text:
A thermal management system is provided for semiconductor devices such as an LED array, wherein coolant directly cools the LED array. Preferably, the coolant may be selected, among other bases, based on its index of refraction relative to the index associated with the semiconductor device.
1. A thermal management system for cooling a semiconductor device, comprising:
a housing enclosing a semiconductor device with at least one channel formed in the housing adjacent to the semiconductor device, and
a coolant supply for directing a liquid coolant through the housing to flow through the at least one channel to directly cool a light emissive surface of the semiconductor device;
wherein the semiconductor device is a plurality of LEDs mounted on a substrate and in which the LEDs are located in the at least one channel so that the coolant flows to directly cool the LEDs; and
the LEDs are mounted to transmit light through a window in the housing,
the at least one channel being formed so as to be disposed between the window and the LEDs.
2. The thermal management system of
3. The thermal management system of
4. The thermal management system of
5. The thermal management system of
6. The thermal management system of
7. The thermal management system of
8. The thermal management system of
9. The thermal management system of
10. The thermal management system of
11. The thermal management system of
12. The thermal management system of
13. The thermal management system of
14. The thermal management system of
15. A thermal management system for cooling an LED array, the LED array being configured for applications requiring relatively high optical power density applied at a working surface of a target for the purpose of illuminating and performing a material transformation in or of the target, the system comprising:
a selected liquid coolant,
a housing enclosing the LED array,
a coolant supply for directing the coolant through at least one or more channels in the housing to directly cool light emissive surface of LEDs in the LED array, the LED array being disposed in the one or more channels the LED array;
whereby the direct cooling enables the LED array to have an enhanced optical power density wherein the LEDs are mounted to transmit light through a window in the housing, the at least one channel being formed so as to be disposed between the window and the LEDs.
16. The thermal management system of
17. The thermal management system of
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/554,632, filed Mar. 18, 2004, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if recited in full herein for all purposes.
This invention relates to thermal management of semiconductor devices and, more particularly, to thermal management of semiconductor devices by direct cooling.
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) consist of a PN junction formed by two dissimilarly doped semiconductors as shown in
The wavelength of the light depends on the bandgap energy of the materials used in the PN junction. By adjusting the materials used, as well as the doping, a wide range of wavelengths is possible, including wavelengths in the ultraviolet (UV) and infrared (IR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. Other electrical components can be made using PN or similar junctions using semiconductors. In all these devices the electrical current and voltage required for operation (whether an LED or not) represent power, and the amount of power in a DC circuit is:
While typically less important for operating individual LEDs, thermal management issues tend to be a significant, and often limiting, aspect of the design that goes into large high-power LED arrays.
Furthermore, the interface between an LED and the surface to which it is mounted presents heat transfer difficulties. Due to imperfections in materials, the LED and the surface may seem to be in intimate contact while actually being generally separated by a microscopically thin interface. Generally, that interface typically contains one or more undesirable materials, such as, e.g., air. Because air is a very poor thermal conductor, the interface typically is intentionally filled with a selected, thermally conductive material, such as, e.g., epoxy or grease, thereby displacing the undesirable material(s) and improving thermal transport across this interface. Even so, compared with the thermal conductivity of the substrate (and, if used, a heat sink attached to the substrate), this interface may still exhibit relatively low thermal conductivity, leading to undesirably high thermal gradients during the transport of heat energy.
Regardless of the particular characteristics of the thermal path from the backside of the LED into and through the substrate, the heat effectively travels through a thermal circuit that generally has a substantial thermal resistance. Subject to that thermal resistance, the temperature of the LED rises. Moreover, the LED's temperature tends to reach a substantial value in overcoming the thermal resistance and achieving typical heat flow.
Another problem encountered in LED systems that effects thermal management is the efficiency of light transmission. For example, light that is produced within an LED must exit through the LED face. This face represents an optical interface where the index of refraction changes. That change causes reflection of light back toward the LED. Reflected light may be absorbed by the LED, causing it to operate less efficiently. Larger changes in the index of refraction across an interface result in a greater amount of reflection and lessen the amount of transmission. Since LEDs are commonly made of materials with a high index of refraction, the transmission loss at the interface can be significant.
The equation for normal reflection at an optical interface is:
The material used in the construction of LEDs typically has a very high index of refraction. For example, Cree, Inc. (Durham, N.C.) makes an LED that is constructed of silicon carbide, which has an index of refraction of about 2.8 at short wavelengths near the upper end of the ultraviolet as seen in
What is needed is a system to provide efficient thermal management of a semiconductor device. In another aspect, what is needed is a system that efficiently manages heat generated by an LED so as to increase the operational efficiency and/or lifetime of the LED. In another aspect, what is needed is a system that efficiently manages heat generated by an LED so as to-provide for enhanced transmission of light through the LED interface.
The present invention provides a cooling system for semiconductor devices that applies a coolant directly to a semiconductor device to efficiently remove heat.
In one embodiment, a coolant directly cools a semiconductor device, thus removing waste heat from the device. Since heat is removed directly from the semiconductor device, heat removal is relatively efficient compared to other heat removal configurations, e.g., heat removal through the substrate. Accordingly, if the semiconductor device is driven at a fixed input power, the semiconductor device will generally run cooler using direct cooling, than if other heat removal configurations are used. In such case, because the optical output of the semiconductor device tends to increase with the decreased temperature of the semiconductor device, such direct cooling of the semiconductor device will result in a relative increase in its optical flux. However, because efficient heat removal provided by direct cooling delivers cooler operating temperatures, the semiconductor device may be operated at higher current (power), which increases optical output.
Direct cooling of the semiconductor device preferably is implemented to provide thermal management, and to increase optical output, by reducing the amount of light that is reflected back toward the semiconductor device at its face. Specifically, the coolant may be selected, among other bases, based on its index of refraction relative to the index associated with the semiconductor device. Through this index-based selection of the coolant, reflection at the semiconductor face may be reduced and, indeed, the more the indexes converge, the more reflection at this face is reduced, toward being eliminated or, at least minimized. By so addressing reflection, the optical output power typically is increased beyond the gains associated with heat removal alone.
In another aspect, light from a semiconductor device is directed through a window with optics that collect, condense, and/or collimate the light so as to provide additional optical output. Such optics preferably include an array of micro-lenses that are integrated into such window. Typically, such window provides for containment of the coolant.
In another embodiment, the semiconductor device is one or more LEDs that are mounted in a housing that includes a channel through which a coolant flows. In so flowing, the coolant directly cools the LEDs.
In another embodiment, one or more LEDs may be mounted in a housing that includes plural channels through which one or more coolants flow, directly cooling selected one or more surfaces of one or more LEDs.
In another embodiment, one or more LEDs are mounted on a substrate in a housing that includes plural channels through which one or more coolants flow, directly cooling the LEDs on a first side of the substrate and, as well, cooling an opposite side of the substrate.
Direct cooling of LEDs also provides the possibility of mounting the LEDs on substrates with complex shapes (bound by a complementary shaped window or optic) and directly cooling the LEDs with a coolant. The substrate may be fabricated from various materials, including thin plastic.
A thermal management system is provided for cooling a semiconductor device that includes a housing enclosing a semiconductor device with at least one channel formed in the housing adjacent to the semiconductor device, and a coolant supply for directing a coolant through the housing to flow through the at least one channel to directly cool the semiconductor device.
A method of directly cooling a semiconductor device is provided wherein the semiconductor device is at least one LED, the method comprising applying a coolant directly to the at least one LED. The coolant is selected from any of various appropriate material(s), preferably being a fluid, e.g., including one ore more gases or one or more liquids.
These and other embodiments are described in more detail in the following detailed descriptions and the figures.
The foregoing is not intended to be an exhaustive list of embodiments and features of the present invention. Persons skilled in the art are capable of appreciating other embodiments and features from the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings.
Representative embodiments of the present invention are shown in
In this embodiment, the coolant 35 generally flows among and/or across the LEDs 32, 34, 36 and, preferably, comes into actual contact with one or more of the LEDs 32, 34, 36, so as to provide direct cooling of such semiconductor devices. However, it is understood that direct cooling in accordance with the invention does not require actual contact with the semiconductor device; rather, direct cooling is understood to embrace cooling by the coolant when the coolant cannot actually contact the semiconductor device due to interposed structure (e.g., one or more layers of material, such as dielectric or other protective layer(s), metallization or other interconnect, other materials, or combinations of any of these). However, it is also understood that direct cooling is present if the coolant makes some substantial contact with the semiconductor devices, including through actual contact with such interposed structure. Substantial contact is present when the interposed structure is substantially less thick than a typical substrate or otherwise presents a thermal barrier that is substantially smaller than the thermal barrier associated with a typical substrate.
In this embodiment, the coolant 35 circulates, flowing between substrate 38 and window 40 so as to flow across and among LEDs 32, 34, 36. Generally, such circulation may be constant, or may run at a selected duty cycle, or may be intermittent (running or not based, e.g., on the operation of a controller responsive to various thermal conditions associated with the LEDs).
