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Articles by TINA HARBUCK
729-HURT puts hurt on Doc's Softball Softies
Aaron Sweeney knocked three out of the park to lead 729-HURT in a 25-24 win over Doc's Softball Softies in the championship game of the Men's Competitive Softball League tournament at Morgan ... READ MORE
Year in review in local sports
From reeling in big amberjack to hauling in blue marlins, getting new coaches and state championships, 2012 on the Emerald Coast saw it all in the wide world of sports and outdoors. JANUARY ... READ MORE
New life for old Logs: Local Realtor repurposes old Destin newspapers for neat gifts
For years, newspapers have been used to line bird cages — or even to wrap a fish or two. Local Realtor Pat Fisher has found a new use for old newspapers — especially The Destin Log. Fisher,... READ MORE
Fish Flash
Baby it's cold outside … but not too cold for some diehard fishermen. A couple of Destin's party boats went out fishing Thursday along with a few charters and managed to bring in some mighty fi... READ MORE
Freeport falls in tourney
Both the Freeport boys and girls basketball teams fell in the first two rounds of the 18th annual Hilton Sandestin Beach Golf Resort and Spa Basketball Blowout held at Freeport High School. The... READ MORE
Pulling the trigger in chilly temps
Dave Gault of Michigan could have been sitting on a bucket in the middle of a lake ice fishing, but instead he was one of 17 fishing in the Gulf of Mexico Thursday aboard the Destin Princess in ... READ MORE
Bounty of the bridge - 'Fished to death,' Destin's Bridge Rubble is still an ace fishing hole
It's been 35 years ago since tons of rubble from the old Destin Bridge was dumped just south of the East Pass, but the fishing spot known today as the Bridge Rubble still produces fish. "I... READ MORE
South Walton Seahawks soar over Bulldogs
After a slow start, the South Walton Seahawks blasted the Freeport Bulldogs 61-18 in girls varsity basketball action Friday night in Freeport. "I thought we played fairly well," said ... READ MORE
Bird dog heaven - Jimmy Weathers furry friends live for quail hunting
When it comes to quail hunting, it's all about the dogs for Jimmy Weathers of Bluewater Bay. Weathers, now in his mid-60s, has been hunting quail for the past six decades. Quail season in N... READ MORE
Freeport boys fall to Jay Royals
The Jay Royals proved to be too much for the Freeport Bulldogs as they handed them a 49-37 loss Friday night in Freeport. Jay outscored Freeport in three out of four quarters. In the first ... READ MORE

subset: commoncrawl


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When Does Mad Men Season 6 Premiere?
Get that Bloody Mary mix started, ladies and gents. Mad Men Season 6 is premiering sooner than you think.
AMC's landmark series about 1960s New York ad men and women — and those who love 'em — returns Sunday, April 7 at 9 p.m. ET on AMC.
Even better? The season premiere will be two hours long.
Though the show walked away from the Golden Globes and the Emmys empty-handed this year, it still ranks high on the top-ten lists of many TV critics. And happily, the show is expected to air at least one more season after this one.
Suit up, TV lovers! T-minus one month!


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The Corduroy Horse rocker is designed with wood and can entertain children 3 years and older. The structure is constructed of hand crafted hardwood while the cute, multi-colored horse is made out of soft plush. Wooden handles stick out near the animal's ears so your children can hold on to them while rocking and keep their balance. This rocker has a sound feature that requires 2 AA batteries (not included).
Recommended for children 3 years and up.
Dimensions: 25" x 12" x 22"
Seat height to floor: 14.5"Shipping Note: This item ships directly from the manufacturer within contiguous United States only. Cannot be shipped to AK/HI, PO boxes, US territories, or APO/FPO addresses.


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At 1.75 inches in diameter, this 5mm diamond cut sterling silver baby bangle makes a lovely piece of jewelry, and a lovely keepsake! With a length of 5.5 inches, this piece makes the perfect gift for that baby in the family! The diamond texturing on the outside of the bracelet adds depth and sparkle that is sure to insight giggling and amusement from everyone who sees it!
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International League offers Hens strong competitionWritten by Vincent D. Scebbi | | firstname.lastname@example.com
Each season at Fifth Third Field gives fans a chance to experience exciting action, eat great food and watch the rising stars of baseball play. Some of those future household names aren't playing for the hometown Mud Hens. The 14-team International League (IL) is full of talent from top to bottom and ready to entertain area fans who visit Downtown Toledo this year. Thirteen teams, including the Hens, will be looking to dethrone the Pawtucket Red Sox, last season's Governors' Cup champions. Here is a look at each of the teams in the IL, how they stack up and some players to watch.
(Pittsburgh Pirates)
Top prospect: Gerrit Cole
2012 record: 89-55
The Indianapolis Indians look to once again capture the IL West Division crown after finishing last season with the highest winning percentage in the league. Indianapolis finished last season ranked fourth in team batting average at .260 and led the league in pitching, posting a team ERA of 3.15. The Indians hope top prospect Gerrit Cole, a UCLA alum, will continue to impress from the mound. Cole, the 2011 No. 1 draft pick, pitched one game with the Indians last year, striking out seven and allowing three earned runs in six innings to earn the victory. Although he made it to Triple-A in his first season, Cole may not stay there long and is expected to reach Pittsburgh sometime this season.
(Cleveland Indians)
2012 record 75-69
Top prospect: Chen-Chang Lee
The Columbus Clippers, who took home the Governors' Cup and Triple-A championship in 2010 and 2011, missed the playoffs last season after finishing four games short of the wild card spot. Columbus still finished well in overall offense, leading the league last season in team batting average. Once recovered from his Tommy John surgery, look for reliever Chen-Chang Lee to help the Clippers late in the game. The Tribe signed Lee after he pitched for Taiwan in the Beijing Olympics. Lee posted a 2.40 ERA in 44 appearances between Double-A Akron and Columbus in 2011. He pitched in only five outings last season before needing surgery in June. A lot of talent rests in the lower affiliates of the Indians organization, but they could make their way to the state capital throughout the year. Look for shortstop Francisco Lindor, who batted .257 and stole 27 bases in 122 games with Single-A Lake County Captains, to become a rising star in Cleveland's farm system and get some time with Columbus.
(Cincinnati Reds)
2012 record: 51-93
Top prospect: Billy Hamilton
After finishing in the basement last season, the Louisville Bats will aim to bounce back and have some talent in their up-and-coming outfielder Billy Hamilton to do just that. Hamilton, who has tremendous speed on the base paths, finished last season with 155 stolen bases in 132 games. He also finished last season batting .311 with Bakersfield Blaze and Pensacola Blue Wahoos. Hamilton has made the adjustment from shortstop to outfield and is set to start in center field for the Bats. Expect him to be an impact player from the get-go. Louisville, who finished last in most pitching categories, will look to their young talent to rejuvenate the defense. Look for prospects such as Robert Stephenson and southpaw Tony Cingrani to take command on the mound for the Bats.
(New York Yankees)
2012 record 84-60
Top prospect: Gary Sanchez
Just because they have a new name and new stadium does not mean Scranton/Wilkes-Barre will be a new team. The RailRiders will look to win another IL North title after finishing last season with the second-best record in the league. Look for catcher Gary Sanchez, the Yankees' top prospect, to help the RailRiders behind the plate. Sanchez was reassigned to minor-league camps early in March after the second round of cuts in spring training. He batted .290 and hit 18 home runs in 116 games last season.
