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District Science Day
The Ohio Academy of Science District Science Day 2013 will be held at Ohio Northern University on March 23, 2013.
Open to any student from grade 5 through high school. **Note: This year a limited number of grade 5 and 6 students will be able to attend State Science Day if they receive a superior ranking at District Science Day.
What are science days or science fairs?
Science days or science fairs are occasions for the display and evaluation of student-originated, inquiry-based scientific research projects. A successful science day program will achieve several student-learner objectives:
- Enhance self-concept
- Develop inquiry and problem-solving skills
- Develop creativity
- Improve organizational ability
- Develop both written and oral communication skills
- Improve in-depth knowledge of science
All questions should be directed to Dr. Nancy Woodley, District Science Day Coordinator, by calling 419-772-2325 or by email.
Mailing Address:
Ohio Northern University
Dept. of Biological & Allied Health Sciences
525 S. Main St.
Ada OH 45810


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Google updates terms of serviceBy CLAIRE CAIN MILLER
and VINDU GOEL
THE NEW YORK TIMES | October 12,2013AP PHOTO
Google announced Friday an update to its terms of service contract.SAN FRANCISCO Google, following in Facebooks footsteps, wants to sell users endorsements to marketers to help them hawk their wares.
On Friday, Google announced an update to its terms of service that allows the company to include adult users names, photos and comments in ads shown across the Web, based on ratings, reviews and posts they have made on Google Plus and other Google services like YouTube.
When the new ad policy goes live Nov. 11, Google will be able to show what the company calls shared endorsements on Google sites and across the Web, on the more than 2 million sites in Googles display advertising network, which are viewed by an estimated 1 billion people.
If a user follows a bakery on Google Plus or gives an album four stars on the Google Play music service, for instance, that persons name, photo and endorsement could show up in ads for that bakery or album.
Google said it would give users the chance to opt out of being included in the new endorsements, and people under the age of 18 will automatically be excluded.
Such product endorsements, especially coming from friends and acquaintances, are a powerful lure to brands, replicating word-of-mouth marketing on a broad scale.
But as Facebook has learned, many users have strong and skeptical feelings about their endorsements being used in ads without their explicit permission.
The trick to any advertising like this is to avoid coming across as creepy to your user base and have them say, I didnt want anyone else to know that,? said Zachary Reiss-Davis, a Forrester analyst, speaking generally about social ads.
In a notice to users posted on its site Friday, Google said, Feedback from people you know can save you time and improve results for you and your friends across all Google services.
Facebook, the worlds largest social network with 1.2 billion users worldwide, has been aggressively marketing such social endorsements. For example, if you post that you love McDonalds new Mighty Wings on the chains Facebook page, McDonalds could pay to broadcast your kind words to all your friends, effectively using you as a product endorser.
The company declined to specify exactly how it planned to use endorsements in advertising, what the ads would look like or how brands choose whether to include shared endorsements.
Facebook does not allow its users to opt out of such ads, which it calls sponsored stories, although users can limit how their actions on the social network are used in some other types of advertising.
Google Plus users, on the other hand, will be able to opt out of inclusion in ads on the social networks settings page.
If a Google Plus user has shared comments with a limited set of people, only people in that circle will see the personalized ads. Ratings and reviews on services like Google Plus Local are automatically public and can be used in ads, unless a user opts out of shared endorsements.
Google had previously shown so-called Plus 1s, votes of approval similar to Facebook likes, in ads across Google sites and its ad network. Google plans to expand that to include follows, comments, ratings, reviews and other interactions. Those who have already elected to opt out of using Plus 1s in ads will automatically be opted out of the expansion.
Though 190 million users post on Google Plus and 390 million use the social network indirectly by sharing on other Google sites like YouTube, Googles variety of services gives it a potentially wider reach.
Currently, Google does not have an ad unit incorporating more social data ready to be used by advertisers, the company said. Instead, the company wants the ability to create such an ad unit in the future and is notifying users in advance.
Although advertising irks some users even while it helps support free services social ads have proved particularly contentious.
Facebook recently settled a class-action lawsuit that claimed it had not adequately notified users about how it was using endorsements. In late August, it tried to impose a new privacy policy that would have given the company clearer rights to run social ads without a users explicit permission. After privacy groups complained, the Federal Trade Commission began an inquiry into the changes, prompting Facebook to suspend the process.
Google, which is under the supervision of the FTC for a previous privacy violation and has agreed to privacy audits and fines for privacy misrepresentations, is taking pains to show that it has considered the privacy implications of the new ads.
It will notify users of the change with banners on Googles home page, in search results, in Google Plus notifications and elsewhere. And posts by users who have registered as being under age 18 will not appear in ads, though their posts can still appear in search results or other places that are not commercial in nature.MORE IN National / World BusinessNEW YORK Yes, your mutual fund may own some Greek stocks. No, most likely not a lot. Full StoryNike came out with a new product last Tuesday, an updated and for my feet more comfortable... Full StoryTalks for Pacific trade deal stall Full Story
- Most Popular
- Most Emailed
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day 1739, 'Richard Palmer' identified in prison at York Castle as the notorious outlaw DICK TURPIN; IN 1836, Battle of the Alamo begins near San Antonio de Bexar, Texas; 1896, the Tootsie Roll invented by LEO HIRSCHFELD.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1472, Orkney, Shetland islands put up as collateral by Norway to Scotland in lieu of dowry for MARGARET OF DENMARK on her marriage with JAMES III, king of Scotland; 1962, JOHN GLENN first American to orbit Earth.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: City mayoral candidates debate campaign issues; Hartford, Conn., woman still missing; Neal Goswami reports attempts to legislate suicide; local woman loses 100 pounds through TOPS program.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1878, JOHN TUNSTALL murdered near Lincoln, New Mexico, by the outlaw JESSE EVANS; in 1930, ELM FARM OLLIE first cow to fly in aircraft, first to be milked airborne; 1955, nuke test WASP; '79, snow in Sahara.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Rutland Herald News Editor Alan J. Keays and staff writer Gordon Dritschilo discuss stories planned for the February 18, 2015, edition of the newspaper: Winter budgets maxed, legal marijuana, Springfield bank job, USPS slowdown
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1249 AD, ANDRE of LONGJUMEAU is dispatched by LOUIS IX of France to meet the KHAGAN, ruler of the Mongol Empire; in 1804, during 1st Barbary War, STEPHEN DECATUR scuttles the pirate-held USS Philadelphia in Tripoli.

subset: commoncrawl


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Unit Assessment
Each unit of the institution has the responsibility to create a plan for the coming year which supports the institution's and department's vision and mission. At periodic intervals determine the progress toward completion or advancement of these goals. At the conclusion of the period the unit is required to determine how successful or what progress or even if the goal was unattainable. The unit should show how these goals have improved the operations or the completion of the goal has made some aspect of the department better.
As the next cycle approaches a continuation of goals or new goals are established for the coming year. This process should result in the continuous improvement of the institution.


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11:50 AM: Several Blizzard 'celebrities' are highlighted in the audience -- it seems anyone who's anyone in the company is here. Now on to the players, particularly the pro-gamers who've travelled from around the world to be here, who take the stage to loud applause. The Starcraft competitors take bows, followed by the Warcraft III pros.
12:03 PM: The presenters wish good luck to the competitors.
12:05 PM: Mike Morhaime takes the stage. Comments that the invitational is the largest gathering of Blizzard players in Europe, ever -- it's "breathtaking". He talks about how technology enables the world to become smaller and allows communities to transcend conventional boundaries. Blizzard were told European market was too small for WoW; we proved them wrong.
12:08 PM: This past year has been incredible for us. Last year: TBC launch sold 2.4 million copies in first 24 hours. Fastest selling PC game of all time. Also announced merger with Activision (they "leveled up"). Shouldn't notice any difference as a player. Blizzard's focus remains "to continue making great games".
12:10 PM: Video of highlights from last year's invitational is played.
12:13 PM: Mike outlines the events coming up: tournaments, hands-on computers for WotLK and Starcraft II, developer panels, costume, dance and machinima contests.
12:18 PM: Jay Wilson, lead designer on Diablo III, takes over. WWI audience will be see a demo of Diablo III in action. Diablo "reinvented the roleplaying action genre". Gameplay demo on big screen.
New type of dropped item. Red globes allow you to recover health and fight without having to use potions. Shows the Barbarian fighting berserker and cultist enemies. Environment is a big part of Diablo III, can destroy it, interact with it. Can also work against you. Treasure chests might be traps!
Loot: gear custom designed for each class's unique look. Endless stream of items to be found. Shows barbarian using a wall to crush zombies. Whirlwinds through enemies to loud cheers from the audience.
World of Diablo III will have quests and story events -- 'more so than previous games'. Shows character interacting with the npc Deckard Cain and embarking on a quest.
12:30 PM: "Diablo III is first and foremost a co-operative game." Witch Doctor is a brand new class, uses ancient tribal magic: diseases, pets, mind control. Can cast locus swarm to devour multiple enemies. First pet is the Mongrel, can become empowered by Witch Doctor's attacks to do additional damage. When near death, can be killed by the witch doctor to destroy nearby creatures.
12:40 PM: The presenters are back on stage. Running through all the European countries -- the attendees are from all over the world.
12:43 PM: A dance piece is performed on stage, set to a new piece of Diablo music against a "Diablo III" backdrop. If you were late to the ceremony, you'd still be in no doubts what the big news is today.
12:50PM: End of the ceremony -- that's all folks!


