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Lumia 920 FTW
No sooner does Apple released the iPhone 5 than HTC and Verizon escalate with the Droid DNA. Where the iPhone 5 is slim and sophisticated, the Droid DNA is big and brutally powerful. Where Apple is anodized aluminum, HTC is soft-touch polycarbonate. Where iOS is consistent across all Apple's mobile products, HTC Sense changes up the Android interface for good or for ill. From atom to bit, the iPhone 5 and the Droid DNA couldn't be more different. So if you're looking for a new phone on Verizon, how do you choose between them?
The HTC Droid is huge. It's not part tablet, part phone, if such things concern you, but with a 5-inch screen, it's about as big as a phone can get. What's more, that 5-inch screen houses and incredible 1920x1080 (1080p) screen at a retina-rupturing 440ppi. It's the biggest, densest display on the market today. However, all that screen-power is being driven by the same Snapdragon S4 Pro horse-power that drives other, much smaller displays, like the 720p Nexus 4. HiDPI comes at a performance price, after all. The cameras are both excellent, with an 8 megapixel f/2.0, 1080p sensor with BSI on the back, and a 2.1 megapixel, 1080p sensor, also with BSI, on the front. The bad news is that the battery is only 2020mAh, which some will find acceptable and others won't, and Verizon is only offering the Droid DNA with 16GB, no more. And that's not a lot of space when you're dealing with 1080p.
The Droid DNA shops with Android 4.1.1 Jelly Bean, but should get an Android 4.2 update at some point. As usual with HTC devices, instead of the stock Google experience, you get the Sense interface, in this case, Sense 4+. You get 5 Home screens, adorned, of course, with the iconic HTC clock. You've also got a suite of Amazon media apps, whose streaming capabilities should help reduce the burden on the 16GB of storage (technically 11GB once the OS and apps are factored in), and a few other pre-installed apps, courtesy of Verizon.
In the Verizon Droid DNA review, Phil Nickinson of Android Central summed it up like this:
The simple fact is this: Alongside the Samsung Galaxy S3, the HTC Droid DNA is the best Android phone you can get on Verizon. Display, power, camera, and it's running Jelly Bean out of the box. What more do you need?
In the U.S., the Droid DNA is exclusive to Verizon, though versions of the same basic phone, with different names, will likely show up on different networks, especially internationally, at some point.
The iPhone 5 has a completely re-engineered unibody aluminum chassis to allow for a bigger 4-inch screen in a phone that's 12% smaller by volume. It's taller but not wider, thinner and also lighter. That 4-inch screen uses in-cell technology to combine the touch sensor right into the LCD so the pixels look painted on. At 1136x640 and 326ppi, it's still backlit LED, and still IPS, and while nowhere near the biggest, it's still one of the most advanced panels on the market. Apple also rolled their own, manually-set Apple A6 processor this time, based on ARM v7s, for high performance and excellent power management.There is CDMA, HSPA, and international LTE. And you can get it in 16GB, 32GB, and 64GB versions. There's still no NFC or wireless charging, however.
iOS 6 comes loaded on the iPhone 5, and includes a new, controversial Maps app, some great extensions to Apple's virtual assistant, Siri, deep Facebook integration, Passbook for tickets and vouchers, and enhancements to FaceTime, Mail, Safari, Photo Stream, Panorama, and Accessibility. And because Apple makes both the hardware and the software, there's no integration cost, no added interface layers, and a seamless experience overall.
iTunes has the biggest international content footprint, so if you're into buying your music, TV, and movies, there's a better chance Apple will take your money than anyone else. They also have the free iCloud service for backup, restore, and sync, as well as Apple Retail Stores with Genius Bars which, if you ever break your phone, you'll absolutely consider a killer service.
In the iPhone 5 review, I summed it up as follows:
Taller, thinner, faster, lighter, brighter; the iPhone 5 represents nothing more nor less than the latest, relentless iteration on the Platonic ideal Apple has been striving towards for almost a decade. Redesigned in every way but shape, compromised but true to its purpose, the iPhone 5 is once again the best iPhone Apple has ever made, and one of the best phones ever made. Period.
The price on-contract price for an iPhone 5 is $199 for 16GB, $299 for 32GB, and $399 for 64GB, unlocked and off-contract is $650, $750, and $850 respectively.
The Droid DNA has absolutely the biggest, sharpest screen on the market, and if pure pixel density is your measure, the best one too. HTC Sense is a mixed blessing -- some love it, others hate it. Like the Verizon crap-ware that comes pre-installed, however, you'll have to root and flash a different ROM, like Cyanogen, to get an experience that's closer to stock. Also, while Android Central didn't encounter major battery or performance issues, other reviews have found them problematic (but then, the same could be said about the iPhone.) 16GB of storage is anemic, however, no matter how you slice it. Still, but for that, and from a pure tech and spec perspective, the Droid DNA is arguably the baddest ass Android phone on the planet now. And if you're on Verizon, or willing to switch to Verizon, and don't want an iPhone, it really looks like the phone to beat.
The iPhone 5 manages to fit a 4-inch screen into a phone that's ludicrously thin and light, and built like nothing else on the market. iOS 6 is iOS 6 on every iPhone that supports it, so there's no third-party layer on top of the core operating system. That's either a plus or a negative, depending on how you feel about iOS. There's also no crap-ware, however, and no carrier pre-installed anything. There's also 32GB and 64GB options if you want to store more apps and media on your iPhone. And you can get the iPhone 5 -- the same iPhone 5 -- on almost any carrier you choose. You can also get iTunes content in more countries than any other media store, and Apple Retail provides the best customer care in the business.
If you're on Verizon and want an LTE phone, and the even the idea of 1080p display sends you heart racing, get the HTC Droid DNA. Otherwise, for most people, most of the time, the cliche remains true -- get the iPhone.
Need more help choosing between the iPhone 5 and the Nokia Lumia 920? Here's where you can have your questions answered!
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Lumia 920 FTW
Too bad mac is a dead os.. Should have got a PC.. This world is a PC world. Lumia 920 FTW!
Too bad mac is a dead os.. Should have got a PC.. This world is a PC world. Lumia 920 FTW!
CMN... DUDE.......that's an flagship comparison iOS vs andrOS... no one.... cares about some fckng brix with what ever OS - U call it in Redmond those days...6--7- 7,5 or 8.... even if its * all grown up now*..(.I guess that means it wasn't grown up before... so what was the point of releasing it than)...* THE TRAIL PHASE IS OVER*....ait?... do "U" know what are you...talking about???... $oft DUDE
True, wp8 has some good hardware on its side, but until it achieves commercial success, then it will never stack up. I dont doubt that wp8 is gonna be big, but I seriously doubt it will in the lifetime of the lumia 920. Not to mention that Microsoft in all makes good design, but let's admit, some of the software isn't the prettiest preinstalled app in the phone. And I have to agree, the flagship lumia 920 is about 55 grams heavier than say the htc one x or sg3, and 70 grams heavier than the featherweight iPhone 5. That's huge considering they're at about 130 and 115. Plus, what do they have, Htc and Nokia? Until super popular manufacturers pick them up, I consider wp dead. Plus, what was that with wp7 phones not updating to wp8? Android is bad with updates too, but they get them eventually!
as Eric implied I'm in shock that any one able to profit $4673 in 1 month on the computer. have you seen this website PIE21.ℂOℳ
"iOS 6 is iOS 6 on every iPhone that supports it..." Can't wait to fire up Siri on my iPhone 4. Oh, wait...
I also thing touting iTunes content overseas is a moot point in this case, given that the DNA is only being released on an American carrier.
I love my DNA. Verizon has a deep selection of phones.
Got something to back that claim with?
I'm 5"11 with slightly above average hands and can use the Note 2 with one hand comfortably..
Guess that means a bit over 50% of folks might not be able to?
I find this comparison very bias towards Iphone, I understand this is a apple product fan's site then again if you are presenting these type of comparisons(which I find completely unnecessary at the first place and agree with comment of Traisoon above) be realistic & honest. I find the these sentences "HiDPI comes at a performance price" with respect to screen's resolution & " the Droid DNA is arguably the baddest ass Android phone on the planet now" with respect to space absolutely dumb. There is no performance degradation observed in Droid DNA because of this screen, infact it is as fast as other high end android phones if not faster than them. I'm not saying this, this is the opinion of the Phil(your sister site androidcentral.com's editor who has done DNA review). And coming to the space available, yes i agree that is the dumbest decision by Verizon & HTC in the design of DNA. But it doesn't make that phone Baddest ass of all, Nexus 4 has even 8GB version also, still it is more than usable phone, you know latest android phones support USB Host support which enables you to connect external USB drives whenever you can. Yes I agree that they should have made 32GB available. There are so many features that are available in Android phones are not available in Iphone but you still boast a lot of it, I've no problem with that as this is Iphone & IOS fans site, but making a irrelevant comparison to android phones(which is a completely different ecosystem altogether) and giving kind of wrong information is absolutely wrong. Even the so called In cell technology is used by HTC from their HTC One line itself, if not the same or they use similar technology in their latest lineup.
