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What if chemicals were sprayed from planesNovember 5th, 2011
I'm trying a new method of addressing the lunacy of chemtrails by showing that dumping chemicals at altitude wouldn't generally do very much or be a very effective way of exposing populations to the chemicals that some claim are being sprayed.Ā It's worth noting that the chemtrail loonies can't even seem to agree on what is being sprayed, so here are some of the more common chemicals claimed.
If chemtrail conspiracy theorists are to believed, then large jet aircraft, possibly the same aircraft that carry passengers are being used to spray unknown quantities of chemicals of some type at high altitude.Ā While it's rather difficult to judge the altitude of an aircraft by sight alone, based on what has been claimed to be chemtrails it's fairly clear that the aircraft were flying at normal jet altitudes, well above tropospheric weather.ĀĀ If they were indeed passenger aircraft then the altitude is generally above thirty thousand feet.
Some commonly claimed materials:
Jet Fuel or other hydrocarbons – This is actually done on occasion, as passenger jets do occasionally have to preform fuel dumps.ĀĀ These are not done as a matter of routine but rather happen when a plane is heavily loaded with fuel for a long flight but has to land shortly after takeoff due to an emergency such as a mechanical failure or a passenger medical emergency.Ā The fuel disperses rapidly.Ā Studies have been done on exactly what happens to fuel dumped at altitude and have concluded that at least 98% of it evaporates before it ever reaches ground level. If any does reach the ground (which it usually does not) it is a very minute amount which is spread over an enormous geographic area.ĀĀ The quantity is basically unnoticeable and will itself evaporate relatively quickly.
The fuel vapors will not last long in the atmosphere.Ā Hydrocarbons tend to photodegrade and generally decompose in the atmosphere and will eventually oxidize entirely.ĀĀ In the short term, these vapors may contribute, at least locally to smog, but they wouldĀ makeup a relatively small proportion of human generated air pollution.
Aluminum – Atomized aluminum or some aluminum compound like aluminum oxide would disperse quite a bit before any amount reached the ground.Ā It would basically behave as atmospheric dust, some remaining suspended for some time in the high winds at altitude but most eventually falling from suspension.Ā Aluminum is one of the most common elements in the crust of the earth and therefore one of the primary components of atmospheric dust.Ā Adding a little more aluminum would have little effect on the total amount in the earth's atmospheric dust and any that settled to the ground would join the enormous amounts of aluminum present in most soil.
Aluminum is generally regarded as being non-toxic and in all but the most extreme circumstances presents no substantial health danger.
Mercury – If ejected from aircraft, mercury would either evaporate or form very small droplets which would remain suspended at least initially.ĀĀ Due to the high weight of mercury it would not stay in the atmosphere for a very long time but would precipitate out.ĀĀ By the time the mercury reached the ground, it would be extremely dispersed and would not reach toxic levels in any given location.Ā However, it would accumulate in water especially in the worlds oceans.
Spraying mercury out of aircraft wouldn't do a whole lot to increase the atmospheric mercury levels or the oceanic mercury levels, however.Ā Unfortunately, we already spew many many tons of mercury into the atmosphere and it has resulted in increased atmospheric and oceanic mercury levels and occasionally can be shown to bioacumulate in some species.ĀĀ This happens because of the burning of coal which is a very effective way of ejecting mercury into the atmosphere.ĀĀ In areas directly downwind from coal plants, mercury levels are elevated, especially after the coal burner has operated for a many years or decades.
Dumping mercury from an aircraft would at least result in more dilution before it reached the ground and thus would not expose a given area to as acute a level of mercury.ĀĀ All in all, it would do what coal burners already do, although to a much smaller extent.
Barium – One of the most commonly claimed components of chemtrails is barium.Ā However, chemtrail conspiracy theorists don't seem to have much idea what form it is supposedly being discharged in.Ā Barium is an alkaline earth metal, but in its elemental form it is highly reactive especially to oxygen.Ā If barium were discharged into the air in an atomized form, it would react violently to form barium oxide and barium peroxide.Ā Both of these compounds are also reactive and are powerful oxidizers.Ā While it is unlikely that either would reach the ground in significant concentrations, if they did, they would react readily with most organic material.
If barium compounds were released in the atmosphere, it's more realistic to expect that they would be m0re stable barium salts.ĀĀ The most common of these is barium sulfate.ĀĀ Barium sulfate is non-toxic and not reactive.ĀĀ It is so safe that it is a very common radiocontrast agent that is often swallowed to allow x-ray examination of the digestive tract.ĀĀ It is also fairly common in the surface geology of earth, so adding a tiny bit more would not change very much.
Other barium salts vary in toxicity and reactivity from very low to very high.Ā Most soluble barium compounds are fairly toxic.Ā Barium carbonate, for example, has been used as a rat poison.ĀĀ These barium compounds are also found in nature, in soil, water and atmospheric dust and are generally not of concern as long as the concentrations are fairly low.Ā According to the CDC, respiratory precautions become necessary when the concentrations of soluble barium compounds in the air exceed .5 miligrams per cubic meter.
Such high concentrations are would not result from dumping barium into the air at altitude.ĀĀ By the time the compound reached the ground, it would be dispersed over a minimum of dozens of square kilometers.Ā Some chemtrail theorists cite measurements of soluble barium compounds in air samples that have been as high as 50.8 nanograms per cubic meter.ĀĀ This is a tiny amount, and orders of magnitude bellow what is considered the safe exposure level.Ā It is entirely consistent with the levels expected to exist from soil kicked up by wind and other sources of atmospheric dust.ĀĀ Atmospheric barium is also produced by some human activities, such as flares and fireworks, where barium compounds are used to produce a green color.ĀĀ The levels produced by such activities have been subject to study and while they do cause a very modest localized increase in detectable barium compounds, the levels are nowhere near what would be considered hazardous.
Sulfur Dioxide – Aircraft do already release tiny amounts of sulfur dioxide, because sulfur is present in hydrocarbon fuels. Aviation fuel tends to be relatively highly refined and conform to standards for low sulfur levels. In the case of Jet-A fuel, the maximum allowable sulfur concentration is less than .3% by weight. This results in a small but significant amount of sulfur dioxide in the engine exhaust.
It has been suggested that aircraft could spray sulfur dioxide as a means of reducing global warming.Ā Indeed, sulfur dioxide does reflect sunlight, but it also causes acid rain, so intentionally depositing it into the atmosphere seems to be a rather flawed idea.Ā Still, there is quite a bit of the stuff in the atmosphere, both as a result of natural sources like volcanos as well as man-made sources.Ā The largest, by far, is coal burning, which releases hundreds of thousands of tons of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere each year.
It would take an enormous effort by a huge number of aircraft to increase the total emitted noticeably, and although it would deposit the gas at a higher altitude (at least initially) than coal exhaust, it wouldn't change atmospheric distribution much in the long run.Ā In any event, the total amount that could be placed in the upper atmosphere by thousands of aircraft would be less than can be produced by a single large volcanic eruption, as happens every so often.
Cloud Seeding Chemicals - Cloud seeding is typically accomplished by using hydroscpic materials, such as salts, by using cold materials like liquid propane or dry ice or by using silver iodine, a chemical which has a structure similar to ice and can be used to induce the formation of ice crystals.Ā These chemicals are sometimes delivered by aircraft but are also commonly delivered by rockets or by ground-based misters and flares.
The best evidence indicates that these chemicals can indeed have some localized effect on cloud structure and precipitation.ĀĀ Adding large amounts of seed material to saturated, supercooled clouds increases the rate of ice and water droplet formation and can temporarily increase the altitude of the cloud, causing additional cooling and resulting in precipitation.ĀĀ The effect, however, is entirely temporary and will only affect the cloud formation which is seeded and not the overall weather of a region.
While cloud seeding is sometimes practiced, it is done in a manner that does not even remotely resemble the so-called "chemtrail" reports.Ā For one, cloud seeding is only effective when the chemicals are applied to clouds that are already fairly saturated and contain at least some supercooled water droplets.ĀĀ If cloud seeding chemicals are applied to a "dry" sky or to areas that do not have dense, cold clouds, they will have no effect at all.Ā If the proported chem trails really did contain seeding material, it would be extremely wasteful as these aircraft normally are reported in relatively clear skies.
The altitudes of the aircraft are also entirely wrong for cloud seeding.Ā While it can be difficult to judge the exact altitude of an aircraft, most "chemtrail" reports cite jet aircraft that appear to be flying at normal altitude.Ā The type of clouds that can be most effectively seeded are at relatively low altitudes.ĀĀ Jet aircraft typically fly at altitudes far above tropospheric weather and thus, even if the appropriate cloud formations did exist, they would be too high to directly seed them.Ā Therefore, any attempt to seed clouds from these aircraft would be entirely ineffective.
Bacteria - If sprayed out the back of an aircraft at altitude, bacteria would be introduced to a very harsh environment.ĀĀ The spraying itself would eject the bacteria into air currents moving at near supersonic speeds and into extremely low temperatures. Ā Many forms of bacteria are capable of surviving freezing and rethawing, but the tolerance for being frozen varies depending on the type of bacteria and the circumstances of the freezing.ĀĀ Being frozen after being ejected from an aircraft is an especially rapid and violent form of freezing.Ā The bacteria would be subjected to an extreme temperature change and being tumbled with tiny ice crystals.ĀĀ It would be expected that most of the bacteria would be destroyed if ejected in a liquid form in this manner.
The only bacteria that might be candidates for being ejected from an aircraft would be those that form tough endospores.ĀĀ They also count not be ejected as a liquid, mixed with water, but would have to be dried and preserved in a powder-like form.ĀĀ Ejecting the powdered bacteria presents other problems.ĀĀ Atomized solids tend to accumulate static charges which cause them to clump and not properly disperse.Ā However, the problem is not insurmountable, assuming enough effort were put into electrostatic control and dispersal equipment.
There are very few bacteria that really fit the bill for being tough enough to be dispersed into the air in the endospore phase and have a good chance of surviving for any period of time.ĀĀ One reason that anthrax has been the focus of much biological warfare research is that it is one of the very few pathogenic bacteria that can be spread by air and is tough enough to reliably survive rapid dispersal.Ā It also can be cultured in large quantities relatively easily.
Even a bacteria like anthrax would have difficulty in the especially rough conditions of being sprayed out of the back of a jet aircraft. If the bacteria were to come into contact with droplets of liquid water as it fell, it could come out of the endospore phase and thus become far more fragile.
An even greater danger would be ultraviolet light. UV light is an effective way of destroying bacteria and at high altitudes they would be above most of the atmosphere and much of the ozone layer. At these altitudes, UV light is especially intense. The bacteria would likely remain aloft for some time, due to their small size and the high speed winds at altitude. This would give them ample time to be exposed to intense ultraviolet light.
Ultimately some of the bacteria may well survive and eventually they would find their way to the ground.Ā Just like other forms of atmospheric dust, the bacteria would either reach low levels on their own or be brought down by precipitation.ĀĀ By the time they reached the ground, the bacteria would be extremely dispersed, with a relatively small amount of bacterial dispersed over as much as hundreds of miles.
This would be of little concern.ĀĀ The world is not sterile as is and the soil is already full of bacteria, including potentially pathogenic bacteria (for this reason, licking random things outdoors is not recommended).Ā The bacteria would join a huge population of bacteria of every type that lives in the soil and air of the earth.Ā Even anthrax can be found in soil in many locations.Ā Inhaling an few bacteria is not likely to cause infection, it would have to be a fairly large amount.Ā That would never happen.
