text:
A medical tool comprising an electromechanical driver and a surgical instrument attachment for use in invasive surgery, including a handle coupled to a flexible sheath which is in turn coupled to a surgical attachment. The handle of the driver includes the electromechanical driver and at least one processor element which controls the actions of the electromechanical driver, and therefore the application elements of the surgical attachment, based on information relayed between the processor element and remotely activatable sensor assemblies in the surgical instrument attachment.
1. A method of manipulating a surgical instrument attachment, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a surgical instrument attachment comprising:
an anvil portion configured to selectively engage a housing;
a generally cylindrical housing selectively engageable with the anvil portion; and
a generally cylindrical unitary blade and staple driver;
providing an electromechanical driver configured to selectively engage the surgical instrument attachment; and
providing at least one processor for performing the steps of:
transmitting a first set of information to the surgical instrument attachment;
processing the first set of information via at least one sensor positioned on the surgical instrument attachment to generate a second set of information; and
transmitting the second set of information from the surgical instrument attachment to the electromechanical driver.
2. The method according to
3. The method according to
4. The method according to
5. The method according to
6. The method according to
7. The method according to
8. The method according to
9. The method according to
querying a memory unit of the surgical instrument attachment via the at least one processor;
transmitting identification information from the memory unit to the electromechanical driver;
displaying the identification information on a display;
determining if the surgical instrument attachment is compatible with the electromechanical driver;
activating the surgical instrument attachment based on the compatibility determination;
transmitting an activation signal to the at least one sensor;
determining a blood flow level through a target tissue positioned against a tissue contact surface of the electromechanical driver; and
activating the electromechanical driver when the blood flow level in the target tissue is within an appropriate range to perform an operation on the target tissue.
10. The method according to
11. The method according to
12. The method according to
13. The method according to
14. A method of manipulating a surgical instrument attachment, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a surgical instrument attachment comprising:
an anvil portion configured to selectively engage a housing;
a generally cylindrical housing selectively engageable with the anvil portion; and
a generally cylindrical unitary blade and staple driver;
providing an electromechanical driver configured to selectively engage the surgical instrument attachment; and
providing at least one processor for performing the steps of:
querying a memory unit of the surgical instrument attachment;
transmitting identification information from the memory unit to the electromechanical driver;
displaying the identification information on a display;
determining if the surgical instrument attachment is compatible with the electromechanical driver;
activating the surgical instrument attachment based on the compatibility determination;
transmitting an activation signal to at least one sensor;
determining a blood flow level through a target tissue positioned against a tissue contact surface of the electromechanical driver; and
activating the electromechanical driver when the blood flow level in the target tissue is within an appropriate range to perform an operation on the target tissue.
15. The method according to
16. The method according to
17. The method according to
18. The method according to
19. The method according to
20. The method according to
21. The method according to
22. A method of manipulating a surgical instrument attachment, the method comprising the steps of:
coupling the surgical instrument attachment to a distal end of a flexible shaft connected to an electromechanical driver, the electromechanical driver including at least one staple driver;
querying a memory element of the surgical instrument attachment via at least one processor;
requesting identification information from the surgical instrument attachment;
transmitting and outputting the information requested to a display; and
establishing a number of staple drivers, of the electromechanical driver, to be activated based on the information requested from the surgical instrument attachment;
wherein the information requested includes at least one of size, status, and functionality information.
23. The method according to
24. The method according to
25. The method according to
26. The method according to
27. The method according to
28. A method of manipulating a medical tool, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a medical tool comprising:
a first medical tool portion configured to selectively engage a housing;
a tissue reservoir portion selectively engageable with the first medical tool portion; and
a sensor assembly;
providing an electromechanical driver configured to selectively engage the medical tool;
sensing and transmitting data, via a sensor assembly, corresponding to at least one of a condition of the section of tissue and an interaction between the section of tissue and the medical tool;
receiving the data in a processor; and
controlling the medical tool, via the processor, in correspondence with the data received.
29. The method according to
30. The method according to
31. The method according to
32. The method according to
33. The method according to
34. The method according to
35. The method according to
36. The method according to
37. The method according to
This application is a continuation of and claims benefit of priority to Applicant's U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/488,369, entitled "Electromechanical Driver and Remote Surgical Instrument Attachment Having Computer Assisted Control Capabilities", filed Jul. 17, 2006, and issuing as U.S. Pat. No. 7,758,613, on Jul. 20, 2010, which is a continuation of and claims benefit of priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/761,491, entitled "Electromechanical Driver and Remote Surgical Instrument Attachment Having Computer Assisted Control Capabilities", filed Jan. 20, 2004, and issuing as U.S. Pat. No. 7,077,856, on Jul. 18, 2006, which is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/510,927, filed Feb. 22, 2000, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,716,233, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/324,452, filed Jun. 2, 1999, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,443,973, the disclosures of which are hereby fully incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates generally to a medical tool comprising an electromechanical driver which transmits information to and receives information from, and thereby controls, a surgical instrument attachment, and more specifically to the mechanisms employed to provide such remote direction and information relaying between said electromechanical driver and said surgical instrument attachment.
It shall be understood at the outset, that the present invention has many applications within the field of surgery. This disclosure shall not, therefore, be read as limiting of the scope of the invention by the specific medical or surgical applications which may be described herein, as they are only used as elucidating examples of such applications in which the present invention may be employed to enhance the outcomes and/or surgical efficiency. In particular, the present disclosure is directed to embodiments used in colon surgery, and specifically to anastomosing, resecting, and stapling instruments, however, the same invention may be applied to other surgical applications in the fields of gynecological surgery, cardiovascular surgery, and general surgery.
Upon identification of cancerous or other anomalous tissue in the gastrointestinal tract, surgical intervention is often prescribed. The field of cancer surgery, and more specifically, the surgical procedure by which a section of the gastrointestinal tract which includes cancerous or anomalous tissue is resected, includes a number of uniquely designed instruments. In combination with a description of the present instrumentation and their functions, a description of the state of the art in this surgical procedure shall also be provided.
The first question which must be answered when determining how to treat gastrointestinal cancer relates to the specific location of the cancerous tissue. This is very important insofar as the instruments which are provided in the present art have limitations relating to how far they may be inserted into the gastrointestinal tract. If the cancerous tissue is too far up the colon, for example, then the standard instrumentation provided is unusable, thus requiring special accommodations. These accommodations generally increase the risk of contamination of the surrounding tissues with bowel contents, increase the length of the surgery and the corresponding need for anesthesia, and eliminate the benefits of precise anastomosing and stapling which comes from utilizing a mechanized device.
More specifically, in the event that the cancerous tissue is located at a position in the colon which is accessible by the present instrumentation, the patient's abdomen is initially opened to expose the bowel. The surgeon then utilizes a linear cutter and stapling device which cuts the tube of the colon on either side of the cancerous tissue, thereby creating two stapled ends of the bowel (a distal end which is directed toward the anus, and the proximal end which is closest to the small intestine). This is done in order to temporarily minimize contamination.
The surgeon then partially opens the proximal end and inserts the removable anvil portion of an anastomosing and stapling instrument into the exposed proximal end. This step, as well as those of the remainder of the surgical procedure, are related to the functioning of this surgical instrument. More particularly, and with respect to
Once the anvil head and shaft are brought close together, after the surgeon has manually rotated the dial another thirty times, a grip-style trigger 44 in the handle is manually actuated. This actuation causes a circular blade 46 to advance axially out from the tip of the shaft, and into contact with the opposing face 48 of the anvil 36. The blade cuts through the stapled-closed ends of the proximal and distal ends of the colon, thereby also cutting a new pair of ends of the proximal and distal portions of the colon. The tissue which has been severed is held in an interior volume at the end of the shaft.
In lock step with the cutting, the freshly opened ends are joined together by a series of staples 50 which are advanced through holes in the perimeter of the tip of the shaft (being pressed against and closed by the opposing face of the anvil). The coupled shaft and anvil are then withdrawn from the patient.
As with many such devices of the prior art, all of these devices are considered fully disposable, and are, in fact, thrown away after a single use. They are complicated devices, having multiple moving parts, requiring substantial structural integrity and, therefore, expense in manufacturing. The fact that they are used only once, and that no part can be used again, render the use of such devices expensive and wasteful of resources.
In addition to this failure, as can be readily observed from the preceding descriptions, the prior art devices suffer from numerous other limitations which would be desirable to overcome. These include the rigid and limited length shaft of the anastomosing and stapling instrument (which limits the portion of the gastrointestinal tract which may be treated by such a device), as well as the requirement that the surgeon manually actuate a number of different functions (including those associated with the dial and trigger of the anastomosing and stapling instrument and the multiple triggers of the cutting and stapling instrument).
Therefore, it has been a principal object of recent inventions to provide an instrument for cutting, anastomosing, and stapling, for use in gastrointestinal surgery, which reduces the waste of resources by permitting the reuse of portions thereof, can extend farther into the colon, and which are more simple to manipulate.
A substantial advance in the field of colon surgery has been disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/324,452, entitled "An Electromechanical Driver Device for use with Anastomosing, Stapling, and Resecting Instruments" which was invented by the same inventor as the present application, was assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, and the specification of which is hereby incorporated fully by reference.
In particular, this prior invention, made by the present inventor comprises an electromechanical driver assembly, mounted in a handle-shaped base unit, which couples to and motivates remote surgical attachments through a flexible shaft which may also be remotely manipulated by means of a series of steering wires which are controlled within the handle as well.
First, with respect to the handle component and the flexible shaft. The handle has a pistol grip-styled design, having one or more, and preferably two, finger triggers which are independently coupled to at least one, and preferably two separate motors which each turn separate flexible drive shafts (described more fully, hereinbelow). The motors are each dual direction motors, and are coupled to a manual drive switch mounted to the top of the handle, by which the user can selectively alter the turning direction of each motor. In addition to the motor components, the handle further includes several other features, including: (1) an remote status indicator; (2) a shaft steering means; and (3) at least one additional electrical supply.