Never seen a microSD USB adapter have you?
I think Rene needs to take a short sabbatical; he is about as open-minded as Gellar, the boy genius. Where shall I begin...
1st I concur that "from atom to bit, the iPhone 5 and the Droid DNA couldn't be more different." Yet, you are doing a comparo of this apple (no pun intended) and orange?!? I'm pretty sure most folks who frequent this site already know about iPhones, so why not just review other phones on their own merit? Or better yet, leave that to Android Central.
"HiDPI comes at a performance price, after all." In what way? Did you do any performance benchmarks? "The bad news is that the battery is only 2020mAh" Any battery data to provide us with?
Could you have possibly spent les time on the new, controversial Maps app, or the lack of NFC and wireless charging?
"Like the Verizon crap-ware that comes pre-installed, however, you'll have to root and flash a different ROM, like Cyanogen, to get an experience that's closer to stock." Crap-ware is user-subjective; I consider bookshelf to be crap, and non-gamers probably view Game Center as such. Just as some DNA user will root for the stock experience, many of us iOS user jailbreak for the non-stock experience. Some might same we give oud devices more of an Android flavor to them.
"At 1136x640 and 326ppi, it's (iPhone 5 screen)still one of the most advanced panels on the market." Agreed, however 1080p FHD LCD 3 (1920×1080) 440ppi display is more advanced.
"iOS 6 is iOS 6 on every iPhone that supports it" Siri-ously, Rene?
"16GB of storage is anemic" So in your opinion, no one should purchase a 16GB iPhone or iPad?!?
"Otherwise, for most people, most of the time, the cliche remains true -- get the iPhone." Most people, most of the time...is this you again having issues with Samsung Galaxy S3 sales numbers?
Why did you spend little or no time on NFC, wireless charging, Beats audio, LTE performance, backside secondary notification LED, or since we are talking about phones, call quality.
In closing, please go back to the reporting style that set iMore apart from BGR and Engadget; if you feel the need to do comparos, please don't appear so one-sided in your reporting that you lose your audience. Thank you for your time.
Got yur buttons pushed, so sorry :). NFC who cares, not relevant in the USA yet. Wireless charging is still, ah charging. Beats audio sounds good but mostly hype. Notifications, got the Iphone there. Call quality, to much variation to review. 16GB is low, especially on limited data plans. I don't know how much bloatware is on the DNA but my Droid maxx had many, many more than the two you listed. Galaxy S3 on its way out already, Go look at Samsung's accessory site, some stuff gone, Note2 is the new cool. This is the IMore section so what audience are you referring too?
The DNA is an awesome looking device. The comparison tween them boils down to how big of an phone can you comfortably use and how much customization do you like on your phone. The specs are largely meaningless, both phones are fast with great displays that defy the human eye. As far as the bloatware from Verizon goes you can freeze any app in Android now and hide the icon from the app drawer. We used to have to root the device for that. Given these 2 devices I would choose the DNA, mostly because I like the added functionality you get from Android in a phone but I use my iPad most of the time.
don't you guys ever get sick of writing the same article? a new android phone comes out with awesome specs and a worthy competitor and you guys write and article stating "oh this is nice, but if you like iOS and apple services you can never go wrong with iPhone" so whats the point?
If you think Philip`s story is terrific..., last munth my brother in-law also got a cheque for $5711 putting in a seventeen hour week at home and there roomate's mother-in-law`s neighbour has been doing this for 10-months and got paid more than $5711 parttime from there labtop. apply the guidelines from this web-site.))>> bit40.cøm <<((.
"There's also no crap-ware..."
Newstand and "iMaps". I'd also throw Stocks, Weather, Passbook, and iTunes in there because they aren't able to be uninstalled and are useless to me personally.
Rene, I don't understand why you even bother to write these comparisons between the iPhone and other devices. Anyone who reads your "articles" knows that the conclusion is always the same, no matter what. Captain Picard himself could pull the Starship Enterprise out of warp speed, land it next to an iPhone, and you'd proclaim the iPhone superior technology, no contest. I've been a reader of the Mobile Nations sites for a long time, and your work on this site has come to read less and less like journalism, and more and more like the excited gushings of a squealing fanboy who just can't help himself.
Before the flamers light up their blowtorches, I do understand that iMore is an Apple-centric site/community, so therefore, let it be just that. Rene, please stop these fake attempts at objectivity, which are more annoying than anything else, and stick to what you do best--being Apple's Minister of Propaganda on the Interwebs.
Nice post!!
I always buy The HTC Droid DNA.. because of it's excellent features like that Camera quality, internal storage and so many others. i was heard it's some other additional features on: themoney times .com


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I'd gotten some years ago (chamber inserts). They never worked particularly well. I'll see if I can find the link.Originally Posted by hcpookie
Slipping from chamber inserts to barrel sleeves. My apologies to those looking for continuity.
The Finns resleeved some of their WWII Russian captures. They were pretty descent rifles by the accounts I saw although it flew in the face of common accepted beliefs that resleeving is only for rim fires.
Sooo -- Remember the bad Yugo barrels? No chrome lining. I got a bunch of them and a bunch of .223 sleeves and a lathe rig and following an old Shotgun News article -- anyway, I have to recut the chambers. Probably have to do the same thing here.
Having screwed up posting things too soon I'm waiting until one goes bad before running a thread.


text:
Gourmet Liquid Bait Refill, 32 Oz.
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Highly effective liquid bait that has an attractant proven to enhance bait acceptance by a variety of ants. Bait contains a low-toxicity, borax-based ingredient to kill the colony and the queen.
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Much more affordable than professional fees
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We have a huge ant problem and it made a significant dent in the ant population in our house. It was amazing how quickly they disappeared.
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This product works great for killing ants. However it doesn't work well with the new style ant traps sold now. It works wonderfully with the old style "Sorry piece" looking green traps that they use to sell. Hopefully they will bring them back and in more color choices.
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This is the third year we've used this bait. Why so frequently? We have wooded lots around us. When we first moved here ants would find their way into the master bathroom. Tried several types of bait traps and none worked until this one. Haven't had a single ant in our home since then!
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I've had this product out for over a month now and the ants have not taken the bait. Ineffective so far.
Carpenter ants are NOT cute little benign creatures. Years ago I ignored these little guys and found myself with an infestation of them and never want it to happen again. I've used this ant bait for a couple of years and it works like a charm. Every four months or so when I notice a new generation of ants looking for sustenance around my house they find this yummy bait and their numbers dwindle to almost nothing.
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If ants were charcters in the first "Poltergeist" movie, this stuff would have prevented any sequels.
Refill bait for the ant trap. The ants really like this stuff.
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text: MAC Stereo Rose Mineralize Skinfinish ($29.00 for 0.32 oz.) is described as a "coral with golden bronze shimmering nuances." It's a coral with subtle pink tones and a champagne-gold shimmer. I think the blush gallery for corals is bursting at the seems, as over the years, brands have caught on that a large lot of us are coral fiends. MAC Born to Love is pinker, less shimmery. Buxom Luvitate is softer, more of a sheen than a shimmer. Tom Ford Lovelust is pinker, less metallic. Chanel Tweed Brun is more orange.


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text:
The internal physiological compositional state of an individual examination subject for example a human breast is assessed by transmission of selected light energy spectra into the interior of such subject, detecting the selected spectra after transversal of a distance within the object, quantifying the detected light energy at selected wavelengths, conditioning the obtained value sequence on the basis of distance, determining at least one composite averaged value from the conditioned value, and using such as a characterizing value in comparison with analogously obtained values representative for example of a norm in order to asses the internal state of the subject.
1. A method of assessing the internal physiological compositional state of an individual examination subject comprised of organic matter and the like which is transmissible by at least certain selected light energy wavelength spectra, comprising the steps: applying the selected light energy spectra to said examination subject in a manner which infuses at least certain of such light into the interior of such subject; detecting the presence of said infused light after the same has transmissed a particular distance defining at least a portion of the interior of said examination subject; quantifying the detected light energy for said examination subject as a sequence of values correlated with at least certain of said selected wavelengths to thereby produce a sequence of discrete wavelength-related values for said examination subject; conditioning said discrete values at least partially on the basis of said distance, to produce a series of wavelength-related individual conditioned quantified values particularizing the said individual examination subject; determining at least one composite averaged value from said series of different wavelength values, to characterize the particular subject under examination in terms of at least one individual numerical value; and comparing selected ones of said at least one numerical value to other analogouslyobtained individual numerical values to thereby assess the internal physiological compositional state of the subject under examination in relation to that characterized by said other numerical values.
2. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said step of determining an averaged value from said series of values for the individual examination subject comprises determination of the statistical first moment of the individual wavelength-related values in said series.
3. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said step of determining an averaged value from said series of values for the individual examination subject comprises determination of one or more of the group consisting of the statistical first moment of the individual wavelength-related values in said series, the statistical second moment of such individual values, and the root-means-square of said series of values.
4. The method as set forth in claim 1, including the steps of applying said light energy spectra to said examination subject at a plurality of different selected locations thereupon; detecting, quantifying and conditioning resulting infused light for each such different location, to produce a series of wavelength-related conditioned quantified values for each of said plurality of different examination locations on each examination subject; and determining an averaged value from each of said plural series of values to provide a corresponding plurality of said averaged values, said plurality of averaged values collectively characterizing the particular subject under examination.
5. The method as set forth in claim 4, wherein at least certain of said averaged values in said plurality thereof comprise the statistical first moment values of a particular one of the series of values in said plurality thereof.
6. The method as set forth in claim 4, wherein said averaged values in said plurality thereof comprise one or more of the group consisting of the statistical first moment, the statistical second moment, and the root-means-square of the series of values on which it is based.
7. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said other analogously-obtained individual numerical values comprise at least one broad-based average made from a plurality of series of conditioned quantified values produced by substantially identical light-spectra examination of a plurality of individual examination subjects.
8. The method as set forth in claim 7, wherein said at least one broad-based average is made from a plurality of value series each of which corresponds to an examination subject within a chronological age classification comprising the approximate chronological age of the individual subject being examined.
9. The method as set forth in claim 8, including the steps of preparing a composite averaged value series from said plurality of series which correspond to examination subjects classified by chronological age, and using said composite average data set as a basis for assessing the internal state of the individual subject under examination.
10. The method as set forth in claim 9, including the step of preparing an individual numerical value by averaging the values in said composite value series.
11. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein said step of preparing an individual numerical value comprises determining the statistical first moment of the values comprising said composite value series.
12. The method as set forth in claim 10, wherein said step of preparing an individual numerical value comprises determining one or more of the group consisting of the statistical first moment, the statistical second moment, and the root-means-square of the values comprising said composite value series.
13. The method as set forth in claim 12, wherein said stop of determining an averaged value from said series of values for the individual examination subject comprises determination of one or more of the goup consisting of the statistical first moment of the individual values in said series, the statistical second moment of such individual values in said series, and the root-means-square value of said individual values in said series.
14. The method as set forth in claim 13, wherein said step of comparing selected ones of said one or more individual numerical values for the individual examination subject to said other individual numerical values comprises the preparation of a weighted average which is based upon and which incorporates as unequal components at least two of the members of each of said groups.
15. The method as set forth in claim 1, wherein said step of determining at least one averaged value from said series of values comprises the determination of a plurality of statistically-based individual numerical values derived from said values in said series, and wherein said step of comparing selected ones of said individual numerical values to other analogously-obtained individual numerical values comprises the steps of preparing a weighted average which is based upon and which incorporates at least two of said plurality of statistically-based individual numerical values derived from the values of said series and at least two of a plurality of analogous numerical values based upon data characterizing a defined grouping of typical and normative examination subjects.
16. The method as set forth in claim 15, wherein said step of preparing a weighted average comprises unequally combining said at least two of said plurality of statistically-based individual numerical values derived from the values in said series and said at least two of a plurality of analogous numerical values are based upon data characterizing a defined grouping of typical and normative examination subjects.
17. A method of assessing the internal physiological compositional state of an individual examination subject comprised of organic matter and the like which is transmissible by at least certain selected light energy wavelength spectra, comprising the steps: applying the selected light energy spectra to each of a plurality of examination subjects including said individual examination subject, in a manner infusing at least certain of such light into the interior of each such subject; detecting the presence of said infused light at a location on each such subject which is spaced from that where the light energy was applied by at least the thickness of the light-infused portion of said subject; quantifying the detected light energy for each examination subject as a sequence of values correlated with at least certain of said selected wavelengths to thereby produce a sequence of discrete wavelength-related values for each such examination subject; conditioning said discrete values for each such examination subject at least partially on the basis of said thickness, to produce a series of individual conditioned quantified wavelength-related values for each such examination subject; determining at least one composite averaged value from a plurality of the different series of wavelength-related values which pertain to at least some of said plurality of examination subjects to characterize a reference averaged value; determining at least one other averaged value from the series of wavelength-related values pertaining to said individual examination subject; and comparing said at least one reference averaged value with said at least one other averaged value to thereby assess the internal physiological compositional state of the individual subject under examination in relation to that characterized by said reference average value.
18. The method as set forth in claim 17, including the steps of applying said light energy spectra to said examination subjects at a plurality of different selected locations with respect thereto; detecting, quantifying and conditioning resulting infused light for each such different location, to produce a series of wavelength-related conditioned quantified values for each of said plurality of different examination locations on each examination subject; and determining an averaged value from each of said series of values to provide a plurality of said averaged values, certain of said plurality of averaged values collectively characterizing said plurality of examination subjects and certain of said plurality of averaged values collectively characterizing said individual examination subject; and comparing at least certain of said plurality of averaged values which characterize said individual examination subject with at least certain of said plurality of averaged values which characterize said plurality of examination subjects to thereby assess the internal state of the individual examination subject.
19. The method as set forth in claim 18, wherein said step of comparing is carried out on the basis of one or more of the relationships in the group consisting of Criteria A-I, inclusive.
20. The method as set forth in claim 19, wherein said step of comparing includes the step of preparing an evaluation score based upon a cumulation of weighted values which are representative of the application of said one or more of the relationships in said group of Criteria.
21. The method as set forth in claim 20, wherein said step of preparing an evaluation score is based upon a cumulation of unequal values which are each representative of the application of a particular one of said one or more relationships in said group of Criteria.
22. The method as set forth in claim 21, wherein said step of preparing a weighted cumulation of values is carried out by using program-controlled apparatus which has been programmed to carry out a predetermined value-weighting schedule representative of the application of said one or more relationships in said group.
23. The method as set forth in claim 22, wherein said step of preparing an evaluation score based on a cumulation of weighted values is carried out by programming said apparatus to accord a comparatively high number to patients in a comparatively high percentile of risk category, to add fractional points if that same examination subject is also present in other lower-risk subsets, to add a significant positive numerical addition if the subject is, additionally, found present in a risk-indicative subset considered somewhat orthogonal to the initially-noted subset, to subtract values if the examination subject is found in any of the comparatively low-percentage risk subsets, and if that subject is not present in any of the defined subsets to peremptorily assign an overriding characterization of low risk.
24. The method as set forth in claim 21, including the step of comparing predetermined characteristics of a known population of examination subjects to the corresponding values resulting from said cumulation of weighted values, and assigning correlated qualitative examination subject characteristics to said cumulation values based on such comparison.
25. The method as set forth in claim 24, wherein said step of assigning qualitative examination subject characteristics to said cumulation values comprises percentile categorization of the presence of such characteristics.
This application is a continuation-in-part of Applicants' co-pending application Ser. No. 542,022, filed Oct. 14, 1983, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,638, and is related to Applicants' co-pending application Ser. Nos. 827,526 and 830,567, which are incorporated herein by reference.
This invention relates generally to optical response apparatus and methodology, i.e., the utilization of light energy as an investigative media in consideration and/or evaluation of internal tissue condition or state, accomplished by the infusion of specially-selected and/or specially-applied light energy into the tissue to be evaluated or analyzed and the resultant determination of the particular optical response of the subject to such light energy. Somewhat more particularly, the invention relates to diagnostic or clinical investigative apparatus and methodology which utilizes selected light spectra to assess the physiological state or condition of biological material, e.g., tissue, bone, etc., particularly on an in vivo and in situ basis, from the standpoint of transmissivity, or transmissibility, of the subject to the selected light spectra which are applied. Particular examples of apparatus and methodology exemplifying such investigative procedures are those disclosed in Applicants' above-referenced copending applications for U.S. Patent, including Ser. No. 542,022 (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,638) and Ser. No. 827,526, filed Feb. 10, 1986, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
More particularly still, the present invention relates to the novel treatment (processing), interpretation, and presentation of optical response data obtained from examination of matter, particularly biological material, and especially including living tissue, in particular live human anatomical tissue, for example the internal tissue of the human breast.