To date, there are no known biological warfare programs that ever considered spreading bacteria by spraying it out the back of high altitude jet aircraft.Ā All credible biological warfare research and testing as focused on more direct methods of exposing populations or enemy forces to bacteria, such as contaminating water supplies or using small ground-level aerosol producing bomblets.
Viruses – Many of the rules that apply to bacteria also apply to viruses, although viruses are vastly varied in their tolerance for various environments.Ā Many viruses are extremely fragile when outside of their host organism.Ā Viruses also are much more difficult to produce in large quantities since they cannot be cultured on their own – they require another organism's cells to replicate.
Assuming a virus could be found that could be produced in large quantities and was able to survive the temperature extremes, ultraviolet light and other factors associated with being sprayed from a high altitude aircraft, it would still be a too dispersed to be likely to cause much harm andĀ would be, at best, a highly inefficient way of dosing people on the ground.
Antibiotics – Because antibiotics are complex organic compounds, it could be expected that some portion of those discharged into the upper atmosphere would decompose or otherwise be destroyed by ultraviolet light or oxidation before ever reaching the ground.Ā Since the antibiotics would be greatly dispersed, it's unlikely that there would be much in the way of noticeable effects on the microorganisms in the region.Ā Antibiotics have to be present in fairly high concentrations for them to be effective in killing or inhibiting the reproduction of microbes.
Discharging even fairly large amounts of antibiotics into the environment in such a low density manner would not do very much to alter the concentrations in the region.Ā It is important to remember that antibiotics have been common in the biosphere for at least millions of years.ĀĀ Most antibiotic compounds are derived directly from compounds produced by fungi, bacteria and other microbes.Ā For example, the antibiotic Gentamicin is composed of compounds produced by widely found in soil and water and Penicillin is produced by a common fungus that is responsible for bread mold. There are some fully synthetic antibiotics, but they are not inherently more powerful than the naturally occurring variety.
Antibiotics are selective and only toxic to certain microbes. These compounds are not toxic to humans or animals and would not have any noticeable effects on such organisms, especially in the concentrations that might reach ground level from high altitude discharges. Since these compounds are present in minute amounts in the environment, humans are always being exposed to very low concentrations of antibiotic compounds and always have been.
Human Blood – This is an especially ridiculous claim, given the amount of blood that would be needed to create a reasonably sized trail of blood in the air. It would take all the blood in the bodies of more than 24,000 full grown humans to fill the tanks of a KC-135.ĀĀ That assumes all the bodies were drained.Ā More than three times as many would be needed for live donors of the blood.
Not only that, but spraying blood would be a huge problem for the nozzles, pumps and other equipment.ĀĀ At the very least, the blood would have to have a lot of anticoagulants added.
The blood would disperse quite and the cells and fluid would probably begin to separate.Ā It would tend to freeze very rapidly and this would destroy most of the cells, as blood cannot be frozen without the addition of protectionists.Ā The ice crystals formed tend to break apart the cell walls of blood cells.Ā Any biological material that did eventually reach the ground would biodegrade pretty quickly.
Any pathogens present in the blood would not be harmful in the concentrations that may survive reaching ground level.
Defoliants or HerbicidesĀ - There is a good deal of historical data for theĀ dispersal of defoliants and herbicides from aircraft.Ā Aircraft have been used for dispersing such agents in agricultural contexts and as a means of reducing foliage where enemy forces could take cover during military conflicts.
During the Vietnam War, the United States undertook an extensive program to disperse defoliants as a means of reducing the area where enemy forces could hide.Ā This included the application of so-called "rainbow herbicides," so called because each were assigned a color code to distinguish the type of chemical.ĀĀ The best known of these was Agent Orange, a mixture which was generally safe for humans if formulated correctly, but which was widely contaminated by dioxin compounds due to poor quality control by manufacturers, resulting in detrimental effects on humans who were exposed.
Application of the compounds from too high an altitude would have been ineffective.Ā The material would have dispersed widely, resulting in an uncontrolled dispersal pattern of very low concentrations.Ā The compounds would have remained suspended in the air for some period of time, with much of the material breaking down, and when it finally did reach the ground, concentrations would be far too low to have any noticeable effects on vegetation.Ā In Vietnam, aircraft dispersing herbicides flew at theĀ extremely low altitude of about 150 feet.ĀĀ Dispersing the herbicide also required that the wind speed be low or the chemicals would get scattered.
This low altitude spraying is also what caused the concentrations of dioxin to be high enough at ground level to cause human health issues, as well as the fact that many thousands of tons were used over a relatively small area.Ā If large enough quantities of dioxins were dumped at high altitude, it would increase the regional concentrations, at least slightly, but it would be an extremely inefficient way of doing so if that were the goal.
The aircraft used were typically prop-driven, slow moving aircraft that could spray the herbicide at such low levels and at low speeds.ĀĀ Helicopters were also used.Ā Modern application of herbicides, insecticides and other such material by crop dusters also occurs at low levels, even lower in many circumstances.
Insecticides, Herbicides, Fertilizers – As mentioned above, agricultural chemicals are sometimes delivered by air.Ā It is an efficient method of providing large scale coverage when only low volumes of chemicals are required.Ā Crop dusting is most commonly done to deliver insecticides.Ā The practice may be used outside of the agricultural sector to combat mosquito and other pest insects.
As with herbicides, accomplishing this requires the aircraft to fly at extreme low altitudes.Ā Crop dusters may fly as ten feet above the fields being dusted.Ā Helicopters have increasingly been used for this.Ā Fixed wing airplanes used for crop dusting are designed for slow speeds and high maneuverability at low altitudes.Ā In fact, the altitudes at which crop dusters operate are so low, they have actually been known to collide with trucks and other objects on the ground.
If applied at higher altitudes, chemicals would be scattered and dispersed to a level where they would not be effective. Insecticides and other complex organic chemicals would at least partially break down before reaching ground levels.Ā Phosphates, nitrates and other nutrients would just be scattered into the atmospheric dust, which already contains such compounds.
Chaff - This is material that the military occasionally discharges into the atmosphere during combat and training excises. Chaff is intended to distract or obscure radar by providing false returns from reflective material.Ā Traditionally, chaff has been composed primarily of strips of metallic foil, but more modern chaff is often composed of thin fibers with a metallic coating.Ā Chaff may be dropped in large amounts over a wide area to obscure aircraft movements or may be deployed in bursts by an aircraft attempting to evade radar-based defenses such as surface to air missiles.
When deployed, chafe tends to remain in the air for a relatively short period of time.Ā It is therefore necessary that the material be dropped repeatedly over the same area.Ā However, the exact period of time it is aloft depends on altitude and wind patterns.ĀĀ A common way of dispersing chaff is to have it packed into small containers with a explosive charge that blows it out in a burst.Ā An aircraft could be equipped with several of these containers for use in evading radar-based defenses.Ā It may also be dispersed by flares which aid in evading infrared-seeking missiles while dispersing chaff to confound radar.
Chaff does eventually make its way to the ground and is fairly harmless once it does, although it has caused problems when it has been blown into substations or other electrical infrastructure.Ā During its time in the air, chaff does occasionally show up on weather radar or other radar systems.Ā The image to the right shows chaff returns from a military training exercise on a regional weather radar screen.
The length of the fibers or strips used depends on the frequency of the radar which is being targeted.Ā On the battlefield, a variety of lengths are used to help obscure a wide range of possible radar frequencies.Ā However, the chaff used during training over inhabited areas is restricted to sizes that minimize the possible effects on air traffic control radar.
There have been biological warfare programs, but none were ever based on the idea of spraying biological agents at high altitudes by jet aircraft.
There have been chemical warfare programs, but none were ever based on the idea of spraying chemical agents at high altitudes by jet aircraft.
There have been weather modification programs, but none were ever based on the idea of spraying weather modification agents at high altitudes by jet aircraft.
There have been aircraft-based herbicide and insecticide programs, but none ever used high altitude jet aircraft.
In all cases, this would be a poor way of getting significant concentrations of the materials to ground levels or would not have any significant effects on weather.
This entry was posted on Saturday, November 5th, 2011 at 6:29 pm and is filed under Bad Science, Conspiracy Theories, Culture, History, Just LAME, Misc, Not Even Wrong. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.
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Chattanooga Football Postgame Notes
Samford at Chattanooga
Finley Stadium - Chattanooga, Tenn.
Saturday - Oct. 20, 2012
- UTC improved to 4-3 overall and 3-1 in the SoCon with a 20-13 win over Samford ... the Bulldogs dropped to 5-3 overall and 3-3 in SoCon play.
- Both teams combined for 155 yards of total offense in the first half...UTC 90 and Samford 65.
- Samford Series Notes...UTC leads 26-9-3...19-5-2 at home...4-2 in Finley Stadium...Mocs have won four straight.
- There was only one turnover in the game tonight, an INT by UTC linebacker Gunner Miller...Samford came into the game tied for the league lead in takeaways with 15 (10 INTs & 5 FR)...Mocs came into the game leading the SoCon in fewest turnovers with 5 (2 fumbles and 3 INTs).
- UTC has not turned the ball over for three consecutive games...it is the second time the Mocs have gone three consecutive games without a turnover in the Russ Huesman era (Presbyterian, Wofford & Samford in 2009).
- Samford's fourth quarter TD was its first against the Mocs since the third quarter of the 2010 game in Finley Stadium.
- The Mocs have allowed just one TD in each of the last three games...it is the second time that has happened in the Huesman era, also against Presbyterian (29-13), Wofford (38-9) and Samford (14-7) in 2009.
- Samford's Cameron Yaw connected on a 52-yard FG at the end of the first half...longest in the SoCon this season...it is the longest on record against the Mocs.
- The Mocs allowed 34 points to Appalachian State in the SoCon opener on Sept. 22...since then, UTC has only allowed 33 points in three games.
- UTC held Samford to 111 yards on 32 plays in the first three quarters...the Bulldogs racked up 148 yards on 35 plays in the fourth quarter alone.
- UTC held Samford to a season-low 259 yards of total offense.
Wes Dothard (LB - Jr.) - Buck Buchanan Award Candidate
- Team-high 11 tackles.
- Second game this season with 10+ tackles...seventh of his career.
- Also added a PBU.
Jacob Huesman (Fr. - QB)
- 18-23 passing for 164 yards and one TD.
- Pass to J.J. Jackson for 35 yards in the third quarter was his 100th completion of the season...UTC freshman record...he is 106-157 with nine TDs and 1,039 yards on the year.
Russ Huesman (Head Coach - 4th Year)
- 21-19 overall...15-13 in the SoCon.
- 4-0 vs. Samford.
Sema'je Kendall (DB - Fr.)
- Season-high six tackles.
- PBU on the final play of the game.
- Leads the team and is No. 2 in the SoCon with seven passes defended.
Gunner Miller (LB - Jr.)
- 2nd INT of the season in the second quarter...third of his career.
- Finished with six tackles.
Chaz Moore (DB - Jr.)
- Career-high eight tackles.
Nick Pollard (P/K - So.)
- Averaged 44.5 yards per punt on six attempts.
- Pinned Samford inside the 20 four times.
- 49-yard punt late in the 4th quarter flipped the field and allowed the Mocs to hold on for the win.
- 2-2 on FGs (29 &36)...6-10 on FGs this season...11-12 from inside 30 yards for his career.
Zack Rayl (DE - So.)
- Career-high five tackles.
- Recorded a sack and another 1.5 TFLs.
Terrell Robinson (QB - So.)
- Season-high nine receptions for 65 yards.
- 5-6 passing for 15 yards.
- 17 catches last two games.
Davis Tull (DE - So.)
- Finished with five solo tackles, including two sacks.
- Leads the SoCon with 8.0 sacks.
- Leads the SoCon with 9.5 TFLs.

