text:
A golf ball including a core and a cover layer, wherein the golf ball has a weight of about 1.39 oz to about 1.62 oz, and at a Reynolds number of about 184,000 and a non-dimensional spin ratio of about 0.106, the golf ball has a lift-to-weight ratio of greater than about 1.4 and a drag-to-weight ratio of greater than about 2.0.
1. A golf ball comprising:
a core; and
a cover layer;
wherein the golf ball has a weight of about 1.39 oz to about 1.62 oz, and at a Reynolds number of about 184,000 and a non-dimensional spin ratio of about 0.106, the golf ball has a lift-to-weight ratio of greater than about 1.4 and a drag-to-weight ratio of greater than about 2.0.
2. The golf ball of
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4. The golf ball of
5. The golf ball of
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7. The golf ball of
8. The golf ball of
9. The golf ball of
10. The golf ball of
11. The golf ball of
12. The golf ball of
13. The golf ball of
14. The golf ball of
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/214,428, filed Aug. 29, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,481,723 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/108,812 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,156,757, filed Apr. 19, 2005, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/784,744 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,913,550, filed Feb. 24, 2004, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/096,852 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,729,976, filed Mar. 14, 2002, each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
The present invention relates to golf balls, and more particularly, to a golf ball having a reduced distance while maintaining the appearance of a normal high performance trajectory.
Solid golf balls typically include single-layer, dual-layer (i.e., solid core and a cover), and multi-layer (i.e., solid core of one or more layers and/or a cover of one or more layers) golf balls. Solid balls have traditionally been considered longer and more durable than predecessor wound balls. Dual-layer golf balls are typically made with a single solid core encased by a cover. These balls are generally most popular among recreational golfers, because they are durable and provide maximum distance. Typically, the solid core is made of polybutadiene cross-linked with zinc diacrylate and/or similar crosslinking agents. The cover material is a tough, cut-proof blend of one or more materials known as ionomers, such as SURLYN®, sold commercially by DuPont or IOTEK®, sold commercially by Exxon.
Multi-layer golf balls may have multiple core layers, multiple intermediate layers, and/or multiple cover layers. They tend to overcome some of the undesirable features of conventional two-layer balls, such as hard feel and less control, while maintaining the positive attributes, such as increased initial velocity and distance. Further, it is desirable that multi-layer balls have a "click and feel" similar to wound balls.
Additionally, the spin rates of golf balls affect the overall control of the balls in accordance to the skill level of the players. Low spin rates provide improved distance, but make golf balls difficult to stop on shorter shots, such as approach shots to greens. High spin rates allow more skilled players to maximize control of the golf ball, but adversely affect driving distance. To strike a balance between the spin rates and the playing characteristics of golf balls, additional layers, such as intermediate layers, outer core layers and inner cover layers are added to the solid core golf balls to improve the playing characteristics of the ball.
By altering ball construction and composition, manufacturers can vary a wide range of playing characteristics, such as resilience, durability, spin, and "feel," each of which can be optimized for various playing abilities. One golf ball component, in particular, that many manufacturers are continually looking to improve is the center or core. The core is the "engine" that influences the golf ball to go longer when hit by a club head. Generally, golf ball cores and/or centers are constructed with a polybutadiene-based polymer composition. Compositions of this type are constantly being altered in an effort to provide a targeted or desired coefficient of restitution (COR), while at the same time resulting in a lower compression which, in turn, can lower the golf ball spin rate and/or provide better "feel."
The dimples on a golf ball are used to adjust the aerodynamic characteristics of a golf ball and, therefore, the majority of golf ball manufacturers research dimple patterns, shape, volume, and cross-section in order to improve overall flight distance of a golf ball. Determining specific dimple arrangements and dimple shapes that result in an aerodynamic advantage involves the direct measurement of aerodynamic characteristics. These aerodynamic characteristics define the forces acting upon the golf ball throughout flight.
Aerodynamic forces acting on a golf ball are typically resolved into orthogonal components of lift and drag. Lift is defined as the aerodynamic force component acting perpendicular to the flight path. It results from a difference in pressure that is created by a distortion in the air flow that results from the back spin of the ball. A boundary layer forms at the stagnation point of the ball, B, then grows and separates at points S1 and S2, as shown in
Drag is defined as the aerodynamic force component acting parallel to the ball's flight direction. As the ball travels through the air, the air surrounding the ball has different velocities and, accordingly, different pressures. The air exerts maximum pressure at the stagnation point, B, on the front of the ball, as shown in
Advances in golf ball compositions and dimple designs have caused some high performance golf balls to exceed the maximum distance allowed by the United States Golf Associates (USGA), when hit by a professional golfer. The maximum distance allowed by the USGA is 317 yards±3 yards, when impacted by a standard driver at 176 feet per second and at a calibrated swing condition of 10°, 2520 RPM, and 175 MPH with a calibrated ball. According to the USGA, there are at least five factors that contribute to this increase in distance, including: clubhead composition and design, increased athleticism of elite players, balls with low spin rates and enhanced aerodynamics, optimization in matching balls, shafts, and clubheads to a golfer's individual swing characteristics, and improved golf course agronomy. Even though numerous factors influence the increase in distance, golf traditionalists have been demanding that the USGA roll back the distance standard for golf balls to preserve the game. The USGA has recently instituted a research project to design and make a prototype golf ball that would reduce the maximum ball distance by 15 or 25 yards. (See "USGA letter to manufactures takes ball debate to new level," by D. Seanor, Golfweek, pp. 4, 26, Apr. 23, 2005).
The patent literature contains a number of references that discuss reduction of the distance that golf balls fly. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,209,485 to Nesbitt, a reduction in the distance that a range ball will travel may be obtained by a combination of inefficient dimple patterns on the ball cover and low resilient polymeric compositions for the ball core. Low resilient compositions are disclosed to include a blend of a commonly used diene rubber, such as high cis-polybutadiene, and a low resilient halogenated butyl rubber. Inefficient dimple patterns are disclosed to include an octahedral pattern with a dimple free equator and a dimple coverage of less than 50%. As disclosed in the '485 patent, the resulting range ball travels about 50 yards less than comparative balls and has a lower coefficient of restitution than the coefficient of restitution of comparative balls. The '485 patent theorizes that about 40% of the reduction in distance is attributable to the inefficient design, and about 60% is attributable to the low resilient ball composition. Range balls, however, do not have the desirable feel or trajectory of high performance balls. Further, the art does not suggest a way to fine-tune the distance of high performance golf balls to adhere to a shorter USGA maximum distance, while maintaining the appearance of a high performance trajectory.
As such, there remains a need in the art to achieve a golf ball that flies shorter than the current performance balls and maintains the appearance of a high performance trajectory without adversely affecting the ball's other desired qualities, such as durability, spin, and "feel."
The present invention is directed to a high performance golf ball having a reduced overall distance while maintaining the appearance of a high performance trajectory.
These and other aspects of the present invention may be more fully understood with reference to, but not limited by, the following drawings.
The distance that a golf ball will travel upon impact by a golf club is a function of the coefficient of restitution (COR), the weight, and the aerodynamic characteristics of the ball, which among other things are affected by one or more factors, such as the size, dimple coverage, dimple size and dimple shape. An embodiment of the present invention provides for a golf ball having a combination of low COR core and cover materials coupled with a less aerodynamic dimple pattern that achieves a reduction in carry and overall distance of 15 and 25 yards versus a conventional golf ball, while still providing the look, sound, feel and trajectory shape of a conventional golf ball. In various embodiments of the present invention, a high performance golf ball having a reduced distance is achieved via a combination of increased coefficient of drag, increased coefficient of lift, reduced weight, increased size, reduced compression, and/or decreased COR. Specific embodiments of the present invention have targeted spin rates, compressions, and coefficients of lift and drag. Additionally, embodiments of golf balls according to the present invention have greater distance reduction at high ball speeds, i.e., at high swing speeds, than at lower swing speeds.
Coefficient of Restitution: The COR is defined as the ratio of the relative velocity of two colliding objects after the collision to the relative velocity of the two colliding objects prior to the collision. For golf balls, the COR is measured by propelling it into a very massive steel block. This simplifies the measurement, because the velocity of the block is zero before the collision and essentially zero after the collision. Thus, the COR becomes the ratio of the velocity of the golf ball after impact to the velocity of the golf ball prior to impact, and it varies from 0 to 1.0. A COR value of 1.0 is equivalent to a perfectly elastic collision, and a COR value of 0.0 is equivalent to a perfectly inelastic collision. The COR is related to the initial velocity of the ball that must not exceed 250 ft/s (plus a 5 ft/s tolerance), the maximum limit set forth by the USGA. Hence, the COR of golf balls are maximized and controlled, so that the initial velocity of the ball does not exceed the USGA limit. The COR of the golf ball is affected by a number of factors including the composition of the core and the composition of the cover.
In one embodiment, a golf ball prepared according to the present invention has a "low" COR of typically less than about 0.790, preferably about 0.500 to about 0.790, more preferably about 0.550 to about 0.785, and most preferably about 0.600 to about 0.780.
Compression: Compression is an important factor in golf ball design, e.g. the compression of the core influences the ball's spin rate off the driver and the feel of the ball. Compression is measured by applying a spring-loaded force to the golf ball center, golf ball core or the golf ball to be examined, with a manual instrument (an "Atti gauge") manufactured by the Atti Engineering Company of Union City, N.J. This machine, equipped with a Federal Dial Gauge, Model D81-C, employs a calibrated spring under a known load. Using the Atti Compression tester, a total of 0.2 inches of deflection is applied to both the spring within the Federal gauge and the ball. The amount of deflection of the ball relative to the spring in the gauge determines the ball's compression reading. If the gauge spring is deflected 0.1″ and the ball is deflected 0.1″, then the ball reads as a "100 compression". If the ball is deflected 0.11″ and the gauge is deflected 0.90″, the ball is a 90 compression (the reading on the dial gauge of the spring deflects less, as the ball is softer and deflects more, as the ball is harder). Thus more compressible, softer materials will have lower Atti gauge values than harder, less compressible materials. Compression measured with this instrument is also referred to as PGA compression. The approximate relationship that exists between Atti or PGA compression and Riehle compression can be expressed as:
The PGA compression of golf balls prepared according to the invention is typically less than 100 as measured on a sphere, preferably between about 80 to about 99, more preferably between about 86 to about 94.
Aerodynamic Characteristics: The aerodynamic forces acting on a golf ball in flight are enumerated in Equation 1 and illustrated in
Lift and drag coefficients are used to quantify the force imparted to a ball in flight and are dependent on air density, air viscosity, ball speed, and spin rate; the influence of all these parameters may be captured by two dimensionless parameters Spin Ratio (SR) and Reynolds Number (NRe). Spin Ratio is the rotational surface speed of the ball divided by ball velocity. Reynolds Number quantifies the ratio of inertial to viscous forces acting on the golf ball moving through air. SR and NRe are calculated in Equations 4 and 5 below:
There are a number of suitable methods for determining the lift and drag coefficients for a given range of spin rate and Reynolds number, which include the use of indoor test ranges with ballistic screen technology. U.S. Pat. No. 5,682,230, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein, teaches the use of a series of ballistic screens to acquire lift and drag coefficients. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,186,002 and 6,285,445, also incorporated in their entirety by reference herein, disclose methods for determining lift and drag coefficients for a given range of velocities and spin rates using an indoor test range, wherein the values for CL and CD are related to spin rates and Reynolds numbers for each shot. One skilled in the art of golf ball aerodynamics testing could readily determine the lift and drag coefficients through the use of an indoor test range.
Reduced distance golf balls prepared according to the present invention preferably have a relatively high coefficient of drag (CD). In one embodiment, the CD is greater than 0.26 at a Reynolds number of 150000 and a spin rate of 3000 RPM, and greater than 0.29 at a Reynolds number of 120000 and a spin rate of 3000 RPM. Further, golf balls prepared according to the present invention may have a relatively high coefficient of lift (CL). In one embodiment, the CL is greater than 0.21 at a Reynolds number of 150000 and a spin rate of 3000 RPM, and greater than 0.23 at a Reynolds number of 120000 and a spin rate of 3000 RPM.
In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a golf ball having reduced flight distance while retaining the appearance of a normal trajectory that can be defined by two non-dimensional parameters that account for the lift, drag, size and weight of the ball. The coefficients are defined in Equations 6 and 7 below:
A reduction in flight distance is attainable when a golf ball's size, weight, dimple pattern and dimple profiles are selected to satisfy specific CD/W and CL/W criteria at specified combinations of Reynolds number and spin ratios (or spin rate), and the only other remaining variable is the COR. The size of the golf ball affects the lift and drag of the ball, since these forces are directly proportional to the surface area of the ball. The weight of the ball makes up the denominator of coefficients CD/W and CL/W. Dimple patterns, e.g., percentage of dimple coverage and geodesic patterns, can increase or decrease aerodynamic efficiency. Dimple profiles, e.g., edge angle, entry angle and shape (circular, polygonal), can increase or decrease the lift and/or drag experienced by the ball. According to the present invention, these factors can be selected or combined to yield desired CD/W and/or CL/W for a reduced distance golf ball that retains the appearance of a high performance trajectory.
In Table 1A are the CD/W and/or CL/W for a long distance golf ball with a high performance trajectory that were derived from information in Table 1 of parent U.S. Pat. No. 6,729,976. Accordingly, a golf ball designed to have a CD/W and/or CL/W within the ranges of Table 1A at specified combinations of Reynolds number and spin ratios would characteristically exhibit a high performance trajectory with improved, i.e., longer flight distance.
In Table 1B are CD/W and/or CL/W for a reduced distance golf ball with a high performance trajectory that were derived by multiplying the coefficients of Table 1A by a distance reduction factor so that balls made to have the coefficients of Table 1B fly shorter while maintaining a similar-appearing trajectory to those of Table 1A. Suitable ranges for a distance reduction factor to achieve a golf ball in accordance with the present invention are 1.2 to 1.8, more preferably 1.4 to 1.6 and most preferably 1.5. Accordingly, one or both of the coefficients of Table 1B are then paired with COR of the core or the ball to yield a ball that flies 15-25 yards less than the USGA maximum. In one example, once CD/W and/or CL/W are set, the ball designer can vary COR to reach the distance objective, or vice versa. Table 1B lists suitable ranges of CD/W and CL/W at representative Reynolds number and spin ratios in accordance with the present invention.
Similarly in Table 1C, a distance reduction factor was applied to CD/W and CL/W calculated for coefficients of lift and drag at specified Reynolds number and spin ratio as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,945,880 to arrive at suitable ranges of CD/W and CL/W at specified Reynolds number and spin ratios in accordance with the present invention.
In accordance to the present invention, a golf ball designer first chooses the range of CD/W and/or CL/W corresponding to the desired reduction in total distance after impact. Next, a dimple pattern is selected. The ball then can be fine tuned with varying dimple coverage and/or dimple edge angle. Alternatively, the dimple coverage (or dimple edge angle) can be selected prior to fine tuning the dimple edge angle and/or dimple pattern.
Dimple Patterns: As discussed briefly above, one way of adjusting the drag on, and correspondingly affecting the lift of, a golf ball is through different dimple patterns and profiles. Dimples on a golf ball create a turbulent boundary layer around the ball, i.e., the air in a thin layer adjacent to the ball flows in a turbulent manner. The turbulence energizes the boundary layer and helps it remain attached further around the ball to reduce the area of the wake. This greatly increases the average pressure behind the ball to reduce the pressure differential forward and aft of the ball, thereby substantially reducing the drag. Accordingly, a golf ball's dimple patterns, shapes, quantity and/or dimensions may be manipulated to achieve variances in the drag experienced by the ball during flight. In various embodiments of the present invention, a golf ball's dimple pattern, shape, quantity and/or dimension may be selected to "increase" drag on the ball without adversely affecting the ball's trajectory to achieve a reduction in overall flight distance.
As used herein, the term "dimple", may include any texturizing on the surface of a golf ball, e.g., depressions and projections. Some non-limiting examples of depressions and projections include, but are not limited to, spherical depressions, meshes, raised ridges, and brambles. The depressions and projections may take a variety of platform shapes, such as circular, polygonal, oval, or irregular. Dimples that have multi-level configurations, i.e., dimple within a dimple, are also contemplated by the invention to obtain desirable aerodynamic characteristics.
In one embodiment, a textured clear coating may be applied to the outer surface of the golf ball to increase the skin friction of the ball, e.g., friction caused by surface roughness. Higher skin friction increases drag on the ball to reduce flight distance.
In a preferred embodiment, a golf ball having a low COR and a low coverage dimple pattern with dimples having a high edge angle is found to reduce the distance the ball travels by 15 to 30 yards versus a similar conventional golf ball. A low coverage dimple pattern according to this embodiment is dimple coverage of about 55% to 75%, preferably dimple coverage of about 60% to 70%, and more preferably dimple coverage of about 65%. A high edge angle according to this embodiment is a dimple edge angle of from about 16 to 24 degrees, preferably from about 18 to 22 degrees, and more preferably about 20 degrees. More particularly, a low coverage dimple pattern according to this embodiment of the present invention includes a 440 dimple cuboctahedron pattern, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,948,143 to Aoyama, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety, wherein the dimple coverage is about 70% and the dimple edge angle is between about 18° to about 22°.
Dimple patterns that provide a high percentage of surface coverage are well-known in the art. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,562,552; 5,575,477; 5,957,787; 5,249,804; and 4,925,193 the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein, disclose geometric patterns for positioning dimples on a golf ball. A low coverage, high edge angle dimple pattern that performs according to the present invention may be achieved using any one of the dimple patterns disclosed in the aforementioned patents by reducing dimple coverage to about 60% to about 70% and increasing the dimple edge angle to about 16°, 18°, 20 0 and/or 22°. In one example, the desired reduction in dimple coverage is achieved by reducing the dimple diameters by the same or different amounts. Without being tied to a particular theory, this unexpected result may be attributed to an excessive amount of turbulence being generated by the greater edge angle of each dimple, with a corresponding increase in the drag on the ball.
As shown in
This embodiment comprises seven different sized dimples, as shown in Table A below:
These dimples form ten polar triangles 12, with the smallest dimples A occupying the vertices and the largest dimples G occupying most of the interior of the triangle. Three dimples F and two dimples C symmetrically form two sides of the triangle, and a symmetrical arrangement of one dimple F, two dimples D and two dimples C form the remaining side of the triangle, as shown in
