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Apple reportedly to replace broken iPhone 5 displays in-store
iMore has learned from sources within Apple retail that broken iPhone 5 displays may soon be getting replaced in-store. This would be a change from Apple's current iPhone 4S and iPhone 4 practice, which consisted of swapping the entire iPhone out for a new or refurbished one. Sources within Apple retail have told us that equipment used to remove the screens has started appearing in their stores.
The new unibody design of the iPhone 5 may be what makes it easier for Apple Retail staff to swap out the display. Apple Retail has been replacing shattered screens on the iPhone 3G and 3GS like this for quite some time. Instead of replacing just the glass, the entire front containing the digitizer, glass, and LCD would be removed from an iPhone 3G or iPhone 3GS and replaced with a new one.
This process wasn't possible with the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S due to the design. While the glass backplate of the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S could easily be removed, the front assembly could not -- all of the internal components lay on top of the screen.
Apple Retail does offer some repairs on the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S including rear panel replacement, camera replacement, and in some cases vibrator assembly replacement (GSM models only). Basically, any repair that could be done in a minimal amount of time.
There's no word yet on how much the service will cost or whether it'll be tied into AppleCare+. The current pricing is based off paying $99 for the plan and then $50 per incident. Since, with the iPhone 5, the entire iPhone wouldn't have to be replaced anymore, it may bring down the cost for both in and out of warranty repairs.
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Reader comments
Apple reportedly to replace broken iPhone 5 displays in-store
I found this repair guide pretty interesting as I realised the front LCD screen comes out first so if my phone ever gets damage then only the LCD screen needs replacing which is much more easier than it was with the iphone 4S
Yes this isn't true. I have a nerve condition and cracked my glass within two ours sorry about my bad luck. I bought the insurance from AT&T but its $200 each time per incident. I just bought my family five IPhones and I'm now broke so ill just have to live with it. Best thing to do is get AppleCare fur $99 and they charge $49 per incident unlike AT&T's $200. Apple not AT&T bent over backwards for a loyal customer.
This is not true. I have had my iphone 5 for a week and a half and dropped it and broke the glass, the lcd screen is perfect. I went to the apple store and they said they have no way to change the glass but they will replace the entire phone. They said they did not know of a future plan to be able to replace the glass. I called the same store two weeks later and they told me they had the glass and make an appointment. I made one for three hours after the phone call, went to the store and same story, there is now way they can change the glass and you have to spend $229.00 to get a replacement phone.
Well I thought that an otterbox defender would protect my iPhone 5 but I was wrong. A 2 foot fall still shattered the screen.


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Designed by Stefano Giovannoni, the Lilliput S&P Set shakes ups the landscape of your table with a pair of gravity-defying daredevils. The kitsch-perfect kitchen accessory from Alessi is made of colorful, durable thermoplastic resin and includes a stainless steel base. Each cartoonish shaker is magnetized and can be placed anywhere on the rod.
Includes two shakers and one base. Eyes function as openings for sifting spices.
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This is Emmarie Gann's first trout. It measured 19 inches and she caught it while fishing with her grandpa in the Laguna Madre.
Wayde Adler, 14, killed this impressive buck while hunting with his dad, Troy Adler. It's got a 23-inch spread and scored nearly 150.
Jeff Bragg caught this 28-inch trout from the Laguna Madre.
Eric Swisher, 6, killed this buck while hunting during the youth weekend at the family ranch in Jim Wells County. This is Eric's first buck.
Cinda Lowe caught this 33-inch redfish while fishing the Laguna Madre.
Chad Toepfer caught this six-foot alligator gar while fishing in the Nueces River.


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Even a Clown Can Do It: Cirque du Soleil Recreates Live Entertainment (B)
W. Chan Kim; Renee Mauborgne; Ben M. Bensaou; Matt Williamson
Price: $4.27
This is the second of a two-case series. Cirque du Soleil very successfully entered a structurally unattractive circus industry. It was able to reinvent the industry and created a new market space by challenging the conventional assumptions about how to compete. It value innovated by shifting the buyer group from children (end-users of the traditional circus) to adults (purchasers of the traditional circus), drawing upon the distinctive strengths of other alternative industries, such as the theatre, Broadway shows and the opera, to offer a totally new set of utilities to more mature and higher spending customers. **ecch European Case Awards Category Winner 2008**
Learning objective:
The case series is designed to serve a variety of purposes in the 'value innovation and creating new market space' teaching module of an MBA strategy course or executive education programme. In both instances, the instructor can best use it to cover the following topics: (1) value innovation logic (as compared to industry and competitive analysis); (2) the concept of value curve; and (3) the six paths analysis framework for creating new market space. A teaching note is available to accompany this cases series. A video clip free for instructor download is available at www.blueoceanstrategy.com.
Subjects Covered:
Blue ocean strategy; Boundary systems; Competition; Global business; Innovation; International business; Strategy
- Industry: Arts, entertainment & sports
- Revision Date:
- May 15, 2014
- Publication Date:
- May 1, 2008
- Discipline:
- General Management
- Source:
- Insead
- Product #:
- 7p, English PDF
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text:
"You accept darkness,yet choose to live in the light. So why is it that you loathe us who teeter on the edge of nothing? We who were turned away by both light and dark - never given a choice?" -Xemnas
I'm Raiumi (I could also be called Rai or R for short)
Anime: Kanon, Bleach, Fullmetal Alchemist, Sword Art Online, Sailor Moon,
Video games: Kingdom Hearts, Final Fantasy, Pokemon, Fire Emblem:Awakening, Super Smash Bros. 3DS,
Books: Inheritance Cycle, Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, Harry Potter
Plays Tenor Saxophone
likes: green tea, reading, crocheting, Jones Soda, watercolor, beckoning cats
Dislikes: cussing, dancing, broccoli, the dark
Quotes:"I am me, nobody else"- Roxas
"Even the smallest person can change the course of the future" - Galadriel


text:
Former Gov. Mark Sanford was on the campaign trail Friday, while former Charleston County Councilman Curtis Bostic was getting support from the faith community.
Both were looking for an edge as they entered the final weekend of campaigning before Tuesday's Republican primary runoff in the 1st Congressional District race.
For Sanford, the final push began with an appearance at a Summerville Waffle House, followed by visits to the Rutledge Cab Co. restaurant and a James Island auto shop.
Bostic was buoyed by endorsements from more than 40 Lowcountry clergy. The Rev. Greg Smith, pastor of Grace on the Ashley Church in Charleston, said many clergy consider social and moral issues first.
"Many local clergy are taking a stand and saying that issues like the sanctity of marriage, personal morality, honesty and integrity are still virtues they expect in their representatives," he said.
Sanford and Bostic, who were the top two finishers in the GOP primary, will make another pitch to potential voters at 9:30 a.m. today when they appear on WCBD-TV (Channel 2). The 30-minute special edition of "Beyond the Headlines" will be hosted by WCBD's Brad Franko.
Polls for the Republican runoff will be open from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. Tuesday. The GOP winner faces Democrat Elizabeth Colbert Busch and Green Party candidate Eugene Platt on May 7.
Reach Robert Behre at 937-5771.
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text: Our new Book Child's Tray attaches seamlessly to our Book stroller. It is equipped with an innovative anti-bacterial liner that is snapped into the tray and is dishwasher-safe. With the Book Child's Tray, baby can have easy access to their favorite drink and snacks!Shipping Note: This item ships directly from the manufacturer within contiguous United States only. Cannot be shipped to AK/HI, PO boxes, US territories, or APO/FPO addresses.


text:
The Law School Information Technology Department provides a wide array of technology facilities and services to Law School students, faculty, librarians, administrators and staff. The IT Department is comprised of five units, each providing specialized areas of technology support. They are:
The services IT provides include:
The IT Service Desk is located in Room C-118 in the Law Library.
Phone: 305-284-3000
E-mail: email@example.com
The Service Desk hours are:
Monday-Friday: 8 a.m.-8 p.m.
The following systems are supported:
The following systems are not supported:
For more info visit: www.exam4.com