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Ultralight Down Jacket (Women's)
In Stock Product Number: 26910
As minimal as an 8-piece rack on an alpine ridge, our Ultralight Down Jacket supports ascent without excess. It features top-notch 800-fill-power premium European goose down and an ultralight nylon ripstop shell fabric that's nearly half the weight and twice the strength of our other down shell fabrics. The sewn-through construction, tight channel pattern and just the right amount of down increase versatility for use in more moderate temperatures and diverse activities; a DWR (durable water repellent) finish sheds snow. A slim silhouette maximizes thermal efficiency and suits its ideal uses: belay jacket over light layers at shaded crags, minimalist summer alpine bivies and unmatched warmth layered under a shell. Pockets include two zippered handwarmers and one zippered chest. A drawcord hem keeps in the heat. Stuffsack included.
* This product does not qualify for shipping to all countries.
- The toughest, lightest-weight shell fabric we've ever used for down garments, with a DWR (durable water repellent) finish
- Traceable Down (third-party-verified, non-live-plucked, non-force-fed) 800-fillpower goose down for low-bulk warmth
- Variegated channel construction stabilizes insulation and allows the use of less down, creating an elegant, low-profile garment
- Two zippered handwarmer pockets; one zippered chest pocket
- Drawcord hem seals in warmth
- Self-fabric stuffsack
Gender: Women's
Weight: 218 g (7.7 oz)
Material: Nylon, DWR finish, 800-filL goose down
Fit: Regular fit
Season: F14 S15
Vendor ProductId: 84761
Review ProductId: 26910
Reviewed by 3 customers
Sort by
- Comfortable
- Light Weight
- Packs small
- Warm
Best Uses
- Back packing
- Everyday use
- Hiking
Comments about Patagonia Ultralight Down Jacket (Women's):
My wife loves her jacket. It is very light weight and warm. A great backpacking jacket.
- Was this a gift?:
- Yes
- Light packable warm
Best Uses
- Cold days or cool nights
- Cool to cold days
Comments about Patagonia Ultralight Down Jacket (Women's):
Great color (platinum) keeps you warm when it's freezing out but yet on those not so cool days you don't ever heat. Love that it's packable, hang it off a backpack when you don't need it.
- Longer Length
- Slim fit
- Stuff sack
- Super Light
- Ultra-compact
- Down shows thru
Best Uses
- Around town
- Climbing layer
Comments about Patagonia Ultralight Down Jacket (Women's):
I use this as a versatile climbing, layering, and all around piece. The slim fit is a longer cut (than the Down Sweater, for example). This allows it to go under your harness and stay under it while you move through climbs. It's also thin, so you not feel bulky and like you can't move. Great for layering with a rain jacket/outer shell for wind/water protection. This is also great just to wear around town as it doens't look too technical.


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Microsoft Office Communications Server 2007 provides a standards-based platform, with extensible SDKs, that allow developers the ability to presence-enable existing applications, and also create next-generation applications with real-time presence and speech capabilities. Microsoft Office Communicator 2007 is Microsoft's unified client enabling information workers to communicate in real-time using a wide range of modalities such as VOIP calls, audio/video/web conferencing sessions and instant messaging. Office Communicator 2007 and Office Communications Server 2007 integrate with a wide range of Microsoft Office applications and existing enterprise telephony infrastructure.
Please note: SQL Server 2005 is required when using Office Communications Server 2007 Enterprise Edition.


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Quick Links
Shop All Jewelry
RGZ10445 In Stock
Your face will twinkle with delight as you watch three white bezel set cubic zirconias dance inside of the pave cz heart. If you have any of the floating cz pieces, you have to get this ring to add to your collection. If you don't have a collection already, this ring is where to start! Make a great set by pairing this ring with our matching Designer Inspired Floating CZs Heart Pendant.
Eve's Addiction.com wants you to be a happy customer. We want you to be completely satisfied with the sterling silver jewelry that you receive from us, as we only sell high quality silver and cubic zirconia cz jewelry. We do understand that you may not like your purchase for some reason.
You may return or exchange your jewelry within 60 days of purchase if you are not satisfied with it. The jewelry must be returned in its original condition for a refund or exchange. Engraved, personalized, photo, monogram, name and initial, chocolate and clearance items are not returnable or exchangeable.


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Women of the West
In 2002 the Women of the West Museum merged with the Autry National Center, creating a gathering place for programs, exhibitions, collections, research, and education dedicated to diverse women's experiences in the American West. Our goal is to gain a new understanding, not simply of what women have done but of why it matters for the West—past, present, and future.
Founded in 1991 in Boulder, Colorado, the Women of the West Museum was the first museum in the nation dedicated to the history of women of all cultures in the American West. Committed to education outside traditional museum walls, the Women of the West Museum broke new ground with its innovative use of online exhibitions, community partnerships, women's history trails, and art-based humanities programs. The merger with the Autry reflected a continuation of its original spirit, while providing a physical home in Los Angeles to continue its vision through new exhibitions and programs integrated into an overall vision of the West.
Virginia Scharff
Chair, Women of the West
Professor of History, and Director, Center for the Southwest, at the University of New Mexico
Dr. Scharff has written numerous works about the history of women in the United States. At the Autry she works with Dr. Carolyn Brucken, Chief Curator, to develop exhibitions and programs about women and gender, including Home Lands: How Women Made the West.
The Butcher Scholar Award
Established in 2001 by the Women of the West Museum, the Butcher Scholar Award honors the vision, leadership, and generosity of Jane and Charlie Butcher. The Award supports original research that promise to deepen our understanding of the history of diverse women in the historical and contemporary West.
Through the Butcher Scholar Award, the Autry has supported research projects in western women's history of emerging and established scholars since 2002. Beginning in 2012-2013, the Autry will expand the Butcher Scholar Award to a public program showcasing an invited speaker whose work breaks new ground in the history of western women.
The Autry continues to fund scholarly research projects and encourages historians of western women to apply for one of the many fellowships opportunities listed at http://theautry.org/research/fellowships
Past online exhibitions:
This Shall Be the Land for Women
In 1893 when Colorado won a stunning victory for women's voting rights, Western journalist Caroline Nichols Churchill cheered, "This Shall Be the Land for Women!" Women of the American West led the nation in the struggle for female voting rights, known as the "suffrage movement." This remarkable story began in 1869, when Wyoming Territory approved full and equal suffrage for scarcely one thousand women.
Visit the exhibition to learn more about state-by-state victories, biographies of suffrage leaders, and more.
There Are No Renters Here – Homesteading in a Sod House
In 1862, The United States government passed the Homestead Act, which opened up much of the West for settlement by U.S. Citizens. Land taken from American Indians – by means of war, treaties, and trading – was declared "public domain." Signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln, The Homestead Act made it possible for many people to own land for the first time in their lives.
Visit the exhibition to view historical documents and to learn about the story of Mattie Oblinger, a Nebraska homesteader, and her family's life in a sod house.
Collaborations: Drawn Together
Although the most famous woman artist in the West is unquestionably Georgia O'Keeffe—known for her solitary and independent nature—many other women have chosen to work together to produce art. In this exhibition, the Women of the West Museum presents six examples of just a few ways in which women have come together for the purpose of creating art: as mentors and disciples; mothers, sisters, and daughters; teachers and students; and friends and associates.
Drawn Together: Women Make Art in the American West was first produced by the Women of the West Museum with support from Xcel Energy Foundation.
Lodo Mural Project
This exhibition was a part of a larger public program that took place from January through September 2000 at 16 Market Street in downtown Denver, Colorado. Across from a central bus station, along a busy corridor in an area known as LoDo, or Lower Downtown, a 250-foot long mural introduced passers-by to some of the many women who have contributed to Colorado history.


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Tuscarawas News Detail
KSU Orchestra closes its 2012-13 season with Sunday, April 28 performancePosted Apr. 22, 2013
The Kent State University Hugh A. Glauser School of Music's Orchestra will close its 2012-2013 season with a performance led by Scott MacPherson, director of choral activities, Sun., April 28 at 7:30 p.m. in the University Auditorium at Cartwright Hall.
The KSU Orchestra will be joined by the entire combined KSU choirs, which includes the Chorale, Kent Chorus, and Men's and Women's Choruses.
This performance will include Carl Maria von Weber's "Overture to 'Der Freischütz'" and the dramatic oratorio "King David" by Arthur Honegger. "King David" will feature the following soloists: assistant professor of music Lara Troyer, soprano; Sarah Leuwerke, contralto; and associate professor of music Timothy Culver, tenor.
Tickets for the performance are free for all full-time, Kent Campus undergraduate students and $15 for all other attendees. Tickets are $5 for non-KSU students or students under 18 years old.
Tickets are available weekdays 12 to 5 p.m. at the performing arts box office, located in the lobby of the Roe Green Center in the Music and Speech Building at 1325 Theatre Drive on the campus of Kent State University. The performing arts box office accepts Visa, MasterCard and Discover, in addition to cash and checks.
The Cartwright Hall box office will open one hour prior to the performance for walk up sales, and will also accept Visa, MasterCard and Discover. Tickets and more information are also available by calling 330-672-ARTS (2787) or visiting kent.edu/music.
For more information contact:
Effie A. Tsengas, firstname.lastname@example.com, 330-672-8398


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Now that you can use Google Docs to store files, you'll upload a lot of files from your computer and treat Google Docs as an online version of Windows Explorer (or any other file manager). Unlike Windows Explorer, Google Docs had a single view for displaying files: the details view.
If you don't like to see the date when a file was last modified or the number of collaborators, you can switch to the new thumbnail view. Google Docs generates thumbnails for documents, spreadsheets, presentations, photos and PDF files, while showing standard icons for other file types.
"We recently finished rolling out the upload and store any file feature, so everyone should now be able to upload, store, and share any file in Google Docs. We also increased the maximum file size based on your feedback, so you can now uploads files up to 1 GB in size," mentions Google Docs Blog.
Of course, there are many other improvements that would make Google Docs more useful: increasing the free quota to at least 10 GB, adding support for any file type to the API and making it easier to access your files by mapping Google Docs as a network drive.
Tip: you can use the new grid view for shared folders by adding &layout=grid to the URL. Here's an example.
{ Thanks, Pascal. }
January 26, 2010
Google Docs Grid View
This blog is not affiliated with Google.