(Boston Red Sox)
2012 record 79-65
Top prospect: Allen Webster
Looking to hold on to the Governors' Cup for another year are the Pawtucket Red Sox. The Red Sox came into the 2012 postseason as the wild card and eventually lost the Triple-A Championship game to the Reno Aces on Sept. 18. Prospect Allen Webster will look to come in as a starter throughout the season. Webster, who was the Los Angeles Dodgers' No. 3 pitching prospect at the beginning of last season according to MLB.com, was part of the nine-player trade that sent first baseman Adrian Gonzalez to the Dodgers. Depending on how his consistency plays out, Webster could be in Pawtucket's starting rotation or in the bullpen.
(Philadelphia Phillies)
2012 record: 75-68
Top prospect: Ethan Martin
The IronPigs relied more on their pitching last season, as they finished near the top in team ERA and gave up the fifth fewest runs in the IL. Lehigh Valley will look to continue that with pitching prospects such as Ethan Martin. Martin, is the Philadelphia Phillies' No. 2 prospect and No. 80 overall according to MLB.com, made the roster after going 5-0 in seven starts with Double-A Reading Phillies, fanning 35 batters in 39.2 innings of work. Martin, who was originally drafted by the Dodgers, was sent to Philadelphia in the Shane Victorino deal.
(Minnesota Twins)
2012 record: 72-72
Top prospect: Kyle Gibson
The Red Wings hope to continue to be on the upswing following a .500 season in 2012, which was an improvement from two straight 90-plus loss seasons the years before. Second-year manager Gene Glynn has a 25-man roster that includes 12 returning Red Wings, 17 with experience in the big leagues and seven players on the Minnesota Twins 40-man roster. One of those players on the 40-man roster is pitcher Kyle Gibson. The 25-year-old righty started in 11 games last season and posted a 4.13 ERA, including two starts in Rochester. Gibson needed Tommy John surgery and shook off the rust last season. He is expected to be ready for the majors this season.
(Washington Nationals)
2012 record: 70-74
Top prospect: Corey Brown
The Syracuse Chiefs built their roster around former major leaguers – 16 of them to be exact. Among all of their veterans stands out postseason IL All Star Corey Brown, who led all Chiefs players with 25 home runs. Brown is joined in the outfield by 22-year-old Eury Perez. Perez, the youngest on the Chiefs roster, is Washington's No. 7 prospect, according to MLB.com, and batted .333 and stole 20 bases in 40 games with Syracuse. He is expected to play some ball with the Major League affiliate.
(Toronto Blue Jays)
2012 record 67-76
Top prospect: Jim Negrych
The Buffalo Bisons hope to turn around a fifth-place finish in the North Division with an experienced roster. Twenty-three of their 25-man roster has experience in the majors. Infielder Jim Negrych hopes to pick up where he left off in spring training with the Toronto Blue Jays, where he batted .412 with two home runs and seven RBI.
(Chicago White Sox)
2012 record: 83-61
Top prospect: Andre Rienzo
The Knights aim to retake its IL South division crown after posting an 83-61 record last season. Charlotte pitchers posted a league-leading 3.15 ERA and struck out a total of 1,111 batters, the third best in the IL. One pitcher who looks to help keep command from the hill is prospect Andre Rienzo. Ranked the No. 9 prospect in the Chicago White Sox organization according to MLB.com, the Brazilian native made his way up to Triple-A at the end of his first season, starting in one game with Charlotte. He pitched 6.2 innings and struck out 10 in the no decision.
(Baltimore Orioles)
2012 record 74-70
Top prospect: Dylan Bundy
Also packed with experience and young prospects, 22 of Norfolk's 25-man roster have experience in the big leagues and are eager to help their Major League affiliate, the Baltimore Orioles, have another successful season. With one of the best right-handed pitching prospects in baseball, Dylan Bundy, starting in Double-A Bowie, the Tides still have enough talent in other positions. L.J. Hoes, for example, will start in the outfield for the Tides. Hoes, who is Baltimore's No. 6 prospect, batted .300 with 38 RBI with Norfolk last season.
(Tampa Bay Devil Rays)
2012 record: 66-78
Top prospect: Wil Meyers
Tampa Bay's top prospect, Wil Myers, hopes to have another strong season and help lead the Durham Bulls to the postseason. Myers, who is the No. 4 prospect according to MLB.com, batted .304 with Pacific Coast League Omaha last season, knocking 24 home runs and driving in 79 runs. He was traded to Tampa Bay from Kansas City in a deal that sent James Shields and Wade Davis to the Royals. The Bulls also have pitcher Chris Archer in their rotation. Archer, who fanned 139 batters in 25 starts with Durham last season, is Tampa's No. 3 pitching prospect according to MLB.com.
(Atlanta Braves)
2012 record: 62-82
Top prospect: Jose Constanza
First-year manager Randy Ready aims to right the Gwinnet Braves and will do so with the return of two talented veterans. The first, Jose Constanza, the 2012 IL batting champion, posted a .314 batting average and knocked in 27 RBI. The second is IL rookie of the year Ernesto Mejia. Mejia led the league with 92 RBI and finished third in home runs with 24 while posting a .296 batting average. In the rotation for the G-Braves will be Sean Gilmartin, Atlanta's No. 5 prospect according to MLB.com. Gilmartin, who reached Gwinnett in his first full-season, pitched 37.2 innings with Gwinnett.
Tags: Buffalo Bisons, Charlotte Knights, Columbus Clippers, Durham Bulls, Gwinnett Braves, Indianapolis Indians, Lehigh Valley IronPigs, Louisville Bats, Mud Hens Opening Day 2013, Norfolk Tides, Pawtucket Red Sox, Rochester Red Wings, Scranton Wilkes-Barre RailRiders, Syracuse Chiefs, Toledo Mud Hens


text:
!So much better than chaper brands1
Reviewed By Donald D (Rockville, IN) —4/12/2015 5:58 PM
We are very satisfied with the seat covers we purchased. They fit like they were put on in the factory - very nice looking. Not sure how easy they were to install as our grandson installed them for us. He was also very pleased with the outcome.


text:
An identification code signal is impressed on a carrier to be identified (such as an electronic data signal or a physical medium) in a manner that permits the identification signal later to be statistically discerned and the carrier thereby identified. The method and apparatus are characterized by robustness despite degradation of the encoded carrier, and by holographic permeation of the identification signal throughout the carrier.
1. In an image processing method that includes steganographically encoding an input two-dimensional image to embed a multi-bit message code therein, the image comprising a plurality of rows of picture data, the method including processing said input image in accordance with said multi-bit message code to produce an output image having the message code steganographically encoded therein, an improvement including: encoding the message code throughout the output image so that the message code can be recovered from first and second non-overlapping excerpts of the output image; and representing a given bit of the encoded message code differently, both in absolute and percentage terms, in said first and second excerpts to reduce image degradation and increase message security; wherein subtraction of the input two-dimensional image from the output image yields a difference frame comprised of difference values, said difference frame having a snow-like appearance in which at least half of said difference values have non-zero values.
2. The method of claim 1 which includes performing said processing in a pixel domain.
3. In an image processing method that includes steganographically encoding an input image signal to embed a multi-bit message code therein, the input image signal including a plurality of picture data, the method including processing said input signal in accordance with said multi-bit message code to produce an output signal having the message code steganographically encoded therein, an improvement including: encoding the message code throughout the output signal so that the message code can be recovered from first and second non-overlapping excerpts of the output signal, said encoding including changing a plurality of said picture data in accordance with said multi-bit message code, and also in accordance with local scaling data to control the amplitude of the multi-bit message code at different locations in the image, said local scaling data being computed from said picture data using a non-linear function.
4. The method of claim 3 which includes deriving the local scaling data from picture data related thereto by use of a non-linear function, wherein doubling the value of picture data does not double the local scaling data corresponding thereto.
