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Wednesday, July 29, 2015
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Thursday, July 23, 2015
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Wednesday, July 22, 2015
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Thursday, May 14, 2015
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Thursday, May 7, 2015
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text:
The forum will take place at 6:30 p.m. Oct. 15 at the W.E. Knox Center and is sponsored by the Jones County/Gray Chamber of Commerce and The Jones County News.
All the state and local candidates representing Jones County in the Nov. 6 election have been invited to attend. Several of the candidates for the upcoming election are new to politics, and this is the chance for Jones Countians to meet their candidates in person and hear what they have to say.
Attendees have the opportunity of bringing questions for the candidates to the forum and written questions will also be accepted during the event.
Jones County has two contested positions on the Board of Commissioners. The incumbent, Chairman Preston Hawkins (R), is being challenged by local businessman Chuck Baker (D), who served as a commissioner from 1977-80.
For the full story, pick up a copy of this week's newspaper or subscribe to our e-Edition at http://ee.jcnews.com.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
In the medium category of Android phones the competition has never been so strong. Almost every day you can see another phone model with an ideal price to performances relation. From the other hand in the category of three "Heads" there are not a lot of solutions that would make you drop your jaw to the ground.
Sony Ericsson Neo V is one of the ones that would make you drool; a reduced variant of the model Xperia Neo, which has lower specs than its older brother in the terms of- reduced camera from 8MP to 5MP and a microSD card with a lower capacity of 2GB, all packed in a neat, curved package. The screen is a 3.7 inch, high resolution screen (480×854) and it has more than good characteristics. Continue reading


text:
Style: Aikibujutsu, Shinkendo--
Shotguns for the house
I've been thinking that I might get a shotgun. They seem like fun, and I like the idea of having heavier firepower on hand if, you know, WWIII breaks out or something.
I've heard lots of people advocate shotguns for home defense. They point out that it's easy to hit your target (when firing shot), packs a punch, and makes a real scary noise when chambering a round in the dark.
I mentioned this to a military friend of mine, who scoffed and told me to stick with my handgun. His points were that a handgun turns corners faster and packs plenty of 'punch'. He also reminded me that 00 buckshot, while devastating, is not ideal for use in a house with people you care about.
Military types with experience in CQB, FISH, CQC, or <insert equivalent acronym here> what are your thoughts on using a shotgun indoors?
Registered Member
- Join Date
- Jun 2007
- Location
- Toronto
- Posts
- 276
Posted On:
4/04/2008 7:44pm
Style: BJJ/MT--
Not military, but something you also want to keep in mind is bullet penetration. 00 buckshot will have less individual kinetic energy that will be more likely to be stopped by walls than a handgun bullet. The last thing you want is for your stray shots to go through the walls of your house hitting your family and neighbors when you weren't even aiming for them.
Also, though a handgun will turn corners, you'll still need to either be lucky with where you hit your target for immediate incapacitation, or pump several rounds into them first before they stop. A shotgun blast ANYWHERE on the body will be taking a big chunk of flesh out, that I guarantee will drop them in their tracks. And even if they were wearing body armor, a full shotgun blast to the chest will completely smash their ribcage.
Registered Member
- Join Date
- Apr 2006
- Location
- Seoul, South Korea
- Posts
- 426
Posted On:
4/04/2008 8:32pm
Style: 유도 (Judo)--
If you are really concerned about penetration, don't shoot a gun in the house. Maybe you could try birdshot. But not penetrating walls alsom means not piercing enough flesh.
One cool thing to keep in mind about a shotgun, is buckshot for the close encounters, and slugs for when battling it out with your neighbors during civil insurrection.
I'm going to say a few things. None of which make any sense. So treat me as... a random internet poster whose advice should never taken in place of a professional...errr wait.
Your military friend suggests a handgun over a shotgun in a house? Ask him if he has ever cleared a building or room before. Might give you some indicator right there. Either answer he gives - ask him this - when clearing a room or house would you rather clear it with a handgun or a shotgun. (Because that is essentially what you are doing in home defense)
This is a no brainer.
In terms of over penetration...if you live in an apartment it won't matter which you use. Your neighbors are gonna be in trouble. Frangible rounds mitigate some of the danger but lets be real...it's fuckin sheetrock. If you live in a house I wouldn't worry so much.
Registered Member
- Join Date
- Dec 2006
- Location
- Boynton
- Posts
- 507
Posted On:
4/04/2008 8:59pm
Style: Krav Maga/ Judo noob--
I Will sum up what every instructor who had two brain cells has repeated over and over and over again. The hand gun is there to get you to a shot gun. the shot gun is there to a long gun. The long gun is there to get the **** out of there. or in internet words. Bare hands < Hand wielded weapon < Hand Gun < Shotgun < Long gun < Out of danger.
Style: Yoshinkan Aikido, MMA--Originally Posted by Eric InnisYou are not free whose liberty is won by the rigour of other, more righteous souls. Your are merely protected. Your freedom is parasitic, you suck the honourable man dry and offer nothing in return. You who have enjoyed freedom, who have done nothing to earn it
Brock Sampson
- Join Date
- Jun 2004
- Location
- Land of the Living
- Posts
- 4,593
Posted On:
4/05/2008 12:42am
--Originally Posted by Eric Innis
Bad for self inflicted collateral damage
Good for low skill/high hit probability
Bad(ish) for mobility in confined space
Good for pwnage factor
Bad for self pwnage of own family (depends upon the construction of your home)
Good value for money
Bad for street cred
Good for not having to wait for a gun licence
Bad for not being able to conceal it on you
Style: German longsword, .45 ACP--
Which would you recommend I load up if I heard a suspicious noise downstairs/outside and was concerned about defending my home? 00 shot or slugs?Best Vietnam War music video I've ever seen put together by a vet: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oDY8raKsdfg
i keep tryin to spar, but nothin happens!
- Join Date
- Feb 2005
- Location
- herndon, va, usa
- Posts
- 3,521
Posted On:
4/05/2008 7:05am--
i've heard some fairly persuasive arguments in favor of #1 buck for sd. big enough to go through one person, not big enough to go through two. puts more net surface area (lead) in contact with the target than #00.
my shotgun's loaded with #2, but then, mine's a 20ga...
unless you're acutely concerned about home invasion bear-ery, slugs are pretty significant overkill.
Last edited by pauli; 4/05/2008 7:08am at .


text:
Herd doomed by inconsistent play
HUNTINGTON -- Inconsistency continues to haunt Marshall Thundering Herd men's basketball.
Just look inside the numbers of Memphis defeating Marshall, 71-59, in a Conference USA game Saturday in Cam Henderson Center.
Marshall gave up 43 points in the first half, 28 in the second half.
Elijah Pittman, a 48.9 percent shooter for the season, made just five of 15.
Dennis Tinnon made three of nine shots in the first half and was 4-for-6 in the second half.
Dre Kane had five assists, but seven turnovers.
D.D. Scarver, a 12.9 average scorer, netted five.
Nigel Spikes averages 7.5 rebounds, and had only three.
Marshall had a good start, leading 10-3, but fell behind, 43-26 at halftime against the 22nd-ranked team in the nation. The Herd battled back to within 46-41 with 10:44 left in the game before Memphis used a 10-2 run and led 56-43 with 8:22 remaining.