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Rachel Dove-Baldwin
Staff Writer
(EDITOR'S NOTE: This is the first of a two-part series on organ and tissue donation.)
JUSTICE - "Ever since he first made his driver's license, Ben had himself listed as an organ and tissue donor. He was adamant about this wish and had sat and talked about it time after time through the years. It was what he wanted, this was his choice and we honored it," commented April Toler Mullins, as she was speaking with the Daily News about her late brother, Benjamin.
Benjamin Toler, 50, of Justice, passed away on July 21st, 2012, after suffering a fatal heart attack. He is survived by his mother and eight siblings including Mingo County Chief Magistrate Dallas Toler, Mark Toler of TMK Securities and Mullins, who works as a registered nurse at the Williamson Memorial Hospital.
"We all knew what Ben wanted, our entire family is organ donors," stated Magistrate Toler. "It wasn't a decision that was ours to make, he had made it years ago."
The Toler family explained that on Oct. 8, 1983, their parents, Raymond and Lorraine Toler, were on their way home from church when they were shot by a neighbor who was allegedly angry over a property dispute. The perpetrator, who was a juvenile at the time, was finally sentenced after several years had passed to a prison sentence of 1-5 years, but actually only served 3. The violent act left their mother seriously injured and their father in a coma for 41 days. He passed away on Dec. 14th of that year.
"Ben was 21 at the time of the shooting," stated Toler. "Before dad died, Ben sat and held his hand and made him a solemn promise that he didn't have to worry about leaving mom behind, that he would always take care of her and would never leave her."
"That's a promise that Ben kept, and nothing short of death made him break it."
Ben suffered a heart attack while at home, in the early morning hours of July 21. After he was transported to the emergency room of the Williamson Memorial Hospital, where he was pronounced dead after attempts to resuscitate failed, the family was asked if their brother was an organ donor.
Ben's siblings all replied with the same answer, a quick "yes".
"We knew what Ben's wishes were, he had made that very clear," stated Mullins. "This was a topic he was very adamant about. Organ and tissue donation was something very important to him."
Following Ben's death, the Toler family had an extremely difficult time dealing and coping with their loss, unable to grasp that their love one was gone.
"Mom was devastated, to say the least," said Toler. "My brother Mark may be the youngest boy in the family, but Ben was her baby…he was her life. He was the one that was with her every single day. No one will ever fill that void or take his place in her heart."
The Toler family received a letter from the Medical Eye Bank of WV on Aug. 6, expressing their sympathy to those left behind grieving their loss and offering their heartfelt appreciation for the donation of Ben's corneas (eyes), that had been given to a recipient who had been blind, but who now, had his sight restored thanks to the Toler's gift and the miracle of corneal surgery.
Although the identity and location of the recipient werenot revealed, information was disclosed identifying him as a 28 year old male that had been blind since birth, who opened his eyes after the bandages were removed following the transplant surgery and gazed upon the face of his 2 year-old daughter for the first time.
"I can't explain what that meant to my family," said Toler. "At that moment, for the first time since Ben's death, we felt peace. Knowing that a man is looking at his little girl, his loved ones and all of the wonders of this world through Ben's eyes is an awesome feeling."
"We feel like he's still living through others," remarked Mullins. "And that's a very true statement. For every person that receives a part of Ben, he still remains…he still lives."
"We find comfort in this, and it allows us a way to celebrate Ben's life and what a truly awesome person he was, instead of only being able to mourn his death."
The Center for Organ Recovery and Education out of Pittsburg, Pa. sent a detailed letter to the Toler family, explaining the outcome of their brother's generous gift. The foundation stated that Ben's donation could continue to help others for many years that require tissue and skin during transplants and grafts, as well as other procedures. His bone, tendons and iliac crests were harvested. These may aid others in need of surgical procedures to restore movement to the arm, leg or knee, or to assist in hernia repairs as well as those suffering brain injuries. The donated skin will also greatly benefit burn victims. Similar to a band-Aid, the donated skin is temporarily place over the patient's injured skin. The new, healthy skin then serves as a protective barrier against infection and aids in preventing skin dehydration.
The letter ended by telling the Toler family that in Ben's immeasurable ways, he will forever touch the lives of others, and said they hoped this information would guide them on a path of comfort and renewal.
"There's not an hour that goes by that Ben's not in my thoughts," stated Toler. "We miss him more than we could ever explain. Our family will never be the same, but knowing how many lives he will change through his decision to be an organ and tissue donor has given us a certain amount of closure and peace."
"Knowing that there will be a change in the quality of life for several people because of his caring and unselfish ways makes me even prouder to have been his brother."
Part two of this series will be in Thursdays edition of the Daily News.


