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5. Doctoral Degree Regulations
Degree Requirements
University-wide Requirements
In order to receive a doctoral degree from UTSA, the following minimum requirements must be met:
- The student must be admitted as a doctoral degree-seeking student for the degree sought.
- The student must remove all conditions of admission, if any were assigned at the time of admission.
- The student must maintain continuous enrollment in doctoral-level courses until time of graduation. Exceptions are made for students on an approved leave of absence.
- Upon satisfying the admission to candidacy requirements, the student must be approved for admission to candidacy by the Graduate Program Committee, academic College and the Dean of the Graduate School.
- Upon satisfying the Dissertation Committee requirements and upon recommendation of the Graduate Program Committee, the academic College, and the Graduate School, the Dissertation Committee is appointed.
- The student must pass the final oral examination (defense of dissertation).
- All completed coursework included in the final program of study must have been taken within the preceding eight years to include successful completion and defense of the dissertation.
- The student must formally apply for the degree in the Office of the Registrar no later than the deadline for the semester in which they intend to graduate (for deadlines, see the online registration calendar).
- The student must meet the grade-point-average requirement of 3.0 or higher (on a 4.0 scale) in all work counted as part of the degree program.
- No courses in which grades of less than "C" (below 2.0 on a 4.0 scale) were earned may be applied to a doctoral degree.
- To graduate, all doctoral students must have a grade point average of at least a 3.0 (on a 4.0 scale) and be in good academic standing..
- The majority of graduate coursework must be completed at UTSA.
Residence Requirement
Depending on doctoral program requirements, a student may be required to spend at least two consecutive semesters (Fall and Spring, Summer Terms I and II and Fall, or Spring and Summer Terms I and II) in residence as a full-time student taking a minimum of 9 semester credit hours each residence semester.
Milestones Agreement Form
Doctoral programs in The University of Texas System are required to use the Milestones Agreement form to develop an agreement between each student entering a doctoral program and the department administering the program. The Milestones Agreement form will address time-to-completion and meeting program expectations. Students entering a doctoral program are required to sign the Milestones Agreement form and to work with program faculty on a regular basis in order to assess progress toward the milestones identified by their program.
Grade Point Average
A grade point average of "B" (3.0 on a 4.0 scale) must be maintained in each of the following:
- All coursework completed at UTSA.
- Graduate courses in the student's major.
- Graduate courses in the student's support field.
In computing grade point averages, grades from other institutions are not used.
Course Requirements
No specific number of semester credit hours of coursework has been established for doctoral programs at UTSA, although advanced coursework is an essential part of a doctoral candidate's preparation. Individual doctoral programs may set minimum semester-credit-hour requirements for the attainment of the degree.
Support Work
In addition to courses and research in a field of specialization within the major, supporting coursework will be taken to broaden or supplement the student's preparation.
Support work may consist of coursework in one area or several; it may be in conference, laboratory, or problems courses; it may be a supervised activity off campus relevant to the major interest. Some portion, not necessarily all, of the support work is normally outside the major area unless that area is of a multidisciplinary nature. At least three courses, or their equivalents, from outside the area of specialization are generally required.
Language Proficiency
Students are required to possess a competent command of English. Proficiency in a foreign language is a matter of degree option. Students should refer to individual degree descriptions for English and foreign language proficiency requirements.
Continuous Doctoral Enrollment
By the twelfth (12th) class day of each Fall and Spring Semester of each academic year, all doctoral students are required to be enrolled in doctoral level classes until the time of graduation. Some doctoral programs also require enrollment in the Summer Semester. Students should verify whether Summer Semester enrollment is mandatory in their program. For students whose programs do not require Summer enrollment, registration during the Summer Semester is not necessary unless the student intends to make use of University facilities or faculty time.
Doctoral students receiving funding may be required by their funding source to enroll on a full-time basis. Students should confirm with their doctoral program to ensure compliance with all funding requirements.
If a student has been admitted to candidacy for the doctoral degree, registration in the dissertation course or the equivalent is required. The only alternative to continuous registration is a leave of absence.
If a student who is not on approved leave fails to register by the twelfth (12th) class day, he or she may not return to the University without applying for readmission to the graduate program and must pay the Graduate School application fee. The application is reviewed by the Doctoral Studies Committee, which may choose to readmit the student or to deny admission.
Leave of Absence
Students enrolled in a doctoral program may apply for a leave of absence for one Fall or Spring semester when events such as illness or injury, active military service, or the need to provide care for a family member prevent active participation in the degree program. Continuous registration as a doctoral student is required unless a formal leave of absence is granted by the dean of the college in which the student's program is administered. A leave of absence may be granted for military duty or medical reasons. A leave of absence may be granted for other reasons if additional approval is obtained by the Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School. No degree examinations may be taken while a student is on a leave of absence. If the student has not yet been admitted to candidacy for the doctoral degree, this request must be approved in advance of the leave by the graduate adviser. If the student has been admitted to candidacy, the application must be approved in advance by the graduate adviser and the graduate associate dean of the college and Dean of the Graduate School. A leave of absence is required for Fall and Spring semesters (and/or Summer if doctoral program mandates Summer enrollment). Under no circumstances may a leave of absence be applied retroactively.
A leave of absence will prevent the student from receiving student funding from his or her program and may affect ability to receive financial aid or loans and/or to defer payments on loans. Students should contact the Office of Financial Aid with questions regarding financial aid or loan status.
A student returning from a leave of absence must enroll for the following Fall or Spring Semester or provide a written request for a leave of absence extension (a leave of absence may not exceed one year throughout the student's degree program).
A student who does not register or who does not secure an approved leave of absence extension each semester will be considered to have withdrawn and will be dropped from the program and from candidacy for the degree. Approval of a Petition for Reinstatement will be required for reinstatement. For more information, visit the Graduate School Web site at http://graduateschool.utsa.edu.
Transfer of Credit
Students are expected to complete all coursework at UTSA. Exceptions require approval of the appropriate Graduate Program Committee, academic College, and the Graduate School, and must meet conditions for transfer of credit. Work counted toward a degree at another institution cannot be transferred.
Conditions for transfer of credit:
- Students must complete the form "Transfer of Graduate Credit towards Doctoral Degree."
- The courses must have been completed with a "B" (3.0) or better.
- Coursework must be from an accredited university and have not been used in another degree program.
- An official transcript from the institution where the coursework was completed must be submitted.
- All coursework must have been completed no more than six years before the degree was awarded.
- Coursework is subject to approval of the appropriate Graduate Program Committee and academic College in which the program is administered.
- Courses must be defined as graduate-level work at the institution where the credit was earned.
- International transcripts must be evaluated by a UTSA approved foreign credential evaluation service agency.
Students should not take courses they plan to transfer from another institution the semester they plan to graduate due to the time limitation on receiving the grades and certifying the student for graduation.
Applicants with a master's degree in the field of the doctoral program of interest or related field may apply a maximum of 30 semester credit hours of previously earned graduate credit toward a post-baccalaureate doctoral degree program, pending approval from the Graduate Program Committee, academic College, and Dean of the Graduate School; provided the credit has not been used toward another doctoral degree.
Limited Acceptability
UTSA Undergraduate Courses
Credit earned in undergraduate-level courses may not be applied to a doctoral degree program. Such courses may be taken to meet background or support requirements, if necessary.
Not Accepted
Correspondence and Extension Courses
Courses completed by correspondence or extension may not be applied to a doctoral degree program.
Courses Counted for Another Degree
No courses counted toward a master's degree may be counted towards a doctoral degree requiring a master's degree for admission.
No course counted toward another doctoral degree may be counted toward a doctoral degree at UTSA, either directly or by substitution.
Graduate Program Committee Requirements
The Graduate Program Committee specifies the coursework the student must complete, the qualifying examinations (written, oral, or both) the student must pass, the conditions under which the student may retake all or part of a qualifying examination, and the procedures the student must follow in developing a dissertation proposal.
In consultation with the graduate advisor, the student proposes a Dissertation Committee to advise or direct the student on the research and writing of the dissertation. The student selects the chair of the Dissertation Committee, with the consent of that person and permission of the academic College, and the Dean of the Graduate School.
Admission to Candidacy
Students seeking a doctoral degree at UTSA must be admitted to candidacy. In order to be admitted to candidacy, the student must comply with the following requirements:
- Fulfill the requirements for unconditional admission as a graduate degree-seeking student, which entails the removal of any conditions assigned at the time of admission.
- Satisfy any special admission requirements established for the degree program.
- Be in good standing.
- Pass a qualifying examination (written, oral, or both) prepared by the Graduate Program Committee and meet any other requirements specified by the Graduate Program Committee for the specific degree program.
- Submit a proposed program of study.
- Upon satisfying the above requirements, be recommended for admission to candidacy by the appropriate Graduate Program Committee, which in the case of interdisciplinary programs is a committee appointed by the Graduate School, consisting of no fewer than five members of the Graduate Faculty, with at least one representative from each of the disciplines included in the program.
- Having satisfied the above requirements, be approved for admission to candidacy by the academic College and the Dean of the Graduate School.
Completing the Degree
Program of Study
Before admission to candidacy, the student's proposed program of study is under the direction of the Graduate Program Committee in the major program area through an appropriate program advisor, if designated, and the Graduate Advisor of Record. Upon admission to candidacy and the formation of the student's dissertation committee, the program of study comes under the purview of the Dissertation Committee, which reviews the proposed program of study and recommends to the Graduate Program Committee any additional course requirements. The final program of study, as approved by the Graduate Program Committee, is then recommended to the academic College and the Graduate School for approval. Approval of the final program of study by the Graduate School is a degree requirement. All completed coursework included in the final program of study must have been taken within the preceding eight years. No course for which a grade of less than "C" was earned can be applied to the doctoral degree.
Students who are admitted to a doctoral program directly from the bachelor's-level degree and who complete all requirements for the master's degree and who pass their doctoral qualifying examination may apply to receive their master's degree. Courses counted toward the master's degree may also be included in the overall requirements of the doctorate. Final approval for the interim master's degree will not be processed for the current semester if received after the Census Date.
Qualifying Examination
All students seeking a doctoral degree must pass a qualifying examination. This examination consists of questions to test the candidate's knowledge and command of the major field. An examination covering support work is not a University-wide requirement, but it may be required at the discretion of the Graduate Program Committee or the Dissertation Committee.
Registration during Examination Semester(s)
Students must be registered during any semester or term in which they are taking required examinations.
Dissertation Committee
Upon admission to candidacy and in consultation with the Graduate Advisor of Record, the student selects their supervising professor with that professor's consent. Upon recommendation of the Graduate Program Committee and the academic College, the Graduate School appoints the Dissertation Committee. The committee must consist of at least four members, including the supervising professor who consults with other members of the committee as work proceeds.
The Dissertation Committee advises the student on the research and writing of the dissertation, conducts the final oral examination, and approves the dissertation. The chair of the Dissertation Committee ordinarily serves as the supervisor of research. Other members of the committee should be consulted as appropriate. Occasionally, a research professor or researcher who is not a member of the Graduate Faculty may be recommended by the Graduate Program Committee to serve as the supervisor for a specific dissertation because his or her expertise would be valuable to the student. When the research supervisor is not a member of the Graduate Faculty in the student's area of study, a member of the Graduate Program Committee will be appointed as co-chair of the Dissertation Committee. The chair of the Dissertation Committee must be a member of the Graduate Faculty for that graduate program. Changes to the Dissertation Committee require documentation to be signed by the Department Chair, the Dean of the College, and the Dean of the Graduate School and must be received by the Graduate School.
In addition to recommending the student's final program of study to the Graduate Program Committee and supervising the research and writing of the dissertation, the Dissertation Committee certifies to the academic College and the Graduate School that all degree requirements have been fulfilled.
Time Limit for Completing Doctoral Degree
Doctoral students have a time to degree completion of eight years comprised of six years from admission to candidacy and two years for dissertation. If the student takes an approved leave of absence, the time limit for reaching candidacy or completing the degree will be extended by the number of terms the student is on approved leave of absence. All completed work that is included in a doctoral student's degree program at the time of admission to candidacy must have been taken within the previous six years (exclusive of a maximum of three years of military service). The Graduate Program Committee will review the programs of students who have not completed the degree at the end of two years from admission to candidacy; the committee will review the status of the student's program yearly thereafter. At those times, the committee may recommend additional coursework, further examinations, or termination of candidacy. In addition, the program is subject to review by the Dean of the Graduate School.
Doctoral Dissertation
A dissertation is required of every candidate and must be an original contribution to scholarship, based on independent investigation in the major area. It must be approved by the Dissertation Committee. Registration for the dissertation must be for a period of more than one semester. During each semester or term that a student receives advice and/or assistance from a faculty member or supervision by the Dissertation Committee or uses University resources, they are required to enroll in the appropriate dissertation course.
Final Oral Examination (Defense of Dissertation)
A satisfactory final oral examination is required for the approval of a dissertation. After the Dissertation Committee makes a decision, which must be unanimous, to accept a dissertation for examination, the supervising professor notifies the Graduate School at least two weeks in advance of the date of the final oral examination.
The examination covers the dissertation and the general field of the dissertation, and other parts of the student's program as determined by the committee. All members of the Dissertation Committee must be satisfied that the student has:
- completed the work assigned by the committee;
- passed all examinations required by the program's Graduate Program Committee, including the final oral examination;
- completed a dissertation that is an independent investigation in the major field, and that itself constitutes a contribution to knowledge; and
- submitted an abstract for publication in Dissertation Abstracts International that meets with the approval of the committee.
Once this is complete, the Dissertation Committee members sign the approval sheets for the doctoral dissertation and make an official recommendation to the academic College and the Dean of the Graduate School that the doctoral degree be awarded. Approval must be unanimous.
A student must be enrolled for dissertation hours during the semester the student plans to defend the dissertation.
Submission and Publication of Dissertation
When the student has successfully defended the dissertation, he or she is required to make arrangements for its publication with the Graduate School. Students are required to adhere to the detailed requirements of dissertation formatting guidelines and deadlines for submission of the dissertation. For information on deadlines, visit the Graduate School Web site at http://graduateschool.utsa.edu. Dissertations received after the posted deadline will not be accepted. Two unbound copies, including the original of the dissertation, must be on file at the Graduate School by the submission deadline. The two copies are for the UTSA library. Students are responsible for uploading their complete dissertation to ProQuest UMI for publishing with the option of ordering personal copies for binding. The student is required to pay all associated fees.
The format of the dissertation must follow University regulations or it will not be accepted. The original copy must adhere to the most current dissertation formatting guidelines at time of submission. The student may request that the Graduate School delay in making the dissertation available to the public for one or more years in order to protect the patent or other rights. This request must be supported by a written recommendation from the dissertation supervisor.
Registration of copyright at the author's expense may be arranged, if desired and appropriate, by completing the online form through ProQuest UMI when uploading the final draft. In order to protect patent or other rights, the student or supervising professor may request that the Graduate School delay publication for one year. This request must be supported by a written recommendation by the student's supervising professor.
Acceptance of the dissertation requires final approval from the Dean of the Graduate School.
Approval of the Degree
Upon approval by the Dissertation Committee of the dissertation and its defense, the Graduate Program Committee certifies to the academic College and the Dean of the Graduate School that the student has completed all degree requirements, has passed all required examinations, and is entitled to the award of the doctoral degree.