"We had great energy at the beginning of the game," said Marshall head coach Tom Herrion. "We just didn't get enough stops in the first half. The second half, we came out and guarded. We were physical. We threw our bodies around."
First-place Memphis (22-3, 11-0 C-USA) hasn't lost since Dec. 15 against Louisville, a stretch of 16 games and the Tigers have 11 consecutive road wins. The Tigers lead Southern Miss by two games in the conference standings.
Memphis picked up 20 points from Marshall's 20 turnovers and outrebounded the Herd, 41-37. The Tigers had better bench support with 19 points and 14 rebounds from four players. The Herd's four reserves contributed a total of six points and five rebounds.
Marshall (11-15, 4-7) is tied with Houston and UAB in eighth place and still has games left with those two -- at home Saturday against UAB and March 2 at Houston.
Tinnon, who finished with 15 points and 13 rebounds in his seventh double-double of the season, said Marshall just didn't play well in the first half.
"We weren't getting back enough (on defense)," he said. "They were getting a lot of open layups We knew we had to come out with way more energy (second half). We wanted to get back in the game."
Kane and Pittman both scored 16. Kane moved past Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame member Hal Greer into 19th place on the Marshall career list with 1,390. The junior guard left the game because of leg cramps with 13:06 to go and sat out about three minutes. It was his first bench time in the last five games.
Memphis was led by sophomore forward Adonis Thomas who scored a career-best 23 and tied his career high of 10 rebounds. Joe Jackson followed with 12 points and Geron Johnson added 11.
Marshall plays Wednesday at UCF (17-8, 7-4) seeking to end a nine-game road losing streak. UCF lost Saturday at UTEP, 73-58.
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In the classic work the Iliad, Hector is a great warrior known for both his strength and civility. Well, we've combined both those traits into our new shoe of the same name. Taking its cue from our classic Strand, complete with the traditional pinking and perfing found on your favorite oxfords, this black five eyelet toe cap means business. But, just like its namesake, this bold blucher has a softer side. In fact it has four, because the combination of the comfort foam collar, leather lining, leather comfort insole, and Othello rubber sole make it so comfortable that you'll be battling to get a pair.
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Environmental Science Visit Day
Tuesday 03 March 2009
Lancaster Environment Centre
An Environmental Science visit day consists of:
- Lunch and informal talks with staff and students
- Talks on the degree schemes, the Division and Lancaster University in general
- Introduction to the study abroad options (North America/Australasia/Iceland)
- Tour of the Division with demonstrations (see Environmental Science in action!)
- Tour of the campus and residences
There are opportunities to ask questions regarding university entrance, the application process and UCAS.
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- Image Warfare: A New Security Challenge


text:
Montreal: Smoked Meat Pizza and the Man Behind It at Le Gros Jambon
With LaSalle native Ryan Dixon at the helm, the pizzas here are a decadent, doughy take on the classic "Montreal old-school" style. Don't miss Dixon's signature smoked meat pie, which comes loaded with Schwartz's smoked meat, pickles, and a tangy mustard sauce. More


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Why buy all three joint support /wellness products separately when you can buy all three in a kit and SAVE? We recommend these three outstanding products for long-term basic joint support. Give as a part of a healthy joint support program, along with a nutritious diet and plenty of exercise, for active dogs, working dogs, or larger breeds to help keep healthy joints healthy.
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Bathing Beauties
We have a great collection of black & white bathing beauties photos from the early 1900s. Bathing Beauty pageants in Atlantic City NJ, Galveston TX, Long Beach CA, Venice Beach CA and others are captured in wide-format panoramic shots showing these gorgeous young ladies in period bathing suits. There are also some Mack Sennett girls photos. These bathing beauty pageants were very popular in the 1920s and make great home or office decor items.


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Stripe Sequin Kimono Sleeve Sweater
Style # 196410
With luxe kimono style sleeves, lightweight drape and shimmering stripes, this bebe sweater top is sure to take your look from summer to fall. Try it with a pair of dark denim and nude pumps. Center back to hem: 21"/53 cm.
- 100% polyester
- Machine wash
- Imported
- Model is 5'9" and is wearing a US size S
- top, blouse


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Quarterback controversy wore on Bills [8:14 PM]
AP reports: '"It wears on you when you guys just keep going over it and over it and over it," defensive end Phil Hansen said Sunday, referring to constant media questions regarding Doug Flutie and Rob Johnson. "I guess, toward the end, you guys finally got what you wanted - a little controversy."'
Flutie Guides Bills [3:36 PM]
Seahawks Insider reports: 'Playing against the league's worst defense, the Buffalo Bills tallied up 579 total yards and punted only one time the entire game against the Seattle Seahawks.'
Even With Near Record-Setting Performance, Changes In Offing [3:33 PM]
Jamestown Post Journal reports: 'Well, let's just say that assistant coach Ronnie Jones won't have to sign a new lease on an apartment in Western New York for next season.'
No defense for this finale [10:47 AM]
Tacoma News Tribune reports: 'Flutie completed 20 of 25 passes for 366 yards and three touchdowns. Running back Antowain Smith entered the game with 84 carries for 207 yards - a 2.5-yard average that ranked last on the team - but he might as well have been O.J. Simpson on this night.'
Retooling should start on defense [10:45 AM]
Tacoma News Tribune reports: 'Until Bills quarterback Doug Flutie ended the game with a couple of harmless genuflections for negative yardage, Buffalo had picked up 581 offensive yards - with 580 being the Seahawks record for defensive largess.'
Watters reveals his pain [10:40 AM]
Tacoma News Tribune reports: 'Never in his public life had brash, in-your-face Ricky Watters been a sympathetic figure.'
Bills display finishing kick [9:21 AM]
Buffalo News reports: 'Doug Flutie brought the Buffalo Bills' offense out of its deep freeze Saturday night. It was too late to extend the Bills' season, of course, but it served as some salve to the wounds the Bills have suffered the past month.'
Flutie gem won't help Wade's case [9:20 AM]
Buffalo News reports: 'But if you ask me, this game merely confirmed everything Phillips' critics have been saying about him. It magnified his two biggest mistakes - his mishandling of the quarterback situation and the special teams - and it should make iteven clearer to Wilson that Phillips deserves to be dismissed.'
Antowain works off frustrations [9:19 AM]
Buffalo News reports: 'Running with the speed and power rarely seen from him this year, Smith rumbled for a career-high 147 yards on 17 carries during the Bills' 42-23 victory at Husky Stadium.'
Sunday billboard [9:18 AM]
Buffalo News reports: 'The Bills report to Ralph Wilson Stadium for physicals today, then pack up for the offseason. Some of them will be leaving for good, victims of the salary cap or their own marginal football skills.'
Bills keeping fans in check [9:17 AM]
Buffalo News reports: 'Though the Bills haven't had much success on the field this season, finishing at 8-8 after Saturday night's win in Seattle, the security officers have been credited with improving crowd behavior in Ralph Wilson Stadium.'
Do a quarterback sneak [9:16 AM]
AP reports: 'A Web site www.pce.net/paulmart/Flakes/Flakes.htm offers a cereal box-size mock up of a box of the quarterback's flakes. "Paste it on to any 20 oz. box of cereal you have handy and - voila - instant Flutie Flakes," the Web site explains.'