Another embodiment of the present invention shown in
As shown in
In a further embodiment, a golf ball having a low COR includes a high coverage dimple pattern, i.e., greater than 80%, with the same dimple arrangement as shown in
Ball Construction: According to the Rules of Golf as approved by the USGA, a golf ball may not have a weight in excess of 1.620 ounces (45.93 g) or a diameter of less than 1.680 inches (42.67 mm). Accordingly, a golf ball having a weight of 45.93 g and/or a diameter of 42.67 mm inches is within the purview of this invention. However, the USGA rules do not set a minimum weight or a maximum diameter for the ball. These specifications, along with other USGA golf ball requirements, are intended to limit how far a golf ball will travel when hit. When all other parameters are maintained, an increase in the weight of the ball tends to increase the distance it will travel and lower the trajectory, as a ball having greater momentum is better able to overcome drag and a reduction in the diameter of the ball will also have the effect of increasing the distance it will travel, as a smaller ball has a smaller projected area and correspondingly less drag.
In accordance with the present invention, a golf ball having a decreased weight and/or an increased diameter may be made to decrease the overall distance a ball travels at a given swing speed while maintaining a high performance trajectory during flight. Accordingly, the diameter of "oversized" golf balls prepared according to the present invention is preferably about 1.688 to about 1.800 inches, more preferably about 1.690 to about 1.740 inches and most preferably about 1.695 to about 1.725 inches. The weight of "low-weight" golf balls prepared according to the present invention is preferably about 1.39 to about 1.61 ounces, and more preferably about 1.45 to about 1.58 ounces.
Various embodiments of the present invention may be practiced using a suitable ball construction as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, the ball may have a one-piece design, a two-piece design, a three-piece design, a double core, a double cover, or multi-core and multi-cover construction depending on the type of performance desired of the ball. Further, the core may be solid, liquid filled, hollow, and/or non-spherical. It may also be wound or foamed, or it may contain fillers. Foamed cores are generally known to have lower COR. The cover may also be a single layer cover or a multi-layer cover. The cover may be thin or thick. The cover may have a high hardness or low hardness to control the spin and feel of the ball. The cover may comprise a thermoplastic or a thermoset material, or both. In one preferred embodiment, the golf ball has a relatively thick cover, e.g., up to about 0.100 inch, made from a thermoplastic ionomer or other low resilient polymers. A ball with a thick low-resilient cover would have a lower COR than a similar ball with a thin low-resilient cover.
Non-limiting examples of the aforementioned ball constructions, compositions and dimensions of the cover and core that may be used with the present invention include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,419,535, 6,152,834, 6,149,535, 5,981,654, 5,981,658, 5,965,669, 5,919,100, 5,885,172, 5,813,923, 5,803,831, 5,783,293, 5,713,801, 5,692,974, and 5,688,191, as well as in U.S. Publ. Appl. No. US 2001/0009310 A1 and WIPO Publ. Appl. Nos. WO 00/29129 and WO 00/23519. The entire disclosures of these patents and published applications are incorporated by reference herein. The construction, materials and dimensions of the core and cover contribute to achieving the requisite COR of a golf ball according to the present invention.
Suitable polymers for manufacturing the core of a golf ball according to the present invention include a low resilient elastomer, such as butyl rubber. Butyl rubber has the ability to dissipate the impact energy from golf clubs to attenuate the rebound energy available for ball propulsion. Resiliency of rubber is a physical property of rubber that returns it to its original shape after deformation, without exceeding its elastic limit. For instance, the resilience of butyl rubber as measured on a Bashore resiliometer is in the range of 18% to 25%, as compared to cis-polybutadiene rubber, which is in the range of 85%-90% when they are cross-linked using appropriate cross-linking agents.
Butyl rubber (IIR) is an elastomeric copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene. Detailed discussions of butyl rubber are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,642,728, 2,356,128 and 3,099,644, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. Butyl rubber is an amorphous, non-polar polymer with good oxidative and thermal stability, good permanent flexibility and high moisture and gas resistance. Generally, butyl rubber includes copolymers of about 70% to 99.5% by weight of an isoolefin, which has about 4 to 7 carbon atoms, e.g., isobutylene, and about 0.5% to 30% by weight of a conjugated multiolefin, which has about 4 to 14 carbon atoms, e.g., isoprene. The resulting copolymer contains about 85% to about 99.8% by weight of combined isoolefin and 0.2% to 15% of combined multiolefin. A commercially available butyl rubber includes Bayer Butyl 301 manufactured by Bayer AG.
Butyl rubber is also available in halogenated form. A halogenated butyl rubber may be prepared by halogenating butyl rubber in a solution containing inert C3-C5 hydrocarbon solvent, such as pentane, hexane or heptane, and contacting this solution with a halogen gas for a predetermined amount of time, whereby halogenated butyl rubber and a hydrogen halide are formed. The halogenated butyl rubber copolymer may contain up to one halogen atom per double bond. Halogenated butyl rubbers or halobutyl rubbers include bromobutyl rubber, which may contain up to 3% reactive bromine, and chlorobutyl rubber, which may contain up to 3% reactive chlorine. Halogenated butyl rubbers are also available from ExxonMobil Chemical.
Butyl rubber is also available in sulfonated form, such as those disclosed in the '728 patent and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,337. Generally, butyl rubber having a viscosity average molecular weight in the range of about 5,000 to 85,000 and a mole percent unsaturation of about 3% to about 4% may be sulfonated with a sulfonating agent comprising a sulfur trioxide (SO3) donor in combination with a Lewis base containing oxygen, nitrogen or phosphorus. The Lewis base serves as a complexing agent for the SO3 donor. SO3 donor includes compound containing available SO3, such as chlorosulfonic acid, fluorosulfonic acid, sulfuric acid and oleum.
Other suitable polymers include the elastomers that combine butyl rubbers with the environmental and aging resistance of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubbers (EPDM), commercially available as Exxpro™ from ExxonMobil Chemical. More specifically, these elastomers are brominated polymers derived from a copolymer of isobutylene (IB) and p-methylstyrene (PMS). Bromination selectively occurs on the PMS methyl group to provide a reactive benzylic bromine functionality. Another suitable velocity-reduced polymer is copolymer of isobutylene and isoprene with a styrene block copolymer branching agent to improve manufacturing processability.
Another suitable low resilient polymer is polyisobutylene. Polyisobutylene is a homopolymer, which is produced by cationic polymerization methods. Commercially available grades of polyisobutylene, under the tradename Vistanex™ also from ExxonMobil Chemical, are highly paraffinic hydrocarbon polymers composed on long straight chain molecules containing only chain-end olefinic bonds. An advantage of such elastomer is the combination of low rebound energy and chemical inertness to resist chemical or oxidative attacks. Polyisobutylene is available as a viscous liquid or semi-solids, and can be dissolved in certain hydrocarbon solvents.
Butyl rubbers can be cured by a number of curing agents, preferably a peroxide curing agent. Other suitable curing agents may include antimony oxide, lead oxide or lead peroxide. Lead based curing agents may be used when appropriate safety precautions are implemented. Butyl rubbers are commercially available in various grades from viscous liquid to solids with varying the degree of unsaturation and molecular weights.
In an embodiment, a golf ball core prepared in accordance with the present invention includes 15-50 parts butyl rubber to 50-85 parts polybutadiene to make up 100 parts of rubber (phr), cross-linking agents and other additives, such that it has a low COR of between about 0.550 and about 0.650. The polybutadiene preferably has a high cis 1,4 content of above about 85% and more preferably above about 95%. Commercial sources for polybutadiene include Shell 1220 manufactured by Shell Chemical and CB-23 manufactured by Bayer AG. In a further embodiment, a golf ball core prepared in accordance with the present invention includes 25 parts butyl rubber to 75 parts polybutadiene to achieve a COR of about 0.650 to about 0.750.
Tables 2-5 show characteristics of various embodiments of relatively lower COR cores made from compositions of butyl rubber or halogenated butyl rubbers mixed with polybutadiene rubber (Shell 1220) in accordance with the present invention. ZDA is utilized as a co-reaction agent, with the addition of di-tert-butyl peroxide (DTBP) or dicumyl peroxide. A core comprised of Shell 1220 polybutadiene is used as a control.
The cores shown in Tables 2-4 have similar rubber contents. The cores from Tables 2 and 3 have different amounts of co-reaction agent ZDA and the results show a lower amount of co-reaction agent tends to reduce COR. The cores from Table 3 and 4 used the same amount but different type of co-reaction agent ZDA. The results show that the CORs for the cores stay substantially the same. The cores from Table 5 have less of the low resilient butyl rubber than the cores from Table 4. The results show that cores with less of the low resilient rubber have higher COR, as expected.
Table 6 shows the characteristics of low compression golf balls A-D according to another embodiment of the present invention. Golf balls A-D have generally lower compression than the Pinnacle® Practice ball, Pinnacle Gold® Distance ball and Pro V1® balls. Golf balls A-D also have COR values below those of the Pinnacle® Practice ball, Pinnacle Gold® Distance ball and Pro V1® (balls. These low compression, low COR balls can be used in combination with the lower aerodynamic factors discussed above to produce balls in accordance with the present invention.
Table 7 shows the characteristics of low COR golf balls according to the present invention having a core with 25%, 50% and 75% styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), another low resilient rubber similar to butyl rubber discussed above. The remaining rubber component is high-cis polybutadiene, similar to above. The rubber components are cross-linked with 20-32 parts of ZDA co-reaction agent. The SBR golf balls have COR values below that of the control ball, i.e., a two-piece distance golf ball.
Again the reduced COR cores shown in Table 7 can be combined with the D/W and L/W variables discussed above to produce balls in accordance with the present invention.
In Tables 8A-8C below are core compositions and core/ball physical properties for low weight and/or low COR cores and golf balls (2)-(8). Golf Balls (1)-(8) are of a three-piece ball construction having a core dimension of about 1.53 inches, a core and casing dimension of about 1.62 inches, and a finished ball dimension (core, casing, cover) of about 1.68 inches. Each of golf balls (1)-(8) includes a casing or inner cover composed of an ionomer blend, for example Surlyn. The cover for each ball is a cast aromatic urethane with a 392 Icosahedron dimple pattern. The casing and cover for balls (1)-(8) are similar to that of a premium multi-layer golf ball.
In this embodiment, cores having three different weights and various compositions (see Table 8A) are compared to each other. With reference to Table 8A, the "normal" weight cores include a high specific gravity filler to provide the ball with the maximum 1.62 oz USGA weight. A barium sulfate filler with a 4.2 s.g. and 325 mesh size (available as Polywate 325) is added to the normal cores. The ˜1.510 oz weight cores do not contain high specific gravity fillers. The ˜1.40 oz. weight balls have hollow microspheres incorporated therein to further reduce the weight of the cores. In selected cores, a low-resilient butyl rubber makes up a portion of the rubber component.
Table 8D shows the reduction in flight of low weight and/or low COR golf balls (2)-(8) according to various embodiments of the present invention as compared with the flight of a Pro V1® golf ball under identical launch conditions.
The data shows that when the weight of the ball is reduced and other factors remain substantially the same, as in the control ball 1 and ball 8, the total distance is reduced by 13.7 yards, while the cores' CORs and the balls' CORs are substantially similar. The weight difference between ball 1 and 8 is about 0.232 ounce. A comparison between ball 1, 2, and 3 again shows that the addition of butyl rubber reduces the COR and the total distance, and higher butyl rubber content further reduces the total distance traveled after impact as shown in
Comparisons of trios of balls 2, 4 and 6 and of balls 3, 5 and 7 show that when the content of low resilient butyl rubber is kept substantially the same and the weight of the ball is reduced, the total distance traveled after impact decrease accordingly.
The results shown in Tables 8A-8D show that controlled weight reduction causes controlled reduction in total distance traveled after impact. The inclusion of low resilient rubber, such as butyl rubbers mixed with the high resilient rubber such as high-cis 1,4 polybutadiene further reduces the total distance.
In another embodiment, a golf ball according to the present invention includes a low-resilient cover that is made to be slower than a conventional ball but as durable. Accordingly, the cover may be made from a mid-hardness (or mid-acid) ionomer blend, such as 70% Surlyn® 8528 and 30% of either Surlyn® 9650 or Surlyn® 9910 from E.I. duPont de Nemours and Company. In a further embodiment, the cover of the ball may be made of non-ionomers including: polyethylene, polypropylene, EPR, EPDM, butyl, and polybutadiene.
Hence, according to the present invention, by controlling the COR through the introduction of low resilient rubber, lowering the weight of the ball, thickening the cover made from low resilient ionomers, increasing the size of the ball, reducing the dimple coverage and increasing the dimple edge angle, CD/W and CL/W coefficients, and/or combinations and sub-combinations thereof, a high performance ball that has reduced total distance after impact can be produced.
As shown in
While various descriptions of the present invention are described above, it is understood that the various features of the embodiments of the present invention shown herein can be used singly or in combination thereof. For example, the dimple depth may be the same for all the dimples. Alternatively, the dimple depth may vary throughout the golf ball. The dimple depth may also be shallow to raise the trajectory of the ball's flight, or deep to lower the ball's trajectory. This invention is also not to be limited to the specifically preferred embodiments depicted therein.
Additionally, any dimple pattern for a golf ball disclosed in the patent literature or commercial products can be suitably adapted to be incorporated into the present invention, i.e., by reducing the dimple coverage to 55-75% and by increasing edge angle of the dimples to 16-24 degrees. Such dimple pattern patents include, but are not limited to the ones assigned to the owner of the present invention, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,948,143, 5,415,410, 5,957,786, 6,527,653, 6,682,442, 6,699,143, and 6,705,959.
Dimple pattern patents assigned to others may also be suitably adapted for use with the present invention. Non-limiting examples of these suitable patents include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,560,168, 5,588,924, 6,346,054, 6,527,654, 6,530,850, 6,595,876, 6,620,060, 6,709,348, 6,761,647, 6,814,677, and 6,843,736.
Other than in the operating examples, or unless otherwise expressly specified, all of the numerical ranges, amounts, values and percentages such as those for amounts of materials and others in the specification may be read as if prefaced by the word "about" even though the term "about" may not expressly appear with the value, amount or range. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.
Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contain certain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their respective testing measurements. Furthermore, when numerical ranges of varying scope are set forth herein, it is contemplated that any combination of these values inclusive of the recited values may be used.
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Friday, January 24, 2014
The University of South Carolina College of Education is spreading the word - Students interested in math and science can find fulfilling careers as teachers and they will find plenty of jobs waiting for them when they graduate.
Thanks to a gift from the Duke Energy Foundation, the College of Education has launched the Teach Science and Mathematics campaign to recruit more students to teach science, technology, engineering and mathematics - commonly called STEM education - in middle and high schools.
Our efforts at USC mirror a national movement to recruit more and improved STEM teachers, says Ed Dickey, a professor in USCs Department of Instruction and Teacher Education. We are partnering with the Association of Public Land - Grant Universities and the Duke Energy Foundation to positively impact South Carolina by producing more STEM teachers to teach our young people. Our efforts will also assist the national 100K in 10 project, a national program designed to recruit, place and retain 100,000 STEM teachers nationwide by 2021.
Recruiting STEM teachers for our schools is an important mission. Occupations in the STEM fields are some of the fastest-growing in the nation, with 8.6 million STEM-related careers projected to be available by 2018, according to a national study. In addition to providing lucrative jobs for South Carolinians, the STEM project will also provide teachers who can ultimately help equip a national work force that allows the U.S. and South Carolina to remain globally competitive across technology sectors. Without STEM teachers for our middle and high schools, the U.S. cannot meet the high demand for STEM careers both nationally and in South Carolina, Dickey says.
The goals of the USC campaign include increasing the number of students enrolled in the College of Education for STEM teaching, increasing diversity among STEM teachers and changing the overall public perception of teaching.
According to the Southern Education Foundation, more than 40 percent of South Carolinas school populations are African-American, while only 18 percent of the states teachers are African-American. The Teach Science and Mathematics campaign will focus on increasing the pool of all STEM teachers, paying particular attention to increasing diversity. It will do this by developing strategic partnerships with African-American organizations and churches, as well as targeting rural areas and schools in South Carolina with high African-American populations, Dickey said.
Not only is there a shortage of STEM teachers in South Carolina, but there is also a surprisingly low representation of minorities as secondary science and mathematics teachers, he said. That statistic alone is reason to recruit more diverse teachers in South Carolina schools, especially in the STEM-related areas.
We want to change the public perception of teaching into a career choice students and their parents can be excited about. And we want to make students more aware of the deficit of STEM teachers, Dickey said. We want them to know they can impact the future generation. And they can make a decent salary doing so.
In the past year, USC graduated 14 high school and 14 middle school math teachers as well as 10 high school and 9 middle school science teachers, while the goal is to graduate 50 math and 50 science middle and high school teachers each year. Nationally, schools similar to USC produce about ten STEM teachers per year, Dickey said. But the university has a large untapped audience of students who are interested in math and science, but perhaps havent considered teaching as a career.
The Teach Science and Mathematics campaign, which began in December and is expected to be fully implemented by the middle of 2014, will use social media advertising, videos and other events to spread the word and combat the notion that teaching, in general, may not be cool.
In addition to the College of Education, the campaign receives assistance from USCs School of Journalism and Mass Communications, as well as Injeanious Media, a local, full-service advertising and public relations agency.
Our challenge is to make STEM teaching appeal to todays young people in South Carolina, says Jean Triskett, president of Injeanious Media. Thanks to popular TV shows like The Big Bang Theory and the prominence of young tech geniuses like Mark Zuckerberg, the perception of science and math is now cool, but some negative connotations still surround teaching careers. We hope to break these existing stereotypes by connecting with younger audiences using pop culture references through social media avenues. By positioning STEM teaching careers as creative, fun, cool and empowering, students are more likely to consider it as a career path.
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Maybe the most compelling "info" as far as when Rev. was written, is in the scriptures themselves? I found this, written by Eric Adams that makes a lot of sense to me;The arguments concerning the date of Revelation are very technical, on both sides. Nevertheless, there is one fairly obvious point in favor of a pre-AD 70 date.Revelation 17:10 tells us when the book was written."There are also seven kings. Five have fallen, one is, and the other has not yet come. And when he comes, he must continue a short time" (Revelation 17:10).This verse is referring to seven kings, who are emperors of Rome. Five have fallen, one is, and the other has yet to come. This means that five have died. The sixth is currently reigning. The seventh is not yet ruling.Claudius was the fifth emperor of Rome, and he died in AD 54. Nero was the sixth emperor, and he reigned from AD 54-68. The book of Revelation was written during his Nero's reign.
Quote from: micah7:9 on August 20, 2011, 05:33:46 AMTorture???? I here ya. I shouldn't have used that word. Torture comes from a sadistic heart. And obviously God's purposes for allowing evil or causing evil to befall people is never sadistic. I know that God is doing the refiner's fire thing on people with good intentions.
We herd ya anyway!


