interest.
It is to be understood that the concepts of the transmitter point and the receiver point are employed for analytical purposes to determine propagation path loss. Since propagation path loss is reciprocal, it is possible to exchange the roles of these points, such that the transmitter point becomes the receiver point and the receiver point becomes the transmitter point. Furthermore, it is to be understood that, in practice, an indoor wireless system may employ both transmitters and receivers at the receiver point location, and both transmitters and receivers may be used at the transmitter point. Alternatively, a transmitter may be used at the receiver point, and a receiver at the transmitter point. For example, the transmitter point selected for purposes of propagation prediction is typically the proposed location of a system base station which includes a transceiver, whereas the receiver point is selected in the general location where portable units are to be employed. These portable units may contain transceivers.
In computing the reflection path losses, a novel imaging technique is utilized. Starting at the receiver point 212, the propagation path is traced backwards, in a direction opposite to the direction of travel of the RF energy. Once the tracing process encounters a first reflective surface, the location of the receiver point 212 image is determined relative to the first reflective surface. This receiver antenna image location is conceptualized as the first order image location of the receiver antenna, and the propagation path is traced backwards from the first reflective surface until a second reflective surface is encountered. The image location of the first order image about the second reflective surface is determined, and may be conceptualized as the second order image location. This process is recursively repeated until no new reflective surfaces are encountered. It is then possible to calculate the overall path length of the reflection path by referring to the distance between the transmitter point 210 and the highest-order image location.
The coordinates for the image of a point (i.e., the receiver point 212) reflecting over a surface are found by reflecting the coordinate corresponding to the axis parallel to the surface normal. For example, refer to FIG. 3 which shows a point 301 having coordinates (a, b, c). A reflecting surface 303 is situated parallel to the yz plane and located at a distance D along the x axis. The image 310 of point 301 has coordinates (2D-a, b, c). In this manner, the coordinates of the highest order image of the receiver point 212, for an arbitrary path involving multiple reflections, are found by successively reflecting the receiver point 212 coordinates over the sequence of reflecting surfaces defining the path under consideration.
An arbitrary reflection path may be uniquely specified simply by setting forth the sequence of surfaces reflecting the incident RF energy traveling from the transmitter point 210 to the receiver point 212 along the reflection path. For example, assume that there are four surfaces designated as surface 1, surface 2, surface 3, and surface 4. Reflection path 3-4-2 specifies a path from the transmitter point 210 to surface 3, surface 4, surface 2, and then to the receiver point 212.
Once the coordinates for the highest order image of the receiver point 212 have been determined, the overall reflection path length is computed as the length of the line joining this image to the receiver point 212. For example, consider a rectangular room 400 shown in FIG. 4. The room includes a first wall 401 and a second wall 403. The first wall 401 and the second wall 403 are both parallel to the yz plane. First wall 401 is located at a point D1 along the x axis, and second wall 403 is located at a point D3 along the x axis. A third wall 402 and a fourth wall 404 are parallel to the xz plane, and are located at points D2 and D4, respectively, along the y axis. A transmitting antenna is located at point T, and a receiving antenna is located at point R having coordinates (a,b,c).
Assume that it is desired to determine the path loss for reflection path 402-404-403. In order to trace this reflection path backwards from R to walls 403, 404, and 402 to T, three images must be determined. First, I[403], the first order image of the receiver antenna point R about second wall 403 is calculated. This first order image represents the one-reflection image of the receiver antenna point R over second wall 403. This image is calculated by reflecting the receiver antenna point R coordinates (a, b, c) over the second wall 403. Thus, I[403], the first order image, has coordinates ((2*(D3)-a), b, c). Next, the second order image, I[403,404], is found by reflecting the first order image over the semi-infinite plane containing wall 404, yielding second order image coordinates of ((2*(D3)-a), (2*(D4)-b), c). Finally, the third order image, I[403,404,402], is determined. Note that, as with wall 404, wall 402 is also normal to the y axis. Thus, the coordinates of the highest order image are calculated by reflecting the y-coordinate again, yielding coordinates ((2*(D3)-a), ((2*(D2))-((2*(D4))-b)), c).
Once the highest order image is calculated, the actual reflection path is represented by image path P1. P1 is formed by joining T with I[403, 404, 402] along a straight-line path. In this manner, the total length of the actual reflection path is equal to the length of image path P1. This image path serves to significantly reduce the mathematical complexities involved in calculating propagation path losses for actual reflection paths. Furthermore, the coordinates of reflection points r1, r2, and r3 are known.
The distances between T and r1, r1 and r2, r2, and r3, and r3 and R are projected along the straight-line image path so that propagation losses occurring at reflection points r1, r2, and r3 can be applied to the appropriate locations on image path P1 to simplify the calculation of propagation path losses. These reflection points r1, r2, and r3 are determined as follows. The first reflection point, r1, is the point where the line connecting points T and I[403,404,402] intersects with wall 402. The second reflection point, r2, is the point where the line connecting r1 and I[403,404] intersects with wall 404. Similarly, r3 is the point where the line connecting r2 and I[403] intersects with wall 403. Finally, the path 403-404-402 is completed with the segment r3-R. At each reflection point, values for the transmission coefficient and the reflection coefficient are determined, based upon the nature and composition of the reflecting material. These values may be obtained via direct measurements and/or via analytical calculations if the physical properties of the reflecting materials are known. These analytical calculations are known to those skilled in the art and are disclosed, for example, in the Ramo textbook cited above. From these measurements and/or calculations, a table of reflection and transmission coefficients can be prepared for various materials.
Although an image tracing process has been described which commences tracing at the receiver point, it is to be understood that the process could alternatively commence at the transmitter point. Due to the fact that propagation path losses are reciprocal, the ray tracing process may be commenced at either the receiver point or the transmitter point. If the transmitter point is selected as the starting point, the term "receiver point" in the above discussion is replaced with the term "transmitter point," and the term "transmitter point" is replaced with "receiver point." Regardless of which point is selected as the starting point, the path loss prediction will be identical.
Once the reflection paths have been characterized as set forth in the immediately preceding paragraphs, the reflection path loss and path time delay can be determined using conventional methods known to those skilled in the art. These methods are set forth, for example, in the aforementioned Ramo textbook.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart setting forth a method for predicting RF propagation by ray-tracing, using the method of images described above in connection with FIGS. 3-4. The method is implemented, starting at block 902, for every reference transmitter location/reference receiver location pair. For each of these location pairs, the method is implemented for direct propagation paths (block 904). For all walls, if the wall obstructs the propagation path, the path loss is computed at block 906. Next, for all wall sequences representing (1, 2, . . . N) reflections, wall sequences involving the same wall in consecutive reflections are eliminated from further consideration (block 918). At block 920, for all segments in the propagation path, the coordinates of the image point (denoted by I[n . . .]) are computed. If the intersection of propagation path segments are within a wall, reflection loss is computed (block 924). For all walls, if the wall obstructs a path, the path loss is computed (block 926). Finally, the program checks to see whether all transmitter/receiver reference location pairs have been analyzed (block 928) If so, program control transfers back to block 902. However, if all location pairs have been considered, the program terminates (block 934).