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A Sunflower Stop
Location! Location! A clean, bright, happy oasis in the city. All you want and expect from a top hostel. Hostelworld "Top Rated" in Africa for 2007. Nestled between the mountains and sea, the backpackers hostel is in the perfect location to enjoy your time in Cape Town. Graded 4 STAR ****
Our main aim is to make our guests feel at home in a relaxed, friendly and clean environment. Our building is non smoking with a lovely outside thatch bar for smoking or in our garden around the swimming pool. Full linen is supplied with towels on deposit.
Availability & RatesTo view availability and prices please select dates and click 'Update Dates'
Hostel Facilities & Policies
- Airport transfers
- Bar
- Bicycle hire
- Book exchange
- Cable TV
- Card phones
- Ceiling fan
- Child Friendly
- Common Room
- Credit Cards Accepted
- Currency exchange
- Fax Service
- Free City Maps
- Free Internet Access
- Free Wifi
- Hot Showers
- House Keeping
- Kitchen
- Laundry Facilities
- Linen Included
- Lockers
- Luggage Storage
- Non Smoking
- Outdoor Swimming Pool
- Outdoor Terrace
- Reading Light
- Safety Deposit Box
- Shuttle Bus
- Swimming Pool
- Taxes included
- Tea/Coffee Making Facilities
- Tours/Travel Desk
- Towels Included
- Washing Machine
Cancellation PolicyThis property has a 1 day cancellation policy. Failure to cancel within this time will result in a cancellation charge equal to the first night of your stay.
Must-Read Hostel InfoThis property has specific Terms & Conditions.
Special Event Policy: Guests need to contact Sunflower Stop to arrange to pay the balance of the 1st night to secure your booking with us.
DirectionsShow MapHide Map
Take N1 or N2 towards the city. As you come into the city with the waterfront on your right - follow road up towards mountain. Turn right into Somerset Road (3rd traffic light). Follow this road which becomes Main Road.
Past the small shopping area on left approx. 500m down the road on left. Big Happy Yellow building - corner of Main and St. George's Street.
Located Near
V& A Waterfront
400m from Cape Town Stadium
City Centre only 2km away
Sea Front
On taxi and bus route
100m Cape Town's biggest Gym (Virgin active)