Coolant flow will tend to be associated with some turbulence. Such turbulence will generally have characteristics based on various factors, including the type of coolant employed, the flow rate and other parameters associated with the coolant itself (e.g., temperature and pressure), the topology of the LEDs, the barriers presented to the flow (e.g., the cross-sectional shapes of the volumes through which the coolant flows), and the materials employed in constructing the volumes through which the coolant flows. In any case, and based on such factors, turbulence preferably is optimized so as to enhance heat removal while minimizing undesirable effects, e.g., any relating to light transmission, particularly any loss of such transmission.
The coolant 35 generally is selected from any of various appropriate material(s). Preferably, the coolant 35 is a fluid, e.g., including one ore more gases or one or more liquids (such as a mixture of liquids). The coolant typically is selected based on one or more various factors. These factors include, as examples: index of refraction; thermal capacity; thermal conductivity; transparency to selected wavelength(s) of light (e.g., selected light of the visible and/or UV spectra); performance (e.g., viscosity) under operating conditions expected for a particular implementation (e.g., ranges of temperatures, pressures, flow rates, etc.); stability and performance over time (e.g., tending not to break down or otherwise have substantial degradation in performance based on use in the system, including exposure to light, heat, and mechanical forces, over time); and reactivity (e.g., preferably, substantially inert; that is, not tending to react, chemically or otherwise, with or on any components or materials of the system and, to the extent some reaction occurs, such reaction causes insubstantial degradation of any system component or material, or system performance, over time). The coolant may be a commercially available material such as liquids marketed by Cargille Laboratories (Cedar Grove, N.J.), having product numbers 5610 (index of refraction between 1.46 and 1.54) and S1056 (index of refraction between 1.398 and 1.46). In addition, the coolant can be modified by adding organic components (such as, for example, Freon), where such components preferably are inert and where such modification is directed to achieve some desired performance, e.g., thermal capacities/conductivities and/or refractive indexes.
The coolant may include polar liquids, such as water (alone or in some selected combination). Polar liquids generally are characterized by a relatively high dipole moment (i.e., in chemistry, a polar material has centers of positive and negative charge distribution that do not converge). Polar liquids tend to have relatively high heat capacities, which is desirable in coolants. However, polar liquids also tend to have relatively high reactivities and, as coolants, they tend to damage unprotected components and materials in the system. Accordingly, polar liquids may be used as coolants, provided that the LED array, metallic surfaces, and other components and materials are protected, e.g., using one or more appropriate, durable dielectric or other protective layers.
Oils, such as olive oil, may also be used, alone or in some selected combination, provided performance is achieved.
As stated above, coolant 35 may be selected, among other bases, based on its index of refraction. This basis responds to the desirability of having the system enhance optical output by reducing the amount of light that is reflected (rather than transmitted) in interfaces between the coolant and materials of the system. As is understood by those skilled in the art, such reflection is due to differences in the indexes of refraction between the coolant and the materials. This selection of coolants is based on consideration of the coolant's index of refraction relative to the index of refraction of the other material associated with a particular interface. This selection may be directed to matching or substantially matching such indexes or to maintaining the index differences within selected ranges. (In any case, selection by refractive indexes and resulting performance is referred to generally as "optical coupling.")
Optical coupling preferably is provided at the interface of the coolant and the light-emissive face of the semiconductor device. Optical coupling preferably is further provided at the interface of the coolant and one or more optical components disposed subsequently in the optical path (e.g., window 40). As an example, where optical coupling is provided between the coolant and each of the device face and such one or more optical components, it is preferred that such couplings are stepped, i.e., the coolant's index of refraction is the same as an index of either the face or optics or is selected to be between the indexes of such face and optics.
Through this optical coupling, reflection at the interfaces may be reduced. Indeed, the more the indexes converge, the more reflection is reduced, toward being eliminated or, at least minimized. It is understood that reflection at the semiconductor device's face may be reduced/minimized/eliminated, while still having index-of-refraction based reflection within the system, e.g., at other interfaces, such as the interface between the coolant and the window and the between the window and the exterior environment. Even so, any such reflection from such index differences will tend to be less degrading than reflection at the semiconductor device's face, in that the reflected light at these later interfaces will tend to be more scattered and, thus, less likely to be reflected back into the semiconductor device itself.
In this embodiment, coolant 45 is directed to flow between substrate 50 and window 52 so as to flow among and across, and preferably in actual contact with, LEDs 44, 46, 48. Preferably, the coolant 45 is selected, among other bases, based on its index of refraction relative to the index of refraction associated with the LEDs, as described above. In combination with the operation of the micro-lenses 54, such coolant selection tends to further optimize the optical power density output and, thus, available for application to the work surface.
Light emitting end portion 60 further includes a window 66 that may incorporate an array of diffractive and/or reflective optics to collect and collimate light emitted from the LED array 64 to be applied to a work surface (not shown). A seal 68 (
Preferably, the coolant is supplied from a supply (not shown). The coolant is directed out of housing 58 through outlet 80 to a heat dissipation system (not shown). With dissipation of thermal energy it has carried from the semiconductor device, the coolant is re-circulated through housing 58. The heat dissipation system typically is constructed to enable proper dissipation of the thermal energy from the coolant to the environment or location thermally remote from the semiconductor device, so that the dissipated energy is sufficiently remote from the semiconductor device so as to be unlikely to return to the semiconductor device in an appreciable amount.
System 30 may also include temperature-sensing device(s). The temperature sensing device(s) may be variously implemented. As an example, the temperature sensing device(s) may be implemented using thermistors. Moreover, the temperature sensing device(s) may be variously disposed in or throughout the system 30, so as to sense the temperature of system 30 at one or more selected locations. As examples, the temperature-sensing device(s) may be disposed so as to sense the temperature of one or more of the LED array 64 (at or proximate same, at one or more points thereof), the coolant, the environment to which the heat is removed (e.g., the air), or combination(s) of same.
The temperature sensing devices typically would be connected to one or more controllers (not shown), so as to provide data representative of the sensed temperature, whereby the controller(s) would interpret the data to assess the temperature characteristics in or throughout the system 30. Based on such interpretation, the controller(s) would typically also make one or more selected adjustments to system 30 (e.g., toward controlling the temperature thereof). To illustrate, if the temperature-sensing device(s) senses temperatures of system 30 reaching unacceptable level(s) at any one or more locations, one or more of the controller(s) typically would interpret data received from such temperature-sensing device so as to increase, e.g., the rate at which a pump that pumps the coolant through housing 58 or the action of other cooling components, such as a fan blowing air over a heat exchanger. Alternatively, one or more of the controller(s) may reduce power to, or turn off, the LED array 64 or to selected LEDs or groups of LEDs therein, with or without also increasing either or both of the pumping rate or action of other cooling components. Indeed, the controller(s) may shut down system 30, at least until the indicated temperature falls below a critical or other selected threshold level.
The invention can use a dielectric coating applied to the LED array. This coating generally will act as an insulator or protection layer, enabling use of electrically conductive or chemically active or coolants. Use of such coolants may be desirable in that they generally exhibit enhanced heat capacity or heat conductivity. Such dielectric coating may also be refractive index matched, as described above. Together with a dielectric coating (whether or not index matched), a metal may be applied in association with the LEDs, so as to enhance removal of heat directly from the LED and to provide such heat readily to the coolant (e.g., such coolant typically being circulated as described above). Examples of application of metal in association with an LED array (particularly to provide micro-reflectors) is shown and described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/084,466, titled "MICRO-REFLECTORS ON A SUBSTRATE FOR HIGH-DENSITY LED ARRAY," filed Mar. 18, 2005, claiming priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/554,628, filed Mar. 18, 2004, the entire contents of which application are hereby incorporated by reference for all purposes.
In this embodiment, coolant is supplied from a source (not shown) to flow through an inlet 96 and through a supply flow chamber 98. Coolant then flows through both a top lateral channel 100 formed between window 94 and substrate 86 to directly cool LEDs 88 and through a bottom lateral channel 102 formed between substrate 86 and a flow divider 104 to cool the bottom of the substrate 86. Heated coolant then flows through discharge channel 106 and out to a remote location through outlet 108.
Although the embodiment of
The coolant removes heat from the LEDs so the heat can be transported to a remote location and/or released to the environment through a second stage cooling system (e.g., like forced air), thus cooling the coolant for reuse. In such a re-circulating system, the coolant typically passes through a radiator or other heat exchanger over which air is passed (or driven, e.g., via a fan), thus transferring the heat from the coolant to the air, cooling the coolant in the process and, after which, the coolant flows to and directly cools the LEDs again. For example, in a two-stage cooling system 110 such as the one shown in
For this system to work optimally, the system typically would be configured to account for a variety of factors. These factors include, e.g., the characteristics of the coolant, the type, number and arrangement of the semiconductor devices in the system, the application to which the system will be put, etc. To illustrate using a few applicable characteristics, the flow rate of the coolant preferably is linked (whether statically or dynamically) to the coolant's thermal heat capacity, the thermal output and temperature requirements in operation of the semiconductor device(s), and the capacity of the remote heat exchanger to dissipate the heat carried there from the semiconductor device by the coolant.
The use of heat pipes and air-cooled radiator as shown here could be replaced by other means by one skilled in the art and is not intended to be restrictive.