The propagation prediction techniques disclosed herein have been assessed by comparison with actual received power measurements. Measurements were conducted in the test building illustrated in FIG. 6. FIG. 6 depicts a plan view of a building in a horizontal plane. A cross-sectional view in a vertical plane along section a-a' is also shown. FIG. 6 reveals that the internal partition walls of the building do not extend all the way to the true ceiling due to the presence of a "false" or suspended ceiling. Such ceiling structures are widely utilized in modern-day office buildings. The suspended ceiling is considered to be transparent to RF over the frequency ranges of interest.
All measurements were conducted at 2 gHz with half-wave dipole antennas each having a center of radiation 3 meters above the floor of the building. Received power data were recorded at 1000 individual measurement points while moving the receiving antenna over a circular area of a few wavelengths in diameter. For each measurement point, the local, average, maximum, and minimum received power values were recorded. All measurement sessions began and ended with a calibration measurement of the received power at 1 meter. A 100 watt RF power amplifier was utilized to yield an average received power at 1 meter of -21 dBm. This value was substantially independent of the specific location of the equipment within the building.
With reference to FIGS. 7, 8, and 9, three categories of measurements were conducted. One category of measurement was line-of-sight, where the transmitting and receiving antennas were placed at various distances along a substantially straight, obstacle-free, central corridor of the building. The second measurement category was obstructed paths within a single room, where the receiver antenna was placed at various locations starting close to the door and moving towards the wall opposite the door. The third measurement category was obstructed paths at corresponding locations in different rooms, where the receiver antenna was successively placed in various rooms along the central corridor, such that the antenna was positioned about 2 meters from the door in each of the rooms.
FIGS. 7, 8, and 9 show the predicted values (solid line) and the measured values (dashed line) for the mean propagation loss (referenced to the loss at one meter), versus the distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas. With reference to FIGS. 7-9, it can be seen that the predicted and measured values follow the same trend. However, the predicted values consistently underestimate the measured propagation loss. This result may be explained by the fact that the recursive propagation loss model described above and in the Ramo reference assumes perfectly smooth and lossless dielectric layers at the reflection and transmission points.
In order to improve the agreement between predicted and measured values, adjustments could be made to account for scattering losses due to surface roughness. Alternatively, measurements may be carried out in an echo-free chamber to obtain experimental data for typical and/or actual building materials. These data would then be used to modify the look-up tables which would otherwise be based solely on the multilayer dielectric model.
It is to be understood that the above-described embodiments are merely illustrative principles of the invention and that many variations may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. It is therefore intended that such variations be included within the scope of the following claims.
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Hello and Happy Holidays to All –
We will be holding a recruiting meeting for all Juniors at Velocity Sports
Performance on Sunday, January 11th at 7pm. If you cannot make it but would
like to receive the information packet that will be handed out…please contact
Nadine Tomasovich.
Penn State middle blocker Arielle Wilson (1st Alliance) and Illinois outside hitter
Laura DeBruler (1st Alliance) have been named Second Team All-American by
the American Volleyball Coaches Association (AVCA) announced Wednesday.
To read more, click here.
Congratulations to 2007 1st Alliance alumnae Sara Byrne for being named
Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference 1st team all-conference and
being named to the American Volleyball Coaches Association NAIA all-mideast
region team.
Cheer on our club alumnae as they battle in the NCAA sweet 16 this
coming weekend: Penn State (Arielle Wilson), Illinois (Laura DeBruler,
Abby Nelson, Catherine Culligan), Purdue (Jaclyn Hart, Jessica Ullrich,
Lisa Pierce), Michigan (Beth Karpiak), and Western Michigan (Caitlin Stimmel,
Jillian Mitchell, Kate Corbett, Katie Eberling and Jamie Gotham).
Congratulations to Margy Acton who was named the Suburban Life Player of
the Year. Also to Jamie Lundstrom, Katie Bazzoni, Mo Stroka, Jill Paluch,
Jen Mulligan, and Regan Riley who made the first team. And to Alexis Viliunas,
Laura Williams and Colleen McCollom who were honorable mention.
Congratulations alumnae Arielle Wilson (sophomore Penn State) and Laura
DeBruler (sophomore Illinois) who were named to the All Big Ten Conference
team. Also, to Beth Karpiak (Senior, Michigan) who was honorable mention
All Big Ten. 1stAlliance with three alumnus recognized was the only club that
had more than one player on the team or honorable mention.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance alumna, Laura DeBruler, who was named the
Ten Offensive Player of the Week after leading University of Illinois to a pair of
victories this weekend. The sophomore posted two double-doubles in two matches
and averaged 4.2 kills and 3.2 digs per set. Her effort on Saturday marked her 27th
career 20-kill match, which is just two off the Illinois school record. The weekly
award is DeBruler's third this season and the fifth of her career.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance Alumnae Caitlin Strimel, who was named the
Defensive Player of the Year for the Division I Mid American Conference (MAC)
and to Jillian Mitchell who was named the MAC Setter of the Year. Both play
for Western Michigan University.
Congratulations to Desiree Aramburu and Annemarie Hickey who were
to the Chicago Tribune All-State First team. Kelly Griffith and Courtney
Cunningham were named to the second team. Courtney Gosewisch,
Jenna Litoborski, Alise Tupurtis, Marielle Oestermeyer, Ali Deatsch,
Sue Hayes and Catherine Guido were Special Mention.
Congratulations to Lions Jrs. Alumna Aubrey Dondlinger who First Team
All-Ohio Valley Conference accolades. Dondlinger, a senior at Division I
Southwest Missouri, posted five double-doubles this season and was second
on the team in kills with 2.86 per game. She reached double-digit kills 10 times
this season, including in nine of her last 10 matches. She has also compiled 196
digs this season, hitting the 20-plus dig mark twice.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance Alumna Jillian Mitchell who was been named
the Division I Mid-American Conference Player of the Week. Mitchell, a junior at
Western Michigan University, led her school to a pair of road victories over Ball
State and Toledo to clinch the undisputed 2008 Mid-American Conference
championship and the top seed in the upcoming MAC Tournament. Mitchell
passed out 12.71 assists per set, in addition to 2.29 digs and 1.00 kill hitting .375.
With Mitchell leading the way, WMU hit .287 as a team on the weekend.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance Alumna Michelle McDonough who tallied her
first career triple-double in leading Binghamton University (15-14, 9-3) over
New Hampshire (7-21, 4-8) 3-1 (25-12, 21-25, 25-15, 25-22) in an America
East volleyball match. McDonough, a sophomore hitter, recorded a triple double
of 12 kills, 11 digs and a new career-high of 10 blocks.
Congratulations to Desiree Aramburu, who was named the Sun Times player
of the year. Four other 1st Alliance players made the Sun Times All Area 1st
team of 12 – Jenna Litoborski, Courtney Cunningham, Kelly Griffin and Annemarie
Hickey. Other 1st Alliance players making the second and third teams include
Marielle Oestermeyer, Alise Tupuritis, Ali Deatsch, and Aubrey Sniegowski.
We are proud of these nine players that comprised one third of all players
honored by the Sun Times.
Beth Karpiak (La Grange, IL), a 2005 graduate of Lyons Township was named
to the ESPN Magazine's University Academic All-District volleyball second team.
Karpiak is a senior at the University of Michigan. This season, she is averaging
3.13 kills per game while hitting .360. She currently holds the University of
Michigan record for hitting percentage. Karpiak began her volleyball career playing
for 1st Alliance VBC where she led the team to a National Junior Olympic
championship in 2005.