In Applicants' above-referenced and incorporated co-pending applications for U.S. Patent, novel apparatus and methodology are disclosed for examining, and appraising the physiologic or compositional state or condition of, biological (organic) material; in particular, for conducting in vivo examination and assessment of the physiological state or condition of human tissue, for example diagnostic examination of the breast (or other anatomical portion) of live human subjects.
In accordance with the above-noted referenced and incorporated methodology and apparatus, selected light spectra are introduced into the subject being examined at selected locations, and the light energy so infused is then received (e.g., detected) at other particular locations, preferably including a pair of such other locations, for example, a "near" location closer to the point of light infusion and a "far" location disposed more remote from that point. As described more fully in the referenced co-pending applications, the use of at least two such receivers and the distances between the point of initial light insertion and the points of light reception are important factors in the useful application of the resulting data (i.e., the measured values of light intensity as determined by the detectors themselves).
Thus, the "optical probe" by which the optical response data is obtained incorporates means whereby the particular distance between the two optical "heads" (i.e., the light-producing and the light-receiving instrumentalities) may be determined in any given position to which the two such heads are adjusted to accommodate the size of a particular subject of examination. Such distance determinations, which may be designated "nominal optical distances", are inputs into the computing apparatus which is used to process the data, where they are utilized with other computation processes to "condition" or convert the "raw" data from the detectors so that it becomes representative of the intrinsic internal tissue composition of the subject under examination, i.e., independent of factors such as specimen (e.g., breast) thickness and boundary effects (e.g., skin pigmentation, etc.).
Such "conditioned" data, representative of intrinsic internal physiological state or condition, is of great value in portraying and understanding the actual internal nature of the particular tissue under examination, and a particularly useful manner in which such tissue characterization may be presented and apprehended is, as disclosed in co-pending application Ser. No. 542,022 (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,638) by way of graphical presentations which constitute, in effect, spectrally-based, optical "profiles" of a given patient or other subject. As noted in this patent, such points may be visually contrasted in different ways with other such profiles, whether representative of the same patient or subject or other patients or subjects. For example, in human breast examination, comparison may be made to other profiles taken at adjacent or related positions on the same breast, and in contralateral studies, where profiles taken at the same locations on opposite breasts of the same patient are compared to one another. Additionally, such "profiles" may very advantageously be compared with other analogous profiles taken from other patients, whereby variations and abnormalities may be noted and taken under consideration.
Additionally, as disclosed and discussed in co-pending and related application Serial No. 830,567, the "conditioned" optical response data from which the aforementioned profiles are prepared may very advantageously be further conditioned by compiling broadly-based averages of such data obtained from large numbers of previously-examined subjects and subtracting such average values from the conditioned data for new subjects under current examination, whereby the conditioned new examination data is in effect recast into a form which more vividly portrays anomalies and departures from the norm. Such recast data may then be graphically presented as modified patient (or subject) profiles which, in addition to interpretation on the basis of shape, contour, etc., and by comparison to other such profiles (e.g., in contralateral studies of the same patient, or by comparison to profiles representative of "normal" or typical such subjects), the new (modified) profiles are also found to be directly indicative of relative internal substance, content, and composition, by which a far greater understanding of the subject matter may be obtained, as well as a more comprehensive diagnostic judgment.
The present invention carries forward the teachings and methodology presented in the above-referenced, incorporated, prior and co-pending applications, in particular that which is the subject of Applicants' prior and co-pending application Ser. No. 542,022, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,638 and application Ser. No. 830,567. More particularly, the present invention discloses further attributes and novel utilization of the aforementioned "conditioned" light energy intensity data received at the aforesaid pair of locations ("near" and "far", or otherwise selectively located) on the subject being examined, in accordance with which the conditional state of the subject under study may be apprehended, and analytically defined. Thus, the invention contemplates a more extensive as well as deeper comprehension of the optical response examination data as well as certain novel screening and detection procedures and, accordingly, contemplates the possibility of increased early warning of the advent of abnormal changes which may signify the presence or onset of disease, degradation, or other undesirable internal tissue condition.
Still more particularly, the present invention contemplates, and provides, for the further "conditioning" of the spectrally-based optical response data referred to above, together with the preparation and utilization of further graphic presentations of patient or subject "profiles" based upon such further conditioned optical data. In accordance with such procedures, interpretative conclusions may be formed and distinctions made with respect to defined population bases, leading to and helping to establish criteria and methodology by which automated machine, interpretation of data is made possible. Such automated interpretation is in fact instituted in accordance with the invention, providing for substantially instantaneous analysis, interpretation, and classification of the conditioned optical response data, avoiding all subjective or personal bias or influence and enabling extremely consistent and accurate analytical results. Preferably, such automated, machine analysis of conditioned optical response data occurs in the form of classification designation, i.e., selection of one particular classification or category from a number of possible alternatives whose characterizing parameters are previously established, the entire series of such classifications or categories together characterizing the complete range of possible results, for example on the basis of risk or anomaly percentage.
Accordingly, the present invention provides methodology and apparatus in accordance with which the existing physiological or conditional state of a patient or other subject may be appraised on an ongoing metabolic basis, without use of any invasive agency or any ionized radiation, with the tissue or other substance being observed on an in vivo and in situ basis without disruption or modification of natural processes or state. The resulting information may be taken periodically from the same patient, and observed on a time-comparative basis, and/or it may be compared to normative values, prepared from large populations, for rapid, accurate and consistent programmed diagnostic evaluation or analysis of the state of the patient or subject under consideration, in a manner unlike any other known instrumentality presently in comparable use.
The advantages provided and objectives satisfied by the aforementioned improvements will become more apparent and better understood by reference to the ensuing specification, which describes certain preferred embodiments to illustrate the underlying concept, together with reference to the appended drawings depicting the particularities of such preferred embodiments.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary, pictorial side elevational view showing the general manner in which the optical examination instrument is utilized in obtaining optical response data from a given subject (here, the human breast) in accordance with Applicants' co-pending applications;
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary, pictorial overhead plan view of the subject matter shown in FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3a, 3b, and 3c are composite graphical presentations of optical response profiles taken from Applicants' co-pending application Ser. No. 542,022, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,638;
FIGS. 4a, 4b, 4c, and 4d are graphical presentations of optical profiles similar to those in FIG. 3, but based upon and incorporating refinements in accordance with Applicants' co-pending application Ser. No. 830,567;
FIGS. 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5d are each two-part graphical presentations of optical response data of the general nature as that shown in FIG. 4, but depicting a "normal" response in juxtaposition to an "abnormal" response in comparable chronological age groupings;
FIGS. 6 and 7 are graphical presentations similar to those of FIG. 5, but depicting different subjects in different age groupings;
FIG. 8 is a graphical presentation (plot) showing certain conditioned optical response data plotted with respect to age;
FIG. 9 is another graphical presentation (plot) showing other conditioned optical response data plotted with respect to age;
FIG. 10 is a different form of plot showing a distribution of a large population of conditioned optical response data, subdivided in accordance with certain statistical characteristics; and
FIGS. 11, 12 and 13 are plots of scoring distributions for selected examination subject populations, generally demonstrating efficacy of the subject methodology.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate in a pictorial and generalized manner the basic aspects of the method and apparatus by which optical response data is preferably obtained for use in accordance with the invention, such method and apparatus being disclosed in detail in the aforementioned referenced and incorporated co-pending patent applications on behalf of Applicants. Somewhat more particularly, FIGS. 1 and 2 show the use of an optical "probe" 10 to examine (i.e., obtain optical response data from) a selected subject, in this case a human breast 12. In so doing, optical heads 14 and 16 of the probe 10 are lightly but firmly pressed against the top and bottom surfaces of the breast 12 sufficiently to provide good optical coupling, whereupon a sequence of light pulses of different wavelengths ranging over a selected spectrum is applied and the resulting intensity of the light energy infused into the breast is detected, preferably by both of the optical heads 14 and 16. As will be understood, the optical probe 10 is connected to a control console (not specifically illustrated) by cables 18, 20, and 22, by which suitable excitation (optical and/or electrical) is supplied and by which the optical response data is coupled to data-processing apparatus (e.g., a digital computer) located at the control console.
FIG. 2 illustrates the preferred placement and positioning of the optical heads during the overall examination, i.e., optical heads 14 and 16 are preferably moved sequentially to each of four different selected positions, designated by the numerals 24, 26, 28, and 30, respectively. Each such position constitutes a separate stage in the overall examination; i.e., the same sequence of selected light wavelengths is applied and resultant light intensity is detected at each of the four different locations. In the case of each breast (where breast examination is the particular application of the disclosed method and apparatus), examination positions 26 and 30 are generally aligned over the breast centerline, with position 26 being close to the chest wall and position 20 being remote from the chest wall, immediately behind the areola. One of the positions 24, 28 is thus disposed along the inner aspect of the breast while the other is disposed along the outer aspect.