These principles can be shown concisely with the chart in
As an example consider an LED array that generates 1,000 watts of waste power. The waste power is efficiently removed with direct cooling of LEDs. Assuming the coolant is water and that the flow rate is just 2 liters per minute, the rise in water temperature will be slightly less than 10 Kelvins. This heat energy can then be transported to a relatively large radiator capable of raising the temperature of 20,000 liters (706 cubic feet) of air per minute by about 3 Kelvins.
Persons skilled in the art will recognize that many modifications and variations are possible in the details, materials, and arrangements of the parts and actions which have been described and illustrated in order to explain the nature of this invention and that such modifications and variations do not depart from the spirit and scope of the teachings and claims contained therein.
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text:
Sarcione Scores In Defeat
- Release Date:
- September 10, 2011
- Contact:
- The Office of Sports Information
- (716) 649-7900 ext. 333
HAMBURG, NY – Grove City took advantage of a Hilbert College miscue late in the second half of the men's soccer game and ran away in a 4-1 victory against the Hawks. Hilbert knotted the score 1-1 just before half time when Ed Sarcione scored the Hawks first goal of the season. But the Wolverines controlled the pace of the game and won the little battles to earn the victory, improving their record to 2-2.
Sarcione's goal came off a David Walkow assist in the 41st minute giving new life to the Hawks. Scott Walker {in photo to right} already made 7 saves by intermission and continued into the second half facing multiple shots on goal. The visitor's persistent offensive pressure kept the Hawks on their defensive end of the field most of the game. Grove City finished with 19 shots (16 on goal). Hilbert, in contrast, took 4 shots.
When Kyle Matherne scored his second goal of the game (85:32), putting Grove City up 3-1, it seemed that the wind was taken out of Hilbert's sails. Just over three minutes later, Daniel Adams scored the Wolverines last goal of a scramble in front of the net.
Hilbert (0-3) is home again September 12 when they face Daemen College in a 4pm start.
Hilbert College, located in suburban Hamburg, N.Y., south of Buffalo, is a private four-year college founded in 1957 in the Catholic Franciscan tradition. With nearly 1,100 students, Hilbert is a dynamic Western New York college that offers career-focused majors, including one of the top criminal justice programs in the region, and more than 50 minors and concentrations. The college's engaging, student-centered campus community offers numerous leadership, internship, and service learning opportunities from which students launch successful careers while making positive changes in their communities. The Hilbert Blueprint promotes a well-rounded student experience over four years – starting with the Foundations Seminar in the freshman year, followed by Sophomore Service, Junior Symposium, and culminating with the Senior Capstone. Hilbert has expanded its academic offerings with the college's first graduate programs and new Accelerated Degree Programs geared to adult learners.
Upcoming Events
- First Year Student Orientation
- Aug 14, 2015
- Summer Session A2 Ends
- Aug 21, 2015
- First Year Student Orientation
- Aug 28, 2015

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Year of publication
- 2006 (4) (remove)
- Physik (4) (remove)
- The outer crust of non-accreting cold neutron stars (2006)
- The properties of the outer crust of non-accreting cold neutron stars are studied by using modern nuclear data and theoretical mass tables updating in particular the classic work of Baym, Pethick and Sutherland. Experimental data from the atomic mass table from Audi, Wapstra, and Thibault of 2003 is used and a thorough comparison of many modern theoretical nuclear models, relativistic and non-relativistic ones, is performed for the first time. In addition, the influences of pairing and deformation are investigated. State-of-the-art theoretical nuclear mass tables are compared in order to check their differences concerning the neutron dripline, magic neutron numbers, the equation of state, and the sequence of neutron-rich nuclei up to the dripline in the outer crust of non-accreting cold neutron stars.
- In-medium properties of D-mesons at FAIR (2006)
- We obtain the D-meson spectral density at finite temperature for the conditions of density and temperature expected at FAIR. We perform a self-consistent coupled-channel calculation taking, as a bare interaction, a separable potential model. The Lambda_c (2593) resonance is generated dynamically. We observe that the D-meson spectral density develops a sizeable width while the quasiparticle peak stays close to the free position. The consequences for the D-meson production at FAIR are discussed.
- Open-charm enhancement at FAIR? (2006)
- We have calculated the D-meson spectral density at finite temperature within a self-consistent coupled-channel approach that generates dynamically the Lambda_c (2593) resonance. We find a small mass shift for the D-meson in this hot and dense medium while the spectral density develops a sizeable width. The reduced attraction felt by the D-meson in hot and dense matter together with the large width observed have important consequences for the D-meson production in the future CBM experiment at FAIR.
- Meisterhaft erklärt, humorvoll geschrieben : Top-Physikerin führt durch höherdimensionale gekrümmte Räume (2006)
- Rezension zu: Lisa Randall : Verborgene Universen : Eine Reise in den extradimensionalen Raum, Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt 2006, ISBN-13: 978-3-10-062805-3, 448 Seiten, 19,90 Euro.


text:
Is it OK to use LED 60-watt equivalent bulbs in this fixture?
Haven't installed it yet so can't comment on the ease of that or how it looks following installation but very impressed by the quality of this light out of the box and the intricate details not depicted on the website....
Altea 3-light Satin Nickel Flush Mount Chandelier
ITEM#: 13343747Elegant and sophisticated, this Altea 3-light flush mount features a satin nickel finish. A semi transparent off-white shade diffuses soft light into your living space. Chase away the shadows in most small to moderately-sized rooms with this three-bulb chandelier. This lovely fixture features a smooth design with a simplistic but elegant look. Standard bulbs used in the piece are easy to find and replace, while the shade prevents the glare common to other multi-bulb fixtures.
With a clean, sleek construction, the chandelier has a modern flair and is easy to coordinate with your decor. The concentric circles and metal decorative knob add to the visual appeal of the fixture. Place it above your dining area to create a pleasant ambiance, or bring beautifully filtered light into your bedroom for a relaxing atmosphere.
- Setting: Indoor
- Fixture finish: Satin Nickel
- Shade: Semi transparent, off-white
- Number of lights: 3
- Requires three (3) 60-watt standard bulbs (not included)
- Dimensions: 11 inches high x 14 inches in diameter
- Ceiling cover dimensions: 5.5 inches in diameter x 1 inch height
This fixture does need to be hard wired. Assembly is required. Professional installation is recommended.
|Iron Nickel
|Nickel Finish
|Number of Light
|3 Lights
|16 in or less
|Shade Material
|14 in or less
|Switch Type
|Assembly Required
|Bulb Wattage
|Ceiling Light Fixture Type
|Chandelier Flush mount
|Light Direction
|Lighting Style
|Lighting Type
|Metal, Acrylic,Fabric
|Model Number
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Haven't installed it yet so can't comment on the ease of that or how it looks following installation but very impressed by the quality of this light out of the box and the intricate details not depicted on the website.Read More
Love this mid century modern light
Bought two for my 1950s investment home. Simple design looks so good.Read More
Great look; hard to change bulbs
We had this lamp installed in the foyer of our apartment (note: we did not install this one ourselves so have no knowledge of how difficult or east it was to install). It looks great and expensive. It was slightly lopsided at first (did not appear due to installation: was inner and outer shade alignment), but somehow straightened out and now looks excellent. The one issue with this fixture is that the bulbs are incredibly hard to change -- docked one star for this. Normally I would say just buy LED bulbs and be done with it since they last years (decades even), but the light and fixture looked much better with incandescent bulbs. Still, a great looking light and I would recommend it.Read More
Attractive light
Attractive light for the hallway. Installation was tricky, but mostly related to the old wiring in the house.Read More
very pleased
This is a beautiful light. Has great quality.Read More
Nice looking white ceiling light for smaller room
Easy to install. One thing i do not love is that the light shoot up, which casts a bright circle onto the ceiling. I wish the light was casted down. The only way to do that is to not install the plastic circle on the bottom of the light, however, that would leave the actual bulb exposed. Bottom line - it works for us in our sons playroom, since we have lots windows, the rooms tends to stay bright anyway. It is a nice looking ceiling light, priced right, which we liked.Read More
This is exactly what I wanted
The Altea 3-light satin nickel flush mount chandelier looks amazing in my guest bedroom. The amount of light is perfect for the 10x12 room. It is contemporary and looks very classy. It took about 20 minutes to install the fixture. Make sure you don't throw away any of the cardboard before you check to see if you have all the pieces. I thought I was missing a piece, but it was inserted in styrofoam in the cardboard.Read More
Good light quality, hardware, chintzy shade
Good light quality, hardware, chintzy shade. The hardware for this light is good, but the shade material is a bit flimsy. If it's going to be up high, maybe not a problem but not a super high quality design.Read More
Great Fit for Renovating Hallways..
i purchased 2 of these to use in my hallway and they look great! gives off a great amount of light.Read More
Beautiful light fixture
Replaced an old light fixture in my daughters' bedroom. I wanted something modern yet feminine and this fit the bill. It is absolutely beautiful. I installed it in less than 30 minutes. I would highly recommend this!Read More
Questions & Answers
Hello Gina, yes, it is fine to use LED 60-watt equivalent bulbs in this fixture. Thank you for shopping with us!
Why did you choose this product?
This product is simple, elegant, understated and sophisticated.
style and price
looks nice
It matches with my bedroom.