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Strapless Detail Maxi Dress
Style # 231822
Another strapless dress -it?s not! Our diamond and striped maxi dress features back cutouts and yes -- simple three strap detailing -- that's eye candy and ultra glamorous for lounging around. Pair with our Marlenee Sandal and you'll look fantastic.
- 94% Rayon, 6% spandex
- Hand wash
- Made in USA
- Center back to hem: 50" (172 cm)
- Model is 5'10" and wears a US size S
Rated 4.5 out of 5�by 2 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5�by Dee81 love this dress I love this dress because I have long legs and this dress pass my ankles looks good with neutral flats March 27, 2014
Rated 4 out of 5�by AndreaCA Love this dress So I have a ton maxi dresses from here because they are the only ones that are long enough for me. This dress is a good fit. I am 5'8 and slim. I usually always wear a small in bebe but with dress I got a medium because with my boobs ( 34D) the medium fit better and it was a little longer so I could wear it with wedges.. Doesn't look big at all. But like I said the small fit so it just depends on how you want it to fit! Overall super cute dress! March 25, 2014
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Full of vitality and strength, the American Pitbull needs an owner with a firm hand. They are amusing and good-natured
unless taught otherwise. The pitbull has a keen sense of duty, thus knowing when protection is needed versus everything
being ok. They have a high tolerance of pain equaling a love to play rough. This breed wieght can range from 22 pounds to a staggering 110lbs.
Generally in good health, this breed can suffer from inherited disease. With proper care, the life expectancy
of this breed can last up to 12 years.


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Click Here to Watch the Whole Video in HD at Broke Straight Boys
These boys are very hot and very straight but most of all they are broke. Rather then lose their apartment, girlfriend, etc. they do sexual things with other guys for some quick cash.
I was able to get the kissing cousins back in front of the camera once more. They both called me up asking to see if there was any work for them to do. Thinking about it, and what I had, I found that they did a great job with one another the last time they were in the studio. So, I figured why not see if I can get them to go all the way. Without telling them that I wanted them to fuck each other, we setup for them both to come in to do a shoot later on in the week. When Thursday had rolled around, they were both right on time at my door. We talked for just a few minutes before we got started just saying hi, and getting caught up. Then, we moved over to the couch and they took a seat ready to get started.
Pixels: 320X240 | Bitrate: 350K
Pixels: 640X480 | Bitrate: 700K
I lov it. When I was like 13 I saw my 17 yr old cousins cock, I swear it was atleast 10 inches!
i love how these guys are cousins. so fucken hot.
damn he can fuck me and cum in my face
hot and sexy he can fuck me
what a show lets have more
Anthony and Mike have such great sexul chemistry together.
lets see more of them