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Behind the Scenes
Too Many Cooks: Our Satellite Office in California
You'll be hearing from the staff at FOOD52 every week in Too Many Cooks, our group column in which we pool our answers to questions about food, cooking, life, and more.
This week, among other things, Amanda saw patterns in the strangest places, Christina gave homage to Julia Child, and Kristen abandoned us for the West coast. (Don't worry, she's coming back. We think.)Read More »


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Tuesday, March 19, 2013
How about a hot dog and a side of history?
That's exactly what a group of Alston Middle School students and their families had for dinner recently.
The occasion was an informal recital by AMS History Teacher Pren Woods' students at popular local eatery Perfectly Franks. The idea, said Woods, is to not only reward students for their hard work in his classes but also to give them a forum to show off their knowledge in a unique way.
"We wanted to have a special night, in a place that's family friendly," Woods said. "Perfectly Frank's seemed like the perfect fit and they graciously agreed to help us. It's a great partnership."
The idea is fairly simple: the children and their families come to the restaurant and enjoy a meal at a special price, then the children perform songs, dance routines, and other such methods of expression to showcase the material they have learned. In this case, the unit they had studied was ancient Egypt, Woods said. Except for a traditional spiritual song, "Wade in the Water," which the children performed at the beginning of the evening, all the songs were arranged and choreographed by the students, Woods said.
"What's cool about these performances is that I usually do all the choreography and lyrics," Woods noted. "These students created their own music videos."
Parents of the students seemed very pleased with the evening and with Woods' approach to teaching.
"He is very unique in that he really tries to appeal to all learning styles for children," Julialove Johnson said. Her daughter, Junelle, is in one of Woods' classes and performed that evening. "I have been very impressed with him – and it's not easy to impress me."
Perfectly Frank's owner Perry Cuda said he is glad to help out; in fact, one of his children is a student in one of Woods' classes.
"I think it's great – he (Woods) really reaches those kids," Cuda said. "We're happy we can help."
Woods and his students have performed twice at Perfectly Frank's and plan to do more, he said.
"We'll be back," he said.
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Okie doke....I'll let you know one way or the other by Thursday.Originally Posted by TeamBoone
Okie doke....I'll let you know one way or the other by Thursday.Originally Posted by TeamBoone
RBA, if I can get these I'll get one for you as well.Originally Posted by RedBloodedAmerican
Thanks alot, I'll pay you back.Originally Posted by TeamDunn
No problem!Originally Posted by RedBloodedAmerican
Ok, I'm up to 6 tickets. 2 for SC, 3 Teamsters & 1 RBA.
If anyone else wants me to try to get them for Friday night at half price please let me know before Wed afternoon. I am going to the game Wed night and will find a teen there to get the tickets! Might have to bribe them with a dog and Pepsi though!
Going to get them as close as possible to: 414, Row D, seats 7 thru 10
And sad as this is going to make you guys : I am going to be sitting elsewhere in the park. Don't miss me too much.
RBA, I'd be honored.
"Enjoy this Reds fans, you are watching a legend grow up before your very eyes" ... DoogMinAmo on Adam Dunn
For you 5th and Vine virgins. We usually try to grab a few tables in the corner of the bar closest to the actual corner of 5th and Vine. We're a motley looking crew, but don't let looks fool you. We don't bite. Too hard.
Will trade this space for a #1 starter.
When in doubt, just look/listen for the big scary guy "Booing" all of the Houston fans :GAC: :mhcky21:Originally Posted by creek14
Originally Posted by SC Reds Fans
*note to self..those people you are going to roll your eyes at, that's them*
Go Gators!
so be it :Originally Posted by KronoRed
Oh you know I'm just being sarcasticOriginally Posted by SC Reds Fans
I shall be the shy one at the door in the orange hat
Go Gators!
If it's nice, why don't we try to get an outdoor table? Get's pretty crowded. Just a thought.Originally Posted by creek14
"Whatever you choose, however many roads you travel, I hope that you choose not to be a lady. I hope you will find some way to break the rules and make a little trouble out there. And I also hope that you will choose to make some of that trouble on behalf of women." - Nora Ephron
That would work too. But we need to make a firm decision so the uninitiated can locate us.Originally Posted by TeamCasey
Will trade this space for a #1 starter.
True .... inside it is then. (I just get a little claustrophobic .... LOL .... but I can handle it for a bit before the game.)
The teamsters are usually decked out in Reds gear, and you can't miss the little guys. Not too many of them in there.
"Whatever you choose, however many roads you travel, I hope that you choose not to be a lady. I hope you will find some way to break the rules and make a little trouble out there. And I also hope that you will choose to make some of that trouble on behalf of women." - Nora Ephron
RBA .... I will let you know FOR SURE today about that extra ticket that we might have. My brother was going to see if one of his buddies wanted it, but so far he hasn't been able to get any confirmation. So I told my brother that I need to know TODAY!
I'll leave it up to you whether you want to sit with the women.... or the GAC brothers (but we don't drool and take our tops off when certain players come to bat)
"panic" only comes from having real expectations
At what time is everyone going to be there? I'm shooting for 4:30. If I get there I'll grab some table(s) outside. The watresses there know me by now! :mhcky21:Originally Posted by creek14
"panic" only comes from having real expectations
Board Moderators may, at their discretion and judgment, delete and/or edit any messages that violate any of the following guidelines: 1. Explicit references to alleged illegal or unlawful acts. 2. Graphic sexual descriptions. 3. Racial or ethnic slurs. 4. Use of edgy language (including masked profanity). 5. Direct personal attacks, flames, fights, trolling, baiting, name-calling, general nuisance, excessive player criticism or anything along those lines. 6. Posting spam. 7. Each person may have only one user account. It is fine to be critical here - that's what this board is for. But let's not beat a subject or a player to death, please.


text:
Multiple emergency crews were at Langley Pond in Clearwater on Wednesday searching for a man that may have drowned, and, as of press time, had not located him.
David Paul Smith, chief of the Burnettown Police Department, said an emergency call was received at approximately 5 p.m. that three swimmers – two men and a woman – were in distress at Langley Pond.
One of the male swimmers was transported to an area hospital in critical condition. The female swimmer reportedly followed him to the hospital.
Crews continued to search for the second male swimmer for several more hours, Smith said.
"The other person has not been located, but no one actually saw him go under," Smith said Wednesday evening. "To complicate matters further, (the two other swimmers) just met the third person today. They don't really know a lot about him. Certainly, we hope somebody is just playing a prank on somebody, but we just can't take that chance."
The Richmond County Sheriff's Office, the Columbia County Sheriff's Office, the Aiken County Sheriff's office, Aiken County EMS, multiple fire departments and dive teams were on the scene Wednesday.
The three swimmers had been swimming in a no-swim area of Langley Pond, and park patrons had observed them "doing some horseplaying," Smith said.
"So, these park patrons checked on them twice. They (the swimmers) got back to normal; everybody was good. The third time proved ... they weren't playing," Smith said.
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text: To make sure you have the power you need, Puget Sound Energy continually invests in our electric system. Major construction projects, such as upgrading, replacing and installing new infrastructure, allow us to meet your current and future expectations for safe, reliable and affordable energy service. In addition to large-scale projects, our ongoing, day-to-day maintenance efforts ensure system reliability.


text:
The Adoption and Children (Scotland) Act 2007 has finally come into effect, which allows same-sex couples to jointly adopt a child, and one partner in a same-sex couple to adopt the other partner's child.
And the Looked After Children (Scotland) Regulations 2009 also came into force, which allows same-sex couples to be considered as foster parents on the same basis as anyone else.
These changes, combined with other laws, mean that from 28th September all adoption and fostering agencies must give equal opportunities to same-sex couples as they do to mixed-sex couples.


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HSN204 - Food Microbiology and HACCP
Unit details
|2015 unit information
|Enrolment modes:
|Trimester 2: Burwood (Melbourne)
|Credit point(s):
|EFTSL value:
|Cohort rule:
Only available to students enrolled in D301, H315 or H300, D391 students completing the Food Studies major sequence (MJ-H000003).
Other students who would like to enrol in this unit must submit their request to email@example.com. Enrolment quotas apply.
|Unit chair:
Phillip Parker
One of: SBB111, SLE111, SBC152, SLE152, SLE155, HSN104, HSN203
Must be enrolled in or have previously successfully completed HSN010
|Incompatible with:
|Contact hours:
5 hours - 1 x 2 hour class, 1 x 2 hour practical, 1 x 1 hour practical per week
This unit will provide students with an understanding of the diversity of food spoilage agents and food pathogens involved in food-borne disease, along with skills in microbiological analysis of food processes in industry. Topics covered include: microbial taxonomy; growth and kinetics of food pathogens and food spoilage microorganisms; control of microbial load including predictive microbiology, as standard test methods; instrumental methodology and rapid molecular methods of detection and identification of microorganisms in foods using knowledge of food processes and techniques; modified atmosphere packaging, quality control and microbiological Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) analysis; mode of action of food preservatives; food sanitation and hygiene processes and water quality analysis.
Assessment task 1: Two laboratory reports (500 words each) and online MCQ test 30%
Assessment task 2: Oral presentation of literature review 20%
Assessment task 3: Examination (2 hours) 50%
Assessment task 4: Students are required to attend 80% of classes/laboratories (hurdle requirement)
Prescribed texts
Adams, M.R. and Moss, M.O. 2007, Food Microbiology 3rd edition (revised), The Royal Society of Chemistry Publishers UK. ISBN 9780854042845
Unit Fee Information
|Student Contribution Rate*
|Student Contribution Rate**
|Fee rate - Domestic Students
|Fee rate - International students
* Rate for all CSP students, except for those who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
** Rate for CSP students who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
Please note: Unit fees listed do not apply to Deakin Prime students.