Big win leaves big questions for Bills [8:16 AM]
Olean Times Herald reports: 'Just when the Buffalo Bills' owner thought he had this team doped out, it gave him way more to contemplate than he ever imagined.'
Time to pull the plug on Seahawk defense [8:10 AM]
Bellevue Eastside Journal reports: 'Buffalo rolled up 579 yards of offense, or about one for every fan still remaining when time finally ran out last night on this 6-10 Seahawk season.'
Butler discovers Bills come with a price [7:21 AM]
Boston Globe reports: 'While keeping his team competitive, Butler changed the face of the Bills from an aging team with fading talent into a young one on the rise that frankly would have reached the playoffs again this year if coach Wade Phillips had a brain in his head and played Doug Flutie at quarterback instead of Rob Johnson.'
Hawks flop start to finish [6:17 AM]
Everett Herald reports: 'When all was said and done, the Buffalo Bills piled up 579 yards on the way to a 42-23 victory over Seattle at Husky Stadium in the season finale.'
Watters ends his silence with goodbye? [6:16 AM]
Everett Herald reports: 'With a non-guaranteed base salary of $3 million in 2001, and with promising rookie Shaun Alexander playing well, Watters may be an offseason salary cap casualty.'
Rogers' TD hits the spot [6:12 AM]
Everett Herald reports: 'Rogers finished the game with 171 yards on four kickoff returns.'
Flutie-led offense buries Seahawks [5:37 AM]
Seattle Times reports: 'Actually, the Seahawks finished the season as the worst defensive team in the NFL, having clinched that honor before the game even started. But just in case the Seahawks didn't feel they had properly earned the title, they went out and gave up 579 yards of offense to the Bills - 1 yard short of the team record for defensive futility set on September 25, 1988.'
Return to sender [5:35 AM]
Seattle Times reports: '"We saw some weaknesses in their cover, from looking at film, that we thought we could take advantage of," he said. Weaknesses? They were more than mere weaknesses, because that word would do an injustice to how well Rogers abused the Buffalo special teams.'
Ugly season could bear bright future [5:33 AM]
Seattle Times reports: 'It was lost in an October that was as bad as anything we saw in the 1990s. And Seattle saw a lot of bad football in the '90s.'
Watters creeps into 12th on rushing list [5:31 AM]
Seattle Times reports: '"I told Doug, 'I should have eaten my Flutie Flakes this morning. You are on fire'," Seahawk cornerback Shawn Springs said.'
Flutie fabulous in finale [5:18 AM]
D and C reports: '"That was the way we wanted to finish the season," said coach Wade Phillips, who may have seen his job saved by his team's performance.'
Flutie sends Bills a message for next season [5:15 AM]
D and C reports: 'Because of their salary cap problems, the Bills have to seriously consider cutting Flutie, who turns 39 next year, but to his credit, he made the decision a very difficult one with his play in the snow and wind against New England and last night's display against the Seahawks.'
Cap problems won't deter Bills' GM hopefuls [5:12 AM]
D and C reports: '"We've lost in the past," strong safety Henry Jones said, "but we never lost someone like John Butler accompanying a losing streak."'
Offensive night to remember [5:09 AM]
D and C reports: 'The moment Doug Flutie took the field for the first time. You knew he was going to come to play, and did he ever.'
Bills 42, Seahawks 23 [5:07 AM]
AP reports: 'Buffalo Bills coach Wade Phillips didn't get much of an endorsement from his owner.'
Buffalo 42, Seattle 23 [5:05 AM]
Sportsticker reports: 'If Antowain Smith and Doug Flutie were playing their final game as members of the Buffalo Bills, they made it a memorable one.'
Johnson: Bills' quarterback controversy has taken its toll [9:24 AM]
Buffalo News reports: 'Does Johnson want to be in Buffalo next year? "Yeah I do . . . if I'm the guy," Johnson said. "Public sentiment is so for Doug and it will always be for Doug. And it makes it hard for the team when I go out there and get booed in warm-ups, or throw the ball away and get booed, and have a concussion and get cheered. I played my ass off for the city this year, I thought."'
Laugh Till It Hurts [9:22 AM]
Buffalo News reports: 'Marcellus Wiley is his own personal laugh track. He cannot help himself, working a room of friends or strangers with a smile, a joke, a wise crack. How can he be so upbeat in the face of a season gone wrong with the addition of front office and contract negotiation drama? Heck, try being the life of the party after 16 weeks of playing football.'
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You'll feel like you just stepped into your garden when you wear this sterling silver fluttering butterfly and flower ring! This lovely silver ring has a 1/8 inch wide band and features a 1/2 inch wide butterfly sculpted in shining sterling silver. Adorable flowers decorate this ring on either side of the pretty butterfly.
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SKECHERS Beach ReadSKU: #8089362
Product Information
- There's nothing wrong with a little frivolity during a day at the beach, so slip into some beautiful bling from Skechers®, grab your favorite beach read, and kick back.
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text:
American Academy of Pediatrics
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Canadian Society of Otolaryngology
Health Canada
Brink AJ, Cotton MF, Feldman C, et al. Guideline for the management of upper respiratory tract infections.
S Afr Med J
Carson-DeWitt R. Common cold. EBSCO Health Library website. Available at:
. Updated September 1, 2011. Accessed February 21, 2011.
The difference between a sore throat, strep and tonsillitis. Healthy Children.org website. Available at:
. Updated January 30, 2012. Accessed February 27, 2012.
DynaMed Editorial Team. Streptococcal pharyngitis. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:
. Updated October 12, 2010. Accessed November 10, 2010.
Editorial staff and contributors. Strep throat. EBSCO Health Library website. Available at:
. Updated September 20, 2011. Accessed February 21, 2011.
Mayo Clinic.
Sore throat. Mayo Clinic website. Available at:
. Updated October 1, 2007. Accessed June 15, 2008.
Neff D. Discharge instructions for strep throat. EBSCO Patient Education Reference Center (PERC) website. Available at:
. December 30, 2011. Accessed February 21, 2011.
Patient UK. Sore throat. Patient UK website. Available at:
. Accessed November 10, 2010.
Perkins A. An approach to diagnosing the acute sore throat.
Am Fam Physician
. 1997;55:131-138,141-142.
Sore throat. Family Doctor.org website. Available at:
. Updated March 2009. Accessed November 10, 2010.
Throat problems. Family Doctor.org website. Available at:
. Accessed February 21, 2011.
Vincent MT, Celestin N, Hussain AN. Pharyngitis.
Am Fam Physician
. 2004;69:1465-1470.
11/10/2009 DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance
DynaMed's Systematic Literature Surveillance
: Hayward G, Thompson M, Heneghan C, Perera R, Del Mar C, Glasziou P. Corticosteroids for pain relief in sore throat: systematic review and meta-analysis.
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
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Find accommodations in Clio with the hotel list provided below. Search for cheap and discounted hotel and motel rates in or near Clio, CA for your corporate or personal leisure travel. Discover the most popular Clio, California hotel and motel rooms. Browse the Clio area hotels to find the perfect lodging! Please use the provided map of the Clio hotels.