Senior Beth Karpiak (LaGrange, Ill./Lyons Township) of the University
of Michigan volleyball team was named to the ESPN The Magazine University
Division Academic All-District IV volleyball second team, announced Thursday
(Nov. 6) by CoSIDA. Karpiak is the fourth student-athlete in U-M volleyball
history to receive Academic All-District honors and the third second-team
selection, joining Erin Moore (2003) and Shareen Luze (1996). Stesha Selsky
was a third team honoree in 2007.
1st Alliance alumnae dominated the Big Ten Conference this week as
Illinois sophomore outside hitter Laura DeBruler was named this week's
offensive Player of the Week and Penn State University sophomore,
Arielle Wilson was named this week's defensive Player of the Week.
DeBruler became just the second player in Illinois history to eclipse the
1,000 career digs mark in her first two seasons, now with 1,023. The
sophomore recorded two double-doubles on the road over the weekend.
Wilson helped the Nittany Lions remain perfect in matches and sets last
week, averaging 2.0 blocks and 2.8 kills as Penn State swept Indiana
and Michigan State.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance Alumna Michelle McDonough who was
been named the Division I America East Player of the Week. McDonough,
a sophomore at Binghamton University, averaged 5.00 kills, 2.89 digs
and 0.69 blocks per set on the week. She posted 17 kills, eight digs and
four blocks against Cornell, 18 kills and nine digs versus Hartford and
finally 10 kills and nine digs against Stony Brook. McDonough has now
reached double-digits in kills 15 times on the season and is ranked second
in the conference in kills per set (3.45).
1st Alliance alumnae dominated the South Atlantic Conference this week
as Wingate University sophomore outside hitter Lauren Billo was named
this week's volleyball Player of the Week and Wingate University freshman
libero Maggie Malone was named is the volleyball Specialist of the Week.
Lauren Billo had 14 kills in Wingate's 3-1 win at Newberry College Wednesday
night. She hit .519 in Wingate's only match of the week, posting 14 kills
and no errors in 27 attacks. Billo also had a pair of blocks in the match.
On the season, the sophomore is second on the Bulldog charts in kills
per set (2.40). Maggie Malone recorded 19 digs in Wingate's 3-1 victory
at Newberry Wednesday night. She also notched five service aces in
the road triumph. Malone leads Wingate in digs (3.65 per set) and service
aces (0.40 per set). The Wednesday win clinches the regular season
SAC title for the Bulldogs, who improve to 24-1 overall and 13-0 in the
league. Malone earns SAC Specialist of the Week honors for the second
time in her young career. Billo receives SAC Player of the Week laurels
for the first time.
Western Michigan junior, Katie Eberling reached rare territory by notching
19 kills over the weekend to become just the 17th Bronco with 1,000 career
kills (1,016). She also moved into fifth in career digs with 968 as she tries
to become only the second Bronco with 1,000 career kills and digs. She
already holds the school record with 38 career double-doubles.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance alumna, Arielle Wilson, who was named the
Big Ten Offensive Player of the Week after leading Penn State to a pair of
road sweeps, helping the Nittany Lions remain undefeated in matches as
well as sets. On Friday, the sophomore posted seven kills on a .429 hitting
percentage at Iowa, also adding nine total blocks and a dig. The middle hitter
followed that performance by slamming 10 kills at a .692 clip with three stuffs
to lead the her squad to a victory over No. 12 Minnesota on Saturday in front
of a crowd of over 10,000 at Williams Arena. For the weekend, she averaged
2.8 kills and 2.0 blocks per set while swinging for a .556 hitting average. The
weekly honor is the third of Wilson's career as she was recognized twice
last season.
Annemarie Hickey was named MVP of the St. Charles East Tournament this
past weekend.
Congratulations to Lions Jrs. alumna, Claire Reeder, who was named the
Midwest Conference Volleyball Performer of the Week. Reeder was
named to the North Park University All-Tournament team after having 56
kills and hitting .381. That included an incredible 16-kill performance with
no errors in a three-set sweep of Robert Morris in which she hit .727.
Congratulations to Lions Jrs. alumna, Lauren Billo, who led Wingate
Univeristy to their 12th consecutive win with 10 kills. Wingate is in first
place in the South Atlantic Conference (Division I) with a 4-0 conference
Congratulations to 1st Alliance alumna, Caitlin Strimel, who was named the
Mid-America Conference Player of the Week. Caitlin Strimel's defense led
Western Michigan to a 2-0 start in the MAC with wins over Northern Illinois
and MAC East preseason favorite Miami. Strimel averaged a robust 6.29
digs per set with match highs of 29 digs against Miami and 15 against
Northern Illinois. Strimel is on track to beat the all-time dig record for Western
Michigan University and the Mid-America Conference as a whole.
Freshman Terese Byrne was named to the all-tournament team last
weekend for the Olivet Nazarene Women's team.
Click here to read more.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance alumna, Jaclyn Hart, who was named to
All-Tournament team at the Utah Classic. Hart, a sophomore, set the #20
Purdue Boilermakers to the tournament title.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance alumna, Simone Asque, who as a freshman
broke into the starting line up with University of Virginia this weekend. She
delivered for UVA, averaging 8.7 kills per game and helping UVA win the
Marriott Jefferson Cup Title.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance alumna, Arielle Wilson of Penn State. She was
named the Most Outstanding Player at the Nittany Lion Invitational. During the
tournament she averaged 1.9 blocks and 2.3 kills per set on a .341 average.
Penn State maintains their number one ranking in the nation and remains
undefeated this season.
The 1st Alliance alumnae continue to post impressive performances.
congratulations to Amy Pauly, who was named the SEC Conference Defensive
Player of the Week. Amy is a senior at the University of Alabama and holds the
Crimson Tide record for most digs in a season.
The Sun Times recently announced the top 50 volleyball players in the
Chicagoland area. A quarter of the players are from 1st Alliance and Lions Jrs.
Congratulations to the 12 1st Alliance/Lions Jrs. players that were mentioned.
Click here to read more.
Gillian Asque (OH, Lions 16-1), Christine Bowe (OH, 1st Alliance 17 Silver),
Jenny Buczek (OH, Lions 15-1), Courtney Cunningham (MH, 1st Alliance 17 Silver),
Jessica Falk (OH, 1st Alliance 16 Silver), Annemarie Hickey (OH, 1st Alliance 16 Silver),
MaryKate Imrie (S, 1st Alliance 16 Silver), Jenna Litoborski (OH, 1st Alliance 17 Black),
Marielle Oestermeyer (OH, 1st Alliance 17 Black), Jill Paluch (S, 1st Alliance 16 Silver),
Kelsey Safranek (OH, 1st Alliance 17 Silver), Aubrey Sniegowski (MH, 1st Alliance 17 Silver)
Congratulations to 1st Alliance alumna, Beth Karpiak, who was named to the
Georgia Tech Invitational all-tournament team. Karpiak led the Michigan Wolverines
to the championship by hitting .542 with an average of 10 kills per match. Karpiak
is a graduate of Lyons Township High School.
Congratulations to Courtney Cunningham, Marielle Oestermeyer and Courtney
Gosewisch. All were named Senior Aces (one of the top 250 players in the nation)
by Prep Volleyball. Click here for more information.
