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Radisson Blu Resort, Sharjah-United Arab EmiratesThis Sharjah resort hotel sits on the Arabian Gulf and overlooks the white sand beaches and shimmering sea. Guests enjoy optimum accommodation with many amenities, like Free wireless, high-speed Internet. Several dining options are available, including one with an open roof. The resort's Bay Club consists of a pool, a fitness center, a private beach and the option for massage services. Of course, on-site meeting facilities are available for a variety of events.
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Scientist Discovers Big Clue in Wine Reactions
The Danish study, published in the Journal of Proteome Research, reveals a completely different potential allergy culprit: glycoproteins. Titled "Glycoproteomic Profile in Wine: A 'Sweet' Molecular Renaissance", the study looks at the molecular makeup of wine – a 2008 Italian Chardonnay to be exact – and identifies 28 glycoproteins (proteins that are coated with sugar during the fermentation process).
Ironically, the study's lead author Giuseppe Palmisano, who grew up helping his Italian winemaker father pick and press grapes, had not intended to study the potentially allergenic components of wine.
But in the process of analyzing the glycoproteins, and looking at what similarities they shared with other foods, he made the stunning discovery that they have a very similar structure to the proteins in known allergens, including latex, ragweed, bananas, tomatoes and kiwi. Palmisano, who is a post-doc in chemistry at the University of Southern Denmark, was so surprised that he checked and re-checked his data many times.
Once he was certain the data were solid, he was both thrilled and somewhat afraid, since the tiny Italian town where he grew up, along with many others like it, are highly dependent on the wine industry.
"I was happy because I was putting new light on the molecular composition of wine, and solving another little piece of the complicated puzzle," says Palmisano. "I was afraid because I wondered what the economic impact could be. But then I realized that people who haven't experienced any allergy will not be affected by the discovery; but people who do suffer from an allergy can now target a culprit. So there will be no negative economic impact."
What Causes Your Alcohol Reactions?
But before people with an allergy to wine start dusting off their corkscrews, Palmisano warns that, while the findings will help scientists to understand the chemical link between glycoproteins and certain allergens, clinical trials are needed to discover whether glycoproteins actually trigger reactions. And even then, he believes it may not be possible to eliminate the glycoproteins from the drink.
"The composition of wine is incredibly complex," he says. "So you can imagine that whenever you remove something, you can never be that selective.
"If you remove glycoproteins, you will remove other components, which could even be aromatic components – and then you will spoil the wine."
Others have suggested that genetic modification could in theory be used to rid the wine of the glycoproteins if they are found to be problematic – but Palmisano says that route is fraught with hazards, and that modifying single proteins is extremely difficult, especially for a product such as wine that is mass-produced.
Next: Interventions for the patient vs. the wine

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How to Stay Healthy During a Conference
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Shows how Mac users can create coherent and engaging screencasts.
"I learned more in four short videos than I had in four years of using PowerPoint. Learning just these few things dramatically increased my productivity for the future, saving me hundreds of dollars in time and better-produced work." —Chris R.
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This program is open to both U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents who have completed a BS within the past year, plus master's and Ph.D. students performing thesis or dissertation research. Applications are always accepted; however, the preferred dates are February 1 for summer, June 1 for fall, October 1 for winter/spring. Opportunities are available for 10 to 12 weeks during the summer term; some sabbatical appointments 6 to 12 months, plus some intermittent appointments.
This program allows recent doctoral and master's graduates the opportunity to participate in cutting-edge research with ORNL principal Investigators. Generally there is no citizenship requirement; however, each position has specific qualifications. Position-specific applications are accepted year-round. Positions are primarily for one-year appointments and may be renewed. A Ph.D. or master's degree is required, and these positions are primarily for those within five years from their degree award.
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|34 posts found
Lost in how disappointing the game was and how poorly this system was implemented, SWTOR really had an idea that any level based game should openly embrace: the Legacy system.
But instead of focusing on the details of how SWTOR implemented it, lets call it for what it really is: Account wide alternate advancement. And this should be an MMORPG staple.
All level based games suffer from the max level syndrome. Most games, once you hit max level, your character is 100% done with progression. Then it turns into gear progression, which isnt improving your character at all beause once that gear is taken off the imporvement vanishes. Its temporary improvement.
EQ was one of the few smart ones, it realized this issue and implemented AAs. Problem is, and Rift with its watered down version of AAs has experienced this, is it makes people not want to play alts. but account wide AAs? Not only are you heling your main, you are helping your alt as well.
Now SWTOR chose the Legacy System to act differently, and a smart implementation of a non-character progression system can work for the right type of players. RP types can have more options to unlock for housing for instance. There always stuff like WoW's heirloom gear that can be tied to it for altaholics, or appearance gear. The key thing is to give lots of choice so they can customize their account how they want to.
I hope more games jump on this idea.
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Novice Member
Joined: 7/03/07
While I do agree with your ideas to give people the chance for account-wide longterm advancement beyond and gear stuff I personally fail to see anything even close to a remotely decent implementation in TOR.
Charging silly amounts of credits to unlock something and having most of the stuff be pointless beyond belief for me is reason enough to not give any credit for that here. Legacy in its current implementation for me is amongst the most pointless features ever.
Originally posted by Saydien
completely agree, sound theory-awful implementation
I think thats why we havent seen something similar come up yet.
Might have helped to link to this: http://www.swtor.com/info/legacy :for those that had no clue what you were talking about with the Legacy stuff.
That being said, hrmm - perhaps for folks with altitis that enjoy their own form of grinding alts, this would definitely be something of interest to them...perhaps not. It might hit up the folks in between though - those that were looking for something between the single toon grind and the grinding alts thing.
In the end to me, though - it just reeks of there not being enough content - so here's another means to grind the same content. It's the same poop wrapped in a different colored bow... might be a really pretty bow, but it's still wrapped around poop.
That's just my opinion of course - I prefer continued playability to replayability - I've done my fair share of seeking medication and counseling for altitis as well as grinding carrots.
Different folks - different strokes and all that; so I can see where some folks would definitely enjoy it in other games...but it's just not my thing.
I miss the MMORPG genre. Will a developer ever make one again?
Explorer: 87%, Killer: 67%, Achiever: 27%, Socializer: 20%
Novice Member
Joined: 6/22/10
The legacy system was just one of the highlights on why SWTOR should of been released 6 months to a year after it did. Most players, like myself already had a couple of level 50's and multiple alts by the time it was rolled out, making it pretty much useless.
SWTOR will be a case study for future developers on how not to ruin potentially good ideas and gameplay before the game even has a chance at success.
Agree with OP. It's one of the better features of TOR, along with Crew Skills and item modification, Companions (FFXI did this as well but not nearly as well), and the storyline for each specific class instead of each race (I always hate how most MMO's pigeonhole your Rogue in the same storyline as your Paladin). The game is far from perfect, but it brought a lot of things to the table.
Hard Core Member
Joined: 1/02/08
Let em put a slave ring thru u're nose u're prob not going to like where they're taking you. Think.
Straying from the main subject some, I find something I like in every game I ever played and wish I could shove them all into one game. Most of all I love the Auction House for Gold Sellers idea in PWI and Forsaken World. No more Gold Sellers shouting in the streets and regular players can compete with them selling gold/money. That impressed me more than anything a game has ever done. Making a place for the Gold Sellers instead of treating them like criminals so they don't bother regular players.
Best console game: DD Dark Arisen. Best mmo: GW2. Best game series ever: The Sims.
Can see where folks might have preferred to have had this implemented from the start - but I can also see where something like this would be added to attract new players and potentially give older players something more to do...
It bothers me though, in the sense of messing with the space time continuum, so to speak. That's a problem with any game where you run alts - but this kicks it up a notch where your one toon could be one of the parents of another toon.
Also, in a quirky way, it's almost a single player form of guild advance, eh?
Were it a lifepath sort of thing that you did before creating the character - were it something you could also unlock along the way - finding out things about the family that you did not know.... something that was shared by characters in that sense, rather than just another grind at the end... then I might have used less "..." and "-" in this post.
I miss the MMORPG genre. Will a developer ever make one again?
Explorer: 87%, Killer: 67%, Achiever: 27%, Socializer: 20%
Joined: 12/11/08
As I understand SWTOR's legacy system, it's bonuses for alts that are only available to people who don't like to play alts. If you like to play alts too much, you don't get the bonuses, because you need high level characters to unlock them. Allowing new race/class combinations from the legacy system is particularly dumb, as it's additional character creation options that don't do you any good because they weren't available when you created your characters.
