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Restaurant owner Cecil Cotten talks with friends and employees outside his family's business Thursday.
Fire investigators look over the scene Thursday.
Kenneth (from left) and Cecil Cotten, manager and owner of Joe Cotten's Barbecue, talk with a firefighter Thursday outside what is left of the family business, which began in 1947 and moved to its present location in 1968.
Former U.S. Rep. Solomon P. Ortiz (center) was among the stream of visitors to Joe Cotten's Barbecue on Thursday.
A sign still hangs in the dining room of Joe Cotten's Barbecue in Robstown.
Restaurant manager Kenneth Cotten takes a phone call Thursday as he looks over the fire damage to his family's business in Robstown.
Firefighters pack up their equipment Thursday.
Michael Zamora/Caller-Times The charred framing is all that remains of the roof of Joe Cotten's Barbecue in Robstown.
Longtime restaurant employee Johnny Esquivel (left) talks with former U.S. Rep. Solomon P. Ortiz on Thursday as they look over the damage at Joe Cotten's Barbecue in Robstown.
Restaurant employees talk with fire investigators Thursday after a fire at Joe Cotten's Barbecue in Robstown. No cause has been determined, though employees said the smoky smell and flickering lights as the fire began Wednesday caused them to suspect an electrical problem.
Fire inspectors said it could be two or three days before Joe Cotten's Barbecue is cleared for workers to clean up debris.
A Robstown firefighter puts up tape around the side of Joe Cotten's Barbecue in Robstown on Thursday to keep the steady stream of visitors away from the charred debris.
The entrance of Joe Cotten's Barbecue remains taped off Thursday.


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Hi everyone, I just recently found this site...have no idea if I'm posting in the right places but figure I'd start a post to introduce myself and you all can tell me where to go. Nicely, of course. [:)]
I had two uneventfully boring pregnancies resulting in my daughter (8) and son (5). I was flying through my third pregnancy with my second daughter, until the 24th week. Long story short, I had severe, sudden HELLP with my platelets dropping below 60,000, and blood pressure being controlled (barely) at 210/120. I was ambulanced to a level 2 hospital where they induced me. Sadly, my tiny baby girl Angelica Rose, didn't survive the labor. She was stillborn in the early morning of July 15th. It's been almost 3 years, and I'm learning how to deal with the grief, but I, my husband, and my kids miss her every day. Our Baby Rose. 10 months ago I gave birth to our third daughter, Dakota Rose. No signs of HELLP or pre-e at all. It is bittersweet to celebrate each day with her while acknowleging all the things I will never get to do with her sister.
So, that's me in a nutshell. We just moved from Vegas to Boulder County and we're so happy to be here. I miss my supportive friends back in Vegas, though! Thanks for letting me share my story, I look forward to hearing all of yours.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
"We eat what we can and freeze what we can, and what we can't, we can" is a saying in my family.
The USDA Complete Guide to Home Canning is the bible of safe canning. If it's done right, canned food can still be safe to eat after 100 years.
Io demonstrates at "Fort Awesome" in Berkeley CA. Other illustrations are from the USDA
Step 1: Why Canning?
This chart from the USDA shows why this is good advice. The microorganisms that cause food to spoil don't live well at high and low temperatures.
Canning is a way to preserve food at room temperature. It works by cooking the food and containers at high temperatures to kill micro-organisms and sealing the jar so no new ones can enter.
Properly canned food is safe. Improperly canned food can cause Botulism poisoning from Clostridium Botulinum bacteria. The name comes from the Latin word for "sausage", "botula".(wpedia)
The spores of this bacterium are present nearly everywhere. They can survive some boiling. They thrive in an anaerobic environment such as a sealed can, producing a nerve toxin. They can't handle acidity below ph4.6, oxygen, or a wet temperature above 250f.
The keys to safe canning of food are PH, moisture content, cooking temperature, pressure, time, sterile procedures and proper sealing.
Step 2: Get Too Much Food
That's a good choice because kiwi fruit is acidic. Sour = acidity = low ph. Clostridium Botulinum bacteria spores can't survive in sour food. Here's the approximate ph of a variety of foods.
Canning a big quantity takes just as much time as canning a little bit. So make a lot.
Correction: Io says her recipe says not to double the recipe or make larger batches, or it won't set up properly. In that case make multiple batches!
This works for preserving whole tomatoes, doesn't it?