The flexible shaft comprises a tubular sheath, preferably formed of a simple elastomeric material which is tissue compatible and which is sterilizable (i.e., is sufficiently rugged to withstand an autoclave). Within the elastomeric sheath are a pair of smaller fixed tubes which each contain a flexible drive shaft which is capable of rotating within the tube. The flexible drive shaft, itself, simply must be capable of translating a torque from the motor in the handle to the distal end of the shaft, while still being flexible enough to be bent, angled, curved, etc. as the surgeon deems necessary to "snake" through the colon of the patient. As suggested above, in conjunction with the manually actuatable steering means mounted to the handle, the sheath further includes at least two sets of steering wires which are flexible, but are coupled to the inner surface of the sheath near the distal end thereof. The steering wires may be axially translated relative to one another by actuation of the steering means, which action causes the sheath to bend and curve accordingly.
Referring now to one possible surgical instrument attachment which was disclosed as a preferred embodiment in the above referenced co-pending application entitled "An Electromechanical Driver Device for use with Anastomosing, Stapling, and Resecting Instruments", the anastomosing and stapling attachment, this attachment comprises an anvil portion, and a staple, blade and reservoir portion, which includes a pair of turning drive shafts which are coupleable to the drive components of the shaft element described above, and a corresponding pair of advancing and retracting nuts mounted to the turning drive shafts, but which are prevented from rotating and therefore linearly advance and retract along the shafts when they turn.
The anvil portion is bullet shaped, having a blunt nosed top portion, a flat cutting support surface on the bottom, and a freely rotating coupling post extending axially from the bottom surface. This coupling post is designed to be selectively coupleable and removable from the corresponding nut mounted to one of the turning drive shafts.
The staple, blade, and reservoir portion (SBR portion) is cylindrical in shape, forming a housing which has a hollow interior. It is this hollow interior which forms the reservoir. On the axially outward facing surface of the cylindrical wall of the housing are a series of staple ports, through which the staples of the device are discharged. A series of staple drivers are mounted within the cylindrical walls, beneath the staple ports, for driving the staples therethrough. The blade is similarly cylindrical, and seats in the inside of the housing, against the inner surface of the wall thereof. Both the blade and the staple driver are mounted to the second nut, which is, in turn, mounted to the other turning drive shaft. As the tuning drive shaft rotates, the nut (which is constrained against rotating) advances along the shaft, thus linearly advancing the blade and staple driver. The blade and the staple driver are, therefore, selectively advanceable axially outward from the housing, in accordance with actuation of the appropriate trigger on the handle.
In a preferred embodiment set forth in the referenced application, the anvil portion and the SBR portion further comprise an electromagnetic sensor mechanism, coupled to the LCD indicator of the handle, which sensor is activated when the two portions have approached each other to the extent necessary for a safe staple firing, whereby the surgeon may have remote knowledge of the state of the attachment disposed within the colon.
An observed problem with prior art devices used in the anastomosing, stapling and resecting surgical procedure described above, relates to the best indications which the surgeon may remotely receive as to the conditions within the patients colon. For example, it is critical that the surgeon know whether the tissue being coupled forms a contiguous and sealed ring, such that the recoupled ends of the colon do not contain a hole through which bowel contents may leak into the body cavity. Post surgical infection rates due to such failures are a leading cause of complications and are often severe and are a leading cause of morbidity.
An associated issue of which surgeons who carry out these procedures must be cognizant relates to the ongoing viability of the tissue which has been resealed. A frequent post-surgical problem relates to the tissue necrosis which may occur if the staple ring is too tightly compressing the tissue, and preventing necessary blood flow thereto. A simple light-based mechanically measured distance indicator means is insufficient to avoid both of these problem. Prior art devices fail to provide the means by which information regarding the state of the tissue being manipulated may be measured and used by the surgeon, and the instrument itself, to ensure a more positive outcome.
It shall be understood that this problem, i.e., the failure of remotely controlled surgical instruments to provide for the gathering, displaying, and influencing of automatic actions, of information critical to the success of the surgical procedure simultaneously with the action of the device, is not limited to the specific instances discussed above. Rather, this failure is prevalent throughout surgical instrumentation.
It is therefore a principle object of the present invention to provide a surgical attachment which is remotely controlled and includes information-gathering sensors, communication and processing capacities, information storage capacity, and indicating means by which the user and/or remote decision-making systems may choose to control the instrument and activate the features of the attachment in accordance with the gathered and relayed information.
Other objects of the present invention shall be recognized in accordance with the description thereof provided hereinbelow, and in the Detailed Description of Preferred Embodiments in conjunction with the remaining Figures.
The preceding objects of the invention are provided by an electromechanical driver, a flexible shaft, and remote surgical attachment including a controller processor unit mounted in the handle which is connected via cabling in the flexible shaft to a sensor and memory unit in the remote attachment. More particularly, with respect to the bowel surgery anastomosing, resecting, and stapling attachment described above in the Description of the Prior Art, the present invention shall be set forth with respect to the same application. Specifically, with respect to the sensor and memory unit mounted in the anastomosing, resecting, and stapling attachment, the sensor utilized is a pulse oximeter.
First, as described above, the present invention is preferably embodied as a subsystem of a device which comprises three components, which are (1) an electromechanical driver, (2) a flexible shaft, and (3) an anastomosing, resecting, and stapling attachment.
First, with regard to the electromechanical driver, the handle has a pistol grip styled design, having at least two finger-actuatable triggers which independently initiate motors which turn drive shafts mounted within the flexible shaft. The handle further includes a remote status indicator coupled to the processor unit in the handle. This indicator provides either visual, audio, or electrical output (to be output to a separate display device). The handle and flexible shaft further include a shaft steering means comprised of steering wires controlled by a handle mounted motor drive system including a manually actuatable steering means for directing the steering means, for example, a joystick or trackball, described more fully in co-pending application U.S. Ser. No. 09/510,923, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,517,565, entitled "A Carriage Assembly for Controlling a Steering Wire Steering Mechanism within a Flexible Shaft", which has been assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, and which is incorporated herein fully by reference.
In this embodiment of the electromechanical driver, the driver components are integrated with the controller components. It should be noted that other embodiments of the electromechanical driver may comprise a driver unit which is physically separate from a controller unit. That is, the driver unit may comprise the above-described motors and the above-described steering means, and the controller unit may comprise the above-described triggers, the above-described remote status indicator, as well as the above-described manually actuatable steering means. The controller unit components communicate with the driver unit components by wireless transmission, for example, through infrared, radio waves, other electromagnetic waves, or ultrasound. In such a configuration, for example, the driver unit may be located out of the surgeon's arm's reach, while the controller unit may be selectively coupleable to that portion of the flexible shaft which is closer to the patient and closer to the surgeon. It should be further understood that additional embodiments of the electromechanical driver assembly may comprise more than two separate units, and such units may each house only one, or more than one, of the above-described separate components, all communicating by wireless means as described above. For example, the remote status indicator described above could be part of a third unit which mounts to a visor wearable by the surgeon. It should be further understood that all communications between these components as described herein may in such alternative embodiments take place by wireless means.
Second, with respect to the flexible shaft, the shaft comprises a tubular sheath, preferably formed of a simple elastomeric material which is tissue compatible and which is sterilizable (i.e., is sufficiently rugged to withstand an autoclave). Within the elastomeric sheath are a pair of smaller fixed tubes, each of which contain a flexible drive shaft which is capable of rotating within the tube. As suggested above, in conjunction with the steering means mounted in the handle, the sheath further includes at least two steering wires which are flexible, but are coupled to the inner surface of the sheath near the distal end thereof. In addition, the flexible shaft includes a least one electrical lead and corresponding coupling terminals at each end, for coupling to the processor and controller means in the handle with the sensor and memory components in the distally mounted surgical attachment.
Third, with regard to the anastomosing, resecting, and stapling attachment, a single example of the many alternative surgical attachments which may include aspects of the present invention is now described. This attachment comprises a selectively advanceable and retractable anvil portion, and a staple, blade, sensor, and reservoir portion. This latter element includes the drive elements necessary to move the anvil forward and back, as well as the motive elements which drive the staples and blade through the tissue. These motive elements are coupleable to the drive components of the shaft element described above. Included in the staple, blade, sensor and reservoir portion, also, are a pulse oximeter sensor and a tissue proximity sensor, as well as a memory unit which contains important identification information which may be retrieved by the processor unit in the handle upon connection to the flexible shaft.
As stated above, when initially coupled to the flexible shaft (which shall be hereinafter taken to be permanently coupled to the handle unit), and the handle is powered up, the first internal act to take place is for the processor unit in the handle to query the memory unit in the attachment as to its identity and status. More particularly, as the anastomosing, resecting, and stapling attachments may come in different diameters, shapes, lengths, and stapling arrangement (as well as many other potential variations) which are readily readable by the handle mounted processor unit and displayed for the user either on a remote display panel to which the handle is coupled, or on a display screen which is integrally included in the handle itself.
The status of the attachment shall also be queried, for example, as to what the functionality of the attachment is, and whether or not it has been previously used, and therefore, no longer capable of firing a second time.
Once this information has been gathered, and it is determined that the attachment is the appropriate one, the surgical step for which this attachment is utilized may continue. In particular, the anvil tip is advanced via action of the drive motor and drive elements of the handle, shaft, and attachment, until it may be manually separated from the remainder of the attachment. The appropriate opening is made in the previously cut and stapled closed proximal end of the bowel and the anvil tip of the attachment is placed therein. The remainder of the attachment and the appropriate length of the flexible shaft is inserted through the rectum and up the bowel until the attachment coupling shaft is advanced through a small opening in the cut and stapled closed distal end of the bowel section.