text:
Big Ten Power Rankings heading into Week 11 of the college football season:
1. Ohio State (10-0, 6-0). It's the Buckeyes' bye week, and that means a lot of talk among fans about Braxton Miller's Heisman Trophy worthiness and even more "what if?" talk in regard to the team's postseason eligibility. Next up: Wisconsin on Nov. 17 in Madtown. Could be OSU's toughest test of the season.
2. Nebraska (7-2, 4-1). Three of the Huskers' Big Ten wins have gone right down to the wire. Maybe this team is tougher—a lot tougher—than we've given it credit for.
3. Michigan (6-3, 3-1). What a story the Wolverines' defense might've been had their offense played as well as expected. That Denard Robinson kid … well, he's no Jake Ryan.
4. Northwestern (7-2, 3-2). We've mentioned his name before in this space, but it bears repeating: Venric Mark. Otherwise known as the most exciting player in the conference outside of Braxton Miller.
5. Penn State (6-3, 4-1). A lot of diverse strengths for the Nittany Lions: their passing game; their pass rush; both ball security and takeaways. All in all, Bill O'Brien's performance has been tremendous.
6. Wisconsin (6-3, 3-2). It's must-win time for the Badgers—at Indiana, no less. Lose, and they'll have a very hard time "winning" the Leaders Division. Take down the Hoosiers in Bloomington, and from there it's a cakewalk to Indianapolis.
7. Michigan State (5-5, 2-4). The Spartans haven't played in a game that was decided before the final drive since Sept. 22. You'd better believe it, they're battle-tested. It's just that they keep failing those tests.
8. Indiana (4-5, 2-3). The Hoosiers could easily finish 4-8. And yet somehow, they have a relatively clear pathway to Pasadena. God bless America.
9. Iowa (4-5, 2-3). Not that any Hawkeyes fan wants to hear this yet again, but the list of teams that have beaten Iowa this season: Iowa State, Central Michigan, Penn State, Northwestern and Indiana. That's beyond awful. And Kirk Ferentz still has to finish the season against Michigan and Nebraska.
10. Minnesota (5-4, 1-4). For all the good things the Gophers have done this season, they still could finish 1-7 in league play if they can't beat Illinois in Champaign on Saturday. Perhaps surprisingly, that would be the program's worst Big Ten mark in five years.
11. Purdue (3-6, 0-5). The Boilers in a nutshell: good enough to barely lose at Notre Dame and at Ohio State, and bad enough to lose their other Big Ten games by 31, 24, 16 and 25. In other words, they stink.
12. Illinois (2-7, 0-5). Worst Illinois team ever? If we thought we could handle combing through the data without slipping into a state of morbid depression, we'd gladly answer that question.


text:
Alaska Area
There are 36 residual, transitional residual and buy-back positions in the Alaska Area IHS performing inherently federal functions that cannot be contracted to T/TOs. The Alaska Area supports USPHS Commissioned Corps officers and civil service employees to T/TOs to aide them in the provision of health services. Other federal agencies such as the Arctic Investigations Laboratory of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), work closely with the Alaska Area IHS and the tribes to improve the health status of Alaska Natives.
The Indian Health Service still holds title to six tribally operated hospitals and three tribally operated health centers in Alaska, and is responsible for their maintenance.