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A descrambler integrated circuit (IC) is adapted to receive scrambled digital content and to descramble the scrambled digital content. According to one embodiment of the invention, the descrambler comprises a first process block, a second process block and a descrambler. The first process block is configured to encrypt a message using a unique, one-time programmable key to produce a first key. The second process block is configured to receive an encrypted second key and, using the first key, to decrypt the encrypted second key in order to recover the second key in a non-encrypted format. The descrambler is configured to descramble the scrambled digital content using the second key in the non-encrypted format and to produce digital content in a clear format.
1. A descrambler integrated circuit (IC) adapted to receive scrambled digital content, a message and an encrypted descrambling key, comprising:
a local memory to store a unique key;
a first process block to encrypt the message using the unique key to produce a key, the key being formed from a mating key generator being the message that comprises an identifier of a manufacturer of a digital device including the descrambler IC, a mating key sequence number, and an identifier of a supplier of the scrambled digital content, the supplier being one of a cable provider, a satellite-based provider, a terrestrial-based provider, and an Internet service provider;
a second process block using the key to decrypt the encrypted descrambling key and to recover a descrambling key; and
a descrambler using the descrambling key to descramble the scrambled digital content and to produce digital content in a clear format.
2. The descrambler IC of
3. The descrambler IC of
4. The descrambler IC of
5. The descrambler IC of
6. The descrambler IC of
7. The descrambler IC of
8. The descrambler IC of
9. A descrambler integrated circuit (IC) adapted to receive scrambled digital content and to descramble the scrambled digital content, comprising:
a first process block to encrypt a message using a unique, one-time programmable key to produce a first key, the message includes a mating key generator being a message that comprises (i) an identifier of a manufacturer of a digital device employed with the descrambler IC, (ii) a mating key sequence number, and (iii) an identifier of a supplier of the scrambled digital content, the supplier being one of a cable provider, a satellite-based provider, a terrestrial-based provider, and an Internet service provider;
a second process block to receive an encrypted second key and, using the first key, to decrypt the encrypted second key in order to recover the second key in a non-encrypted format, the encrypted second key; and
a descrambler using the second key in the non-encrypted format to descramble the scrambled digital content and to produce digital content in a clear format.
10. The descrambler IC of
11. The descrambler IC of
12. The descrambler IC of
13. The descrambler IC of
14. A descrambler integrated circuit (IC) adapted to receive scrambled digital content, a message and an encrypted descrambling key, comprising:
a local memory to store a unique key;
a first process block controlled by a non-CPU based state machine to encrypt a message using the unique key to produce a key, the message being a mating key generator that comprises (i) a mating key sequence number, (ii) an identifier of a manufacturer of a digital device employed with the descrambler IC, and (iii) an identifier of a supplier of the scrambled digital content, the supplier being one of a cable provider, a satellite-based provider, a terrestrial-based provider, and an Internet service provider;
a second process block controlled by a non-CPU state machine using the key to decrypt the encrypted descrambling key to recover a descrambling key; and
a descrambler using the descrambling key to the descramble the scrambled digital content and to produce digital content in a clear format.
15. The descrambler IC of
16. The descrambler IC of
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/388,002 filed Mar. 12, 2003, which claims the benefit of priority on U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/424,381 filed on Nov. 5, 2002.
1. Field
Embodiments of the invention relate to digital devices. More specifically, one embodiment of the invention relates to a system, apparatus and method for descrambling digital content in digital devices such as set-top boxes.
2. General Background
Analog communication systems are rapidly giving way to their digital counterparts. Digital television is currently scheduled to be available nationally. High-definition television (HDTV) broadcasts have already begun in most major cities on a limited basis. Similarly, the explosive growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web have resulted in a correlative growth in the increase of downloadable audio-visual files, such as MP3-formatted audio files, as well as other content.
Simultaneously with, and in part due to this rapid move to digital communications system, there have been significant advances in digital recording devices. Digital versatile disk (DVD) recorders, digital VHS video cassette recorders (D-VHS VCR), CD-ROM recorders (e.g., CD-R and CD-RW), MP3 recording devices, and hard disk-based recording units are but merely representative of the digital recording devices that are capable of producing high quality recordings and copies thereof, without the generational degradation (i.e., increased degradation between successive copies) known in the analog counterparts. The combination of movement towards digital communication systems and digital recording devices poses a concern to content providers such as the motion picture and music industries, who are reluctant in providing downloadable digital content due to fears of unauthorized and uncontrolled copying such digital content.
In response, there is a movement to require service providers, such as terrestrial broadcast, cable and direct broadcast satellite (DBS) companies, and companies having Internet sites which provide downloadable content, to introduce copy protection schemes. These copy protection schemes may extend beyond the role of conditional access (CA), merely descrambling content to a CA-clear format for real-time viewing and/or listening, and now include constraints and conditions on the recording and playback. For example, currently, copying of scrambled content for subsequent descrambling and viewing or listening may be permitted with the appropriate service/content provider authorization or key provided to the digital device.
Traditional CA systems for Pay-TV originated from one-way broadcast systems where a back channel was not available. A cryptographic processor, such as a smart card, in a conditional access unit, such as a set-top box, is generally infused with information and functionality in order to automatically grant access to programs. For example, a smart card with a Pay-TV access control application is adapted to receive messages that grant certain service entitlements. If the set-top box was allowed to view IPPV programs, then credit and cost limit information was transmitted as well. Likewise, when tuning to a program, the smart card received messages that described which entitlements the smart card needed in order to grant access to the program.
Currently, hackers have manipulated both types of messages in order to view programs without paying the requisite subscription fees. Not only can these messages be manipulated, but the hardware can be attacked as well. For instance, descrambling keys in the clear that are used to descramble scrambled content can be copied and sent to other set-top boxes over the Internet. Such hacking is costly to both service providers as well as the content owners.
Embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of example and not by way of limitation in the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:
Various embodiments of the invention relate to an apparatus, system and method for protecting the transfer of data. In one embodiment, such protection involves the descrambling and/or decrypting of digital content from one or more service providers within the digital devices themselves. Examples of a "service provider" include, but are not limited to a terrestrial broadcaster, cable operator, direct broadcast satellite (DBS) company, a company providing content for download via the Internet, or any similar sources of content.
In the following description, certain terminology is used to describe features of the invention. For instance, the terms "component" or "logic" are each representative of hardware and/or software configured to perform one or more functions. Examples of "hardware" include, but are not limited or restricted to an integrated circuit such as a processor (e.g., microprocessor, application specific integrated circuit, a digital signal processor, a microcontroller, etc.), finite state machine, combinatorial logic or the like. The term "process block" represents hardware and/or software having a dedicated function, such as a finite state machine for example.
An example of "software" includes a series of executable instructions in the form of an application, an applet, or even a routine. The software may be stored in any type of machine readable medium such as a programmable electronic circuit, a semiconductor memory device such as volatile memory (e.g., random access memory, etc.) and/or non-volatile memory (e.g., any type of read-only memory "ROM", flash memory), a floppy diskette, an optical disk (e.g., compact disk or digital video disc "DVD"), a hard drive disk, tape, or the like.
Referring to
For instance, digital device 110 may be configured in accordance with an embedded architecture, a split security architecture, or an external security architecture. As an embedded architecture, in one embodiment, digital device 110 is implemented as a set-top box that comprises fixed, internal circuitry supporting both entitlement management and descrambling operations.
Alternatively, in accordance with a split security architecture embodiment, digital device 110 may be adapted to receive a removable smart card that handles entitlement management, while descrambling of digital content is controlled by internal circuitry.