subset: commoncrawl


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- Willamette
- Athletics
- Teams
- Cross Country
- Facilities
Bush's Pasture Park
From Willamette University, Bush's Pasture Park (90.5 acres) is just a 2 block walk from campus while passing the Salem Hospital. Bush is a public park that is highly utilized by the Willamette community. Professors take their classes out there to conduct scientific surveys or perform ecological restoration projects; students take a break from studying to exercise in the park or have a picnic; and four Willamette University sports call the park home: Baseball—Spec Keene Stadium; Football—McCulloch Stadium; and Track and Field—Charles Bowles Track. Cross Country uses the entire park for training and for its home meets, including the Charles Bowles Invitational, the largest collegiate-only cross country meet in the west. The bark trail around the perimeter of the park is approximately 1.5 miles, making it a great place for Bearcat runners to do an easy run or a workout. Races in Bush are ideal for the spectator as well as for the runners as there are many vantage points to cheer from, and it's a fast, beautiful course. From the starting line in an open field, the racers run past the park's public tennis courts, around the stadium, up the soap box derby hill, and continue to wind through the various bark and concrete paths of the park to a fast finish on the track.
Charles Bowles Track
Charles Bowles Track, named in honor of the late Willamette University Track and Field/Cross Country coach, is situated within McCulloch Stadium and is the home of the Willamette University Track and Field Program. The track has facilities for all track and field events, except for the hammer, which is thrown about 15 minutes away. With plenty of space in the stadium for spectators, the Charles Bowles Track/McCulloch Stadium combination is a great venue for the high-caliber meets that Willamette hosts.
Minto Brown Island Park
Bearcat runners love the fact that, although Willamette is located in the heart of Salem, it takes just 5 minutes to hit the trail down by the Willamette River that leads to Minto-Brown Island Park. The Willamette River makes up one of the borders of the park and is the reason for "island" being part of the park's name. When winter rains come, often times the river overflows its banks and pours out into the park, turning it into an island! The park itself, just about two miles from the track, is the perfect place for long runs and workouts. While many of the 20 miles of paths are paved, a bit of exploration and adventure can lead to the soft surfaces of bark paths that runners crave. This 900-acre park doubles as a Wildlife Refuge, so keep your eyes peeled for great blue herons and beavers. The trails wind through orchards, fields, forests and a dog park. Even when the parking lots are full, for those seeking seclusion, Minto-Brown is the place to go. In the front of the park, you'll find plenty of other runners, walkers and bikers, but once you delve into the deeper trails, it feels like you have the place to yourself!


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A landmark Point Reyes Lodge, our luxury hotel rests at the gateway to Point Reyes National Seashore on California's famous Coastal Highway One.
Located in the town of Olema, our Point Reyes lodging offers the perfect Marin County vacation location -- central to all the wonders of the Point Reyes and Tomales Bay, the San Francisco Bay Area, and the Napa-Sonoma Wine Country. Walk out our front door and explore the timeless beauty of the Point Reyes National Seashore, as well as San Francisco, Muir Woods, the historic town of Petaluma or the California Wine Country.
Read more about the Lodge or view our guest accommodations.


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Welcome to NPA ADVANCE!
Family-Friendly Resources for Postdocs
Latest Project News:
Older News:
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0819994, via an ADVANCE Partnerships for Adaptation, Implementation, and Dissemination (PAID) Award. The goal of the ADVANCE program is to increase the representation and advancement of women in academic science, technology and engineering careers. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.


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CONCORD, N.C. – Spirits are up on the WKA National Road Racing scene as the series has seen a rebound in participation throughout the 2012 season.
Many road racers have noticed an array of various special awards and prizes presented at the last couple Woodbridge Kart Club-hosted nationals this summer at VIR and Summit Point.
The awards and new programs will continue this December at Daytona KartWeek, where a number of promotions for different classes are in the works to give back to the racers and teams spending valuable, hard-earned money and time to compete at one of karting's highest levels.
The following racers won awards this past weekend at the Summit Point WKC Memorial Cup.
Virginia's Jermie Bolt won Best Appearing Enduro Kart and Massachusetts' Jim Sorrentino won Best Appearing Sprint Kart. Both received a special cup trophy for fielding their fine-looking go-karts.
Aaron Snyder and Clark Gaynor Sr. each won a set of VEGA tires for their wins in TaG Final 2 and Stock Leopard Sprint Final 2. Series sponsor TS Racing donated the set of VEGA's.
Clark Gaynor Jr.'s pair of Stock Honda triumphs won him his choice of VEGA or MG tires, sponsored by DRT Racing and Creative Products, Inc.
Courtney Atkinson won Friday's Yamaha Sportsman Special Money Race, sponsored by Safe Harbour Wine Storage and Bolt's Saw Service. Atkinson cashed in on the $300 winner's share of the purse, which paid back through the top five.
WKA sends its appreciation and gratitude to all the sponsors backing these programs.
Look for announcements via WKA's Pit Board this fall regarding more special purses, prizes and awards at this December's Road Racing Championships at Daytona.


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- Carhartt Workwear is only available with UPS Ground Shipping
- 12-ounce, 100% cotton sandstone duck
- Quilted-flannel lining in body, quilted nylon lining in sleeves
- Corduroy top collar
- Two inside pockets
- Triple-stitched main seams
- Shaped, front and back western yokes
- Pleated elbows
Comfort and utility come together in this Carhartt Men's Sandstone Santa Fe Jacket. Sturdily built out of 12-ounce, 100% cotton sandstone duck, it features quilted flannel lining in the body and quilted-nylon lining in the sleeves. There are two inside welt pockets, two lower-front pockets, and a left-chest pocket with zipper. This jacket also features triple-stitched main seams and a bi-swing back for easier movement. Whether out on a job or day-to-day activities Carhartt has the most durable, dependable, and quality workwear available.
Style(s): J14BRN, J14DKB, J14MDT, J14WET
Product Reviews for Carhartt Men's Sandstone Santa Fe Quilted Flannel Jacket
Reviewed by 1 customer
- Durable
- Thick
- Warm
- Well-built
- Color
Best Uses
- Casual
- Work
Comments about Carhartt Workwear Carhartt Men's Sandstone Santa Fe Quilted Flannel Jacket:
The "Wheat" color of this jacket is pretty much yellow instead of tan - the picture is kind of deceiving. I'm fine with it, but for regular guys I recommend the regular Carhartt Brown color. I like the rib knit waist (one of the reasons I bought it). The name matches the design, as the Western Yokes on front are a very Southwestern style. The collar is a little 70's disco looking, I think the black contrasts a bit too much with the yellow. Just some thoughts. I think the next time I buy a Carhartt it'll be a Bomber style even though I have no use for flame resistance. I just like the look.