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- News Update -
Derby County defender Shaun Barker has signed a new long-term contract with the Championship side.Read more: http://www.ontheminute.com/news/news.php?news=27800
England Championship results 17/12
Doncaster 2 - 1 Middlesbrough (1 - 1)
These games have so far been postponed due to the weather conditions in England:
Cardiff v BurnleyPortsmouth v Scunthorpe Watford v Preston
England Championship picks 26 December
- Sunday -
Crystal Palace - NorwichCrystal Palace have been pritty strong in their recent home games, but they face a team who have impressed me a bit recently in this one.Draw.
Portsmouth - MillwallPortsmouth have failed to impress me in their recent home games, and Millwall have managed some decent results in their recent away games.Draw.
QPR - SwanseaQPR have been pritty decent a thome and I believe they will manage to beat Swansea City in this one.QPR to win and More than 2.5 goals.
Barnsley - BurnleyBarnsley have been superb recently while Burnley have struggled in their recent away games. Should be a home win.Barnsley to win.
Cardiff - CoventryCardiff have been weak recently but Coventry have not impressed me too much recently either. Could be close.Less than 2.5 goals.
Derby - DoncasterDoncaster have been much better at home than they have been in their recent away games. But they face a weak team in this one.More than 2.5 goals.
Ipswich - WatfordIpswich have been weak recently, but Watford have not been too convincing in their recent away games.More than 2.5 goals.
Leicester - LeedsLeeds United have been very impressive recently but Sven Goran Eriksson's Leicester are verys trong at home.More than 2.5 goals.
Middlesbrough - NottinghamMiddlesbrough have failed to impress me so far this season and they face a team who have been strong recently in this one.Less than 2.5 goals.
Reading - Bristol CityReading have failed to impress me recently but Bristol City are much better at home than they are away.Draw.
Scunthorpe - PrestonScunthorpe have been terrible recently, but Preston have not been too impressive either. Could be close.More than 2.5 goals.
Sheffield Utd - HullSheffield United have been good recently, but they face a strong opponent in Hull in this one at home.Draw.
Top scorers ahead of this round:
J. Bothroyd Cardiff City 13K. Commons Derby County 12L. Becchio Leeds United 11D. Graham Watford 10G. Holt Norwich City 9A. Taarabt Queens Park Rangers 9L. McGugan Nottingham Forest 9C. Iwelumo Burnley 9J. Mackie Queens Park Rangers 8A. King Leicester City 8
England Championship picks 29 December
- Wednesday -
Nottingham - DerbyNottingham have been very strong recently and based on Derby's recent performances I believe in a strong home win in this one.Nottingham to win with 0-1 handicap.
J. Bothroyd Cardiff City 13K. Commons Derby County 12L. Becchio Leeds United 11A. Taarabt Queens Park Rangers 11D. Graham Watford 10L. McGugan Nottingham Forest 9C. Iwelumo Burnley 9G. Holt Norwich City 9J. Mackie Queens Park Rangers 9A. King Leicester City 9
Here are the norwegian TV channel TV2's predictions for the Championship fixtures on Wednesday 29 December:
Nottingham - DerbyPrediction: Nottingham win. Nottingham win if 0-1 handicap.
Here are the norwegian newspaper Dagbladet's predictions for the Championship fixtures on Wednesday 29 December:
Nott'm Forest v Derby
The 3-2 victory in last season's corresponding fixture is Nottingham Forest's only win in eight league meetings with Derby.
Forest have won 34 and Derby 31 of the 86 previous matches between these clubs.
Nottingham Forest have won five and drawn five of their home matches this season.