Champions Online had the same problem with its alt bonuses. If you have one high level character, you don't get the alt bonuses because you don't have alts. And if you have many low level characters, then you don't get the alt bonuses because you don't have a high level character. They seem to be designed as an incentive for people to rush to the level cap while skipping as much content as they can along the way, and then change their mind and create another character to go back and do the content that they previously wanted to skip. That's a stupid thing to incentivise.
Originally posted by Quizzical
Partly true. You unlock the Legacy system around level 30, or halfway through your first character which isn't too far IMO even for people who are altoholics. After that, no matter what level your other characters are, give you bonuses to it. Even if you spend the rest of your gametime playing characters 1-10, you're gonna unlock stuff.
It can be unlocked with a single character as well. Even at 50, you gain Legacy XP if you do endgame activities and dailies.
Elite Member
Joined: 6/10/09
I hate sharing alternate advancement between characters. This is one of the few changes TRION has made that I absolutely abhor.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 12/18/11
I have to agree some form of Account wide advancing should be part of every major MMO. Alts are part of the MMO world now really almost noone just makes one main and calls it a day and some system to join that into the game is almost silly not to have and silly everyone has not thought about it and done it by now.
Originally posted by stratasaurus
Unless your alts have absolutely nothing to do with one another... so if something were included, it should be something optional. It's a difficult one with this, because one can see the potential RPG elements - but also - the min/max it's just a game, blah, blah, blah elements...meh.
I miss the MMORPG genre. Will a developer ever make one again?
Explorer: 87%, Killer: 67%, Achiever: 27%, Socializer: 20%
I would recommend the first legacy perk being faster leveling for alts...AFTER your first character reaches max level...AFTER the leveling curve has returned to a decently lengthy amount of time instead of the quick leveling we have now. I don't want to reach max level within weeks of release.
Spotlight Poster
Joined: 6/17/10
Originally posted by strangiato2112
Ummm,, hey OP care to explain how the system works?
Advanced Member
Joined: 11/08/08
The definition of insanity is doing the same thing over and over while expecting different results.
The legacy system was such a joke I already had 4 50's in place when we got that junk. All it did was force you to grind more alts and the cost of the fluff stuff is crazy.
No op this is not a great idea for other games to be had, in fact I can name 8 former guild members who when they saw the legacy system the rage quit.
Originally posted by erictlewis
Anyone that rage quits over a feature that doesn't hurt anyone shouldn't have been playing from the start, IMO. Doubt they could even stick to a game period and you could have still got Legacy perks for those max characters. Games add new content to lower levels all the time after launch, it's nothing detremental.
Originally posted by erictlewis
I don't think you even read the post....
Originally posted by MMOExposed
Basically, you unlock Legacy about midway through your class story in a way that makes sense to unlock it then. From then on, all characters you play on that account will have that last name, or your Legacy name. You get a certain % of XP on top of what you usually earn but it goes towards your Legacy. You can spend Legacy XP to unlock the ability to play a race you leveled on the Empire side, for example, on the Republic as if your character inherited the features from your other character (you get to assign relations like Son, Apprentice, etc). You can get class specific moves (though it's mostly a fun-feature as you can only use them in non-endgame activites and very rarely) to use with classes you maxed. Besides that, you can unlock perks for your younger characters like unlocking mounts sooner or faster XP at certain activities.
Originally posted by MMOExposed
You earn exp that goes to an account wide pool to unlock things. Preferably EQ1 style AAs, but can be cosmetics and fluff too. SWTOR's system, as Ive said and others have said, was an awful implementation of the idea.
The whole point is so a) you are always earning experience towards something and b) if you play alts you dont have to spend the time on them too to unlock things you already got on your main


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COLUMBIA CITY — Columbia City's boys basketball program hasn't had a player pass 1,000 career points since 1976, when Brent Johnson graduated with 1,074.
The 2013 Eagles' team had its second player pass the milestone, as Derek Hinen scored 12 points against Norwell to set his all-time scoring at 1,005.
His teammate, Drew Benedict, passed the mark earlier this season, in the team's third game of the season against Northfield.
"I'm sure there's not a whole lot of teams that have two players with more than 1,000 points," Hinen said.
Benedict now has 1,209 points, only 400 points away from Columbia City's all-time scoring record.
The record of 1,646 points was set by Bill Schwarz in 1960.
The school-high hasn't been touched for more than 50 years, and Benedict is the closest player to reach the mark in more than 30 years.
Along with Schwarz and Johnson, Tom Wood is the only other Columbia City boys basketball player with more than 1,000 points. Wood finished his career with 1,045.
Doug Sheckler, 2004 graduate and Indiana All-Star barely missed the mark, with 967 career points.
While Benedict and Hinen enjoy the honor, they said they are more focused on the team's success than their own.
Both players touted each other, saying they couldn't have reached the milestone without the other.
While both players are focused on the current season, they said they will appreciate the milestone more later.
For a more in-depth look at this story, see the Feb. 5 issue of The Post and Mail. Don't have a subscription? Call (260) 244-5153 or subscribe to our e-edition [3]. For breaking news, sports updates and additional coverage, bookmark the homepage [3] and find us on facebook [3].
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|Covington, WA
|Previous School:
|Mt. Rainier HS
2013 All-Big West Honorable Mention
Mitchell appeared in 54 games and made 53 starts in her first season at CSUN … earned All-Big West Honorable Mention honors … batted .280 with 40 hits on the year … added 13 runs, four doubles, 14 RBIs, 44 total bases, seven walks, 11 hit-by-pitches, three sac bunts and two stolen bases … led the Matadors with 20 hits against Big West opposition and batted .299 in league games … had a season-high four hits and two runs in a win at UC Davis … had a season-high two RBIs in two different games … had a stolen base in two different games … tied for the team lead with 10 multi-hit games and added two multi-RBI games … had a five-game hitting streak during the season.
Mt. Rainier High School
Mitchell played four seasons of softball for the Rams and head coach Ben Rainder ... served as team captain for multiple seasons ... earned all-league honors following final three seasons ... also played basketball, golf and swam ... graduated in 2012.
Born on December 7, 1995 ... daughter of Kimberly and William Mitchell ... has three sisters: Mary, Michelle and Merissa ... favorites include the Seattle Seahawks, Gerar Butler, Sandra Bullock and "Elf" ... advice to young people is "to get involved in as many clubs/activities as possible" ... undecided on a major.


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- Willamette
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MBA for Professionals Program
Willamette University's MBA for Professionals program admits qualified international students who have an immigration status where the primary focus is employment (green card/permanent resident, H1B, L-1, E-1, E-2, etc.) but also allows study incidental to status. Willamette University's MBA for Professional's program does not admit international students who are on an F-1 or J-1 visa because the MBA for Professionals program is designed for working professionals and not for students seeking full-time MBA study.
If you have an F-1 or J-1 visa and your are interested in a full-time MBA program, you should apply to Willamette University's Full-Time MBA for early career and career change students. Willamette University's Early Career and Career Change MBA program is designed for full-time enrollment and satisfies the immigration requirements of F-1 and J-1 visa holders.
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Monday, February 3, 2014
It didn't take long. An introduction on the field and a few minutes together in the dugout and most everyone in Joseph P. Riley, Jr. Park was enthralled.
It's not every day you meet a childhood hero or a sports legend. The Citadel baseball team met both Friday as Atlanta Braves All-Star catcher Javy Lopez and Hall of Fame pitcher Phil Niekro joined the team for its afternoon practice. Midway through, Niekro and Lopez stepped onto the field to greet the team, umpires, staff and anyone else who wanted a handshake, autograph or picture. Some called them heroes or idols, one even boasted to having a picture of Lopez holding him as a baby.
Neikro was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1997 after tallying more than 300 wins as a knuckleball pitcher. He made five all-star appearances and won five Gold Gloves. Lopez was the starting catcher for the 1995 World Series champion Atlanta Braves. He's a three-time all-star and 1996 NLCS MVP.
Since retiring in 2006, Lopez says he's spending more time with his kids and playing golf. Niekro's passion has turned to chasing fish around Georgia when he's not helping coach his grandson's travel ball team.
"I fish a lot but not as much as I used to," Niekro joked. "I don't get out more than three times a day right now so I'm kind of backing off (fishing)."
The two were in town as keynote speakers for Friday night's 10th annual Hot Stove Banquet and Auction, a fundraising initiative benefitting the Storm Eye Institute at MUSC, as well as The Citadel, College of Charleston and Charleston Southern baseball.
Both reminisced on their playing days and talked about the current Braves team but also came with a message for the younger generations. Lopez centered on the game and the importance of persevering through its challenges.