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Color/optical characteristics measuring systems and methods are disclosed. Perimeter receiver fiber optics/elements are spaced apart from a central source fiber optic/element and received light reflected from the surface of the object is measured. Light from the perimeter fiber optics pass to a variety of filters. The system utilizes the perimeter receiver fiber optics to determine information regarding the height and angle of the probe with respect to the object being measured. Under processor control, the color measurement may be made at a predetermined height and angle. Various color spectral photometer arrangements are disclosed. Translucency, fluorescence and/or surface texture data also may be obtained. Audio feedback may be provided to guide operator use of the system. The probe may have a removable or shielded tip for contamination prevention.
1. A method for determining optical characteristics of an object, comprising the steps of:
providing light to the object from one or more light sources, and receiving light from the object through one or more light receivers, wherein the one or more light sources and one or more light receivers define at least one minimal height, wherein below the minimal height light that is reflected from a surface of the object is not propagated by the one or more light receivers, wherein the light is provided to the object and received from the object through a protective barrier having a thickness, wherein the thickness is less than the minimal height;
measuring the intensity of light received and propagated by one of the one or more light receivers;
determining the optical characteristics of the object based in response to one or more intensity measurements.
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This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/235,969, filed Sep. 26, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,110,096, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/407,623, filed Apr. 4, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,950,189, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/134,087, filed Apr. 25, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,654, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/968,302, filed Oct. 1, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,381,017, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/586,539, filed May 31, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,301,004, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/091,208, filed Jun. 8, 1998 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,223,047 which was the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US97/00126 filed Jan. 2, 1997.
The present invention relates to devices and methods for measuring optical characteristics such as color of objects, and more particularly to devices and methods for measuring the color and other optical characteristics of teeth, fabric or other objects or surfaces with a hand-held probe that presents minimal problems with height or angular dependencies.
Various color/optical measuring devices such as spectrophotometers and calorimeters are known in the art. To understand the limitations of such conventional devices, it is helpful to understand certain principles relating to color. Without being bound by theory, Applicants provide the following discussion.
The color of an object determines the manner in which light is reflected from the surface of the object. When light is incident upon an object, the reflected light will vary in intensity and wavelength dependent upon the color of the surface of the object. Thus, a red object will reflect red light with a greater intensity than a blue or a green object, and correspondingly a green object will reflect green light with a greater intensity than a red or blue object.
One method of quantifying the color of an object is to illuminate it with broad band spectrum or "white" light, and measure the spectral properties of the reflected light over the entire visible spectrum and compare the reflected spectrum with the incident light spectrum. Such instruments typically require a broad band spectrophotometer, which generally are expensive, bulky and relatively cumbersome to operate, thereby limiting the practical application of such instruments.
For certain applications, the broad band data provided by a spectrophotometer is unnecessary. For such applications, devices have been produced or proposed that quantify color in terms of a numerical value or relatively small set of values representative of the color of the object.
It is known that the color of an object can be represented by three values. For example, the color of an object can be represented by red, green and blue values, an intensity value and color difference values, by a CIE value, or by what are known as "tristimulus values" or numerous other orthogonal combinations. It is important that the three values be orthogonal; i.e., any combination of two elements in the set cannot be included in the third element.
One such method of quantifying the color of an object is to illuminate an object with broad band "white" light and measure the intensity of the reflected light after it has been passed through narrow band filters. Typically three filters (such as red, green and blue) are used to provide tristimulus light values representative of the color of the surface. Yet another method is to illuminate an object with three monochromatic light sources (such as red, green and blue) one at a time and then measure the intensity of the reflected light with a single light sensor. The three measurements are then converted to a tristimulus value representative of the color of the surface. Such color measurement techniques can be utilized to produce equivalent tristimulus values representative of the color of the surface. Generally, it does not matter if a "white" light source is used with a plurality of color sensors (or a continuum in the case of a spectrophotometer), or if a plurality of colored light sources are utilized with a single light sensor.
There are, however, difficulties with the conventional techniques. When light is incident upon a surface and reflected to a light receiver, the height of the light sensor and the angle of the sensor relative to the surface and to the light source also affect the intensity of the received light. Since the color determination is being made by measuring and quantifying the intensity of the received light for different colors, it is important that the height and angular dependency of the light receiver be eliminated or accounted for in some manner.
One method for eliminating the height and angular dependency of the light source and receiver is to provide a fixed mounting arrangement where the light source and receiver are stationary and the object is always positioned and measured at a preset height and angle. The fixed mounting arrangement greatly limits the applicability of such a method. Another method is to add mounting feet to the light source and receiver probe and to touch the object with the probe to maintain a constant height and angle. The feet in such an apparatus must be wide enough apart to insure that a constant angle (usually perpendicular) is maintained relative to the object. Such an apparatus tends to be very difficult to utilize on small objects or on objects that are hard to reach, and in general does not work satisfactorily in measuring objects with curved surfaces.
The use of color measuring devices in the field of dentistry has been proposed. In modern dentistry, the color of teeth typically are quantified by manually comparing a patient's teeth with a set of "shade guides." There are numerous shade guides available for dentists in order to properly select the desired color of dental prosthesis. Such shade guides have been utilized for decades and the color determination is made subjectively by the dentist by holding a set of shade guides next to a patient's teeth and attempting to find the best match. Unfortunately, however, the best match often is affected by the ambient light color in the dental operatory and the surrounding color of the patient's makeup or clothing and by the fatigue level of the dentist.
Similar subjective color quantification also is made in the paint industry by comparing the color of an object with a paint reference guide. There are numerous paint guides available in the industry and the color determination also often is affected by ambient light color, user fatigue and the color sensitivity of the user. Many individuals are color insensitive (color blind) to certain colors, further complicating color determination.
In general, color quantification is needed in many industries. Several, but certainly not all, applications include: dentistry (color of teeth); dermatology (color of skin lesions); interior decorating (color of paint, fabrics); the textile industry; automotive repair (matching paint colors); photography (color of reproductions, color reference of photographs to the object being photographed); printing and lithography; cosmetics (hair and skin color, makeup matching); and other applications in which it useful to measure color in an expedient and reliable manner.
With respect to such applications, however, the limitations of conventional color/optical measuring techniques typically restrict the utility of such techniques. For example, the high cost and bulkiness of typical broad band spectrometers, and the fixed mounting arrangements or feet required to address the height and angular dependency, often limit the applicability of such conventional techniques.
Moreover, another limitation of such conventional methods and devices are that the resolution of the height and angular dependency problems typically require contact with the object being measured. In certain applications, it may be desirable to measure and quantify the color of an object with a small probe that does not require contact with the surface of the object. In certain applications, for example, hygienic considerations make such contact undesirable. In the other applications such as interior decorating, contact with the object can mar the surface (such as if the object is coated with wet paint) or otherwise cause undesirable effects.
In summary, there is a need for a low cost, hand-held probe of small size that can reliably measure and quantify the color and other optical characteristics of an object without requiring physical contact with the object, and also a need for methods based on such a device in the field of dentistry and other applications.
In accordance with the present invention, devices and methods are provided for measuring the color and other optical characteristics of objects, reliably and with minimal problems of height and angular dependence. A handheld probe is utilized in the present invention, with the handheld probe containing a number of fiber optics in certain preferred embodiments. Light is directed from one (or more) light source(s) towards the object to be measured, which in certain preferred embodiments is a central light source fiber optic (other light sources and light source arrangements also may be utilized). Light reflected from the object is detected by a number of light receivers. Included in the light receivers (which may be light receiver fiber optics) are a plurality of perimeter receivers (which may be receiver fiber optics, etc.). In certain preferred embodiments, three perimeter fiber optics are utilized in order to take measurements at a desired, and predetermined height and angle, thereby minimizing height and angular dependency problems found in conventional methods. In certain embodiments, the present invention also may measure translucence and fluorescence characteristics of the object being measured, as well as surface texture and/or other optical or surface characteristics.
The present invention may include constituent elements of a broad band spectrophotometer, or, alternatively, may include constituent elements of a tristimulus type calorimeter. The present invention may employ a variety of color measuring devices in order to measure color in a practical, reliable and efficient manner, and in certain preferred embodiments includes a color filter array and a plurality of color sensors. A microprocessor is included for control and calculation purposes. A temperature sensor is included to measure temperature in order to detect abnormal conditions and/or to compensate for temperature effects of the filters or other components of the system. In addition, the present invention may include audio feedback to guide the operator in making color/optical measurements, as well as one or more display devices for displaying control, status or other information.
With the present invention, color/optical measurements may be made with a handheld probe in a practical and reliable manner, essentially free of height and angular dependency problems, without resorting to fixtures, feet or other undesirable mechanical arrangements for fixing the height and angle of the probe with respect to the object.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to address limitations of conventional color/optical measuring techniques.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method and device useful in measuring the color or other optical characteristics of teeth, fabric or other objects or surfaces with a hand-held probe of practical size that does not require contact with the object or surface.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a color/optical measurement probe and method that does not require fixed position mechanical mounting, feet or other mechanical impediments.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a probe and method useful for measuring color or other optical characteristics that may be utilized with a probe simply placed near the surface to be measured.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a probe and method that are capable of determining translucency characteristics of the object being measured.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a probe and method that are capable of determining surface texture characteristics of the object being measured.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a probe and method that are capable of determining fluorescence characteristics of the object being measured.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a probe and method that can measure the area of a small spot singulary, or that also can measure irregular shapes by moving the probe over an area and integrating the color of the entire area.
It also is an object of the present invention to provide probes and methods for measuring optical characteristics with a probe that is held substantially stationary with respect to the object being measured.
Finally, it is an object of the present invention to provide probes and methods for measuring optical characteristics with a probe that may have a removable tip or shield that may be removed for cleaning, disposed after use or the like.
The present invention may be more fully understood by a description of certain preferred embodiments in conjunction with the attached drawings in which:
The present invention will be described in greater detail with reference to certain preferred embodiments. As described elsewhere herein, various refinements and substitutions of the various embodiments are possible based on the principles and teachings herein.
With reference to
Probe tip 1 encloses a plurality of fiber optics, each of which may constitute one or more fiber optic fibers. In a preferred embodiment, the fiber optics contained within probe tip 1 includes a single light source fiber optic and three light receiver fiber optics. The use of such fiber optics to measure the color or other optical characteristics of an object will be described later herein. Probe tip 1 is attached to probe body 2, on which is fixed switch 17. Switch 17 communicates with microprocessor 10 through wire 18 and provides, for example, a mechanism by which an operator may activate the device in order to make a color/optical measurement. Fiber optics within probe tip 1 terminate at the forward end thereof (i.e., the end away from probe body 2). The forward end of probe tip 1 is directed towards the surface of the object to be measured as described more fully below. The fiber optics within probe tip 1 optically extend through probe body 2 and through fiber optic cable 3 to light sensors 8, which are coupled to microprocessor 10.
It should be noted that microprocessor 10 includes conventional associated components, such as memory (programmable memory, such as PROM, EPROM or EEPROM; working memory such as DRAMs or SRAMs; and/or other types of memory such as non-volatile memory, such as FLASH), peripheral circuits, clocks and power supplies, although for clarity such components are not explicitly shown. Other types of computing devices (such as other microprocessor systems, programmable logic arrays or the like) are used in other embodiments of the present invention.
In the embodiment of
Light source 11 in the preferred embodiment is a halogen light source (of, for example, 5-100 watts, with the particular wattage chosen for the particular application), which may be under the control of microprocessor 10. The light from light source 11 reflects from cold mirror 6 and into source fiber optic 5. Source fiber optic 5 passes through to the forward end of probe tip 1 and provides the light stimulus used for purposes of making the measurements described herein. Cold mirror 6 reflects visible light and passes infra-red light, and is used to reduce the amount of infra-red light produced by light source 11 before the light is introduced into source fiber optic 5. Such infra-red light reduction of the light from a halogen source such as light source 11 can help prevent saturation of the receiving light sensors, which can reduce overall system sensitivity. Fiber 15 receives light directly from light source 11 and passes through to light sensors 8 (which may be through a neutral density filter). Microprocessor 10 monitors the light output of light source 11 through fiber 15, and thus may monitor and, if necessary compensate for, drift of the output of light source 11. In certain embodiments, microprocessor 10 also may sound an alarm (such as through speaker 16) or otherwise provide some indication if abnormal or other undesired performance of light source 11 is detected.
The data output from light sensors 8 pass to microprocessor 10. Microprocessor 10 processes the data from light sensors 8 to produce a measurement of color and/or other characteristics. Microprocessor 10 also is coupled to key pad switches 12, which serve as an input device. Through key pad switches 12, the operator may input control information or commands, or information relating to the object being measured or the like. In general, key pad switches 12, or other suitable data input devices (such as push button, toggle, membrane or other switches or the like), serve as a mechanism to input desired information to microprocessor 10.
Microprocessor 10 also communicates with UART 13, which enables microprocessor 10 to be coupled to an external device such as computer 13A. In such embodiments, data provided by microprocessor 10 may be processed as desired for the particular application, such as for averaging, format conversion or for various display or print options, etc. In the preferred embodiment, UART 13 is configured so as to provide what is known as a RS232 interface, such as is commonly found in personal computers.
Microprocessor 10 also communicates with LCD 14 for purposes of displaying status, control or other information as desired for the particular application. For example, color bars, charts or other graphic representations of the color or other collected data and/or the measured object or tooth may be displayed. In other embodiments, other display devices are used, such as CRTs, matrix-type LEDs, lights or other mechanisms for producing a visible indicia of system status or the like. Upon system initialization, for example, LCD 14 may provide an indication that the system is stable, ready and available for taking color measurements.
Also coupled to microprocessor 10 is speaker 16. Speaker 16, in a preferred embodiment as discussed more fully below, serves to provide audio feedback to the operator, which may serve to guide the operator in the use of the device. Speaker 16 also may serve to provide status or other information alerting the operator of the condition of the system, including an audio tone, beeps or other audible indication (i.e., voice) that the system is initialized and available for taking measurements. Speaker.16 also may present audio information indicative of the measured data, shade guide or reference values corresponding to the measured data, or an indication of the status of the color/optical measurements.