Because it uses 3 bulbs and 60 watt bulbs. It's not attached to the ceiling and hangs down to provide more light to the rooms.
I like the simplicity of it that is also sofistacated
perfect size and style for master closet
For our walk-in closet
simple clean design
It fit the look I wanted for my kitchen. Hopefully it live up it.
looks nice
esthetics and price
Can this chandelier be used over a shower? From the picture I can't tell if there is enough cover over the bulbs.
Hello Buckeye Peach, this lovely item is able to installed in the bathroom. Thank you for shopping with us.
Would anyone like to walk me through step by step on how they mounted this to a ceiling? My lamp did not come with instructions and I am not to savvy with these types of things. I was able to wire the ceiling light to an extension chord, so that I can plug it in, but I would really like to mount it to my ceiling. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thank you in advance!
Hello NeedHelpPlease, you will be contacted by Customer Care. Have a great day.
Love these. I need a replacement plastic diffuser shade that is installed on the bottom of the light fixture as it was broken when I opened the box. Can I order one or get a replacement?
Hello DNR_MD, you will be contacted by Customer Care. Have a great day.
Is the 11-inch height the height of the shade or does that include the mounting bracket?
Hello oldwhitecat, that is the overall height from top to bottom. Thanks for shopping with us! A.S.
Can I use CFL bulb for this? And what is the height for the shade only?
Thank you for your question shinly. Yes, you can use CFL bulbs for this item. And, the height for the shade is 5.5 inches. Have a great day.
Can you use this light with a dimmer?
Thank you for your question southernmichigan. Yes, the Altea 3-light Satin Nickel Flush Mount Chandelier can be used with a dimmer switch. Have a great day.
What is the actual height of the fixture, from base to bottom of fixture? Thanks.
Hi suburbandetroiter, this item measures 11 inches in height from the top to the bottom of the fixture. Thanks for shopping with us.
Hi! Product says fabric shade. Can you tell me what kind of fabric this is? Looks like glass or resin. Also, is it 3 bulbs at 60 watts each? Thanks
It's a very fine mesh fabric, very upscale looking. Yes, 3 lights - it's just beautiful - you won't be sorry.
The fabric is off-white with the slightest hint of shimmer. It has 2 shades, the outer one has shimmer, the inner shade sits about an inch inward and is more of a diffuser.
what is the diameter of the ceiling cover?
The diameter of the ceiling cover is 5.5 inches.
Is this product approved for use in wet environments? I'm looking for a bathroom fixture.
We recommend professional installation and advice for this item.
Is the top of the lamp open or a sealed unit. I am afraid of bugs getting inside.
The top of the lamp is open. It''s not sealed with the fabric.
Is the height adjustable? I'm looking for something to go over my dining room table, but want it lower than the picture shows.
The height is not adjustable, this is a flush mount.
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text:
Head Coach Will Wade
Thoughts on the game
"Their length gave us a ton of problems. We drove it in there and couldn't finish over their length. That was a major issue for us. They posted their guards off the flex cuts, which we knew they were going to do, and we couldn't guard them or stand up to them in the post. Their length and how big they are were big factors in us missing a lot of easy baskets and all those shots around the rim."
On playing on the SEC stage
"It's human nature to be a little intimidated, but you have to fight human nature. We talked the last two days about finishing off two feet, and we went in there at guys and threw up a bunch of garbage. We were fading away and didn't do anything we had worked on. That was the most frustrating to me. We had a couple where we did what we were supposed to do, made good plays and drew fouls. But against teams like that, there are ways to combat it. We had a plan but we strayed from it. When it started slipping away from us, we settled for jump shots and shot turnovers. We started their break, got them going and we couldn't set our defense. It was just one thing leading to another, and it snowballed on us. We were down big at half time."
What the Mocs weren't able to do against Georgia
"We never got Georgia out of their comfort zone, and they beat us with their set offense. I thought we would be able to guard it pretty well because it was set stuff, and I was worried they were going to go to their dribble-drive and they would whip us off the bounce. I was obviously worried about rebounding coming into the game, and we just got killed on the glass. Part of that is that they're so big and we can't get inside position on them. We have to do a better job of fighting and coming up with something."
Thoughts on Z. Mason and the starters' performances
"Not just Z, but our starters only scored 22 points total. We need 22 points from one starter. We aren't going to win any games with our starters combined score being 22 points. That isn't going to get it done. We got frustrated, and teams are good and know what they are doing. They are taking away some of our strengths and we're not as comfortable with our counters yet. We have to get comfortable with those over the next eight days before we play again."
On where the Mocs can improve
"We have to work on our half-court defense and work on guarding the ball. Those are the two main areas. We have to be able to keep the ball in front and we have to rebound better. If we can do that better that'll help us quite a bit. We have to continue to work on our offensive execution. We have been scoring the ball pretty good until tonight. Luckily I don't think we will have to finish over guys like that, which will be nice, but we have a lot of stuff to work on and fix."
Lance Stokes, junior, forward
Thoughts on the game
"Georgia was good, but we didn't play to our strength. We had a rough night shooting it, but we have to be able to sit down and guard. I don't think we did a good enough job of that tonight."
Where Georgia was able to succeed
"Getting beat in the paint is not going to win a lot of games no matter who you're playing. We had a good game plan, and Coach Wes Long had a good scouting report. We just didn't do a good enough job of following it. We knew we were outsized and we were ready to attack, but we just didn't take it to them enough. We didn't do a good job on the glass, and that's what led to them being able to jump in front of us."
Where the Mocs are at this point in the season
"Coach Wade has done an incredible job of having us prepared. Our young guys are prepared and our old guys are ready. We aren't using youth or inexperience as an excuse or crutch. We feel like we put in the prep to be competitive and win night-in-and-night-out. Tonight we didn't do that. We just didn't follow the gameplan thoroughly and didn't keep our heads."


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Contribute to our Micro-finance Program and invest in the future of an Egyptian family.
By supporting our Training for Employment Program, you can increase their chances of finding the right job.
Volunteer in our Education and Awareness Program and help kids fulfill their dreams of a better future.
Ask about our franchise in your university and teach someone "how to fish".
AYB-SD is participating at The Employer's Magazine Ramadan football tournament event this year. Come and visit our booth to know about the Entrepreneur cycle at the NGO. Also, you can buy our latest products from our booth or get your annual report copy.
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text:
The amyloid hypothesis is dead, at least for now.
Yesterday evening, Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson announced the failure of a second Phase III trial of bapineuzumab, an anti-amyloid antibody known as "bapi," for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The R&D syndicate, which also includes Elan, will abandon further development of intravenous formulations of the drug, although two small Phase 2 studies evaluating subcutaneous delivery will continue. Data on subcutaneous bapi won't be available until early 2014. I expect those studies will fail too.
For nearly five years, I have been a vocal critic of the amyloid hypothesis, which posits that the buildup of amyloid "plaques" in the brain cause the progressive cognitive and functional decline that is the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid bulls — nearly ubiquitous in early 2008 but still present, albeit in smaller numbers — usually respond by citing a few supportive hints, such as the early-onset, Alzheimer-like neuropathological changes observed in amyloid plaque-prone Down's syndrome patients.
For years, amyloid optimism has required dismissing or minimizing the lessons of history. Bapi is only the most recent addition to the graveyard of amyloid beta-clearing drugs that have failed in prospective, randomized clinical trials. Other notable blowups include Elan's AN1792, Axonyx' phenserine, Myriad Genetics' Flurizan, and Eli Lilly's semagacestat. Once Eli Lilly's solanezumab — an antibody similar to bapi — fails later this year, we will have data from six major Phase III trials without even a shred of support for the amyloid hypothesis. That's hard to ignore.
My inaugural Forbes column used bapi as a proxy to examine the excessive optimism that permeates the healthcare industry. Today, let's look at a few lessons we can learn from this mess and questions I think must be answered before moving additional anti-amyloid drugs into late-stage trials.
1. Post hoc justifications for Phase III trials are insufficient.
Rather than conduct a series of massive pivotal trials that likely cost $400 million or more, Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson should have prospectively tested any post hoc hypotheses generated from Elan's failed Phase II in additional Phase II studies. Let's hope bapi's failure raises the bar going forward. Evidence to support pivotal trials of any future anti-amyloid drug candidates should be consistent across subgroups and prospectively defined. R&D dollars are precious and should not be wasted on wishful thinking.
2. The pathological-clinical disconnect in Alzheimer's disease must be explained.
Amyloid bulls often excuse the failures of the past by suggesting that clinically mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's patients are "too far gone" for an anti-amyloid drug to have an impact. This doesn't make sense. If amyloid is the critical toxic component and study patients are at an early stage clinically, an effective anti-amyloid therapy should slow disease progression. The "too far gone" thesis also ignores the results of a 2008 Lancet case report form Elan's failed Phase I trial of AN1792, an anti-amyloid vaccine. The authors' post-autopsy conclusion is unambiguous: "Although immunization … resulted in clearance of amyloid plaques … this clearance did not prevent progressive [clinical] neurodegeneration." If the amyloid thesis is correct, scientists should be able to show how subclinical pathological changes relate to frank clinical progression.