"It's never easy to obtain your goals," he said. "It takes a lot of sacrifice. Basically, you have to go through hell to get to heaven. That's what happened to me. Going through the minor leagues ... wasn't easy for me. But I never gave up. I battled and did what I have to do to make it to the big league. I did what I had to do to stay in the big league, which is the hardest part in my opinion."
Niekro brought a broader message of appreciating family values. He mused over his childhood, playing bingo with his mother and learning his father's infamous knuckle ball at 10 years old in his backyard in West Virginia. He spoke fondly of his late brother, Joe, who he says gave him the greatest gift he has ever received.
"That was three words, I love you," Niekro said. "I think that's the greatest gift you can give anybody. I don't think we say that enough. Some 84,000 seconds in a day, it takes one second or two seconds to say that. You never know what's going to happen tomorrow so it's a nice gift to give everybody every day."
Lopez and Niekro both still follow the Braves. Lopez said the recent induction of Greg Maddux and Tom Glavine was only a matter of time. He praised current Braves manager Fredi Gonzalez and the job he's done taking over for longtime manager Bobby Cox.
"I'm very happy to see (Maddux and Glavine) go in at the same time," Lopez said. "That's something very special.
"Fredi has done a tremendous job. It was hard to fill out Bobby Cox's shoes once he retired ... and so far he's done a really good job. People like him, players like him, respect him. Hopefully, with the team we have, we can do some damage."
Niekro travels to Florida to watch the Braves' spring training but says he's just as big a fan of minor league baseball, especially the Braves' Triple-A affiliate, the Gwinnett Braves.
"I love minor league baseball," he said. "So I go there a lot to see the future guys that are going to be in the big leagues. Everybody thinks baseball is just big leagues but there's some great baseball in the minor league systems and the (Charleston) RiverDogs here have a great ballpark so those of you who haven't been out here, come out and see some great baseball."
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Family Doctor—American Academy of Family Physicians
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
Canadian Cardiovascular Society
College of Family Physicians of Canada
Dickstein K, Kjekshus J. Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction: the OPTIMAAL randomised trial.
Lopez-Sendon J, Swedberg K, et al. Expert consensus document on angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in cardiovascular disease. The Task Force on ACE-inhibitors of the European Society of Cardiology.
Eur Heart J. 2004;25:1454.
Reenan J. Clinical Pearl: Indications for bypass surgery. Virtual Mentor. February 2004;6:2. Available at:
http://virtualmentor.ama-assn.org/2004/02/cprl1-0402.html. Accessed August 19, 2014.
What is angina? National Heart Lung and Blood Institute website. Available at:
http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/angina. Updated June 1, 2011. Accessed August 19, 2014.
7/14/2006 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance. Available at:
http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed: Andreotti F, Testa L, et al. Aspirin plus warfarin compared to aspirin alone after acute coronary syndromes: an updated and comprehensive meta-analysis of 25,307 patients.
Eur Heart J. 2006;27:519-26.
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England and Wales:- Census
In the lists below PTV (Pay To View) is used generally to indicate sites that charge (either per view or by subscription) for images of the original documents or for full transcripts. These sites may provide basic details via free indexes.
There has been a census every ten years since 1801, excluding 1941. However, only those that date from 1841 are of real value to the family historian. The administration of the early census returns 1801-1831 was the responsibility of the Overseers of the Poor and the clergy.
Most of these early returns were unfortunately destroyed, although in some isolated instances they have been preserved. The census returns for 1841 were the first to be kept and, as far as the general public is concerned, the information is released after a hundred years. For example, the public were given access to the 1891 census returns in January 1992.
The 1841 census was different from the previous censuses in two important respects. Firstly, the administration passed into the hands of the Registrar General and the Superintendant Registrars, who were responsible for the registration of births, marriages and deaths. Many recent reforms, including the 1836 General Registration Act, which had culminated in the introduction of civil registration had resulted in a new layer of central and local government.
When the 1841 census was being prepared, it was seen as a logical step that it should also supervise the census. Consequently, civil registration and census taking became inter-related; any change in local boundaries or districts affected them both.
Secondly, the emphasis changed from questions concerned with population size, and the numbers engaged in certain occupations and the condition of the housing stock, to a much more detailed analysis of individuals and families, and the communities in which they lived.
The information recorded on individuals has tended to increase with each census. The information collected in each census is detailed on this GenDocs page.
Guy Etchells has assembled a collection of the official instructions given to enumerators for each census.
In 1851, in addition to the census of population a census was taken of places of worship. Although this was purely voluntary, most places of Worship made returns. This Ecclesiastical Census of 1851 is described by The National Archives in Discovery and the returns have been made available (free online) as part of the Digital Microfilm Project.
10 Mar 1801 No longer exists, with a few exceptions 27 May 1811 No longer exists, with a few exceptions 28 May 1821 No longer exists, with a few exceptions 30 May 1831 No longer exists, with a few exceptions 6 June 1841 Now available to the public, details below 30 March 1851 Now available to the public, details below 7 April 1861 Now available to the public, details below 2 April 1871 Now available to the public, details below 3 April 1881 Now available to the public, details below 5 April 1891 Now available to the public, details below 31 March 1901 Now available to the public, details below 2 April 1911
Now available to the public, details below
19 June 1921 Expected to be released by TNA in January 2022 26 April 1931 Destroyed during WW2 29 September 1939 WW2 National Registration 8 April 1951 23 April 1961 25 April 1971 5 April 1981 21 April 1991 29 April 2001
It is advisable before making a trip to a library or record office, to check the exact whereabouts of specific census returns in order to avoid a wasted visit. Also some libraries may have a limited number of viewers and a booking may be necessary.
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2998 Cherry Ave
Signal Hill, CA 90755
A Sonic Automotive Dealership
Welcome to the used car inventory page of Long Beach BMW. You'll notice in the listings above that we have some of the best used car inventories in all of Long Beach. Our sales staff can help you find the perfect used car or SUV that's right for you! Browse through our listings then give us a ring at 877-514-0141 with any questions; or stop by 2998 Cherry Ave for a test drive.
Be sure to visit Long Beach BMW for all of your automotive needs in Long Beach. From used inventory to new BMW inventory to car repairs and BMW parts, we have California covered! Talk to our automotive professionals and let us help you!
Prices do not include government fees and taxes, any finance charge, any dealer document processing charge ($80), any electronic filing charge and any emission testing charge.


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Downtown walking tour to highlight food, art, historyWritten by Sarah Ottney | Editor in Chief | firstname.lastname@example.com
A local mom and daughter team are set to launch a Downtown walking tour showcasing the neighborhood by way of its food while also highlighting its art, architecture and history.
Toledo Flavors Food Tours will officially kick off July 10. The three-hour tour will be offered 11 a.m. to 2 p.m. Thursdays and Saturdays and will include tastings at six Downtown eateries as well as stops at several Downtown businesses and plenty of historical and architectural highlights along the way.
Culinary samples will include a hotdog and pickles from Packo's at the Park, a Garbage Salad from Grumpy's, a danish from All Crumbs Artisan Bakery, fair-trade coffee from Downtown Latte, shepherd's pie from The Blarney Irish Pub and charcuterie and grape juice from Veritas Cork & Craft, a wine bar opening soon at the Commodore Perry Building. Between food tastings, groups will stop at Fifth Third Field, Erie Street Market, Shared Lives Studio and public art installations like The Arts Commission's artist-designed bike racks, frogs and yarnbombs.
DiAnn Guerrero of Graytown has been thinking about starting a food tour in Toledo for years, but the business started coming together earlier this year when she and her daughter, Mallory Guerrero of Sylvania, went on a food tour during a family trip to Las Vegas in March.
"My mom likes to go on food tours and she's done quite a few of them," Mallory said. "She was like, 'Wouldn't it be cool if Toledo had a food tour?' On the plane ride home we had hours to brainstorm the possibilities, and a month later we were actually starting one. It was just a 'Wouldn't it be cool?' kind of conversation that turned into a full-fledged business."
"I had actually been thinking about it a long time before then," DiAnn said. "I'd traveled with some friends to New York, San Francisco, Knoxville. We had done food tours and we always thought it would be cool for Toledo to have one, but the timing never seemed right. Years went by and, with all the stuff happening Downtown now, I thought, 'Maybe now's the time.'"
To prepare, they attended a food tour seminar in Chicago, then started doing research and talking to restaurants. They also sought information and advice from The Arts Commission, Downtown Toledo Pub Club, the Toledo Warehouse District Association and others.
The goal is to introduce more people to what's available Downtown and help them feel comfortable there, Mallory said.
"Unless you live or work Downtown, a lot of people are reluctant to come down here outside of an event," she said. "We just want to help educate people that there is a lot to do down here and it's really not a scary place and has a lot to offer."