Laura DeBruler, a sophomore outside hitter for #19 Illinois has been named
Sports Imports/AVCA Division I National Player of the Week. Also, the CVU/com
National Player of the Week for her MVP performance at the State Farm Illini Classic
this past weekend.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance alumna Laura Debruler, who was named the
Big Ten
Offensive Player of the week. DeBruler was named the MVP of the State Farm
Illini Classic after averaging 5.4 kills per set to lead Illinois to the tournament's title
with wins over North Carolina, #23 New Mexico State and #11 Oregon.
Congratulations to two of our alumnae, Laura DeBruler and Arielle Wilson, who were
two of the twelve players named to the 2008 Preseason All-Big Ten volleyball team.
Laura is an outside hitter at University of Illinois and Arielle Wilson is a middle hitter
at last year's national champions, Penn State. For more information, click here.
Our club is proud to feature four teams ranked by Prep Volleyball in the top 50
in their age group. Lions 15-1 (top 50), Alliance 16 Silver (#21), Alliance 17 Silver
(#22) and Alliance 17 Black (#27) were all ranked in the top 50 in the nation.
While PrepVolleyball does not rank the 14 year-old age group, Lions 14-1 had a
winning record against ranked 16 year-old teams this past season and finished
the season with an overall record of 71 wins and 17 losses. For more information,
please visit www.prepvolleyball.com. Congratulations to all these teams and players.
Twenty-five 1st Alliance seniors will go on to play volleyball in college this fall,
the fourth highest number of any club in the nation. Congratulations and we
look forward to watching you continue your volleyball success at the next level.
Click here to see where our seniors will play this fall.
Sign up today for the Lions Jrs. co-ed fall youth volleyball league for 3rd, 4th,
5th and 6th graders. Deadline for sign up is July 31. Click here to sign up.
Annemarie Hickey (1st Alliance 16 Silver) received All-Tournament honors
this past week at the JVDA Championships in Louisville, Kentucky.
Congratulations to all teams that participated in the JVDA Championships
Louisville, Kentucky this past week. A special congratulations to Lions 14-1s
for their second place finish in the 14 Open Division, 1st Alliance 16 Silver for
finishing fifth in the 16 Open Division and 1st Alliance 17 Black for their
seventh place finish in the 17 Open Division.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance 16 Silver for a 2nd place finish this past week
at the PrepVolleyball.com Classic in the Wisconsin Dells. A special recognition
goes to Annemarie Hickey for being awarded Most Outstanding Attacker.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance 17 Silver for a 3rd place finish this past week
at the PrepVolleyball.com Classic in the Wisconsin Dells. A special recognition
goes to Kristin Hoffman for being awarded Most Outstanding Setter and Sara
Shannon on being named Most Outstanding Blocker.
Congratulations to Lions 14-1 for winning the 15 and under division at the
Asics Junior National volleyball Championships this weekend. Congratulations
to Lions 12 Red for earning a third place medal at the Asics Championships
this weekend.
Congratulations to Melissa Joyce and Jill Graczyk who placed in the top 10
(out of 450 participants) in the Nike Sparq Training competition. Nike has
invited both players to their headquarters for an exclusive visit in mid-July
to compete again. The overall winner will have an interview and article
to be published in Eastbay magazine.
Attention all 1st Alliance, Lions Jrs. and Fearless players, please join
us for the
2008 Club Party on Sunday, June 22 from 7-10pm at the North Beach Club,
1211 Butterfield Rd. in Downers Grove.
Events will include bowling, beach
volleyball and ping pong, and there
will be
pizza and soft drinks for everyone. The cost is $20 per player, so please pay
your coach by Sunday, June 15. At 9pm, the parents are welcome to join us
for the senior recognition and a club slide show.
Congratulations to Lions 15 Red for winning the 15 Club division at the GLC
Pre-Nationals tournament. Also, congratulations to Lions 17-1 and 14-1 who
finished runner up in 17 Club and 16 Club respectively.
Congratulations to Kelly Stack (1st Alliance 16 Silver) who was named 'Best Libero'
in the 16's division at the National Junior Classic tournament this past weekend.
Congratulations to Courtney Gosewisch (1st Alliance 17 Silver) who was named
5th Team 'Dandy Lions' (All-around high school or club talents who project as back
row animals at the next level) on PrepVolleyball.com. Please login to
www.prepvolleyball.com for the entire story.
Congratulations to Carli Weiler (1st Alliance 18 Silver) and Catherine Culligan
(1st Alliance 18 Silver) who were named 1st Team 'Gym Dandies' (Full time defenders
who work their butts off during practice and play to help the team at all costs) on
PrepVolleyball.com. Please login to www.prepvolleyball.com for the entire story.
Lions 13-1 won their pool in 14 and under Power League Sunday and finished as the
highest 13's team in the league.
Lions 14-1 continue to maintain their spot as the top 14 year old team in the 16's division of
Great Lakes Power League. Good job girls.
The Inaugural 1st Alliance/Lions Jrs. Potluck Scrimmage took place this past Sunday with
team and individual competitions being held. Congratulations to the following players who
won their respective contests:
- Best Serve - Stephanie Babiarz (Lions 17-1)
- Best Attack - Simone Asque (1st Alliance 18 Silver)
- Best Set - Desiree Aramburo (Lions 17 Red)
- Best Dig - Bridget Murphy (Lions 17-1)
- Highest Approach Jump - Courtney Cunningham 10 feet 1.5 inches (1st Alliance 17 Silver)
- Highest Vertical Leap - Jill Paluch 32.5 inches (1st Alliance 16 Silver)
1st Alliance 16 Silver won the 16 JVDA Zonal Tournament by beating Illini Elite 16 Cardinal on
Sunday. 16 Silver capped off a dominant weekend with a gold medal and an 8-0 record.
Congratulations girls!
Congratulations to Lions 12 Red for finishing first in Power league on Sunday.
1st Alliance 18 Silver took home gold and 16 Silver finished runner-up in the open division
at the Indy JVDA Classic Tournament this past weekend. Also, congratulations to Lions 17 Red
for taking home silver in the 17 Club division. Keep up the good work!
Congratulations to Lions 15 White for winning the Circus Tournament on April 13.
Lions 13 Red wins the Circus Tournament by beating Lockport 14-1 in the championship.
Lions 13 Red is in Pool-A of 13 power league.
Congratulations to the gold and silver medallists in our 1st Annual Lions
Jrs. Tens and Teens
Tournament. Gold medallists: Marina Gonzalez, Barbara Heidkamp, Nora Stack, Katelyn Papierski,
Megan Miller, Alexis Viliunas, and Laura Williams. Silver medallists: Sarah Dobrich, Clare Ryan,
Emily Morris, Kerry Mulligan, Morgan Semmelhack, Becca Dobrich and Nora Mitros.
Pictures are posted under the 10s team. Great playing girls.
Congratulations to Annemarie Hickey (1st Alliance 16 Silver) for being named to
the JVDA Showcase All-Tournament team.
Congratulations to the Lions 14-1s, who finished second in the JVDA tournament March 28-30.
They have entered three tournaments this season and have brought home two gold and one silver
medal. Again, congratulations and keep up the good work.