3. We need more sensitive diagnostics.
I often hear that our clinical tests for Alzheimer's — the cognition-focused ADAS-cog and activities of daily living-based Disability Assessment for Dementia, or DAD — are too crude to detect patients at an early stage of disease. That may be true, but the complaint often seems to hinge on the unexplained lag between hidden pathological and inexorable clinical changes. I agree that we need to develop better tests, but that's hard to do when we don't know what we should be looking for.
Hopefully, bapi's failure will serve as a wake up call for the scientific and investment community. Until we understand the basic science of Alzheimer's disease, we will not find a meaningful therapeutic solution. Let's redirect R&D resources towards improving our grasp of basic Alzheimer's biology before we throw more Phase III spaghetti at the wall in the hope that something sticks.


text:
Document Type
- Article (2)
- Periodical Parts (1)
- Working Paper (1)
- Advanced glycation endproducts (1)
- Alpha-synuclein deficiency (1)
- Cell cycle (1)
- Cerebellar ataxia (1)
- Frontotemporal dementia (1)
- Glucose metabolism (1)
- Glyoxalase I (1)
- Gouvernementalität (1)
- Hegemonie (1)
- Lipid trafficking (1)
- Dysregulated expression of lipid storage and membrane dynamics factors in Tia1 knockout mouse nervous tissue (2014)
- During cell stress, the transcription and translation of immediate early genes are prioritized, while most other messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are stored away in stress granules or degraded in processing bodies (P-bodies). TIA-1 is an mRNA-binding protein that needs to translocate from the nucleus to seed the formation of stress granules in the cytoplasm. Because other stress granule components such as TDP-43, FUS, ATXN2, SMN, MAPT, HNRNPA2B1, and HNRNPA1 are crucial for the motor neuron diseases amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and for the frontotemporal dementia (FTD), here we studied mouse nervous tissue to identify mRNAs with selective dependence on Tia1 deletion. Transcriptome profiling with oligonucleotide microarrays in comparison of spinal cord and cerebellum, together with independent validation in quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and immunoblots demonstrated several strong and consistent dysregulations. In agreement with previously reported TIA1 knock down effects, cell cycle and apoptosis regulators were affected markedly with expression changes up to +2-fold, exhibiting increased levels for Cdkn1a, Ccnf, and Tprkb vs. decreased levels for Bid and Inca1 transcripts. Novel and surprisingly strong expression alterations were detected for fat storage and membrane trafficking factors, with prominent +3-fold upregulations of Plin4, Wdfy1, Tbc1d24, and Pnpla2 vs. a −2.4-fold downregulation of Cntn4 transcript, encoding an axonal membrane adhesion factor with established haploinsufficiency. In comparison, subtle effects on the RNA processing machinery included up to 1.2-fold upregulations of Dcp1b and Tial1. The effect on lipid dynamics factors is noteworthy, since also the gene deletion of Tardbp (encoding TDP-43) and Atxn2 led to fat metabolism phenotypes in mouse. In conclusion, genetic ablation of the stress granule nucleator TIA-1 has a novel major effect on mRNAs encoding lipid homeostasis factors in the brain, similar to the fasting effect.
- ATXN2-CAG42 sequesters PABPC1 into insolubility and induces FBXW8 in cerebellum of old ataxic knock-in mice (2012)
- Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2 (SCA2) is caused by expansion of a polyglutamine encoding triplet repeat in the human ATXN2 gene beyond (CAG)31. This is thought to mediate toxic gain-of-function by protein aggregation and to affect RNA processing, resulting in degenerative processes affecting preferentially cerebellar neurons. As a faithful animal model, we generated a knock-in mouse replacing the single CAG of murine Atxn2 with CAG42, a frequent patient genotype. This expansion size was inherited stably. The mice showed phenotypes with reduced weight and later motor incoordination. Although brain Atxn2 mRNA became elevated, soluble ATXN2 protein levels diminished over time, which might explain partial loss-of-function effects. Deficits in soluble ATXN2 protein correlated with the appearance of insoluble ATXN2, a progressive feature in cerebellum possibly reflecting toxic gains-of-function. Since in vitro ATXN2 overexpression was known to reduce levels of its protein interactor PABPC1, we studied expansion effects on PABPC1. In cortex, PABPC1 transcript and soluble and insoluble protein levels were increased. In the more vulnerable cerebellum, the progressive insolubility of PABPC1 was accompanied by decreased soluble protein levels, with PABPC1 mRNA showing no compensatory increase. The sequestration of PABPC1 into insolubility by ATXN2 function gains was validated in human cell culture. To understand consequences on mRNA processing, transcriptome profiles at medium and old age in three different tissues were studied and demonstrated a selective induction of Fbxw8 in the old cerebellum. Fbxw8 is encoded next to the Atxn2 locus and was shown in vitro to decrease the level of expanded insoluble ATXN2 protein. In conclusion, our data support the concept that expanded ATXN2 undergoes progressive insolubility and affects PABPC1 by a toxic gain-of-function mechanism with tissuespecific effects, which may be partially alleviated by the induction of FBXW8.
- Beschwörungen des Neoliberalismus : Theorien und Schauplätze (2012)
- Was ist »Neoliberalismus« und wie ist es um ihn bestellt? Welche Rolle spielt der Begriff nach all den Abgesängen und Wiederbelebungen heute in Politik und den Sozialwissenschaften? Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrags ist es, das unübersichtliche Feld der Forschungsrichtungen, die sich mit dem Neoliberalismus befassen, in Augenschein zu nehmen und die wichtigsten Debatten sowie ihre Fortentwicklungen vorzustellen, um die Orientierung zu erleichtern. Ausgehend von einem kurzen Überblick über aktuelle Stellungnahmen zum Neoliberalismus im politischen Diskurs werden die beiden wichtigsten theoretischen Perspektiven wird – Hegemonietheorie und Governmentality Studies –vorgestellt, aus denen der Neoliberalismus untersucht wird, um dann verschiedene der wichtigsten Schauplätze des Neoliberalismus abzuschreiten. Das kritische Interesse der größtenteils aus einer der beiden Perspektiven heraus arbeitenden Forscher richtet sich unter anderem auf die Rolle des Nationalstaats, den Umbau urbaner Räume, seine Auswirkungen auf die Geschlechterverhältnisse oder die Art und Weise, wie das Leben im Neoliberalismus die Selbstverhältnisse der Subjekte transformiert. Der Artikel schließt mit Überlegungen zum theoretischen Preis, der für den ungeheuer weit gefasste Neoliberalismusbegriff zu zahlen ist und der nicht zuletzt in einer vermeintlichen Alternativlosigkeit besteht, die ironischerweise aus den zahllosen kritisch intendierten Beschwörungen des Neoliberalismus hervorgeht.
- Alpha-synuclein deficiency leads to increased glyoxalase I expression and glycation stress (2010)
- The presynaptic protein alpha-synuclein has received much attention because its gain-of-function is associated with Parkinson's disease. However, its physiological function is still poorly understood. We studied brain regions of knock-out mice at different ages with regard to consistent upregulations of the transcriptome and focused on glyoxalase I (GLO1). The microarray data were confirmed in qPCR, immunoblot, enzyme activity, and behavior analyses. GLO1 induction is a known protective cellular response to glucose stress, representing efforts to decrease toxic levels of methylglyoxal (MG), glyoxal and advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). Mass spectrometry quantification demonstrated a ubiquitous increase in MG and fructosyl-lysine as consequences of glucose toxicity, and consistent enhancement of certain AGEs. Thus, GLO1 induction in KO brain seems insufficient to prevent AGE formation. In conclusion, the data demonstrate GLO1 expression and glycation damage to be induced by alpha-synuclein ablation. We propose that wild-type alpha-synuclein modulates brain glucose metabolism.


text: MAC Bad Girl RiRi Lipstick ($16.50 for 0.10 oz.) is described as a "matte taupey nude [with a Matte finish]." It's a medium-dark, rosy brown with warm undertones and a matte finish. It had rich, opaque color coverage, and the consistency was just lightly creamy–enough that it didn't tug or pull at the lips much but still left a matte finish behind. It wore well for five and a half hours and was neither drying nor hydrating. Bobbi Brown Soft Nude (P, $24.00) is glossier. MAC Spice (LE, $15.00) is not quite as warm-toned and has a sheen but is still very similar. MAC Shanghai Spice (LE, $15.00) is lighter, less matte. MAC Double Shot (P, $15.00) is browner, less matte. MAC Brick-o-la (P, $15.00) is pinker. Guerlain Avarice (P, $49.50) is similar. Burberry Antique Pink (303) (P, $30.00) is lighter just a smidgen. Bobbi Brown Uber Nude (P, $24.00) is browner, less matte. See comparison swatches.


text: Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird at Castle Air Museum in Atwater California. More information on the SR-71 is here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird. The SR-71 used Pratt & Whitney J58-1 engines. More information on the J58 is here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_J58. Here is a video on the SR-71. This is a segment of a longer video but it is interesting just the same: www.youtube.com/watch?v=a_-mCPA_Gk0. Here is an article by Lockheed Martin on the SR-71: www.lockheedmartin.com/us/100years/stories/blackbird.html.