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Sunday, July 27, 2014
The Behavioral Health Services Association of South Carolina has announced its Board of Directors for 2014-2015.
Randy Cole, Chief Executive Officer of the Circle Park Behavioral Health Services serving Florence has been elected President. Vice President is Vernon Kennedy Sr., Executive Director of Fairfield Behavioral Health Services serving Fairfield County.
Janet Martini has been re-elected as Secretary. Martini is the Executive Director of Keystone Substance Abuse Services providing services in York County.
Dan Neel has been re-elected Treasurer of the association. Neel is the Executive Director of the Saluda Behavioral Health Services in Saluda County.
Regional representatives serving on the Assocation Board of Directors include Jerome Tilghman, Executive Director of the Ernest E. Kennedy Center located in Berkeley County, for Region 4. Sammy Miller, Executive Director of the Dorchester Alcohol and Drug Commission, is serving an at-large term on the board.
The Mission of BHSA is to support member agencies in the provision of quality behavioral health services that effectively meet the needs of the client and the community. BHSA is made up of the 33 local alcohol and drug abuse authorities designated by Act 301 of 1973, providing prevention, intervention and treatment services to the citizens of the 46 counties of South Carolina.
The Gazette is pleased to offer readers the enhanced ability to comment on stories. We expect our readers to engage in lively, yet civil discourse. We do not edit user submitted statements and we cannot promise that readers will not occasionally find offensive or inaccurate comments posted in the comments area. Responsibility for the statements posted lies with the person submitting the comment, not The Gazette.
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Fabulous Learning Tool
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We received this product to review & this is a fabulous hands-on learning tool to help kids understand the life cycles of beans and apples! I love that these pieces are giant which makes it versatile in the classroom so that all the children can easily see the stages of the life cycles. I also appreciate that they are all separate magnets so the kids can mix them up and place them in order again!