Microprocessor 10 also receives an input from temperature sensor 9. Given that many types of filters (and perhaps light sources or other components) may operate reliably only in a given temperature range, temperature sensor 9 serves to provide temperature information to microprocessor 10. In particular, color filters, such as may be included in light sensors 8, may be sensitive to temperature, and may operate reliably only over a certain temperature range. In certain embodiments, if the temperature is within a usable range, microprocessor 10 may compensate for temperature variations of the color filters. In such embodiments, the color filters are characterized as to filtering characteristics as function of temperature, either by data provided by the filter manufacturer, or through measurement as a function of temperature. Such filter temperature compensation data may be stored in the form of a look-up table in memory, or may be stored as a set of polynomial coefficients from which the temperature characteristics of the filters may be computed by microprocessor 10.
In general, under control of microprocessor 10, which may be in response to operator activation (through, for example, key pad switches 12 or switch 17), light is directed from light source 11, and reflected from cold mirror 6 through source fiber optic 5 (and through fiber optic cable 3, probe body 2 and probe tip 1, or through some other suitable light source element) and is directed onto object 20. Light reflected from object 20 passes through the receiver fiber optics/elements in probe tip 1 to light sensors 8 (through probe body 2, fiber optic cable 3 and fibers 7). Based on the information produced by light sensors 8, microprocessor 10 produces a color/optical measurement result or other information to the operator. Color measurement or other data produced by microprocessor 10 may be displayed on display 14, passed through UART 13 to computer 13A, or used to generate audio information that is presented to speaker 16. Other operational aspects of the preferred embodiment illustrated in
With reference to
In the illustrated preferred embodiment, receiver fiber optics R1 to R3 are positioned symmetrically around source fiber optic S, with a spacing of about 120 degrees from each other. It should be noted that spacing t is provided between receiver fiber optics R1 to R3 and source fiber optic S. While the precise angular placement of the receiver fiber optics around the perimeter of the fiber bundle in general is not critical, it has been determined that three receiver fiber optics positioned 120 degrees apart generally may give acceptable results. As discussed above, in certain embodiments light receiver fiber optics R1 to R3 each constitute a single fiber, which is divided at splicing connector 4 (refer again to
In one particular aspect of the present invention, area between the fiber optics on probe tip 1 may be wholly or partially filled with a non-reflective material and/or surface (which may be a black mat, contoured or other non-reflective surface). Having such exposed area of probe tip 1 non-reflective helps to reduce undesired reflections, thereby helping to increase the accuracy and reliability of the present invention.
With reference to
Light from fibers 7 is presented to sensors 8, which in a preferred embodiment pass through filters 22 to sensing elements 24. In this preferred embodiment, sensing elements 24 include light-to-frequency converters, manufactured by Texas Instruments and sold under the part number TSL230. Such converters constitute, in general, photo diode arrays that integrate the light received from fibers 7 and output an AC signal with a frequency proportional to the intensity (not frequency) of the incident light. Without being bound by theory, the basic principle of such devices is that, as the intensity increases, the integrator output voltage rises more quickly, and the shorter the integrator rise time, the greater the output frequency. The outputs of the TSL230 sensors are TTL or CMOS compatible digital signals, which may be coupled to various digital logic devices.
The outputs of sensing elements 24 are, in this embodiment, asynchronous signals of frequencies depending upon the light intensity presented to the particular sensing elements, which are presented to processor 26. In a preferred embodiment, processor 26 is a Microchip PIC16C55 or PIC16C57 microprocessor, which as described more fully herein implements an algorithm to measure the frequencies of the signals output by sensing elements 24. In other embodiments, a more integrated microprocessor/microcontroller, such as Hitachi's SH RISC microcontrollers, is utilized to provide further system integration or the like.
As previously described, processor 26 measures the frequencies of the signals output from sensing elements 24. In a preferred embodiment, processor 26 implements a software timing loop, and at periodic intervals processor 26 reads the states of the outputs of sensing elements 24. An internal counter is incremented each pass through the software timing loop. The accuracy of the timing loop generally is determined by the crystal oscillator time base (not shown in
It should be noted that the sensing circuitry and methodology illustrated in
As discussed above with reference to
The remaining twelve fibers (of the preferred embodiment's total of 16 fibers) of fibers 7 pass through color filters and are used to produce the color measurement. In a preferred embodiment, the color filters are Kodak Sharp Cutting Wratten Gelatin Filters, which pass light with wavelengths greater than the cut-off value of the filter (i.e., redish values), and absorb light with wavelengths less than the cut-off value of the filter (i.e., bluish values). "Sharp Cutting" filters are available in a wide variety of cut-off frequencies/wavelengths, and the cut-off values generally may be selected by proper selection of the desired cut-off filter. In a preferred embodiment, the filter cut-off values are chosen to cover the entire visible spectrum and, in general, to have band spacings of approximately the visible band range (or other desired range) divided by the number of receivers/filters. As an example, 700 nanometers minus 400 nanometers, divided by 11 bands (produced by twelve color receivers/sensors), is roughly 30 nanometer band spacing.
With an array of cut-off filters as described above, and without being bound by theory or the specific embodiments described herein, the received optical spectrum may be measured/calculated by subtracting the light intensities of "adjacent" color receivers. For example, band 1 (400 nm to 430 nm)=(intensity of receiver 12) minus (intensity of receiver 11), and so on for the remaining bands. Such an array of cut-off filters, and the intensity values that may result from filtering with such an array, are more fully described in connection with
It should be noted here that in alternate embodiments other color filter arrangements are utilized. For example, "notch" or bandpass filters may be utilized, such as may be developed using Schott glass-type filters (whether constructed from separate longpass/shortpass filters or otherwise).
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the specific characteristics of the light source, filters, sensors and fiber optics, etc., are normalized/calibrated by directing the probe towards, and measuring, a known color standard. Such normalization/calibration may be performed by placing the probe in a suitable fixture, with the probe directed from a predetermined position (i.e., height and angle) from the known color standard. Such measured normalization/calibration data may be stored, for example, in a look-up table, and used by microprocessor 10 to normalize or correct measured color or other data. Such procedures may be conducted at start-up, at regular periodic intervals, or by operator command, etc.
What should be noted from the above description is that the receiving and sensing fiber optics and circuitry illustrated in
It also should be noted that such a system measures the spectral band of the reflected light from the object, and once measured such spectral data may be utilized in a variety of ways. For example, such spectral data may be displayed directly as intensity-wavelength band values. In addition, tristimulus type values may be readily computed (through, for example, conventional matrix math), as may any other desired color values. In one particular embodiment useful in dental applications (such as for dental prostheses), the color data is output in the form of a closest match or matches of dental shade guide value(s). In a preferred embodiment, various existing shade guides (such as the shade guides produced by Vita Zahnfabrik) are characterized and stored in a look-up table, or in the graphics art industry Pantone color references, and the color measurement data are used to select the closest shade guide value or values, which may be accompanied by a confidence level or other suitable factor indicating the degree of closeness of the match or matches, including, for example, what are known as ΔE values or ranges of ΔE values, or criteria based on standard deviations, such as standard deviation minimization. In still other embodiments, the color measurement data are used (such as with look-up tables) to select materials for the composition of paint or ceramics such as for prosthetic teeth. There are many other uses of such spectral data measured in accordance with the present invention.
It is known that certain objects such as human teeth may fluoresce, and such optical characteristics also may be measured in accordance with the present invention. A light source with an ultraviolet component may be used to produce more accurate color/optical data with respect to such objects. In certain embodiments, a tungsten/halogen source (such as used in a preferred embodiment) may be combined with a UV light source (such as a mercury vapor, xenon or other fluorescent light source, etc.) to produce a light output capable of causing the object to fluoresce. Alternately, a separate UV light source, combined with a visible-light-blocking filter, may be used to illuminate the object. Such a UV light source may be combined with light from a red LED (for example) in order to provide a visual indication of when the UV light is on and also to serve as an aid for the directional positioning of the probe operating with such a light source. A second measurement may be taken using the UV light source in a manner analogous to that described earlier, with the band of the red LED or other supplemental light source being ignored. The second measurement may thus be used to produce an indication of the fluorescence of the tooth or other object being measured. With such a UV light source, a silica fiber optic (or other suitable material) typically would be required to transmit the light to the object (standard fiber optic materials such as glass and plastic in general do not propagate UV light in a desired manner, etc.).
As described earlier, in certain preferred embodiments the present invention utilizes a plurality of perimeter receiver fiber optics spaced apart from and around a central source fiber optic to measure color and determine information regarding the height and angle of the probe with respect to the surface of the object being measured, which may include other surface characteristic information, etc. Without being bound by theory, certain principles underlying this aspect of the present invention will now be described with reference to
In order to propagate light without loss, the light must be incident within the core of the fiber optic at an angle greater than the critical angle, which may be represented as Sin−1 {n1/n0}, where n0 is the index of refraction of the core and n1 is the index of refraction of the cladding. Thus, all light must enter the fiber at an acceptance angle equal to or less than phi, with phi=2�Sin−1 {√(n0 2−n1 2)}, or it will not be propagated in a desired manner.
For light entering a fiber optic, it must enter within the acceptance angle phi. Similarly, when the light exits a fiber optic, it will exit the fiber optic within a cone of angle phi as illustrated in
Consider using a fiber optic as a light source. One end is illuminated by a light source (such as light source 11 of
The same principle generally is true for a fiber optic being utilized as a receiver. Consider mounting a light sensor on one end of a fiber optic and holding the other end near an illuminated surface. The fiber optic can only propagate light without loss when the light entering the fiber optic is incident on the end of the fiber optic near the surface if the light enters the fiber optic within its acceptance angle phi. A fiber optic utilized as a light receiver near a surface will only accept and propagate light from the circular area of radius r on the surface. As the fiber optic is raised from the surface, the area increases. As the fiber optic is lowered to the surface, the area decreases.
Consider two fiber optics parallel to each other as illustrated in
As discussed earlier, the intensity of the light in the circular area illuminated by the source fiber increases as the fiber is lowered to the surface. The intersection of the two cones, however, decreases as the fiber optic pair is lowered. Thus, as the fiber optic pair is lowered to a surface, the total intensity of light received by the receiver fiber optic increases to a maximal value, and then decreases sharply as the fiber optic pair is lowered still further to the surface. Eventually, the intensity will decrease essentially to zero (assuming the object being measured is not translucent, as described more fully herein), and will remain essentially zero until the fiber optic pair is in contact with the surface. Thus, as a source-receiver pair of fiber optics as described above are positioned near a surface and as their height is varied, the intensity of light received by the receiver fiber optic reaches a maximal value at a peaking or "critical height" hc.
Again without being bound by theory, an interesting property of the critical height hc has been observed. The critical height hc is a function primarily of the geometry of fixed parameters, such as fiber apertures, fiber diameters and fiber spacing. Since the receiver fiber optic in the illustrated arrangement is only detecting a maximum value and not attempting to quantify the value, its maximum in general is independent of the surface characteristics. It is only necessary that the surface reflect sufficient light from the intersecting area of the source and receiver fiber optics to be within the detection range of the receiver fiber optic light sensor. Thus, in general red or green or blue or any color surface will all exhibit a maximum at the same critical height hc. Similarly, smooth reflecting surfaces and rough surfaces also will have varying intensity values at the maximal value, but generally speaking all such surfaces will exhibit a maximum at the same critical height hc. The actual value of the light intensity will be a function of the color of the surface and of the surface characteristics, but the height where the maximum intensity value occurs in general will not. This is particularly true with respect to similar types or categories of materials such as teeth, industrial objects, etc.
Although the above discussion has focused on two fiber optics perpendicular to a surface, similar analysis is applicable for fiber optic pairs at other angles. When a fiber optic is not perpendicular to a surface, it generally illuminates an elliptical area. Similarly, the acceptance area of a receiver fiber optic generally becomes elliptical. As the fiber optic pair is moved closer to the surface, the receiver fiber optic also will detect a maximal value at a critical height independent of the surface color or characteristics. The maximal intensity value measured when the fiber optic pair is not perpendicular to the surface, however, will be less than the maximal intensity value measured when the fiber optic pair is perpendicular to the surface.
Referring now to
As illustrated, two peak intensity values (discussed as P1 and P2 below) should be detected as the fiber optic pair moves to and from the object at the critical height hc. If peaks P1 and P2 produced by a receiver fiber optic are the same value, this generally is an indication that the probe has been moved to and from the surface of the object to be measured in a consistent manner. If peaks P1 and P2 are of different values, then these may be an indication that the probe was not moved to and from the surface of the object in a desired manner, or that the surface is curved or textured, as described more fully herein. In such a case, the data may be considered suspect and rejected. In addition, peaks P1 and P2 for each of the perimeter fiber optics (see, e.g.,
In addition, the relative intensity level in region 3 serves as an indication of the level of translucency of the object being measured. Again, such principles generally are applicable to the totality of receiver fiber optics in the probe (see, e.g., fibers 7 of
In step 50, the system on a continuing basis monitors the intensity levels for the receiver fiber optics (see, e.g., fibers 7 of
In step 64, the system, under control of microprocessor 10, may analyze the collected data taken by the sensing circuitry for the various receiver fiber optics. In step 64, peaks P1 and P2 of one or more of the various fiber optics may be compared. If any of peaks P1 and P2 for any of the various receiver fiber optics have unequal peak values, then the data may be rejected, and the entire color measuring process repeated. Again, unequal values of peaks P1 and P2 may be indicative, for example, that the probe was moved in a non-perpendicular or otherwise unstable manner (i.e., angular or lateral movement), and, for example, peak P1 may be representative of a first point on the object, while peak P2 may be representative of a second point on the object. As the data is suspect, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, data taken in such circumstances are rejected in step 64.
If the data are not rejected in step 64, the process proceeds to step 66. In step 66, the system analyzes the data taken from the neutral-density-filtered receivers from each of the perimeter fiber optics (e.g., R1 to R3 of
If the data are not rejected in step 66, the process proceeds to step 68. In step 68, the data may be processed in a desired manner to produce output color/optical measurement data. For example, such data may be normalized in some manner, or adjusted based on temperature compensation or other data detected by the system. The data also may be converted to different display or other formats, depending on the intended use of the data. In addition, the data indicative of the translucence of the object also may be quantified and/or displayed in step 68. After step 68, the process may proceed to starting step 49, or the process may be terminated, etc.
In accordance with the process illustrated in
With a system constructed and operating as described above, color/optical measurements may be taken of an object, with accepted data having height and angular dependencies removed. Data not taken at the critical height, or data not taken with the probe perpendicular to the surface of the object being measured, etc., are rejected in a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In other embodiments, data received from the perimeter fiber optics may be used to calculate the angle of the probe with respect to the surface of the object being measured, and in such embodiments non-perpendicular or curved surface data may be compensated instead of rejected. It also should be noted that peak values P1 and P2 for the neutral density perimeter fiber optics provide a measure of the luminance (gray value) of the surface of the object being measured, and also may serve to quantify the color value.
The translucency of the object being measured may be quantified as a ratio or percentage, such as, for example, (IS/P1)�100%. In other embodiments, other methods of quantifying translucency data provided in accordance with the present invention are utilized, such as some other arithmetic function utilizing IS and P1 or P2, etc.