5. The method of claim 3 in which the local scaling data is also a function of first and second non-unity parameters.
6. The method of claim 3 which includes performing said processing in a pixel domain.
7. In an audio processing method that includes steganographically encoding an input signal to embed a multi-bit message code therein, the input signal including a plurality of audio data, the method including processing said input signal in accordance with said multi-bit message code to produce an output signal having the message code steganographically encoded therein, an improvement including: encoding the message code throughout the output signal so that the message code can be recovered from first and second non-overlapping excerpts of the output signal, said encoding including changing a plurality of said audio data in accordance with said multi-bit message code, and also in accordance with local scaling data to control the amplitude of the multi-bit message code at different locations in the audio data, said local scaling data being computed from said audio data using a non-linear function.
8. The method of claim 7 which includes deriving the local scaling data from audio data related thereto by use of a non-linear function, wherein doubling the value of audio data does not double the local scaling data corresponding thereto.
9. The method of claim 7 in which the local scaling data is also a finction of first and second non-unity parameters.
10. In an image processing method that includes steganographically encoding an input two-dimensional image to embed a multi-bit message code therein, the image being represented by plural elements, the method including processing said input image in accordance with said multi-bit message code to produce an output image having the message code encoded therein, an improvement including: encoding the message code throughout the output image so that the message code can be recovered from first and second non-overlapping rectangular excerpts of the output image when same is represented in the pixel domain; and representing a given bit of the encoded message code differently, both in absolute and percentage terms, in said first and second excerpts to reduce image degradation and increase message security, said encoding including changing a plurality of said elements in accordance with said multi-bit message code, and also in accordance with local scaling data to control the amplitude of the multi-bit message code at different locations in the image, said local scaling data being computed from said picture elements using a non-linear function.
11. The method of claim 1 in which the multi-bit message code comprises at least thirty two bits.
12. The method of claim 1 in which the method includes processing with pseudorandom noise data.
13. A tangible storage medium having an image processed in accordance with the method of claim 1 stored thereon.
14. The nierhod of claim 1 in which the input image is comprised of plural samples, and the processing includes performing binary addition operations between said samples and overlay data corresponding thereto.
15. The method of claim 1 in which the multi-bit message code represents at least two fields of information, a first of said fields serving to identify a proprietor of said image, a second of said fields serving to track particular image data.
16. The method of claim 3 in which the multi-bit message code comprises at least thirt two bits.
17. The method of claim 3 in which the method includes processing with pseudo-random noise data.
18. A tangible storage medium having an image processed in accordance with the method of claim 19 stored thereon.
19. A video processing method that includes performing the method of claim 3 on plural frames of a video.
20. The method of claim 3 in which the input signal is comprised of plural samples, and the processing includes performing binary addition operations between said samples and overlay data corresponding thereto.
21. The method of claim 3 in which the multi-bit message code represents at least two fields of information, a first of s d fields serving to identify a proprietor of said image, a second of said fields serving to track par icular image data.
22. The method of claim 3 in which the multi-bit message code comprises at least eight bits.
23. The method of claim 7 in which the multi-bit message code comprises at least thirty two bits.
24. The method of claim 7 in which the method includes processing with pseudo-random noise data.
25. A tangible storage medium having audio processed in accordance with the method of claim 23 stored thereon.
26. The method of claim 3 in which the input signal is comprised of plural samples, and the processing includes performing binary addition operations between said samples and overlay data corresponding thereto.
27. The method of claim 7 in which the multi-bit message code represents at least two fields of information, a first of s ad fields serving to identify a proprietor of said audio, a second of said fields serving to track particular audio data.
The present application is a continuation application Ser. No. 08/614,521, filed Mar. 15, 1996 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,604), which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/215,289 filed Mar. 17, 1994 (abandoned), which is a continiation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/154,866, filed Nov. 18, 1993 (abandoned).
A microfiche appendix, comprising one microfiche, with a total of 21 printed pages of computer program listings, forms part of this specifications.
The present invention relates to the embedding of robust identification codes in electronic, optical and physical media, and the subsequent, objective discernment of such codes for identification purposes even after intervening distortion or corruption of the media.
The invention is illustrated with reference to a few exemplary applications, including electronic imagery, emulsion film, and paper currency, but is not so limited.
"would never put it in the power of any printer or publisher to suppress or alter a work of mine, by making him master of the copy"
Thomas Paine, Rights of Man, 1792.
"The printer dares not go beyond his licensed copy"
Milton, Aeropagetica, 1644.
Since time immemorial, unauthorized use and outright piracy of audio and visual source material has caused lost revenues to the owners of such material, and has been a source of confuision and corruption of original work.
With the advent of digitizing data audio signals and images, the technology of copying materials and redistributing them in an unauthorized manner has reached new heights of sophistication, and more importantly, omnipresence. Lacking objective means for comparing an alleged copy of material with the original, owners and possible litigation proceedings are left with a subjective opinion of whether the alleged copy is stolen, or has been used in an unauthorized manner. Furthermore, there is no simple means of tracing a path to an original purchaser of the material, something which can be valuable in tracing where a possible "leak" of the material first occurred.
A variety of methods for protecting commercial material have been attempted. One is to scramble signals via an encoding method prior to distribution, and descramble prior to use. This technique, however, requires that both the original and later descrambled signals never leave closed and controlled networks, lest they be intercepted and recorded. Furthermore, this arrangement is of little use in the broad field of mass marketing audio and visual material, where even a few dollars extra cost causes a major reduction in market, and where the signal must eventually be descrambled to be perceived and thus can be easily recorded.
Another class of techniques relies on modification of source audio or video signals to include a subliminal identification signal, which can be sensed by electronic means. Examples of such systems are found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,972,471 and European patent publication EP 441,702, as well as in Komatsu et al, "Authentication System Using Concealed Image in Telematics," Memoirs of the School of Science & Engineering, Waseda University, No. 52, p. 45-60 (1988) (Komatsu uses the term "digital watermark" for this technique). An elementary introduction to these methods is found in the article "Digital Signatures," Byte Magazine, November, 1993, p. 309. These techniques have the common characteristic that deterministic signals with well defmed patterns and sequences within the source material convey the identification information. For certain applications this is not a drawback. But in general, this is a highly inefficient form of embedding identification information for a variety of reasons: (a) the whole of the source material is not used; (b) deterministic patterns have a higher likelihood of being discovered and removed by a would-be infringer; and (c) the signals are not generally `holographic` in that identifications may be difficult to make given only sections of the whole. (`Holographic` is used herein to refer to the property that the identification information is distributed globally throughout the coded signal, and can be fully discerned from an examination of even a fraction of the coded signal. Coding of this type is sometimes termed "distributed" herein.)
What is needed is a reliable and efficient method for performing a positive identification between a copy of an original signal and the original. This method should not only be able to perform positive identification, it should also be able to relate version identification of sold copies in order to better pinpoint the point of sale. The method should not compromise the innate quality of material which is being sold, as does the placement of localized logos on images. The method should be robust so that an identification can be made even after multiple copies have been made and/or compression and decompression of the signal has taken place. The identification method should be largely uneraseable or "uncrackable." The method should be capable of working even on fractional pieces of the original signal, such as a 10 second "riff" of an audio signal or the "clipped and pasted" sub-section of an original image.
The existence of such a method would have profound consequences on audio and image piracy in that it could (a) cost effectively monitor for unauthorized uses of material and perform "quick checks"; (b) become a deterrent to unauthorized uses when the method is known to be in use and the consequences well publicized; and (c) provide unequivocal proof of identity, similar to fingerprint identification, in litigation, with potentially more reliability than that of fingerprinting.
In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the invention, a computer system is provided with associated means for manipulating either digital audio signals or digital images.