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|67 posts found
Novice Member
Joined: 4/17/10
I think you are talking from your bottom hole, and here's why; it's a two week battle, that is currently set to one day. There are currently no way points, because it takes about a week for an average server to build enough to hop around.
So, quite simply, you go with the zerg, and hopefully if you die you get a res, OR you go small, if you get wiped then it's a run from the very edge of the map back to wherever you were..
I think this is ANets fault, for sure. They should have spawned the WvW with some portals each daily reset. Once the world (of WvW) develops it's full cycle the zerg habbits will die out.
Another point is the old "troll OP" one, dude, you can't say "lets discuss this but I wont listen about that" because then it stops being a discussion and starts being a lecture. You are completely wrong about the whole small group unable to be effective. Yes a zerg needs a zerg to fight it, but a Zerg *CAN NOT* be everywhere at once. Small groups can and will out score the zerg by capturing more points. Seafarers Rest has been doing this a lot. Bum rush centre at reset, the let the other 2 fools scrap over it while domination of the rest of the map occurs.
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Advanced Member
Joined: 8/22/08
Originally posted by WoW_Refugee
I don't see how any of these complaints warrant an overhaul. The only really thing that needs to be fixed is for WvW ques to be lessened in some way. Either by increasing WvW capacity directly or by creating "Overflows" to accomadate. ANET already has a system in place to give outnumbered severs a hand up.
The zerg only wins against other zergs or bad players. Seriously, if you are in a dedicated WvW guild you will dominate when out numbered, simply because the zerg is full of pugs that are typically bad at PvP.
Novice Member
Joined: 6/04/07
Originally posted by WoW_Refugee
yes this is as expected and yet it is also wrong.
1. The bigger Zerg wins the battles , but better orgainsation wins the wars. I am on a Zerg server that wins alot of its matchup so far. But when we loose its not because the others have a bigger zerg, because it can't be bigger than ours. when everyone have to que up it is as big as it gets. When we meet servers with more organised guilds , moving their troops with strategy behind, puting preasure on everything , Zergs is just not doing its job. This experience will come around to alot of players in due time.
2. Combat is dominated by ranged, (wich every class have access to, so whats the problem). I would say combat is dominated by warmachines. But most of that is part of the Zerg effeckt. It is going to be lessend a little when people improve their skill as well as their understanding of the tactics involved, but ArenaNet gave every class access to ranged weapons for a reason. That is the overhaul this game got.
3. There is ways to repair doors when being AoE'd, they require organisation. Organisation is again important. Btw the defenders can use the door AoE too their advantages aswell.
4. While true it doesn't matter a second, because of 2 things. One is the pairing of equal strength servers, the other is that good guilds migate the other way to avoid waiting in ques.
Where you ask for an overhaul , i have a hard time not seeing it as working as intended.
read how to create a succesfull mmo before posting about GW2. And read tao of ArenaNet before talking about innovation in GW2
Joined: 11/22/06
Originally posted by WoW_Refugee
This is what happens in games when they solely dedicate one area for pve and the other for pvp. It's much better to have pvp and pve servers. Once you dedicate it as they did, the pvp just becomes a zerg fest as everyone knows its coming and they show where its happening on the map...making it nothimg more than a zerg fest..
Novice Member
Joined: 12/18/11
Originally posted by WoW_Refugee
1. Yup this is how it works. See the invasion of Normandy, and Midway Island in WWII.
2. Bombs and explosivies kill way more people per capita than bullets in a war.
3. Again, if a bomb goes off outside of your door, you will get blasted.
4. You expect people to keep getting steamrolled? The percentage of the population that are machosists, is a rather low number I think. Plus WvW and the GW2 PvP, has been marketed as ESport....so the same as any pro-athlete, players want to be on a winning team.
Edit: Just like yesterday and the day before, I still can't type. Need more coffee.
If you want WvW
You will get in every night then.
Also the people who tend to quit and move to bigger servers tend to be your bad pvpers who want an I win button. So the more of them going to big servers for easy mode, the weaker the big servers get as these guys and up blocking the full time pvpers from entering and / or getting all their guild in and getting organised. Where as rvr guilds on smaller servers can get everyone one in and win through strategy.
Joined: 1/15/10
In omnibus requiem quaesivi, et nusquam inveni nisi in angulo cum libro.
Originally posted by WoW_Refugee
Your mighty level 6 necro with one utility slot and no weapon swap? You my friend are facing some baddies, and wouldn't stand a hope in hell of putting down any competent player.
Melee are at a cripping disadvantage? That is hilarious.
Melee are the dominant offensive forces at the moment, my thief or warrior will utterly destroy any "ranged aoe attacker" you put in front of me. Are you running the worst builds possible? or just selecting skills with your eyes closed?
The first time you face a glass cannon thief built around pistol whip and quickness you'll change your mind, quickly, as they pummel you to death in a matter of seconds. Same goes for any decent warrior who actually runs a double eviscerate axe build and not some scrub greatsword build.
Comical thread from ignorant, inexperienced player is comical.
Spotlight Poster
Joined: 2/27/09
Originally posted by WoW_Refugee
Are you team Azeroth, team Tyria, or team Jacob?
Elite Member
Joined: 8/19/07
Originally posted by Creslin321
I gotta agree with Cres on many of his points, and I want to add some of my own experiences.
I have WvW'd as a ranger and as a warrior, and I have to say that both are quite effective. I play as a Longbow/Shortbow ranger, so I am pure range, but if I get a good enough melee on me who knows what they are doing, I am typically screwed. My warrior I have run as a longbow/dual sword and have had success with it, especially with the bleeds and burning conditions from the combo.
In a keep siege, ranged will be king for defense and offense, until the doors go down, then a flood of melee will win the field. In field combat, melee is very effective, especially with as much mobility that's built into various melee weapons.
In all honesty, I have found that tactics can win the day, especially knowing when to pick the battle and when to just move on. An extremely small sided group can have effectiveness on the battlefield too. There's always going to be stragglers at rez locations or on roads between keeps, running a gank group will keep them from battle. Killing Dolyaks will lower supply to keeps. Quickly taking over supply camps will hurt keeps. Smaller groups have the benefit of better mobility, you can move more efficiently across maps. Hell, I crossed an enemy dominated map solo today to go and tame a pet, just gotta be cautious and move in weird ways (I spent a lot of time underwater).
As others have said, WvW is still in massive influx, once the matchups are more even we'll be better off, and more evenly sided with like servers.
Novice Member
Joined: 11/28/09
Originally posted by ShakyMo
I agree with this post 10,001%
Novice Member
Joined: 3/22/08
Originally posted by Stx11
I liked Huttball, until the 4 millionth time playing it. I wouldn't go all old yeller on swtor's pvp, but I'd say it doesn't compare to other offerings out there, not even close.
Frankly, I never played DAoC so I don't know what I missed (might be a good thing), but I did play Warhammer's pvp and it was the best pvp I personally had experienced until GW2 came out. So I'm quite happy.
Novice Member
Joined: 11/28/09
Originally posted by SethiusX
For SWTOR I was thinking of Ilum (which they kinda did "take out and shoot" didn't they? ;D) and the atrocious adjustments they made. It seemed for everything they would "fix" (removing the ability of any DoT to prevent you from planting a bomb) there was something they would "break" (the way they broke Combat Medics and Healers in general in PvP). They broke more in their Balancing attempts than they fixed.
Back to OP - WvW is definitely going to go through an "adolescent stage" while people level up, learn mechanics and strategies, Server pops stabilize, and Server Matchmaking algorithms actually have enough valid data to function - but I truly believe that WvW is one of the facets of the game that is going to keep getting better and better as time goes on.
I love the PvE but content will at some point feel stale. sPvP can be really good but I'm not sure I see it improving in major ways. But WvW I can really see becoming awesome as people learn how it works and campaigns last more than 24 hours. I mean most people don't even know you can upgrade Keeps with Waypoints. Just wait till that starts coming into play!
Apprentice Member
Joined: 9/06/12
Act with wisdom, but act.
Originally posted by krakra70
I think you're misunderstanding as the 'tactics' you're referring to also exist in GW2; flanking, massive pvp, overextending, etc. Most of these 'tactics' however are, as I've stated before a "people thing" not a mechanics issue. People create these tactics not the game. People flank the enemy team not some flanking button in the UI. Yes, tactics do exist in the WvW. In fact I saw a good example of it a week ago when we were trying to take Ascension Bay. We got the doors down on both sides and stormed in. The enemy had a fairly small force of defenders inside trying to hold us off; we were sure that victory was on the horizon. Suddenly from behind us comes a completely different server who had the same intentions as we did(to take this keep). So in essence, they let us do the foot work, break down teh door, whipe out the enemy, and then they swarmed in behind us to reap the rewards. A bit of a cheap tactic, but a tactic indeed. And has worked both in MMO's and in history.
Just because you don't see any master tacticians leading mass armies to victory doesn't mean the game is devoid of tactics. It just means no one, or no guild, has stepped up to the plate as of yet. Which I'm sure will happen in due time.
And as far as me 'not being a PvPer', I PvP how I choose. If i wanted to simply kill other players I would go and do the sPvP which I do from time to time. You say "mindlesly killing others" doesn't exist in Daoc yet you mentioned in the originally quoted post that "DAoC RvR worked because the most rewarding thing was killing other players, taking keeps was secondary." With this in mind it seems like mindlessly killing players would've reaped the most benefits; moreso than taking a keep. In GW2 killing players is more of a means to an end. If you want to take this keep you need to kill these guys in your way.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 9/04/12
All it is, is a dps fest. No tactics needed at all, unlike DAOC, where classes had very defined role. It is all up to, the bigger force wins. I agree it needs a fix somehow, but anyone that thinks it s like DAOC, or actually even close to it, needs to really re think that. Tactics alone, proves it. I could go on for hours on that subject:)
It's the closest to daoc we have had in the past decade, since the first planetside.
But yeah its not daoc
If you like warhammer and gw2 pvp.
You would gave gone bloody mental on daoc or planetside
Apprentice Member
Joined: 9/06/12
Act with wisdom, but act.
Originally posted by Lorkii
Could that not also be said for DaoC? Could you, in effect, go into DaoC with a massive force geared to the teeth and dps them to death? Or maybe even have a tactful zerg? You see...I'm sure that I'm sounding like a broken record by now, but this is a people thing, not a mechanics thing. People create tactics and use them not the game. Despite the fact that GW2 has 'evicted the trinity', roles can still be played in the same fashion that they have been for the past decade.
So at the risk of repeating myself furthur; see older post.
Hard Core Member
Joined: 4/03/12
Originally posted by WoW_Refugee
I have a problem with this suggestion. I started on JQ and have since moved twice. Because one of my IRL friends bought GW2 and we were all set to play together but guess what? we couldn't because JQ was locked. So, How would no server transfers have helped us?
Apprentice Member
Joined: 12/18/11
As I have said before the only real true problem I have with WvW is the spawn points or lack there of. I do not want to spend 5 minutes running to a battle every time I die. Does it make for more realistic WvW battles, probably but for me its boring as hell. Especially since after sitting in a 2 hour queue I really don't have that much drive to play left in me anymore anyways
Apprentice Member
Joined: 12/18/11
Originally posted by GeezerGamer
Well your case is not what most people are concerned about. Most don't want to have unlimited server transfers into high pop servers, I don't think anyone cares if they let people on full servers transfer out.