Lions Juniors announces day and evening summer camp dates beginning on Monday 7.7 through
Thursday 7.24. More information is provided on the Camp Information page.
Congratulations to Lions 15-1 and Lions 14-1, both of which won their respective age group at
the Dunes March Madness Tournament. Lions 15-1 beat the sixth ranked team in the nation,
Team Indiana, in the finals in straight sets. For Lions 14-1, this makes their second straight
14 year-old championship and have yet to drop a set in either tournament. Great playing girls.
Congratulations to Lions 16 Red for winning their pool on both days in 16 and under Power
League this past weekend.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance 18 Silver on their second place gold finish in the open division at
Central Zone.
Lions 17-1, Lions 14-1 and Alliance 18 Red all won the gold medal, and Lions 15 Red
took home the bronze medal at the President's Day Weekend Spectacular (Wisconsin Dells).
1st Alliance 16 Silver finished in third place and 1st Alliance 17 Black took fifth place
at the President's Day Elite Series (Great Lakes Center). Congratulations to all teams.
Lions 11 Neon led all Lions 11 and under teams in Sunday's power league with fifteen pass, set, attacks.
Lions 11 Teal was second with seven pass, set, attacks.
Congratulations to Lions 13-1, Lions 12-Red, Lions 11-Teal and Lions 10-Green
for winning their pools at Power League.
Lions 11 Navy leads all Lions Jrs. teams with thirteen pass/set/attacks during
Sunday's power league action. Lions 11 Neon was second with six pass/set/attacks.
Congratulations to Jessica Falk (1st Alliance 16 Silver) for being named as High Honorable
Mention for the PrepVolleyball SOPH 79. Also, congratulations to Annemarie Hickey
(1st Alliance 16 Silver) and MaryKate Imrie (1st Alliance 16 Silver) for being named
Honorable Mention for the PrepVolleyball SOPH 79.
Congratulations to Jenny Buczek (Lions 15-1) for being named as Highest Honorable Mention
the PrepVolleyball FROSH 59. Also, congratulations to Courtney Keefe (Lions 15-1) for being
named Special Mention for the PrepVolleyball FROSH 59.
Congratulations to Lions 17-1 for winning their pool in 18 and under Power League.
Congratulations to Carli Weiler (18 Alliance Silver) for being named a PrepVolleyball All-American.
Carli was one of only 150 players selected nationwide for this honor. Also, congratulations to
Alex Blatt (18 Alliance Silver), Melissa Joyce (18 Alliance Silver) and Megan McMahon
(18 Alliance White) for being named as Honorable Mention All-Americans.
Congratulations to 1st Alliance 17 Black and 1st Alliance 16 Silver who both won
their pools at 18 and under Power League today.
Lions 16 Red are the tournament champions after winning the Windy City Invite.
A reminder that all club fees are due this week.
Congratulations to Lions 16-1 and 15-1 for winning their pools at the 16 and under Power League.
Congratulations to Lions 14-1, 15-Red, 15-White, 16-1 and Fearless 15, who all won their pools at the 16 Power League.
Congratulations to two of our senior setters Melissa Joyce and Megan McMahon who have been nominated
for the Andi Collins Award given to the Nation's Top Senior Setter. For the complete story go to www.prepvolleyball.com.
Congratulations to Lions 16-1's for beating Sunsetters 16-Elite on Sunday, and being named Champions of the Palos tournament.
Lions 15-1's claimed the championship of the Palos Invite today by beating Sky High 16 Red. Congratulations.
All Lions and Alliance teams do well in the first seeding date of Great Lakes Power League.
All teams are now in full swing with Lions 10's and 11's starting today with their first practices.
Lions 13-1s are the first team to be crowned tournament champions this season with a nice win over
Fusion 14 White at the Fusion fest.


text:
View of Benares
Shivala Ghat, Benares
British Library WD1295
Copyright © The British Library Board
A high-quality version of this image can be purchased from British Library Images Online. For more information email firstname.lastname@example.com
This is a fine watercolour view of Benares in northern India by the topographical artist Thomas Daniell (1749-1840).
Thomas Daniell and his nephew William (1769-1837) travelled extensively through India from 1786 to 1793, making thousands of sketches and watercolour drawings which they planned, on their return to England, to turn into aquatints. The resulting 144 plates of their 'Oriental Scenery' were published in London between 1795 and 1808.
Benares is one of the most ancient of Indian cities, situated on the holy river Ganges in northern India. The Daniells visited the picturesque city twice, in 1788 and again in 1789, when this watercolour would have been worked on by Thomas Daniell. It is not one which was eventually published as an aquatint. It shows the Shivala Ghat on the western side of the city bathed in an evening light, with many pleasure boats including a morpunki, a gondola with peacock prow.
The riverside palace was where the last independent Raja of Benares, Chait Singh, had been kept imprisoned, in 1781, on the command of Warren Hastings.


text:
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text:
Eirinaki, Magdalini
Associate Professor, Computer Engineering
Preferred: firstname.lastname@example.com
Preferred: (408) 924-3828
Alternate: (408) 924 3828
Office: ENG 283F
- Doctor of Philosophy, Computer Science - Informatics, Athens Univ of Econ & Business, 2006
- Master of Science, Advanced Computing, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom, 2000
- Bachelor of Science, Computer Science - Informatics, University of Piraeus, Greece, 1998
Dr. Magdalini Eirinaki is an Associate Professor at the Computer Engineering Department of SJSU. Her research interests cover the areas of web mining and recommender systems and, in particular, on mining of social networks, aspect-based recommendations, interactive database exploration, and personalization. She has published several papers in refereed journals and international conference proceedings in the above areas and has served in the program committees and as reviewer in many conferences and journals.
Dr. Eirinaki is currently on sabbatical leave, collaborating with research groups at UC Santa Cruz and Harokopeio University of Athens, Greece.


text:
Long-term solution to the China-Philippine dispute over Panatag Shoal
|August 18, 2012
|Posted by Junjie M. under Country, Economy, Filipino, Foreign Affairs, Philippines
The Philippines' Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) admits that there is no short-term solution to the ongoing dispute between the Philippines and China over the Panatag Shoal — commonly known as the Scarborough Shoal — but that a long-term solution is now being prepared.
In April of this year, the Panatag Shoal issue began when Philippine Navy personnel were about to arrest Chinese poachers who were illegally hauling endangered corals, giant clams, and live sharks into their fishing vessels, which were allegedly fished from the Panatag seas. Chinese maritime surveillance ships then came to rescue these poachers, who eventually got away with their illegal cargo. Since then, Chinese ships have remained in the area and have continuously claimed that the Panatag Shoal is their property, despite it being just 124 nautical miles from the nearest Philippine province of Zambales and well within the 200-mile exclusive nautical zone of the country.
The DFA is looking forward to a resolution to this issue through its "three-track" approach, which involves political, legal, and diplomatic procedures. These procedures will be in accordance with the international law of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), according to DFA.
DFA says that the political approach will involve seeking the help and guidance from other countries or international groups, including the UN and the Association of the Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The legal approach will involve exploring and understanding the dispute settlement mechanism covered under the UNCLOS. The diplomatic approach will then be negotiations with China regarding the issue.