In another particular aspect of the present invention, data generated in accordance with the present invention may be used to implement an automated material mixing/generation machine. Certain objects/materials, such as dental prostheses, are made from porcelain or other powders/materials that may be combined in the correct ratios to form the desired color of the object/prosthesis. Certain powders often contain pigments that generally obey Beer's law and/or act in accordance with Kubelka-Munk equations and/or Saunderson equations (if needed) when mixed in a recipe. Color and other data taken from a measurement in accordance with the present invention may be used to determine or predict desired quantities of pigment or other materials for the recipe. Porcelain powders and other materials are available in different colors, opacities, etc. Certain objects, such as dental prostheses, may be layered to simulate the degree of translucency of the desired object (such as to simulate a human tooth). Data generated in accordance with the present invention also may be used to determine the thickness and position of the porcelain or other material layers to more closely produce the desired color, translucency, surface characteristics, etc. In addition, based on fluorescence data for the desired object, the material recipe may be adjusted to include a desired quantity of fluorescing-type material. In yet other embodiments, surface characteristics (such as texture) information (as more fully described herein) may be used to add a texturing material to the recipe, all of which may be carried out in accordance with the present invention.
For more information regarding such pigment-material recipe type technology, reference may be made to: "The Measurement of Appearance," Second Edition, edited by Hunter and Harold, copyright 1987; "Principles of Color Technology," by Billmeyer and Saltzman, copyright 1981; and "Pigment Handbook," edited by Lewis, copyright 1988. All of the foregoing are believed to have been published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, N.Y., and all of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
In certain operative environments, such as dental applications, contamination of the probe is of concern. In certain embodiments of the present invention, implements to reduce such contamination are provided.
The thickness of the sapphire window should be less than the critical height of the probe in order to preserve the ability to detect peaking in accordance with the present invention, and preferably has a thickness less than the minimal height at which the source/receiver cones overlap (see
Similarly, in other embodiments body 80 has a cap with a hole in the center (as opposed to a sapphire window), with the hole positioned over the fiber optic source/receivers. The cap with the hole serves to prevent the probe from coming into contact with the surface, thereby reducing the risk of contamination. It should be noted that, with such embodiments, the hole is positioned so that light from/to the light source/receiver elements of the probe tip is not adversely affected by the cap.
In still other embodiments, a plastic, paper or other type shield (which may be disposable, cleanable/reusable or the like) may be used in order to address any contamination concerns that may exist in the particular application. In such embodiments, the methodology may include positioning such a shield over the probe tip prior to taking color/optical measurements, and may include removing and disposing/cleaning the shield after taking color/optical measurements, etc.
With reference to
Probe tip 100 includes central source fiber optic 106, surrounded by (and spaced apart from) three perimeter receiver fiber optics 104 and three color receiver fiber optics 102. Three perimeter receiver fiber optics 104 are optically coupled to neutral density filters and serve as height/angle sensors in a manner analogous to the embodiment describe above. Three color receiver fiber optics are optically coupled to suitable tristimulus filters, such as red, green and blue filters. With this embodiment, a measurement may be made of tristimulus color values of the object, and the process described with reference to
The plurality of receiver fiber optics are each coupled to two or more fiber optics in a manner similar to the arrangement illustrated in
Since a probe as illustrated in
In general, with the embodiment of
In general, with the embodiment of
As will be clear from the foregoing description, with the present invention a variety of types of spectral color/optical photometers (or tristimulus-type colorimeters) may be constructed, with perimeter receiver fiber optics used to collect color/optical data essentially free from height and angular deviations. In addition, in certain embodiments, the present invention enables color/optical measurements to be taken at a critical height from the surface of the object being measured, and thus color/optical data may be taken without physical contact with the object being measured (in such embodiments, the color/optical data is taken only by passing the probe through region 1 and into region 2, but without necessarily going into region 3 of
Additional description will now be provided with respect to cut-off filters of the type described in connection with the preferred embodiment(s) of
Reference should be made to the
The operator may initiate a color/optical measurement by activation of a switch (such as switch 17 of
With unique audio tones presented to an operator in accordance with the particular operating state of the system, the operator's use of the system may be greatly facilitated. Such audio information also tends to increase operator satisfaction and skill level, as, for example, acceptance tones provide positive and encouraging feedback when the system is operated in a desired manner.
Further embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to
With this embodiment, a relatively greater number of perimeter sensors are utilized (as opposed, for example, to the three perimeter sensors used in certain preferred embodiments of the present invention). As illustrated in
The probe illustrated in
As described earlier, the light receiver elements for the plurality of receivers/perimeter sensors may be individual elements such as Texas Instruments TSL230 light-to-frequency converters, or may be constructed with rectangular array elements or the like such as may be found in a CCD camera. Other broadband-type of light measuring elements are utilized in other embodiments. Given the large number of perimeter sensors used in such embodiments (such as 30 for the embodiment of
Optical measurements may be made with such a probe by holding/positioning the probe near the surface of the object being measured (i.e., within the range of acceptable heights of the particular probe). The light source providing light to light source 310 is turned on and the reflected light received by receivers 312-320 (coupled to the perimeter sensors) is measured. The light intensity of the rings of triad sensors is compared. Generally, if the probe is perpendicular to the surface and if the surface is flat, the light intensity of the three sensors of each triad should be approximately will be equal. If the probe is not perpendicular to the surface or if the surface is not flat, the light intensity of the three sensors within a triad will not be equal. It is thus possible to determine if the probe is perpendicular to the surface being measured, etc. It also is possible to compensate for non-perpendicular surfaces by mathematically adjusting the light intensity measurements of the color sensors with the variance in measurements of the triads of perimeters sensors.
Since the three sensors forming triads of sensors are at different distances (radii) from central light source 310, it is expected that the light intensities measured by light receivers 312-320 and the perimeter sensors will vary. For any given triad of sensors, as the probe is moved closer to the surface, the received light intensity will increase to a maximum and then sharply decrease as the probe is moved closer to the surface. As with previously-described embodiments, the intensity decreases rapidly as the probe is moved less than the critical height and decreases rapidly to zero or almost zero for opaque objects. The value of the critical height depends principally upon the distance of the particular receiver from light source 310. Thus, the triads of sensors will peak at different critical heights. By analyzing the variation in light values received by the triads of sensors, the height of the probe can be determined. Again, this is particularly true when measuring similar types of materials.
The system initially is calibrated against a neutral background (e.g., a gray background), and the calibration values are stored in non-volatile memory (see, e.g., processor 10 of
To determine a measure of the height of the probe from the surface being measured, the intensities of the perimeter sensors (coupled to receivers 312-320) is measured. The variance in light intensity from the inner ring of perimeter sensors to the next ring and so on is analyzed and compared to the values in the look-up table to determine the height of the probe. The determined height of the probe with respect to the surface thus may be utilized by the system processor to compensate for the light intensities measured by the color sensors in order to obtain reflectivity readings that are in general independent of height. As with previously described embodiments, the reflectivity measurements may then be used to determine optical characteristics of the object being measured, etc.
It should be noted that audio tones, such as previously described, may be advantageously employed when such an embodiment is used in a handheld configuration. For example, audio tones of varying pulses, frequencies and/or intensities may be employed to indicate the operational status of the instrument, when the instrument is positioned within an acceptable range for color measurements, when valid or invalid color measurements have been taken, etc. In general, audio tones as previously described may be adapted for advantageous use with such further embodiments.
In the embodiment of
The probe is held within the useful range of the instrument (determined by the particular configuration and construction, etc.), and a color measurement is initiated. The angle of the perimeter receivers/sensors with respect to the central light source is varied from parallel to pointing towards the central source fiber optic. While the angle is being varied, the intensities of the light sensors for the perimeter sensors (e.g., neutral sensors) and the color sensors is measured and saved along with the angle of the sensors at the time of the light measurement. The light intensities are measured over a range of angles. As the angle is increased the light intensity will increase to a maximum value and will then decrease as the angle is further increased. The angle where the light values is a maximum is utilized to determine the height of the probe from the surface. As will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the teachings provided herein, with suitable calibration data, simple geometry may be utilized to calculate the height based on the data measured during variation of the angle. The height measurement may then be utilized to compensate for the intensity of the color/optical measurements and/or utilized to normalize color values, etc.
A further embodiment of the present invention utilizing an alternate removable probe tip will now be described with reference to
Light conduit 340 in this embodiment serves to conduct light from the light source to the surface of the object being measured, and also to receive reflected light from the surface and conduct it to light receiver fiber optics 346 in probe handle 344. Light conduit 340 is held in position with respect to fiber optics 346 by way or compression jaws 342 or other suitable fitting or coupled that reliably positions light conduit 340 so as to couple light effectively to/from fiber optics 346. Fiber optics 346 may be separated into separate fibers/light conduits 348, which may be coupled to appropriate light sensors, etc., as with previously described embodiments.
In general, the aperture of the fiber optics used in light conduit 340 may be chosen to match the aperture of the fiber optics for the light source and the light receivers. Thus, the central part of the light conduit may conduct light from the light source and illuminate the surface as if it constituted a single fiber within a bundle of fibers. Similarly, the outer portion of the light conduit may receive reflected light and conduct it to light receiver fiber optics as if it constituted single fibers. Light conduit 340 has ends that preferably are highly polished and cut perpendicular, particularly the end coupling light to fiber optics 346. Similarly, the end of fiber optics 346 abutting light conduit 340 also is highly polished and cut perpendicular to a high degree of accuracy in order to minimize light reflection and cross talk between the light source fiber optic and the light receiver fiber optics and between adjacent receiver fiber optics. Light conduit 340 offers significant advantages including in the manufacture and installation of such a removable tip. For example, the probe tip need not be particularly aligned with the probe tip holder; rather, it only needs to be held against the probe tip holder such as with a compression mechanism (such as with compression jaws 342) so as to couple light effectively to/from fiber optics 346. Thus, such a removable tip mechanism may be implemented without alignment tabs or the like, thereby facilitating easy installation of the removable probe tip. Such an easy installable probe tip may thus be removed and cleaned prior to installation, thereby facilitating use of the color/optical measuring apparatus by dentists, medical professions or others working in an environment in which contamination may be a concern. Light conduit 340 also may be implemented, for example, as a small section of light conduit, which may facilitate easy and low cost mass production and the like.
A further embodiment of such a light conduit probe tip is illustrated as light conduit 352 in
Light conduit 352 of
As should be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosures herein, light conduits 340 and 356 of
Additionally, and to emphasize the wide utility and variability of various of the inventive concepts and techniques disclosed herein, it should be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the disclosures herein that the apparatus and methodology may be utilized to measure the optical properties of objects using other optical focusing and gathering elements, in addition to the fiber optics employed in preferred embodiments herein. For example, lenses or mirrors or other optical elements may also be utilized to construct both the light source element and the light receiver element. A flashlight or other commonly available light source, as particular examples, may be utilized as the light source element, and a common telescope with a photoreceiver may be utilized as the receiver element in a large scale embodiment of the invention. Such refinements utilizing teachings provided herein are expressly within the scope of the present invention.
As will be apparent to those skilled in the art, certain refinements may be made in accordance with the present invention. For example, a central light source fiber optic is utilized in certain preferred embodiments, but other light source arrangements (such as a plurality of light source fibers, etc.). In addition, lookup tables are utilized for various aspects of the present invention, but polynomial type calculations could similarly be employed. Thus, although various preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications, additions and/or substitutions are possible without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention as disclosed in the claims.
Reference is also made to copending international application filed on even date herewith under the Patent Cooperation Treaty, for "Apparatus and Method for Measuring Optical Characteristics of Teeth," by the inventors hereof, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
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I hope everyone enjoyed a warm and thankful Thanksgiving with family and friends. Mine was all of the above, spent with friends enjoying turkey and all the trimmings. The diet now begins as the countdown to Christmas is on.
Jackie Lynch hosted 31 members of the Women's Art Network at her lovely
Ladie Bea and Wayne Carlisle hosted their annual Turkey Day get together again at their new home, which was attended by many, including Tom and Dana Saffel, and Debbie Weant.
Leslie Provow enjoyed a fun early Thanksgiving in
Susan Alfieri just returned from a two-week whirlwind bucket list adventure of visiting family and friends in her native Australia, celebrating her 76th birthday, her sister's 80th, and attending numerous small reunions of high school and art teacher friends ... 50 years of memories rekindled from Sydney to Newcastle to Wollongong and back again!
Tiffanie Shelton spent Thanksgiving in Birmingham.
Demetrius Fuller took his mom, Malpa, to Vegas for Thanksgiving, and a great time was had by all.
Susan Snider spent Thanksgiving in Iowa.
Carl and Janice Fedkeneur and their sons spent a warm Thanksgiving in Naples with family.
Coop and Peggy Jones opened their doors on Thanksgiving Day to friends and clients.
Betty Krika, Cindy McConnell, and John Stasko enjoyed some sunsets on the deck of The Vue over Thanksgiving weekend.
Ann and Tommy Melancom and daughter Natalie spent Thanksgiving with Tommy's family in
James and Rhonda Murray are enjoying their honeymoon in Belize.
Mike and Valerie Thompson went to Sonoma.
Stephen Marlette and Harriet Crommelin are back from their South American Adventure.
Tracy Louthain visited the Windy City.
Tricia and Mark Northcutt are taking in the sites of Oklahoma.
Donna Crawford is back from Michigan. She and a friend saw what they think was a panther on 395 North last week.
Shellie Arriaga is back from Los Angeles where she secured a place in Beverly Hills at the Beverly Center, which caters to elite celebrities. The store will carry 18 karat and one-of-a-kind jewelry. The Arriagas will kick off their Beverly Hills location with a trunk show.
Carol Saucier enjoyed her birthday in Napa with her husband, Bob, and dined at The French Laundry, which met all her expectations and more, she said.
Speaking of The French Laundry, Open Table named Tim Creehan's Cuvee Bistro as one of the top 100 restaurants in
Shaye Smith and Geoff McBride enjoyed a great evening at the VINO Wine Tasting at Crush in Seaside benefiting FWBHS's Christmas Connection project, which is a student-led fundraiser helping local families in need.
Sandy Weiner ran 6.382 CharityMiles in the Giving Tuesday Turkey Trot for Wounded Warrior Project last week. This week she ran 5.445 CharityMiles for Wounded Warrior Project. She was sponsored by TimexSports.
Sam Bush sat in with Hubba Hubba at Pandora's last weekend.
Congratulations to our Regina Jaquess — the new overall and slalom world champion in water ski!
Boukou Groove's song "Stay Broke" moved up from No. 5 to No. 3 this week on the U.S. Blues charts.
Vern Yip is honored to be decorating the UNICEF USA Snowflake Ball in New York City for the fifth consecutive year. He will be there celebrating the lighting of the UNICEF Snowflake and drawing attention to an organization near and dear to his heart.
I was thrilled and honored to be asked to serve as one of nine judges of
Mary Elsberry proudly announces that her daughter Janelle and husband Dan welcomed the sweetest little girl — Juliette Cezanne McBride — into the world Nov. 26 at 12:05 p.m. Juliette Cezanne weighed 8 pounds and 8 ounces and was 21-inches long. Mommy and daddy are doing fabulous! "What a great Thanksgiving!" said Mary.
Sending Pauline Sutcliffe get well quick wishes, and to Bobby Johnson and Keith Knight.
Wish a "happy birthday" Saturday to Shaye Smith.
Sunday to Colleen Riddle and
Tuesday to Deborah Orr, Joseph Cook and Dottie Hidell.
Wednesday to Mary Bruns.
Thursday to radio-man Mark Carter.
And Friday to Vickie Miller.
Deborah Wheeler is the arts and entertainment reporter for The Walton Sun. She may be reached at 654-8443 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. Her Party Line column appears weekly in The Sun. Contributions are accepted.