As discussed at length in the referenced copending application Ser. No. 542,022 (now U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,638) of which the present application is a continuation-in-part, the optical response data produced in the general manner noted above thus consists of a sequence of electro-optical light-detector output values obtained at each of the different examination positions, each individual such detector output value comprising one individual point in the sequence of which it is a part, and corresponding to the amount of resultant light intensity detected at a particular examination location in response to the infusion of one particular wavelength (or narrow band thereof) in the applied spectrum. Generally speaking, these selected wavelengths comprise the visible and near-infrared spectrum extending approximately from 0.515 microns to somewhat beyond 1.2 microns and, as discussed more particularly below, this spectrum is preferably divided into on the order of about twenty to thirty specific examination wavelengths. As a consequence, the resulting optical response data corresponding to the light intensity received at each of the different examination locations comprises a corresponding sequence of electrical pulses comprising detector output magnitude values (which may be considered the "raw" data).
As further explained in the aforementioned copending application Ser. No. 542,022, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,638, the "raw" detector output data just noted, while constituting a quantified (i.e., numerically designated) value which could be compiled and graphically plotted, and studied in various ways, is nonetheless preferably "conditioned" in several particular ways before being presented in the graphic optical response "profiles" shown in the aforementioned co-pending application which is now U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,638, examples from which are also included in the drawings herewith, constituting FIGS. 3a, 3b, and 3c therein. In particular, two very significant "conditioning" factors are utilized, one of which is the particular separation distance between the two optical heads 14 and 16 which exists during each particular examination conducted. This dimension represents the "thickness" of the particular examination subject, and it is utilized with other known parameters (e.g., the "injected" or input light intensity and the "detected" or output light intensity received at a distant location on the examination subject) to compute the intensity reduction coefficient by use of the well-known exponential relationship expressing Beer's Law of intensity reduction across a given media thickness for a beam of light. This thickness or distance dimension is also (preferably) used to effect data conditioning by scattering and detector solid angle computation. Additionally, the optical response data is preferably further "conditioned" by in effect taking the ratio of the distance or thickness-conditioned data from a first light-receiver (e.g., one located at the optical head which also contains the light-emission apparatus, for example, optical head 16) with respect to the corresponding data from a second receiver (e.g., one which is located at the other optical head, i.e., head 14), which in the example shown is disposed at essentially the opposite side of the test specimen.
By so "conditioning" the raw detector output signals, a number of highly advantageous results are obtained, including the elimination of boundary effects (which, in the case of breast or other analogous examination, includes such skin characteristics or effects such as relative pigmentation, epidermal thickness, etc.), as well as in effect normalizing the data for the thickness of the particular examination subject. Accordingly, the resulting "conditioned" data is directly representative of intrinsic internal tissue composition and/or physiologic state, and it may be directly compared on a unit (i.e., numerical) basis to other such data, for example comparable data taken from other examination locations on the same breast (or other examination subject), or to data from the opposite such breast of the same patient, and indeed to data from totally different patients, with directly meaningful comparison results from which abnormalities and/or other characteristics may be discerned.
Accordingly, graphical "profiles" may thus be prepared from the resulting "conditioned" data to provide for highly meaningful comparison, and such profiles comprise the contents of FIGS. 3a, 3b, and 3c, which are repeated herein from Applicants' U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,638. In these figures, the different profiles in each horizontal row, designated "Inner", "Middle In", "Middle Out", and "Outer", respectively, correspond to optical response data obtained at the different examination positions 24, 26, 30, and 28, respectively (as illustrated in FIG. 2), and the vertical columns comprising FIGS. 3a, 3b, and 3c each represent different individual patients. Further, each individual graphical presentation or "profile" actually includes two superimposed traces, representing optical response data obtained at analogous positions on the two opposite breasts of the same examination subject, i.e., each such graphical representation constitutes a graphic contralateral comparison (as is also true of other such "profiles" shown in other figures and discussed hereinafter).
As may be observed from considering the different profiles of the three patients depicted in FIG. 3, as discussed above, particularly by contrasting the three different contralateral profile sets in any given horizontally aligned row thereof (representing the same examination location for each of the three different patients), vivid differences are clearly present and readily identifiable, on which diagnostic conclusions may be based. Nonetheless, in accordance with both the present invention and that of co-pending application Ser. No. 830,567, valuable and meaningful enhancements are disclosed for the treatment of the "conditioned" optical response data on which the patient profiles are based. For one thing, optical profiles such as those illustrated in FIGS. 3a, 3b, and 3c may be reformulated into different and more meaningful presentations, from the standpoint of emphasizing certain features or characteristics and making them more readily identifiable. This is accomplished, in the first instance, by replotting the data in a manner reversing the axis direction (sense) for the abscissa and, more significantly, by expanding the abscissa scale (at least in the areas of greatest plot variation), i.e., taking a larger number of wavelength-related optical response data samples (and sampling at particular selected discrete wavelength choices), and enlarging the abscissa scale so as to spread out the more-detailed data. Even more significantly (as more particularly discussed in co-pending application Serial No. 830,567, the data is preferably further conditioned prior to graphical presentation. Such further conditioning of the data is accomplished by accumulating and averaging the above-discussed conditioned optical response data from numerous different examination subjects for each of the individual points on the graphical presentations ("optical profiles" (each such point corresponding to the conditioned data value at a particular examination wavelength), and then using the resulting broad-based average values of wavelength-related data points by subtracting them from the corresponding conditioned current examination data values obtained during each new patient (or other subject) examination.
The subtractive procedure just noted has the effect of eliminating large, predominating, normative values for the wavelength-specific "conditioned" data and as a result amplifying or magnifying the remaining corresponding and related, but quite different, sequence of data values, which may then be graphically compiled and presented, or otherwise considered and evaluated. Further, the noted data cumulation and averaging may advantageously be carried out on the basis of chronological patient age groupings, such that the resulting "average" or "normal" data values which are subtracted from the conditioned examination values for a given subject are much more refined, and more specifically pertinent than would be true for a large "all ages" data base. Subtraction of these age-particular sets of conditioned data from the conditioned data of a particular individual under examination provides much more revealing data, from which a more revealing optical profile may be plotted, which is based upon age criteria and which is characterized primarily by specific departures from the norm or average for the age grouping of the particular examination subject being considered. Such data and corresponding profiles are, thus, highly representative of abnormality or eccentricity in the "intrinsic" internal tissue composition or state of the patient under examination.
The data base constituting such averaged values (whether on an age-related basis or otherwise) may and should be updated with each new patient or subject being examined, although it is to be noted that it is also desirable to eliminate from such data base the conditioned data (prior to the subtractive processing described above) for particular patients in which abnormalities are subsequently detected and proven, i.e., from patients having significant disease such as carcinoma which has been verified by subsequent diagnostic examination using such alternative media as mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy. Thus, the more the averaged data truly represents normative values, the more significant is the further-conditioned data brought about by the subtractive processing described above.
The very substantial enhancements in optical profiles produced in accordance with the above-described further conditioning procedures may be appreciated by studying the content of FIG. 4, bearing in mind that the vertical columns of profiles in FIG. 4 compare to the horizontal rows of profiles in FIG. 3 (both designated by the numerals I-IV, inclusive); however, it must also be borne in mind that the graphical profiles of FIG. 3 are merely illustrative of randomly-occurring individual examination subjects, which include non-typical or anomalous physiological characteristics, whereas the profiles shown in FIG. 4 represent the averages of numerous "typical", or "normal", subjects. Of course, the four different sets of profiles in each horizontal row of FIG. 4 (designated "A", "B", etc.) represent each of the four different examination locations, and all of the profiles in each different horizontal row (of FIG. 4) correspond to a particular chronological age grouping for the associated patients or subjects (indicated in the right-hand margin of the figure).
Referring more particularly to the "average", or normative, profiles of FIG. 4, it is to be noted that profile includes a pair of mutually-spaced, vertically-disposed reference index lines designated by the numerals 32 and 34, portrayed by a series of dots in the one instance (index 32) and a series of dashes in the other instance (index 34). In each vertical column of profiles, index lines 32 and 34 are disposed in vertical alignment with one another, so that the reference points on the corresponding profiles from one horizontal row to another in a vertical column may readily be discerned and contrasted. Bearing this in mind, one may readily come to appreciate the information content present in the profiles of FIG. 4, both from the standpoint of the different examination locations of a given "average patient" at a given point in time, as well as from the standpoint of the same examination location for "average patients" of differing ages, considering each vertical column as proceeding (from top to bottom) in accordance with advancing chronological age. Accordingly, each of the different columns in FIG. 4, and in fact the entire figure as so construed, essentially characterizes in a direct, graphic manner, normative breast physiology changes which occur throughout a life cycle from 20 years of age to 73 years of age.