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Given the ever increasing prevalence of hypertension in the United States
and the issues involved in treating cases of resistant and complex hypertension,
the Leadership of the American Society of Hypertension, Inc. (ASH) recognizes
that hypertension can no longer be considered as a single disease entity.
While hypertension is the most prevalent cause of stroke and kidney failure,
hypertension must be recognized as part of a bigger disease conglomerate
almost always accompanied by obesity, diabetes, kidney disease or many
other co-existing problems involving lifestyle and/or genetics.
Accordingly while the Society remains committed to clinical investigation
in hypertension and related vascular conditions; it is launching a renewed
and vigorous focus on translational research. It's strategies, accordingly,
are to integrate not only investigators and physicians, but all hypertension
health care providers-including primary care physicians, physician assistants,
nurse practitioners and PharmDs-as well as patients themselves.
Hypertension Health
Contact Us
Site Map
Designed by Scorpion Healthcare
Video created by Experts In Health


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Dye has developed soft, flexible, compression formed earpieces for the Pro i3 Paintball Goggle. These ear pieces are lighter and less obstructive, allowing you to hear more clearly and providing a soft surface to promote deflections from oncoming paintballs.
Punishers Paintball Supply © 2003-
All Rights Reserved.
All photography and text on this site is the original work of Punishers Paintball Supply and manufacturers.
Contents may not be used for any commercial or non-commercial purpose without prior written consent from www.punisherspb.com.
eCommerce Hosting by Resposio


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Workshops & Meetings
VBA Workshops (listed below in green) are held on Saturdays from 11am - 1pm weather permitting unless otherwise noted. Rain days are the following day. Workshops go into the bees and open colonies, so you are encouraged to bring a veil and bee suit if necessary. VBA Workshops are free and open to the public and are an excellent introduction to beekeeping. (Exceptions to that rule will be posted here.) Unless otherwise noted, all VBA Workshops are held at the Northern Yard - directions below. If an event requires registration, a link to a registration page will be provided.
If a workshop or event is cancelled due to weather, we will post a message here.
VBA Workshops
The Vermont Beekeepers Association is pleased to offer during 2015 another season of hands on training workshops for beekeepers of all levels. These workshops are free and are also open to the public; no experience necessary. The workshops are designed to parallel the Vermont beekeeping season starting off with unpacking hives for Spring and finishing with preparing the hives for Winter. In between the two you will learn how to identify common hive issues, hive management techniques, honey extraction and general good beekeeping practices. Nine VBA member beekeepers will be available to you on specific Saturdays starting in April ending in September. See the VBA calendar for the dates and times.
This year the VBA is offering two locations. The North Yard is located at The Gardeners Supply, 128 Intervale Rd, Burlington, VT 05401. The apiary is located behind the Gardeners building. Access the apiary via the grassy area between the Gardeners building and the barns. Look for signs. Bring a veil and all your questions and concerns.
The South Yard is located at the home of Mike and Kim Paquette. The Instructors are Jeffrey Hamelman (436-1326) Bill Taft (674-5126)
Directions: From Route 91 - Exit 9: Turn left onto Route 5 travel 8.5 miles to Ascutney, VT. Turn left onto Tillman Road, shortly after the Ascutney Farm Stand. Take the first right last house on road.
From Route 91 - From Exit 8: Turn right and head East on 131. At directional light turn left onto Route 5 North. Drive .8 of a mile turn right on Tillman Road. Take the first right last house on road.
Bring a veil and all your questions and concerns.
2013 Summer Meeting Workshops
Vermont State Apiculturist Steve Parise goes into the hives to show how to identify disease. Check the calendar for future workshops.
Workshops at the Intervale
Workshop Sees 40
About forty people attended the Burlington Intervale beekeeping workshop on preparing for spring presented by Bill Mraz, Scott Wilson & Bill Mares. Check the calendar for future workshops. (Photos by David Prior.)
Other Meetings, Workshops & Events
- Category: Workshops & Meetings
Other Meetings, Workshops & Events
Organic Beekeeping For Beginners
When: May 18 (9-5) & May 19 (9-5) and May 25 (9-5) & May 26 (9-5) - DATE JUST ADDED
Description: This two-day intensive covers all the basics of what you will need to know to get started with bees. We cover the history of beekeeping, equipment, types of hives, bee biology, pest and disease control, harvesting, and overwintering. Class will include and live hive demonstration if weather permits.
Fee: $95 per person (includes course text: Natural Beekeeping 2nd Edition)
To Register Call Ross: 802-349-4279
Summer Meeting
8:45am (Registration & Refreshments) - 3:30pm
BFA Fairfax High school
75 Hunt Street Fairfax, Vermont 05454
Guest Speaker: Gary Reuter
University of Minnesota Department of Entomology
Workshops & Meetings Schedule - 2013
- Last Updated on May 4, 2013
May 18 - 12-2pm - Package Bee Installation - Learn how to install a new package of bees into your hive. TENTATIVE DATE: Subject to change. The weather gremlins in Georgia have caused a two-week delay in the shipments north of package bees. Therefore, the VBA workshop on hiving a package will now take place on May 18 at 12 noon at Burlington's Intervale. Update your calendar!
With: STEVE PARISE
June 15–Queen Rearing Workshop, Raising queens in the small apiary with Mike Palmer (in St. Albans )
With: MIKE PALMER (TENTATIVE DATE: SUBJECT TO CHANGE)
July 6 – Re-queening and Making summer nucs to winter over
With: MIKE PALMER
Aug. 3 - Harvesting the crop; Removing honey from the bees. Tips on extracting, packaging, and marketing your crop; Fall Mite treatments.
With: JAMES GABRIEL (at Champlain Valley Apiaries in Middlebury)
Sept. 14 - Preparing Your Colony for Winter; Feeding light colonies; Medications and miticides; Winter wrapping materials.
With: BILL MARES, MIKE WILLARD, SCOTT WILSON


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Perfect as a child's first big kid bed, the Hiya Toddler Bed combines style and function to help your children feel grown up, while keeping them safe. The bed has high sides to help keep your child in while sleeping; but allows you to sit at the foot of the bed to tuck them in. Available in 3 different finishes for the head/foot board to create the best fit for your child's room. Made in the USA.
About Spot on Square
Spot On Square is on a mission to bring eco-conscious, quality furniture to modern families while making sure above all that these pieces uphold the best in design quality. The brand is centered on three pillars that serve as a framework; sustainability, safety and purity in design. They believe that children should be surrounded by simple, eco-conscious, quality products that promote an appreciation for design.
The Hiya series conveys a childlike sense of purity, simplicity and sustainability. We all want the best for our kids and ensuring that their products are safe and non-toxic for your kids is primary to the folks at Spot On Square. They use low VOC non-toxic paints and MDF which is made of recycled/reclaimed materials on all of their products. Pieces in the Hiya line are also available in bamboo – an eco-friendly sustainable hardwood.
- Color: Polar White
- Measures: 53.5"L 29.5"W 16"H
- Some assembly required, mattress not included.
Shipping Note: This item ships directly from the manufacturer within contiguous United States only. Cannot be shipped to AK/HI, PO boxes, US territories, or APO/FPO addresses.
Gift Wrap not available.