text:
Undergraduate Academic Catalog 2012-2013
The Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Technology
The Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering Technology
The Bachelor of Science in Telecommunications Engineering Technology
The Bachelor of Science degree programs in Electrical Engineering Technology, Computer Engineering Technology, and Telecommunications Engineering Technology are accredited by the Engineering Technology Accreditation Committee (ETAC) of ABET, 111 Market Place, Suite 1050, Baltimore, MD 21202 (www.ABET.org).
Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology
Your challenge: Create a computer-aided testing system. Your solution: Write software, design circuits, and demonstrate how the two work together. Your result: Technological expertise that translates into high-powered careers.
Highly ranked and nationally respected, our three engineering technology programs provide plenty of hands-on learning. Flexible schedules give you the option of attending day or night, and our faculty bring their consulting experience into every lab. In small classes and on team projects, you learn the practical skills needed in many careers, from design and test engineering to research and development, sales, management, and telecommunications network administration. Engineering technologists could fill four out of every five engineering positions in the U.S., and industry and educational leaders consider our graduates among the best.
For the first two and a half years, all students take a common curriculum of fundamentals, circuits, electronics, and data communication, as well as calculus and physics. Courses in speech, technical writing, and composition help develop your communication skills, which are key to advancement. Our Industry Advisory Board, which includes representatives from BellSouth, Georgia Power, Home Depot, and Lockheed, among others, helps keep our programs in line with industrial innovation. And student professional and honors organizations offer design competitions and networking opportunities that are both fun and practical.
Engineering Technology is a branch of engineering education that emphasizes the practical aspects of engineering rather than abstract concepts or theories. It is a blend of the application of science, engineering knowledge, and technical skills used in support of engineering activities. The Electrical and Computer Engineering Technology Department at Southern Polytechnic State University offers many diverse areas of study including communications, power, audio, digital design, controls, and computer design. Programs of study can lead to any one of the following degrees:
Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering Technology
Electronics has given birth to an industrial giant. Computers, medical electronics, automation, communications, instrumentation, radar, and robotics are but a few of the fields based on electronics. This demand has created a need for electrical engineering technology graduates in all phases of development, design, production, maintenance, and troubleshooting. Graduates of the bachelor degree program in electrical engineering technology are meeting this need.
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering Technology
The development of the microcomputer has created a need for engineering technology graduates with a specialized knowledge of computers and control systems. The bachelor degree in computer engineering technology was created to meet this need. The degree program in Computer Engineering Technology utilizes a core of mathematics, physics, and electronics courses. These courses provide the scientific and technical background for an in-depth study of the hardware and software aspects of computers and related systems. The emphasis of the program is on microcomputers and their application to the solution of industrial problems relating to robotics, control, instrumentation, monitoring, data communications, networks, and automated testing.
Bachelor of Science in Telecommunications Engineering Technology
The ever-increasing popularity of the Internet combined with significant advances in communications software and hardware has spawned an immense demand for individuals possessing the knowledge and skills required to design, implement, and maintain computer networking systems of all types. The BSTCET degree program is designed to provide individuals with the theory and hands-on knowledge necessary to meet the demand.
The Faculty:
Austin B. Asgill, Professor and Department Chair
Charles L. Bachman, Professor Emeritus
Craig A. Chin, Assistant Professor
Kim Davis, Associate Professor
Charles Duvall, Assistant Professor
Thomas Fallon, Associate Professor
Pamela S. Frinzi, Professor
William R. Hodges, Associate Professor
L. Brent Jenkins, Associate Professor
Scott Larisch, Assistant Professor
Florian Misoc, Associate Professor
Adimathara P. Preethy, Assistant Professor
Walter E. Thain Jr., Associate Professor
Scott J. Tippens, Professor
Jeff H. Wagner, Assistant Professor
Daren R. Wilcox, Assistant Professor
Omar Zia, Professor
The ECET department has adopted the following Program Educational Objectives:
Catalog Links


text:
Reebok Youth Pittsburgh Penguins Sidney Crosby #87 Home Black Premier Jersey
Product Information:
Let your youngster sport the same look as his or her favorite Pens player with the Reebok® Youth Pittsburgh Penguins Sidney Crosby #87 Home Black Premier Jersey. This jersey is designed to look and feel exactly like the jersey Crosby wears on the ice for the Penguins. Make your little one the ultimate fan in the arena with the Reebok® Sidney Crosby #87 Premier Jersey.
- Replica hockey player jersey
- Printed twill applique team crest on front and numbers on sleeves
- Printed twill applique player name and number on back
- Reebok® logo on back neck and left sleeve
- NHL® shield patch on front neck insert
- Official NHL® locker tag at left hem
- Officially licensed by the NHL®
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1-2 of 2


text:
Baseball Hosts Successful Clinic
- Release Date:
- August 31, 2011
- Contact:
- The Office of Sports Information
- (716) 649-7900 ext. 333
HAMBURG, NY – Under the direction of head coach Jim Pernick, the Hilbert College baseball team hosted a late-summer baseball clinic August 27 and 28 at the baseball field on Hilbert's campus.
The event was open to young men with two different breakout instructional sessions each day. Boys aged 7–12 took advantage of the one-on-one instruction from 8:30–11:30am while the older boys (13-17 years) were involved from 12–3pm.
A total of 26 athletes took part in the two-day event. Pernick and his Hilbert College players are looking forward to the Winter Clinic date set for Sunday, December 18. This one-day event will be held in the Hafner Recreation Center from 8:30am – 3pm. Please see attached (link) for Clinic information.
Come back soon for pictures of the day's activities!
Hilbert College, located in suburban Hamburg, N.Y., south of Buffalo, is a private four-year college founded in 1957 in the Catholic Franciscan tradition. With nearly 1,100 students, Hilbert is a dynamic Western New York college that offers career-focused majors, including one of the top criminal justice programs in the region, and more than 50 minors and concentrations. The college's engaging, student-centered campus community offers numerous leadership, internship, and service learning opportunities from which students launch successful careers while making positive changes in their communities. The Hilbert Blueprint promotes a well-rounded student experience over four years – starting with the Foundations Seminar in the freshman year, followed by Sophomore Service, Junior Symposium, and culminating with the Senior Capstone. Hilbert has expanded its academic offerings with the college's first graduate programs and new Accelerated Degree Programs geared to adult learners.
Upcoming Events
- First Year Student Orientation
- Aug 14, 2015
- Summer Session A2 Ends
- Aug 21, 2015
- First Year Student Orientation
- Aug 28, 2015


text:
Obsidian and Blood (Omnibus) by Aliette de Bodard
"Amid the mud and maize of the Mexica empire, Aliette de Bodard
has composed a riveting story of murder, magic and sibling rivalry."
– Elizabeth Bear, author of the Eternal Sky and Promethean Age series
"I haven't enjoyed a proper detective story this much in ages,
and the rich setting, monsters and magic just added an extra layer of delight."
– David Devereux, author of Hunter's Moon and Eagle Rising
A massive fantasy omnibus containing all three Acatl novels in the Obsidian and Blood series.
Includes the three novels:
1. Servant of the Underworld
2. Harbinger of the Storm
3. Master of the House of Darts
File Under: Fantasy [ Magical Murder | Aztec Mystery | Human Sacrifice | The Gods Walk ]
Book Info:
UK Print
Date: 5th July 2012
Format: Medium (B-Format) Paperback
North American Print
Date: 26th June 2012
Format: Large (Trade) Paperback
Date: 26th June 2012
Format: Epub & Mobi
Buying Info:
UK Print & Ebook
Amazon.co.uk | Book Depository | Waterstones | WHSmith
North American Print & Ebook
Amazon.com | Amazon.ca | BarnesandNoble.com | IndieBound.org
Global DRM-Free Epub Ebook
Robot Trading Company
Author Info:
Aliette de Bodard: WWW | Twitter | Facebook
Discuss and Share:
Discuss and Review Obsidian and Blood at Goodreads.com
Praise and Reviews for the Obsidian and Blood series:
"A vivid portrayal of an interesting culture in a truly fresh fantasy novel."
– Kevin J. Anderson, New York Times bestselling co-author of The Winds of Dune
"A gripping mystery steeped in blood and ancient Aztec magic. I was enthralled."
– Sean Williams, author of the Fixers and Troubletwisters series
"The world-building is exquisite and we *believe* we are transported to the 15th century Tenotichtlan and together with the superb voice they formed the main reason I enjoyed this book so much… Highly recommended… Ms. de Bodard is a writer to watch."
– Fantasy Book Critic
"Servant of the Underworld is an incredibly strong and promising debut, showing her talents at full effect – she can create amazing, believable worlds; her characters are solid and relatable, and she knows how to do interesting magic, great action and creepiness in spades."
– Fantasy and SciFi Weblog
"Servant of the Underworld is a highly original debut novel. Thanks to a solid mystery plot and Aliette de Bodard's extensive research into pre-Conquest Meso-America, this novel should strike a chord with more than just fantasy readers."
– FantasyLiterature.com
"de Bodard weaves a substantial air of magic and wonder into her narrative."