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A system and method for managing the data channel usage in a data over cable system having more than one data channel. The system includes network devices, which are cable modems connected in at least a downstream connection to one of the data channels in a cable network. The upstream connection to the cable modem may be to the cable network or to alternative networks such as, the public switched telephone network. During initialization, the cable modems attempt to communicate over a channel designated for it in the configuration parameters provided for the cable modems. If unable to use the channel, or if no channel has yet been defined for it, the cable modem scans the bandwidth for an available data channel. The cable modem may lock on the first found data channel. The cable modems register with the cable network and are assigned to a cluster. The user of a network administrator analyzes channel usage and moves cable modems to different channels in clusters. When a cable modem is moved to a different data channel, it is restarted. The restart may wait until the cable modem is inactive if it is issued when the cable modem is communicating data. The wait time may be set to a maximum camp-on time.
1. A system for managing a network comprising:
a plurality of network devices connected to the network and arranged as clusters of network devices, wherein each network device of said plurality of network devices is arranged within one of the clusters of network devices, each of said clusters of network devices being addressable by a respective multicast address;
a plurality of data channels, each said data channel being operable to provide communications to at least one of said plurality of network devices; and
the plurality of network devices being connected to a server for monitoring the data channel on which each of said plurality of network devices are communicating and for each given cluster of network devices, the server assigning network devices of the given cluster to one of the plurality of data channels using the given cluster's multicast address.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The system of
9. A method for managing a network comprising the steps of:
providing a plurality of network devices for communicating on a plurality of data channels and a network administrator for issuing commands to said network devices;
registering each said network device on said network, said registering step comprising the steps of:
assigning said network devices to a plurality of clusters of network devices; and
assigning a multicast address to each said cluster such that a given multicast address identifies all network devices in a given cluster; and
sending a move command to one of said multicast addresses to move the network devices in the cluster addressed by said one of said multicast addresses to a selected data channel.
10. The method of
analyzing the data channel which the network devices are communicating; and
performing said step of sending the move command when a few of said network devices are communicating on the selected data channel while many of said network devices are communicating on a few data channels.
11. The method of
initializing each of said network devices by the steps of:
scanning a bandwidth for available data channels;
synchronizing communication on a first data channel;
receiving upstream channel description parameters at each network device; and
receiving network communication information for communicating with a network host.
12. The method of
receiving a registration request from at least one of said network device, said registration request comprising a plurality of configuration parameters; and
responding to said registration request by sending a configuration file comprising said configuration parameters and said multicast address.
13. The method of
setting a file name for each said configuration file for each said network device, said file name comprising a cluster identification.
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
A. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of network communications, and more particularly to cable modem network management.
B. Background of the Invention
Cable television networks such as those provided by Comcast Cable Communications, Inc., of Philadelphia, Pa., Cox Communications of Atlanta Ga., Tele-Communications, Inc., of Englewood Colo., Time-Warner Cable, of Marietta Ga., Continental Cablevision, Inc., of Boston Mass., and others provide cable television services to a large number of subscribers over a large geographical area. The cable television networks typically are interconnected by cables such as coaxial cables or a Hybrid Fiber/Coaxial ("HFC") cable system which have data rates of about 10 Mega-bits-per-second ("Mbps") to 30+ Mbps.
The Internet, a world-wide-network of interconnected computers, provides multi-media content including audio, video, graphics and text that require a large bandwidth for downloading and viewing. Most Internet Service Providers ("ISPs") allow customers to connect to the Internet via a serial telephone line from a Public Switched Telephone Network ("PSTN") at data rates including 14,400 bps, 28,800 bps, 33,600 bps, 56,000 bps and others that are much slower than the about 10 Mbps to 30+ Mbps available on a coaxial cable or HFC cable system on a cable television network.
With the explosive growth of the Internet, many customers have desired to use the larger bandwidth of a cable television network to connect to the Internet and other computer networks. Cable modems, such as those provided by 3Com Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif., Motorola Corporation of Arlington Heights, Ill., Hewlett-Packard Co. of Palo Alto, Calif., Bay Networks of Santa Clara, Calif., Scientific-Atlanta, of Norcross, Ga. and others offer customers higher-speed connectivity to the Internet, an intranet, Local Area Networks ("LANs") and other computer networks via cable television networks. These cable modems currently support a data connection to the Internet and other computer networks via a cable television network with a data rate of up to 30+ Mbps which is a much larger data rate than can be supported by a modem used over a serial telephone line.
However, most cable television networks provide only unidirectional cable systems, supporting only a "downstream" data path. A downstream data path is the flow of data from a cable system "headend" to a customer. A cable system headend is a central location in the cable television network that is responsible for sending cable signals in the downstream direction. A return data path via a telephone network, such as a public switched telephone network provided by AT&T and others, (i.e., a "telephony return") is typically used for an "upstream" data path. An upstream data path is the flow of data from the customer back to the cable system headend. A cable television system with an upstream connection to a telephony network is called a "data-over-cable system with telephony return."
An exemplary data-over-cable system with telephony return includes customer premise equipment (e.g., a customer computer), a cable modem, a cable modem termination system, a cable television network, a public switched telephone network, a telephony remote access concentrator and a data network (e.g., the Internet). The cable modem termination system and the telephony remote access concentrator together are called a "telephony return termination system."
The cable modem termination system receives data packets from the data network and transmits them downstream via the cable television network to a cable modem attached to the customer premise equipment. The customer premise equipment sends response data packets to the cable modem, which sends response data packets upstream via public switched telephone network to the telephony remote access concentrator, which sends the response data packets back to the appropriate host on the data network.
When a cable modem used in the data-over-cable system with telephony return is initialized, a connection is made to both the cable modem termination system via the cable network and to the telephony remote access concentrator via the public switched telephone network. As a cable modem is initialized, it will initialize one or more downstream channels (i.e., downstream connections) to the cable modem termination system via the cable network or the telephony remote access concentrator via the public switched telephone network.
As a cable modem is initialized in a data-over-cable system, it registers with a cable modem termination system to allow the cable modem to receive data over a cable television connection and from a data network (e.g., the Internet or an Intranet). The cable modem forwards configuration information it receives in a configuration file during initialization to the cable modem termination system as part of a registration request message.
The cable modem termination system may initialize a large number of cable modems over a selected portion of the bandwidth. A cable system may use several cable modem termination systems connected to a large number of cable modems to provide service over a larger portion of the bandwidth. A cable system may be connected to as many as tens of thousands of cable modems.
During initialization, each cable modem scans for available channels. Typically, the cable modems scan the channels on the network sequentially starting from one end of the spectrum. Cable modems may also scan the network randomly. Once the cable modems are initialized, the usage of the spectrum may end up unbalanced with many cable modems locked on the same channel or a few channels that are near each other on the spectrum.
The imbalance may degrade system throughput. A small number of data channels carries the majority of the communications traffic while other channels are under-used. A cable system administrator may prefer to keep channel usage balanced across the spectrum. During operation, each cable modem may be moved to a different channel. The cable modem termination system may change the configuration file for the cable modem to be moved to initialize on a specific channel. The cable modem may then be restarted to force the cable modem to initialize on the designated channel. One problem with this method is that it is inefficient. The potentially high number of cable modems that may be connected to a cable system makes the process of changing the channel on individual modems tedious. The administrator may have to individually move a great number of modems to effect any noticeable improvement in the balancing of the load on the cable modem termination systems.
It would be desirable to be able to efficiently adjust the balance of channel usage in a cable system.
In view of the above, one aspect of the present invention is directed to a system for managing a network. The system includes a plurality of network devices connected to the network. The network devices are addressable as clusters of network devices by a multicast address. A plurality of data channels is provided. Each data channel is operable to provide communications to at least one of the plurality of network devices. The network devices are connected to a server for monitoring the data channel on which each of the first network devices are communicating. The server can also assign the network devices in a selected cluster to a selected data channel.
The server may also be used to determine if the network is unbalanced by the use of only one or a few of the data channels for communication. The server can then be used to move the network devices to different data channels in clusters to achieve a balanced network efficiently.
In a further aspect of the present invention, a method for managing a network is provided. A plurality of network devices is provided for communicating on a plurality of data channels. A network administrator is provided for issuing commands to the network devices. Each network device on the network is registered by assigning the network devices to a plurality of clusters of network devices and by assigning a multicast address to each the network device in each the cluster. A move command is sent to one of the multicast addresses to move the network devices in the cluster addressed by the one of the multicast addresses to a selected data channel.
The network administrator may be used to monitor channel usage to identify when the cable network has become unbalanced. The network may become unbalanced when only one or a few data channels are being used by the network devices. The network administrator may then send the move command to move the cluster or clusters to achieve a more balanced network.
The foregoing and other features and advantages of a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description, which proceeds with references to the accompanying drawings.
Presently preferred embodiments of the invention are described below in conjunction with the appended drawing figures, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements in the various figures, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a cable modem system with telephony return;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a protocol stack for a cable modem;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a Telephony Channel Descriptor message structure;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating a Termination System Information message structure;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a cable modem system showing multiple cable modems and multiple cable modem termination systems with initial configuration settings for the cable modems;
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of the cable modem system in FIG. 5 showing configuration settings after a channel move;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method for assigning a cable modem to a cable modem cluster; and
FIGS. 8A and 8B is a flowchart for a method of balancing channel load in the cable modem system in FIG. 5
The description that follows fully incorporates by reference the following co-pending patent applications: "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CABLE MODEM MANAGEMENT", U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/018,404 to John Fijolek et al. (filed Feb. 4, 1998 and assigned to the assignee of the present invention); "METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING QUALITY-OF-SERVICE IN A DATA-OVER-CABLE SYSTEM", U.S. Pat. No. 6,223,222; "METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROVIDING QUALITY-OF-SERVICE IN A DATA-OVER-CABLE SYSTEM USING CONFIGURATION PROTOCOL MESSAGING", U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/079,322 to John Fijolek et al. (filed May 14, 1998); and "METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR BUNDLING DATA IN A DATA-OVER-CABLE SYSTEM", U.S. patent Ser. No. 09/085,586 to Nurettin B. Beser (filed May 27, 1998).
A. Cable Modem System
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a data-over-cable system with telephony return 10, hereinafter data-over-cable system 10. Most cable providers known in the art predominately provide uni-directional cable systems, supporting only a "downstream" data path. A downstream data path is the flow of data from a cable television network "headend" to customer premise equipment (e.g., a customer's personal computer). A cable television network headend is a central location that is responsible for sending cable signals in a downstream direction. A return path via a telephony network ("telephony return") is typically used for an "upstream" data path in uni-directional cable systems. An upstream data path is the flow of data from customer premise equipment back to the cable television network headend.
However, data-over-cable system 10 of the present invention may also provide a bi-directional data path (i.e., both downstream and upstream) without telephony return as is also illustrated in FIG. 1. In a data-over cable system without telephony return, customer premise equipment or cable modem has an upstream connection to the cable modem termination system. The upstream connection may be made via a cable television connection, a wireless connection, a satellite connection, or a connection via other technologies to send data upstream to the cable modem termination system. It is to be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that preferred embodiments of the present invention may be practiced using cable systems 10 with or without telephone return.
Data-over-cable system 10 includes a Cable Modem Termination System ("CMTS") 12 connected to a cable television network 14, hereinafter cable network 14. FIG. 1 illustrates one CMTS 12. However, data-over-cable system 10 can include multiple CMTS 12. Cable network 14 includes cable television networks such as those provided by Comcast Cable Communications, Inc., of Philadelphia, Pa., Cox Communications, or Atlanta, Ga., Tele-Communications, Inc., of Englewood Colo., Time-Warner Cable, of Marietta, Ga., Continental Cablevision, Inc., of Boston, Mass., and others. Cable network 14 is connected to a Cable Modem ("CM") 16 with a downstream cable connection. Cable modem 16 is any cable modem such as those provided by 3Com Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif., Motorola Corporation of Arlington Heights, Illinois, Hewlett-Packard Co. of Palo Alto, Calif., Bay Networks of Santa Clara, Calif., Scientific-Atlanta, of Norcross, Ga. and others. FIG. 1 illustrates one cable modem 16. However, in a typical data-over-cable system, tens or hundreds of thousands of cable modem 16 are connected to CMTS 12.
Cable modem 16 is connected to Customer Premise Equipment ("CPE") 18 such as a personal computer system via a Cable Modem-to-CPE Interface ("CMCI") 20. Cable modem 16 is connected to a Public Switched Telephone Network ("PSTN") 22 with an upstream telephony connection. PSTN 22 includes those public switched telephone networks provided by AT&T, Regional Bell Operating Companies (e.g., Ameritch, U.S. West, Bell Atlantic, Southern Bell Communications, Bell South, NYNEX, and Pacific Telesis Group), GTE, and others. The upstream telephony connection is any of a standard telephone line connection, Integrated Services Digital Network ("ISDN") connection, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ("ADSL") connection, or other telephony connection. PSTN 22 is connected to a Telephony Remote Access Concentrator ("TRAC") 24.
In a data-over cable system without telephony return, cable modem 16 has an upstream connection to CMTS 12. The upstream connection may be made via a cable television connection, a wireless connection, a satellite connection, or a connection via other technologies to send data upstream outside of the telephony return path. An upstream cable television connection via cable network 14 is illustrated in FIG. 1.
FIG. 1 illustrates a telephony modem integral to cable modem 16. In another embodiment of the present invention, the telephony modem is a separate modem unit external to cable modem 16 used specifically for connecting with PSTN 22. A separate telephony modem includes a connection to cable modem 16 for exchanging data, cable modem 16 includes cable modems provided by the 3Com Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif., U.S. Robotics Corporation of Skokie, Ill., and others. In yet another embodiment of the present invention, cable modem 16 includes functionality to connect only to cable network 14 and receives downstream signals from cable network 14 and sends upstream signals to cable network 14 without telephony return. The present invention is not limited to cable modems used with telephony return.
CMTS 12 and TRAC 24 may be at a "headend" of cable system 10, or TRAC 24 may be located elsewhere and have routing associations to CMTS 12. CMTS 12 and TRAC 24 together are called a "Telephony Return Termination System" ("TRTS") 26. TRTS 26 is illustrated by a dashed box in FIG. 1. CMTS 12 and TRAC 24 make up TRTS 26 whether or not they are located at the headend of cable network 14, and TRAC 24 may in located in a different geographic location from CMTS 12. Content servers, operations servers, administrative servers and maintenance servers used in data-over-cable system 10 and shown as a server 25 may also be in different locations. Access points to data-over-cable system 10 are connected to one or more CMTS's 12 or cable headend access points. Such configurations may be "one-to-one", "one-to-many," or "many-to-many," and may be interconnected to other Local Area Networks ("LANs") or Wide Area Networks ("WANs").
TRAC 24 is connected to a data network 28 (e.g., the Internet or an intranet) by a TRAC-Network System Interface 30 ("TRAC-NSI"). CMTS 12 is connected to data network 28 by a CMTS-Network System Interface ("CMTS-NSI") 32.
Data-over-cable system 10 includes DHCP proxies 15, servers 25 and associated Network Host Interfaces 13 available on CMTS 12. Multiple DHCP proxies 15, servers 25 and network host interfaces 13 are illustrated as single boxes in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 also illustrates DHCP proxies 15 separate from TRAC 24. In one embodiment of the present invention, TRAC 24 includes DHCP proxy functionality and no separate DHCP proxies 15 are used. In such an embodiment, TRAC 24 forwards DHCP messages using a DHCP address field to DHCP servers 160 available on CMTS 12.
The cable system 10 in FIG. 1 includes only one cable modem 16. The cable system 10 may include any number of cable modems 16 connected to the CMTS 12. In addition, the cable system 10 may include any number of CMTS' 12.
B. Cable Modem Protocol Stack
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a protocol stack 36 for cable modem 16. FIG. 2 illustrates the downstream and upstream protocols used in cable modem 16. As is known in the art, the Open System Interconnection ("OSI") model is used to describe computer networks. The OSI model consists of seven layers including from lowest-to-highest, a physical, data-link, network, transport, session, application and presentation layer. The physical layer transmits bits over a communication link. The data link layer transmits error free frames of data. The network layer transmits and routes data packets.
For downstream data transmission, cable modem 16 is connected to cable network 14 in a physical layer 38 via a Radio Frequency ("RF") Interface 40. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, RF Interface 40 has an operation frequency range of 50 Mega-Hertz ("MHz") to 1 Giga-Hertz ("GHz") and a channel bandwidth of 6 MHz. However, other operation frequencies may also be used and the invention is not limited to these frequencies. The channels are used in a typical cable network 14 to communicate various services, such as television channels. The cable network 14 includes one or more data channels, which are used to connect cable modems 16 to data network 28.
RF interface 40 uses a signal modulation method of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ("QAM"). As is known in the art, QAM is used as a means of encoding digital information over radio, wire, or fiber optic transmission links. QAM is a combination of amplitude and phase modulation and is an extension of multiphase phase-shift-keying. QAM can have any number of discrete digital levels typically including 4, 16, 64 or 256 levels. In one embodiment of the present invention, QAM-64 is used in RF interface 40. However, other operating frequencies modulation methods could also be used. For more information on RF interface 40 see the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers ("IEEE") standard 802.14 for cable modems incorporated herein by reference. However, other RF interfaces 40 could also be used and the present invention is not limited to IEEE 802.14 (e.g., RF interfaces from Multimedia Cable Network Systems ("MCNS") and others could also be used).
Above RF interface 40 in a data-link layer 42 is a Medium Access Control ("MAC") layer 44. As is known in the art, MAC layer 44 controls access to a transmission medium via physical layer 38. For more information on MAC layer protocol 44 see IEEE 802.14 for cable modems. However, other MAC layer protocols 44 could also be used and the present invention is not limited to IEEE 802.14 MAC layer protocols (e.g., MCNS MAC layer protocols and others could be used).
Above MAC layer 44 is an optional link security protocol stack 46. Link security protocol stack 46 prevents authorized users from making a data connection from cable network 14. RF interface 40 and MAC layer 44 can be used for an upstream connection if data-over-cable system 10 is used without telephony return.
For upstream data transmission with telephony return, cable modem 16 is connected to PSTN 22 in physical layer 38 via modem interface 48. The International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector ("ITU-T", formerly known as the CCITT) defines standards for communication devices identified by "V.xx" series where "xx" is an identifying number.
In one embodiment of the present invention, ITU-T V.34 is used as modem interface 48. As is known in the art, ITU-T V.34 is commonly used in the data link layer for modem communications and currently allows data rates as high as 33,600 bits-per-second ("bps"). For more information, see the ITU-T V.34 standard. However, other modem interfaces or other telephony interfaces could also be used.
Above modem interface 48 in data link layer 42 is Point-to-Point Protocol ("PPP") layer 50, hereinafter PPP 50. As is known in the art, PPP is used to encapsulate network layer datagrams over a serial communications link. For more information on PPP see Internet Engineering Task Force ("IETF") Request for Comments ("RFC"), RFC-1661, RFC-1662 and RFC-1663 incorporated herein by reference.
Above both the downstream and upstream protocol layers in a network layer 52 is an Internet Protocol ("IP") layer 54. IP layer 54, hereinafter IP, roughly corresponds to OSI layer 3, the network layer, but is typically not defined as part of the OSI model. As is known in the art, IP is a routing protocol designed to route traffic within a network or between networks. For more information on IP see RFC-791 incorporated herein by reference.
Internet Control Message Protocol ("ICMP") layer 56 is used for network management. The main functions of ICMP layer 56, hereinafter ICMP 56, include error reporting, reachability testing (e.g., "pinging") congestion control, route-change notification, performance, subnet addressing and others. Since IP is an unacknowledged protocol, datagrams may be discarded and ICMP 56 is used for error reporting. For more information on ICMP 56 see RFC-971 incorporated herein by reference.
Above IP and ICMP 56 is a transport layer 58 with User Datagram Protocol layer 60 ("UDP"). UDP layer 60, hereinafter UDP 60, roughly corresponds to OSI layer 4, the transport layer, but is typically not defined as part of the OSI model. As is known in the art, UDP 60 provides a connectionless mode of communications with datagrams. For more information on UDP 60 see, RFC-768 incorporated herein by reference.
Above the network layer are a Simple Network Management Protocol ("SNMP") layer 62, Trivial File Protocol ("TFTP") layer 64, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ("DHCP") layer 66 and a UDP manager 68. SNMP layer 62 is used to support network management functions. For more information on SNMP layer 62 see RFC-1157 incorporated herein by reference. TFTP layer 64 is a file transfer protocol used to download files and configuration information. For more information on TFTP layer 64, see RFC-1350 incorporated herein by reference. DHCP layer 66 is a protocol for passing configuration information to hosts on an IP network. For more information on DHCP layer 66 see RFC-1541 and RFC-2131 incorporated herein by reference. UDP manager 68 distinguishes and routes packets to an appropriate service (e.g., a virtual tunnel). More or few protocol layers could also be used with data-over-cable system 10.