text:
A method for programming one or more reference cells is described. The reference cell is programmed a predetermined amount, its program state is sensed relative to a prescribed cell on the same die (e.g., a memory cell or a golden bit cell), and the programming process continues until the reference cell fails a preselected read operation. In one preferred embodiment, the memory cell used during the reference cell programming process is the cell in the memory array having the highest native threshold value. In another preferred embodiment, the memory cell used during the reference cell programming process is a native cell that is on-board the die containing the memory array, but not a cell within the memory array.
1. In an integrated circuit memory on a die having an array of memory cells each exhibiting a native threshold voltage value, a method for programming a reference cell comprising the steps of:
a) driving a golden cell on the die with a predetermined external gate voltage value;
b) programming the reference cell a predetermined amount, the reference cell being driven by a standard gate voltage value which is greater than the predetermined external gate voltage value;
c) sensing the program state of the reference cell relative to the golden cell while the golden cell is driven with the predetermined external gate voltage value; and
d) repeating steps b) and c) until the sensing step indicates that the reference cell has been programmed an amount sufficient to pass a first preselected read operation (V_GB).
2. The method as in
3. The method as in
4. The method as in
5. The method as in
6. The method as in
7. The method as in
8. The method as in
9. The method as in
wherein M is a predetermined margin, the differential comparator outputting a signal indicative of whether the reference cell signal is higher or lower than the golden cell signal.
10. The method as in
11. The method as in
a. setting an initial, low voltage level to be applied to the gate of the memory cells;
b. applying a predetermined gate voltage level to the gate of the reference cell;
c. performing a read operation on consecutive memory cells against the reference cell until a fail-to-read-1 condition is detected;
d. storing the address of the memory cell at which the read operation of step (c) stopped;
e. increasing the voltage level applied to the gates of the memory cells; and
f. repeating steps c, d and e until the entire array has been read,
wherein the VTNH memory cell is the memory cell in the array last stored at step (d).
12. The method as in
13. The method as in
14. The method as in
15. The method as in
16. The method as in
17. The method as in
The present application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/827,757 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,584,017, filed Apr. 5, 2001, entitled "Reference Programming", which is incorporated herein by reference.
This application is related to U.S. Pat. No. 6,128,226, issued Oct. 3, 2000 entitled "Method and Apparatus for Operating with a Close to Ground Signal", to U.S. Pat. No. 6,134,156, issued Oct. 17, 2000 entitled "Method for Initiating a Retrieval Procedure in Virtual Ground Arrays", to U.S. Pat. No. 6,535,434, issued Mar. 18, 2003 entitled "Architecture And Scheme For A Non-Strobed Read Sequence", and U.S. Pat. No. 6,490,204, issued Dec. 3, 2002, entitled "Programming and Erasing Methods For A Reference Cell Of An NROM Array",the foregoing patents and patent applications being incorporated by reference in their entireties as if set forth herein.
The present invention relates to sensing schemes for read operations on semiconductor devices, and, more particularly, to a method for programming a reference cell for use in a read operation.
Memory devices, such as random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), non-volatile memory (NVM) and like, are known in the art. These devices provide an indication of the data which is stored therein by providing an output electrical signal. A device called a sense amplifier is used for detecting the signal and determining the logical content thereof. U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,671 to Ichiguchi describes one such sense amplifier.
In general, prior art sense amplifiers determine the logical value stored in a cell by comparing the output of the cell with a fixed reference voltage level. The aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,134,156 and 6,128,226 describe an alternative circuit architecture in which a reference cell is used to generate a reference signal in lieu of a fixed reference voltage value.
When a memory cell is programmed or erased, the signal it generates differs from the reference signal by some margin. Since reading the cell's state should always result the same (i.e., either programmed or erased depending on the cell's state), introducing such margin is necessary to overcome imperfections in the reading process and to compensate for drifts in the cell's threshold voltage (e.g., caused by retention loss or disturbs). A reduction in the original margin due to imperfections in the reading process (e.g., due to operation at different operational conditions) is referred to as "margin loss."
It is well understood that the placement of a reference signal to which an array cell signal can be compared during sensing can be achieved in a number of ways. When close to ground signals are sensed as in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,134,156 and 6,128,226 patents, the reference cell signal develops at an intermediate rate between that of a programmed cell and an erased cell. When set this way, the array cells' signals on one side of the reference signal are determined to be programmed cells, while signals on the other side of the reference signal are determined to be erased cells. For example, array cells generating signals smaller than the reference signal are considered to be programmed and array cells generating signals larger than the reference signal are considered to be erased. Conventionally, such placement is achieved by using a reference cell whose current is between the erased and programmed cells' current levels. The reference cell's current level can be controlled by the reference cell's size, its programming level, or its gate voltage level. Furthermore, if voltage signals are used to detect the cells' contents, then the reference signal placement can be controlled by providing a different load capacitance on the reference cell compared to that of the array cells. However, if the array and the reference cells differ in their sizes, in their operating gate voltages, or in their loads then some margin loss will be introduced to the sensing scheme. On the other hand, placing the reference cells' signals by properly programming the reference cells (while operating the array and reference cells at identical conditions) minimizes the sensing scheme sensitivity to operating conditions, process parameters and environmental conditions variations, thereby minimizing the margin loss, if any, that is introduced to the sensing system.
When reference cell placement is by programming, it must be programmed a precise amount in order to achieve its intended purpose. There are difficulties attendant with reliable programming of a reference cell so as to minimize operating margin loss, as well as accurate placement of a programmed reference cell relative to the memory array cells. The present invention provides a method for programming reference cells to minimize margin loss and maximize cycling performance.
The present invention provides a method for programming one or more reference cells, with the programming being performed relative to a prescribed cell on the same die as the reference cell (e.g., a memory cell or a golden bit cell).
According to one aspect of the invention, a method for programming a reference cell for use in an integrated circuit memory having an array of memory cells each exhibiting a native threshold voltage value is described. That method comprising the steps of first locating an address for the memory cell in the array that has the highest native threshold voltage value (VTNH). A reference cell is programmed a predetermined amount and its program state is sensed relative to the VTNH memory cell. The programming and sensing steps are repeated until the sensing step indicates that the reference cell has been programmed an amount sufficient to fail a first preselected read operation.
In a more particular methodology in accordance with this aspect of the invention, the locating step can include the steps of iteratively increasing a gate voltage applied to the memory cells and performing the first preselected read operation at each such applied gate voltage until a final gate voltage is identified at which all the memory cells in the array pass the first preselected read operation. Further, the first preselected read operation can exclude memory cells that have already passed the first preselected read operation at a previously applied gate voltage.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method for programming a reference cell for use in an integrated circuit memory having a plurality of memory cells each exhibiting a native threshold voltage value is described. That method locates an address for the VTNH cell by applying a first gate voltage value at which at least one memory cell fails a first preselected read operation and increasing the applied gate voltage until a final gate voltage value is reached at which each of the memory cells can just pass the first preselected read operation. The reference cell is programmed a predetermined amount and the program state of the reference cell relative to the VTNH memory cell is sensed by performing a second preselected read operation on the reference cell. The programming and sensing steps are repeated until the sensing step indicates that the reference cell has been programmed an amount sufficient to fail the second preselected read operation.
According to still another aspect of the invention, a method for programming a set of reference cells for use in performing respective read operations on an integrated circuit memory having a plurality of memory cells is described. That method locates the VTNH cell, determines a placement for a reference voltage read signal relative to the VTNH cell, places a reference voltage erase verify signal relative to the reference voltage read signal, and places a reference voltage program verify signal relative to the reference voltage read signal.
The foregoing methods can have their sensing steps performed relative to the VTNH memory cell and also relative to a native cell (a golden bit cell) on-board the same die.
The inventive method can be utilized to program a reference cell used with a memory array, a sliced array having one or more columns of memory cells, and redundant or auxiliary arrays.
These and other more specific aspects and features of the present invention can be appreciated from the acompanying Drawing Figures and Detailed Description of Certain Preferred Embodiments.
The present invention will be understood and appreciated more fully from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the drawings in which:
By way of overview and introduction, the present invention is described in connection with a methodology for programming a reference cell to enable sensing of the contents of a memory cell from close to ground level. Such a memory array is described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,134,156 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,535,434, filed on Mar. 18, 2003 entitled "Architecture And Scheme For A Non-Strobed Read Sequence." By using a reference cell instead of a fixed threshold for comparison, a low voltage signal can be reliably processed irrespective of any changes in temperature or power supply level. The present invention has applicability to other sensing schemes, including A.C. and D.C. sensing techniques, and with read operations from either the source or drain side of a transistor, as can be appreciated by those of skill in the art.
Reference is made to
The methods of the present invention enable precision programming of reference cells relative to a memory cell on the die, for example, relatve to an array cell, another reference cell, or to a golden bit. Each of these techniques defines a related but different method described herein with reference to a flow diagram of a preferred embodiment for each such technique. These techniques are performed after manufacturing the devices, prior to placing the memory array into service. Generally, there are a number of target threshold voltage values that are set in a corresponding number of reference cells as a result of the reference cell programming process of the invention. That is to say, different types of read operations can be performed on the memory cell such as program verify, erase verify and operations in which temporary states of a cell in the progress of an erase or a program operation should be detected. The basic difference presented by these in-progress read cycles is the placement of the reference cell signal. Since the reference cell's state is not changed according to the type of the read operation, different reference cells should be used for each of these types of operations.
As illustrated in
Next, another reference cell is programmed to be the erase verify cell by programming that, cell to have a margin EM below the actual threshold voltage of the RD_REF cell, as can be appreciated from
When put into service, it is desirable to drive both the array cells' and the reference cells' gates with the same voltage supply VCCR during all standard read operations. However, during reference programming, a trimmable external voltage supply (EXT_VCCR) driving the array cells' gates can be used to facilitate the reference cell programming procedure. The effect of trimming the external supply is illustrated in
A read operation or "sensing" of a cell can be performed as described in the aforementioned, co-pending U.S. Pat. No. 6,535,434, issued Mar. 18, 2003, entitled "Architecture And Scheme For A Non-Strobed Read Sequence," which describes the steps taken to sense a close to ground signal and other sensing methods (e.g., DC current sensing).
With reference now to
At a prescribed moment after applying these gate voltages, for example, as described in the aforementioned patent application entitled "Architecture And Scheme For A Non-Strobed Read Sequence," a read operation is performed on consecutive memory cells in the array against the reference cell (see step 456) until a fail-to-read-1 condition is detected. Assuming that EXT_VCCR has been initially set to a low enough value (e.g., 2 Volts), then the first read operation is expected to fail a read '1' operation, as tested at step 458, since both cells are native and are expected to have similar characteristics. If the read does not fail "read '1'" (i.e., it passes), then if the entire array has not already been parsed, as tested at step 460, then the next array cell is selected at step 462 and the process is repeated, starting again at step 456, until a fail read '1' is detected. The address of the array cell that failed the test is stored as well as the EXT_VCCR level, at step 464. The voltage EXT_VCCR is increased at step 466, preferably by a fixed small increment J (typically smaller than 100 mV), and, if the array has not been completely parsed, as tested at step 468, this read operation is repeated starting from the next array cell address at step 470 until the fail read '1' is detected (at step 458). On the other hand, if the array has been completely parsed yet the present address has failed to read '1,' then the die is considered as a bad die, and the operator is advised of this at step 469. A bad die can also be detected if the level of EXT_VCCR has been incremented beyond a prescribed maximum, as shown at step 471. The maximum level for EXT_VCCR can be established based on empirical data for processing similar devices.
After an array cell address is stored at step 464 and a valid next address is obtained at step 470, further addresses are examined to determine whether EXT_VCCR must be incremented and to store a new array cell address. As additional array cells, if any, fail the read '1' test at step 458, the already stored address and EXT_VCCR level can be replaced by the present address and EXT_VCCR level for the presently read array cell, and the EXT_VCCR level can be increased again, with the process continuing from the next array cell address, assuming there are more addresses to parse (as tested at step 468).
As described above, if the read operation repeats starting at the last stored cell address and continues to pass the read '1' operation at step 458 then the last address of the array will eventually be reached, as tested at step 460. Once the entire array has already parsed, the flow proceeds to step 480 at which point a test is made to ensure that the die is not defective by examining the current setting for EXT_VCCR. If EXT_VCCR is above an established minimum setting, then the last stored address is the VTNH memory cell address because it was the last cell that failed to be read as a '1'. Also, the last stored level for EXT_VCCR is the V_VTNH level. These values are preserved for use in reference cell programming, as indicated at step 482. On the other hand, if EXT_VCCR is not above an established minimum level, the operator is advised that the die is defective, as indicated at step 484.
This process enables each cell to be read only once, in other words, a single parse of the array locates the VTNH memory cell address, as indicated at step 462. This is a preferred method although other flows for parsing the array can be used although they will probably result in a longer process due to the larger number of read operations (e.g., for each EXT_VCCR level start the read operations at a specific first address and parse the array till a fail read '1' is detected).
The increment step of the EXT_VCCR supply in this process determines the accuracy of the VTNH cell identification. Accuracy of identification means that there is no cell in the array whose threshold voltage is larger than VTNH plus the EXT_VCCR increment step level, where VTNH is the threshold voltage of the cell identified as the VTNH cell. Assume for example that a 100 mV increment step is used. At the end of the process, the stored address indicates the cell that failed read '1' at the stored EXT_VCCR level. The remaining cells that were read in the next loop of read cycles, applying to their gates the stored EXT_VCCR level plus the 100 mV increment step, pass the read '1' test (otherwise the address of the first failing one would have been stored). However, if a smaller increment step was used, for example 50 mV, then one of those remaining cells could have failed the read '1' test. Thus, if a more accurate identification of the VTNH cell is required, then either one of the following two options can be adopted:
A separate aspect of this procedure is that a final voltage value for EXT_VCCR which is arrived at once the array has been parsed provides an indication as to whether the threshold voltage of the reference cell or an array cell is outside of a standard distribution of values. This value is therefore useful in determining the quality of the memory array. If at the end of the process the final EXT_VCCR level is the starting level (EXT_VCCR_min) then this indicates that the reference cell threshold voltage is significantly larger than the array cells' threshold voltages. As well, by setting a maximum level for the EXT_VCCR supply EXT_VCCR_max), if this level is reached then it indicates that the reference cell threshold voltage is significantly lower than at least one of the array cells' threshold voltages. Any indication of such non standard distribution of threshold voltages can be used as a quality check and as a basis for a decision such as to reject the part (steps 469 and 484 in
Moreover, while the foregoing steps are operative to locate the VTNH memory cell, they also can serve as a blank test for the memory array, in which all cells are read once, and so the locating process does not increase the sort time during manufacturing.
Optionally, the final value of EXT_VCCR is stored, and, if desired, the value of EXT_VCCR at each cell at which a read '1' operation fails can be stored.
With reference now to
At step 530, a program pulse is applied to the reference cell REF1. A test is then made at step 540 to determine whether the result of a read operation of the VTNH cell (driven by the trimmed gate voltage EXT_VCCR) against the reference cell REF1 (driven by the standard gate voltage at read, VCCR) is PASS read '1' or FAIL. This test is performed by sensing the program state of the reference cell relative to the VTNH cell (driven by the trimmed gate voltage EXT_VCCR) preferably using the standard sensing scheme that is used when the device is put into service. If it does not pass "read '1'", then the reference cell has not been programmed to the location at which the VTNH cell signal has been temporarily placed (by the trimmed gate voltage EXT_VCCR), and further programming pulses are required. The process loops back to step 530 so that an additional program pulse can be applied, and then a read test as at step 540 is again performed. The program pulses can be applied in a fixed increment (i.e., a predetermined amount), or an algorithm can be employed to enhance the process. For one suitable algorithm, see U.S. application Ser. No. 09/827,596, filed on even date herewith, entitled "Programming and Erasing Methods for A Reference Cell of An NROM Array," which application is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/730,586, filed Dec. 7, 2000, which is a continuation-in-part application of U.S. Ser. No. 09/563,923, filed May 4, 2000. The process flow ends when the test at step 540 indicates that the reference cell REF1 has been placed at the target location, that is, when it has been programmed an amount sufficient to pass the read '1' test.
The incremental programming of the reference cell REF1 is illustrated in
The process flow of
At step 610, the VTNH cell is driven with EXT_VCCR, that is with the voltage value that was applied at step 510 described above. Namely,
At step 640, the voltage value of EXT_VCCR is decreased by a prescribed amount K, which amount is preferably 50 mV or less, and at step 650 the counter N is incremented. At step 660 the VTNH array cell is read against the reference cell REF1 and a test is made to determine whether the result is PASS read '1'. It is expected that in the first loop that the VTNH cell will pass this test, with the process flow looping to step 640 to again decrease the voltage value of EXT_VCCR and then increase the counter N (at step 650). Ultimately, however, EXT_VCCR will be reduced such that the VTNH cell no longer passes the read '1' test, and, at that point, the actual VT of the reference cell REF1 is determined at step 670 to be:
A further process flow can be used in like manner to increment EXT_VCCR from its new-found value to a higher value by selecting a new voltage interval E, where E<K (e.g., E is 25 mV or less). Yet a further process flow can again decrement EXT_VCCR, and so on, to more accurately place the threshold voltage of the reference cellREF1.
With reference now to the flow diagram of
The threshold voltage for the reference cell REF2 is to be placed at:
For example, if REF2 to be programmed relative to REF1 is the EV_REF cell shown in
Thus, to place REF2 relative to REF1, the gate of the VTNH cell is driven by EXT_VCCR while the gate of REF2 is driven by the standard voltage VCCR, as indicated at steps 710 and 720, respectively. At step 730, a program pulse of a predetermined amount is applied to the reference cell REF2 to move it from its native state and place it at its target programmed state relative to REF1. The cell REF2 is being placed relative to REF1 by sensing its value relative to the VTNH cell, while the VTNH cell is driven by a gate voltage which places the VTNH signal taking into account the actual placement of REF1 and the required margin between the respective VTs of REF1 and REF2. At step 740, the partially programmed reference cell REF2 is tested to see if it still passes a read '1' test, in which case it has not been sufficiently programmed to place it M2 from the reference cell REF1. If the cell fails the read '1' test, as is initially expected since both cells are essentially native, then a further program pulse is applied at step 730 and the test at step 740 is repeated until the reference cell REF2 fails the read '1' test. At that point, the target placement for REF2 has been achieved.
As described above in connection with the target programming of the reference cell REF1, a more accurate location of the actual placement of the reference cell REF2 can be achieved using a process flow as in
Further programming of reference cells will follow one of the flows described above, depending if they are programmed relative to the VTNH cell or relative to another, already programmed, reference cell.
It is know in the art that, after manufacturing, memory devices are tested to detect malfunctioning or marginal devices. As part of these tests the array cells may be programmed and then the device is introduced to a relatively high temperature cycle. After this high temperature cycle, the threshold voltage of the array cells may drop by some amount. This threshold voltage drop is known as the "retention loss." Since the reference cells are also programmed, their threshold voltage may also drop by some amount (which may be different than that of the array cells due to differences in the programming levels of the array cells and the reference cells). Since the threshold voltages of all the programmed memory cells are affected, whether a reference cell or an array cell (including the VTNH cell), there is no relative way to determine the cell's state. A non-relative way to determine the cells threshold voltage state, such as by an external measurement of the cells currents, is very expensive in terms of test time. Thus, an internal relative measurement of the array cells and the reference cells threshold voltages is desired.
A native cell which has never been programmed and which is on-board the same die is utilized to provide an internal relative measurement, in accordance with another aspect of the present invention. This native cell, referred to herein as a "golden cell" or "golden bit," permits the internal read mechanism to be used not only for the reference cells' programming flow as described above in connection with
The golden bit is a memory cell having the same size, the same environment, similar loads and matched or similar access paths as an array memory cell. However, the golden bit is usually not among the memory cells in the memory array, but rather is typically included in an auxiliary array. Referring back to
If the reference cells are NROM cells, they can be used as either single or two bit cells. When used as single bit cells one of the two bits in the cell is programmed as explained above while the other bit can be maintained native, programmed or erased. On the other hand, if the two bits of the NROM reference cell are used as references, then each of them is programmed as explained above.
Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather the scope of the present invention is defined only by the claims which follow.
Referenziert von
Juristische Ereignisse