With the above factors and criteria in mind, consideration of FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 will further exemplify the significance and usefulness of those aspects of Applicants' discoveries described above. These figures have the same general arrangement as FIG. 4, i.e., the four vertical columns "I, II, III, and IV" characterize the different examination locations as referred to above (illustrated in FIG. 2) and each of the individual profiles comprise two superimposed traces which separately characterize the two breasts of each patient; however, each of the three horizontal rows designated "A" are optical profiles taken from three different particular patients or examination subjects aged 47, 53, and 59, respectively, and the three horizontal rows designated "B" represent "normal" (actually, average) optical profiles (like those in FIG. 4) representative of subjects of essentially the same chronological age as the subjects in corresponding rows "A". By comparing the shape of these correspondingly-displayed optical profiles (i.e., comparing the "A" and "B" profiles of FIGS. 5a, 5b, 5c, etc.), one may note many specific differences and variations. These differences are highly significant indicia which are rendered meaningful, and understandable, in accordance with Applicants' discoveries, and are discussed more comprehensively in co-pending application Ser. No. 830,567, (incorporated herein by reference) to which the reader is referred for more detail.
For purposes of the present disclosure, which is basically directed toward other attributes of the underlying technology, it may be noted that, with respect to FIG. 5, the contour and characteristics of the plots, together with the contralateral asymmetry (i.e., shape differences between the two traces of an individual profile), indicates considerably more glandular and fibrous tissue, as well as more vascularity, than one should expect for this age grouping, indicating definite risk probability (anomaly). Clinical medical examination of this patient validated these conclusions by diagnosing the presence of ductal hyperplasia, with bizarre calcification in the upper outer quadrant of the left breast, together with several large cysts. Biopsy showed intraductal carcinoma of the left breast. The optical profile for patient "A" of FIG. 6 shows a generalized condition of lack of the normal fatty replacement of glandular tissue (as indicated in the FIG. 6 "B" profiles), with substantial contralateral asymmetry in the area to the left of index 32, where the plot for one breast appears to show significant hemoglobin increase, indicative of increased blood supply to the area. Medical evaluation of this patient confirmed the presence of anomaly, but characterized it as "apparently benign", with calcifications at the center of the right breast; however, ensuing biopsy confirmed the presence of intraductal carcinoma of the right breast. In FIG. 7, the foregoing criteria again indicates seemingly evident anomaly, including substantially increased vascularity suggestive of widely-distributed malignancy in the right breast, and both medical examination and biopsy verified this indication by confirming extensive and widespread carcinoma of the right breast without the presence of any specific large mass (tumor).
Notwithstanding the evident significance of graphical plot interpretation, such as is generally discussed above, made possible through the "optical profiles" noted (and discussed in more detail in co-pending application Serial No. 830,567, Applicants have additionally provided further novel and highly useful refinements of the underlying concepts, in accordance with which the conditioned data plotted into the optical profiles discussed above is subjected to other and different processing, based upon methodologies set forth hereinafter and illustrated by FIGS. 8-13, inclusive, in accordance with which automated, non-subjective, and accurately-repetitive machine analysis may be accomplished, and corresponding conclusions obtained, by use of programmable processes which address the conditioned data apart from any graphical presentation thereof.
More particularly, it will be appreciated that each of the points graphically plotted in the optical profiles, as discussed above, has a particular numerical value which, while arbitrary in an absolute sense, is nonetheless highly meaningful in a relative sense. Accordingly, the data in the different optical profiles lends itself to substantial processing possibilities and procedures. One such procedure is to compute a numerical First Moment (i.e., average) magnitude for each patient profile, and/or for each of the two individual traces plotted in such profiles, as depicted for example, in FIGS. 5-7. Similar but somewhat broader averages, or First Moments, may be prepared for use as a comparison basis, computed from the combined (averaged) conditioned optical response data representative of a large number of age-grouped patients who have undergone examination, as for example are plotted in FIG. 4; for example, such First Moments may be computed on the basis of each "view", and/or of all "views" (examination locations on the subject) and for either or both breasts, in any given age grouping (or for that matter for all ages).
FIG. 8 presents a plot of certain First Moment values for individual patients (all views, both breasts) as a function of patient age (age being the abscissa), taken from a data base of over one hundred "non-CA" (i.e., non-carcinogenic) cases. Superimposed upon this plot is a series of analogous data points 42 (highlighted by a dark enclosing rectangle), each of which represents one of twenty-nine cases determined to be "suspicious by mammography" with respect to carcinoma. The relative position of these "suspicious" cases upon the plotted field clearly portends analytic significance, and this is particularly true considering the fact that of the twenty-nine "suspicious" cases a certain number will or may prove to be benign. Thus, the center of gravity of the multiple-point "non-CA" trace 40 in FIG. 8, as represented by the heavy line 44, clearly trends downwardly with age, and by far the greater proportion of the "suspicious" case data points 42 lie above the center of gravity line 44.
Accordingly, it seems reasonable to believe from FIG. 8 that at least an initial, but nonetheless meaningful, diagnostic data-interpretation process which could be implemented by programmed apparatus could be provided by obtaining a comparable First Moment or average magnitude (all views, both breasts) for a given patient under examination, based upon the conditioned optical response data for that patient, and contrasting that First Moment magnitude with the position of the center of gravity line 44 at the age for that particular patient. Indeed, based upon the data presented in FIG. 8 (which is no doubt insufficient for final conclusions), one would conclude that even such a preliminary machine-based readout might provide a degree of certainty as high as about 75 percent, since approximately that percentage of the "suspicious" points 42 lie above the center of gravity line 44 in FIG. 8. Regardless of such speculation, the underlying methodology appears clearly validated by the graphical study of FIG. 8, particularly when one remembers that the trace 40 is based upon a combination of all examination views or locations and both breasts; quite clearly, as demonstrated by the discussion of FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 above, other First Moment data points based upon the conditioned data for separate breasts would be very likely to provide improved accuracy, as would analogous data points for each separate examination view or location on each separate breast. Of course, the particular parameters of the center of gravity line 44 are likely to be increased in accuracy in direct proportion to increasingly large population studies.
In demonstration of the basic diagnostic process, or technique, referred to just above with respect to FIG. 8, generalized (but relatively accurate) optical data resolution numbers (i.e., optical data First Moment magnitudes for each breast profile, or trace, in each view) are denoted on each of the different profiles presented in each row "A" of FIGS. 5, 6, and 7 ("R" referring to right breast and "L" to left). Overall First Moment values (all views, both breasts) on an age-specific basis are presented in the comparison profiles shown in each row "B" of these figures. It is believed that the mere initial comparison of such magnitudes on a view-by-view basis clearly demonstrates the usefulness and desirability of such a procedure, since the departures from the norm are so apparent in and of themselves and since they compare so favorably with the analytical observations set forth above in the discussion of FIGS. 5, 6, and 7, based upon graphical plot comparisons as well as comparing favorably with the actual medical diagnoses noted there.
A further and in some ways even more significant illustration of the information content in the conditioned optical data is contained in FIG. 9, which is included to provide additional information on which to base a more complete apprehension of, and appreciation for, the present invention. FIG. 9 comprises a plot of the conditioned optical response data produced at a particular selected light wavelength band (e.g., from about 0.10 microns to about 0.990 microns), i.e., the wavelengths encompassing index line 34 of FIG. 4, for all views of a number of different examination subjects, plotted with respect to age. As will be apparent, the basic shape and overall disposition of this plot corroborates the center of gravity 44 of the plot in FIG. 8; however, the extent to which the particularized data of FIG. 9 actually does represent ongoing metabolic characteristics is believed clearly evidenced by the prominent "knee" in the curve, which is located directly at the chronological age group where menopause typically occurs, testifying to a corresponding and notable decrease in the presence of glandular breast tissue. Further, it will be noted that the degree of downward curvature of this plot (FIG. 9) is much more pronounced above the "knee" than below it, indicating a continual and progressive largerscale decrease in glandular tissue prior to menopause, a precipitate decrease during the menopausal years, and only very slow such change thereafter, when the process of glandular atrophy and fatty replacement has been largely completed (corresponding directly to the progressions graphically displayed in FIG. 4). Clearly, FIG. 9 also demonstrates a basis for a potentially advantageous procedure for automated diagnoses based upon the conditioned optical response data in accordance with Applicants' invention.