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text: While searching for Blueprints recently, I ran across drawings for the M16 Government Profile barrel. I was ecstatic and instantly opened my CAD program and started to draw it to scale. However, when I got to the threads on the front and rear I quickly concluded that my system for drawing thread patterns must be wrong. The Muzzle threads called for 28 T.P.I. , which I did and when I was done the angle of the threads seamed to be incorrect. According to the American Machinist Handbook these threads should be 60 degrees apart as in a V pattern. Instead they ended up being 114 degrees apart. What the Hell am I doing wrong? I drew up the Major Diameter as being .4989 as the prints showed and the Pitch Diameter as being .4757 as shown. I divided 1 by 28 and it came out to .03571428 and made that my standard between threads. How is this wrong when drawing out to a full inch? If I could get this down right it would benefit the Gunco community greatly for my drawings are spot-on except for this. Thanks for any help provided!!!


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The data which you easily processed and stored on a small or single machine such as on a laptop or server is known as the small data. As the advancements have been made in the storage and computing field, the inference has increased over the small data. Small data are the sort of data like tv antenna reviews that any person can handle on their own hardware devices like laptops, servers, personal computers. etc. the small data is in its early stage of the application and many work is still remaining on it to perform.
Problems to store different kinds of data:
When we are talking about computer storing data, then we must be aware of the basic data formats, in which we are talking about the bits and bytes. A byte is a biggest form of data and bit only has two values, 0 and 1. When you are working and transferring data through kitchen stand mixer, then you must keep in mind that the setting of your data protection and storage is changing constantly. When you upload something, the data storage receives your sensor data and forwards the real time information to them.
There are two kinds of data storages which can bring in many challenges to the users. In the first type of storage, there are large file types such as videos, photos taken from the smartphones or from other air compressor reviews. This data are approached in an ordered way. In the second type of data has very small storage places and log files which can be accessed in bulk form and can be stored easily because its type is very small. Back in time, when datacenters used to deal with any single type of data, either they had big data or not. At the time and tech has reformed, the datacenters are now using both kinds of data in which the large and small data are both included. These are not garbage data and you can use best garbage disposal to save this small data. Mostly it is dreadful to maintain the rowing machines. In such cases, there are arguments, raises about the data protection too. When it comes to the sensor data, the data security issues occur.
Why someone need to store small data for daily life?
Technology is the part of our every moment of life. We are using the technology in everywhere in our lives. Wither in business, household, education, or in anywhere, the technology is a must thing. The use of small data is increasing on many electric razor reviews and even in many businesses. The tech geeks are declaring the small data enough for the users. In small data, the data of household energy, government financial data, local transpiration data, etc falls. Whatever data that we compile on the Excel, is known as the small data. For example, you must have seen the graphs or charts telling us about the population in different regions or the rate of literacy in different regions, etc all of such data is small data.
Managing the small data is way too useful for the users because that way they can utilize them easily. The small data compiled in the "packages" is simple to discover paint sprayer reviews and use because the user will not have to come across the large data slots. The big data are full of hassle to operate while the small data are an ideal when you are dealing with the data on normal level.
How someone can organize all the small bits of information they need to remember for his day to day activities?
Organizing yourself and day to day activities is a task for everyone. When managing the household tasks, managing some small business or keeping the data of your tasks, it is very essential that you keep it in a proper way. Having your data organized in a file format or simply marking a calendar with alarm in your smartphone can help a lot. You can also apply this technique in your personal life by keeping information about your family member's birthdays, graduation ceremony dates, by marking a day out with them, etc. setting up reminders on phones or other devices is the simplest way of reminding yourself about the task that you have to perform.
Same as that, you can create a list of best free wordpress themes that you must not do while working so that you will not waste any time. Organize your things which you need for your work, manage your timings and make small goals to work.
What kind of problems business owners can face to store their business data?
Business data are kind of secret and sensitive data which must be encrypted from every sort of phishing or cyber attack. When some data is transferred from one computer to another, there are many different table saw reviews from where they travel. Between those, the chances of hacking and data protection increases which can cause problems for the business owners. Some hackers are smart enough to guess the passwords and steal the information. The fraud email can also create the security threats for business owners regarding their security.
How can we address these issues?
By installing the proper and reliable anti viruses, the business owners can secure their computers and data from the possible breach of security. Protect the internet with the help of firewall and do not allow any outside access to use your internet connection. The firewall is useful that way it blocks the access to external sources or third parties to enter into the system. Small business can secure them by putting passwords on all of the access routes. Remember, compound bow reviews are not small data. The secure ways are retinal scanning system, voice recognition system, coded ID cards, etc. digital signatures can also be very helpful in this regard when there are so much increasing threats of getting system hacked or breach of security. Along with these, there are many additional tools available as well which can save the businesses or individuals.
By keeping these important points in mind, anyone who is looking to establish a working and authentic small business can run it easily. These machines can be used for the long time and for the long time used you have to take care of these best rowing machines, because these equipments need a proper care, adjusting, cleaning and the rowers have to be careful before using these machines. Having a small data approach plus overall secured system can help anyone to conduct it easily.


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To purchase the room as pictured select the trundle from the "customize this room" section.
- Mattress and foundation (if required) sold separately.
- Bunkie required for mattress support.
The Santa Cruz dresser is a terrific choice for housing your child's folded clothes. Made of pine solids and veneers, with a dark cherry finish, the dresser has contoured, double bow front and brushed nickel pulls. Two top drawers are felt lined, while six lower drawers provide generous storage.
if purchased separately, $499.99
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Treat your child to the smart looking Santa Cruz panel bed. This sophisticated piece has a timeless style that can later be used in a guest room when your kid has left the nest. Made of pine solids and veneers, with a rich dark cherry finish, the arched headboard has a contemporary yet classic look. Trundle drawer is sold separately.
if purchased separately, $299.99
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Designed to sit atop the dresser, the Santa Cruz mirror is a room essential. Pine frame with a dark cherry finish to complement the beveled edge mirror.
if purchased separately, $199.99
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|56L x 20W x 35H
3 Pc Twin Bed
|80L x 45W x 52H
|38W x 40H