Yet, in accordance with an external security embodiment, digital device 110 may be a "point-of-deployment" product with a network card handling both entitlement management and descrambling operations by sending and receiving messages over an Out-of-Band channel. Of course, external security type may also be split so that the network card handles descrambling operations, but adapted to communicate with a smart card for handling entitlement management. These and other embodiments of digital device 110 may be implemented while still falling within the spirit and scope of the invention.
Digital device 110 comprises a receiver 111, which processes the incoming information, extracts the program data inclusive of the digital content therefrom, and provides the digital content in a perceivable format (e.g., viewable and/or audible). The "program data" comprises any or all of the following: system information, entitlement control message(s), entitlement management message(s), or digital content. The "digital content" in the program data stream may include an image, audio, video or any combination thereof. The content may be in a scrambled or clear format.
Herein, "system information" may include information on program names, time of broadcast, source, and a method of retrieval and decoding, and well as copy management commands that provide digital receivers and other devices with information that will control how and when the digital content may be replayed, retransmitted and/or recorded. These copy management commands may also be transmitted along with an entitlement control message (ECM), which is generally used to regulate access to a particular channel or service. An "Entitlement Management Message" (EMM) may be used to deliver entitlements (sometimes referred to as "privileges") to digital receiver 111. Examples of certain entitlements may include, but are not limited to access rights or descrambling keys. A descrambling key is generally a code that is required by descrambler logic to recover data in the clear from a scrambled format based on the entitlements granted.
As shown, when implemented as a set-top box, digital device 110 may be coupled to other components in content delivery system 100 via a transmission medium 120. The transmission medium 120 operates to transmit program data between digital device 110 and other components in content delivery system 100. The transmission medium 120 may include, but is not limited to electrical wires, optical fiber, cable, a wireless link established by wireless signaling circuitry, or the like.
Depending on the type of product corresponding to the digital device 110, content delivery system 100 may include an audio system 130 coupled to the transmission medium 120. A digital VCR 140, such as a D-VHS VCR, may also be coupled to the digital device 110 and other components of the content delivery system 100 through the transmission medium 120.
A hard disk recording unit 150 may also be coupled to digital device 110 and other components via transmission medium 120. Display 160 may include a high definition television display, a monitor, or another device capable of processing digital video signals. Finally, a control unit 170 may be coupled to the transmission medium 120. Control unit 170 may be used to coordinate and control the operation of some or each of the components on content delivery system 100.
The digital content of the program data may be transmitted in scrambled form. In one embodiment, as part of the program data, access requirements may be transmitted along with the scrambled content to digital device 110 (e.g., set-top box) that is implemented with receiver 111 thereby functioning as a conditional access unit. An "access requirement" is a restrictive parameter used to determine if digital device 110 implemented with conditional access functionality, hereinafter referred to herein as the "conditional access unit 110," is authorized to descramble the scrambled content for viewing or listening purposes. For example, the access requirement may be a key needed to perceive (view and/or listen to) the content, a service tag associated with a given service provider, or even a particular descrambling software code.
When a scrambled program is received by conditional access unit 110, the access requirements for the program are compared to the entitlements that the conditional access unit 110 actually has. In order for the conditional access unit 110 to display the scrambled content in clear form, in one embodiment, the access requirements associated with the digital content are compared to the entitlements of the conditional access unit 110. The entitlements may state that conditional access unit 110 is entitled to view/playback content from a given content provider such as Home Box Office (HBO), for example. The entitlements may also include one or more keys needed to descramble the digital content. The entitlements also may define the time periods for which conditional access unit 110 may descramble the digital content.
Thus, in one embodiment, access requirements and entitlements form a part of the access control system to determine whether a conditional access unit or even a decoder is authorized to view a particular program. It is contemplated that the description below focuses on mechanisms to recover audio/visual content such as television broadcasts, purchased movies and the like. However, it is contemplated that the invention is also applicable to the descrambling of audible content only (e.g., digitized music files).
The access requirements and entitlements can provide consumers with a variety of choices for paying for the content and gaining access to the scrambled content. These choices may include pay per play (PPP), pay per view (PPV), impulse pay per view (IPPV), time based historical, pay per time (PPT). "Impulse pay per view" is a feature which allows purchase of PPV movies through credit that has been previously downloaded into the set-top box. Purchase records may be stored and forwarded by phone to a billing center. "Time based historical" allows access to content that was delivered during a past time period, such as March through December, 1997, for example. The access requirements and entitlements can also provide consumers with different options for storing the scrambled content.
The access requirements may be delivered to the conditional access unit, located within digital device 110 or coupled thereto over transmission medium 120, using packet identifiers (PIDs). Each PID may contain the access requirements associated with a given service. The content that is delivered to the conditional access unit may also include a large number of PIDs, thus enabling special revenue features, technical features, or other special features to be performed locally.
Before receiving the content, the customer may be given a number of choices for gaining access to the digital content that is going to be stored to media. The customer may be required to purchase the right to access and view the content. Therefore, if the customer wants to record the content for later retrieval and viewing, the access requirements that the customer bought also need to be stored with the digital content.
In addition, there may be copy-protection applied to the descrambled digital content (e.g., transport stream) as shown in
As seen in
Although smart card interface 220 may be built into digital receiver 111, it is expected that digital receiver 111 will have an expansion slot, such as a PCMCIA slot or Universal Serial Bus (USB) slot for example, to receive a card 210 complementary to interface 220. For this embodiment, digital receiver 111 comprises an optional processor 230 and a descrambler integrated circuit (IC) 240.
Smart card interface 220 is adapted for attachment to smart card 210, which stores one or more encrypted descrambling keys for descrambling incoming digital content. Smart card 210 transmits the descrambling key(s) in encrypted form to smart card interface 220. In order to protect the descrambling key(s), generally referred to as "DK," from being improperly extracted by an interloper monitoring communications between smart card 210 and smart card interface 220, smart card 210 may use an encryption key unique to conditional access unit 201 to encrypt the DK. This allows conditional access unit 201 to decrypt the DK in a secure manner and use the DK in a clear format to descramble the digital content.
More specifically, according to one embodiment of the invention, an external cryptographic processor 215 of smart card 210, receives the DK needed to descramble content. A storage element 212 (e.g., volatile or nonvolatile memory) is previously loaded with one or more keys for encrypting the DK. Such loading may be performed during manufacture of smart card 210, during manufacture of storage element 212 or by cryptographic processor 215 when storage element 212 is on-chip. Encryption logic 214 of smart card 210 encrypts the DK with the one or more keys that are unique to descrambler IC 240.
For this embodiment, smart card 210 delivers the encrypted DK 216 to descrambler IC 240. Herein, processor 230 receives encrypted DK 216 through interface 220, although encrypted DK 216 may be sent directly to decryption logic 260. Processor 230 may be implemented to perform additional operations to counteract additional obfuscation techniques performed on the DK.
Decryption logic 260 of the descrambler IC 240 will decrypt the DK using one or more unique keys stored in a storage element 250. In one embodiment, storage element 250 comprises one or more key registers loaded at manufacturer or after implemented within conditional access unit 201 through initial program data transmitted to conditional access unit 201. Decryption logic 260 then writes the decrypted DK alternately into ODD and EVEN key storage elements (not shown) of descrambler logic 270. Descrambler logic 270 then applies the ODD/EVEN DK to the incoming scrambled content 280 at the right time and outputs descrambled program content 290. Of course, alternatives to the loading of ODD and EVEN key storage elements may be utilized for descrambling of incoming scrambled content 280.