Cable modem 16 supports transmission and reception of IP datagrams as specified by RFC-791. CMTS 12 and TRAC 24 may perform filtering of IP datagrams. Cable modem 16 is configurable for IP datagram filtering to restrict cable modem 16 and CPE 18 to the use of only their assigned IP addresses. Cable modem 16 is configurable for IP datagram UDP 60 port filtering (i.e., deep filtering).
Cable modem 16 forwards IP datagrams destined to an IP unicast address across cable network 14 or PSTN 22. Some routers have security features intended to filter out invalid users who alter or masquerade packets as if sent from a valid user. Since routing policy is under the control of network operators, such filtering is a vendor specific implementation. For example, dedicated interfaces (i.e., Frame Relay) may exist between TRAC 24 and CMTS 12 which preclude filtering, or various forms of virtual tunneling and reverse virtual tunneling could be used to virtually source upstream packets from cable modem 16. For more information on virtual tunneling see Level 2 Tunneling Protocol ("L2TP") or Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol ("PPTP") in IETF draft documents incorporated herein by reference by Kory Hamzeh, et. al (IETF draft documents are precursors to IETF RFCs and are works in progress).
Cable modem 16 also forwards IP datagrams destined to an IP multicast address across cable network 14 or PSTN 22. Cable modem 16 is configurable to keep IP multicast routing tables and to use group membership protocols. Cable modem 16 is also capable of IP tunneling upstream through the telephony path. A cable modem 16 that wants to send a multicast packet across a virtual tunnel will prepend another IP header, set the destination address in the new header to be the unicast address of CMTS 12 at the other end of the tunnel, and set the IP protocol field to be four, which means the next protocol is IP.
CMTS 12 at the other end of the virtual tunnel receives the packet, strips off the encapsulating IP header, and forwards the packet as appropriate. A broadcast IP capability is dependent upon the configuration of the direct linkage, if any, between TRAC 24 and CMTS 12. CMTS 12, cable modem 16, and TRAC 24 are capable of routing IP datagrams destined to an IP broadcast address which is across cable network 14 or PSTN 22 if so configured. Cable modem 16 is configurable for IP broadcast datagram filtering.
An operating environment for cable modem 16 of the present invention includes a processing system with at least one high speed Central Processing Unit ("CPU") and a memory system. In accordance with the practices of persons skilled in the art of computer programming, the present invention is described below with reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations that are performed by the processing system, unless indicated otherwise. Such acts and operations are sometimes referred to as being "computer-executed", or "CPU executed."
It will be appreciated that the acts and symbolically represented operations include the manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. The electrical system represent data bits which cause a resulting transformation or reduction of the electrical signal representation, and the maintenance of data bits at memory locations in the memory system to thereby reconfigure or otherwise alter the CPU's operation, as well as other processing of signals. The memory locations where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to the data bits.
The data bits may also be maintained on a computer readable medium including magnetic disks, optical disks, organic disks, and any other volatile or non-volatile mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer readable medium includes cooperating or interconnected computer readable media, which exist exclusively on the processing system or is distributed among multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote to the processing system.
C. Initialization of Cable Modems
The cable modem 16 includes non-volatile memory for storing configuration file having configuration parameters, or operational parameters, which are parameters that the cable modem 16. The configuration parameters may include factory default settings and parameters that are set during initialization of a connection to the CMTS 12.
The initialization of the connection to the CMTS 12 may begin with a scan for a downstream channel. When a cable modem 16 powers up or is restarted, it attempts to communicate on a downstream channel identified in its configuration file. If one is not included, or if the cable modem is unable to communicate over the designated channel, it scans for an available channel. The cable system 10 may include one or more data channels. The cable modem scans for a channel by tuning to channels successively through the available bandwidth and locking on the first one in which certain characteristics of a signal in a data channel are found. These characteristics may include synchronization of QAM symbol timing, synchronization of Forward Error Control framing, synchronization of MPEG packetization and recognition of the synchronization of MAC messages. If more than one data channel is included, the cable modem will lock on the first one that it finds in the scan.
The steps followed during initialization of the cable modem 16 may depend upon the cable system 10 is uses telephony return or a bi-directional cable connection.
When cable modem 16 is initially powered on, if telephony return is being used, cable modem 16 will receive a Telephony Channel Descriptor ("TCD") from CMTS 12 that is used to provide dialing and access instructions on downstream channels via cable network 14. Information in the TCD is used by cable modem 16 to connect to TRAC 24. The TCD is transmitted as a MAC management message with a management type value of TRI_TCD at a periodic interval (e.g., every 2 seconds). To provide for flexibility, the TCD message parameters are encoded in a Type/Length/Value ("TLV") form. However, other encoding techniques could also be used.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a TCD message structure 70 with MAC 44 management header 72 and Service Provider Descriptor(s) ("SPD") 74 encoded in TLV format. SPDs 74 are compound TLV encodings that define telephony physical-layer characteristics that are used by cable modem 16 to initiate a telephone call. SPD 74 is a TLV-encoded data structure that contains sets of dialing and access parameters for cable modem 16 with telephony return. SPD 74 is contained within TCD message 70. There may be multiple SPD 74 encodings within a single TCD message 70. There is at least one SPD 74 in TCD message 70. SPD 74 parameters are encoded as SPD-TLV tuples. SPD 74 contains the parameters shown in Table 1 and may contain optional vendor specific parameters. However, more or fewer parameters could also be used in SPD 74.
A Termination System Information ("TSI") message is transmitted by CMTS 12 at periodic intervals (e.g., every 2 seconds) to report CMTS 12 information to cable modem 16 whether or not telephony return is used. The TSI message is transmitted as a MAC 44 management message. The TSI provides a CMTS 12 boot record in a downstream channel to cable modem 16 via cable network 14. Information in the TSI is used by cable modem 16 to obtain information about the status of CMTS 12. The TSI message has a MAC 44 management type value of TRI_TSI.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a TSI message structure 76. TSI message structure 76 includes a MAC 44 management header 78, a downstream channel IP address 80, a registration IP address 82, a CMTS 12 boot time 84, a downstream channel identifier 86, an epoch time 88 and vendor specific TLV encoded data 90.
A description of the fields of TSI message 76 is shown in Table 2. However, more or fewer fields could also be used in TSI message 76.
After receiving TCD 70 message and TSI message 76, cable modem 16 continues to establish access to data network 28 (and resources on the network) by first dialing into TRAC 24 and establishing a telephony PPP 50 session. Upon the completion of a successful PPP 50 connection, cable modem 16 performs PPP Link Control Protocol ("LCP") negotiation with TRAC 24. Once LCP negotiation is complete, the cable modem 16 requests Internet Protocol Control Protocol ("IPCP") address negotiation. For more information on IPCP see RFC-1332 incorporated herein by reference. During IPCP negotiation, cable modem 16 negotiates an IP address with TRAC 24 for sending IP data packet responses back to data network 28 via TRAC 24.
When cable modem 16 has established an IP link to TRAC 24, it begins "upstream" communications to CMTS 12 via DHCP layer 66 to complete a virtual data connection by attempting to discover network host interfaces available on CMTS 12 (e.g., IP host interfaces for a virtual IP connection). The virtual data connection allows cable modem 16 to receive data from data network 28 via CMTS 12 and cable network 14, and send return data to data network 28 via TRAC 24 and PSTN 22. Cable modem 16 must first determine an address of a host interface (e.g., an IP interface) available on CMTS 12 that can be used by data network 28 to send data to cable modem 16. However, cable modem 16 has only a downstream connection from CMTS 12 and has to obtain a connection address to data network 28 using an upstream connection to TRAC 24.
The initialization process continues for all cable modems 16 in a cable system 10 each time a cable modem is re-started. A cable system 10 may include tens of thousands of cable modems 16.
D. Configuration Parameters for Network Administration
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a cable system 100 showing multiple CMTS' 12 a-c connected to multiple cable modems 16 a-i. The cable system 100 is connected to the server 25 which includes an SNMP manager 62, the DHCP server 66 and a network administrator 110. The server includes an interface to a network management station 120, which may include programs that communicate with the DHCP server 66, the SNMP manager 62 and the network administrator 110.
The server 25 is connected to the CMTS' 12 a-c over the local network 23, which may include any suitable network (Ethernet, token ring, etc.). The CMTS' 12 a-c are connected to the cable modems 16 a-i by cable network 14. FIG. 5 illustrates a bi-directional connection, which represents either a bi-directional network, or a cable network using telephony return.
During initialization, configuration information relating to network management and administration is communicated between the CMTS 12 and the CM 16. The configuration parameters are stored in configuration files 130. Once the initialization and registration functions have been performed, the cable modem 16 and the CMTS 12 stores a copy of the configuration file 130 for the cable modem 16.
The configuration information, or configuration parameters, may include any type of information used by a network administrator 110 to improve the operation of the cable system 10. For example, configuration parameters may be used to provide traffic engineering capabilities to the network administrator 110 such that channel usage may be balanced among cable modems 16 in a system throughout available data channels.
Other types of services may be enabled with configuration parameters. For example, during initialization, individual cable modems request upstream and downstream connections with different Class-of-Service ("CoS") and Quality of Service ("QoS") to/from CMTS 12 on cable network 14. If telephony return is used, then cable modems request downstream CoS and QoS connections from CMTS 12 on cable network 14. As is known in the art, CoS provides a reliable (e.g., error free, in sequence, with no loss of duplication) transport facility independent of the QoS. QoS collectively specifies the performance of the network service that a device expects on a network.
The CoS and QoS connections are requested with a registration message sent from CM 16 to CMTS 12. A quality-of-service bandwidth request includes bandwidth allocated for CoS, QoS and other related parameters and is hereinafter called quality-of-service "bandwidth request". Server 25 (shown in FIG. 1) maintains multiple quality-of-service identifiers allocated with a database (not shown) for CoS and other QoS designations. The multiple quality-of-service identifiers are an indication of CoS, QoS and other related parameters requested by CM 16 and are collectively called "quality-of-service identifiers" for the sake of simplicity.
In addition to the configuration information from the configuration file 130 sent to CMTS 12 by CM 16, one or more of Type-of-Service, Flow Identification Definition, Service Identifier, Multi-cast group or Number of CPEs configuration parameters may be added to the registration request message to request a specific quality-of-service connection. However, more or fewer additional configuration parameters in different formats could also be added to the registration request. CoS, QoS, Type-of-Service, Service IDentifier, Multi-cast group and Number of CPEs configuration parameters in TLV format are illustrated in Tables 3-22. However, other values and layouts could also be used.
Table 3 illustrates exemplary CoS (e.g., class one and class two) in TLV format. However, more or fewer classes of service along with other values could also be used. CoS parameters include maximum downstream data rates in bits-per-second ("bps"), maximum upstream data rate in bps, upstream channel priority, guaranteed minimum data rates in bps, guaranteed maximum data rate in bps and other parameters. Table 3 illustrates CoS values as a TLV Value sub-type, Length Value format. However, other layouts could also be used.
QoS parameters include transit delay expected to deliver data to a specific destination, the level of protection from unauthorized monitoring or modification of data, cost for delivery of data, expected residual error probability, the relative priority associated with the data and other parameters.
Table 4 illustrates QoS parameters as Flow Identifiers in TLV format. However, more or fewer flow identifiers could also be used.
Table 5 illustrates Type-Of-Service sub-TLV information for QoS parameters. However, more or fewer TOS parameters could also be used.
Table 6 illustrates Flow Identifier Values (Type A0, Table 4). However, more or fewer flow identifier values could also be used.
Table 7 illustrates Flow type (Type A1, Table 4). However, more or fewer flow types could also be used.
Table 8 illustrates Asynchronous Transport Mode ("ATM") Flow sub-type (Type A3, Table 11). However, more or fewer ATM flow sub-types could also be used.
CM 16 adds Service IDentifiers ("SIDs") to the registration message sent to CMTS 12. SIDs provide device identification, QoS and CoS management. In particular, they are integral to bandwidth identification. A SID defines a particular mapping between CM 12 and CMTS 16. This mapping is the basis on which bandwidth is allocated to CM 16 by CMTS 12 CoS and QoS is implemented. Within MAC 44, SIDs are unique and CMTS 12 may assign one or more SIDs to each CM 16, corresponding to the CoS or QoS required by CM 16. Table 9 illustrates SID parameters in TLV format. However, more or fewer SID parameters could also be used.
Table 10 illustrates multicast and unicast Service Identifier Type (Type B0, Table 9) values. However, more or fewer service identifier types could also be used.
Table 11 illustrates IP Protocol Type values (Type B8, Table 9). However, more or fewer IP protocol types could also be used.
Table 12 illustrates Protocol Type values (Type B16, Table 16). However, more or fewer protocol types could also be used.
Table 13 illustrates the Number of CPEs 18 that can connect to CM 16 during a session. However, more or fewer number of CPEs could also be used.
In a preferred embodiment, cable modems 16 are assigned to clusters of cable modems 16 that may be addressed by a single multicast command. Table 14 includes the information used to assign the cable modem 16 to a cluster of cable modems 16.
The network administrator 110 in the server 25 organizes the cable modems 16 in clusters of a predetermined size. The server 25 identifies clusters by naming the configuration file 130 for all cable modems 16 in a cluster using the same extension name. For example, the network administrator 110 may define a first cluster of a number of cable modems 16 by assigning a file name of FILE.001 to each cable modem 16 where "FILE" may be any string of any number of characters and where the extension ".001" denotes that the cable modem 16 belongs the first cluster. The network administrator 110 in the server 25 may set the size of the cluster by selecting a number of cable modems 16 to assign to each cluster. FIG. 5 shows three clusters defined by FILE.001, FILE.002 and FILE.003.
The network administrator 110 may identify a multicast address for each cluster defined in the cable system 10. The multicast address is used to issue single commands to the clusters. In a preferred embodiment, the network administrator 110 may use one command to move a cluster of cable modems 16 from one channel to another channel. The cluster advantageously replaces the need to issue individual commands to each cable modem 16 in the cluster.
When a cable modem 16 channel is changed, it is re-initialized using a restart command. If the channel move is made once the cable modems have begun to communicate data, the restart command may come while the cable modem is communicating data. The restart command cannot be executed until the cable modem 16 is inactive. In a preferred embodiment, the restart command may camp-on, or wait for an indication of inactivity from the cable modem 16. The camp-on user parameter in Table 14 defines a wait-time, which is the maximum amount of time that a restart command may wait for an indication of inactivity from the cable modem 16. In a preferred embodiment, a MIB object is defined for re-initializing the cable modem when a set-request command (SNMP command) sets the MIB object to restart.
The cable system 100 in FIG. 5 includes multiple data channels, which include CH1, CH10 and CH20. The block diagram in FIG. 5 shows the cable system 100 with configuration files 130 identified for the cable modems 16 a-i. The configuration files 130 shown in FIG. 5 show that the majority of the cable modems 16 a-i have locked on to CH1. The configuration files 130 also show that two cable modems 16 b and 16 f have locked on CH20 and that no cable modems have locked on CH10.
A cable network administrator may want to balance the channels used by the cable modems on the system such that the data channels available, CH1, CH10 and CH20, are used more evenly by the cable modems 16 a-i. In the cable system 100 in FIG. 5, the cable modems 16 a-i may have had a channel set by scanning the spectrum for available data channels. Cable modems 16 a-i typically select the first data channel found during the scan. In the cable system 100 in FIG. 5, the majority of cable modems 16 a-i found CH1 first, which may be a typical scenario if the cable modems 16 a-i typically use the same or a similar algorithm for finding data channels.
One advantage of the ability to assign cable modems to clusters is that the cable modems may be moved in groups (i.e. the clusters). This ability is particularly advantageous in cable systems having a number of cable modems that is sufficiently large to make it burdensome to move cable modems one at a time. A move command may be issued, for example at the network management station 120, via the network administrator 110, that would re-assign clusters to different channels.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the cable system 100 of FIG. 5 and examples of the configuration files 130 after a set of move commands. The move commands, shown at 121, are being issued to re-assign the clusters identified by the extensions of the configuration file names FILE.003 and FILE.002 to channel CH10 and CH20, respectively. The commands are communicated through the appropriate CMTS 12 a, 12 b or 12 c to all of the cable modems having the configuration file name extensions of .002 and .003. The command is typically communicated to the cable modems 16 c, 16 f, 16 g using the multicast addresses (i.e. MC Addr2 and MC Addr3) defined in the configuration files 130 for cable modems 16 c, 16 f, 16 g. The move command may be followed by a restart command to force the cable modems 16 c, 16 f, 16 g to lock on to the re-assigned data channel, although in an alternative embodiment, the cable modems may perform a re-start when they are re-assigned.
As shown in FIG. 6, the cable modems 16 c, 16 f, 16 g have been re-assigned to channel CH10 and the cable modems 16 b, 16 d and 16 h have been re-assigned to channels CH20. The usage of the available data channels is more balanced after only one command. Three cable modems 16 c, 16 f, 16 g are assigned to CH10, three cable modems 16 a, 16 e, 16 i are assigned to channel CH1 and three cable modems 16 b, 16 d, 16 h are assigned to channel CH20.
In a preferred embodiment, the move command at 121 may be performed using an SNMP manager which communicates with the SNMP server 62. The SNMP manager may execute commands similar to the commands in Table 15 for the MOVE (FILE.003, CH10) command at 121.
The Change_Channel command in TABLE 15 may trigger the SNMP commands shown in TABLE 16.
The commands shown in TABLE 15 are preferably invoked using a network manager program in the network management station 120. Such a program may include a user-friendly user interface that provides ways of executing commands and program such as the ones in TABLE 15 through a graphical user interface. In a preferred embodiment, the CHM™ (Cable Headend Manager) from 3Com may be used for network management. SNMP commands may also be used to trigger changes to the configuration files. Commands that write to files may be used to change the files locally and the TFTP may be used to change remotely stored configuration file. The CHM, or suitable alternative, may also provide channel usage information. For example, the CHM may include a command that requests statistics for the usage of Channel 10. In response, the CHM may use SNMP commands to retrieve the information necessary to provide graphical and tabular reports of the usage of Channel 10. The information is then used to determine whether it is necessary to balance the usage of the channels.
Alternatively, DHCP registration request command from the DHCP server 66 or by other DHCP commands for re-configuring the bandwidth usage of the cable modems 16 a-i may also be used.
It is to be understood by one of skill in the art that the clusters may be defined for re-assigning cable modems to different downstream channels, and in a bi-directional cable system, to different upstream channels.
E. Methods for Managing Channel Usage in a Cable System
FIG. 7 is a flowchart for a method of initializing one of the cable modems 16 a-i (shown in FIG. 5) that is to be assigned to a cluster of cable modems. The cable modem 16 is one of a group of cable modems 16 a-i in a cable system 100 in which multiple data channels are available for operation in a data-over-cable system.
The initialization of the cable modem 16 begins at step 150 with the search by the cable modem 16 of a downstream channel. If the cable modem 16 has been previously configured, the cable modem 16 has a downstream channel designated for it in its configuration file. The cable modem 16 will attempt to lock on the downstream channel designated in its configuration parameters. If the cable modem is unable to lock on the downstream channel in its configuration file, the cable modem will scan the spectrum for an available data channel. The cable modem 16 will also scan the spectrum for a downstream channel if the cable modem 16 has not been previously configured or if its configuration parameters have been erased or reset.
At step 152, the cable modem 16 receives information for communicating in the upstream direction. The cable modem 16 may receive an Upstream Channel Descriptor, which provides the cable modem 16 with synchronization and upstream bandwidth allocation in a system that does not use telephony return. The upstream channel descriptor may also include channel change information for forcing the cable modem 16 to change the upstream channel on which it is transmitting. If a system that does use a telephony return, the cable modem 16 receives the TCD discussed above with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4.
At step 154, the cable modem 16 receives the terminal system information message (TSI) discussed above. The TSI is used to provide the cable modem 16 with information about the CTMS 12 to which the cable modem 16 is connected.
At step 155, the cable modem 16 receives information regarding the network host interface. At step 156, the cable modem 16 sends a registration request command to the CMTS 12. The registration request includes a configuration parameters that the CMTS 12 uses to build a configuration file 130 for the cable modem 16. At step 158, the cable modem 16 receives the configuration file 130 from the CMTS 12. The configuration file 130 includes the configuration file name and a multicast address. The cable modem 16 then creates a data connection with the CMTS 12 at step 160.
FIG. 8A is a flowchart for a method for managing the data channel usage in the cable modem system 100 of FIG. 5. The method in FIG. 8A advantageously provides the network administrator the capability of monitoring data channel traffic usage and of balancing the channel usage when too many cable modems have locked on to the same channel or channels. The method of FIG. 8A may be performed by the network administrator 110 and use resources such as DHCP 66, SNMP 62 and the CMTS 12.
The method of FIG. 8A begins at step 170 by looking up the channels used by the cable modems in the cable modem system. A user at the network management station 120 may invoke a network management program to analyze the channel usage in the system. The channel usage is checked to determine if it is unbalanced at decision block 172. If the channel usage is not unbalanced, the method in FIG. 8A proceeds to the end. If the channel usage is unbalanced, the network administrator 110 decides at step 174 which cluster or clusters may be moved to achieve more of a balance. The network administrator 110 multicasts a move command to the selected cluster to move the cluster to a different data channel at step 176. The restart command is also multicast at step 178.
At decision block 180, the cable modem is checked to determine if it is communicating. If it is communicating, the restart command waits at step 182 for the wait-time in the configuration file. In FIG. 8B, the cable modem checks at decision block 192 to determine if it has become inactive before the expiration of the wait time in step 182. If the wait-time had not expired when the cable modem became inactive, the cable modem is restarted at step 194. If the wait-time expired, an error is indicated at step 196.
While the invention has been described in conjunction with presently preferred embodiments of the invention, persons of skill in the art will appreciate that variations may be made without departure from the scope and spirit of the invention. This true scope and spirit is defined by the appended claims, interpreted in light of the foregoing.
Referenziert von
Juristische Ereignisse