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Everyone probably knows that I play for the "Red Team" but I bought a Daniel Defense M4 Carbine on a special email sale for $950 (XV-EZ model). Guess I now have yet another calibre to stockpile. Heck, maybe I was just bored while sitting around at the drill site and thought "hey I need another firearm" when I got the email. The reviews I read were positive and I know some here play both sides, so was this a good deal or did I get hosed? Any comments?
I won't get back home to pick it up for a few weeks tho.


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Cavs, Patriots advance in Pines tournament
Boys basketball
Southern Lee 66, Heritage 57
The Cavaliers (3-6) were led by Juwon Jackson's 21 points and advanced past Heritage (4-5) in the first round of the Holiday in the Pines Tournament at Pinecrest Thursday.
Charles Wicker scored 12 points for the Cavs. Justin McKinnon and Christian Locust added eight points apiece. Noah Mellette added seven points.
Pinecrest 53, South Lakes (Va.) 51
The Patriots (8-2) edged the visiting Seahawks (4-6) from Reston, Va. on Thursday night.
Southern Lee played the host Patriots in a semifinal game last night. In the other two first-round games at Pinecrest on Thursday, Mt. Zion beat Middle Creek 61-58 and Nansemond River (Va.) beat Richmond County 73-59.
The winner of the Cavaliers and Patriots will play the winner of Mt. Zion and Nansemond River in the championship game Saturday at 4 p.m.
Jordan 67, Western Harnett 44
Durham Jordan (7-4) took a 32-22 lead by halftime and kept pulling away from the Eagles (1-12) in the first round of the Lee County Basketball Shootout Thursday night in Sanford.
Senior forward K.J. Alston led Jordan with 12 points. Rory Saliger Jr. scored a game-high 16 points for the Eagles and Jonathan Buie added 10 points.
Jordan-Matthews 46, Providence Grove 19
Llamar Snipes led the Jets (11-0) with 22 points in an easy win in the first round of the Courier-Tribune Christmas Invitational at Asheboro High School Thursday afternoon. The Jets led 26-5 at halftime.
Derek Hamilton and Nigel White added six points each for the Jets.
Jordan-Matthews played Eastern Randolph in a semifinal game last night at Asheboro.
West Montgomery 70, Chatham Central 47
After a 62-59 West Montgomery win in Bear Creek two weeks ago, the Warriors (5-4) rolled to a win over the Bears (1-7) in the first round of the Montgomery County Challenge Thursday night.
The Warriors hit 10-of-20 three-point shots. Terell Marshall scored 14 points and made 4-of-5 three-pointers. Caleb Drake added 13 points.
Zack Burke led the Bears with 11 points and five rebounds. LaQuinn Mordecai had 10 points and Scotty Polston had nine points.
Girls basketball
Union Pines 41, Chatham Central 38
The Lady Vikings (6-6) were led by freshmen Stephanie Johnson, who had 18 points, 13 rebounds and nine steals, and Marisa Smith, who had 10 points and four steals, as they held off a comeback try by Chatham Central (2-5) in the first round of the Lee County Basketball Shootout Thursday night.
The Lady Bears won the last period 16-10 but couldn't come all the way back.


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Google Desktop announces that the latest release focuses on performance and that's a great thing, considering that many users call Google Desktop a memory hog.
Google Desktop 5.8 improves the memory usage during startup, has a faster shutdown and detects the gadgets that slow down your computer. "To reduce memory usage, increase stability and reduce memory fragmentation, we reduced the number of different processes that Google Desktop runs, and we now recycle some of our processes frequently."
The blog post doesn't mention the biggest performance improvement: Google Desktop's main feature, indexing the files from your computer, is no longer enabled by default. In Windows Vista, Google uses the index created by Microsoft's desktop search service. If you want to enable Google Desktop's index, you need to select "Enable Enhanced Content Indexing" when you install the software or in the options page.
Enable additional features by using Google Desktop's index:
* Backup and view previous versions of your documents
* Search your web history, Gmail, and more
* View thumbnail previews of your images, videos, and web history
Google Desktop's wording makes you think that the "enhanced content indexing" is an advanced feature, when it should be the main feature of the software.
If you do enable desktop search, the initial indexing is much faster and the overall performance has been improved.
September 15, 2008
Better Performance in Google Desktop 5.8
This blog is not affiliated with Google.


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Off-Campus and all new online courses take place in 8-week terms (see dates below).
Withdrawing from classes:Students in eight-week term courses wishing to withdraw and receive a refund must withdraw within the first five weeks of the course. The refund schedule can be found on the Student Accounts Office website.Students who withdraw from a course after the first week will receive a W grade on their transcripts. See below for exact dates.
Thanksgiving recess: no classes; administrative offices close at noon on Wednesday
Residence halls close at 10:00 a.m.
University Events
Student Accounts
Financial Aid
Off-Campus Programs
Information Sessions
Off-Campus Academic Calendar
Application Deadlines


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Quick Links
Shop All Jewelry
NL10657 In Stock Absolutely No Delay on Personalization!
This gold plated stainless steel heart pendant is the perfect piece to have engraved for that special someone, or even for yourself! This heart charm comes on a stainless steel bead chain, and is available in either a 18, 20 or 24 inch length. This gold heart pendant is sure to carry a special meaning when you have it engraved. Don't forget, we also carry matching gold plated stainless steel heart tag bracelets which look fabulous with this necklace!
Eve's Addiction.com wants you to be a happy customer. We want you to be completely satisfied with the sterling silver jewelry that you receive from us, as we only sell high quality silver and cubic zirconia cz jewelry. We do understand that you may not like your purchase for some reason.
You may return or exchange your jewelry within 60 days of purchase if you are not satisfied with it. The jewelry must be returned in its original condition for a refund or exchange. Engraved, personalized, photo, monogram, name and initial, chocolate and clearance items are not returnable or exchangeable.