Some food tours only involve restaurants and are more like progressive dinners, Mallory said, but all DiAnn's favorites have also incorporated history and architecture, so that's what they wanted to bring to Toledo.
"That in my mind is the best kind of food tour," DiAnn said. "The ones I've liked the most have been the ones that have gotten us acclimated to the downtown or the city, especially in bigger cities like Chicago or New York, where they take you on the side streets and make you feel like you would be comfortable going back and walking to one of those locations from your hotel."
DiAnn, an accountant, handles the business side of the venture, while Mallory, who works in human resources and has more than 12 years experience as a server and restaurant manager, is the tour guide.
Grumpy's launching its Grumpy's on the Go food truck last month was good timing for the tour, Mallory said.
"We really wanted Grumpy's to be part of the tour, but they aren't open on Saturdays, so we were really excited when they decided to open Grumpy's on the Go because it allowed them to be part of the tour," Mallory said. "We've gotten a lot of really good feedback from that."
The Blarney General Manager Bill Kline said he was excited to hear about the venture.
"It's a fantastic way to showcase The Blarney and all the fabulous Downtown hotspots," Kline said. "We are all for encouraging new business Downtown and assisting those that assist us in bringing new business. It really was a no-brainer."
As word has spread, some restaurants and businesses have approached them.
"The Mud Hens actually contacted us," DiAnn said. "We knew we'd obviously talk about the Mud Hens during the tour, but we didn't think they'd actually meet with us so we didn't initially reach out. When they called us and wanted to share their story with us, we were very excited about that."
Among comments from participants overheard during a recent "practice" tour were: "Wow, I never noticed that till she pointed it out," "I never had fried pickles before — delicious," "I've never been down here before" and "I'm going to come back here for sure."
Randy Lake of Westmoreland, who works with DiAnn, took the tour with his wife, Janna, and their neighbor Cindy Cook.
"I thought three hours was going to be too long, but it was perfect," Janna said. "I cannot wait for Veritas to open and I will come back to The Blarney for the shepherd's pie."
"I just liked learning the history of Toledo. There were a lot of things I didn't know," Cook said. "As far as food, that danish pastry was really good."
The tour will likely change as they learn new information or other businesses want to get involved, Mallory said.
"I'll never proclaim to know all there is to know about Toledo, so as the tour evolves I'm sure I will become even more educated and people on the tours will probably know things I don't and can add to the conversation," Mallory said.
The tours will be offered through September, possibly longer depending on weather and interest, Mallory said. Cost is $42 for adults and $30 for children 12 and younger and participants will receive several tour-exclusive coupons to Downtown restaurants. Each tour group is limited to 10 people. Gift certificates are available.
For more information or to make reservations, visit toledoflavors.com or call 866-736-6343.
Tags: All Crumbs Artisan Bakery, Commodore Perry, DiAnn Guerrero, Downtown, Downtown Latté, Downtown Toledo Pub Club, Erie Street Market, food tour, Grumpy's, Grumpy's on the Go, Mallory Guerrero, The Arts Commission, The Blarney Irish Pub, Toledo, Toledo Flavors Food Tour, Toledo Warehouse District Association, Veritas, Veritas Cork & Craft


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Explore Sri Lanka
Set in the Indian Ocean in South Asia, the tropical island nation of Sri Lanka has a history dating back to the birth of time. It is a place where the original soul of Buddhism still flourishes and where nature's beauty remains abundant and unspoilt.
Few places in the world can offer the traveller such a remarkable combination of stunning landscapes, pristine beaches, captivating cultural heritage and unique experiences within such a compact location. Sri Lanka attractions are truly diverse and exotic; within a mere area of65, 610 kilometres lie 8 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 1,330 kilometres of coastline – much of it pristine beach – 15 national parks showcasing an abundance of wildlife, nearly 500,000 acres of lush tea estates, 250 acres of botanical gardens, 350 waterfalls, 25,000 water bodies, to a culture that extends back to over 2,500 years.
Explore Sri Lanka, an island of magical proportions, once known as Serendib, Taprobane, the Pearl of the Indian Ocean, and Ceylon.
Colombo is the commercial capital of Sri Lanka – it is the traditional gateway to the Orient. Colombo was a popular port of call for many a passenger liner…+ Read more
The seaside town of Galle is 116 km from Colombo by road or rail down the south-west coast. Today the town has grown greatly and spreads into the hinterland…+ Read more
In the early 1960′s Hikkaduwa started its change from a small fishing village into one of Sri Lanka's international holiday destinations. Today backpackers, travelers and package tourists alike favour…+ Read more
Kalutara is a resort town located approximately 40km south of Colombo, Sri Lanka's capital. Kalutara is a semi-urban city with a diverse population. Once an important spice-trading center, the…+ Read more
From Tanglalle to Matara, the road reveals new and unexplained beauty. It skirts the sea shore and for mile upon mile, bay succeeds bay, a curve of yellow sand,…+ Read more
The Sinhalese refer to Negombo as Meegamuwa "The village of honey" (or bees) due a story about a swarm of bees that had settled in a boat pulled ashore…+ Read more
Trincomalee on the north-east coast of Sri Lanka with its magnificent coast is now becoming increasingly popular with visitors to the country. Blessed with sunny weather throughout the year…+ Read more
Unawatuna, near Galle, is a beautiful wide curving golden beach. The beach has been acclaimed amongst the 12 best beaches in the world. There is a reef protecting the…+ Read more
A Sri Lankan coastal city famous for golden beaches, Bentota, is situated on the southern coastal tip of the Galle District of the Southern Province. It is just 60…+ Read more
Tucked away on the scenic South Eastern Coast of Sri Lanka, about 300 km from Colombo, you will find the lazy little fishing village of Arugam Bay. Things to…+ Read more
Of all the Dambulla places to visit, the cultural tourist must explore the famous Dambulla Rock Temple, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (149 km from Colombo, 16 km west…+ Read more
Polonnaruwa (located 218 km from Colombo) was established as the capital in the 11th century when Anuradhapura was abandoned due to foreign invasion. You'll discover a vibrant array of…+ Read more
One of the most stunning places to visit in Sigiriya village is the Sigiriya citadel (located 166 km from Colombo), the stupendous 5th century A.D. rock-fortress of a fugitive…+ Read more
Anuradhapura (situated 203 km from Colombo), Sri Lanka's first historical capital founded around the 5th century B.C. gives a fascinating glimpse of a well laid-out, metropolis of gigantic Buddhist…+ Read more
Surrounded by hills and tea plantations, the idyllic town of Bandarawela is the perfect getaway from Sri Lanka's tropical heat, as it enjoys spring-like weather throughout the year. A…+ Read more
Nuwara Eliya
Nuwara Eliya, meaning "city on the plain (table land)" or "city of light", is a town in the central highlands of Sri Lanka with a picturesque landscape and temperate…+ Read more
The hill capital of Kandy is located 115 km from Colombo., It is Sri Lanka's picturesque highland capital, last stronghold of the Sri Lankan kings against European…+ Read more
Ella presents a quaint and idyllic charm nestled within the central mountains of Sri Lanka. Most visitors to Ella only spend a couple of days there. But if you…+ Read more
Horton Plains
The Horton Plain Plateau, is a secluded wilderness sanctuary 2130m high and offers one of Sri Lanka's most unforgettable views. Popularly known as a breathtaking place to visit in…+ Read more
Kumana National Park
Located in the southeast corner of Sri Lanka, is the 18,149 hectare Kumana National Park (Yala East) which is a well known eco tourism attraction and a must visit…+ Read more
Minneriya National Park is located between Habarana and Polonnaruwa. Covering an area of 8890 hectares, Minneriya National Park safari is an ideal excursion for elephant and leopard watching. The…+ Read more
Yala – National Park
Sri Lanka's oldest national park Yala is located in the south-east corner of Sri Lanka and has an area of about 127,000 ha. There are many things to do…+ Read more
Bundala National Park
Bundala in the South East of Sri Lanka is a wonderful introduction to the country's National Parks. Bundala National Park is famous for its diversity and profusion of aquatic…+ Read more
Wilpattu National Park
The Wilpattu National Park Sri Lanka and its surroundings are steeped in history and covered with legend. Popular legend says that in 543 BC King Vijaya landed at Kudrimalai…+ Read more
Sinharaja Rain Forest
Sri Lanka's Sinharaja Rain Forest is a unique, low land rain forest comprising about 11,187 hectares, spreading across several administrative districts. It is one of the least disturbed and…+ Read more
Udawalawe National Park
Sri Lanka's Udawalawe National Park is renowned for its outstanding scenic beauty and wealth of faunal species, particularly mammals and birds. It is a famous tourist attraction throughout the…+ Read more


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Taking "The Kids" Sightseeing in Nebraska!