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http://www.bjpenn.com/matt-riddle-ri...rant-ufc-news/"Funny thing about that is steroids aren't on the same level as marijuana. You can do steroids in the UFC now, didn't you hear? [TRT] is steroids and you can do steroids as long as you get a doctor's note now. So Vitor Belfort just pops for testosterone and everybody's like, 'Oh, he failed."'
No he didn't, he has a doctor's note so it's okay.
And honestly, I think it's ridiculous. The reason why they say I can't use marijuana is because it's a performance-enhancing drug. Okay, I understand that. It's a performance-enhancing drug to you. Whatever. But testosterone isn't? Steroids aren't? And if you're saying I can't smoke because you need to keep other fighters safe or myself safe because I'm too high, don't you think you should keep others safe by not letting people using steroids into the cage? That's how I look at it.
"And on top of all that, it wouldn't bother me if they tested for THC, because I would never fail for THC because I would literally have to be that high when they tested me or I'd have to be high the day before. Instead they just test you for metabolites which you just mentioned which can stay in your system for up to a month after you're done smoking.
Let's be honest. It's White America, it's the big man, it's the guy with the money, it's the pharmaceutical companies, it's the alcohol companies that don't want want marijuana legalized and they'll do anything. They'll ridicule it, they've already had slanderous campaigns about it.
I've been smoking weed since I was 13 and look at me. I'm in the UFC and I smash people with a smile on my face. It's not a performance enhancing drug. It makes me relax. It makes me happy. Honestly, it probably keeps me from beating my three kids because they're always screaming and crying at me and my wife's crazy and you know what life's like. It's hard sometimes and honestly, I like to go to my game room and rip a tube and just sit back and relax and enjoy a 20 minute show, go out, see my family, take care of everything I have to take care of, and that's what I do. A lot of people think it's okay to drink a fifth of jack and beat their wife. I don't."
I know riddle took a lot of heat on here for his comments about his KO being better than Halls on TUF but what he says here is 100% the truth