– Booksquawk
"Part murder mystery, part well-researched historical novel and part fantasy… The fantasy element blends neatly with the other parts. 4****"
– SFX Magazine
"The book starts out a slow, steady pace and builds momentum from there. It's not some huge action scene that hooks you. It's the atmosphere. The blood spilled to gain favor from the gods. The cultural details Bodard infuses in each moment."
– Examiner.com
"From page one I was drawn into Acatl's world… a remarkable historically-based fantasy, using the myths and legends of the Aztec people as a background to a twisting murder mystery."
– Speculative Book Review
"de Bodard's writing is polished and striking, as she convincingly fills in the colorful elements of the Aztec culture–even if those colors tend to be of blood and bile as well as flowers and hummingbirds… beautiful, grimy, breathtaking, and morbid. 5 *****"
– Examiner.com
"The [Aztec] setting of these books is wonderful, and de Bodard creates a really immersive sense of place that draws you in and encourages you to find out more for yourself."
– The Saint, Halos and Anvils
"This is one of the greatest stories ever told. Aliette de Bodard has brought Noir, Aztec and Fantasy together for an explosive and engaging mix worthy of being called a new trend in the genre. If you have ever wanted to experiment with your reading, then you'll be hard-pressed to do better than read the story of Acatl, High Priest of the Dead."
– Shadowhawk, The Founding Fields
"This is top notch fantasy with moments of horror and lots of action. A must have for fantasy fans, and a bargain to boot!"
– Theresa Derwin, Terror Tree


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|82 posts found
Novice Member
Joined: 12/20/03
Don't have enough time or interest to write a lengthy review here, so I'll summarize:
Diablo 3 - Terrible departure from what made the series awesome by a dev team who clearly never played Diablo 2 and is just abusing the franchise for its name.
Path of Exile - Awesome throwback to the earlier games made by a group of diehard Diablo 2 fans which only makes adjustments where adjustments were needed.
It's in open beta right now. Try it. I know it's hard realizing that a game you have waited several years for is going to suck (I share in your pain), but it's time to move on.
Path of Exile is the true Diablo 3.
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Novice Member
Joined: 1/28/06
Originally posted by Impulse47
Diablo 3 is still true to its franchise lol. D3 has 3 major changes that i think are worth being upset about.
One being the leveling, one of the big deals was getting past level 90 upto 99. At the same time the majority of people who managed this feat either account shared or botted not exactly game breaking but i'll accept it being a gripe.
Second being the skill tree removal. This is kinda iffy, i personally enjoyed having a skill tree. Though i have got used to the D3 skill system. The D3 system is good, you don't have to reroll a character again, it was annoying after awhile in D2. The great thing about D3 is that you pick the skills you like and how you want them to work with runes, there is a few systems in place to either reward people with keeping the same skill set. You cannot change skills on the fly to fit whichever situation you may want at that time. Thus similar to D2 perm skill tree allocations.
Third being attribute allocations, the only people who may have an honest gripe against its removal are minmaxers. Mid to Late D2 almost everyone dumped everything into Vit and used items to get their stats by switching gear in and out to get the desired items. This isn't what blizzard had in mind when creating D2 either, so it was changed.
Most of these changes were talked about when Blizzard north was around, however they dragged their feet for to long deciding if it was the correct way to go.
So with PoE i have some issues as well. Ignoring its somewhat dated look from the early 2000 era.
First gripes - copied start - AoC intro, picking your hero on a slave ship and waking up on a beach next to a driftwood wand.. seriously. Second part of this is the mobs, zombies and quill shooters from D2 starting area are now 'drowned' and 'sand spitter'.
Second gripe - lighting - I get what they were trying to do with the lightning at the start but it was seriously painful. I achieved a headache and a bit of nausea. The other part to this is the game is to dark, not like evil dark but like night time dark. The lighting scheme needs changed a bit to be brighter without ruining the ambience.
Third gripe - skill tree - All i can say is, it looks like a failed game of cats cradle. This is the most ridiculous thing i've ever seen, variety is great but clean that shit up.
Also something about it feels clunky and doesn't seem to flow right with the camera and controls, hard to put it in words though.
Dispite this, it has a chance at being decent. I mean for free you can't go wrong if you can get passed my second gripe, ignore the first and don't mind sifting thru the third.
TLDR;It doesn't remind me of Diablo in the least.
Novice Member
Joined: 8/24/10
While I only played up to level 5, while the game seems interesting with the skill gems and the talent trees (webs??)
I hated the art style and visuals, its so dark and black, my eyes hurts after playing for 20 minutes.
I actually liked the diablo 3 art style compare to diablo 2, they added more colour to their palette and definitely spiced up the environements.
One more thing about PoE, is it just me or the character scaling is horribly done? My character looks so huge? Like unusually huge if you look at the surrounding environments.
As for gameplay, I never think any diablo game is complex in its mechanics, so I don't really see huge difference between diablo and path of exile. (Other than PoE talent WEB! xD)
and hey, diablo III and path of exile both needs constant internet connection :P
How much WoW could a WoWhater hate, if a WoWhater could hate WoW?
Novice Member
Joined: 12/06/08
Guy, you played basically the TUTORIAL of Diablo 3. Of course, as it is no longer the year 2000, Diablo 3 should have some major changes with respect to the mechanics relative to Diablo 2. Think about it, if they put out a game that's exactly like Diablo 2 with better graphics and new story, fans will be DISAPPOINTED. They'll just complain about how the devs didn't put any work into making a new game.
Anyway, with that said, you can't compare Diablo 3's beta to a game that opens most if not all of its content to public test. You've played 1/3 of Act 1, and you're trying to tell people that you know this game already.... that is simply ridiculous.
Originally posted by BobRSanchez
Why should it have major changes to mechanics? If its not broken dont fix it... Diablo2 had the mechanics it had because it was fun. Not because of techical limitations.
Old school Diablo fans will be disappointed if Diablo3 is nothing like Diablo2. That game defined the genre. And some fans really want to continue playing that genre. They dont want something that feels like a generic action game dumbed down enough for anyone to play it.
Diablo3 is still a good action game worth buying and playing. But some fans will not think that is enough.
Spotlight Poster
Joined: 10/20/11
Originally posted by Hurvart
I am still confused about what makes diablo 3 so different from diablo 2????
Novice Member
Joined: 9/30/10
Originally posted by nomatics856
probably will not become clear until May 15, if then.. My opinion.
Currently bored with MMO's.
Novice Member
Joined: 12/04/10
Originally posted by Hurvart
I don't agree. Some things had to change for example the fact that they added a real map instead of that overlay that D2 used and Path of Exile now uses. It's a bit annoying at least to me. That's not to say Path of Exile is bad, I've been playing it for a while but many of the changes Diablo 3 made are things that needed to change.
Novice Member
Joined: 7/07/09
Originally posted by BobRSanchez
You sir are wrong every true diablo fan wanted a 2d game jut like the first 2, diablo 3 doesn't appeal to anyone I know in the d2 community at all! Blizzard North left for a reason and made arena.net and runic games. Diablo 3 looks like like wow and looks and feels nothing like diablo.
Novice Member
Joined: 8/24/10
Originally posted by Hurvart
So by your logic, we shouldn't
Sure I get that you shouldn't change just for the sake of change, but we should be constantly changing in hopes of getting something better. No one knows if Diablo III is going to be worse than Diablo II, but also no one will knows Diablo III is going to be better than Diablo II. Its like comparing Harry Potter's 1st book to it's 7th book, themes changed, story progressed, world altered.
Diablo III should feel like a game created and delievered in 2012, not 2000. Of course the game is changed, if you want the Diablo II fun, why not just play Diablo II, obviously graphical upgrades isn't what you are looking forward to in Diablo III?
Game production is a design oriented business, limiting designers by asking them not to change anything is like asking you to write with your foot, simply unfair.
How much WoW could a WoWhater hate, if a WoWhater could hate WoW?
Originally posted by xKingdomx
No permanent choices. No skills or character stats that can be different depending on player choice.
Things like that will not make the game more or less modern. Unless making games more mainstream is a trend 2012. Is that good? I dont think so. Because I am not very mainstream. I dont think mainstream games 2012 are that good really. I also like better graphics and better technology in general. And I think it can make new games better. But that is not why I have problems with parts of D3:s design and mechanics.
IMO, compared to D2 D3 is more action game and less RPG.
Advanced Member
Joined: 12/21/07
nah .. i will stick to Diablo 3. From what i have seen .. it is going to be a good game.
Novice Member
Joined: 9/22/04
I will most likely cancel my D3 preorder (preordered start of 2010...) after having played the PoE stress test last weekend. I loved D2 and loved most of what I saw in D3 in the early stages because they where creating the mechanics I wanted. It was all about depth and diversity. Individuality through a huge amount of skill combinations. But it all went down the drain.
Unluckily the D3 developers priorities changed (by force maybe?) at some point. They then removed the depth. They removed the need to think about your build. They removed anything a 10 year old would not understand. They literally removed everything I liked in D2. All that is left is a simple hack and slash for your average console player. Just pick a character, turn your brain off and rush through the game. Think about skill choices? No need. Consider attribute allocation? Too tiresome. Come up with a good skill order for fast leveling? What? Far too complicated. Develop a unique build? Uh...I wanna d3str0y not build!!! Wat does 'build' even mean?!