Thus, the transfer of the descrambling key from smart card 210 to conditional access unit 201 is secure, because the descrambling key is transferred in encrypted form. The descrambling key remains secure in conditional access unit 201 because the descrambling key is not decrypted by non-secure processor 230. The descrambling key is only decrypted in descrambler IC 240 that actually uses the descrambling key, and thus, the descrambling key is never exposed in the clear, and cannot be obtained by hackers.
Furthermore, the key used to decrypt the encrypted DK 216 is stored in hardware (e.g., storage element 250) of descrambler IC 240. Storage element 250 cannot be hacked unless the silicon of storage element 250 is probed. Furthermore, the key may only be valid for one particular conditional access unit 201, and may not be used by other units to decrypt the encrypted DK 216, because the DK is encrypted by smart card 210 using a key that is unique to an associated conditional access unit 201. Therefore, the transmission of the encrypted DK 216 to conditional access unit 201 is secure.
Descrambler IC 240 handles the secure processing of the descrambling keys. This descrambler IC 240 has no CPU, no firmware, and no software. There is no complicated key hierarchy. A non-processor based descrambler IC 240 receives encrypted DK 216, applies a unique key to it, and decrypts it. No instructions, no code, and no software is loaded into decryption logic 260. The decryption is performed entirely by decryption logic 260 being a hardware circuit or state machine using only a single key function.
One or more unique keys, generally referred to herein as "Unique Key," may be programmed into storage element 250 during manufacture or during implementation within a set-top box, television, or NRSS-B module. For example, in one embodiment, descrambler IC 240 is implemented with a programmable non-volatile storage element 250 such as flash. In another embodiment, descrambler IC 240 is implemented with non-programmable, non-volatile memory that can be written only once in order to enhance security. As a result, there is no way to either improperly read or overwrite the Unique Key that is originally loaded into storage element 250. An association between the serial number of conditional access unit 201 and the Unique Key loaded into descrambler IC 240 of the conditional access unit 201 may be recorded.
When conditional access unit 201 is manufactured and a smart card 210 is installed, smart card 210 can receive the Unique Key associated with conditional access unit 201 at the time of pairing. From then on, smart card 210 is "paired" to that particular host (e.g., conditional access unit 201). Later, if smart card 210 is ever replaced or moved to a new host, smart card 210 may be adapted to receive a unique key associated with the new host via an Entitlement Management Message (EMM). Of course, as an alternative, a new smart card with a newly programmed unique key may also be delivered to the user.
An exemplary method for transferring a descrambling key from smart card 210 to conditional access unit 201 of
This method includes receiving a digital bitstream including program data in a descrambler IC, where the program data includes system information and scrambled digital content (block 320). The encrypted descrambling key is decrypted using a key stored in a storage element of the descrambler IC (block 330). The scrambled digital content is descrambled in the descrambler IC using the decrypted descrambling key (block 340), and the descrambled digital content is output (block 350).
As an alternative embodiment to the conditional access unit implementation of
Headend 410 can deliver one or more service keys (generally referred to as "Service Key") based on the Unique Key stored in Descrambler IC 440. The encrypted Service Key may be stored locally in decoder 401 to facilitate transitions from one channel to another. The Service Key are stored in encrypted form, and is loaded as needed into Descrambler IC 440. The Service Key is decrypted within Descrambler IC 440, by using the Unique Key stored in a storage element 450 of Descrambler IC 440.
In one embodiment of the invention, the Service Key is used as a descrambling key to descramble the content directly. In another embodiment of the invention, the Service Key is used to decrypt one or more descrambling keys, which are received in-band with the scrambled content and subsequently used for descrambling purposes. Each service key may be encrypted using different public and proprietary encryption algorithms. These different proprietary algorithms may be considered as anti-piracy measures to invalidate clone hardware.
Headend 410 can deliver the Service Key on a channel or "tier of service" basis in the EMMs. The service keys are encrypted, stored locally in decoder 401, and used by a processor 430 as needed when tuning to different channels. While this embodiment works in one-way (non-IPPV) broadcast networks, it also performs in two-way, interactive networks, where the Service Key for a particular service is requested, such as IPPV or VOD purchases or any other non-subscription service. A return channel 421 is used to request the Service Key because the ability to grant access to a new service is performed by headend 410 instead of a local controlling cryptographic processor.
In order to avoid overload problems at headend 410 caused by a large number of simultaneous impulse buys of IPPV programs, a Free Preview period can be determined and IPPV programs can be marketed in advance of the actual viewing. In this embodiment, service keys for individual shows or movies may be requested by decoder 401 and delivered ahead of time. For example, interactive networks, such as a cable system having return channel 421 such as a DOCSIS modem or Out-of-Band transmitter/receiver for example, can deliver a Request for Program Key (RPK) message from decoder 401 to headend 410. Alternatively, decoder 401 may request the Service Key in real-time for each program accessed.
A controller (not shown) on headend 410 processes the RPK message. The RPK message may contain an address of decoder 401 as well as information needed to identify the channel to be viewed (all of which may be obtained from Motion Picture Experts Group "MPEG" system and program information already processed by the insecure processor). The RPK request may be encrypted, if desired, for non-repudiation and prevention of denial of service attacks, such as IPPV or VOD requests for example.
Upon receipt of the RPK message, headend 410 accesses entries of an access control list (listing each entitlement of decoder 401) and verifies decoder 401 is authorization to receive a particular Service Key. If authorized, headend 410 sends the Service Key (encrypted using the Unique Key contained in storage element 450 located in the descrambler IC) to decoder 401.
An MPEG Demultiplexer 510 operates as a message processor to extract the Channel or Service ID. The Channel or Service ID are routed to processor 430, which in combination with transmitter/receiver logic 520 generates the RSK message 421 for routing to headend 410 over return channel 421.
In response, the requested Service Key (SK) in an encrypted format is received by the transmitter/receiver logic 520, which provides the SK to processor 430. Processor 430 may store the SK in a memory 435 and/or provide the SK to descrambler IC 440 for descrambling incoming scrambled content in real-time. For instance, memory 435 is an optional component for use if it is desirable to storage the SK locally.
Upon receiving the scrambled content of the program data, descrambler IC 440 descrambles such content, which is subsequently supplied to MPEG decoder 530 if the content is compressed with a MPEG format. MPEG decoder 530 decompresses the digital content and subsequently routes the decompressed digital content to either a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter for display on a television, or a Digital Video Interface (DVI) link.
As shown, processor 430, memory 435, descrambler IC 440, MPEG Demultiplexer 510, transmitter/receiver logic 520 and MPEG decoder 530 may be implemented on two or more integrated circuits interconnected through bus traces or another communication scheme (e.g., wires, optical fiber, etc.). Alternatively, these components may be implemented on a single integrated circuit.
In this embodiment, the SK may be valid for a certain period of time. Decoder 401 may store the SK in memory 435, allowing decoder 401 to re-access the service with if SK is still valid without having to request that Service Key again. In this embodiment, the SK is stored in encrypted form (as it comes over the network from headend 410) in memory 435.