After recoupling, the anvil portion is retracted toward the stapling portion until it is mechanically determined that the two portions are within the range which is appropriate for staple firing. At this time, the physician user is unable to simply remotely fire the staples. This lock out feature is maintained by the processor unit until such time as the surgeon causes the processor until in the handle to query the tissue proximity sensor and the pulse oximeter sensor in the attachment to determine if the tissues to be stapled together form a completely contiguous ring so that the two tubular sections of bowel can be properly mechanically united. This measurement may be made optically, or by any other suitable means, by which the transmission of some signal which should be blocked by the intervening tissue is received by an opposing sensor. The results of this query are then relayed back to the processor in the handle which carries out the appropriate analysis. If the proximity query results in a negative analysis outcome, an indicator light, audible alarm, or other suitable means of alerting the surgeon to this condition is provided. The processor will also disarm the stapling mechanism (by removing power to the drive mechanisms, for example) to prevent an attempted override by the surgeon.
If the proximity query results in a positive response, however, the next in the series of tests to determine if the surgeon may safely join the sections of bowel is carried out. Specifically, the processor in the handle activates the pulse oximeter sensor and queries it regarding whether the proper level of blood profusion remain in the tissue sections to be joined. As suggested above, if the stapling procedure has the effect of cutting off the necessary blood supply to sections of the joined tissue, a necrotic region will develop in the bowel, and future complications (which may be fatal) will arise. The results of this query are also relayed to the processor in the handle. Again, if the results of the processing of this information is negative, an indication of this state is provided by the processor. As above, if negative, the surgeon will be unable to mechanically fire the staples, as the processor will disarm the motor assembly.
Additional features and aspects of the present invention are set forth in greater detail in the description of the preferred embodiments provided hereinbelow.
While the present invention will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which particular embodiments are shown, and with respect to methods of surgical use, it is to be understood at the outset that persons skilled in the art may modify the invention herein described while achieving the functions and results of this invention. Accordingly, the descriptions which follow are to be understood as illustrative and exemplary of specific structures, aspects and features within the broad scope of the present invention and not as limiting of such broad scope. Like numbers refer to similar features of like elements throughout.
Referring now to
More particularly, with respect to the motors 110,112, each is a dual direction motor. In addition to being coupled to the finger-actuatable switch, the motors are also each separately coupled to a power source 114 (which is a common source in the present embodiment) and a manual drive switch 116. The manual drive switch 116 is provided on the top of the handle 100, such that the surgeon operator can selectively alter the turning direction of each motor. In the preferred embodiment, the power source 114 supplying the motors 110,112 is a single direct current supplying removable and rechargeable battery pack. It shall be understood that alternative power sources, including dual direct current sources or single remote alternating current sources (such as the alternating current provided from standard United States 120 Volt, 60 Hertz wall outlets) may be used in conjunction with alternative embodiments. In the event that the driver device should be useable with an alternating current, either a transformer can be included between the motor and the power source, or a more sophisticated intermediate gearing assembly may be provided between the motor and the extended turning drive shaft.
In addition to the motors 110,112 components and the related power and drive switch elements, the handle 100 further includes a motor driven shaft steering carriage assembly, which is coupled to a manual input means, which is coupled to steering wires in the flexible shaft for selectively steering the distal tip of the flexible drive shaft 122.
The handle also includes a processor element 140 and output display device 142 (mounted on the exterior of the handle). The processor element 140 and the display device 142 are each electrically coupled to the power source to provide electrical power to carry out their actions. The processor unit and display element are similarly coupled to one another to permit the processor to display the signal output generated thereby. The processor unit is also coupled via an electrical cable 144 to an input terminal 146 at the distal tip of the flexible shaft 122.
More particularly, with respect to the flexible shaft 122, the shaft comprises a tubular sheath 128 which is formed of a simple, tissue compatible, elastomeric material. As this device is to be reused, it is important that the material be sterilizable (i.e., is sufficiently rugged to withstand an autoclave). While the embodiment illustrated comprises a contiguous handle 100 and shaft 122, it shall be understood that one having ordinary skill in the art may provide an alternative embodiment having a separable handle and shaft, thus permitting alternative shaft lengths for alternative purposes. In such cases, the flexible shaft 122 and the handle 100 portions should include an interface between the proximal end of the shaft and the distal end of the handle which should include a coupling means for the drive components.
Specifically regarding the drive components 130 a,130 b of the shaft 122, within the elastomeric sheath 128 are a pair of smaller fixed tubes 134 a,134 b which each contain a flexible drive shaft 136 a,136 b which is capable of rotating within the corresponding tube 134 a,134 b. The flexible drive shaft 122, itself, simply must be capable of translating a torque from the motor in the handle to the distal end 138 a,138 b of the shaft 122, while still being flexible enough to be bent, angled, curved, etc. as the surgeon deems necessary to "snake" through the colon of the patient. For example, the drive shafts may comprise a woven steel fiber cable, a high tensile strength polymeric material, or a sufficiently flexible unitary metal shaft.
In order for the distal ends 138 a,138 b of the drive shafts 136 a,136 b to couple with an attachment, such as anastomosing, resecting, sensing, and stapling attachment, the distal tips 138 a,138 b of the drive shafts must have a conformation which permits the continued translation of torque. In the present embodiment, this coupling is achieved by a geometric fitting; and more precisely, the distal tips of the drive shafts are hexagonal, and thereby fit into a hexagonal recesses in the coupling interface of the attachment. In a preferred embodiment, the attachment and the distal end of the shaft should include a collar, or other aligning means, for facilitating the fitting of the attachment onto the distal end of the shaft.
In addition, the shaft includes an electrical wire 144 extending from the end coupled to the handle to the end which couples to the surgical attachment. The first end of the shaft includes the terminal inputs which are coupled to the processor unit. The second end includes a terminal 146 for coupling to the corresponding electrical input/output of the surgical attachment (described more fully hereinbelow).
With reference now to
The anvil portion 202 is bullet shaped, having a blunt nosed top portion 210, a flat cutting support surface 212 on the bottom, and a coupling post 214 extending axially from the bottom surface. This coupling post 214 mounts to the first advancing and retracting member 208 a which is mounted within a linear track whereby rotation of the shaft 206 a causes the member 208 a and the anvil 202 coupled thereto to move axially, but not rotationally. The exterior surface of the face of the anvil which opposes the SBSR includes a series of light emitting diodes 154.
The staple, blade, sensor, and reservoir portion (SBSR) portion 204 is cylindrical in shape, forming a housing which has a hollow interior 216. It is this hollow interior which forms the reservoir. On the axially outward facing surface 218 of the cylindrical wall 220 of the housing are a series of staple ports, through which the staples 224 of the device are discharged. A unitary blade and cylindrical staple driver component 226 is seated within the housing. A circumferential pulse oximeter 150 is mounted in the housing on the outside rim of the housing, radially adjacent to the staple ports. A pulse oximeter is a simple device which shines a specific frequency of light through a section of tissue to measure the absorption rate of the light. Because oxygenated blood has a different color than does blood which is not fully oxygenated, the profusion of fresh blood through a tissue may be determined by this device. Therefore, the pulse oximeter comprises a series of light emitting elements 154 on the anvil and light sensors 150 mounted around the circumferential rim of the housing member. As shown, the components of the pulse oximeter are electrically connected via wires running through the coupling post of the anvil.
In addition, the attachment also includes a tissue proximity sensor 152, a portion of which is similarly mounted to the external rim of the housing, radially adjacent to the pulse oximeter 150 and the staple ports. In addition, the tissue proximity detector 152 comprises a series of simple light emitting elements 154 on the anvil (for example the same light emitting elements of the pulse oximeter), and a corresponding series of light detectors 152 mounted around the circumferential rim of the housing member. In the proximity sensor, if the tissue which is supposed to be disposed between the anvil and housing is present, then the proximity sensor's light detectors will not receive a signal (or at least below a set threshold), alternatively, if the tissue is missing, then the light detectors will receive a stronger signal, indicating that there is no tissue blocking the transmission of the light.
More particularly, the blade and staple driver component comprises a single element having two concentric cylindrical portions. The blade portion 228 seats within the hollow interior 216, against the interior wall 230 thereof. The staple driver portion 232 seats within the wall 230 of the SBSR portion and includes a series of outwardly projecting protuberances which push against staples mounted within the staple ports.
The blade 228 and staple driver portions 232 are coupled at the interior end thereof to a threaded member 208 b which seats around turning shaft 206 b. The threaded member 208 b is constrained within a linear track so that the blade and staple driver are advanced linearly upon rotation of the turning shaft 206 b.
In practice and with reference to the flow chart provided in
In the event that the identification information received is acceptable, the surgeon then triggers the electromechanical driver to advance the anvil portion 202 to its fullest extent. The anvil head 202 is then decoupled from the first advancing and retracting member 208 and inserted into the stapled proximal end of the bowel (which is then opened partially to receive the anvil head). The proximal end of the bowel is then sutured closed. The surgeon then advances the shaft 206 a and the SBSR portion 204 of the attachment up the colon until it extends through the stapled distal end of the colon. (Alternatively, the surgeon may advance only the flexible shaft up the colon and then reattach the SBSR portion to the distal end once it emerges from the distal end of the bowel.) The surgeon then couples the anvil 202 to the advancing and retracting member 208 a by rotation of the corresponding drive shaft 136 a. Subsequent reverse biasing and triggering of the same motor in the handle 100 causes the anvil 202 to retract toward the SBSR portion 204.
Once retracted into the safe staple firing range, the processor disables the staple firing motor and again queries the attachment. In fact, the processor in the handle transmits an activation signal to the pulse oximeter, to sense the blood profusion through the tissue compressed between the anvil and SBSR portions. If the response received from the sensor is that the blood flow through the tissue has been compromised, the anvil portion is repositioned and the process begins anew. If the response received from the sensor is that the blood flow is acceptable, then the processor activates the tissue proximity sensor. If the response is that the tissue is properly situated, then the staple driver is armed and the surgeon can fire the staples at will by manipulating the trigger on the handle. If the proximity detector response is negative, the anvil is repositioned.
While there has been described and illustrated new and novel electromagnetic driver mechanisms having an attachment processor controller, for use with surgical attachments, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variations and modifications are possible without deviating from the broad spirit and principle of the present invention which shall be limited solely by the scope of the claims appended hereto.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Who divided the Sefer Tehillim into daily sections (both day of week and day of month)?
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Mi Yodeya is a question and answer site for those who base their lives on Jewish law and tradition and anyone interested in learning more. It's 100% free, no registration required.
The division of Tehilim into days of the week and days of the month was done by the 14th century scholar Rabbeinu Menachem ben Zorach, a Talmid of Rabbeinu Yehuda ben HaRosh.
This is the link showing the divisions - http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=39362&st=&pgnum=263