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December 2011
November 2011
Oct 2011
Aug 2011
See site map for earlier newsletters
Recorder & Early Music Links
Ruth Wilkinson leads NQRS members at the Paluma workshop in 2007.
This version of the NQRS site has been superseded by the new pages at http://nqrs.org.au/ and no content has been added since early 2013. Old content was tidied up somewhat in November 2013 and will remain here for reference as long as seems reasonable.
The North Queensland Recorder Society was established in 1995 to bring together all recorder players in the Townsville and wider North Queensland region for skills development (through workshops, etc) and social playing.
Its large-group activities have settled into a pattern of about four 'Playdays' - themed Sunday afternoon playing sessions - each year plus an annual weekend workshop with an out-of-town tutor. Guest tutors for the workshops have included Zana Clarke, Genevieve Lacey, Peter Madge, Jessica Shaw, Rodney Waterman and Ruth Wilkinson.
The society also encourages formation of amateur consorts, maintains a library of recorder music, and produces a newsletter. Individual members of the Society appear with performing groups which feature recorders.
Instead of turning the newsletter into a web page as in the past, we have begun putting our newsletters on the site in pdf format, which you can read online and save to your computer if you wish. Click to download the newsletter for February 2013 or May 2013, which may be the last added to this site because the new site at http://nqrs.org.au/ is already replacing this one.
Click on these links for the April 2012 / August 2012 / October 2012 / November 2012 newsletters.
A non-residential weekend workshop with Alana Blackburn and local tutors at the end of May 2012 - see August newsletter (pdf) for a report and photos. More photos here.
Annual weekend workshop with Barbara Jerjen, May 20-22, 2011. (Full report in August newsletter but, in short, about 35 players had a great time and learned a lot.)
Our annual weekend workshop in May 2010 featured Rodney Waterman (Melbourne) as guest tutor. More details in the March newsletter, and some photos here and here.
A small friendly group meets every Monday night 7.30 p.m. at the Tattersalls' home. Ring Glenda (4725 6937), or email Jean, for more information.
Memberships are due from January 1st each year and can be paid at the first playday.
Benefits of membership include:
Resources on Malcolm's website: his music for recorders; a survey of the one-volume reference books for recorder players (others are in 'Links' at the top of this page).
Last updated 15.11.13