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So, I'm pregnant again! Baby #6 is due this winter. After the shock wore off, we're excited. Nervous, but excited.
I contacted my last medical team from the last state we lived in and got my records faxed to my husband's office. Then, I began the process of enrolling in the OB clinic at this military installation. The nurse I saw for my first appointment, which was just to verify I was pregnant, talked to the OB department about getting me in sooner than the usual end of first trimester and about Deplin since I am "blessed" with MTHFR. Their reply, "She'll be fine on regular folic acid and we'll see her like every other patient." Oookay....
I did go in at 7wks for my intake appointment, which is purely administrative. You sit down with a nurse and go over your lab work you should've already had done- HIV, blood typing, etc. Nothing special. SHE thought I should be seen in the Complicated OB clinic (COB), so she made an appointment for the next day for a records review with an OB to see if I "qualify." The next day, I go in with a detailed medical history:
1) Preeclampsia, induced at 36+6, stayed in hospital 4 days after delivery while baby was taken to regional NICU for 2wks. I was sick.
2) Preeclampsia began developing, but had SROM at 37wks. 6hrs after SROM, baby was born. BP prior to delivery was 162/100. Doctors dismissed pre-e concerns, but husband (lab tech) checked for urine the week prior and it was 1+ at that time. Can only guess if I had true pree by delivery or not.
3) Pree develped at 35wks, but clinic was full at military hospital and couldn't be seen for 3wks, at which point I was promptly induced. I *should* have gone to ER instead of dealing with those fools. Lesson learned.
4)Pree develped at 27wks, spent 10wks on bedrest, induced.
5)Subchorionic hemorrhage at 6wks, resulting in loss of one of the twins. Some bp fluctuations, but never developed pree (hooray!!). At 38wks, SROM- had a placental abruption and was thrown into precipitious labor. Baby was born healthy within 30min.
So, that's the abbreviated version, she got more details. She basically said my OB history is "irrelevant" as nothing may happen this time and I'm to be followed by the midwives in the group like any other patient that's not high risk. No perinatologist, nothing. Also, having the MTHFR gene mutation has no bearing on my pregnancy, according to her. Um, WTH does she not understand about every.single.pregnancy.having.complications?! I'm not talking about some morning sickness here, I'm talking about life threatening conditions! Grrrrr!!!!!
She is young. And I don't think she's all that experienced with patients like me. I have another appointment scheduled, with the midwives, in a couple of weeks. It's for an OB physical, which I'm denying. I don't need a PAP and I see no need to do one when it's not due. Further, I don't want anyone feeling around inside me right now. My cervix has been hurting, which I told her and she totally dismissed as normal pregnancy. I checked myself a couple of days ago, and I was dilating. After consulting a friend that's an OB nurse, I've been taking it very, very easy and pushing fluids. Since then, I'm closing back up and am no longer dilated at all, thankfully. I'm curious if my last delivery could've damaged my cervix somehow, and I know it's possible, just wondering if that's the problem. If it continues, I'll have the midwife check it out. Until then, I'm limiting what I pick up and how much running I do. I told her I'm concerned it may be twins. She put an ultrasound probe on my abdomen for all of 20-30 seconds and said, "I see a flutter, so it has a heartbeat" but didn't look for a second little sprout. I wasn't quite a week ahead of when I went in for the subchorionic hemmorhage with my last twins, and they had to really, really search to find the second sprout. All I'm sure of on this one is my uterus is already above my pubic bone (I'm 8wks), I already can't stand to lay on my stomach since it feels like laying on a baseball, I have more morning sickness than ever before, and I stinking LOOK 4mos pregnant and I've gained 1lb- certainly not enough to give me this belly. I seriously can't see my toes when looking straight down. This is not normal for me. But she dismissed ALL of my concerns, ALL of my past history, and ALL the research and studies I mentioned. Sure, if I were eating donuts and cookies all day long, I could totally understand the belly, and yes, I do show early because I have such a short torso. But by show, I mean a pudge, not a full blown soccer ball look! And there are very few foods I can stomach and most of them are low fat/low calorie- like green juice (spinach, kale, celery, cucumber, and apple), or one slice of toast with a thin layer of peanut butter on it (one of my few protein sources right now). I can handle small amounts of cheese- like 1/2 a slice. I can't do sweet foods, greasy foods, a lot of meat, anything strongly flavored unless it's spicy or salty, onions, milk, etc. So, I'm not being a pig and yes, twins are in my family. Frankly, I'm not sure my body can handle twins since it struggles with singletons. I just want a doctor who will CARE enough to LISTEN and actually get off their butts and check things out. Why does that seem to be too much to ask?!
Thanks for letting me vent; I'm sure you all can understand to varying degrees where I'm coming from.


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Back-to-School Savings: Cheap and Healthy Lunch Ideasby Lindsay Hutton
Back to school most likely means your child will be brown-bagging it during lunch time. Making your child a healthy meal to take to school doesn't need to be expensive. These nutritious lunch ideas will supply your little one with the energy he needs to get through the day, but won't leave you strapped for cash. If your child's school is peanut- and nut-free, check out these nut-free lunches and nut-free snack ideas.
1 of 8
Peanut Butter and Jelly Wraps
This take on an old standby is the epitome of a low-priced and tasty meal. Pick up these four ingredients at the grocery store and you've got a week's worth of lunches, just like that! Just make sure your child's school doesn't have any food allergy policies before you send him off to school with this tasty lunch.
Get the recipe for Peanut Butter and Jelly Wraps.
Next: Tuna Sandwich


text: Korin Charlie Pokorny was ordained as a priest by Tenshin Reb Anderson in 1999. He practiced as a resident at Tassajara and Green Gulch Farm Zen Center for 12 years. He holds a master's degree from Stanford University in Religious Studies and teaches at the Institute of Buddhist Studies. Charlie and his partner, Dojin Sarah Emerson, are head priests at Stone Creek Zen Center.


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The Gold Knight: The 10 best (and 3 worst) films of 2012Written by James A. Molnar | The Gold Knight | email@example.com
The past year has been a whirlwind for movies. Strengths in 2012 at the box office included some very well made superhero movies and book adaptations. The major complaint I still have, however, is getting access to the "cool" movies. Screenings stopped in Toledo over the summer and now one must head to Detroit or Cleveland for movie pre-screenings, or see them at their midnight premiere. Two movies I was not able to see before putting my list together are "Amour" and "Zero Dark Thirty," two films being lauded by critics groups around the country.
With that, here are my top 10 movies of 2012, all of which I gave five out of five stars, and my Worst 3 movies of 2012:
10. "Pitch Perfect"
The story follows an all-girls a cappella group and it is fun to watch on screen. The editing is well done, the music and songs mixed together are fantastic and the comedy is spot on. Rebel Wilson ("Bridesmaids") gives a great performance as Fat Amy and Anna Kendrick does some fine acting as well. It's a great time at the movies.
9. "Skyfall"
With Sam Mendes directing and Roger Deakins behind the camera, "Skyfall" is a great action film with hints of 007. The villain, played by Javier Bardem, is thrilling and delightful. Bond himself, played again by Daniel Craig, is great and comes with a backstory, less polished and more enjoyable than previous Bonds audiences have seen.
8. "The Amazing Spider-Man"
The formula is the same: Teenage boy gets bitten by a radioactive spider and his already complicated life gets even more complex. Yet the way in which the writers and director go about "The Amazing Spider-Man" is remarkable. It's as if they lived in a world where a Spider-Man movie didn't already exist, a world where Tobey Maguire was just a racehorse jockey. Comparing this "amazing" film to the 2002 adaptation is inevitable. The 2012 iteration is surprisingly good and refreshing. Ten years later, audiences are treated to an even better film, breaking the general reality that remakes can never quite live up to their predecessors. And thank you Sally Field for being in this movie.
7. "Marvel's The Avengers"
An atypical summer moviegoing experience and one of the best superhero movies I've seen, "The Avengers" works because of the script. Director and screenwriter Joss Whedon has crafted a movie that allows all of the superheroes to breathe (and bicker). Those interactions are the best part of the film. Stellar 3-D also adds to this box office phenomenon.
6. "Argo"
Movies within movies can be very fun to watch. Ben Affleck's latest film is based on a declassified true story that used the cover of a movie to help extract six Americans stuck in Iran. Affleck makes sure to set up the conflict in this film very carefully. This is not an action movie. It's a slow-building thriller that works to explain the story carefully and precisely. Alexandre Desplat provides a perfect background motif with his score in one of the year's best movies.
5. "Moonrise Kingdom"
This movie is inventive in so many ways, thanks to director Wes Anderson. From the unique, meticulous cinematography and editing to the fanciful script, "Moonrise Kingdom" is one of the best films of the year. When two young lovers run away from home to meet up, audiences are treated to a fun adventure.
4. "The Odd Life of Timothy Green"
There is something magical about going to the movie theater. And when movies capture that on the screen, it's something to behold. Magic and fantasy rule and drive this movie. Timothy (CJ Adams) is wonderful, innocent and great to watch on screen. Jennifer Garner and Shohreh Aghdashloo make this movie a favorite of 2012.
3. "Silver Linings Playbook"
This offering from David O. Russell is a picture of real life and how the hardest thing can sometimes be living with others and communicating. Bradley Cooper and Jennifer Lawrence provide some spot-on acting. Robert De Niro and Jacki Weaver are also wonderful.
2. "Lincoln"
A master class all the way around: excellent acting by Daniel Day-Lewis (an Oscar-worthy performance), Sally Field and Tommy Lee Jones; impeccable screenplay by Tony Kushner ("Munich"); beautiful cinematography by Janusz Kaminski ("War Horse" and "Saving Private Ryan"); a quiet and perfect score by John Williams; and Steven Spielberg's direction is icing on the cake. The release of this movie about the last few months of the 16th president's life was perfectly timed and it could just win the Best Picture Oscar — if it can hold off "Zero Dark Thirty" and "Argo."
1. "The Perks of Being a Wallflower"
The best movie of the year is based on an excellent book of the same name. Where this movie shines is in the screenplay, which author Stephen Chbosky adapted himself. He also directed the movie. It's his story and vision executed very well for the big screen. Logan Lerman, Emma Watson and Ezra Miller are perfect as the leading characters. "We are infinite."
Honorable Mentions: "Looper," "Django Unchained," "The Dark Knight Rises," "The Artist," "Big Miracle" and "Cloud Atlas."
Worst: 3. "The Watch"
At times, "The Watch" struggles to figure out if it wants to be a comedy, drama, thriller or action-adventure movie. "Marvel's The Avengers" was better able to traverse these genres seamlessly. The 98-minute film's R rating also seems wasted.
Worst: 2. "Alex Cross"
Where this detective thriller fails is in basic filmmaking. It's hard to get past the horrible editing and screenplay. It would be a stretch to air this movie on The Lifetime Movie Network. Tyler Perry, playing the title character here, should stick to directing himself in comedies, where he is successful. Matthew Fox ("Lost") is one of few bright spots in the film as the serial killer.
Worst: 1. "Playing for Keeps"
Where this movie finds its groove is with Jessica Biel — the best part and character of the movie. Where this movie doesn't work: everything else. We've seen this all before. There is the standard romantic comedy formula and toward the end, there's the misunderstanding that could derail everything. Eventually, they live happily ever after — together. Could the filmmakers have tried any less?
Dishonorable Mentions: "Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter," "Chronicle" and "Total Recall."
Toledo Free Press Star Lead Designer and Film Editor James A. Molnar blogs about all things Oscar at TheGoldKnight.com. Watch him discuss movies on "WNWO Today" around 5:50 a.m. on Fridays. Also, listen to James discuss movies on "Eye on Your Weekend" on 1370 WSPD every Friday at 6 p.m.
Tags: 2012, alex cross, argo, Avengers, Film, James A. Molnar, lincoln, moonrise kingdom, Movies, odd life of timothy green, pitch perfect, playing for keeps, silver linings playbook, skyfall, Spider-Man, The Gold Knight, the perks of being a wallflower, the watch, top 10, worst movies, year end, year in review