subset: commoncrawl


text:
nursing > Current Student Resources > PhD > Preliminary Exams
The student should prepare for preliminary examinations by reviewing the syllabus, course objectives and required readings from each course as well as the doctoral program objectives. Creating practice questions, outlining the content of answers to these questions, and participating in a study group may be helpful in reviewing and practicing for the preliminary exams.
To maintain continuous enrollment during the semester of preliminary examinations, the student should enroll for NR-N695 Special Study for Examinations (0) credits under the advisor's section number. When both the written and the oral exam are successfully completed, either before or after the dissertation proposal defense, the student changes enrollment to NR-N699 Dissertation Research with the intended dissertation advisor's section number.
Written Preliminary Examination
The written portion of the preliminary examinations is in the form of a three-question take-home examination. Responses should not exceed 10 double-spaced text pages and one page of references per question. The examination questions are available for distribution on a Monday morning, and the responses are due Friday afternoon of the same week. Students may receive the exam questions and may submit their responses to the director of the program either in person or by email as Microsoft Word attachments. Students are responsible for the delivery of their responses by the deadline.
A committee of three faculty members will evaluate the responses, which will be read blind to the individual students' identities. Two positive faculty evaluations on each question and overall are needed to pass the examination. The criteria for evaluation include:
Written preliminary examinations are typically offered early in Fall and early in Summer. They may be available in early Spring also, if needed. Students must indicate to the director of the program, at least one month in advance of the start of the semester they plan to write written prelims, that they are eligible and wish to take the written prelim exams that semester.
Oral Preliminary Examination
The oral preliminary examination covers nursing course work, the student's research that may be preparatory to the dissertation, the likely dissertation focus, and other relevant topics. This examination is individually scheduled. The Graduate School's Doctoral Oral Examination Committee form must be submitted to the Graduate School at least two weeks prior to the proposed exam date. This oral exam is conducted by a committee of five faculty members, all from the School of Nursing, unless the student has a declared minor (15-credits) outside the school. If so, a representative from the minor field serves as the fifth member of the committee. The student's academic advisor (or probable chair of the future dissertation) chairs the oral prelim exam committee; the director of the doctoral program serves as one member of the committee. The director of the doctoral program, the committee chair, and the student collaborate on the selection of the remaining members of the oral prelim exam committee. At the conclusion of the examination, committee members vote privately, without discussion, to pass with great distinction, to pass with distinction, pass, or fail the student. After voting and discussion with the other committee members, the chair notifies the student informally of the results. Formal notification comes from the Graduate School. A student who does not pass the oral preliminary examination is allowed a single retake of the exam.


text:
Featured Products
Chrono Bomb®USD$ 29.99
100 Wacky Things®USD$ 8.99
OK to Wake!® Alarm Clock & Night-LightUSD$ 32.99
Perplexus Original®USD$ 24.99
Stinky Pig™USD$ 11.99
Take 'N' Play™ Anywhere Go Fishing™USD$ 8.99
Farkle Dice CupUSD$ 8.99
Take 'N' Play Anywhere™ HangmanUSD$ 8.99
From games to puzzles, construction sets to educational tools, and craft kits to infant/toddler toys, there's something for everyone at Patch! We feel that PLAY is an important part of life—PLAY brings families and friends together, helps develop social skills, makes learning easier, and so much more. So take a look around our website and get to know us, check out our exciting products and go PLAY…because a bright tomorrow begins with a PLAYful today!


text:
Interview with Audie Desbrow on KNOC FM
Audie Desbrow's interview yesterday on KNOC FM, Beach City Radio, Brea, CA on Rockology can now be heard online at:
Hits: 24056
Trackback(0)TrackBack URI for this entry
Comments (2)
Thanks from Hard Rockology
Just wanted to say thanks again to Audie for coming on the show, we had a blast doing the interview. Also wanted to say thanks to everyone that checked out the interview on our site, we appreciate it we really do. If you want to see some pictures from the show or just check us out visit us on our Facebook page: www.facebook.com/HardRockology. Thanks Audie, and good luck with the new album it rocks...
Write comment
You must be logged in to post a comment. Please register if you do not have an account yet.


text:
"This card came out beautifully. I was able to use the portions of the photos that I wanted as well as enhance several smaller photos to make a bolder statement. The card's paper quality was excellent. One suggestion, I like to write a short note on the back of the cards. Because of the black base color of the card it would be extra nice if Tinyprints offered the purchase of a gold gel pen with the order."
"I know I rely on Tinyprints to deliver a quality product on time that is also beautiful. I love that I can edit so much of the card unlike other companies."
"Perfect card for presenting family events and special photos. Good selection of sections for large and smaller photos. Suggest option for no design on back of card to offer large space for text and a photo."
"I love the quality of the paper and printing. Nice weight to the card. Family and Friends enjoyed receiving our Christmas card."
"Adorable card, just the right touch of whimsy, but the colors and design are simple enough that it doesn't overwhelm you. Just a beautiful, really sweet card."


text:
STLE Houston Section: Annual Lube School
Hilton Hotel - University of Houston Campus
4800 Calhoun Road
Houston, Texas, 77004
Phone: 832-531-6300
Notes: Classes will be held in the second floor conference center. Classes will start promptly at 8 AM, please arrive early to allow for check-in and networking. Non-members are requested to bring a completed STLE membership form to drop off at check-in.
Parking: Park in the hotel's parking garage (parking vouchers will be distributed in class).
Course Fee
STLE Member: Early Bird (before Feb. 19) $225
After Feb. 19: $245
Non-Member (price includes 1 year of membership):
Early Bird (before Feb. 19): $375
After Feb. 19: $395
More information can be found at the registration link (Houston Section website).
Click Here to register for this event.


text:
Buy with confidence
- Money-back Guarantee
- Free shipping on orders $99 and up
- Superb Customer Service
More from ilike Organic Skin Care
ilike Lemon Cleansing Milk
ilike Stonecrop Toner
Due to its hot Hungarian cherry pepper and potash content, this unique gel softens keratinized skin and opens up clugged pores that are hard to clean. It decreases inflammation by stimulating blood circulation. Use at night, then rub off in the morning with a face cloth dampened with hot water to scrub away the surfaced comedones. Use on inflamed follicles, including stubble rash on men or hard to reach spotty areas such as on the back. Skin Types / Skin Conditions: oily skin acne, seborrhea male skin conditions inflamed follicles after waxing or shaving spotty skin with comedones and close pores that are hard to clean stubble rash of men spots on hard to reach areas (shoulders, back) Effects: softens the thickened horny layer eases treatment of comedones and spots anti-inflammatory and blood circulation stimulating effects decreases formation of comedones and spots with regular use


text:
Stonewall research found that 75 per cent of lesbian, gay and bisexual pupils in faith schools had experienced homophobic bullying at school, compared to 65 per cent in non-faith schools (The School Report, 2007). However, homophobic bullying doesn't only affect these students - any young person can experience homophobic bullying, irrespective of sexual orientation or faith.
This guide provides advice on how to tackle homophobic bullying in a faith context, guidance on how the law supports schools in this work, and practical tips on how to build a whole school approach to homophobic bullying in sympathy with its religious and cultural ethos. It also showcases good practice by faith schools who are already doing positive work around this issue.
Also in this series of Education Guides: Challenging homophobic language, Supporting lesbian, gay and bisexual young people, Including different families, Effective school leadership and Primary best practice.


text:
The Future of International Cricket - Rohit Sharma, Suresh Raina, Ravi Bopara, Tim Southee, Ross Taylor, Shahriar Nafees, Raqibul Hasan, Salman Butt, JP Duminy
Proud Supporter of the Bangladeshi Tigers
Ryan ten Doeschate - A Legend in the Making
MSN: email@example.com
Cricket Web's 2013/14 Premier League Tipping Champion
- As featured in The Independent.
"The PFA does not represent players when they have broken the law and been convicted on non-football matters."
- Gordon Taylor in 2009 following Marlon King's release after a prison sentence for sexual assault & ABH
Any predictions for that match?
Ok. Which player played in the first 4 world cups?
No one? Maybe I'm overestimating the union nerdism on the site.
Ok, a clue as I'm off to bed shortly: he's one of Turb's fellow conutrymen but his name makes him sound like he belongs in a male voice choir.
Fitzy came close...but no cigar
DING DING DING! You're up.
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