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|My First Storytime
Event Type: Children's Storytime
Date: 9/7/2013
Start Time: 11:00 AM
End Time: 11:30 AM
for babies and 1's, with a caregiver. Boost your baby's brain power with simple board books, engaging props, fun rhymes, singing, and socializing. This class develops enriched language skills, builds and early love of reading, and connects you with your little one.Library: Oak Park Public Library Main Branch
Location: First Floor - Storytime Room


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New DVD Releases: August 11, 2009Tuesday, August 11th, 2009
I Love You, Man
Peter Klaven (Paul Rudd) is a successful real estate agent who, upon getting engaged to the woman of his dreams, Zooey (Rashida Jones), discovers, to his dismay and chagrin, that he has no male friend close enough to serve as his Best Man.
Peter immediately sets out to rectify the situation, embarking on a series of bizarre and awkward 'man-dates,' before meeting Sydney Fife (Jason Segel), a charming, opinionated man with whom he instantly bonds. But the closer the two men get, the more Peter's relationship with Zooey suffers, ultimately forcing him to choose between his fiancée and his newfound 'bro,' in a story that comically explores what it truly means to be a 'friend.'
Cast: Paul Rudd, Jason Segel, Rashida Jones; Directed by: John Hamburg
Special Features:
Watch an Exclusive DVD Bonus Feature:
17 Again
Mike O'Donnell seemingly had it all. He was a star athlete headed straight for a college scholarship until he decided to give it all up to settle down with his high school girlfriend Scarlett. Now at 37, Mike O'Donnell (Matthew Perry) has become a miserable and unhappy businessman who wishes that he could go back and become the young Mike O'Donnell (Efron) he once was, and correct all the mistakes he made which resulted in him becoming the unhappy businessman he has now become. His wish soon becomes reality as he turns 17 again and gets to live his life over again.
Cast: Zac Efron, Leslie Mann, Thomas Lennon, Matthew Perry, Michelle Trachtenberg, Melora Hardin, Hunter Parrish, Jim Gaffigan; Directed by: Burr Steers
Special Features:
Watch an Exclusive DVD Bonus Feature:
Alien Trespass
Will & Grace star Eric McCormack headlines X-Files veteran R.W. Goodwin's feature directorial debut, a playful send-up of 1950s-era sci-fi films tracing the bizarre events that unfold after a mysterious space object crashes into a California mountaintop. Based on a story by James Swift and Steven Fisher (who also penned the screenplay), the Technicolor-flavored genre-bender follows a benevolent alien (McCormack) as he attempts to fend off a seriously strange invader. Robert Patrick, Jenni Baird, and Jody Thompson co-star.
Cast: CEric McCormack, Jenni Baird, Dan Lauria, Robert Patrick, Jody Thompson, Aaron Brooks, Sarah Smyth, Andrew Dunbar, Sage Brocklebank, Tom McBeath, Vincent Gale, Jerry Wasserman, Jonathan Young, Michael Roberds; Directed by: R.W. Goodwin


text: The RVCA Daggers Denim Jeans in Colors Denim are sharp as a knife. These jeans can cut. Sport a five pocket design, zipper fly, and customized RVCA hardware throughout. RVCA labeling at front coin pocket and embroidered at each rear pocket. Constructed of 99% cotton, 1% spandex. 32'' waist sports a 11'' rise, 32' inseam, and 15'' leg opening. Model wears 32''.


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Quick Links
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BR10713 In Stock
Honor your loved ones with this breast cancer awareness ID bracelet. This pink leather band is adjustable between 6 inches and 7.5 long with a buckle clasp. The slightly rounded charm is 1.5 inches long and is made of stainless steel, ensuring high quality for years to come. There is also a small stainless steel charm with a cut-out of a ribbon, letting the pink of the bracelet to shine through. This is an excellent item to give as a gift, or to keep for yourself.
Eve's Addiction.com wants you to be a happy customer. We want you to be completely satisfied with the sterling silver jewelry that you receive from us, as we only sell high quality silver and cubic zirconia cz jewelry. We do understand that you may not like your purchase for some reason.
You may return or exchange your jewelry within 60 days of purchase if you are not satisfied with it. The jewelry must be returned in its original condition for a refund or exchange. Engraved, personalized, photo, monogram, name and initial, chocolate and clearance items are not returnable or exchangeable.


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(KTVI)-After two weeks of a partial government shutdown and threats that the United States might default on some of its debts, it looks like House Republicans and the White House are making progress to put federal workers back on the job and raise America's debt limit. On Thursday, the United States could have potentially defaulted on some of the debts it owes if Congress doesn't increase the government's borrowing authority, called the debt ceiling. Some members of congress, especially Tea Party affiliated Republicans have said default would be no big deal.
More: Federal Furloughs, U.S. Debt Default: What do they mean?
The sticking point had been conservative insistence that the Affordable Care Act, A.K.A. Obamacare, either be defunded or repealed and that big spending cuts be made in the budget. If there had been no agreement, the U.S. could have defaulted on some of its bond payments.
Charles Jaco sits down with Bill O'Grady, chief market strategist for St. Louis-based Confluence Investment Management, who says a default would probably be a financial disaster that might eventually hit every American.


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UVM drops fee, sees more applicationsThe Associated Press | March 10,2013BURLINGTON A decision to waive an early-application fee is being credited with helping to increase the number of students applying to the University of Vermont by 2.7 percent.
The growth is part of a plan by UVM President Thomas Sullivan to make the school more selective by accepting a smaller percentage of the number of students who apply.
In addition to the decision to waive the $55 early application fee, UVM officials believe there has been a positive buzz about the school among students and high school guidance counselors.
That buzz continued through a very good summer visit season and into the fall, said Chris Lucier, the schools vice president for enrollment management.
As of last week, 22,277 students applied for admission to UVM, just below the all-time record of 23,365 set in 2009.
Of the total number of applicants this year, 2,118 came from Vermont students, a decrease of about 5.5 percent from last year.
Lucier said he could not explain why there was a drop in Vermont applications, but he expected a rebound. This year we will likely have the third- or fourth-most applications from Vermont students since 1980, he said.
We have received over 2,000 applications from Vermont students consistently since 2006, the same period that the number of (high school) graduates in Vermont has been declining, Lucier added. This reflects our focused outreach to recruit Vermont students in the face of the declining demographics.MORE IN This Just InThe family of a Connecticut man who was killed in a car accident on Route 4 last Friday night is... Full StoryAssociated Press Full StoryIt seems like I just started to warm up from last winter and I see back-to-school displays. Full Story
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day 1739, 'Richard Palmer' identified in prison at York Castle as the notorious outlaw DICK TURPIN; IN 1836, Battle of the Alamo begins near San Antonio de Bexar, Texas; 1896, the Tootsie Roll invented by LEO HIRSCHFELD.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1472, Orkney, Shetland islands put up as collateral by Norway to Scotland in lieu of dowry for MARGARET OF DENMARK on her marriage with JAMES III, king of Scotland; 1962, JOHN GLENN first American to orbit Earth.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: City mayoral candidates debate campaign issues; Hartford, Conn., woman still missing; Neal Goswami reports attempts to legislate suicide; local woman loses 100 pounds through TOPS program.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1878, JOHN TUNSTALL murdered near Lincoln, New Mexico, by the outlaw JESSE EVANS; in 1930, ELM FARM OLLIE first cow to fly in aircraft, first to be milked airborne; 1955, nuke test WASP; '79, snow in Sahara.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Rutland Herald News Editor Alan J. Keays and staff writer Gordon Dritschilo discuss stories planned for the February 18, 2015, edition of the newspaper: Winter budgets maxed, legal marijuana, Springfield bank job, USPS slowdown
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1249 AD, ANDRE of LONGJUMEAU is dispatched by LOUIS IX of France to meet the KHAGAN, ruler of the Mongol Empire; in 1804, during 1st Barbary War, STEPHEN DECATUR scuttles the pirate-held USS Philadelphia in Tripoli.


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Customer Reviews
3 Item(s)
- Daughters baby shower Review by Debby
I was very please regarding the products I received, not only did them come quickly, they were of good quality!
(Posted on 10/27/2012)
- Super Cute! Review by Baby's Mama
These stickers were ther perfect way to personalize the favor bags for a baby shower. They are so cute and good quality. The colors as they appear on the website are exactly as they came!
(Posted on 5/2/2011)
- Very cute Review by StarsFirstBaby
I used these in conjunction with the clear plastic jars as baby shower gifts for my guests. They were the perfect size, very cute and made the gifts unique. I had leftovers for my scrap book and as used a few as envelope seals for a special thank you cards. Would recommend these to a friend.
(Posted on 10/22/2010)
3 Item(s)


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I recently read some info. about a link between PE and condom use, and it fascinated me. My husband and I have used condoms for years. We stopped them for one month and got pregnant right away with Cassius.
The issue is that while ovulating, your body will accept the "foreign invader" sperm, but there will be * to pay later when your body has an immunity issue with the DNA growing inside you that is half of your husband's and hence PE results. This is just one theory, but it is interesting to me.
Did any of you hear about PE and condoms/barrier methods? Were any of you using them and think there could be link for you?