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Thursday, May 16, 2013
That the sense aches at thee, would thou hadst ne'er been born!
Shakespeare, Othello, IV, 2
Here we have another Jekyll and Hyde plant...one that is indeed "lovely fair", but one which, at the same time, is a most loathsome invader. We received this specimen here in the herbarium, mailed to us from a person who found it growing in upstate South Carolina, and sent to us for identification.
It's a thistle, of course, and like all thistles, is a member of the daisy family, the Asteraceae. Recall that in this family, the flowers are really tiny, and congested into heads. Each head (also called a capitulum) is variously protected, in bud, by a series of bracts on the outside, called "phyllaries". When the head is open and the flowers are available to the world, so to speak, these phyllaries are frequently down at the bottom of the head. Here, the head itself is on a long stalk, and sometimes bends over a bit, nodding. The heads of our Mystery thistle can each bear nearly a thousand separate flowers. The individual flowers in the head are narrowly tubular, and purple. (If the look of the head reminds you a little of an artichoke, there is a reason for that: they are related species.) At the base of each flower will be a tiny ovary, destined to form a hard, one-seeded fruit, much like a sunflower seed, only pale brown when ripe. And of course, this being a thistle, there will be a prominent tuft of soft, snow-white down on the top of the achene. That's what lets these seeds float around in the breeze so easily.
Thistles are also known for spininess, and believe me, this species is true on that mark as well. Sharp, needle-like spines adorn the leaf lobes, margins and bases, and the leaf-like wings going up and down the stem. Toward the base of the plant these spiny wings are quite broad, and grabbing onto just about any part of a big plant, without gloves on, will be a painful experience. The flower heads are spiny, too...each one of those bracts terminating in a stiff point. Ouch.
All of this spininess might not be so bad if the plants occurred separately, one at a time. But oh, no! This species can grow to be 6' tall or so, forming truly dense patches, if it gets the chance, and easily crowding out all the other vegetation. So many flowering heads producing so many ripe achenes...it's a setting of botanical horror.
So, I think that you will agree with me that this is a charming plant in an aesthetic sense: the blooming heads are very attractive, and they do attract butterflies and goldfinches, which is nice. But the down side of this species can't be understated. It is a total nuisance, an alien imported into North America from Europe in the 19th Century, and by now spread into nearly every state of the union (not reported from Florida yet). Getting rid of it is expensive, and is no easy matter
[Answer: "Nodding thistle," Carduus nutans]
John Nelson is the curator of the A. C. Moore Herbarium at the University of South Carolina, in the Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia SC 29208. As a public service, the Herbarium offers free plant identifications. For more information, visit www.herbarium.org or call 803-777-8196, or email firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Do you have questions or need technical support? Contact us and let a Universal expert provide you with assistance.
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People Tree is a registered member of the WFTO. We were the first fashion brand to receive the new WFTO Fair Trade Product Label that guarantees that People Tree respects and follows the 10 Principles of Fair Trade and WFTO Fair Trade Standard.