text:
Net engine power:
119-197 kw (162-268 hp)
Operating weight:
16,070 - 18,070 kg
You came to the right place for motor grader. The Volvo G930B, G940B, G946B and G960B grader builds on an industry-leading heritage of innovation that dates back well over 100 years. Today, progress is carved, cleared and built by these road graders. Whether your application is road building, earthmoving, snow clearing, plowing or scarifying, this is the heavy equipment to do it right.
From all-wheel drive grading to heavy pushing and fine grading, we've got your grader.
Top features of the G930B, G940B, G946B, G960B grader include:
Increased power and torque with eight power settings and automatic over-speed protection. Delivers increased performance, along with less lug-down, faster recovery, greater fuel efficiency and reduced emissions.
Both 8 or 11 speed transmissions feature shuttle shift for effortless shifts between forward/reverse without use of brakes or inching pedal. Optional 11 speed provides more gears in the work range, plus slower gears for fine grading and faster gears for snow removal and travel.
3 power settings or 8 settings when equipped with optional 11 speed transmission. Automatically delivers optimum power in each gear, for reduced wheel slippage and fuel consumption.
Choose standard, industry pattern hydraulic controls or optional Volvo joystick controls, which offer proportional response for hydraulic functions, articulation, steering and transmission. Joystick option provide available buttons/triggers for the control of all main attachments.
When equipped with optional joystick controls, the operator can choose to steer via joysticks, for low speeds up to 30 kph (18 mph), or the traditional steering wheel for higher speed travel.
Included as standard equipment* to provide productivity-enhancing information, including fuel consumption reports, location reports, service reports and more.
*In markets where CareTrack is available. Consult your Volvo dealer.
Whether you buy it new or used, rent it or lease it, Volvo motor grader put you in control of blading and grading power and efficiency.
Find out how the Volvo G930B, G940B, G946B and G960B grader can improve your efficiency:
Download the G930B, G940B, G946B, G960B grader brochure, including specifications
Contact dealer about G930B, G940B, G946B, G960B


text:
Chevrolet Military Discount is currently being applied to vehicle pricing.Not Eligible?
Chevrolet College Discount is currently being applied to vehicle pricing.Not Eligible?
* The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Click here to see all Chevrolet vehicles' destination freight charges.
***The Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price excludes tax, title, license, dealer fees and optional equipment. Includes destination freight charge and gas guzzler tax.
1 Visit onstar.com for coverage map, details and system limitations. Services vary by model and conditions.
2 Requires subscription sold separately by SiriusXM after three-month trial. Available only in the 48 contiguous United States and Washington, D.C. Visit siriusxm.com for details.
3 Full functionality requires compatible Bluetooth and smartphone. Some devices require USB connectivity. Go to gm.com/Bluetooth to find out which phones are compatible with the vehicle.
4 Not compatible with all devices.
5 Summer-only tires tend to wear faster and are more susceptible to damage from road hazards or curb impact than standard profile tires. This type of damage is not covered by the GM New Vehicle Limited Warranty. You may want to get different tires if you expect to drive in winter conditions. See your dealer for proper tire selection.
To allow you to do an accurate price comparison with prices featured on other Internet sites, GM provides Internet pricing both with and without the Destination Freight Charge (see prices including Destination Freight Charge below). To get full pricing details, go to our Build Your Own section.


text:
Fri., Nov. 5*
at Lake Erie Monsters
Quicken Loans Arena
6:30 p.m.
Sat., Oct. 6*
at Grand Rapids Griffins
Van Andel Arena
6 p.m.
Sun., Oct. 7*
at Milwaukee Admirals
Bradley Center
4 p.m.
*Comcast Network 100
Log on to chicagowolves.com for broadcast schedule, or to watch or listen to the action live online
Starting Friday, the Wolves embark on a season-high eight-game road trip. The team won't return to the Allstate Arena until Nov. 20, when they host Houston; Chicago has posted a 2-1-1-0 record on enemy ice this season, which includes earning at least a point in its last three road tilts (2-0-1-0).
--- Darren Haydar: Shared first on the Wolves with three points (G, 2A) in three games this week, which includes his third multiple-point outing of the season on Saturday (2A) ... Shares the team lead with three goals and seven assists and paces the club with 10 points in 10 games this season ... Tallied at least one point in 102 of his 134 career games with the Wolves over the course of three seasons (2006-08; 2010-11) ... Notched 64 points (23G, 41A) in 66 contests with the Lake Erie Monsters (AHL) last season
--- Peter Mannino: Backstopped the Wolves to a 3-2 win with a 22-save performance in his season debut on Saturday ... Appeared in one contest with Atlanta spanning two recalls and stopped 15 of 16 shots in 38:26 of relief duty on Oct. 22 against Tampa Bay ... Shared 10th in the American Hockey League with a career-high 26 victories (26-5-1) and tied for third in the league with a .921 save percentage in 38 outings with the Wolves last season
--- Jared Ross: Paced the Wolves with three assists in three games this week ... Posted five points (G, 4A) during a current four-game point streak, which is a season-high ... Ranks third on the team with six assists and shares second with eight points in 10 games this year ... Recorded 46 points (12G, 34A) in 73 games with the Adirondack Phantoms and appeared in three regular-season NHL contests with the Philadelphia Flyers last year
--- Spencer Machacek: Held scoreless for just the third time in 10 games this season on Saturday ... Holds fourth on the team with five assists and seven points ... Shares the team lead with a +4 plus/minus rating ... Shared fourth on the Wolves with 20 goals, third with a career-high 29 assists and ranked sixth with career-best 49 points in 79 games last year
--- Seven of the Wolves 10 games this season have been decided by one- goal, which includes all five of the team's victories; Chicago has recorded a 5-1-1-0 mark in one goal contests this year.
--- Chicago has notched at least one power-play marker in seven of its 10 games this season, which includes bagging multiple man-advantage markers three times; the Wolves rank fifth in the league with a 23.3 conversion rate on the power play (10 of 43).
--- The Wolves have trailed at some point in the game in four of their five wins this season, which includes falling behind 2-0 to Rockford after 20 minutes on Saturday before rattling off three unanswered tallies.
--- Defenseman Jaime Sifers leads Wolves blueliners with two goals and five points in 10 games this season; the 27-year-old defenseman also shares first on the team with 20 penalty minutes and third with a +3 plus/minus rating.
--- Chicago thwarted all four of Rockford's power-play chances on Saturday, the first time in six games the team has been perfect on the penalty kill; the Wolves share 27th in the AHL with a 77.8 efficiency rating on the penalty-kill (35 of 45).
--- Wolves forward Angelo Esposito will visit the Forest Park Library, 7555 Jackson Blvd., on Mon., Nov. 1, at 4 p.m., and the Berwyn Public Library, 2701 S. Harlem Ave., at 6:30 p.m., to kick off the team's "Read to Succeed" program, presented by Pace, Vista Health System and Butternut Bread. Members of the squad will make more than 25 library visits throughout the Chicago area this season for the program, which has reached more than 550,000 children since its inception in 1995.
Sat., Oct. 30
(at) Chicago 3, Rockford 2
--- The Wolves erased an early two-goal deficit with three unanswered goals and held on for a 3-2 victory against the Rockford IceHogs at the Allstate Arena
--- Defenseman Mike Siklenka and Jaime Sifers and left wing Nigel Dawes provided the scoring for Chicago
--- Goaltender Peter Mannino turned aside 22 of 24 shots in his first start of the season.
Thu., Oct. 28
Texas 4, (at) Chicago 3
--- The Wolves scored three times in the second period but suffered a 4-3 loss to the Texas Stars at the Allstate Arena after giving up a tally 68 seconds into the third frame
--- Forwards Darren Haydar, Andre Deveaux and Riley Holzapfel scored for the Wolves
--- Goaltender Edward Pasquale posted 22 saves
Wed., Oct. 27
Oklahoma City 4, (at) Chicago 1
--- The Wolves outshot the Oklahoma City Barons, 35-23, but couldn't crack goaltender Martin Gerber until late in the third period and suffered an eventual 4-1 loss at the Allstate Arena
--- Right wing Spencer Machacek tallied Chicago's only goal
--- Goaltender Ondrej Pavelec made 19 saves in his return


text:
Starting & Managing
Starting a Business
Managing a Business
Loans & Grants
Small Business Loans
Surety Bonds
SBIC Program
Other Financial Assistance
Getting Started
Contracting Support for Small Businesses
Understanding the Federal Marketplace
For Contracting Officials
- HUBZone
- Non-Manufacturer Waivers
- Report Fraud, Waste & Abuse
- Protests
- Small Business Goaling
- Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR)
- Certificate of Competency Program
- Procurement Center Representatives
- Government Contracting Field Staff Directory
- Service Contract Inventory
- Partnership Agreements
- Goaling Program
- Interagency Task Force on Federal Contracting Opportunities for Small Businesses
Learning Center
Local Assistance
About SBA
What We Do
SBA Team
SBA Locations
SBA Newsroom
SBA Initiatives
- SBA Emerging Leaders Initiative
- Clusters Initiative
- 7(j) Management and Technical Assistance Services Program
- Small Business Teaming Pilot Program
- Small Business Jobs Act of 2010
- Startup America
- Council on Underserved Communities (CUC)
- Intermediary Lending Pilot
- Dealer Floor Plan Financing Program
- Greening SBA
- Small Business Saturday 2013
SBA Performance
Oversight & Advocacy
You are Here
opening a u.s business
by mahadeo1, Window Shopper
- Created: April 10, 2013, 10:30 pm
i am very interested in opening a business to export and import electronics to the u.s im a holder of a b1/b2 visa.please advice thanks
kmurray | Community Moderator | 4/14/2013 - 4:43 pm
Hi there. In case you haven't already, check out some of our resources for starting a business. You'll find a guide to help you determine if you're ready, details about writing a business plan, and preparing business finances.
SBA Community
- Community Home
- Discussion Boards
- Introduction
- Tell Us...
- Discuss Popular Topics
- Developer Resources
- Blogs
- Social Media


text:
SUBSCRIBEWe will NOT sell your email address to anybody!
One year manufacturer's warranty on most items. Click for details
Orders received by 12 EST usually ship next business day. Click for details
Return any item in new condition for a refund or exchange. Click for details
Airgun or airsoft gun need fixing? Looking for peace of mind with our 10-for-$10 test or to save time with 20-for-$20 service? Our full service tech and repair shop can help! Click for details
Free ground shipping for orders over $150! Click for details
Shipping restrictions by location Click for details
|Sort by:
|Most Popular
MFT React M4/M16 Magazine Coupler, Black
Add to Cart
Add to Compare
Add to Wishlist
|About this product
Starting at $11.49
5.0 (2 reviews)
From: Mission First Tactical
* M4/M16 magazine coupler * Black Spend more time shooting and less time...
MFT React AK47 Magazine Coupler, Black
Add to Cart
Add to Compare
Add to Wishlist
|About this product
Starting at $11.49
From: Mission First Tactical
* AK47 magazine coupler * Black This AK47 magazine coupler saves you time...
CheckoutSubtotal (USD):
does not include shipping and tax