The Filipino people has expressed great concern regarding the Panatag issue, and still believes that the issue will be resolved despite what appeared to be sanctions and threats from China on the trade and tourism industry of the Philippines. Reports have come out regarding the problem in the banana exports to China and the travel ban to the Philippines that China has imposed on its people. DFA has clarified that the reports are not entirely accurate and that the problems are now being looked into by the involved government agencies.
So I guess, the REAL question is, do you believe that they will ever come to a compromise?
If so, how long will that be? months? Years?
Or, will China ever give up on the Scarborough Shoal?
What do you think?
About Junjie M.
A wannabe journalist.More Posts
Related posts:
- Total Firecracker BAN vs. Philippine Tradition
- 9 Interesting, Shocking, and Depressing Tidbits About Our Philippine Olympic Team
- 5 Lessons from My Long Distance Relationships


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Prior to the matchup between the New York Jets and the Buffalo Bills, we heard a lot about the rookie QBs leading both teams. We all know AFC East division-rival Buffalo had a chance to select Geno Smith, but elected to go with EJ Manuel out of Florida State with the sixteenth overall pick. The New York Jets selected Geno Smith with their first pick in the second round, thirty-ninth overall. In EJ's last game, he led the Bills to a narrow victory over the Carolina Panthers with a brilliantly thrown touchdown pass to Stevie Johnson. In his last game, Geno Smith and the Jets lost one they could've won over the New England Patriots. Geno's three second-half INTs didn't help. Geno and EJ met for the first time as pros this Sunday.
EJ Manuel, who also rushed 6 times for 40 yards, went 19 of 42 for 243 yards passing, and one fourth quarter TD pass to TE Scott Chandler. That, plus the two-point conversion he threw to Stevie Johnson, knotted the game at twenty with a little more than ten minutes left. Not to be outdone at home, Geno Smith goes 16 of 29 for 331 yards with 2 INTs and 2 TDs, one of which was a 69-yard bomb to Santonio Holmes up the right sideline. That TD pass, which included an incredible catch-and-run by Santonio, gave the Jets a 27-20 victory, and their first divisional win. Holmes caught 5 passes for 154 yards, while Stephen Hill grabbed another 5 for 108 yards.
While everyone had their eyes on the two QBs and the passing game, Bilal Powell rumbled for a career-high 149 yards on 27 carries. The Bills had no answer for him, as he showed patience while waiting for his blocks to develop. Other than a long 59-yard run by Fred Jackson, the New York Jets held the Bills in-check on the ground. Jackson finished with 72 yards, while C.J. Spiller only tallied 9 yards on 10 carries. One of the reasons the Jets have stiffened up the run defense… the insertion of DL Damon Harrison, the second-year man out of William Penn. Harrison Is using all of his 6-4 and 350lbs to clog the middle, and aggressively pursue the opponents run game. It seems like he's in on every tackle inside the box. We all remember how bad the Jets were at tackling, especially at the LB position. LBs will have less chances to miss tackles if the RB isn't getting past the line of scrimmage.
Quinton Coples (2 tackles) made his return from injury on Sunday, and saw his first regular-season action. Mo Wilkerson continues to dominate the inside with 2 sacks, 1 forced fumble and 4 tackles. Wilkerson, Harrison, Coples, Demario Davis (5 tackles, 1 sack), Calvin Pace (4 tackles), Sheldon Richardson (3 tackles, 1 sack), David Harris (4 tackles, 1 sack), Dawan Landry (3 tackles, 1 sack), Antonio Allen (1 tackle, 1 sack) helped keep a very skilled Bills team in check. Antonio Cromartie kept Stevie Johnson out of the end zone (2pt conversion withstanding) and tallied 5 tackles, and forced a fumble as well.
It sounds like the defense had an excellent game, but they contributed to the team-record 20 penalties called on the Jets. 20 penalties… 168 yards!! Kyle Wilson, who may have been flagged for a ticky-tack 15-yarder, was pulled for a bit in the fourth when it was clear Stevie Johnson had gotten to him. Darrin Walls, a third-year man out of Notre Dame, came in and held his own while Wilson cooled his jets. Rex applauded his team afterwards for the effort and the win, but he took "full responsibility" for the team getting called for so many penalties. In defense of the defense, EJ seemed to be rocking in his stance which appeared to draw them offsides. As for lining up in the neutral zone, pass-interference, and the like… they're in Rex's capable hands with that one. He'll have until Sunday to get his players focused, as the team travels west to Tennessee for another clash with the Titans. Next stop... Tennessee!!! By the way, it's the furthest west the New York Jets will travel this season.
-Joseph Haas Editor, HCoftheNYJ.com
Join the conversation on Twitter @JerseyHaas or send me an e-mail [email protected] You can also find me at HaasStyleInterpretations.com commenting on some of today's interesting topics in sports.


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By Bertram de Souza (Contact)
Published May 8, 2010
For weeks, David Betras, chairman of the Mahoning County Democratic Party, conducted the election contest for precinct committee seats as a "David vs. Goliath" event. After all, the Hanni name is well known in local and state Democratic politics, thanks to the late Don l. Hanni Jr., who served for many years as party chairman.
But when the votes were counted Tuesday night, it turned out that Mark Hanni, a son of the late chairman, was nothing more than a "Faux" Goliath. Not only did his slate of precinct committee candidates fail to offer a serious challenge to the Betras candidates, but Hanni himself was unable to win in his own precinct.
In Canfield Township Precinct 7, the victor was Thomas D. Orsini with 49 votes. Orsini is a Betras supporter. Hanni received 38 votes, while Alan Kretzer, who once served as party parliamentarian under Don Hanni, garnered 34 votes.
Talk about a political slingshot between the eyes.
Meanwhile, another Hanni sibling, Don L. III, was roundly defeated in his bid to wrest the Democratic Party nomination away from state Rep. Robert Hagan.
As for Betras, he won his precinct in grand style: 140 votes to 58 for Lindsay Bozanich.
Overall, the precinct committee vote count shows that Betras is well positioned to win a full term as chairman when the party reorganization meeting takes place. And that's good news for politics in this predominantly Democratic region. In the months he has been at the helm, he has proved to be a dedicated, hardworking chairman who is determined to change the negative perceptions people around the state have about politics in the Valley.
The Hannis are a reminder of a past that is better left buried.
"In the months he has been at the helm, he has proved to be a dedicated, hardworking chairman who is determined to change the negative perceptions people around the state have about politics in the Valley."
He was Marc Dann's campaign manager.
What Betras did this past election was cement his posistion as the county's kingmaker.
His first show of strength will be the slate he offers up at the reorganizational meeting. Will it be the same cast of characters who were bumps on the log under Morley, Ditzler and Antonini or will it be a group of new people dedicated to real reform?
I agree with 1970mach1.Bertram and the newspaper promote Betras but he was in the middle of the Dann scandal.The Ohio Inspector General in the Dann investigation report said that on December 22, 2006 a $6,000 check was written to Feisty Dishes and signed by David Betras, the Treasurer for the transition account.The OIG found that acts of wrongdoing occurred.The Democratic Party has a guy who was in the middle of the Dann case representing the valley Democrats. And why hasn't he been charged like Lenhof, Jennings and Gutierrez?
The Cafaro crime family is going to get the publicity it deserves as a result of Traficant's run for Congress.
The government's "star witness" against Traficant -- Mr. Ethics J.J. Cafaro -- will begin to look better as he begins to lose weight after he is sent to prison in June.