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Thoroughbred - 14yo 16.2h Bay Gelding
McDonough, GA
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Beautifully Marked 2008 Appendix Buck Skin Mare out of Lexington, KY
Quarter Horse/Thoroughbred - 7yo 14.3h Buckskin Mare
Rockledge, GA
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Best Used For:
This Le Creuset cast-iron braiser is a workhorse that can handle a multitude of recipes with ease. Use it to make a delicious osso buco with a horseradish gremolata for your next dinner party, or whip up an Italian-inspired feast by making braised chicken all'Arrabbiata. It's also great for sides, like Brussels sprouts with bacon or mushroom risotto.
- Exceptional heat distribution for even cooking
- Cast iron allows for high heat retention
- Interior enamel stands up well against scratches
- Large handles allow easy mitt use
- Flat base securely holds braiser in place
- Stabilizers help keep lid in place during cooking
- Lid knob resists heat up to 450 degrees F
- Lightweight design allows easy handling
- Lifetime warranty ensures years of use


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Residents of Finley have been going through the steps required to appeal the United States Postal Services closure of the Finley Post Office from taking place the last several months. Residents that go to the Finley Post Office to retrieve their mail, or do postal business, will be rerouted through the Clayton Post Office if the Finley Post is indeed closed.
One of the main concerns of residents who's post comes through Finley is that the Finley Community has a lot of elderly residents who are not able to make the adjustments that the Postal Service has informed them that would need to be done if the post office is closed. One of which is making the over 50 mile round trip to Clayton to simply sign for insured mail or do other forms of postal business. Not to mention a lot of the elderly in Finley receive their medications through the mail and the system the Postal Service want to put in place is far from secure in the minds of Finley residents.
The purposed "solution" for the residents if the post office is closed is to conduct what business they can through their carrier and the rest through the Clayton Post Office. This "Post Office on Wheels" service that they plan to provide means that the mail carriers will accept packages at the rural mail boxes without a customer being present provided that the postage is fully paid and that the sender is known to conduct or reside a that collection point.
The question on many Finley resident's minds is how are they to know exactly what the postage should be without having it weighed at a post office? Well the Postal Services solution to that is if the postage hasn't been applied to the package the sender can estimate the required postage and leave the money, along with the package in their post box. If insurance is desired the amount of which the contents is worth must be noted. Then the carrier will take the package with them back to the post office, weigh it and mail it the same day. Then the next day the carrier will leave the senders change (MONEY) in their rural box for them to pick up.
The Postal Service's "solution" worries many residents, as recently there has been an increase in mailbox vandalism in the area, including mailboxes being blown up. What if medication or money is in the mail box, will the Postal Service then be held accountable for the damages or loss? What if people go around stealing the money and packages since it will be known this is how they have to conduct their postal business? Finley residents want to know why the Postal Service sees this as even a possibility and how they deem it a safe and secure way to hand the mail.
Letters have been wrote by Senator Jerry Ellis, Representative R.C. Pruett, the County Commissioners of Pushmataha County Mike Brittingham, Jim Long and Jerry Duncan along with many citizens of Pushmataha County opposing the closing of rural post offices in Finley, Snow and Albion, and Congressman Dan Boren has also been contacted about the situation.
The main thing that these residents have going in their favor is it states in Section 101(b) of Title 39 of the U.S. Code that "No small post office shall be closed solely for operating at a deficit, it being the specific intent of the Congress that effective postal services be insured to residents of both urban and rural communities." This has residents wondering why the Postal service is so quick to want to close rural post offices but not a few in the bigger cities where there is every other corner.
An interesting fact that was dug up while residents were doing research about the post office was that it was established before statehood when Finley was part of the Indian Territory. The original application for consideration of the placement of a post office at the Finley location is dated October 18, 1907 and was stamped received on October 26, 1907. This post office was originally intended for Indian people. Due to this fact coming to light The Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma has also been contacted about this situation.
[1] mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com
[2] http://www.theantlersamerican.com/sites/default/files/usps.jpg