text:
Cowboys fans petition to remove Jerry Jones
NOV 27, 2012 11:38a ET
The petition reads: "We, the Citizens of the Great State of Texas, and Dallas Cowboys fans worldwide, have been oppressed by an over controlling, delusional, oppressive dictator for way too long. Request the Executive Branch's immediate assistance in removal of owner and GM, Jerry Jones. His incompetence and ego have not only been an extreme disappointment for way too long, but moreover, it has caused extreme mental and emotional duress."
Jones has stated several times over the years that he has no plans to surrender his title as general manager. After all, that's what Cowboys fans really are complaining about. Although the Cowboys have won three Super Bowls since Jones purchased the team in 1989, they have been stuck in mediocrity ever since.
However, the petition also mentions removing Jones as owner. It's difficult to argue with what he has done in that capacity. The team is arguably the most popular sports franchise in the world and it plays its home games in a $1.2 billion stadium.
As of 12:30 p.m. Tuesday, the petition, which was created on Nov. 23, had over 2,000 of the 25,000 signatures needed. The website states: "If a petition gets enough support, White House staff will review it, ensure it's sent to the appropriate policy experts, and issue an official response."
While the majority of signatures come from Texas residents, there are a large number from residents all across the country.
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text:
George Salmon
A friend of mine, Vlastimil Vohanka (Catholic), brought to my attention one Charles Adolphus Row, author of the 1887 book, Future Retribution: Viewed in the Light of Reason and Revelation, were he rails against hell, the fall of man, the importance and binding nature of the Athanasian Creed, baptismal regeneration, and a number of other Christian doctrines. George Salmon (1819-1904) was an Anglican anti-Catholic who used fallacious, weak arguments as well in fighting against the Church. Vlastimil's words will be in blue, Row's in red, and Salmon's in green.
* * * * *
The fully developed theory of infallibility cannot be "proven" -- it is a matter of faith. But the principles behind it can be. I deal with various facets of infallibility on my Papacy page. As usual, it is an accumulation of many individual evidences and indications that make it compelling.
(It's relevant for my dissertation on the principle of dwindling probabilities in analytic philosophy of religion and apologetics. More generally, the theme of the dissertation is: can we construe a good argument showing that the contents of the Christian, or even Roman Catholic, faith are probable on the body of public evidence?)
All the evidence taken together make it exceedingly "probable" (from a standpoint of human reason alone. I think Newman's Essay on Development remains the best treatment of the overall case from the historical perspective.
2. The Anglican theologian and mathematician George Salmon, in his book The Infallibility of the Church (1899; available at archive.org), on p. 442, suggests an interesting objection: suppose that no pope ever taught an error under the conditions defined by the 1VK;
Which is, of course, true: none ever issued binding proclamations contrary to the received faith.
yet, some popes (Liberius, Honorius, and even others) vehemently supported theological errors; thus, even if formally no pope was an erroneous teacher, some popes were erroneous guides for many Catholics:
... the Christian world was not concerned with the thoughts of Liberius but with his acts ; and they who were guided by them would find themselves ranged against Athanasius and on the side of his opponents.What would be your answer, Dave?
Catholics know enough to not equate holders of an office with the dignity of the office itself (when they fall short). We're not like Protestants, who, too often, slavishly follow leaders (Calvin, Luther) no matter how foolish their teachings.
And not to go through a host of other cases ... where the Christian world avoided heresy by following some guidance different from that of the bishop of Rome,
I deny that there were a host of such cases.
Honorius may have had in his heart, if you choose to say so, the most orthodox abhorrence of Monothelism. But all this supposed internal [or formal] orthodoxy does not alter the fact that in his capacity of guide he did all that in him lay to lead the Christian world into that heresy.
Then Protestants are in a tremendous mess, when we look at all the heresies that Luther and Calvin espoused.
So it remains proved that even if it were possible to demonstrate that no bishop of Rome had ever entertained sentiments [or formally proclaimed doctrines] that were not most rigidly orthodox, still the pope is not an infallible guide."
This, of course, changes the definitions. Infallibility applies to what is dogmatically proclaimed, not everything a pope does, or perfection on a human level. So Salmon fights a straw man.
See B. C. Butler's refutation of Salmon.
Those are my short ones. The topics you bring up are far too complicated to answer adequately in a short space, so I'll have to refer you to my papers.
3. Are there some good reasons to think that the "keys" given to Peter and his successors would guarantee for each of them (i) papal formal infallibility (as defined by the 1VK) and would NOT guarantee for each of them (ii) protection against their own massive erroneous influence in the substantial matters of faith? Thanks!
There are solid biblical reasons why we think the keys confer a sublime authority:
The Biblical, Primitive Papacy: St. Peter & the "Keys of the Kingdom of Heaven": Scholarly Opinion (Mostly Protestant) (+ Part II)
Protestant Scholars on Mt 16:16-19 (Nicholas Hardesty)
I noted you defend the claim that the OT prophets were infallible when speaking what they regarded as the "word of the LORD." An interesting, probably Anglican, 19th century theologian Charles Row has something relevant to say, especially on pp. 55-63 of his book Future Retribution.
He argues there that even in the NT "when a prophet spake in the congregation, the others who possessed the prophetic gift were to sit by and discern the nature of his utterance. This implies that they were to determine how far it was in conformity with the Divine Spirit, or how far a human element was mixed up with it."
According to Row, the same holds, a fortiori, for the OT prophets. What would you say?
According to the OT, the prophet was to be judged by whether his prophecies came true or not. If they did not, he was regarded as a false prophet and stoned. That was the criterion of truthfulness, and a strong motivator for a person to be sure he was a prophet before claiming that!
I would say the NT covenant was fundamentally different insofar as all were now filled with the Holy Spirit; thus had much more of a power of discernment than the masses under the Old Covenant.
Therefore, the standard then was simply whether a person spoke verifiable truth or not.
I guess Row would reply that generally even sayings of the authentic prophet, a receiver of real revelation, and confirmed by fulfilled prophecies, must be sifted -- even when they present them as the word of the LORD.
[he then presents a long series of Row citations in consecutive combox entries: one / two / three / four / five]
I am deeply interested in your reply (and deeply sorry for the length of the comments). No cavils. Just FQI (fides quaerens intellectum).
Many things going on here. You wrote:
Your argument, Dave, is that some of the OT prophets were infallible; so, a fortiori, popes and councils are infallible. Row seems to me to have it the other way round -- early Christian prophets were fallible, their sayings had to be sifted; so, a fortiori, the OT prophets were fallible, their sayings had to be sifted, too -- even when they presented them as the word from the LORD:
The argument is not that simplistic. I have never presented it in that way. I explained exactly what I think the nature of the argument is, and its strength, at the end of chapter three of my book, Bible Proofs for Catholic Truths. I made roughly the same arguments in another paper of mine, still online:
Biblical Evidence for Papal and Church Infallibility
In a nutshell, the argument is (as I stated in my book):
"If prophets spoke with inspiration, then popes can plausibly speak infallibly, since the latter is a far less extraordinary gift than the former." Or, from a different angle: "if those with lesser gifts can do the great thing (inspired utterance), then those with greater gifts can certainly do the lesser thing (infallible utterance)."
Certain parts of the argument are indisputable. There were prophets in the OT. These did speak the Word of the Lord, which was not only infallible, but in retrospect, inspired, too, insofar as they are now recorded in inspired Scripture.
It's a simple analogy: there is such a thing as a de facto infallible person in the OT; there also is such a thing in the NT. The presence of false prophets in both covenants does not nullify that. It simply means there are false prophets! The true ones do not cease to exist because there are fake ones; imitators.
I am arguing for the existence of infallible authority; not the non-existence of fallible authority or illegitimate authority. Both can clearly exist simultaneously. Therefore, the presence of such fakers (freely conceded) constitutes no disproof at all of my analogy.
This guy Row clearly doesn't believe in biblical inspiration. He manifests the typical liberal understanding of biblical writings, according to an anthropological notion of biblical development. Hence, for him, all Bible writers were strictly pawns of their times.
He makes basic category mistakes, such as that God commands evil, because of a certain manner of speaking in the Bible whereby God's providence is referred to as allowing evil in the free acts of men. Atheists and "higher critical" types often misunderstand this because they assume the Bible was written by dumb, ignorant men way back when, who couldn't possibly have expressed such a sophisticated concept. But so they do. And at the same time, these critics routinely misunderstand the nature of multifaceted biblical literature. I've written about this:
Supposed Contradiction Between 2 Samuel 24 and 1 Chronicles 21 (God or Satan as Cause?)The other basic hermeneutical aspect that he fails to understand is anthropomorphism and anthropopathism, whereby God represents Himself as having human emotions or various physical characteristics by analogy, so He could be understood. I've written about this, too:
On the Alleged Contradictions of 2 Samuel 24, and 1 Chronicles 21 and 27 Did God Harden Pharaoh's Heart? (Does God Positively Ordain Evil?) (vs. atheist "DagoodS")
The Catholic Dogmas of God's Immutability and Transcendence of Time
God's Immutability, Omniscience, Timelessness, & Impassibility / Anthropomorphism / Can God "Change His Mind"? Does God Have "Emotions"?
Church Fathers on the Immutability, Simplicity, Atemporality, and Impassibility of God
Biblical Evidence for Anthropopathism and God Condescending to Human Limitations of Understanding
Four Arguments Against God "Changing His Mind," From Existing Catholic Dogmas, and One Regarding "Divine Emotion"
These two things alone explain much of what troubles him. Because of the false premises involved, he'll go around (as these types of minds always do) spouting off scores of alleged biblical contradictions. At times I have dealt with these charges, and have debated atheists who think they are experts on the Bible but who are, in fact, abysmally ignorant of many things biblical.
It's okay for a time, but one can only devote so much time to playing ring around the rosey with those who are operating on false first principles. These principles have to be thoroughly examined first, or dialogue will accomplish nothing whatsoever. It'll be a wild goose chase. Solve one proposed biblical "problem" and the skeptic will simply come up with a hundred more, ad infinitum . . . Such a person needs to learn the nature of biblical literature, and how to do proper exegesis. But if one approaches the Bible like a butcher approaches a hog, there is little motivation to do that. And that is one of the fundamental problems in the first place.