The SK may be valid for the duration of a program or it may be valid for a selected period of time, e.g. 6 hours. Using a key for a longer period of time will reduce the overall number of transactions between decoder 401 and headend 410 because, once SK is stored in memory 435 of decoder 401, it is readily available. Depending on the duration of the current Service Key (e.g., SK), the next Service Key (SKnext) may be delivered along with the SK. Alternatively, decoder 401 may request the SKnext after detecting the end of the SK's valid Epoch (e.g., time duration of the SK). In different embodiments, the Service Key may be valid for a duration of a user's subscription period.
Services can be sold a-la-carte or sold as a package. There may be several tiers of services, each identified by a Service ID. For example, there may be a basic tier of services, a medium tier offering more services, and advanced tiers offering different premium services. Each incremental tier of services may be given a separate Service Key.
In summary, decoder 401 of
The entitlements normally held by the secure cryptographic processor of
There is no embedded "secure" firmware or software. Using the hardware decryption circuit mentioned above, an embedded processor core or firmware that performs a cryptographic function is not needed. This enables a number of conditional access applications, which may be downloaded to the insecure processor. The Service Key is unit key encrypted. It may be a public asymmetric key or secret symmetric key.
Additional advantages include Pay-TV applications without using a cryptographic processor by providing decoder 401 having Descrambler IC 440 with Unique Keys hardwired therein. Decoder 401 can request a Service Key or Descrambling key from a network provider. Local access control can be performed by processor 430 because the critical "secure" function is isolated in Descrambler IC 440.
Referring now to
Once a user of set-top box 640 desires to receive particular program data, set-top box 640 determines whether entitlements associated with the requested program data are already stored therein. If the entitlements are not stored, the user may be notified by a screen display and prompted to issue a request 611. Request 611 may be provided by the user via (i) an out-of-band communication pathway (e.g., electronic mail over the Internet, telephone call by the user, etc.) or (ii) an in-band communication pathway to CA control system 620 in communication with set-top box 640 as shown. Alternatively, request 611 may be sent automatically or may be routed to CA control system 620 which performs a lookup of information to authorize the user substantially in real time.
For one embodiment, request 611 is a message that comprises an identifier (e.g., an alphanumeric, or numeric code) of the requested content, a serial number of set-top box (referred to as "STB Serial Num") and/or an identifier of smart card 650 (referred to as "Smart Card ID"). Implemented as any information processing system (e.g., server, relay station or other equipment controlled by a service provider or service provider), subscriber management system 610 processes request 611 and determines what entitlements are to be provided to set-top box 640. Although not shown, it is contemplated that CA control system 620 could be configured to perform a lookup of databases containing serial numbers of set-top boxes or smart card IDs, thereby eliminating access to subscriber management system 610.
Upon receiving an authorization (AUTH) message 612 from subscriber management system 610, which may include the STB Serial Num and perhaps global keys (e.g., keys used to decrypt ECMs sent in-band with the content), CA control system 620 routes STB Serial Num 641 and a mating key generator 621 to at least one of the mating key servers 630 1 . . . , or 630 N (generally referred to as "mating key server 630 i," where i≧1). CA control system 620 operates as an intermediary to coordinate delivery of a mating key 622 that is used to recover digital content from downloaded, scrambled content. CA control system 620 may be implemented as a headend, a broadcast station, a satellite uplink or the like.
Alternatively, instead of CA control system 620 routing mating key generator 621 and STB Serial Num 641 to a mating key servers 630 1-630 N, it is contemplated that such information may be sent to a trusted third party 635, which maintains and controls access to databases featuring mating keys. The values associated with mating key generator 621 and/or STB Serial Num 641 are used to retrieve mating key 622. "Trusted third party" 635 may include, but is not limited or restricted to a governmental entity, a company independently managed from any manufacturer, or the like.
Prior to transmission of STB Serial Num 641 and mating key generator 621, CA control system 620 may perform an authentication scheme with a selected mating key server, such as server 630 1, in order to establish a session key between CA control system 620 and mating key server 630 1. Of course, the authentication scheme would be performed with trusted third party 635 if implemented in lieu of mating key server 630 1. The session key can be used to encrypt information exchanged between the parties in order to provide a secure link there between. Examples of various types of authentication schemes include an exchange of digital certificates, digital signatures, hash values or the like.
As shown in
For this embodiment, "STB manufacturer ID" 623 is a predetermined value that identifies a manufacturer of set-top box 640. Of course, it is contemplated that STB manufacturer ID 623 is optional, depending on the particular arrangement of STB Serial Num 641. "Service Provider ID" 624 is a value (e.g., one or more bits such as 16-bits) that identifies the communications system provider as well as the selected distribution mechanism. For example, Service Provider ID 624 may identify which cable, satellite, terrestrial or Internet company is supplying the requested program data and/or the particular head-end server of that company. "CA Provider ID" 625 indicates the provider of CA control system 620. "Mating Key Sequence Number" 626 is used for reordering packets of information if mating key 622 is more than one packet in length, and in certain systems, may also be used to indicate expiration of mating key generator 621.
Referring back to
Upon receipt of mating key generator 621 and STB Serial Num 641, the appropriate mating key server (e.g., server 630 i, where i≧1) returns mating key 622. In this embodiment, mating key 622 is used to encrypt a descrambling key needed to descramble scrambled content being sent to set-top box 640. More specifically, mating key server 630 i accesses a pre-stored key being an identical copy of Unique Key 680 and encrypts mating key generator 621 using the accessed key. This produces a key equivalent to mating key 622. Alternatively, it is contemplated that mating key generator 621 may undergo a one-way hash operation in which the result is encrypted or only a portion of mating key generator 621 may be encrypted to produce mating key 622. A similar operation needs to be repeated, however, within descrambler IC 660.
Upon receipt of mating key 622, CA control system 620 generates an entitlement management message (EMM) 648 along with one or more ECMs 642 sent to smart card 640. One embodiment of EMM 648 is illustrated in
As shown in
In particular, with respect to
Smart card 650 receives EMM 648 and forwards mating key generator 621 and an encrypted descrambling key 651 recovered from ECM 642 to descrambler IC 660 of set-top-box 640 as described in
The encryption operation on mating key generator 621 produces a key 663 identical to mating key 622, which is loaded into a second process block 664. Process block 664 is used to decrypt encrypted descrambling key 651 to produce a descrambling key 665. Descrambling key 665 is used for descrambling scrambled content 666 loaded into set-top box 640 and in particular descrambler IC 660. Descrambling may include performance of 3DES operations on scrambled content 666. The result is content in a clear format, which may be transmitted from descrambler IC 660 and subsequently loaded into a MPEG decoder as shown in
It is contemplated that process blocks 661 and 664 may be altered to support decryption and encryption respectively, depending on how mating key 622 is formulated.
The encryption operation on mating key generator 621 produces key 663, which is identical to mating key 622. The key 663 is loaded into two DES process blocks 664 1 and 664 2. Process block 664 1 is used to decrypt a first encrypted descrambling key 652 to produce a first descrambling key (DK1) 665 1. Process block 664 2 is used to decrypt a second encrypted descrambling key 653 to produce a second descrambling key (DK2) 665 2. DK1 665 1 and DK2 665 2 are used by a low-level 3DES descrambling logic 667 for descrambling scrambled content 666.