text:
Details and Shopping
Customer Favorite
Velvet patterned body-conscious mini dress with 3/4-length sleeves. "V"-neckline front. Neckline is trimmed with lace.
*55% Rayon, 37% Polyester, 8% Spandex
*Machine Wash Cold
Measurements for Size Small:
Length: 33"
Bust (all around): 30"
Waist (all around): 26 1/2"
Sleeve Length: 15"
*55% Rayon, 37% Polyester, 8% Spandex
*Machine Wash Cold
Measurements for Size Small:
Length: 33"
Bust (all around): 30"
Waist (all around): 26 1/2"
Sleeve Length: 15"
Rated 4.3 out of 5Â by 30 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5Â by JamieILove Great Choice! I totally love this dress! I got the black and white, and it is a *little bit* see-through, but not much. In the evening or in low light, I don't think you'd need to wear a slip with this one. I tried it on with a black bra and you can't tell. The white background is actually a little grayish or tan, but still very, very pretty. I was worried about length (I'm 5'7", 130 lbs.), but it's not too short at all! The medium is a nice length for a date or party or wedding (sexy, but not too sexy), especially with dark tights. I also tried the large, and that came down to just above my knees, but it was pretty baggy on top (and I'm a D cup). I would size down if you are trying for a sexier going out look - the material is very stretchy and a little loose around the arms and chest. All in all, I love this dress! It's very unique and super soft and comfy! Definitely recommend this one! :) 11.7.2012
Rated 4 out of 5Â by cari Cute, too big in shoulders I bought this in the blue. It is a very pretty color and looks like the photos. The part that isn't velvet is see through, however it is harder to see through once it is on the body (so in other words, I don't think a slip is needed). This is modeled backwards- the scoop neck is the back (that's where the tag is located!) and the V-neck is the front. I'm assuming FP modeled it backward because the v-neck is cut quite low. Like all of FPs body cons, this is huge in the shoulders and chest. I will definitely have to wear a bandeau over my bra because it sits so low. If you have linebacker shoulders and can fill out the massive shoulder area then you should be ok, but for me this falls off my shoulders. (I ordered an XS- I'm 5'6", 120lbs, 32B chest, 25" waist.) 11.13.2012
Rated 4 out of 5Â by HannahW Beautiful, photogenic dress! I got this a few weeks ago in blue and it's even more stunning in person. The material has a bit of stretch to it, which is nice and comfy, and although it is pretty thin it's not transparent at all. Like some other reviewers I actually prefer to wear it backwards. The one flaw with this sexy little dress is that it rides up a LOT. I wore it to my university graduation last weekend and couldn't adjust it since I was wearing a robe. By the time I got my diploma I was praying that a breeze wouldn't come along and lift my robe because it had ridden up practically over my butt! In retrospect it would have been smarter to wear it with tights to give some more friction and hopefully avoid the slipping-up issue. So as much as I don't like constantly pulling down my hem all the time, this dress is worth keeping because it is so gorgeous and photogenic. I was in approximately seven bazillion pictures at commencement and this dress looked stunning in every one! Definitely recommend! 6.17.2013
Rated 4 out of 5Â by kristelnoelle <3 so glad that I ran into my local FP store when I had a bad day, because I found this sexy little number on sale! didn't even have to try it on to know that I would love it :) like other reviewers, the shoulders are a little bit loose, but nothing a little body tape wouldn't fix, if it was that big of a deal....get this dress while in stock, a great purchase. and the blue is more vibrant than the picture, will definitely catch people's eyes! enjoy!!! 4.21.2013
Rated 4 out of 5Â by seexybuterflyart beautiful top i got the pink..its gorgeous my only gripe is the shoulders are large and they slip off a bit cute in the pink !! 3.24.2013
Rated 5 out of 5Â by Moonlight Winter Statement I love velvets for winter, its risque and not many people pull it off along with the baroque trend which is hitting Australia everywhere at the moment. I saw this dress and unlike the popularity of the classic black colour, I actually fell for the pink. Ite bright under lights because the light sort of bounces of the crinkle of the velvet. I slipped it on without anything on underneath when it arrived....not see through at all which is surprising given the other reviews. The pink is so beautiful and unique; Im sure the blue would have been to. Im not really the biggest fan of throwing black and pink together unless its nail polish or something in gradient. So I'll wear this as is(great length; Im 5'9 and it covers my butt) or maybe sheer embellished stockings with pink ankle boots? The dress itself looks "different" on my clothing racks. Soft, slips on like a sexy sillouite. BUY now; great price!! 2.18.2013
Rated 4 out of 5Â by AshleyEC Pretty in Pink I recently ordered the pink because i found the color irresistible. When I first took it out i was a little disapointed because the fabric looked different to me. However, i tried it on and was shocked. The color was gorgeous, just as vibrant and beautiful as online (so dont be fooled when you open it). Im 5'1'', 115lbs, and a 30 A bust (or lack of). I ordered an xs and it fit well except for the shoulders. If you have narrow shoulders beware! It keeps slipping off. It was also a little long for my liking, but im so short that its to be expected. So, apart from the shoulder issue, the dress is wonderful. I plan to hem it & take it in a little in the back (to fix the shoulders). I definatly recommend if you are looking to make a statement. The pink is very fun. Overall, i love the dress & its worth the work to make it fit right. 2.13.2013
Rated 4 out of 5Â by Margarita101 Beautiful fabric I bought this dress on a size S ( I'm 5'5 128lb) it fits pretty well the only part of the dress that is really loose are the shoulders and the sleeves, the rest it fits really nice and sexy. Love the fabric is beautiful. On the picture the model is actually wearing the back of the dress. You can wear it either way. 2.8.2013
Product Reviews
There are no reviews for this product yet. Check back. or write a review yourself.


text:
The current version of the wiki for Kemal Doğulu is empty, view recent versions or Edit this page.
Generated from facts marked up in the wiki.
No facts about this artist
You're viewing version 2. View older versions, or discuss this wiki.
You can also view a list of all recent wiki changes.


text:
The Strength Reversible Sports Bra in watermelon reverses to black and is perfect for the gentle workout of yoga. It is great as a sleeping bra, a recovery tool after surgery, or a teen's first bra. This bra features adjustable straps, a wide elastic bottom band and two layers of organic cotton for maximum comfort.
Wearing shades of red (base/root) - Courage and action. Encourages self-confidence, passion, self-awareness, drive, groundedness, joy, and trust. Red is the color of life force.
|92% organic cotton / 8% spandex


text:
Submit a Surname
One of the fastest and easiest ways to find family records is to network with other family researchers on the internet. Leave queries for every surname you are researching and see who contacts you. Make sure you keep a record of where you posted, what surname(s) you posted and when. You will want to update this periodically as you discover new information or if your email address changes.


text:
Day 1 - Dinner at Barbetta
Day 2 - Brooklyn Bridge
Day 3 - Central Park & Broadway Show
Day 4 - Return to Pittsburgh
Since all good things must come to an end, we'll say so long to New York as we head from the hotel to JFK for our flight back to Pittsburgh.
However… if you think you may want to stay a little longer, your personal travel coordinator, Jackie Busang of Gulliver's Travels of Shadyside, is happy to help you plan how to easily extend your travel to anywhere your wanderlust takes you.
You can reach Jackie at (412) 973-2828 or (800) 848-4084 outside of Allegheny County.
Included meals: breakfast
© 1995–2014 Robert Morris University. All rights reserved.


text:
Get a jump start on your poster by using one of our professionally designed PowerPoint poster templates. We have created poster templates for the most common poster sizes from 36 x 48 inches all the way up to 48 x 96 inches.
If you don't see the poster size you need, simply download the PowerPoint poster template that is the same aspect ratio to the size you need and we can scale it proportionally when printed. For example, a 48 x 72 inch poster template is the same aspect ratio as a 44 x 66 inch poster.
Check out our tip sheet, "Creating Large Format Posters Using PowerPoint". This tip sheet has detailed information about poster layout, font size, and many other great poster layout tips.
Find a template you like and then click once on the size you need.
These templates were created and designed for use in PowerPoint 2007 or newer. If you do not have PowerPoint 2007 installed on your computer, please call the Information Services Help Desk at 716-HELP.
For additional information regarding poster media options, proofing, poster tubes, pricing and turnaround times, please visit the Large Format Poster web page.
Check out our tip sheet, "Creating Large Format Posters Using PowerPoint". This tip sheet has detailed information about poster layout, font size, image resolution and many other great poster layout tips.
Submit your poster online for fastest service. Click on the link, "Send Files to Creative" located in the upper right of this web page. You will receive an email confirmation that your order was received.
If you need additional information please call us at 716-4298 or email us at email@example.com so we can help you!
Disclaimer: The information on this website is for general informational purposes only and SHOULD NOT be relied upon as a substitute for sound professional medical advice, evaluation or care from your physician or other qualified health care provider.


text:
Midwest Living Review
Mackinac Island's Lilac Festival is not your average summertime collection of deep-fried food, band shells and carnival booths. Instead, this annual event finds fun and creative ways to showcase the fragrant flower, and even educates visitors about the island's fascinating ties to dogs and horses.
The festival is timed to occur when several dozen varieties of local lilacs are in full blossom (but Mother Nature doesn't always cooperate). Locals like to say this is the only time of the year when the fragrance of the flowers is strong enough to overpower the scent of horses.
The festival began in 1949 when a couple of islanders convinced stable owners to stage a parade while the lilacs were blooming. Lilac Day has since grown into a 10-day festival. Arguably, the most popular event is the Taste of Mackinac, an opportunity to sample menu items from island restaurants, along with beer and wine. Watch parades, take narrated lilac walks, and see a Dog and Pony Show. Don't get any ideas about taking home the native lilacs as a souvenir, though—the rare species are protected by the state park.