David Betras is on his way to becoming the Chairman of the Ohio State Democratic Party with the fine work he has done locally.
"He was Marc Dann's campaign manager."
David Betras should find more people like Marc Dann to keep The Valley in the news . When your own wife will not tolerate your behavior or support you Dave will . Right Marc ? And this is good news for politics in this predominantly Democratic region ?


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Maureen, David, and Dan Barber accept Westchester Magazine's Wine & Food Award, presented at the 2012 Wine and Food Weekend Winemakers' Dinner.
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Text of school board statement on Ryan Owens case
EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the complete text of the "Statement of the Henderson County Board of Education" that was presented by board chairman Mike Waller at Tuesday's news conference.
The Henderson County Board of Education is charged with the general control and management of the public schools in Henderson County. In so doing, we strive to maintain policies and to provide services that promote the education and the general welfare of all students in our school system. In each decision we make, our primary focus is on how we can benefit the children of Henderson County.
After the death of Ryan Owens, this Board issued a statement that it would reserve comment until all reports were finalized. At this point, the reports of the Medical Examiner, Deputy Coroner Don Farris and Bill Wilson have been received and reviewed. We are mindful of the concerns of this community, and want to emphasize that our focus is on addressing the issues, not hiding from them. While there has been much publicity about the discrepancies in the various reports, there remains a unanimous consensus among this Board that there were no acts or omissions by members of the Henderson County football staff that contributed to the death of Ryan Owens.
There has never been any dispute that the coaching staff was not in total compliance with the Kentucky High School Athletic Association (KHSAA) guidelines. The administration has been candid with the fact that there was no psychrometer on the practice field on July 19, 2006. At that time, the only person that had a psychrometer was the athletic trainer, and he was not present for morning practice during the week of July 17, 2006. Since that time, all head coaches have been provided with a psychrometer to record the heat index based on their individual readings.
Along with the rest of the community, we were disturbed to learn that the heat index readings were not obtained by the coaching staff until after 10:00 a.m. on July 19, 2006. That practice is unacceptable to this Board. However, it does not take away from the fact that the coaching staff had appropriate heat-related guidelines in place, and took immediate action to respond to Ryan Owens when he collapsed after practice.
During practice on July 19, 2006, the players were provided with water breaks approximately every 10 minutes, and were hosed down by the coaching staff on multiple occasions. Prior to the start of summer football practices, the coaching staff met with the parents to emphasize the importance of making sure the players maintained proper nutrition and hydration. They also requested that the players and/or their parents advise of any injuries and/or illnesses so that appropriate response measures could be put in place. These actions reflect the concern the coaching staff had for the well-being of their players. The coaches were well trained in their response measures, and there have been no findings which indicate that their efforts in responding to the collapse of Ryan Owens were inappropriate.
Another area of obvious concern is the allegation of inappropriate language by Coach Tom Duffy Sr. and his directives to Ryan Owens contained in Mr. Farris' report. While we have received conflicting reports of this incident, the use of inappropriate language and/or disrespect of students is not acceptable. All employees of the Henderson County School System are held to a high standard of conduct, and the Board has policies in place to facilitate that standard.
As Board Members, we are troubled by the reports, rumors and attacks that have been made against our school system. While we strive to address the issues presented to us, we are limited by law in our role as Board members and must defer to the administration in matters such as personnel. As a school system, we will continually strive to be progressive in our approach to student safety, and want to assure all members of the community that we are dedicated to protecting the well-being of all students.
As a Board, we have and are continuing to grieve the loss of Ryan Owens. We offer our sympathy, compassion and support to the Owens family, our students, coaches, staff and administration, and ask that they be shown respect during this difficult time. Our school community has suffered a tragic loss. Now is the time to begin the healing process.


text: Yes, Xavi and Iniesta are great together. But you can't deny the contributions of other players and the role of both NT managers they've had. It's a total package that's led Spain to success. Casillas for example has been great for them in goal and has saved their bacon on number of occasions.


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All courses must meet minimum enrollments to be offered. The Ball State University Music Education Department cannot guarantee that all of the following classes will meet this requirement. Early registration helps us provide accurate information to all graduate students.
On Campus
MUSE 650 Advanced Choral Music Methods (3 credits) CLOSED
Dr. Don Ester, Instructor
Strategies and techniques for the development and maintenance of quality choral music education programs. Topics include: selecting/adapting quality literature, structuring rehearsals that result in significant music learning and expressive performances, maximizing teaching effectiveness and student motivation via varied rehearsal strategies, developing music literacy skills, building vocal technique, and assessing student learning.
Note: a one-credit hour complementary workshop is offered 11:45a-1:00p each day; this workshop focuses on developing the musical and pedagogical skills necessary for the effective teaching of music literacy. See Sound Connections Workshop below.
June 9 – June 20, MTWRF, 8:00-11:45 am
Registration Information: MUSE 650, Section 1; Course Reference #33650
Note: Please register or contact Don Ester to indicate your interest by April 15. Depending on enrollment at that time, rescheduling and/or reconfiguration of this course may occur.
On Campus
Other Summer Offerings in the School of Music
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Press Releases
College to Present "Our Town" in Regional Theater Festival
Release Date: 12/17/2013
CONTACT: Sylvia Blair
Executive Assistant to the President
Carroll Community College
Carroll Community College to Present "Our Town" in Regional Theater Festival
Westminster, Md., —The Kennedy Center American College Theatre Festival (KCACTF) has invited Carroll Community College (Carroll) to present its production of "Our Town" at its annual regional gathering of over 1000 theater students from community and four-year colleges. The festival will be held in West Chester, Pa. from January 14 to 18, 2014.
Carroll was chosen from among dozens of colleges from Maryland, Pennsylvania, D.C., West Virginia, Ohio, New Jersey, Northern Virginia and New York. Over the past ten years, only three other community college productions have been chosen be presented at the festival.
"Our Town" is a theater classic tale about life and love. The play is a timeless drama of a mythical village of Grover's Corners, New Hampshire. The production has become an American tradition with universal appeal.
"Our Town" appeared on Broadway in 1938 to wide acclaim and won the Pulitzer Prize.
"I am exceedingly proud of our excellent college theatre department that helps to make Carroll a cultural destination for performing arts," said Carroll President Dr. Faye Pappalardo.
"It is wonderful to be recognized on a regional level among our higher education peers for the outstanding talents of our students," said Chair of Performing Arts William Gillett. "We will have to organize all of the participants in the show, rehearse the play, and make plans for transporting actors, equipment, and materials to the festival."
Carroll will present "Our Town" during a special fundraising performance on Jan. 13, 2014 at 7:30 p.m. in the college theater. Admission is $5 and donations are welcome to help support the expenses of the trip to the West Chester, Pa. festival.
For more information, please call 410-386-8575 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
Note to the Media: For best response to your inquiries, please call Sylvia Blair at 410-386-8411 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Continuing Medical Education
Medical City is accredited to provide continuing medical education, or CME, for physicians. It's important to us that physicians embrace meaningful, continuous life-long learning and improvement. Our CME program is intended to build upon previous learning. The goal is to close gaps in physician knowledge, competence or performance in order to achieve a standard of excellence in the provision of optimal medical care.