Last month we headed to Nebraska for a week of launch events to introduce Deschutes Brewery beer to the craft beer fans of the Midwest! Since we had never been to "...The Good Life" State, we decided to take "The Kids" along for the ride....and some sightseeing.
Mirror Pond Pale Ale and Black Butte Porter pair very well with sports so our first stop was the TD Ameritrade Park in Omaha. This baseball stadium is the home field of the College World Series and has been since 2011. Due to an agreement with the NCAA, the games will remain there each year until at least 2035. With seating for 24,000, it's a great place to watch the series in the summer, the Creighton University Bluejays in the Spring and the Omaha Nighthawks (United Football League) in the Fall. After hearing "hey, batta, batta, batta, batta," about 100 times from "The Kids," we decided to head on to our next adventure.


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Excalibur Epicure Reviews
write your own review
I recently purchased these from your latest catalog, and your description of them is right on the money. I would put these up against a Chateau Fuente or a Padron #2000. What a great cigar!
I would have to say that this is the best smoke for the money I have ever had. It burns even, does'nt take long to smoke, and has a very smooth taste. I would highly reccomend this cigar.
Great smooth smoke
Ijust got back into cigars after a long absence. I had mixed rememberances about Hoyo's. In the last 5 months I probably have sampled 30 different offerings. This Excalibur Epicure is in the top 5. Beautiful full smoke. Near perfect draw and construction Nutty to Caramel mild/medium flavor. My favorite combination and a good value. To those who found poor burn and flavor my experience tells me that when others are raving and you can't understand it you might look to your tobacconist. Odds are somewhere in the chain the cigars weren't properly cared for
prelight--not the best looking stick, a lot of small bumps throughout. a bit of soft spots, but no large veins. double cap wrapper. first third--light coffee bean and smooth taste from the first draw. second third--a tad bit of spice, but consistent, creamy smoothness last third--just a tad bit of caramel. still the coffee bean dominates. conclusion--mild, consistent smoke. not complex or dense at all, but it could b a reliable, mild smoke. impeccable burn until the last 1.25 inch.
I can't understand Rob from Maryland. The Epicure was smooth and nutty with a perfect burn. I've gone through many boxes of Hoyos and not a problem with any of them. I could count the touch-ups on one hand. Currently I'm finishing the box of Epicures and not a problem with construction, draw, taste, or burn. I've also smoked many Rocky Pstels and the only thing I can say is, it's a good cigar but not near worth the price Rocky Patel thinks it's worth. No Rocky is more than a three dollar stick.
Consisently the best. I am not at all an expert and have stuck with sample packs for years but this one stood out in the crowd. Mild to the end. My fingers got hot when the cigar gets down to less then an inch before the smoke does. And I usually dump a cigar as soon as it gets hot or bitter which is some where around three inches. But not these.
You can not go wrong with any hoyo and this one will please.A fine cigar anytime med with a real good taste.
I cannot write enough bad things about this cigar, and all of Hoyo cigars (the only exception being the Dark Sumatra, which is still a bit strong for my palate). I bought a single of these from my local shop and enjoyed it well enough; the taste is woody, even "sawdust"-y, but I enjoyed that, and dry. I bought a box. Worst cigar decision I ever made. The construction was terrible. Sticks would split on lighting. I could only smoke them about halfway, the taste was so bitter/bland. Also, during this time, I was getting spoiled on everything Rocky Patel, so the draw on these seemed to me simply terrible, like sucking on a straw. Forget it. I ended up throwing half the box away. Good riddance. Make room in my humi for more Rocky Patels. And the occasional 5-pack of Hoyo Dark Sumatras. Oh, and the smell these things put in my humi! I had to move them out to another, smaller one because their "spice" odor was getting into my other sticks and making them taste bitter, too. I've smoked other Hoyos, too, and have generally had the same experience: bad construction (splitting cigars), poor draw, bland/bitter taste. I can't understand how anyone can give these a high mark.
I found this cigar to be quite the nice surprise, as I had previously sampled only the Merlin Excalibur, and I found this to be a superior cigar in my opinion. Easy draw, decent burn, and mild taste makes it an instant favorite for me.
If you like mild, creamy, smooth cigars then this is the one. Tons of smoke and easy pull. Great for new smokers and those looking for a cigar that wont pollute your senses for hours afterwards.
I've found Hoyo de Monterrey to be one of the most reliable brands. The Epicure seems like a younger, milder version of the house Robusto, which I love, except the initial taste was jalapeno--a pleasant surprise--but this faded quickly. The complex, peanutty flavor, with floral and coffee undertones, dominated. The other qualities (draw, burn, etc.) were very good. I will probably smoke another, sometime, but I still prefer the fuller bodied Hoyo de Monterrey Robusto.


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Spice Jars with Aqua Ceramic Lids, Set of 6 7 7
Very pleased and impressed My wife actually ordered these (around 80 or so), she has alot of spices and no one else offered a large quantity of bottles. We found these, ordered our size, they hold a bottle of spice and fit in the drawer. We just labeled the top, which seals very well with a locking mechanism. What impressed us was the packaging. World Market is to be commended for their packaging. Being glass, they were wrapped so that they did not touch each other even in a pack of 18. We would definately recommend World Market. Also the prices were very reasonable. Thank-you, Chuck and Cindi October 21, 2013
So cute!!! These are exactly as described and will cheer up any kitchen. I love them! July 28, 2013
makes spices look beautiful I love these little jars! They clasp well and they look so pretty on the counter or in the cabinets. They came packaged well and none were damaged upon arrival. I was very pleased with this product. January 28, 2013
Great Color These little jars add a great pop of color to my otherwise neutral kitchen. Practical, too. Just right for holding the spices that we buy in larger quantities. September 19, 2013
Nice looking little jars. I bought these aqua spice jars to match the larger jars I purchased and fell in love with and so far, I'm pretty happy with my purchase. They hold a smaller amount than I expected but it's not so bad that I'd take them back. I checked and it held a 1 oz bottle of herbs almost to the top. So I'd say they hold about 1.5 oz to 2 oz at most. They seal well although the clamp seems a little on the large side and it makes it a bit awkward sometimes. They came extremely well wrapped and no damage. All in all I enjoy them but I certainly want to purchase a different size and style set for larger amount of herbs and spices. April 14, 2013
attractive and good price, but low quality the metal clasp is of low quality. the cermic top already popped out of the clasp. December 30, 2013
Poor Quality Item I had ordered a set of these jars in hopes of reorganizing my spice cabinet. I am glad I only ordered one set of these jars to examine before purchasing the number I would need to complete my project. The metal is very cheaply made and 2 of the 6 jars do not even close effectively. I will continue my quest for the 'right jar' for my needs. November 12, 2014
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An active micromixer uses a surface acoustic wave, preferably a Rayleigh wave, propagating on a piezoelectric substrate to induce acoustic streaming in a fluid in a microfluidic channel. The surface acoustic wave can be generated by applying an RF excitation signal to at least one interdigital transducer on the piezoelectric substrate. The active micromixer can rapidly mix quiescent fluids or laminar streams in low Reynolds number flows. The active micromixer has no moving parts (other than the SAW transducer) and is, therefore, more reliable, less damaging to sensitive fluids, and less susceptible to fouling and channel clogging than other types of active and passive micromixers. The active micromixer is adaptable to a wide range of geometries, can be easily fabricated, and can be integrated in a microfluidic system, reducing dead volume. Finally, the active micromixer has on-demand on/off mixing capability and can be operated at low power.
1. An active micromixer, comprising:
a piezoelectric substrate having a surface;
a microfluidic channel fluidically sealed on the surface of the substrate, containing a fluid that is acoustically coupled to the surface of the substrate;
a single pair of opposing interdigital transducers on the surface of the substrate, wherein the interdigital transducers are paired opposite to one another and separated by the microfluidic channel; and
an RF signal generator for exciting the opposing interdigital transducers and generating opposing surface acoustic waves that propagate on the surface of the substrate to the microfluidic channel and couple energy into the fluid normal to the surface in an active mixing region of the microfluidic channel defined by the acoustic aperture of the opposing interdigital transducers.
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This invention was made with Government support under contract no. DE-AC04-94AL85000 awarded by the U.S. Department of Energy to Sandia Corporation. The Government has certain rights in the invention.
The present invention relates to fluid mixing in microfluidic devices and, in particular, to a micromixer that actively mixes fluids using surface acoustic wave induced acoustic streaming.