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A-Z Index
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If you want to become a professional artist, California State University, Fullerton (CSUF) is a superb choice, offering more options for art degrees than most private or public schools in Southern California. You will study everything needed for a lifetime of creativity.
The Art Department is situated in a 70,000 square foot complex of studios, classrooms, computer and design labs, and galleries. Our new media and exhibition arts programs are among the strongest on the west coast in Ceramics, Crafts, Glass, Creative Photography, Drawing & Painting, Entertainment Arts & Animation, Exhibition Design, Graphic Design, Illustration, Jewelry & Metalsmithing, Sculpture, and Art Education & Art History.
CSUF partnerships provide students opportunities to work with DreamWorks, Nickelodeon, and UST Global. Recent internships found our students involved with projects at Disney, NBC Universal, Saatchi & Saatchi, and Sony Pictures; with the studios of Tim Burton, Lita Albuquerque, and Tony DeLap; and at the institutes J. Paul Getty Museum, Museum of Contemporary Art - Los Angeles, National Endowment for the Humanities, and Smithsonian Institution.
A campus in the lowlands of the West Coyote Hills, near the greatest beaches in the world, CSUF is a short drive into Los Angeles and its major museums and theaters, and international headquarters of the entertainment and design industries.
Students learn to think critically, master technical skills, and solve problems in surprisingly innovative ways. Our faculty of artists and educators, well known and well connected in their fields, lead our culturally diverse student body through exciting, broadminded, and productive class critiques.
Beyond the classroom, our very active student clubs host visiting artist lectures and coordinate trips to important conventions and exhibitions throughout the art world.
CSUF art alumni exhibit internationally in museums and galleries from Los Angeles to Seoul, from New York to Tokyo, and Berlin to Rio de Janeiro. They teach in universities, colleges, and secondary arts and education programs. Our graduates have careers in the robust California arts scene, employed by the museums, galleries, design firms, and movie studios which they first made contact with while students at CSUF. Our graduates are frequently accepted to study in the nation's finest graduate programs – including the US News and World Report's Top 5 art schools.
I hope you will visit our beautiful campus. Come sketch in the Arboretum and Botanical Garden. View the wonderful exhibitions in the Begovich and student galleries. Make the ten-mile side-trip to Santa Ana to our Artists' Village at the Grand Central Arts Center, where many of our students exhibit and maintain studios.
We will gladly share our recent publications, and keep you abreast of present and upcoming programs and community projects.
For questions or a tour, please call the Art Office at 657-278-3471.
Jade Jewett
Chair, Art Department
Frequently Asked Questions
Awards & Recognition
Art Alliance


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Metal Coffee Sign 6 6
Very Cute! I found this cute coffee sign in store and was delightfully pleased when I came across it! I put it on my coffee bar and it looks great! It's sturdy and good quality. February 20, 2015
Great vintage look and style! I bought this to cover up an ugly tile back splash over the pedestal sink in the bathroom of my new home. Looks exactly like the online photo, but even better in person. Rather than looking like a cheap vintage knockoff, it looks authentically old! So cute, and perfect with the rest of the shabby chic decor in that bathroom. March 11, 2014
Great Sign This is a nice decorative sign. It's lightweight and hangs easily. We put it on the wall, over our coffee maker, on top of a covered, unused outlet. I enjoy waking up in the mornings and seeing that cute sign instead of the outlet cover! Great price and good design. Easy to fit in smaller wall space. April 28, 2012
Perfect accent Love this sign. I hung it on the wall next to the coffee maker in our lake condo. It turns a simple space of counter into a coffee station. Now our guests know exactly where to find everything they need for their morning jumpstart even if we aren't up yet. October 18, 2011
Too Cute!! This is such a nice piece for the kitchen and reminds me of the signs in diners years ago!! Alot of NOSTALGIA! May 30, 2011
Very Pleased Sent it to my daughter and she was thrilled and putting it up right away! Thanks! March 3, 2014
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Plum Fleur de Lys Double Old-Fashioned Glass, Set of 4 9 9
Perfect for the breaking glass!! For everyday use these glasses would be awful, but I scoured the city for a reasonably priced glass to be stomped on for our wedding and these were just PERFECT. No joke. They're colorful and easily stompable and will make a beautiful piece of glass art when done. So they're perfect for art or decoration, not for use. April 1, 2012
Had to have The minute i saw these i had to run to the store to buy them. Very hard to find glass items in purples so had to have em. June 25, 2011
Be creative!! I purchased these pretty glasses to use as votive candle holders, add a vase of flowers to the center of your table, and surround with your glass votives and Voila! March 27, 2011
Fragile They are very pretty but the rims are very fragile. One arrived broken,[...] I've since lost another. February 9, 2011
Choose with care! I agree with the previous reviewer; these glasses do break easily, but I found that it appears to be that they have manufacturing flaws or are very thin in spots. Some never made it through the dishwasher, others broke with a light accidental touch against another item. That said, if you look at them closely when buying and choose the thickest with no lines or bubbles, they will hold up in an average manner. November 4, 2010
Shatters be careful I bought 4 of the blue glasses, 2 tall and 2 short. Both of the tall ones have broken for no reason at all both while people were holding them. We are lucky no one got seriously cut! January 13, 2011
Fragile But Great I've purchased many of theses glasses in all sizes and colors. They are extrememly fragile. Luckily, I live alone and do not have a dishwasher. They are not feasible if you entertain, live with many other people, or are tough on your glasses. They are good looking but crack and shatter for no reason. I bought so many at one time and wish I had tested them out first. November 2, 2010
Would not recommend These are by far the worst purchase I ever made. They are so fragile that at least one glass breaks every week. I have very few left. Don't even think of putting them in the dishwasher because they will break but even washing by hand is not a guarantee. The bottom of one glass broke in my hand because it was filled to the top with ice! A big waste of money. They look good but they are not functional. November 29, 2011


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Babies grow fast so cherish those early moments with something just as precious. C.R. Gibson's Loose-Leaf Memory Book from the Wonder Collection records memories and milestones of your baby's first 5 years. The expandable loose-leaf style is a favorite because it lets you take pages out to write on them with ease, and to add or subtract pages to create a truly personal keepsake baby book - easy to insert adoption pages also included.
- From the Wonder collection this memory book features 3-dimensional animals on pearlized paper, tip on and printed ribbon, and silver foil stamping on cover
- Pages include family tree, birthdays, holidays, growth chart and more
- Decorated pages are acid-free and lignin-free to preserve and protect photos and memories, book features superior editorial contest with artistic details throughout
- Measures 10.125"x 11.5"
- Arrives booked for perfect gift giving!


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(July 24, 2012) -- Election day for the joint primary run-off election is Tuesday, July 31. For the convenience of voters, early voting runs through Friday, July 27. Citizens can vote early at various poll locations from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m.
>> Download the voting calendar and poll locations.
Voters must bring to the voting site a voter registration certificate or other form of identification. According to the Texas Secretary of State website, acceptable forms of identification include:
Download sample ballots for the joint primary run-off election:
San Antonio citizens were at the polls May 12 to vote on quality-of-life improvements. Voters in the election passed the $596 million bond program for infrastructure improvements. Voters will come back to the polls for the Nov. 6 election. UTSA has been designated an early-voting site for the Nov. 6 general election.
For more information about voting, visit the Texas Secretary of State website.
A revolution in cloud computing is underway, and Ravi Sandhu believes it will be much bigger than the PC and Internet revolutions that have already changed the way we live. Sandhu, director of the UTSA Institute for Cyber Security, says UTSA is taking a leadership role in tackling three fundamental cloud technology problems: how to build and operate the cloud, how to use it profitably for diverse applications and how to keep it secure.
Sandhu, the Lutcher Brown Distinguished Chair in Cyber Security in the College of Sciences, and Ram Krishnan, assistant professor of electrical engineering in the UTSA College of Engineering, are funded by a $500,000 grant from the National Science Foundation to improve cloud security.
Did you know? Sandhu, a world-renowned cybersecurity expert, holds 30 patents, has authored more than 250 papers and been cited more than 30,000 times.
This documentary, presented by the San Antonio Film Festival, documents the experience of re-entry after incarceration. The film features Michael Gilbert, associate professor in the department of criminal justice and director of the Office of Community and Restorative Justice program at UTSA.
Tobin Center for the Performing Arts, 100 Auditorium Circle
Discover resources and strategies for teaching Tejano history and culture and get a special educator's tour of the new long-term exhibit, Los Tejanos.
Institute of Texan Cultures, 801 E. Cesar E. Chavez Blvd.
This annual symposium is an opportunity to discuss Texas higher education issues and trends with Texas higher education scholars, state and local government officials, students, and campus and local community members.
Downtown Campus
This cowboy-themed programming, offered in conjunction with Our Kids Magazine's Kidcation Week, gives families the opportunity to visit with cowboy docents, enjoy readings and visit activity tables.
Institute of Texan Cultures, 801 E. Cesar E. Chavez Blvd.
Join President Ricardo Romo, The Spirit of San Antonio Marching Band, students, faculty and staff to light the monument at the Main Campus entrance at the stroke of midnight.
John Peace Boulevard Entrance, Main Campus
Join university President Ricardo Romo on the Bill Miller Plaza for his annual free BBQ lunch.
Bill Miller Plaza, Downtown Campus
Join university President Ricardo Romo on the Convocation Center lawn for his annual free BBQ lunch.
Convocation Center East Lawn, Main Campus
The UTSA Alumni Association hosts this annual gala honoring the Alumna of the Year, Alumnus of the Year and the Alumnus of the Year Lifetime Achievement award winners.
Hyatt Regency Hill Country Resort & Spa, 9800 Hyatt Resort Dr.
Other Calendars
» UTSA Events | » Academic | » Institute of Texan Cultures
After graduation, Queretaro native founded a music label recognized by SXSW
The University of Texas at San Antonio is dedicated to the advancement of knowledge through research and discovery, teaching and learning, community engagement and public service. As an institution of access and excellence, UTSA embraces multicultural traditions and serves as a center for intellectual and creative resources as well as a catalyst for socioeconomic development and the commercialization of intellectual property - for Texas, the nation and the world.
To be a premier public research university, providing access to educational excellence and preparing citizen leaders for the global environment.
We encourage an environment of dialogue and discovery, where integrity, excellence, inclusiveness, respect, collaboration and innovation are fostered.


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DISCOUNTED ITEM: Best by Date August 2015
As pungent aromas lure you into this abundant garden, the hearty flavors of broccoli, celery leaves and cilantro capture your palate. Turmeric and decaf green tea deliver a peppery roundness. Come home and relax to a cup of Broccoli Cilantro's sweet lingering taste.
Numi's savory tea combines real organic vegetables, wild herbs, decaf tea and aromatic spices for a satisfying experience. Inspired by recipes from around the world, these satiating veggie-spice-tea blends are rich in flavor, yet light enough to enjoy any time of day. It's not quite a soup, but more than a tea.
Kosher. Halal.
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