The CME programs are conducted in accordance with Article XII, Section 5 of Medical City's Medical Staff bylaws, the Texas Medical Association's System for Accreditation of Providers of Continuing Medical Education in Texas, and the Texas State Board of Medical Examiners' requirements for registration of medical license.
Important policy on privacy and confidentiality: In the course of any CME activity, Medical City expects complete compliance with HIPAA laws. Anyone who is affiliated with CME or engaged in a CME learning event has a legal and ethical responsibility to safeguard the privacy of all patients and protect the confidentiality of patient health information.
CME Series Offered:
- CME Calendar - June 2015
- Breast Tumor Case Conferences
- Congenital Heart Surgery Case Conferences
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- Tumor Board
Additional Offerings:
- 2012 Robotics Seminar
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To print your CME certificate, please click here.
For any questions, please contact:
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Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
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MOORE COUNTY: Sgt. detective crashes trying to avoid deer
A Moore County Sheriff detective sergeant is recovering Tuesday following a single-vehicle wreck.
Detective Sgt. Brock Holder was traveling east on Vass-Carthage Road, near the intersection of Farmlife School Road, when a deer ran out in front of his vehicle just before 6 p.m. Monday, according to Moore County Sheriff Neil Godfrey.
"With the pavement being wet, he lost control and slid into a tree," he said.
Holder was taken to Moore Regional Hospital in Pinehurst.
"He is doing fine," Godfrey said. "He has gone through surgery. His femur in his left leg is broken, and they got it reset and everything. It's a matter of recovery now."
This is the second vehicle incident involving a sheriff's office vehicle in the past week.
A Moore County deputy was injured in a wreck at the intersection of Plank Road and Hemp Street Extension in Robbins Friday.
"No, I am not concerned," Godfrey said about the two incidents. "The first one was a traffic accident where [the vehicle] ran into a deputy, and the other involved the a deer."
Collisions with deer are on the increase, he said.
Both incidents are under investigation by the North Carolina Highway Patrol.


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Man charged with lying about crashMarch 01,2013Police: man lied
about crash
A Chittenden man charged with lying about being the driver in a crash on Adams Road in Pittsford pleaded innocent to the felony offense this week.
Andrew N. Rasulo III pleaded innocent in Rutland criminal court to a charge of false swearing, which carries a potential 15-year jail sentence.
Vermont State Police arrested Rasulo late last month following a crash on Jan. 6 that involved his 2001 Nissan Maxima. A passing motorist found the car at the crash scene at 3:32 a.m. No one was in the vehicle, but police say they found Rasulos cell phone in the wreck, according to court records.
Rasulo reported the car stolen later in the day and also filed a claim with his insurance company. Police say using evidence obtained from the phone, they suspected that Rasulo was driving the car at the time of the crash.
When confronted with evidence, Rasulo allegedly told police he struck a patch of black ice, lost control and crashed. He told police he was in shock and scared after the crash and left the area.
Asked later why he lied about his vehicle being stolen, Rasulo told police Because I thought my insurance company would pay for it.MORE IN This Just InMONTPELIER The 22 water systems in Vermont that draw from Lake Champlain are participating in a... Full StoryJOHANNESBURG When Cecil the lions carcass was finally found after he was lured out of a... Full StoryWASHINGTON It took Ted Cruz three months to raise $10 million for his campaign for president, a... Full Story
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day 1739, 'Richard Palmer' identified in prison at York Castle as the notorious outlaw DICK TURPIN; IN 1836, Battle of the Alamo begins near San Antonio de Bexar, Texas; 1896, the Tootsie Roll invented by LEO HIRSCHFELD.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1472, Orkney, Shetland islands put up as collateral by Norway to Scotland in lieu of dowry for MARGARET OF DENMARK on her marriage with JAMES III, king of Scotland; 1962, JOHN GLENN first American to orbit Earth.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: City mayoral candidates debate campaign issues; Hartford, Conn., woman still missing; Neal Goswami reports attempts to legislate suicide; local woman loses 100 pounds through TOPS program.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1878, JOHN TUNSTALL murdered near Lincoln, New Mexico, by the outlaw JESSE EVANS; in 1930, ELM FARM OLLIE first cow to fly in aircraft, first to be milked airborne; 1955, nuke test WASP; '79, snow in Sahara.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Rutland Herald News Editor Alan J. Keays and staff writer Gordon Dritschilo discuss stories planned for the February 18, 2015, edition of the newspaper: Winter budgets maxed, legal marijuana, Springfield bank job, USPS slowdown
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1249 AD, ANDRE of LONGJUMEAU is dispatched by LOUIS IX of France to meet the KHAGAN, ruler of the Mongol Empire; in 1804, during 1st Barbary War, STEPHEN DECATUR scuttles the pirate-held USS Philadelphia in Tripoli.


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3 members
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Posted on June 2, 2014 at 11:16am 4 Comments 5 Likes
"I Will Be Attending A MLB Game Live In All 183 Days Of Play In 2015 (30 MLB Parks) http://mlbreports.com/2014/06/02/183in2015/"
Click the highlighted link there to read what the trip will entail. This will be the most decorated trip I have ever been in for sure.
Hope to see and meet some of you there.
Chuck Booth
Posted on August 19, 2013 at 7:00am 0 Comments 0 Likes
The MLB Schedule Will Be Posted for 2014 around Sept.11/2013/. When it does, we will come out strong with a monthly schedule page for all 6 months next year, a weekly schedule for each week, a master schedule of Doubleheaders (doable as a ball park fan), and also a scheduled home doubleheader master schedule (these often come based on weather cancellations that arise early in the season and then the team puts up 2 games in one day later on.
Each time will also receive a breakdown by…Continue
Posted on November 30, 2012 at 1:38pm 1 Comment 0 Likes
Hello chasers,
I recently purchased www.mlbreports.com and am looking for writers for the site. If you love to write about baseball in general and want to join a top-viewed website, give me a buzz. My goal is to have a writer for all 30 MLB teams. Experience in Word Press is an added bonus.
Get me here or on Twitter
Chuck Booth
Posted on March 31, 2012 at 10:21am 1 Comment 0 Likes
Howdy to all,
Here is the official streak schedule for my attempt at breaking my own Guinness World Record. In addition to hosting a 93 article series at www.fastestthirtyballgames3021.wordpress.com, 50 of the articles will be posted at http://mlbreports.com/gwr-tracker/ and at the main page of www.mlbreports.com on Mondays and…Continue
Posted on February 6, 2012 at 5:00pm 3 Comments 0 Likes
Hello Chasers,
As part of my World Record Pursuit, I am interviewing 30 baseball experts for the 30 MLB parks. Your bio (plus 6 or 8 pictures_ will be prominently displayed on a feature article the same day I will be visiting the park. A lot of it will be about the park and sights of the given. I will be focusing a lot on traditions, the fans, the team itself and their relevance to the city. Nothing big. The first couple of questions will introduce your bio. The whole…Continue
Hey Chuck,
I have a question? When would day one of the journey start? When you start driving or when you attend the first game?
Hey Chuck!
As you can see, I haven't been on this site much. I've been to them all yet again as I saw the new Target Field last year and next year I plan a trip to see the new Marlins stadium. I'd love to rank the stadiums for ya for your book. Let me know if it's not too late to do so. email@example.com is the best way to reach me.