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STLE Toronto Section Education Day
Lubrication: The Basics & Beyond
February 19, 2014
8:00 - Start Meeting – Coffee and Donuts
8:15 - Opening remarks
8:30 - "Understanding the Base Oils and Synthetic Base Oils"
9:15 - "Additives and how they all work together and some not"
10:00 - Morning break
10:15 - "Everything you want to know about Gear Oils and Hydraulic Oils but afraid to ask"
11:15 - "What is a grease and how, where and why does it work"
Lunch from 12:00 – 12:45
12:45 "Food Grade Lubrication and Greases" all the how's and why's
1:30 "Engine Oil and Drive Train for Heavy Duty Applications"
2:30 Afternoon Break
2:45 "Condition Monitor and Preventative Maintenance"
3:40 Futher questions and wrap up and diploma's
4:00 End of Course
The Old Mill
21 The Old Mill, Toronto, Ontario
Before Jan 22, 2014
Members $375.00
Non-Members $475.00
After Jan 22, 2014
Members $425.00
Non-Members $525.00
Students $50.00
*Members laid off and Toronto Section Executive can also pay student fee. The Non-Member registration includes a 1 year STLE membership with the Toronto Section.
Fees include course handouts, lunch and break refreshments.
For more information visit www.torontostle.com or contact:
Ted Austin
Click Here to register for this event.


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One quick solution to the problem was offered by the The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), which recently upped the standards for a positive test. The new requirement rightly prevents fighters from competing while high, but does not penalizing those fighters that choose to engage in marijuana on a recreation or prescription basis during the normal course of the life. Under the new standard, the marijuana testing threshold would be raised from 50 ng/mL to 150 ng/mL.
Now one of the most infliuential regulatory bodies in the world, the Nevada State Athletic Commisson (NSAC) has followed suit.
MiddleEasy has the story.
A couple of weeks ago I talked to Keith Kizer, the head of the NSAC, about marijuana and MMA. We went on for over a half hour, and at the end of the conversation my animosity towards him dissipated.
This morning I received an email from Keith Kizer letting me know that as of yesterday, the NSAC has officially raised the testing threshold of marijuana metabolites from 50 ng/mL to 150 ng/mL. That represents a 300% increase, which means you can have 3x more marijuana metabolites in your system before it's a positive test. something unprecedented in the the industry. Now that the threshold has been raised, fighters could literally smoke marijuana roughly up until a week before their fight -- although it's best to stay off the green, leafy stuff at least two weeks prior to a 150 ng/ML test just to err on the side of caution.


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Impress your friends, your dog/cat and yourself
need: 2 A4papers, 15 mins and some SKILLZ only
You will need:
2 A4 papers
Stapler, ruler, pencil
Above average skills at paper planes
5 minutes upward
Fold precisely, even half a millimeter makes a dfference
All folds symetrical except for the nose fold over
Use crisp paper without punched holes etc..
Step 1: Fuselage
note. easy steps are skipped (quite obvious)
Step 2: Wings and Body
note. 95% of this plane can be folded by aligning to previous folds somehow
Step 4: TOSS IT!
Rubberband launch is preferred
USE 2 rubber bands in series and pull back gently, sudden acceleration will kill the plane and it will fall like a dead bird
Using low gsm paper for the wings and high gsm paper for the body gives Exellent results
Aim 5 to 40 degrees to horizon
Inspiration from countless hours of boring school lessons, can fly and glide somewhat for above 20 metres (what do ya expect) if done correctly
Video is an attempt to fly it, will post more video if i can get better video
I agree with this dude ^ ...
Even if i might be 3 years out...
So, if you start with a letter size paper (8.5x11 in), cut off a strip along the longer side so that the width becomes even narrower, namely 7.78 in (= 11/sqrt(2)). This way you get a little smaller version of the A4 size paper (7.78x11 in) but with the same proportions.
I done this plane about a dozen times for ny nephews and every single time it flies straight, it's awesome...
i hav to guess everything


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The X4 Concept has been revealed and as expected, it's a mini version of the X6 SAV, both a coupe version of their more upright brothers (X3 and X5, respectively).
Let's have a look at how the X4 compares to the X6 in size and styling.
The just revealed X4 Concept previews the production X4 (F26) SAV which will share the same platform and underpinnings with the X3 (F25) when the X4 hits the market next year. The two will share the same powertrains and have mirroring model lines, as the X6 does with the X5.
As for physical size, the concept X4 shares nearly the same length and wheelbase as the X3, while being wider and lower than the X3. Here's how the dimensions compare and a look at how the … CONTINUED
In case you missed it in the recent statements by the BMW CEO, the BMW X4 SAV is confirmed to be hitting the market in 2014.
Also being confirmed by BMW is an already well-accepted fact – that the upcoming X4 will be built solely at the U.S. Spartanburg plant, which already produces the X3, X5 and X6. The X1 is built in Europe (or in China for the Chinese market).
"I need more capacity in Spartanburg, not only for the upcoming X4, but also for the … CONTINUED
The BMW X4 (F26) is being rumored to be debuting at the 2013 Detroit NAIAS in January. That the X4 is coming is no surprise as BMW previously officially announced its intention to build the X4. What wasn't known however, was the timing of its debut.
The X4 is said to be coming in concept form at the NAIAS, to be followed in 2014 by the production model. The X4 will be built on the same platform as the X3 and is reportedly also the same … CONTINUED


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Thursday, July 18, 2013
I had one of those experiences on Sunday that should be relegated to parents, not grandparents. Cade and Payton were invited to a birthday party at an Augusta establishment that features chaos, pizza and the possibility of prizes. Cat's husband, Scott, was working all day, so in a weak moment I agreed to go with them to the party.
I had not been inside this establishment since my own children were the age my grandchildren now are. Things had changed a little – but not much.
There's still the "characters," as Payton kept referring to them. These are a band of four larger-than-life critters playing instruments on stage as a real "live" mouse (with a person inside, I presume) runs around greeting the birthday boys and girls. The bad news is the characters haven't changed since the last time I was there. Their fur is now a bit, well, creepy, if you get too close – dusty, dingy and faded.
The pizza is still marginal, but the games and activities have changed significantly.
Where once there were 20 lanes of Skee-Ball, there are now maybe three or four such lanes (with a new name that I can't remember). And there are typical arcade games, riding apparatuses, a play gym, games for which you can win lots and lots of tickets which you can then redeem for "prizes" of questionable quality and value.
And through it all, I was once again struck by the way personalities show through.
Cade loves to play video games at home. He and his dad spend hours battling zombies or reliving "Star Wars" in the form of a kid-friendly Lego game. So, I guess it should be no surprise that he was enamored of similar games at the birthday party. He wanted to shoot things – he's pretty good at that – or fire hose flames before they get out of control, or battle aliens or play air hockey. Only when one of those games happened to have the option of winning tickets did he do anything that would garner the prizes. He enjoyed game after game for the sake of playing, and that's all.
Payton, on the other hand, has that supercompetitive spirit. She only played games that gave a reward. And as soon as she realized that Mommy could win more tickets than she could, she would say, "No, Mommy, you do it." She went from "Feed the Froggie" to "Whack the Shark" to games that gave you tickets just for spending one of your tokens. She had her eye on the prize and never wavered.
As a result, Payton ended the day with at least twice as many tickets as Cade. But amazingly, Cade was quite content to walk away with a package of Laffy Taffy and three rolls of Smarties, while Payton took home a handful of trinkets that included a bracelet, a ring and other items that I can't remember.
I still remember taking my son there many, many years ago. He was about Payton's age, I think. He became so overwhelmed with the prize options that he couldn't make up his mind. As a result, I finally said he'd have to decide on a prize or we'd just hang onto the tickets until next time. Needless to say, Mac came home crying and virtually empty-handed – I believe I still have the remaining tickets somewhere in my dresser.
All in all, the experience was not awful – even for YaYa.
Question for moms
A question for moms out there: My other daughter, Liz, has been having a concern with baby Pearce. She periodically won't take a bottle for an entire day. This seems to happen only at day care. At home, Pearce seems to eat fine. I've questioned whether it might have to do with her little tummy getting its fill during the day with more solid food, since she's now eating "meals" three times a day – squash, carrots, sweet potatoes, cereal, etc., and not just taking milk.
But back to the problem at hand, I've wondered if Pearce is ready to wean. She is allergic to dairy products, so I thought maybe at some point even the body of a little baby rejects things that may not sit well – though her mom has taken all dairy from her own diet to accommodate the baby. If anyone has experience with this type of rejection of milk, please let me know. I can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com. Thanks, in advance.
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Become a trendsetter with the most stylish, comfortable and beautifully crafted pair of slip on for men. The Wave Roam from Clarks Men's collection is an ultimate pair to own and is designed according to your needs. You can team it up with any informal wear for the perfect look. It is made of brown leather and olive suede.
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