Notwithstanding the basic and essential usefulness of the approaches referred to above in conjunction with FIGS. 8 and 9, further and additional such approaches have been explored and are now described, for augmenting and extending the accuracy and usefulness of the investigative processes generally under consideration. One rather significant such approach is illustrated in FIG. 10, which constitutes a plot of certain data somewhat similar to that presented in FIG. 8 but representing a large population shown in unconnected scatter form. Thus, each of the small dot-like points in FIG. 10 presents certain conditioned optical data (to be described more specifically hereinafter) which represents a single individual in a large data base comprised of subjects not known to have present carcinoma. The large dark dots in this figure represent analogously-conditioned optical response data, but characterize biopsy-positive carcinoma cases, plotted similarly.
While it might at first appear that there is substantial dispersal of the large carcinoma-indicative dots throughout the field of the small non-carcinoma-indicative dots in FIG. 10, careful analysis shows the contrary. That is, as the field-dividing dashed boundary lines 46, 48, and 50 help to reveal, several distinctly different areas (subsets) may be discerned within the overall field of FIG. 10, with each of the different such areas characterizing significantly different probability subsets. First, the highest probability (of finding cancer relative to not finding it) lies within the field defined above boundary line 50, which in fact contains a ratio of approximately 29 percent biopsy-proved carcinoma cases. The second such field comprises the divided area located between the abscissa and boundary 46, and between boundaries 48 and 50, which are comparable areas characteristic of about 11 percent biopsy-proved carcinoma cases. Within the field between boundary lines 46 and 48, the probability falls to approximately 2.6 percent. The ratio for the entire plot is 5.4 percent (which, of course, is substantially greater than the probability existing for the general population as a whole). Clearly, the resulting usefulness of analysis such as that utilized in arriving at the plot in FIG. 10 appears to be abundantly demonstrated.
The actual conditioned optical response data plotted in FIG. 10 comprises the magnitude produced by taking the difference between the First Moment values ("FM Delta") for each breast in each of the different examination views (as discussed above and as illustrated by the aforementioned numerical values indicated in rows "A" of FIGS. 5, 6, and 7), and comparing (plotting) such difference with the average value of all such First Moment magnitudes (illustrated by the numerical values indicated in rows "B" of such figures). This relationship (this difference between the specified First Moment magnitudes) is referred to herein at "Criterion A".
A number of additional such criteria, i.e., specified analytic relationships, are also defined in accordance herewith, including the following:
First Moment range, assigning a negative value if high and low values are in opposite breasts, plotted against patient age ("Criterion B");
Largest difference between First Moment magnitudes occurring between wavelengths from about 0.7 microns to about 0.85 microns, versus the average value of the First Moment per se ("Criterion C");
Largest difference in First Moment between same examination views, versus patient age ("Criterion D");
Largest difference between First Moment magnitudes in the same views occurring between wavelengths of about 0.7 microns to about 0.85 microns, versus largest absolute difference between First Moment magnitudes from any one examination view to any other such view (for the same patient) ("Criterion E");
Average First Moment magnitude occurring between wavelengths of about 0.7 microns to about 0.85 microns in any view, versus average value of First Moment ("Criterion F");
Largest difference in Second Moment magnitudes in any one view versus average of the RMS (root means square) differences between views ("Criterion G");
Largest difference in the same view between conditioned optical response data obtained between wavelengths of about 0.65 microns to about 0.85 microns, normalized to the three other differences noted above, versus patient age ("Criterion H"); and
Largest difference between conditioned optical response data values occurring in any view between wavelengths of about 0.85 microns minus comparable magnitudes obtained at wavelengths of about 0.80 microns, plus magnitudes occurring within the range of about 0.7 microns to about 0.85 microns, versus average value of First Moment (for that view) ("Criterion I").
As will be understood, the "Second Moment" referred to above comprises the value of the square root of the average of the squared values of each of the conditioned optical response data points, and the "RMS" value is the square root of the sum of the squares of the magnitude of such data points.
Each individual plot representative of one of the above-stated criteria provides meaningful risk percentage definition information, it is believed, although each such plot is not regarded as having the same relative degree of importance in arriving at an ultimate such conclusion. Consequently, what is required is a weighted programmatic solution which takes each such evaluative procedure into consideration and provides a corresponding "ultimate" answer (whose actual ultimate accuracy is, of course, a function of the underlying assumptions made in weighting the multiple averaging process to be used). Of course, many specifically-differing such weighted solutions may be contemplated, and it remains to be seen which particular such approach ultimately proves to be the most accurate. On a provisional basis, however, one useful such resolution program, included basically for purposes of illustration, is as follows: accord a comparatively high number (on any given numerical scale, say from one to ten) to patients in a comparatively high percentile of risk category (for example, that graphically portrayed in FIG. 10), with fractional points added if that same examination subject is also present in other lower-risk subsets. A significant positive numerical addition should be added if the subject is, additionally, found present in a risk-indicative subset considered somewhat orthogonal to the initially-noted subset (as for example due to having a number of other and different biopsy-positive carcinoma patients within defined categories). Also, values should be subtracted if the examination subject is found in any of the comparatively low-percentage risk subsets, and if that subject is not present in any of the defined subsets, as noted above, an overriding characterization of low risk could peremptorily be assigned.
As stated above, the particular weighting factors to be used in such an all-encompassing weighted-average resolution program are subject to substantial variation, and the choice no doubt involves considerable difficulty if true optimization is actually to be envisioned. Nonetheless, the generalized usefulness of such a resolution program has been demonstrated, and the general format described above has in fact been followed in producing specific results from a data base numbering a total of 819 examination subjects, comprised of two main groups, i.e., biopsy-positive carcinoma cases, numbering 44 in total, and all others, numbering 775. Two subsets of the latter group may be separated out and used for separate scoring, namely, biopsy-negative subjects (numbering 66) and "asymptomatic" cases (numbering 106). The results obtained by use of the aforementioned resolution program on this data base are set forth in Table I below, and, illustrated in FIGS. 11, 12, and 13, discussed below.
In considering Table I and FIGS. 11-13, inclusive, it should be borne in mind that the data base overall was skewed toward examination subjects having, or likely to have, carcinoma or other breast anomaly, since the entire population comprised women referred for mammography for one reason or another, most often because of exhibiting at least some clinical symptoms. The fact that this overall data base did in fact include 44 cases of biopsy-proved carcinoma is further evidence of this population skew, indicating an overall carcinoma probability of 0.11, whereas the generally-established probability for the U.S. population at large is some forty times less than that. The subset defined as "asymptomatic", referred to above, was selected on the basis of clinical histories showing mammography referral merely for "base line" or "routine" purposes, rather than specific assigned risk; nonetheless, even within this subset there may of course be suspect cases who were simply not designated as such, for any of a variety of possible reasons.
Table I, set forth below, summarizes in tabular form the general scoring (on a scale of 0-10) produced by the above-described data resolution program or process with respect to the data base described, on the basis of the four groups identified (including the two subsets). With reference to this Table, it may be seen that, arbitrarily putting all subjects with scores equal to two or less in a designated "low-probability" population, and placing all examination subjects with a score greater than two in a "high-probability" population, it may be observed that some 88 percent of the subjects thought to be asymptomatic fall in the "low-probability" population, while only 27 percent of the biopsy-positive cases fall into such group; conversely, 73 percent of the biopsy-positive cases fall into the "high-probability" group, and only 12 percent of the ostensibly asymptomatic population fall into the "high-probability" population. Bearing in mind the abovenoted skewing of the data base itself, the accuracy of the data resolution program or process under discussion clearly seems likely to possess even greater accuracy when applied to the general population. Further, the fact that Table I shows several relatively high scores (e.g., one "4" and three "3", in the "low-probability" population may well be indicative of the fact that the optical response process itself differentiates many different types of physiologic anomaly apart from carcinoma per se, e.g., fibroadenoma), indicating the possibility that, in use as a general screening instrumentality, the optical response methodology may well possess truly surprising potential. That is, considering the data set forth in Table I from another perspective, a patient thought to be asymptomatic who is classified in the high-percentage risk category (scores of 3 or above) may well have an unsuspected probability of actually having carcinoma or other undesirable anomaly, since that likelihood is more than twenty times greater than the risk probability for a different asymptomatic patient who is classified by the procedure in the "low-probability" category. Further, the likelihood of carcinoma presence in asymptomatic patients classified in the "low-probability" area is only 30 percent that of the entire asymptomatic subset, while the actual probability of asymptomatic patients classified in the "high-probability" category is approximately six times that of the average patient.