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Tuesday, December 10, 2013
The S.C. United Mount Pleasant U16 97 Crescent girls soccer team won the President Medal Cup state championship in Greenville Sunday with a 1-0 overtime win over the American Youth Soccer Organization.
In the opening minutes of the first overtime period, Alexandra Wain netted what would end up being the game-winner as 97 Crescent's defense and midfield play led by Megan MacAulay and Lillie Bradshaw preserved the advantage for the championship victory.
The win was 97 Crescent's fourth of the weekend as they charged through group play toward the championship match.
Skylar Davis opened the weekend Saturday with a game-winning free kick with less than a minute to play to lift 97 Crescent over Congaree Rapid Soccer Association Sky 97. Goalkeeper Hannah Miner preserved the shutout for 97 Crescent with the help of defenders Morgan Blackwell, Samantha Hilleshiem, MacAulay, Lyndsay McNally, Kylie Egan and Shanna Hyland. Mary Alice Strohmeyer scored two goals, and Wain and Brittany Miles both added one in a 4-0 shutout of Furman United Soccer Club in 97 Crescent's second game Saturday.
The girls closed out group play Sunday with a 6-1 win over Summerville Soccer Club to claim first place in their group and advance to the championship round. Strohmeyer, Wain, Miles, Kellen Haas, Jensen Haldrup and Skylar Davis each scored for 97 Crescent.
Crescent was without Taylor Cristo, Sydney James and Hayley Keiser who were sidelined with injuries but each played a major role in advancing the team to the championship weekend. Crescent entered the weekend as the tournament's No. 1 seed after winning the Fall League Championship with a 9-1-2 record, outscoring opponents by a combined 29-3. The team finished 24-4-4 overall this season, capturing championships in the North Mecklenburg Fall Kickoff and the SCUMP Charleston Select Shootout Tournament along the way. Their state championship win qualifies them for a bid to the region championship tournament June 12-16 in Decatur, Ala. The team is coached by Hope Atkinson and Jeff Hoerner.
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Matt Brown willing to fight Georges St. Pierre and Johny Hendricks ... at the same time
He first has to get through former interim-welterweight champ Carlos Condit at UFC on FOX 9, when the two collide in the co-main event on Dec. 14, 2013 in Sacramento, California. As far as Matt is concerned, should he best "The Natural Born Killer" in "Sac-Town," he should also replace him as the division's top contender.
"He's ranked number two, so if I beat him, I should be ranked number one, right? Or at least number two," said Brown during yesterday's (Oct. 3, 2013) UFC on FOX 9 press conference. "So, absolutely, no question about it (close to title shot). I think so, I don't know who else is in the division."
Indeed, a win over Condit could inch him closer to his long-desired shot at the strap. But, jumping from No. 10 all the way to the top spot seems like a stretch.
Regardless, when his time comes, Brown is ready to step up to the plate regardless if it's against "Rush" or "Bigg Rigg." In fact, he's more than willing to take them on at the same time.
"Both of them," he said without hesitation when asked who he preferred to fight. "I'll fight them both at once."