In cases where original material is in "non-digital" form, such as on audio tape or on a photograph, means for creating a high fidelity digital copy of the material is included in the illustrative embodiment. This physical system will be referred to as the "Eye-D" workstation or system which serves as a concise trade name. The Eye-D system embeds an imperceptible global signal either directly onto the digital original or onto the "digitized copy" of the original if it was in a non-digital form to begin with. The new copy with the embedded signal becomes the material which is sold while the original is secured in a safe place. The new copy will be nearly identical to the original except under the finest of scrutiny; thus, its commercial value will not be compromised. After the new copy has been sold and distributed and potentially distorted by multiple copies, the present disclosure details a method for positively identifying any suspect signal against the original.
It is the use of identification signals which are global (holographic) and which mimic natural noise sources which are two important inter-related features which distinguish the present invention from the collective prior art. This approach allows the maximization of identification signal energy as opposed to merely having it present `somewhere in the original material.` This allows it to be much more robust in the face of thousands of real world degradation processes and material transformations such as cutting and cropping of imagery.
The foregoing and additional features and advantages of the present invention will be more readily apparent from the following detailed description thereof, which proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a simple and classic depiction of a one dimensional digital signal which is discretized in both axes.
FIG. 2 is a general overview, with detailed description of steps, of the process of embedding an "imperceptible" identification signal onto another signal.
FIG. 3 is a step-wise description of how a suspected copy of an original is identified, provided that original and its copies are using the Eye-D identification system methodology.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an apparatus for preexposing film with identification information in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
In the following discussion of an illustrative embodiment, the words "signal" and "image" are used interchangeably to refer to both one, two, and even beyond two dimensions of digital signal. Examples will routinely switch back and forth between a one dimensional audio-type digital signal and a two dimensional image-type digital signal.
In order to fully describe the details of an illustrative embodiment of the invention, it is necessary first to describe the basic properties of a digital signal. FIG. 1 shows a classic representation of a one dimensional digital signal. The x-axis defines the index numbers of sequence of digital "samples," and the y-axis is the instantaneous value of the signal at that sample, being constrained to exist only at a finite number of levels defined as the "binary depth" of a digital sample. The example depicted in FIG. 1 has the value of 2 to the fourth power, or "4 bits," giving 16 allowed states of the sample value.
For audio information such as sound waves, it is commonly accepted that the digitization process discretizes a continuous phenomena both in the time domain and in the signal level domain. As such, the process of digitization itself introduces a fundamental error source in that it cannot record detail smaller than the discretization interval in either domain.
The industry has referred to this, among other ways, as "aliasing" in the time domain, and "quantization noise" in the signal level domain. Thus, there will always be a basic error floor of a digital signal. Pure quantization noise, measured in a root mean square sense, is theoretically known to have the value of one over the square root of twelve, or about 0.29 DN, where DN stands for `Digital Number` or the finest unit increment of the signal level.
For example, a perfect 12 bit digitizer will have 4096 allowed DN with an innate root mean square noise floor of 0.29 DN.
All known physical measurement processes add additional noise to the transformation of a continuous signal into the digital form. The quantization noise typically adds in quadrature (square root of the mean squares) to the "analog noise" of the measurement process, as it is sometimes referred to.
With almost all commercial and technical processes, the use of the decibel scale is used as a measure of signal and noise in a given recording medium. The expression "signal-to-noise ratio" is generally used, as it will be in this disclosure. As an example, this disclosure refers to signal to noise ratios in terms of signal power and noise power, thus 20 dB represents a 10 times increase in signal amplitude.
In summary, the presently preferred embodiment of the invention embeds an N-bit value onto an entire signal through the addition of a very low amplitude encodation signal which has the look and characteristics of pure noise. N is usually at least 8 and is capped on the higher end by ultimate signal-to-noise considerations and "bit error" in retrieving and decoding the N-bit value. As a practical matter, N is chosen based on application specific considerations, such as the number of unique different "signatures" that are desired. To illustrate, if N=128, then the number of unique digital signatures is in excess of 10 38 (2 128). This number is believed to be more than adequate to both identify the material with sufficient statistical certainty o to index exact sale and distribution information.
The amplitude or power of this added signal is determined by the aesthetic and informational considerations of each and every application using the Eye-D method. For instance, non-professional video can stand to have a higher embedded signal level without becoming noticeable to the average human eye, while very high precision audio may only be able to accept a relatively small signal level lest the human ear perceive an objectionable increase in "hiss." These statements are generalities and each application has its own set of criteria in choosing the signal level of the embedded identification signal. The higher the level of embedded signal, the more corrupted a copy can be and still be identified. On the other hand, the higher the level of embedded signal, the more objectionable the perceived noise might be, potentially impacting the value of the distributed material.
A definition of terms is now in order:
The original signal refers to either the original digital signal or the high quality digitized copy of a non-digital original.
The N-bit identification word refers to a unique identification binary value, typically having N range anywhere from 8 to 128, which is the identification code ultimately placed onto the original signal via the disclosed transformation process. In the preferred embodiment, each N-bit identification word begins with the sequence of values `0101,` which is used to determine an optimization of the signal-to-noise ratio in the identification procedure of a suspect signal (see definition below).
The m'th bit value of the N-bit identification word is either a zero or one corresponding to the value of the m'th place, reading left to right, of the N-bit word. E.g., the first (m=1) bit value of the N=8 identification word 01110100 is the value `0;` the second bit value of this identification word is `1`, etc.
The m'th individual embedded code signal refers to a signal which has dimensions and extent precisely equal to the original signal (e.g. both are a 512 by 512 digital image), and which is (in the illustrated embodiment) an independent pseudo-random sequence of digital values. "Pseudo" pays homage to the difficulty in philosophically defining pure randomness, and also indicates that there are various acceptable ways of generating the "random" signal. There will be exactly N individual embedded code signals associated with any given original signal.
The acceptable perceived noise level refers to an application-specific determination of how much "extra noise," i.e. amplitude of the composite embedded code signal described next, can be added to the original signal and still have an acceptable signal to sell or otherwise distribute. This disclosure uses a 1 Db increase in noise as a typical value which might be acceptable, but this is quite arbitrary.
The composite embedded code signal refers to the signal which has dimensions and extent precisely equal to the original signal, (e.g. both are a 512 by 512 digital image), and which contains the addition and appropriate attenuation of the N individual embedded code signals. The individual embedded signals are generated on an arbitrary scale, whereas the amplitude of the composite signal must not exceed the pre-set acceptable perceived noise level, hence the need for "attenuation" of the N added individual code signals.
The distributable signal refers to the nearly similar copy of the original signal, consisting of the original signal plus the composite embedded code signal. This is the signal which is distributed to the outside community, having only slightly higher but acceptable "noise properties" than the original.
A suspect signal refers to a signal which has the general appearance of the original and distributed signal and whose potential identification match to the original is being questioned. The suspect signal is then applied to the decoding process of Eye-D to see if it matches the N-bit identification word.
The detailed methodology of the preferred embodiment begins by stating that the N-bit identification word is encoded onto the original signal by having each of the m bit values multiply their corresponding individual embedded code signals, the resultant being accumulated in the composite signal, the fully summed composite signal then being attenuated down to the acceptable perceived noise amplitude, and the resultant composite signal added to the original to become the distributable signal.
The original signal, the N-bit identification word, and all N individual embedded code signals are then stored away in a secured place. A suspect signal is then found. This signal may have undergone multiple copies, compressions and decompressions, resamplings onto different spaced digital signals, transfers from digital to analog back to digital media, or any combination of these items. IF the signal still appears similar to the original, i.e. its innate quality is not thoroughly destroyed by all of these transformations and noise additions, then depending on the signal to noise properties of the embedded signal, the identification process should function to some objective degree of statistical confidence. The extent of corruption of the suspect signal and the original acceptable perceived noise level are two key parameters in determining an expected confidence level of identification.