Of course, it is further contemplated that process block 661 may be configured to support 3DES with multiple keys as shown in
As illustrated in
The second mating key generators 621 2 may further comprise a Content ID field including a value that identifies the digital content associated therewith and may include data to manage validity/expiration of the digital content. The second mating key generators 621 2 may further comprise a Copy Generation Number field including a value that identifies the number of times the digital content can be copied. Of course, to reduce the size of the fields, multiple parameters may be hashed and stored in the fields.
Referring now to
Alternatively, instead of mating key gateway 710 routing mating key generator 621 and STB Serial Num 641 to the selected mating key server 630 i, it is contemplated that such information may be routed to trusted third party 635, which accesses a targeted database for retrieval of a mating key. The database selected for retrieval of mating key 622 is based on values associated with mating key generator 621 and/or STB Serial Num 641. For instance, each database may be accessible over a range of addresses based on values associated within mating key generator 621 and/or STB Serial Num 641. These values are used to identify the targeted database.
Set-top box 820 receives electronic program guide (EPG) meta-data with the EPG in an unscrambled format and receives digital programming content 850 in a scrambled format. In one embodiment, EPG meta-data 900 is provided out-of-band by CA control system 810. As shown in
Referring back to
As shown for this embodiment, upon receiving an authentication message 815 from subscriber management system 610, including STB Serial Num 831 and entitlements (or looking up STB Serial Num 831 at CA control system 810), CA control system 810 routes STB Serial Num 831 and mating key generator 832 to mating key gateway 830. Mating key gateway 830 operates as an intermediary to coordinate delivery of mating key 833 that is used to extract the requested content from downloaded, scrambled information. Of course, CA control system 810 may perform an authentication scheme with mating key gateway 830 in order to establish secure communications there between.
Upon receipt of mating key 833, CA control system 810 generates one or more entitlement management message (EMM) 885. No ECMs are provided; only channel keys over EMM 885 for example. One embodiment of EMM 885 is illustrated in
As shown in
STB Serial Num 831 is a value that is used to indicate a particular set-top box and perhaps the manufacturer of the set-top box. "EMM length field" 842 is a bit value that is used to indicate the length of EMM 885. Mating key generator 832, as shown, is a bit value that includes the parameters forth above in
The encryption operation on mating key generator 832 produces a key 863 that is identical to mating key 833. Key 863 is loaded into a second process block 864 that is used to decrypt the encrypted service key 846 j to recover the service key used to descramble scrambled content 850 loaded into set-top box 840 and in particular the descrambler IC 860. Descrambling may include performance of 3DES operations on the scrambled content. The result may be content in a clear format, which is transmitted from descrambler IC 860 and subsequently loaded into a MPEG decoder as shown in
Referring now to
For example, for this illustrated embodiment, subscriber management systems 910 1 and 910 2 are terrestrial broadcasters, each providing mating key generators and STB Serial Nums 920 1, 920 2 to mating key gateway 830 and receiving corresponding mating keys 930 1, 930 2. Similar in operation, subscriber management systems 910 3 and 910 4 are cable operators, subscriber management system 910 5 is a direct broadcast satellite (DBS) company, and subscriber management systems 910 K-1 and 910 K are Internet content sources.
Referring to
In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, EMM 1040 comprises a copy protection key generator (CPKG) 1042 and an encrypted user key 1041. As shown in
As shown in
Referring back to
The decryption operation on Ekey 1041 recovers the user key 1033, which is loaded into a second process block 1634 that is used to encrypt CPKG 1042 to produce copy protection key 1035. Encrypted descrambling key 1043 is decrypted using Unique Key 1031 (or derivative thereof) to recover the descrambling key is a clear format for descrambling and/or decrypting the encrypted content 1020 loaded into set-top box 1010 and in particular descrambler IC 1030. Descrambling and/or decrypting may include performance of 3DES operations.
As a result, the content is temporarily placed in a clear format, but is routed to low-level encryption logic 1060, which encrypts the descrambled content with copy protection key 1035 associated with any or all of the destination digital devices. As a result, the content is secure during subsequent transmissions.
In the foregoing description, the invention is described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specification and drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative rather than in a restrictive sense.
Referenziert von
Juristische Ereignisse


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text:
Here's an idea...
Since many survival plans are based around firepower, why not combine an AK with some basic survival equipment?
I'm thinking "under the couch" or "truck gun" here, with some extra stuff in and on it that might be useful. The idea is "one grab gets all". Obviously you can't carry all that much, but something is better than nothing.
First, some aftermarket pistol grips have storage inside. If you look up "Altoids survival tin" you could fit all that stuff in the grip.
If you hollowed out the buttstock, you could store a lot more stuff - a "space blanket", butane lighter, signal mirror, Leatherman, contact list, and maybe some other small items.
You could wrap the handguard with 550 cord. That's always useful.
A rail-mount flashlight could be detached and used as an ordinary flashlight. Scope could be used as a monocular.
A scope could be used as a monocular.
Use one of those threefer clips to attach a couple of spare mags to the main mag.
A bayonet would make a great camp knife, but you'd have to store the rifle with the bayonet attached, which would be awkward. The spike underfolders are useless, and the knife-type underfolders would require some sort of handle to be useful if you dismounted it. One of those nifty Carcano folding bayonets would be ideal, but you'd have to make up your own mounting hardware.
All this junk would make the rifle heavy and awkward, but there's nothing that says you can't shift most of the equipment to your pockets or a bag. The idea is to have all the stuff in one place, not to make it convenient to carry.


text:
rent vs. own
Friday, September 28, 2012 at 9:30AM
The news is out that, in some markets, housing prices had risen slightly in July—the third month in a row. Meanwhile in Chicago, October 1st and May 1st are the two biggest dates of the year for apartment swapping—which means lots of moving vans on the streets this weekend!
Comparing the two options is a healthy exercise which can generate good food for thought. Written by Jane Hodges, rent vs. own—a real estate guide to whether renting or buying is the best answer—might also be titled own vs. rent.
To get from point A to B, the pros and cons of buying and renting are broken down and dozens of success stories and cautionary tales are shared to help make informed decisions.


text:
Midwest Living Review
Built in 1998, the Colony Way Trail, or Kolonieweg, connects the villages of Amana and Middle Amana with a gentle and mostly scenic route. The trail is mainly asphalt, though it turns into crushed limestone along the southern edge. In good weather, you'll encounter a few other people on the trail, mainly locals out for a bike ride, a jog or some exercise for their dogs. The 3.1 miles are generally flat, making it an easy route for walkers and bikers of most skill levels. (And for visitors, it's a great way to burn off the heavy German food you're likely eating in the Amana Colonies!) The most scenic portion of the trail is the route along the east and south sides of the lake, where you'll see wildflowers and pass through small groves of trees. There are also nice views of the Lily Lake, which is covered in green American lotus water lily pads for most for the year. In summer, the lake explodes into color as the white and yellow lilies bloom. Wildlife along the trail includes ducks, geese and herons, as well as many butterflies in summer and fall. After you pass the southernmost part of the trail and turn north, the trail isn't as picturesque but is still an agreeable walk. You'll pass the Amana appliances plant and move through a residential area before emerging next to the road. The trail passes a school and farm fields before arriving at a parking area at the northernmost tip.