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The head of a Cleveland police union says the officers involved in the fatal shooting of a 12-year-old boy last month were not told by a dispatcher that the gun might be a toy or the suspect a child as initially relayed by a 911 caller.
Hallelujah! We now have a date for the second coming... of producer�Mark Burnett's religious...
When�Donald Glover�announced the he was leaving his television job as Troy on�Community, it...
How many cheese boards does one family really need?How many stuffed Santas can be squeezed into a single dwelling before zoning regulations are compromised.
BOYS� BASKETBALLSchenevus at Richfield Springs, 7 p.m.Galway at Canajoharie, 7 p.m.Fort Plain at Saratoga Catholic, 7 p.m.Central Valley Academy at Holland Patent, 7:30 p.m.Owen D. Young at Brookfield, 7:30 p.m.GIRLS� BASKETBALL
HERKIMER � A flood mitigation project, a village pool and a baseball park are among the projects slated to receive funding in the fourth round of regional economic development grants announced Thursday.
The Geminid meteor shower is the most visible meteor shower of the year, according to iflscience.com, with up to 120 sighting per hour.
MOHAWK � A state law regarding recycling and reuse of electronic equipment goes into effect Jan. 1 and Mohawk village officials plan to take steps to make sure local residents are aware of its impact.
A shooter wounded two boys and a girl outside an alternative high school Friday in what may be a gang-related attack, Portland police said.
- Events Calendar