Microfluidic devices control and manipulate fluid flows with length scales less than about one millimeter and fluid volumes of less than about a microliter. Microfluidic systems are now in widespread use for a host of applications including biochemical analysis, drug screening, biosensors, chemical reactions, cell sorting, sequencing of nucleic acids, and transport of small volumes of materials. Many of these applications require efficient mixing of biological materials and chemical reagents for the necessary reactions to occur. For these applications, rapid homogenization of two fluid streams in a minimal amount of space is generally highly desirable.
When the dimensions are several hundred micrometers or less, pressure flows are laminar and uniaxial. The Reynolds number (i.e., the ratio of inertial to viscous forces) is small, on the order of unity, and mixing is purely diffusive. For this reason, a molecular diffusion-based mixing process can take tens of seconds up to several minutes. Moreover, the mixing time in solutions containing complex biomolecules, or other large particles, can increase to hours as compared to simple proteins. Even at the scale of microchannels, diffusion-based mixing is slow compared to convection of material along the channel, as described by the Peclet number (i.e., the ratio of convective to diffusive transport, typically greater than one hundred). For example, in water flowing at a velocity of about 1 cm/sec in a 100-μm-wide channel, mixing lengths can be up to tens of centimeters. These mixing times and lengths are far too long for practical, portable microfluidic systems, especially when large particles are to be mixed.
To improve mixing efficacy and homogenization of fluid streams in a microchannel, rapid folding and stretching of the fluid is essential to reduce the mixing time. Rapid stretching and folding of the fluid can be accomplished by using passive or active mixing methods. Passive micromixers rely on forcing liquids through static geometries to fold and stretch the fluid, thereby increasing the interfacial area between adjacent fluid streams. Multiple stage laminations and flow splitting have been used to increase dramatically the interfacial area. See J. Branebjerg et al., "Fast mixing by lamination," Proc. IEEE MEMS Workshop, San Diego, Calif. (1996); and N. Schwesinger et al., "A modular microfluid system with an integrated micromixer," J. Micromech. Microeng. 6, 99 (1996). Recently, chaotic advection using complicated three-dimensional serpentine twisted channels has been used to achieve seemingly random and chaotic particle trajectories within fluid channels. See R. H. Liu et al., "Passive mixing in a three-dimensional serpentine microchannel," J. Microelectromech. Sys. 9, 190 (2000); D. J. Beebe et al., "Passive mixing in microchannels: Fabrication and flow experiments," Mec. Ind. 2, 343 (2001); and R. A. Vijayendran et al., "Evaluation of a three-dimensional micromixer in a surface-based biosensor," Langmuir 19, 1824 (2003). However, to date such passive micromixers lack efficiency at low Reynolds number. More recently, a passive micromixer using bas-relief features has been demonstrated to provide efficacious mixing, even at low Reynolds number. See A. D. Stroock et al., "Chaotic mixer for microchannels," Science 295, 647 (2002). The bas-relief structure was used to generate transverse flows in the microchannel such that liquid streams twisted over one another. However, a significant disadvantage is that, in order to generate the chaotic-advection required for mixing, complex three-dimensional microstructures must be fabricated. Further, these meandering paths and complex flow structures can generate dead volume. Such dead volumes can cause sample loss, decreased throughput, increased detection time, and can easily foul when using complex solutions. Moreover, passive mixing methods require fluid flow for mixing to occur.
Active micromixers rely on internal mixing forces within a fluid-carrying channel, typically using moving parts. Active micromixers can be driven, for example, by pressure, temperature, electrohydrodynamic, dielectrophoretic, electrokinetic, magnetohydrodynamic, or ultrasonic actuators. Active micromixers can have greater mixing efficacy than passive micromixers, especially for flows at low Reynolds number. Further, the mixing can be switched on and off, as desired, and can be done in the absence of fluid flow. This assures that the chemical reaction time is faster than the residence time in the microchannel. However, active micromixers require an external power source, and the integration of active mixers in microfluidic systems can also be challenging, requiring complicated actuation structures and costly and complex fabrication processes.
It is well known that ultrasonic actuation can significantly influence the pressure variation within fluids. Acoustic pressure variation can be large enough to cause cavitation, where the pressure forces exceed the intermolecular cohesion forces. Though bubble formation and collapse can induce mixing, a secondary mechanism exists when the acoustic energy is dissipated by viscous stress. The nonlinear hydrodynamic coupling of high amplitude sound waves with the dissipative fluid medium creates an acoustic pressure gradient within the fluid. This large nonlinear gradient results in a steady fluid flow, in a process known as "quartz wind" or acoustic streaming.
Active micromixers based on acoustic streaming have produced liquid oscillations using thickness-mode resonances in zinc oxide (ZnO), induced ultrasonic vibration of thin silicon membranes to actively mix fluids using lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT), and moved liquid droplets using 128� Y-cut X-propagating lithium niobate (128� YX LiNbO3). Typically, these micromixers use transducer disks attached to the exterior of a fluidic channel to convert radio-frequency electrical energy into an ultrasonic acoustic wave normal to the disk. See X. Zhu and E. S. Kim, "Microfluidic motion generation with acoustic waves," Sensors and Actuators A 66, 355 (1998); Z. Yang et al., "Ultrasonic micromixer for microfluidic systems," Sensors and Actuators A 93, 266 (2001); and G. G. Yaralioglu et al., "Ultrasonic Mixing in Microfluidic Channels Using Integrated Transducers," Anal. Chem. 76, 3694 (2004).
Acoustic streaming can also be generated by a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device. A Rayleigh wave can readily radiate longitudinal waves into a fluid when the SAW propagation surface is in contact with the fluid. The SAW streaming force resulting from a leaky Rayleigh wave can be much greater than other types of acoustic streaming forces, such as attenuated plane waves traveling in a bulk liquid. However, early studies, that used 128� YX LiNbO3 to perturb fluids, only considered acoustic wave streaming in open systems and did not use the streaming force for fluid mixing in closed channels. See T. Uchida et al., "Investigation of Acoustic Streaming Excited by Surface Acoustic Waves," Proc. 1995 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium, 1081 (1995); K. Miyamoto et al., "Nonlinear vibration of liquid droplets by surface acoustic wave excitation," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 41, 3465 (2002); and S. Shiokawa and Y. Matsui, "The Dynamics of SAW Streaming and its Application to Fluid Devices," Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 360, 53 (1995), all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Therefore, a need still exists for an efficient, active micromixer based on SAW streaming that can be integrated in a closed microfluidic system.
The present invention is directed to an active micromixer, comprising a piezoelectric substrate having a surface; at least one interdigital transducer on the surface of the substrate; a microfluidic channel, containing a fluid, acoustically coupled to the surface of the substrate; and an RF signal generator for exciting the at least one interdigital transducer and generating a SAW that propagates on the surface of the substrate to the channel and couples energy into the fluid in an active mixing region of the channel.
The piezoelectric substrate can a crystal plate, such as 128� YX LiNbO3, 36� YX LiTaO3, crystalline quartz, zinc oxide, or aluminum nitride. The at least one interdigital transducer can comprise two opposing interdigital transducers to contra-propagate acoustic waves along the free surface of the substrate to the fluid interface. The interdigital transducer can be unfocused or focused, using structures such as waveguides and acoustic horns to concentrate the acoustic field at the active mixing region of the channel.
The energy coupling of the SAW induces acoustic streaming in the fluid, thereby actively mixing the fluid streams. The SAW is preferably a Rayleigh wave that couples strongly to the fluid. Active mixing using acoustic streaming has a number of advantages over other types of active micromixers. The steaming-based active micromixer has improved efficiency and improved reliability, since it has no moving parts. Further, the lack of a mechanical actuator may be less damaging to biological molecules in the fluids. The lack of mechanical contact with the fluid prevents the micromixer from being susceptible to biofouling and channel clogging, and can be used to remove non-specifically bound materials from surfaces. The surface acoustic wave transducer can couple to the fluid directly, or remotely, through the walls of the channel. Further, the active micromixer is adaptable to a wide range of geometries, can be easily fabricated, and can be integrated in a microfluidic system, reducing dead volume. Further, the active micromixer has on-demand on/off mixing capability and can be operated at low power. The SAW-based active micromixer is particularly useful in fluidic applications in which the Reynolds number is small.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and form part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, describe the invention. In the drawings, like elements are referred to by like numbers.