The identification process on the suspected signal begins by resampling and aligning the suspected signal onto the digital format and extent of the original signal. Thus, if an image has been reduced by a factor of two, it needs to be digitally enlarged by that same factor. Likewise, if a piece of music has been "cut out," but may still have the same sampling rate as the original, it is necessary to register this cut-out piece to the original, typically done by performing a local digital cross-correlation of the two signals (a common digital operation), finding at what delay value the correlation peaks, then using this found delay value to register the cut piece to a segment of the original.
Once the suspect signal has been sample-spacing matched and registered to the original, the signal levels of the suspect signal must be matched in an rms sense to the signal level of the original. This can be done via a search on the parameters of offset, amplification, and gamma being optimized by using the minimum of the mean squared error between the two signals as a function of the three parameters. We can call the suspect signal normalized and registered at this point, or just normalized for convenience.
The newly matched pair then has the original signal subtracted from the normalized suspect signal to produce a difference signal. The difference signal is then cross-orrelated with each of the N individual embedded code signals and the peak cross-correlation value recorded. The first four bit code (`0101`) is used as a calibrator both on the mean values of the zero value and the one value, and on further registration of the two signals if a finer signal to noise ratio is desired (i.e., the optimal separation of the 0101 signal will indicate an optimal registration of the two signals and will also indicate the probable existence of the N-bit identification signal being present.)
The resulting peak cross-correlation values will form a noisy series of floating point numbers which can be transformed into 0's and 1's by their proximity to the mean values of 0 and 1 found by the 0101 calibration sequence. If the suspect signal has indeed been derived from the original, the identification number resulting from the above process will match the N-bit identification word of the original, bearing in mind either predicted or unknown "bit error" statistics. Signal-to-noise considerations will determine if there will be some kind of "bit error" in the identification process, leading to a form of X% probability of identification where X might be desired to be 99.9% or whatever. If the suspect copy is indeed not a copy of the original, an essentially random sequence of 0's and 1's will be produced, as well as an apparent lack of separation of the resultant values. This is to say, if the resultant values are plotted on a histogram, the existence of the N-bit identification signal will exhibit strong bi-level characteristics, whereas the non-existence of the code, or the existence of a different code of a different original, will exhibit a type of random gaussian-like distribution. This histogram separation alone should be sufficient for an identification, but it is even stronger proof of identification when an exact binary sequence can be objectively reproduced.
Specific Example
Imagine that we have taken a valuable picture of two heads of state at a cocktail party, pictures which are sure to earn some reasonable fee in the commercial market. We desire to sell this picture and ensure that it is not used in an unauthorized or uncompensated manner. This and the following steps are summarized in FIG. 2.
Assume the picture is transformed into a positive color print. We first scan this into a digitized form via a normal high quality black and white scanner with a typical photometric spectral response curve. (It is possible to get better ultimate signal to noise ratios by scanning in each of the three primary colors of the color image, but this nuance is not central to describing the core process.)
Let us assume that the scanned image now becomes a 4000 by 4000 pixel monochrome digital image with a grey scale accuracy defined by 12-bit grey values or 4096 allowed levels. We will call this the "original digital image" realizing that this is the same as our "original signal" in the above definitions.
During the scanning process we have arbitrarily set absolute black to correspond to digital value `30`. We estimate that there is a basic 2 Digital Number root mean square noise existing on the original digital image, plus a theoretical noise (known in the industry as "shot noise") of the square root of the brightness value of any given pixel. In formula, we have:
<RMS Noisen,m >=sqrt(4+(Vn,m -30)) (1)
Here, n and m are simple indexing values on rows and columns of the image ranging from 0 to 3999. Sqrt is the square root. V is the DN of a given indexed pixel on the original digital image. The <> brackets around the RMS noise merely indicates that this is an expected average value, where it is clear that each and every pixel will have a random error individually. Thus, for a pixel value having 1200 as a digital number or "brightness value", we find that its expected rms noise value is sqrt(1204)=34.70, which is quite close to 34.64, the square root of 1200.
We furthermore realize that the square root of the innate brightness value of a pixel is not precisely what the eye perceives as a minimum objectionable noise, thus we come up with the formula:
<RMS Addable Noisen,m >=X*sqrt(4+(Vn,m -30 ) Y) (2)
Where X and Y have been added as empirical parameters which we will adjust, and "addable" noise refers to our acceptable perceived noise level from the definitions above. We now intend to experiment with what exact value of X and Y we can choose, but we will do so at the same time that we are performing the next steps in the Eye-D process.
The next step in our process is to choose N of our N-bit identification word. We decide that a 16 bit main identification value with its 65536 possible values will be sufficiently large to identify the image as ours, and that we will be directly selling no more than 128 copies of the image which we wish to track, giving 7 bits plus an eighth bit for an odd/even adding of the first 7 bits (i.e. an error checking bit on the first seven). The total bits required now are at 4 bits for the 0101 calibration sequence, 16 for the main identification, 8 for the version, and we now throw in another 4 as a further error checking value on the first 28 bits, giving 32 bits as N. The final 4 bits can use one of many industry standard error checking methods to choose its four values.
We now randomly determine the 16 bit main identification number, finding for example, 1101 0001 1001 1110; our first versions of the original sold will have all 0's as the version identifier, and the error checking bits will fall out where they may. We now have our unique 32 bit identification word which we will embed on the original digital image.
To do this, we generate 32 independent random 4000 by 4000 encoding images for each bit of our 32 bit identification word. The manner of generating these random images is revealing. There are numerous ways to generate these. By far the simplest is to turn up the gain on the same scanner that was used to scan in the original photograph, only this time placing a pure black image as the input, then scanning this 32 times. The only drawback to this technique is that it does require a large amount of memory and that "fixed pattern" noise will be part of each independent "noise image." But, the fixed pattern noise can be removed via normal "dark frame" subtraction techniques. Assume that we set the absolute black average value at digital number `100,` and that rather than finding a 2 DN rms noise as we did in the normal gain setting, we now find an rms noise of 10 DN about each and every pixel's mean value.
We next apply a very mid-spatial-frequency bandpass filter (spatial convolution) to each and every independent random image, essentially removing the very high and the very low spatial frequencies from them. We remove the very low frequencies because simple real-world error sources like geometrical warping, splotches on scanners, mis-registrations, and the like will exhibit themselves most at lower frequencies also, and so we want to concentrate our identification signal at higher spatial frequencies in order to avoid these types of corruptions. Likewise, we remove the higher frequencies because multiple generation copies of a given image, as well as compression-decompression transformations, tend to wipe out higher frequencies anyway, so there is no point in placing too much identification signal into these frequencies if they will be the ones most prone to being attenuated. Therefore, our new filtered independent noise images will be dominated by mid-spatial frequencies. On a practical note, since we are using 12-bit values on our scanner and we have removed the DC value effectively and our new rms noise will be slightly less than 10 digital numbers, it is useful to boil this down to a 6-bit value ranging from -32 through 0 to 31 as the resultant random image.
Next we add all of the random images together which have a `1` in their corresponding bit value of the 32-bit identification word, accumulating the result in a 16 bit signed integer image. This is the unattenuated and un-scaled version of the composite embedded signal.
Next we experiment visually with adding the composite embedded signal to the original digital image, through varying the X and Y parameters of equation 2. In formula, we visually iterate to both maximize X and to find the appropriate Y in the following:
Vdist;n,m =Vorig;n,m +Vcomp;n,m *X*sqrt(4+Vorig;n,m Y)
where dist refers to the candidate distributable image, i.e. we are visually iterating to find what X and Y will give us an acceptable image; orig refers to the pixel value of the original image; and comp refers to the pixel value of the composite image. The n's and m's still index rows and columns of the image and indicate that this operation is done on all 4000 by 4000 pixels. The symbol V is the DN of a given pixel and a given image.