TABLE I______________________________________SCORING SUMMARY Biopsy- Biopsy- No Not Biop- Positive Negative Symptoms PositiveScore (CA's) (N's) (A's) (All's)______________________________________0 1 10 17 1321 6 28 57 2982 5 27% 10 73% 19 88% 150 75%3 2 3 3 364 6 3 8 685 4 2 1 286 4 4 1 257 5 0 0 178 1 3 0 159 9 2 0 610 1 73% 1 27% 0 12% 0 25%Totals: 44 66 106 775______________________________________
The validity of the methodology described above is believed self-apparent, especially in view of the results shown in Table I. Further confirmation is provided in FIGS. 11-13, however, of which FIG. 11 graphically depicts the significant difference between asymptomatic patients ("A"s) and biopsy-positive patients ("CA"s) with respect to weighted score. FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate cumulative upside percentages and cumulative downside percentages, respectively, with respect to weighted score, for asymptomatic patients, biopsy-positive patients, and all patients ("ALL"s). Thus, in accordance with these presentations, cumulative percentages such as those discussed briefly above may readily be located for any given weighted score, the clearly-evident extent of difference between the biopsy-positive cases and the non-biopsy-positive cases ("ALL"s) additionally establishing the validity of the underlying methodology.
As noted at various points above, the methodology of the invention is discussed and presented largely in conjunction with human breast examination but is for no reason specifically confined to that particular area of inquiry. On the contrary, the methodology is also believed to be applicable, to a substantially equivalent degree, to other human organs and tissue masses or extremities, as well as to comparable non-human subject matter. Indeed, while the usefulness of the methodology on an in vivo basis has evident and even surpassing value, there is no particular reason to believe that the underlying methodology is in fact less useful when conducted on other bases (e.g., on tissue samples, etc.), and in the last analysis it is likely to be directly applicable to essentially any biological or organic material or the like which is transmissible by optical radiation of the general type described.
It is to be understood that the above detailed description is but that of one exemplary preferred embodiment of the invention, and that numerous changes, alterations and variations may be made without departing from the underlying concepts and broader aspects of the invention as set forth in the appended claims, which are to be interpreted in accordance with the established principles of patent law, including the doctrine of equivalents.
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segmental mastectomy
(seg-MEN-tul ma-STEK-toh-mee)
Surgery to remove the part of the breast that has cancer and some of the normal tissue around it. The lining over the chest muscles below the cancer and some of the lymph nodes under the arm may also be removed. It is a type of breast-conserving surgery. Also called partial mastectomy.


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Keuka Storms The Hawks In Men's Lacrosse
- Release Date:
- April 3, 2013
- Contact:
- The Office of Sports Information
- (716) 649-7900 ext. 333
KEUKA PARK, NY – The Hilbert College men's lacrosse team gave up 14 goals and suffered their first North Eastern Athletic Conference league loss to Keuka College April 2. Hilbert's John Pingitore netted the Hawks lone goal in the 7pm game played under the lights in Penn Yan, NY.
Keuka's Derek Pfeiffer scored twice before Pingitore took a Sean Purtill pass and snuck it past the Storm's keeper at 7:51 in the first quarter. Keuka continued to challenge the Hawks offensively scoring 3 more times before the quarter break and four times in the second period.
Hilbert did not put another point on the board through the entire second half while giving up five unanswered hits for the final 14-1 score.
Keuka's Connor Latimer led the Storm offensive with 7 points (4 goals).
Brendan Kane fired 4 team-high shots while Purtill, Elliott Russillio, Pingitore, and Brady Metcalf almost matched Kane's as they all finished with 3 shots.
Hilbert won less than 50% of their face-offs (8-19) but were 12 of 14 in clears for the game and was 1 for 1 in extra-man opportunities. Keuka finished with 13 more shots (34-21) and held a 41-33 ground ball advantage but did not fully take advantage of the 8 penalties flagged against Hilbert.
William Wagner finished with 8 saves for Hilbert while Keuka's goalies combined for 10 total saves. Eric Saltrelli was credited with 7 saves before Scott Thielman relieved him with just over nine minutes to go in the fourth quarter.
The Hawks are idle for almost a week until they host their home opener in Hamburg on April 11 against Wells College at 4pm.
Hilbert College, located in suburban Hamburg, N.Y., south of Buffalo, is a private four-year college founded in 1957 in the Catholic Franciscan tradition. With nearly 1,100 students, Hilbert is a dynamic Western New York college that offers career-focused majors, including one of the top criminal justice programs in the region, and more than 50 minors and concentrations. The college's engaging, student-centered campus community offers numerous leadership, internship, and service learning opportunities from which students launch successful careers while making positive changes in their communities. The Hilbert Blueprint promotes a well-rounded student experience over four years – starting with the Foundations Seminar in the freshman year, followed by Sophomore Service, Junior Symposium, and culminating with the Senior Capstone. Hilbert has expanded its academic offerings with the college's first graduate programs and new Accelerated Degree Programs geared to adult learners.
Upcoming Events
- First Year Student Orientation
- Aug 14, 2015
- Summer Session A2 Ends
- Aug 21, 2015
- First Year Student Orientation
- Aug 28, 2015


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Dudley Wooten
PDT Contributor
Helwo, it's Elmer Fudd again, wight out here amongst 'em.
As you know, I'm a twee wover and for all you other twee wovers out there in bwutiful southern Ohio, I would wecommend a wittle twip in the woods this time of wear. I'm out here chasing these wascal deer and I'm weally impwessed wif the twees. Now that most of them are just standing awound naked, the weast we could do is act like we care.
We see the bwutiful tall wellow poplar twees standing so tall and stwaight, full of white wumber. We see the gweat wed oak and white oak twees in their tewiffic size and valwue.
They've wost their weaves, but now you can apweciate their huge twunks. The maple fall orwange and wed is gone but they're still bwutiful.
One of the unsung hewoes in our woods is the beech twee. We have the American beech, that is a big ol' twee with smooth gway bark. It holds its bwown weaves long into the winter.
Many of our fowest cweatures make their home in the beech twee. We also have a wittle twee called the bwue beech because it has a smove gway bark that is a wittle darker or bwuer. This same wittle twee is also called musclewood because it has buldges under its smoove bark like muscles (like Elmer).
Then there's the wonely dogwood. In the spwing, it has the wovewy white bwooms and in winter it has large bwoon buds, but you can always tell a dogwood by its bark.
Get it? Huh-huh-huh-huh. (Sometimes I'm so cwever, I just kill me.)
Sewiously folks, it's weally, weally bwutiful out here amongst 'em in this winter wonder wand. Wittle Waura thinks I'm just out here hawassing the wascal deer but I'm weally out here socialwizing wif Mover Nature. Awexandew Gwaham Belw was quite intelwigent and he often said, "Weave the beaten twack behind, and dive into the woods."
He always had a weal big cuwious. This ol' girl looks pretty good to me evewy time I wook at her, whether it's just a quick gwance, or taking a wight smart wook at her, up cwose and pewsonal. She will always be good to us if we tweat her wight.
When you wead this stuff that G. Sam Piatt, and that Wooten chawacter are wighting, you might think they're a wittle bit crazy or tetched in the bwain, but I weckon they just have a weal weverence for Mover Nature, wike Elmer. If you don't bewieve them, bewieve the twee of life: "The more you wead, the more you know. The more you know, the more you grow."
There's a wot to wearn out here wif Mover Nature. My mama always did say, "You can wearn a wot more by wistening, than by talking."
When your world gets a wittle too scwewy, just take a hike – to the gweat outdoors. Mover Nature is there for the asking.
She can answer and apweciate all your questions. She's a weal smart ol' girl and she's been awound a wight smart wonger than we have.
Ol' Elmer is smelwing a tewible awoma. At first, I thought it was Pepe Lapew, but I have figured out that I'm sitting on a wild onwion.
I weckon it's time to move. As much as I would wike to stick awound and socialwize wif you, I'd better get after those wascal deer.
"A-Hunting we will go, A-Hunting we will go, Hi-Ho the dawio, A-Hunting we will go. Huh-huh-huh-huh." May the fowest be wif you.
E. Fudd


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Find hotels in Kings Island using the list and search tools below. Find discounted hotel accommodations in or close to Kings Island, OH for your upcoming personal or group travel. We provide the best Kings Island, Ohio hotel and motel rooms. Browse the Kings Island area hotels to find the perfect lodging! Please use the provided map of the Kings Island hotels. Booking 5+ Rooms? Find Kings Island Group Hotel RatesThe Kings Island center is about the area of King Island Amusement Pk and the area of Kings Island Amusement Park.
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This will certainly be one of the most memorable days of our journey, as we spend the day touring the Eternal City with our English-speaking guide.
Our tour will include all of Rome's most important locations. We will visit the Coliseum, the Spanish Steps, the Trevi Fountain, the Pantheon, and of course, the Vatican, with St. Peter's Basilica, the Sistine Chapel, and the museums full of priceless treasures. So that you can absorb it all and keep your energy, our schedule will give you time to break away on your own for lunch and dinner anywhere you wish.
Included meals: breakfast
Overnight accommodations: Hotel dei Mellini (website) Via Muzio Clementi, 81 | Rome
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