So here we are with a game a monkey could beat. A game where a monkey will have the same char as you and will copy every build you make. A game where you do not have to decide a thing. A game where failure is impossible. And this is being hailed as the best game evar!1
Sorry to say, but PoE IS the real D2 successor. D3 was doomed once they decided to consolify it. The skill tree of PoE is what I expected to get from D3 but instead they reduced it all to one build per character type.
Novice Member
Joined: 9/18/07
The fact that I see so much PoE fanboys on D3 forums leads me to believe that the PoE crowd is more concerned about D3 than the opposite. Rightly so.
After all, we all know D3 will sell millions of copies and has an industry behemoth with gigantic resouces behind it.
Both games have beta reports out and as much as there are haters on both sides (haters gonna hate), for different reasons they attract different kinds of players and seem to be two good games. It's the number of people they will attract that will make a difference in the end. PoE is a title that may sell some hundred thousand copies while D3 will for sure sell millions of boxes. PoE may even benefit from a post-D3 depression if Blizz doesn't make sure the endgame content in D3 is enough to provide the daily fix to the arpg junkie masses that will assemble for D3.
If I had time I would wait it out 6 months and pick whichever the best, probably skipping both unless D3 pvp becomes awesome.
Since I am bored while waiting for GW2 I'll give D3 a shot, will keep me entertained for a while, has historical value and these hack and slash arpg shouldn't be taken too seriously anyway...
Unless Blizz does the right thing and puts out kick ass instanced pvp, if that is the case all changes. Please don't spam "shut up pvp guy" quotes from dev, D3 pvp can be awesome if done right and Blizz can't be so dumb as not to see this....
Apprentice Member
Joined: 11/14/11
I played Diablo2 quite a lot, mainly because it was one of the few games my friends and I all mutually enjoyed. However, I'm trying to make my own small statement by not buying Diablo3 because it looks and plays like a top-down World of Warcraft. Even though my friends will be buying it, I'll put my time towards Tera or Dominus and maybe GW2 if I read that the World vs World vs World isn't garbage.
Hard Core Member
Joined: 12/16/05
I started playing Diablo 1 about a month after the original release. Played Diablo 2 as soon as released ofcourse. I'm also in Diablo 3 beta and will play the day of release. I've found all 3 very fun. I like constant action in my games and that's what Diablo provides. I've also been in the POE beta for maybe 7-8 months. It doesn't even come close to what Diablo 3 is in terms of fun. So I guess I am not a true Diablo fan, even though I'll be playing it and the real fans won't be. Shrug, what can ya do?
Novice Member
Joined: 9/26/11
Originally posted by Aori
when I saw the skill tree in PoE.. I said out loud WTF!, then made my husband look then explained how ridiculous it was in vent. For the most part I agree with Aori. D3 has issues, PoE has many issues but I think PoE is a blatant rip off and not even a good one.
Most of D3's issues are from what they have removed from the game during the beta process.. instead on giving us a good game they kept removing great features with each beta patch.. dumbing it down even more. Hell and things they removed were the fun stuff like the gold looting critters and the better crafting system with recipes that dropped in dungeons.
Novice Member
Joined: 12/20/03
Yeah PoE's skill tree is so incomprehensible. Girl gamers.
Novice Member
Joined: 12/06/08
Okay look. All I'm saying is, you're basing all your judgments on the BETAAAAAAAAAAAA.
First of all, you never even played through Act 1 of the game.
Second of all, if you don't like it, sure, don't buy it. But I will say this, usually those people who are unwilling to change their state of mind and open their hearts to new things are the ones that ultimately lose out in the end.
"You're wrong because true hardcore D2 players think D3 is totally crap and not really a Diablo game"
Well, guess what, maybe ten years from now D3 fans will be saying D4 isn't truly a Diablo game because D4 doesn't live up to D3's reputations. It's a never-ending struggle of old/diehard fans vs new audiences and players.
All I'm saying is, if you write off the game just because it's not the same as what you remembered Diablo 2 to be, well, it's just your loss then. If you go play a game that's straight up a rip off of Diablo 2 with better graphics, I guarantee you that in the end you'll realize people who stuck with D3 had a good reason to. I mean just look at HoN vs League of Legends. People who claimed League of Legends was too dumbed down and for noobz and casual gamers only... where are they now? That's right, playing LoL because nobody wants to play HoN anymore due to its many faulty mechanisms. Changing a game to suit more people...I really fail to understand how that's a bad thing. Are you all really just a bunch of elitists who don't want as many people to enjoy a game with you as possible? Come on now, either give it a chance before you claim it doesn't live up to its predecessors' names, or just don't buy it but don't make premature assumptions about it either.
I'm not saying that anyone can gaurantee Diablo 3 will be the most successful out of the series or even as successful as the others... But who knows? There will always be people who has never tried Diablo 1 or Diablo 2 and will be BLOWN AWAY by Diablo 3 and become the new generation of hardcore Diablo fans. You'll just be replaced and nobody will really care, right? I mean, the choice is obvious isn't it? Stick with the old idea and be cynical, and die off with the others who can't let things go, or open up your minds and join the fun with the rest of the world. That's all I'm saying.
TL;DR- D2 had faults, D3 attempts to correct them. People will always bitch and moan, but if you want to survive, you have to adapt.
Originally posted by Inf666
I agree. For D2 veterans that wants to focus on character building POE will be a better game. Blizzard probably knows this. But they dont care. Because they believe its better to be more mainstream and release a game that all action gamers will want to play. People that just want to kill things and find loot. Some of them would not play if character building and skill system was to complicated. They typically dont want to learn and spend time figuring things out. Or be forced to make permanent choices.
Blizzard understood they couldnt make the perfect game for everyone. But they are trying to target the majority of actiongamers.
People that are dis appointed can try POE. Perhaps there will be other alternatives later. We dont have to play D3.


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While there were a couple of close games on Friday's slate, Week Two was mostly filled with dominant wins.
Unfortunately, a couple of the teams from the area were on the wrong end of those lopsided scores, but there were still plenty of victorious squads.
From those teams, more than enough players stepped forward to claim honors for the week.
Faheem Richburg, WR Williston-Elko
The Blue Devils recorded their first win of the season in a 30-9 victory over Barnwell, and Richburg was a central figure. In addition to catching four passes for 74 yards and a touchdown, he returned a kickoff 97 yards for another score.
Travious Wigfall, RB Ridge Spring-Monetta
The Trojans pitched 24-0 shutout against Dixie, and Wigfall found the end zone in both facets of the offense. On top of a 10-carry, 129-yard ground game, he caught a pass for a 67-yard touchdown.
Daniel and Dre Carr, QB/RB Midland Valley
As has been the case for most of the last season-plus, the pair of cousins carried the Mustangs to a 38-32 win over Allendale-Fairfax. They combined for more than 450 yards of offense and five touchdowns, three on the ground by Dre.
Ike El, RB Fox Creek
The Predators notched a 41-7 win over Branchville, and El powered his way to nearly 9 yards a carry with 141 yards and a touchdown on 16 attempts.
Dashawn Barnes and Willie McCloud, RBs North Augusta
While the Jackets' passing game gets most of the attention, Friday's 45-0 win over Greenbrier was all about the ground game. Barnes had 107 yards and three touchdowns, while McCloud had 138 yards and another score.
Myles Corbitt, RB Silver Bluff
The Bulldogs spread the ball around in a 34-0 home win over Southside Christian, but Corbitt established himself. He had 112 yards and a score on nine rushes, and he also caught a pass for 15 more yards.
Chad Gilchrist, RB Strom Thurmond
Strom Thurmond pulled away from Saluda for a 28-17 road victory, and Gilchrist paced a Rebel running attack that saw five players get carries. He had 117 yards and a 31-yard touchdown on 11 rushing attempts.
Jeremy Timmerman has a journalism degree from Mercer University and has been at the Aiken Standard since June 2010.
Friday night football: Photo galleries
Click here to see photo galleries from Friday Night football across Aiken County.
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Sunday, July 14, 2013
Mayor Billy Swails took time from his busy day recently to honor a cetenarian. Pauline Ryba, resident of the Sandpiper Premier Senior Living Facility, cheerfully accepted a key to Mount Pleasant from Mayor Swails. He also honored her with a certificate from the Mount Pleasant Town Council in recognition of this momentous occasion of celebrating her 100th birthday.
Pauline Ryba was a "Rosie the Riveter" in World War II working nights on fighter planes. She said, "Uncle Sam needed me." Despite becoming a widow at a young age, Mrs. Ryba was very frugal and eventually had her dream come true of owning and operating a Dairy Queen in snowy Buffalo, N.Y. This allowed her to close for the winter and travel to distant places such as Hawaii, Brazil and the Canadian Rockies.
With her daughter, Marilyn Ryba Blizard living in the Lowcountry, Pauline welcomed the arrangement of coming to be nearby. She's been a happy resident of Sandpiper for three years.
When handed the key to the town, Mrs. Ryba asked, "And what door will this open?" With a twinkle in his eyes, Mayor Swails replied, "Any door in town."
Her nurse said with a smile, "We're going to need to keep an eye on you." Mrs. Ryba was well pleased at these charming gifts on her special day.
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