As an arbitrary assumption, now, we assume that our visual experimentation has found that the value of X=0.025 and Y=0.6 are acceptable values when comparing the original image with the candidate distributable image. This is to say, the distributable image with the "extra noise" is acceptably close to the original in an aesthetic sense. Note that since our individual random images had a random rms noise value around 10 DN, and that adding approximately 16 of these images together will increase the composite noise to around 40 DN, the X multiplication value of 0.025 will bring the added rms noise back to around 1 DN, or half the amplitude of our innate noise on the original. This is roughly a 1 dB gain in noise at the dark pixel values and correspondingly more at the brighter values modified by the Y value of 0.6.
So with these two values of X and Y, we now have constructed our first versions of a distributable copy of the original. Other versions will merely create a new composite signal and possibly change the X slightly if deemed necessary. We now lock up the original digital image along with the 32-bit identification word for each version, and the 32 independent random 4-bit images, waiting for our first case of a suspected piracy of our original. Storage wise, this is about 14 Megabytes for the original image and 32*0.5 bytes*16 million=˜256 Megabytes for the random individual encoded images. This is quite acceptable for a single valuable image. Some storage economy can be gained by simple lossless compression.
Finding a Suspected Piracy of our Image
We sell our image and several months later find our two heads of state in the exact poses we sold them in, seemingly cut and lifted out of our image and placed into another stylized background scene. This new "suspect" image is being printed in 100,000 copies of a given magazine issue, let us say. We now go about determining if a portion of our original image has indeed been used in what is clearly an unauthorized manner. FIG. 3 summarizes the details.
The first step is to take an issue of the magazine, cut out the page with the image on it, then carefully but not too carefully cut out the two figures from the background image using ordinary scissors. If possible, we will cut out only one connected piece rather than the two figures separately. We paste this onto a black background and scan this into a digital form. Next we electronically flag or mask out the black background, which is easy to do by visual inspection.
We now procure the original digital image from our secured place along with the 32-bit identification word and the 32 individual embedded images. We place the original digital image onto our computer screen using standard image manipulation software, and we roughly cut along the same borders as our masked area of the suspect image, masking this image at the same time in roughly the same manner. The word `roughly` is used since an exact cutting is not needed, it merely aids the identification statistics to get it reasonably close.
Next we rescale the masked suspect image to roughly match the size of our masked original digital image, that is, we digitally scale up or down the suspect image and roughly overlay it on the original image. Once we have performed this rough registration, we then throw the two images into an automated scaling and registration program. The program performs a search on the three parameters of x position, y position, and spatial scale, with the figure of merit being the mean squared error between the two images given any given scale variable and x and y offset. This is a fairly standard image processing methodology. Typically this would be done using generally smooth interpolation techniques and done to sub-pixel accuracy. The search method can be one of many, where the simplex method is a typical one.
Once the optimal scaling and x-y position variables are found, next comes another search on optimizing the black level, brightness gain, and gamma of the two images. Again, the figure of merit to be used is mean squared error, and again the simplex or other search methodologies can be used to optimize the three variables. After these three variables are optimized, we apply their corrections to the suspect image and align it to exactly the pixel spacing and masking of the original digital image and its mask. We can now call this the standard mask.
The next step is to subtract the original digital image from the newly normalized suspect image only within the standard mask region. This new image is called the difference image.
Then we step through all 32 individual random embedded images, doing a local cross-orrelation between the masked difference image and the masked individual embedded image. `Local` refers to the idea that one need only start correlating over an offset region of �1 pixels of offset between the nominal registration points of the two images found during the search procedures above. The peak correlation should be very close to the nominal registration point of 0,0 offset, and we can add the 3 by 3 correlation values together to give one grand correlation value for each of the 32 individual bits of our 32-bit identification word.
After doing this for all 32 bit places and their corresponding random images, we have a quasi-floating point sequence of 32 values. The first four values represent our calibration signal of 0101. We now take the mean of the first and third floating point value and call this floating point value `0,` and we take the mean of the second and the fourth value and call this floating point value `1.` We then step through all remaining 28 bit values and assign either a `0` or a `1` based simply on which mean value they are closer to. Stated simply, if the suspect image is indeed a copy of our original, the embedded 32-bit resulting code should match that of our records, and if it is not a copy, we should get general randomness. The third and the fourth possibilities of 3) Is a copy but doesn't match identification number and 4) isn't a copy but does match are, in the case of 3), possible if the signal to noise ratio of the process has plummeted, i.e. the `suspect image` is truly a very poor copy of the original, and in the case of 4) is basically one chance in four billion since we were using a 32-bit identification number. If we are truly worried about 4), we can just have a second independent lab perform their own tests on a different issue of the same magazine. Finally, checking the error-check bits against what the values give is one final and possibly overkill check on the whole process. In situations where signal to noise is a possible problem, these error checking bits might be eliminated without too much harm.
Assuming that a positive identification is made, we must now decide what to do about it.
Benefits of the Eye-D Method
Now that a full description of the preferred embodiment has been described via a detailed example, it is appropriate to point out the rationale of some of the process steps and their benefits.
The ultimate benefits of the process are that obtaining an identification number is fully independent of the manners and methods of preparing the difference image. That is to say, the manners of preparing the difference image, such as cutting, registering, scaling, etcetera, cannot increase the odds of finding an identification number when none exists; it only helps the signal-to-noise ratio of the identification process when a true identification number is present. Methods of preparing images for identification can be different from each other even, providing the possibility for multiple independent methodologies for making a match.
The ability to obtain a match even on sub-sets of the original signal or image is a key point in today's information-rich world. Cutting and pasting both images and sound clips is becoming more common, thus Eye-D provides a method whereby identification can still be performed even when original material has been thus corrupted. Finally, the signal to noise ratio of matching should begin to become difficult only when the copy material itself has been significantly altered either by noise or by significant distortion; both of these also will affect that copy's commercial value, so that trying to thwart the system can only be done at the expense of a huge decrease in commercial value.
The fuillest expression of the Eye-D system will come when it becomes an industry standard and numerous independent groups set up with their own means or `in-house` brand of applying embedded identification numbers and in their decipherment. Numerous independent group identification will further enhance the ultimate objectivity of the method, thereby enhancing its appeal as an industry standard.
Use of True Polarity in Creating the Composite Embedded Code Signal
The foregoing disclosure made use of the 0 and 1 formalism of binary technology to accomplish its ends. Specifically, the 0's and 1's of the N-bit identification word directly multiplied their corresponding individual embedded code signal to form the composite embedded code signal (step 8, FIG. 2). This approach certainly has its conceptual simplicity, but the multiplication of an embedded code signal by 0 along with the storage of that embedded code contains a kind of inefficiency.
It is preferred to maintain the formalism of the 0 and 1 nature of the N-bit identification word, but to have the 0's of the word induce a subtraction of their corresponding embedded code signal. Thus, in step 8 of FIG. 2, rather than only `adding` the individual embedded code signals which correspond to a `1` in the Nbit identification word, we will also `subtract` the individual embedded code signals which correspond to a `0` in the N-bit identification word.
At first glance this seems to add more apparent noise to the final composite signal. But it also increases the energy-wise separation of the 0's from the 1's, and thus the `gain` which is applied in step 10, FIG. 2 can be correspondingly lower.