The active micromixer of the present invention comprises a SAW transducer integrated with a microfluidic channel to enable mixing of fluid in the channel by SAW streaming. In
The substrate 12 can be a precisely oriented piezoelectric crystal plate that can generate a SAW having an out-of-plane component. The SAW is preferably a Rayleigh wave that has a strong normal displacement. However, other types of surface waves with weaker out-of-plane components, such as impure shear waves, can also be generated. For example, the crystal plate can comprise ST-quartz, zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminum nitride (AlN), lithium niobate (LiNbO3), or lithium tantalate (LiTaO3). The electromagnetic coupling coefficient (K2) is a measure of the efficiency of the piezoelectric material in converting an applied electrical signal into mechanical energy of the SAW. Preferably, the substrate 12 comprises a strong piezoelectric material, such as 128� YX LiNbO3, which has a large electromechanical coupling coefficient. The electromechanical coupling coefficient for 128� YX LiNbO3 (K2=5.5%) is much larger than quartz, ZnO, or AlN (i.e., K2=0.16, 1.1, and 0.4%, respectively), which also generate Rayleigh waves. The substrate 12 can comprise a piezoelectric optical material. For example, a LiNbO3 substrate enables the combination of fluidic handling, surface cleaning, and optical detection using total internal reflection fluorescence.
Alternatively, since the SAW 14 propagates along the surface, the substrate 12 can comprise a thin piezoelectric crystal layer that is thicker than the SAW penetration depth (i.e., greater than a few acoustic wavelength thickness) on a rigid, nonpiezoelectric substrate. For example, the substrate 12 can comprise a thin film of AlN, ZnO, or LiNbO3 on a glass or semiconductor substrate. These materials can be deposited by sputtering or sol-gel methods. Alternatively, the surface of the substrate can comprise a piezoelectric portion and a nonpiezoelectric, but elastic, portion. The SAW can be generated on the piezoelectric portion of the surface and can propagate on the nonpiezoelectric portion of the surface to the channel.
The SAW 14 can be generated by a transducer comprising at least one interdigital transducer (IDT) 30 on the surface of the piezoelectric substrate 12. An IDT 30 comprises a fingerlike periodic pattern of parallel in-plane electrodes 34 and 36. Adjacent fingers 32 from the opposing electrodes 34 and 36 form finger pairs. The spatial periodicity, or spatial wavelength, of the IDT 30 is the distance between the centerlines of adjacent finger pairs. When a RF drive voltage 50 is applied to contact pads 35 and 37, a spatially periodic, surface-concentrated electric field distribution is established between the spatially periodic electrode fingers 32 that penetrates into the piezoelectric substrate 12. Because of the piezoelectric coupling, an elastic strain distribution with periodicity is created in the substrate 12, thereby generating the SAW 14. To generate the correct surface wave, the proper axis of the piezoelectric crystal 12 is preferably aligned with the IDT 30. The strength of the outputted SAW can be controlled by changing the overlap of the electrodes, number of finger pairs, their periodicity, the finger pattern, and the power input. Other IDT geometries can be used to minimize phase distortion, insertion loss, control bandwidth, etc. For example, the finger pattern can comprise a "split-finger" geometry, wherein each finger is split into two finger electrodes (i.e., with four fingers per period, rather than two as with the single-finger electrode geometry). This split-finger geometry has been shown to minimize interelectrode reflections of the acoustic wave within the IDT structure. See D. Royer and E. Dieulesaint, Elastic Waves in Solids I and II, Springer (2000); and C. K. Campbell, Surface Acoustic Wave Devices for Mobile and Wireless Communications, Academic Press (1998).
The SAW transducer is most efficient when the excitation frequency of the RF source is such that the physical spacing between alternate finger pairs of the IDT corresponds to the wavelength of the SAW (i.e., at the synchronous frequency). Typically, a SAW transducer can operate at a frequency that is about 10 to 100 times higher than a bulk acoustic wave resonator. Therefore, the SAW frequency can be approximately 20 MHz to 1 GHz or higher. The acoustic wavelength of the SAW is inversely related to the frequency by the velocity in the piezoelectric material. The SAW velocity depends on the elasticity, density, and piezoelectric properties for a particular crystal cut and orientation. SAW velocities are typically about five orders of magnitude smaller than those of electromagnetic waves. Therefore, acoustic wavelengths are typically 2-100 μm.
Preferably, the active micromixer 10 comprises two opposing IDTs 30 to provide a dual excitation (as shown). Together, the transducers generate two contra-propagating SAWs 14 that irradiate the central microfluidic channel 20 from opposite sides. However, since each IDT 30 typically generates bidirectional SAWs that propagate symmetrically in opposite directions, acoustic reflectors (not shown) can be fabricated at each end of the substrate 12 to reflect the outwardly propagating surface waves and thereby reinforce the inwardly propagating SAWs 14. Various grating structures are known to provide efficient acoustic reflectors. These reflection grating structures include shallow grooves etched into the surface or open-circuited or short-circuited thin-film metal strips deposited on the substrate surface. Asymmetries can also be created within the IDT structure itself to make the transducer more unidirectional. Alternatively, acoustically lossy terminations (not shown) can be fabricated at each end of the substrate 12 to absorb the outwardly propagating surface waves.
The overlap of the finger electrodes defines an acoustic aperture, or effective width of the SAW beam 14 exiting the IDT 30. For large acoustic apertures (i.e., widths much greater than the acoustic wavelength), beam spreading due to diffractive effects can be ignored and the length of the active mixing region 23 will be approximately equal to the acoustic aperture of the exiting beam.
Alternatively, the IDT 30 can be a focusing IDT to compress the SAW beamwidth and concentrate the acoustic field at the active mixing region 23 or for coupling into an acoustic waveguide. Increasing the acoustic power density can be especially beneficial for rapid mixing in localized regions. The focusing IDT can use curved metal fingers to generate a converging SAW having a certain aperture angle. Preferably, the finger shape follows lines of constant SAW group velocity, which can be calculated taking into account the anisotropy of the piezoelectric crystal. See M. G. Cohen, "Optical Study of Ultrasonic Diffraction and Focusing in Anisotropic Media," J. Appl. Phys. 38(10), 3821 (1967); and S. R. Fang et al., "SAW Focusing by Circular-Arc Interdigital Transducers on YZ—LiNbO3 ," IEEE Trans. Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Freq. Control 36(2), 178 (1989), which are incorporated herein by reference.
A waveguide can also be used to focus or bend the SAW beam, control beam spreading, or define the acoustic aperture of the beam. An acoustic waveguide is a geometric structure that confines the lateral extent of the acoustic wave and binds the wave to the guide. An acoustic wave can be bound by a waveguide having a central waveguiding region that is slower than an outer cladding region. Because the acoustic wave travels slower in the central region, it is pulled in laterally to the central region, similar to a refractive-index-guided optical wave. Such waveguides may be especially useful for integrated microfluidic devices to enable efficient use of the substrate area and increase functionality and performance of the device.
SAW waveguides are primarily of two types. Overlay waveguides can comprise a strip of slower material (e.g., a metallic film) that is deposited on top of the central waveguiding region of the piezoelectric substrate. Another type of overlay waveguide is the slot waveguide, wherein the substrate is coated with a faster material except for an open slot over the central region. Alternatively, the waveguide can be a topographic waveguide comprising a raised rectangular ridge or wedge that provides a central guiding region (alternatively, the ridge can be defined by lateral grooves formed in the substrate). Such ridge waveguides can provide strong confinement of a SAW beam, permitting relatively sharp bends or strong focusing of the SAW without excessive radiation leakage. The strength of the confinement is a function of the acoustic frequency and can be controlled by the aspect ratio and geometry of the ridge.
The waveguide can be tapered to provide an acoustic horn that compresses the beam width of the propagating SAW. In
Also shown in
If the longitudinal wave 16 has a high enough intensity, acoustic streaming is induced in the fluid 22, resulting in efficient folding and stretching of the fluid 22 in the channel 20. The acoustic attenuation depends on the viscosity and density of the fluid at the SAW frequency. The acoustic streaming force scales as the frequency squared, attenuation cubed, displacement squared, and as the wavenumber in the fluid. Therefore, the acoustic streaming force is highly dependent on viscous losses in the fluid. In particular, SAW streaming can induce large gradients in the fluid because the effective radiation lost to the fluid is generated by the unique boundary conditions at the interface. Indeed, Shiokawa et al. have estimated that the streaming force can typically be 103 stronger for SAW streaming compared to a bulk wave at the same operating frequency in water. Thus streaming flow, and therefore mixing, can be generated with a relatively small SAW power. Indeed, at higher power levels, fluidic samples can be vaporized, enabling gas phase detection of, for example, biological agents.