text:
Google Pack added a new option to install desktop shortcuts for Gmail, Google Calendar and Google Docs. The applications open in Google Chrome, in the chromeless app view. If you click on the Gmail shortcut, you have to option to register Gmail as the default mail client. Google Chrome already includes Gears, so Gmail and Google work offline if you enable the option.
Although Google calls the tool "Google Apps", the shortcuts don't work with Google Apps accounts. As a simple workaround, you can create application shortcuts using Google Chrome and use the icons installed by Google Pack.
{ via Google Docs Blog }
Workin' In A Cocktail Bar
2 hours ago


text:
The search for good decisions continues
by kevin on January 15, 2012
by kevin on January 8, 2012
by kevin on November 27, 2011
by kevin on August 9, 2011
I don't know about you, but most of the words generated on behalf of commerce don't sound to me like real people write, much less how real people talk. The words have no voice. They have no soul. They're like the sound of one hand clapping.
None of that's a problem here. I have a point of view, an attitude, and a style, and it's all here in more or less unfettered glory . . . More
Contemplations on things I do or did or no something about for which people have paid me money . . . More
Get smart with the Thesis WordPress Theme from DIYthemes.


text:
Green Means Go: Creating a Sustainable World
Teaching Green at USF
USF Plants Seeds for a Sustainable Campus
Performance with a Purpose
Excellence in Writing
The Abu Ghraib Torture Scandal
Portraits of Christ
Corporate Combatants
Wangari Maathai and the Green Belt Movement
Building Schools in Pakistan
Kalmanovitz Hall Dedication
SF Victory Garden
Impact of Aid in Darfur
World Youth Day
El Salvador Immersion Trip
Quote Me
After School
Undergraduate Arrest Stirs Activist's Ardor
Foodie Blog Attracts Worldwide Fan Base
Freshman an Unlikely Olympian
Walters Era Begins
Grieving Mother on a Mission
One Among Many: A Pilgrim's Journey
For God and Country: Patriotism and Religious Identity Today
Teaching Green at USF
The University of San Francisco offers a number of environment-related courses across a variety of disciplines, from business to architecture to law. Here is a sampling of the ways USF is teaching green.
International Environmental Law
Alice Kaswan, Professor – Law
The course provides an overview of international institutions, an understanding of major environmental problems facing the global environment, and insight into the difficult political, moral, and scientific issues facing the ongoing development of international environmental law. Specific environmental issues considered include: air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, water resources and pollution, hazardous materials, and endangered species and biodiversity. The course also briefly examines connections between international environmental law, trade, and financial institutions.
Climate Change Mitigation
Stephanie Ohshita, Assistant Professor – Environmental Science
In coming to a deeper understanding of the greenhouse effect and human influences on the Earth's climate, students delve into approaches for climate change mitigation, and options for changing human activities and reducing emissions of greenhouse gases to avert negative climate impacts. Students examine environmental strategies at the regional, state, national, and international levels, looking at major sources of greenhouse gas emissions and ways of reducing them, from automobile fuel economy standards to carbon cap and trading mechanisms.
GIS for Environmental Science
David Saah, Assistant Professor – Environmental Science
From desertification to wildland fire hazard alleviation, students study Geographic Information Systems (GIS) through the lens of natural resource management. Students use satellite imagery and field data to create maps and models that can be used to track, conserve, and restore ecosystems by leading to the creation of policies that ensure clean water, healthy forests, and stable ecosystems.
Introduction to Sustainable Business
Todd Sayre, Associate Professor – Accounting
The course explores the business strategies, management tools, and systems of measurement that emerge when companies embrace sustainable principles. Sustainable businesses seek to balance the necessity of economic achievement with environmental quality, and social justice. Within the last decade, multi-national companies have re-aligned and even re-invented their strategic initiatives around the principles of sustainability.
International Projects
Seth Wachtel, Assistant Professor – Architecture and Community Design
The focus is on real world, sustainable projects for underrepresented communities abroad. Students provide design assistance while gaining experience in the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, and urban planning. They conduct research, design, and help implement improvements to a wide array of sustainable community design needs, including such recent projects as a "rammed earth" community center in Goyena, Nicaragua and a large, off-the-grid, low-income housing project in Liberia.
« Back
2130 Fulton Street | San Francisco, CA 94117-1080 | (415) 422-5555
About This Site


text:
MONROE, Ga. (AP) - The woman who was listed as the world's oldest person has died in a Georgia nursing home at age 116.
Besse Cooper died peacefully Tuesday afternoon in Monroe, according to her son Sidney Cooper.
Cooper says his mother had been ill recently with a stomach virus, then felt better on Monday. On Tuesday he said she had her hair set and watched a Christmas video, but later had trouble breathing. He said she was put on oxygen in her room and died there about 2 p.m.
She was declared the world's oldest person in January. In May, Guinness World Records learned that Maria Gomes Valentin of Brazil was 48 days older. Valentin died June 21.
A Guinness official says the title now belongs to 115-year-old Dina Manfredini, of Johnston, Iowa.
To comment, the following rules must be followed:
Comments may be monitored for inappropriate content, but the station is under no legal obligation to do so.
If you believe a comment violates the above rules, please use the Flagging Tool to alert a Moderator.
Flagging does not guarantee removal.
Multiple violations may result in account suspension.
Decisions to suspend or unsuspend accounts are made by Station Moderators.
Questions may be sent to email@example.com. Please provide detailed information.


text:
For the past decade, the Game of Kings has been the third jewel of the Aiken Triple Crown. And the 10th edition of Pacers and Polo is sure to bring the same type of intense endline-to-endline action on Saturday at the Aiken Polo Club's Powderhouse Polo Field.
This year's contest will feature a number of outstanding players, who also happen to be Aiken residents, and provide spectators with an up-close look at the sport.
One can expect the excitement to abound from the game's opening bowl-in to the final horn at the end of the sixth chukker. This year Designer Builders' roster is composed of Barb Uskup (A), Adam Snow (6), Antonio Galvan (4) and Alan Meeker (A) versus Burger King, a team whose members include Hugh Worsham (1), Horacio Onetto (4), Justin Pimsner (2) and Kegan Walsh (2). The game's sponsors include Parsons, Outback Steakhouse, Travinia, University Housing, Designer Builders, Burger King, the USC Aiken Pacers, the Aiken Standard and the Augusta Chronicle.
"It gives us an opportunity to support the community and expose people to the sport," said Uskup. "It's an exhibition game, so it's always a lot of fun, but I do play to win and I'm very competitive. It's great to be able to play with friends, and I've played with all the players in the game at different times."
The proceeds for the game and event support the USC Aiken Pacer Club, which is the booster organization of the athletic department.
The gates open at 10:30 a.m., the VIP lunch begins at 11:30 a.m. The game starts at 1 p.m.
Notice about comments:
Aiken Standard is pleased to offer readers the enhanced ability to comment on stories. Some of the comments may be reprinted elsewhere in the site or in the newspaper. We ask that you refrain from profanity, hate speech, personal comments and remarks that are off point.
We do not edit user submitted statements and we cannot promise that readers will not occasionally find offensive or inaccurate comments posted in the comments area. If you find a comment that is objectionable, please click the X that appears in the upper right corner when you hover over a comment. This will send the comment to Facebook for review. Please be reminded, however, that in accordance with our Terms of Use and federal law, we are under no obligation to remove any third party comments posted on our website. Read our full terms and conditions.


text:
Dick Van Patten's Natural Balance® Ultra Premium Indoor Canned Formula provides high quality nutrition for your cat with premium meats, carbohydrates and vegetables.
Complete and balanced nutrition for all breeds and life stages from kittens to adults.
Natural Balance® Indoor Canned Formula contains a superior mixture of animal and grain products. This unique blend assures a high digestibility and contains all of the nutrients, vitamins and minerals necessary for your cat.
Our Indoor Cat Formula has added oat bran, parsley, and yucca schidigera to aid digestive health for indoor cats.
Scientifically formulated to provide high quality nutrition and optimize your cat's skin and coat, Natural Balance® canned formulas are complete and balanced options for all breeds and life stages. Also perfect as a delicious addition to our dry cat formulas.
All Natural Balance Pet Foods have been developed by veterinarians and animal nutritionists.
No Artificial Flavors or Colors.
Kittens should be fed free choice, or 3 times a day as much as they want, to promote healthy growth and adequate weight gain. Food intake requirement may vary depending on age, activity, and environment, and should be adjusted accordingly.We recommend that you do not add vitamins, minerals or any other supplements, except upon the advice of a veterinarian. The maintenance of proper body weight is most important for your cat's health. Consult your veterinarian for specific weight recommendations for your cat. Remember, fresh clean water should be available at all times!
Adult Cats: Feed One 5.5 oz. Can (or two 3 oz. Cans) Daily per 8 lbs. body weight.
Pregnant Queens: Feed 1.25 Can (or 2.5 - 3 oz. Cans) Daily per 8 lbs. body weight.
Lactating Queens: Feed up to 3 Cans (or six - 3 oz. Cans) Daily per 8 lbs. body weight.
Older Cats: A reduction in food intake is recommended for less active and older cats.
Note: Feeding amounts are intended as guidelines only. The food intake should be adjusted according to the age, weight and activity of your cat. It is important for your cat's health to maintain a proper body weight. Consult a veterinarian for specific weight recommendations.
• Serve at room temperature. • Any unused portion should be covered and refrigerated. • Fresh water should be available at all times.
When switching your cat's diet, the change should be made gradually, by replacing the current food with increasing portions of Natural Balance® Ultra Premium Canned Cat Food. The change should be completed after 5 to 7 days.The food intake should be adjusted according to the age, weight and activity of your cat. It is important for your cat's health to maintain a proper body weight. Consult a veterinarian for specific weight recommendations.
Chicken, Chicken Broth, Chicken Liver, Salmon, Oat Bran, Brown Rice Flour, Natural Flavor, Calcium Carbonate, Guar Gum, Cranberries, Dicalcium Phosphate, Yucca Schidigera Extract, Potassium Chloride, Salt, Taurine, Choline Chloride, Parsley, Carrageenan, Zinc Sulfate, Ferrous Sulfate, Vitamin E Supplement, Copper Sulfate, Manganese Sulfate, Niacin Supplement, Sodium Selenite, Thiamine Mononitrate, Calcium Pantothenate, Calcium Iodate, Pyridoxine Hydrochloride (Vitamin B6), Riboflavin, Vitamin A Supplement, Folic Acid, Biotin, Vitamin D3 Supplement, Vitamin B12 Supplement.
Guaranteed Analysis
Dick Van Patten's Natural Balance® Ultra Premium Cat Food and Canned Formulas are formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by the AAFCO cat food nutrient profiles for all life stages.
Calorie Content (calculated):ME = 1280 kcal/kg; 107.5 kcal/3 oz can
ME = 1160 kcal/kg; 180 kcal/5.5 oz can
Note: The calories can vary slightly over time due to naturally occurring variation in ingredients, processing and analyses.
My 8 year old cat, Tiger, was throwing up several times a day - he started this about a year and a half ago. He would throw up at least some of...
[Read More]