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Contently swaying along on currents of beauty and into your heart, these flower medallion earrings make a whimsical lasting impression. The intricate design in the rhodium finished sterling silver adds a certain life to the earrings to make them come alive with playfulness. The earrings charm measures .5 inch in diameter and weigh a floating 1.1 grams to make these flower medallion earrings a fine and cute treasure.
Eve's Addiction.com wants you to be a happy customer. We want you to be completely satisfied with the sterling silver jewelry that you receive from us, as we only sell high quality silver and cubic zirconia cz jewelry. We do understand that you may not like your purchase for some reason.
You may return or exchange your jewelry within 60 days of purchase if you are not satisfied with it. The jewelry must be returned in its original condition for a refund or exchange. Engraved, personalized, photo, monogram, name and initial, chocolate and clearance items are not returnable or exchangeable.


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- Willamette
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- Professor Earns Public Management Distinction
Professor Earns Public Management Distinction
Fred Thompson, Grace and Elmer Goudy Professor of Public Management and Policy Analysis, has been named a Fellow to the National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA). A leading scholar and researcher on public administration topics, Thompson has served nationally and internationally on research projects and has been published in leading public sector journals.
The National Association of Public Administration names Fellows after a rigorous review process. Fellows bring a tremendous amount of expertise and experience to the organization, which in turn provides guidance to public sector mangers on emerging issues and challenges to government organizations.
Thompson will be formally inducted as a NAPA Fellow at their annual meeting in November.