The microfluidic channel 20 can be fabricated on the top surface of the substrate. The microchannel structure 20 can comprise a rigid material, such as plastic, glass, or a silicon-based material, to minimize acoustic loss. The microchannel 20 can be bonded to the surface 17 of the substrate 12. Alternatively, a thin gasket of a soft acoustic material can be used to fluidically seal the microchannel 20 to the surface 17 and minimize acoustic attenuation at the interface. Alternatively, the microfluidic channel 20 can be recessed beneath a thin piezoelectric crystal surface layer or be otherwise acoustically coupled to the surface of the substrate 12. The width of the microchannel 20 can preferably be less than ten acoustic wavelengths and, more preferably, on the order of the SAW wavelength. The height of the microchannel 20 is preferably comparable to the acoustic attenuation length in the fluid and depends on the excited wavelength for optimal propagation distance. For example, the height can preferably be less than ten acoustic wavelengths in the fluid and, more preferably, less than a few acoustic wavelengths. Efficient mixing can be obtained by aligning the microfluidic channel 20 perpendicular to the SAW propagation direction. Alternatively, the microfluidic channel 20 can be aligned at various angles with the SAW propagation direction, including along or opposed to the direction of fluid flow.
Two SAW-based active micromixers where fabricated and their performances were evaluated. The first had bidirectional double split-finger IDTs, of the type shown in
The SAW transducers were fabricated using single-side polished 128� YX LiNbO3 (Crystal Technology, Inc., Palo Alto, Calif.) wafers as the piezoelectric substrate. A lift-off procedure was used to pattern the IDTs and reflectors. A 100 Å titanium (Ti) adhesive layer was first deposited on the LiNbO3 wafers using an e-beam evaporator. A 900 Å gold layer was then deposited on the Ti film by resistive evaporation. Each IDT consisted of 56 finger pairs with an acoustic aperture of 38� and a metallization ratio of 0.5. The center-to-center separation of the opposed IDTs was 120. The IDTs supported Rayleigh waves with a center frequency of 90 MHz, having an insertion loss ranging from −7 to −10 dB. At this frequency, the acoustic wavelength was about 44 μm.
The acoustic horns were designed to provide a four-fold increase the acoustic power density at the operating frequency of 90 MHz. Each acoustic horn had an input aperture of about 500 μm and tapered, at less than the confinement angle, to a 125-μm-wide stripline that propagated the SAW beam to the active mixing region. Each acoustic horn and stripline were of the overlay waveguide type and comprised a 900 Å gold layer deposited an adhesion layer on top of the central waveguiding region of the LiNbO3 substrate.
Two different Y-junction microfluidic channels, comprising either PDMS or polycarbonate, were fabricated. The PDMS microchannel was used for rapid prototyping and to measure mixing efficacy using fluorescence microscopy. The polycarbonate microchannel was used for detailed particle velocity mapping using μPIV. Both channels provided low Reynolds numbers (Re<2) flows. To fabricate the microfluidic channels, silicon molds were selectively etched with a deep reactive ion etcher (DRIE, Unaxis SLR 770 ICP). Either PDMS or polycarbonate then could be cast onto the silicon mold to provide the microchannel.
The mixing efficacy of two fluid streams was measured using an active micromixer of the type shown in
The mixing efficacy was evaluated using the fluorescent dye Alexa-488. This dye is insensitive to pH between pH 4 and 10 and has superior quantum yield to fluorescein dyes. Since inks and dyes do not show any chemical reaction when mixed, proportional mixing can be observed within the microchannel. The micromixer was mounted in a fixture containing test probes (AlphaTest μHELIX�, AlphaTest Corporation, Mesa, Ariz.). The fixture was positioned on the stage of an optical microscope (Olympus IX-70, Olympus America, Melville, N.Y.). The emission (at 535 nm) was selected using an Alexa-488 filter (Chroma Scientific, Rockingham, Vt.). One input fluid stream contained a 100 mM PBS buffer pH 7.4 and the second had 250 μg ml−1 protein-A (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) conjugated with Alexa-488 dye (Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, Oreg.) dissolved in 100 mM PBS buffer pH 7.4. The two streams were introduced from syringes connected by PMMA tubing attached to the silicone rubber tubing connectors on the PDMS microchannels. A syringe pump (PHD 2000, Harvard Apparatus Inc., Holliston, Mass.) was used to control the volumetric flow rate.
The mixing efficacy was quantified by measuring the fluorescence intensity of the protein-A labeled with Alexa-488 across the cross-section of the active mixing region of the PDMS microchannel. Video images captured with a 12-bit CCD camera (Retiga 1300, Qlmaging, Burnaby, B.C. Canada) were converted into sequential 640�480 TIFF-formatted images. The fluorescent images were converted into a three-slice RGB stack, using the green slice to build a monotone spectrum. Color index ranged from 255 for black to 0 for green. The spatial-temporal variation of color in the PDMS microchannel was analyzed using an image-processing toolbox. The 12-bit images were processed by determining the color index for sets of pixels in the captured images. All microchannels were imaged at the midpoint (i.e., h/2=55 μm) depth of field.
The mixing index, α, was determined from the standard deviation of the color index, according to
To determine the mixing efficacy, the mixing index, α, was computed 1 mm downstream from the active mixing region in the microchannel. The fluorescence variation in a region of uniform fluid flow in
The mixing index was also determined using bidirectional double split-finger IDTs with acoustic horns, of the type shown in
The acoustic loss to a microchannel fabricated entirely from PDMS can result in significant attenuation of the incident Rayleigh SAW before it can couple to the fluid. Therefore, a polycarbonate microfluidic channel was fabricated to minimize the contact area of the PDMS gasket with the LiNbO3 substrate. In
The particle velocities due to active mixing alone were obtained at two-dimensional slices in the z-plane of the microchannel in the absence of external fluid flow. The active mixing region (i.e., the acoustic excitation region) was 1.7 mm in length and centered at 1 mm downstream from the Y-junction. In
SAW streaming produces strong radiation forces acting on fluids and particles suspended in the fluids. Assuming Stokes drag (a reasonable assumption when Re<0.5), the equation of motion for a particle in an ultrasonic field was solved to estimate the acoustic streaming force. The solution of the velocity field can be written as
Local particle velocities in excess of 3 cm sec−1 were measured nearest the substrate surface for 4.5 dBm (3.2 mW) of total excitation power for the opposing IDTs. This particle velocity indicates an acoustic radiation force of 45 pN m−2. The fluid velocity tended to decrease further from the piezoelectric substrate surface, aside from recirculation effects. The fluid velocities were highly non-uniform across the microchannel cross-section, as evidenced by the presence of fluidic sources and sinks. Slices imaged at 170 μm above the surface exhibited more uniform flow patterns, whereas the fluid motion at 340 μm above the surface was non-uniform. The largest velocity gradients were observed near the center of the excitation. These results indicate that the active micromixer is able to fold and stretch laminar streams to produce excellent mixing.
By varying the total excitation power applied to the SAW transducers, the dependence of the mean fluid velocity on the input acoustic power, accounting for return losses, was determined. The mean fluid velocity was computed from μPIV data by sampling along the width of the active mixing region using the active micromixer without the acoustic horn (i.e., an acoustic aperture of 38λ). As shown in
The present invention has been described as an active micromixer using SAW streaming. It will be understood that the above description is merely illustrative of the applications of the principles of the present invention, the scope of which is to be determined by the claims viewed in light of the specification. Other variants and modifications of the invention will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
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Written by Mike Swofford Monday, 16 May 2011 02:11
|Article Index
|The Visioining Process
|Current Camp Usage
|Current Camp Facilities
|Critical Maintenance Issues
|Process Outcomes
|Process Steps
|All Pages
The following is the original Camp Michaels Visioning Process Plan, the guiding document first published in June, 2010. It is presented here to give an understanding of how the process came about to describe how the process was intended to go:
Feedback from the council's membership has indicated there may be an interest in new program opportunities at Camp Michaels. In addition, the lack of regular maintenance and the need for several critical facility improvement projects has placed the council in a position where a decision is necessary as to the future of the camp, its place within the council's camping programs, and the scope and depth of work to be done to bring the camp to an acceptable standard for the Dan Beard Council.
The primary objective of the visioning process is to give direction to strategic decisions to be made regarding improvements to Camp Michaels. Any maintenance work, construction projects, program development, or other elements of planning should be guided by the feedback obtained from those that use the property most, namely, the Scouts and Scouters of the Dan Beard Council. The participants in the process should mainly include unit and council-level members, but external input should also be incorporated in order to best accommodate usage by outside groups such as chartered organizations and community businesses.
With the feedback gathered, a formal visioning committee will be formed to review, analyze, and form conclusions based on data. These conclusions will determine the scope of physical work to be done, programs to be developed, and the funds necessary to achieve this.


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