We can refer to this improvement as the use of true polarity. The main advantage of this improvement can largely be summarized as `informational efficiency.`
`Perceptual Orthogonality` of the Individual Embedded Code Signals
The foregoing disclosure contemplates the use of generally random noise-like signals as the individual embedded code signals. This is perhaps the simplest form of signal to generate. However, there is a form of informational optimization which can be applied to the set of the individual embedded signals which the applicant describes under the rubric `perceptual orthogonality.` This term is loosely based on the mathematical concept of the orthogonality of vectors, with the current additional requirement that this orthogonality should maximize the signal energy of the identification information while maintaining it below some perceptibility threshold. Put another way, the embedded code signals need not necessarily be random in nature.
Use and Improvements of the Invention in the Field of Emulsion-Based Photography
The foregoing portions of this disclosure outlined techniques that are applicable to photographic materials. The following section explores the details of this area further and discloses certain improvements which lend themselves to a broad range of applications.
The first area to be discussed involves the preapplication or preexposing of a serial number onto traditional photographic products, such as negative film, print paper, transparencies, etc. In general, this is a way to embed a prior unique serial numbers (and by implication, ownership and tracking information) into photographic material. The serial numbers themselves would be a permanent part of the normally exposed picture, as opposed to being relegated to the margins or stamped on the back of a printed photograph, which all require separate locations and separate methods of copying. The `serial number` as it is called here is generally synonymous with the N-bit identification word, only now we are using a more common industrial terminology.
In FIG. 2, step 11, the disclosure calls for the storage of the `original [image]` along with code images. Then in FIG. 3, step 9, it directs that the original be subtracted from the suspect image, thereby leaving the possible identification codes plus whatever noise and corruption has accumulated. Therefore, the previous disclosure made the tacit assumption that there exists an original without the composite embedded signals.
Now in the case of selling print paper and other duplication film products, this will still be the case, i.e., an "original" without the embedded codes will indeed exist and the basic methodology of the invention can be employed. The original film serves perfectly well as an `unencoded original.`
However, in the case where preexposed negative film is used, the composite embedded signal pre-exists on the original film and thus there will never be an "original" separate from the pre-embedded signal. It is this latter case, therefore, which will be examined a bit more closely along with various remedies on how to use the basic principles of the invention (the former cases adhering to the previously outlined methods).
The clearest point of departure for the case of pre-numbered negative film, i.e. negative film which has had each and every frame pre-exposed with a very faint and unique composite embedded signal, comes at step 9 of FIG. 3 as previously noted. There are certainly other differences as well, but they are mostly logistical in nature such as how and when to embed the signals on the film, how to store the code numbers and serial number, etc. Obviously the preexposing of film would involve a major change to the general mass production process of creating and packaging film.
FIG. 4 has a schematic outlining one potential post-hoc mechanism for preexposing film. `Post-hoc` refers to applying a process after the full common manufacturing process of film has already taken place. Eventually, economies of scale may dictate placing this pre-exposing process directly into the chain of manufacturing film. Depicted in FIG. 4 is what is commonly known as a film writing system. The computer, 106, displays the composite signal produced in step 8, FIG. 2, on its phosphor screen. A given frame of film is then exposed by imaging this phosphor screen, where the exposure level is generally very faint, i.e. generally imperceptible. Clearly, the marketplace will set its own demands on how faint this should be, that is, the level of added `graininess` as practitioners would put it. Each frame of film is sequentially exposed, where in general the composite image displayed on the CRT 102 is changed for each and every frame, thereby giving each frame of film a different serial number. The transfer lens 104 highlights the focal conjugate planes of a film frame and the CRT face.
Getting back to the applying the principles of the invention in the case of preexposed negative film. At step 9, FIG. 3, if we were to subtract the "original" with its embedded code, we would obviously be "erasing" the code as well since the code is an integral part of the original. Fortunately, remedies do exist and identifications can still be made. However, it will be a challenge to artisans who refine this invention to have the signal to noise ratio of the identification process in the preexposed negative case approach the signal to noise ratio of the case where the un-encoded original exists.
A succinct definition of the problem is in order at this point. Given a suspect picture (signal), find the embedded identification code IF a code exists at al. The problem reduces to one of finding the amplitude of each and every individual embedded code signal within the suspect picture, not only within the context of noise and corruption as was previously explained, but now also within the context of the coupling between a captured image and the codes. `Coupling` here refers to the idea that the captured image "randomly biases" the cross-correlation.
So, bearing in mind this additional item of signal coupling, the identification process now estimates the signal amplitude of each and every individual embedded code signal (as opposed to taking the crosscorrelation result of step 12, FIG. 3). If our identification signal exists in the suspect picture, the amplitudes thus found will split into a polarity with positive amplitudes being assigned a `1` and negative amplitudes being assigned a `0`. Our unique identification code manifests itself. If, on the other hand, no such identification code exists or it is someone else's code, then a random gaussian-like distribution of amplitudes is found with a random hash of values.
It remains to provide a few more details on how the amplitudes of the individual embedded codes are found. Again, fortunately, this exact problem has been treated in other technological applications. Besides, throw this problem and a little food into a crowded room of mathematicians and statisticians and surely a half dozen optimized methodologies will pop out after some reasonable period of time. It is a rather cleanly defined problem.
One specific example solution which is also the current preferred embodiment comes from the field of astronomical imaging. Here, it is a mature prior art to subtract out a "thermal noise frame" from a given CCD image of an object. Often, however, it is not precisely known what scaling factor to use in subtracting the thermal frame and a search for the correct scaling factor is performed. This is precisely the task of this step of the present invention.
General practice merely performs a common search algorithm on the scaling factor, where a scaling factor is chosen and a new image is created according to:
The new image is applied to the fast fourier transform routine and a scale factor is eventually found which minimizes the integrated high frequency content of the new image.
This general type of search operation with its minimization of a particular quantity is exceedingly common. The scale factor thus found is the "amplitude" being sought within the steps of the present invention. Refinements which are contemplated but not yet implemented are where the coupling of the higher derivatives of the acquired image and the embedded codes are estimated and removed from the calculated scale factor. In other words, certain bias effects from the coupling mentioned earlier are present and should be eventually accounted for and removed both through theoretical and empirical experimentation.
Use and Improvements of the Invention in the Detection of Signal or Image Alteration
Apart from the basic need of identifying a signal or image as a whole, there is also a rather ubiquitous need to detect possible alterations to a signal or image. The following section describes how the present invention, with certain modifications and improvements, can be used as a powerfuil tool in this area. The potential scenarios and applications of detecting alterations are innumerable.
To first summarize, assume that we have a given signal or image which has been positively identified using the basic methods outlined in the foregoing disclosure. In other words, we know its Nbit identification word, its individual embedded code signals, and its composite embedded code. We can then fairly simply create a spatial map of the composite code's amplitude within our given signal or image. Furthermore, we can divide this amplitude map by the known composite code's spatial amplitude, giving a normalized map, i.e. a map which should fluctuate about some global mean value. By simple examination of this map, we can visually detect any areas which have been significantly altered wherein the value of the normalized amplitude dips below some statistically set threshold based purely on typical noise and corruption (error).
The details of implementing the creation of the amplitude map have a variety of choices. The preferred embodiment at this time is to perform the same procedure which is used to determine the signal amplitude as described above, only now we step and repeat the multiplication of any given area of the signal/image with a gaussian weight function centered about the area we are investigating.
Universal Versus Custom Codes
The disclosure thus far has outline how each and every source signal has its own unique set of individual embedded code signals. This clearly entails the storage of a significant amount of additional code information above and beyond the original, and many applications may merit some form of economizing.
One such approach to economizing is to have a given set of individual embedded code signals be common to a batch of source materials. For example, one thousand images can all utilize the same basic set of individual embedded code signals. The storage requirements of these codes then become a small fraction of the overall storage requirements of the source material.