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Find hotels in Kenmore using the list and search tools below. Find discounted hotel accommodations in or close to Kenmore, NY for your upcoming personal or group travel. Explore the most favored Kenmore, New York motel and hotel rooms. Browse the Kenmore area hotels to find the perfect lodging! Please use the provided map of the Kenmore hotels. Booking 5+ Rooms? Find Kenmore Group Hotel RatesThe Kenmore center is about the area of Hospital Intervention Spclsts and the area of Kenmore Mercy Hospital.
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Announcing Influuent, a cutting-edge web portal that allows private sector and government agencies to quickly find thousands of renowned researchers and facilities at the System's campuses and health institutions.
Influuent is a free online searchable database of researchers and resources that enable potential collaborators to easily identify faculty experts to conduct all levels of research (basic, applied and clinical), develop new technologies and processes and overcome technical challenges.
View the press release
Follow Influuent on twitter @influuent and on LinkedIn .
In January 2014, The University of Texas System Office of Strategic Initiatives launched seekUT (search + earnings + employment = knowledge), a website and complementary interactive tool targeted to students and their families in order to help them plan their academic futures and reduce the costs of earning a degree. An update that includes seekUT+grad was released in October that expanded the measures available and includes data for graduate and professional degrees as well.
Available online, via smartphone, and on your tablet using the Mobile BI app (also available for Android tablet devices), seekUT provides users with a range of data by degree major that will inform students in their decision making:
In addition, there is a great deal of data on earnings and jobs, by occupation, for Texas, Texas regions, other states, and national medians. This includes the projected job growth from 2012 to 2022, annual median wage, and the estimated number of positions annually available. We feel that the combination of these data elements offers students and their parents a planning tool that is unique.
The seekUT tool was developed using data obtained through partnerships with the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board and the Texas Workforce Commission, as well as data available through the National Student Clearinghouse and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' Employment Projections program.
The comprehensive online data tool is designed to help students and their families plan their future based on a foundation of realistic expectations of potential student loan debt and post-graduation earnings.
Discover even more from your iPad ! Click here for brief instructions that walk you through, step-by-step, on how to download the Mobile BI app, connect to the UT System server, and subscribe to/open reports. You can also access seekUT via your smartphone.
News Release (October 8, 2014): UT System first in nation to provide salary, debt and jobs data to help students plan their future
News Release (August 14, 2014): University of Texas System makes salary data and student debt data available via smartphone
News Release (January 16, 2014): University of Texas System first in nation to provide salary and student debt data |
"seekUT" online resource will help prospective UT students make informed decisions
UT System has been a leader in accountability and transparency, and now we have taken the next step in our efforts to increase transparency; measure more effectively our productivity, efficiency, and impact; and demonstrate more clearly our accountability.
The Dashboard is a business intelligence system that includes web-based applications for extracting and analyzing institutional data. Its purpose is to provide current data, trends over time, and comparative benchmarking across a variety of metrics in support of better decision- and policy-making.
We are continually adding more data, more metrics, and more levels of drill through. We also add links to additional analysis and related external white papers as they become available.
Examples of data and functionality include:
Strategic Initiatives Selects New Director!
October 1, 2013: Dr. David Troutman is appointed Director for the Office of Strategic Initiatives
Moving On Up – Stephanie Bond Huie Named Vice Chancellor for OSI
July 18, 2013: Dr. Stephanie Huie is appointed Vice Chancellor for the Office of Strategic Initiatives
UT System's (Stephanie) Huie Chairing National Committee
April 30, 2013: Dr. Stephanie Huie is appointed chair for National Association of System Heads (NASH) - will oversee project to assess the role of higher education systems in institutional research and how that may change to improve data capacity to measure and improve institutional performance.
Visit our Presentations page to see the following presentations and more.
SAS named UT System the winner of its Excellence in Education award at the SAS Global Forum 2013. This award spotlights use of SAS to improve operations, empower leaders, prepare students for today's workforce, spark innovation and expand educational opportunities.
The UTFacts Online blog focuses on what's going on with our latest projects - successes, frustrations, and next steps. We welcome online participation to discuss issues of data collection, analysis, and presentation, as well as how data plays a part in making policy decisions.
The blog is also a forum to look at data more informally. We've offered sneak peeks on enrollment and graduation rates data. We've looked briefly at some census data. Often the information will be more formally and fully analyzed and presented in official publications, but the blog allows us a place to get it out there more quickly and in smaller, more digestible pieces.
For finger-on-the-pulse news, check out our Twitter feed.
Announcing the next step in our efforts to increase transparency; measure more effectively our productivity, efficiency, and impact; and demonstrate more clearly our accountability.
This tool, available online and through an iPad app, is interactive and user-friendly.
You can find all of the latest reports at exploredata.utsystem.edu