text:
Find hotels & motels in Picayune using the list below. Search for cheap and discounted hotel and motel rates in or close to Picayune, MS for your upcoming personal or group trip. We show the best Picayune, Mississippi motel and hotel rooms. Browse the Picayune area hotels to find the perfect lodging! Please use the provided map of the Picayune hotels. Need 5+ Rooms? Secure Picayune Group Hotel Rates
Picayune Hotels/Motels & Accommodations
Next 20 Picayune Hotels > [1 - 20 of 50]
Next: See My Picayune Hotels with Pricing >


text:
Toronto is a large metropolitan area, well served by the hospitality industry. Finding a hotel to suit your needs while on vacation here can be a great experience. As is often the case, most of the historic hotels are located in the downtown district, close to the waterfront. This desirable destination supports a large selection of international brands equipped with extensive amenities.
Hotels near the airport, a 20-minute drive to the west, are convenient for early or late flights and are reasonably priced. Hotels located along the highways and expressways throughout the city are located at strategic junctions and places of interest, as well as in surrounding communities of Mississauga, Brampton, Markham, and Scarborough.
Downtown Toronto hotels range from ultramodern high-rise giants to magnificently preserved structures from the 19th century. Prices downtown trend a bit higher than the surrounding areas, with more expensive rooms located near Bay Street financial district, the Annex shopping district, the Fashion District, and other close-in urban neighborhoods. Further from the waterfront and north of downtown, hotel prices are a bit lower, but amenities like pools, gyms, and internet connections still prevail.
One of Toronto's landmarks, the Fairmont Royal York Hotel, opened its doors in 1929. It has undergone several changes of ownership but has always been a hotel with a sterling reputation. Through additions, renovations, and setbacks, the Royal York continues to stand proudly today with the gleaming towers along the financial district skyline as the incredible hotel built, like its other monumental sisters, by the Canadian Pacific Railway. The hotel proudly continues tradition through afternoon tea in the Library Bar. It boasts a collection of features similar to nearly all of the big names in the neighborhood, including pool, spa, restaurants, designer bath amenities, and all of the necessary electronics.


text:
Loading stream...
Now Playing
Connect with Us
Podcasts & RSS Feeds
|All Content
|View all podcasts & RSS feeds
5:05 pm
Wed June 27, 2012
Still Unimplemented, Ariz. Law Has Chilling Effect
By Ted Robbins
Originally published on Wed June 27, 2012 5:49 pm
It will be weeks — maybe longer — before the one part of Arizona's immigration law the Supreme Court left standing goes into effect. A lower court has to remove its injunction before local police are required to ask about immigration status. But as NPR's Ted Robbins reports, there's already been a backlash.


text:
Stay up to date on the latest news about our products, contests, and more...Sign Up!
Do you have to take your iPhone out of the LifeProof Frē case to charge it?
Last Updated: 1/2/2013 9:55 am
The LifeProof Frē case allows you to conveniently charge your iPhone 5 by simply opening the charge port door. The charge port door allows the Lightning cable to plug in without having to take the device out of the LifeProof Frē case.


text:
The Yale Corporation
The Yale Corporation is the governing board and policy-making body for Yale University. Compared to the governing boards of other educational institutions, the Yale Corporation is small and plays an unusually active role in University governance. The Yale Corporation has nineteen members: the President of the University, who chairs the Corporation; ten Successor Trustees, who elect their own successors for up to two six-year terms; six Alumni Fellows, who are elected by the alumni for staggered six-year terms; and the Governor and Lieutenant Governor of the State of Connecticut, ex officio. The Senior Fellow of the Corporation presides over the body in the President's absence. The Corporation meets at least five times during the year and occasionally in special session. It has twelve standing committees that also meet regularly throughout the year. The Corporation's first meeting of the academic year is a Strategic Planning Retreat, which usually occurs in late September or early October. The final meeting of the academic year includes an annual review of the President and Officers by the Fellows. One of the five annual meetings is focused on a special topic that permits an in-depth review and study of an important area or issue. For example, the arts at Yale were the focus for one recent session, and plans for new residential colleges were the topic for another.
Fellows of the Yale Corporation
* indicates Alumni Fellow
Contact the Yale Corporation
The Yale Corporation
c/o The Office of the Secretary
P.O. Box 208230
New Haven, CT 06520-8230


text:
Document Type
- Article (1)
- Part of a Book (1)
- Keeping track of worm trackers (2012)
- C. elegans is used extensively as a model system in the neurosciences due to its well defined nervous system. However, the seeming simplicity of this nervous system in anatomical structure and neuronal connectivity, at least compared to higher animals, underlies a rich diversity of behaviors. The usefulness of the worm in genome-wide mutagenesis or RNAi screens, where thousands of strains are assessed for phenotype, emphasizes the need for computational methods for automated parameterization of generated behaviors. In addition, behaviors can be modulated upon external cues like temperature, O2 and CO2 concentrations, mechanosensory and chemosensory inputs. Different machine vision tools have been developed to aid researchers in their efforts to inventory and characterize defined behavioral "outputs". Here we aim at providing an overview of different worm-tracking packages or video analysis tools designed to quantify different aspects of locomotion such as the occurrence of directional changes (turns, omega bends), curvature of the sinusoidal shape (amplitude, body bend angles) and velocity (speed, backward or forward movement).
- Specific expression of channelrhodopsin-2 in single neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans (2012)
- Optogenetic approaches using light-activated proteins like Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) enable investigating the function of populations of neurons in live Caenorhabditis elegans (and other) animals, as ChR2 expression can be targeted to these cells using specific promoters. Sub-populations of these neurons, or even single cells, can be further addressed by restricting the illumination to the cell of interest. However, this is technically demanding, particularly in free moving animals. Thus, it would be helpful if expression of ChR2 could be restricted to single neurons or neuron pairs, as even wide-field illumination would photostimulate only this particular cell. To this end we adopted the use of Cre or FLP recombinases and conditional ChR2 expression at the intersection of two promoter expression domains, i.e. in the cell of interest only. Success of this method depends on precise knowledge of the individual promoters' expression patterns and on relative expression levels of recombinase and ChR2. A bicistronic expression cassette with GFP helps to identify the correct expression pattern. Here we show specific expression in the AVA reverse command neurons and the aversive polymodal sensory ASH neurons. This approach shall enable to generate strains for optogenetic manipulation of each of the 302 C. elegans neurons. This may eventually allow to model the C. elegans nervous system in its entirety, based on functional data for each neuron.


text:
Peak Lapel Abigail Patch Pocket Jacket
Style # 209668
Lend your wardrobe a pop of sweet color with this bebe blazer, featuring a single button closure and a classic design. Toss it over a cocktail dress with a pair of embellished heels for a quick evening look.
- 100% lyocell
- Center back to hem: 16" (41 cm)
- Sleeve length: 25" (64 cm)
- Fully lined
- Dry clean
- Imported
- Model is 5'9" and is wearing a US size 6


text:
Master i Margarita - "posledniy zakatnyy" roman M.A. Bulgakova, roman zaveshchanie, voskresshiy iz pepla unichtozhennoy avtorom pervoy redaktsii. V Mastere i Margarite fantastika natalkivaetsya na realizm, mif na istoricheskuyu dostovernost, teosofiya na demonizm, romantika na klounadu. Fraza Volanda "Rukopisi ne goryat" - illyustratsiya latinskoy poslovitsy: "Slova uletayut, napisannoe ostaetsya" – bezuslovno verna. Kak verno i to, chto audiokniga daet samostoyatelnuyu zhizn izrechennomu SLOVU, voploshchaya ego triedinstvo: slovo – mysl, slovo – zvuk, slovo – tekst.
Please note: This audiobook is in Russian.
©2011 New Internet Technologies (P)2011 New Internet Technologies
Samoylov did an outstanding job in portraying the characters! I haven't heard anything (anyone) better. it's like listening to a play on a radio!
Growing up in USSR i couldn't escape reading this book when at school It was a part of compulsory reading that we HAD to do. I personally think it was great idea, but WAY to early to get to the point and main idea of the book.
Now, decades later i keep reading it all over and over again. It is by far one of my favorite books. Every time i find something new for myself!
Highly recommend this version to all native Russians and people who can comprehend Russian language (Speech).
"Superior Experience!"
The best Russian audio book i have ever heard!
Самая хорошая интерпретация Этой великолепной книге!
This is such an unusual book, one of a kind. Really enjoyed listening to it.
Report Inappropriate Content
If you find this review inappropriate and think it should be removed from our site, let us know. This report will be reviewed by Audible and we will take appropriate action.