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Hawk Softball Returns To Action Against Greensburg
- Release Date:
- March 31, 2013
- Contact:
- The Office of Sports Information
- (716) 649-7900 ext. 333
GREENSBURG, PA – After dropping an 11-3 opening Allegheny Mountain Collegiate Conference road game to Pitt-Greensburg, the Hilbert College softball team regrouped and played to a 2-1 defeat March 30. Hilbert (2-8, 0-2) was a little rusty to start the day, as they played their first games of the month since returning from their spring break tourney down in Myrtle Beach. Senior Amber Grosch connected for two hits (.400) while senior Katie Pettis and freshman Brittany Hancy earned the team's only RBIs against the (7-4, 2-0) Bobcats.
Hilbert held a 1-0 led through four innings in the second game of the double header. The Hawks got on the board when Kateland Ball earned a base on balls. The sophomore traveled around the bags on a sac hit by Elissa Hall before she ran home after a Greensburg error. The Bobcats tallied runs in the bottom of the 5th and 6th and claimed the win when the Hawks didn't produce a score in the top of the 7th. Devan Jonathan went the complete game in the circle and struck out 5 batters while forcing 13 outs on defense.
Hilbert started the day in a close game with the Bobcats matching runs in the first inning. After three, Greensburg held a 4-3 lead, which they extended by one more run after the bottom of the 4th. The Hawks' bats went cold as the game progressed while the hosts found their grove and scored six unanswered runs to close out an 11-3 opening victory. Grosch and Hall earned hits, and Pettis and Hancy were credited with the RBIs. Freshman Jaelyn Gotham went 5.1 and struck out two batters.
The Hawks hope to host Penn State Behrend on their home field in Hamburg on April 2 before they travel to Elmira College April 4th to play under the lights (6/8pm).
Hilbert College, located in suburban Hamburg, N.Y., south of Buffalo, is a private four-year college founded in 1957 in the Catholic Franciscan tradition. With nearly 1,100 students, Hilbert is a dynamic Western New York college that offers career-focused majors, including one of the top criminal justice programs in the region, and more than 50 minors and concentrations. The college's engaging, student-centered campus community offers numerous leadership, internship, and service learning opportunities from which students launch successful careers while making positive changes in their communities. The Hilbert Blueprint promotes a well-rounded student experience over four years – starting with the Foundations Seminar in the freshman year, followed by Sophomore Service, Junior Symposium, and culminating with the Senior Capstone. Hilbert has expanded its academic offerings with the college's first graduate programs and new Accelerated Degree Programs geared to adult learners.
Upcoming Events
- First Year Student Orientation
- Aug 14, 2015
- Summer Session A2 Ends
- Aug 21, 2015
- First Year Student Orientation
- Aug 28, 2015


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The Program
Full and comprehensive preparation for a high paying career in accounting. We will prepare you for the CMA or CPA exam through coursework and review courses. We teach the most popular small business accounting software, Quickbooks, as an integral part of the program. We utilize Dave Ramsey personal finance tools to better advise future clients.
See Also:
The Experience
A career in Accounting starts with our expert faculty, with both US and international corporate experience, both in Europe and Africa. Our program is intense and focused on getting you the best education in modern accounting methods and practices with the goal of sitting for the CMA or CPA exam. You'll get to work with real companies, large, small, and startups to help them manage their businesses' accounting.
The Results
The graduates of the program utilize their valuable experiences from internships to secure accounting positions after graduation. Our graduates are working for companies ranging from manufacturing organizations, CPA firms and energy companies.


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At kikki.K we embrace the Swedish design principles of form and function to bring you seasonal collections of delicious stationery, gorgeous gifts and organisation solutions.
Enjoy a welcome treat when you sign up to be a kikki.K member.
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NLZ10114 In Stock
Capture the essence of summer in this Tiffany Style Sterling Silver Cubic Zirconia Palm Tree Necklace! This beautiful palm tree pendant is a fun and breezy design that looks as hot with a sundress as it does with a turtleneck. You can't go wrong in style wearing the diamond CZ palm tree pendant, adding a little touch of sparkle and a lot of designer fashion to your own look. This 1 1/4 inch palm tree pendant sparkles with tiny diamond CZ stones and hangs on a beautiful silver rolo chain.
• Palm Tree Pendant
• .22 Cubic Zirconia
• 16 or 18 Inch Rolo Chain
• .925 Sterling Silver
Eve's Addiction.com wants you to be a happy customer. We want you to be completely satisfied with the sterling silver jewelry that you receive from us, as we only sell high quality silver and cubic zirconia cz jewelry. We do understand that you may not like your purchase for some reason.
You may return or exchange your jewelry within 60 days of purchase if you are not satisfied with it. The jewelry must be returned in its original condition for a refund or exchange. Engraved, personalized, photo, monogram, name and initial, chocolate and clearance items are not returnable or exchangeable.
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The flat black Lens Skin for the Canon 16-35mm f/2.8 (Mark 1) Lens provides your lens hood and lens barrel area around the distance scale with a super-thin (1mm) 3M UV vinyl coating that guards your lens against incidental scratches and bumps. It is custom-cut to match your lens hood and is easy to install and just as easy to remove. Once removed, no residue will remain. Neither will your lens suffer any damage to its finish, plastic pieces or moving parts. Once applied, which is generally accomplished within 10 minutes, you'll still maintain full access to all the functions, windows and buttons on your lens.
The kit comes with three hood pieces, a lens and body cap as well as eleven body pieces. It is also available in various styles and designs to suit your taste and shooting style.
- Engineered to withstand wear and tear and protect your lenses from scratches and minor dings
- The typical Lens Skins takes about 10-15 minutes to install
- Custom-cut to match your particular lens
- Will not harm your lens's original paint, powder coating, plastic, or moving parts
- Full access is maintained to all moving parts, windows and features of your lens
- Available in various styles and designs to suit your taste and shooting style


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For Immediate Release
Contact:Deborah Gilleran
Georgian Court Campus Tours Available to Public on Select Tuesdays
Lakewood, N.J., Aug. 21, 2007—Experience local history and beauty this fall with a Tuesday morning tour of the Georgian Court University campus in Lakewood. Guided tours include the historic Mansion, Casino, and McAuley Heritage Chapel, as well as the unique, lush gardens on the campus grounds.
Georgian Court University's 155-acre Lakewood campus is a National Historic Landmark. Among the historic buildings being toured are the Mansion, the Georgian-style winter home of millionaire George Jay Gould and his family. Dating from the late 1800s, the Mansion and many of the other estate buildings and gardens were designed by Bruce Price, the famous New York architect. The campus is also an arboretum, filled with many exotic tree species as well as some of the largest pine, oak, and fir trees in Ocean County.
Tours are available on the following Tuesdays: September 11, 18, and 25, and October 2, 9, and 16. All tours begin at 11:00 a.m. in the Mansion. Tickets are $10 per person, which includes light refreshments after the tour, and reservations are required. The excursion takes about 1.5 hours and includes approximately 45 minutes of outdoor walking on partially uphill paths. The walking tour is not wheelchair accessible. In the event of inclement weather, the walking tour will be abbreviated and a video program will be substituted.
For more information and reservations, please contact the Office of Conferences and Special Events at 732.987.2263 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Founded in 1908 and sponsored by the Sisters of Mercy, Georgian Court University is a comprehensive university with a strong liberal arts core and a special concern for women. A forward-thinking university that supports diversity and academic excellence, Georgian Court serves almost 3,000 students of all faiths and backgrounds in a residential Women's College and a coeducational University College with undergraduate and graduate programs. Georgian Court's main campus is located at 900 Lakewood Avenue, Lakewood, N.J., on the picturesque former George Jay Gould estate, now named a National Historic Landmark. Georgian Court also offers classes at its site at 90 Woodbridge Center Drive in Woodbridge and at Coastal Communiversity in Wall and Cumberland County College in Vineland.
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Tuesday, Aug 4Graduate Information Sessions
Wednesday, Aug 12Summer Visit Days
Monday – Friday and selected Saturdays throughout the year
Campus Tours