Furthermore, some applications can utilize a universal set of individual embedded code signals, i.e., codes which remain the same for all instances of distributed material. This type of requirement would be seen by systems which wish to hide the N-bit identification word itself, yet have standardized equipment be able to read that word. This can be used in systems which make go/no go decisions at point-of-read locations. The potential drawback to this set-up is that the universal codes are more prone to be sleuthed or stolen; therefore they will not be as secure as the apparatus and methodology of the previously disclosed arrangement. Perhaps this is just the difference between `high security` and `air-tight security,` a distinction carrying little weight with the bulk of potential applications.
Use of the Invention in Printing, Paper, Documents, Plastic Coated Identification Cards, and Other Material Where Global Embedded Codes Can Be Imprinted
The term `signal` in the title of the disclosure is often used narrowly to refer to digital data information, audio signals, images, etc. A broader interpretation of `signal,` and the one more generally intended, includes any form of modulation of any material whatsoever. Thus, the micro-topology of a piece of common paper becomes a `signal` (e.g. it height as a function of x-y coordinates). The reflective properties of a flat piece of plastic (as a function of space also) becomes a signal. The point is that photographic emulsions, audio signals, and digitized information are not the only types of signals capable of utilizing the principles of the invention.
As a case in point, a machine very much resembling a braille printing machine can be designed so as to imprint unique `noise-like` indentations as outlined in the disclosure. These indentations can be applied with a pressure which is much smaller than is typically applied in creating braille, to the point where the patterns are not noticed by a normal user of the paper. But by following the steps of the present disclosure and applying them via the mechanism of micro-indentations, a unique identification code can be placed onto any given sheet of paper, be it intended for everyday stationary purposes, or be it for important documents, legal tender, or other secured material.
The reading of the identification material in such an embodiment generally proceeds by merely reading the document optically at a variety of angles. This would become an inexpensive method for deducing the micro-topology of the paper surface. Certainly other forms of reading the topology of the paper are possible as well.
In the case of plastic encased material such as identification cards, e.g. driver's licenses, a similar braille-like impressions machine can be utilized to imprint unique identification codes. Subde layers of photoreactive materials can also be embedded inside the plastic and `exposed.`
It is clear that wherever a material exists which is capable of being modulated by `noise-like` signals, that material is an appropriate carrier for unique identification codes and utilization of the principles of the invention. The trick becomes one of economically applying the identification information and maintaining the signal level below an acceptability threshold which each and every application will define for itself.
Appendix A Description
Appendix A contains the source code of an implementation and verification of the Eye-D system on an 8-bit black and white imaging system.
Having described and illustrated the principles of my invention with reference to an illustrative embodiment and several variations thereof, it should be apparent that the invention can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from such principles. Accordingly, I claim as my invention all such embodiments as come within the scope and spirit of the following claims and equivalents thereto.
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text: Ryuge Gil Fronsdal, PhD, was ordained as a Zen priest at SFZC and received Dharma Transmission from Sojun Mel Weitsman. He has a doctorate in Buddhist Studies from Stanford University. He is a guiding teacher at the Insight Meditation Center in Redwood City. His translation of the Dhammapada is published by Shambhala Publications.


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Comments about Cabernet, Merlot and Chardonnay:
The client loved the wine but I was disappointed when i received them. They did not come in a gift box or basket to present to client. Had to buy gift bags/boxes to hand out.
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I don't know what the wine tasted like because I gave it to a friend a few states away from me, but the fact that I was able to send wine was the service I was looking for, and Wine Country provided that service. I got a phone call from my friend a few days later saying how happy she was to have gotten it, so my mission was successful. Thanks for your help!


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Mecurio comes to Fat Fish Blue: "Daily Show" writer brings stand-up comedy act to ToledoWritten by Jeff McGinnis | | email@example.com
For a guy who works in Hollywood, it seems like it might be a bit of a shock to the system to be playing the Toledo area right as some of the most bitterly cold days of the year begin. But for comedian Paul Mecurio — who will appear at the Funny Bone at Fat Fish Blue in Perrysburg from Thursday, December 12 through Saturday, December 14 — such cold temperatures are nothing new.
"I grew up in Rhode Island, in New England, so I'm used to the cold," Mecurio said in a radio interview for 'Eye on Your Weekend.' "Very Italian family that I grew up with in Rhode Island. You know, you think Italian, you think of one of two stereotypes — you think of the plastic on the furniture, very neat house, and the picture of the Pope, Jesus and Frank Sinatra. That part is not true in my family, because my mother — still — has a furniture store, and that was always the focus of our lives. So the house was a pig sty growing up.
"This is a true story, this is how bad our house was — someone broke into the house, they took the stereo, didn't touch another thing in the house. A cop comes over to take a police report, stands in the middle of the living room, surveys the living room, and goes, 'Oh my God. What kind of an animal would make a mess like this?'"
The other Italian stereotype Mecurio refers to — that of Mafia connections — is, he insists, absolutely true. At least where his cousin Bobby is concerned. "He sells stuff out of the trunk of his car, like ratchets, seats, and — I'm not making this up — he sells car alarms. Car alarms he stole out of other people's cars."
It's these kinds of stories that have endeared Mecurio to fans of his stand-up career. Comedy was not his first career path, though — he has a law degree from Georgetown and worked as a banking and acquisitions lawyer before striking out on a new path.
"I was doing corporate law, mergers and acquisitions in New York. And I thought, 'How can I give my mother an instant heart attack? I know — I'll tell her I want to be a comedian!'" Mecurio said.
"I was doing law, and I began to write jokes as a hobby, and I was sort of living this secret double life. And people say to me, 'Did you know you wanted to be a comedian?' And I'm like, 'Well, no.' And they were like, 'Were you funny?' And I was like, 'Well, yeah, I was always the funniest lawyer in my law firm.' Which is kinda like being the sexiest I.T. guy.
"I'd say these really wacky things to get laughs from the other lawyers. Things like, 'We can't do that, that's unethical!' And they would laugh and laugh and laugh."
His "double life" began to become more taxing — he was sneaking out during dinner breaks at his law job to play open-mike nights at local clubs in NYC — until he got a job writing for Jay Leno, and then eventually, was invited to join the writing staff of the then-brand new "The Daily Show" in 1996. His work on that show has earned him both an Emmy and a Peabody award.
"It's been fun. You get to really push the envelope. When Monica Lewinsky was rehabilitating her image after the whole Lewinsky scandal, she did this spread for Vanity Fair. And I got so incensed that she was making over her image, and we were allowing it. And she was selling handbags, I don't know if you remember that, she had this handbag line.
"And so we said, 'Oh, that's not the only thing she's doing, she's getting product endorsements — like this one!' And I'll put this delicately — we had a picture of her face and put 'stuff' on it. A particular type of liquid, if you will. And on the bottom it said, 'Got milk' with a question mark.
"And we put that into the show, and we didn't tell anybody 'till the last minute we were doing it. And the President saw it and flipped out," Mecurio said. "They never re-aired the show after that."
And while Mecurio's expertise at comedy is more than enough to guarantee that fans who come out to Fat Fish Blue a great time — he also has a secret weapon.
"I like to be in the bitter cold, because I want to force people to be inside any way I can," he said. "I trap people indoors and then they have no choice but to come to a comedy show and see me and the lovely comedy I do."
Tags: Daily Show, Emmy and Peabody Award, Fat Fish Blue, Frank Sinatra, Funny Bone, Jay Leno, Jesus, Mafia, Mercurio, Monica Lewinsky, Paul Mecurio, Pope, stand-up comedy, stereotypes, Vanity Fair