text:
A blood testing apparatus includes a device for withdrawing blood, a membrane-type testing element, an evaluating device, and a display device forming a complete system which can be manipulated as a single piece of apparatus. Multiple testing elements can be inserted into the apparatus and brought successively to a work position for carrying out several measurements. The blood withdrawing device includes multiple pricking elements. One pricking element is pushed through one testing element and pricks the surface of the skin of a user. The pricking position is disposed so that blood withdrawn from the surface of the skin can impinge upon the testing element.
1. A blood testing apparatus with a blood extraction device, comprising: a lancing element drive mechanism, a plurality of test means, positioned on a rotatable, disposable device that can be inserted into the apparatus; a plurality of lancing elements being disposed on the dispoable device such that each of a lancing element perforates through a test means when the drive mechanism acts against a lancing element, each of a lancing element being associated with a test means and prior to actuation each of a lancing element is gripped to the lancing element drive mechanism, electronics for analysis, and a display which form a complete system to be manipulated as a single apparatus, the display configured to display additional evaluation and display functions and comparisons with previously stored measurement or evaluation data, saved if desired and their results displayed if desired, wherein launch of a lancing element is initiated with a contact sensor or with a pressure point mechanism, the plurality of test means being arranged radially around an axis of rotation of the rotatable, disposable device having a circumferential wall section that runs cylindrically on an outer periphery, the test means being positioned in appropriate recesses in a circumferential wall section of the disposable device in a concentric arrangement around the axis of rotation, each of the test means and at least one lancing element having a longitudinal axis that is substantially perpendicular relative to the axis of rotation; the test means being disposed with surfaces normal in a radial direction with respect to a center of the rotatable, disposable device.
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The invention relates to a blood testing apparatus for determining an analyte, such as fructosamine, lactate, cholesterol, specifically glucose, from minimal quantities amounts of blood extracted immediately prior from a user.
The invention deals with blood testing apparatus of the kind that are configured with a membrane-like test means defining a field of measurement, said test means being wetted with the minimal amount of blood extracted and including test reagents, having an evaluation device comprising electronics working optically, preferably using reflectance analysis, or electronically and having a display device, where the aforementioned components form a complete system which can be manipulated as a single apparatus.
A diagnostic apparatus of this type is known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,787,398. This blood glucose monitoring apparatus comprises a housing structure with a push-rod arrangement to actuate a lancing element and having an evaluation device and a display device. For each measurement, a replaceable unit must be positioned in the housing structure, comprising the lancet and a test means to be wetted with blood in the form of a test strip. This replaceable unit is discarded after each use.
Using this as the point of departure, the object of the present invention is to further develop a blood testing apparatus which has fewer components to be manipulated individually and is thus easier to operate and more user friendly.
A blood testing apparatus known from EP 0 449 525 A1 similarly comprises an integral release device for a lancing element. Before each use, a new lancing element has to be manually inserted into the release device as part of the blood extraction device and then a test strip has to be inserted into the apparatus.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,627,445 shows a complete system for a glucose measuring apparatus in the aforesaid sense. But before each measurement a new replaceable unit of lancing element and test means has to be assembled to a body and removed afterwards.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,951,492 shows a similar device. According to this publication, a disposable unit comprises a capillary tube on the upper end of which a test strip is provided which is exposed to the minimal quantity of blood extracted. The capillary tube is configured at its lower end with a lancing element. Again, before and after each measurement a new disposable unit of the type just described must be installed or removed. According to a further embodiment, a transverse slot is provided in the area of the face of the apparatus facing the user, through which a porous test membrane with a carrier can be inserted, which is then penetrated by the lancing element in the lancing procedure.
According to one embodiment, U.S. Pat. No. 5,971,941 shows a complete system in the aforesaid sense, where a cartridge with unused srip-like test means is inserted into a housing and a suitable test means can then be brought into a suitable operating position by means of a driver. Through a triggering device, which forms part of the blood extraction device, a lance contained in a suitable test strip is urged outward by mean of a pushrod to pierce the surface of the user's skin so that capiliary blood can be obtained for analysis. More detailed information on how the analysis is performed cannot be obtained from this publication. According to a further embodiment described in this publication, a cylindrical disposable attachment or insert is descried which has a lancet and a tablet-shaped test membrane with an opening for the lancing device. This attachment or insert is then inserted into a recess of a pushrod arrangement which forces the lancing element outward to extract blood. Once again, before and after each test procedure the disposable unit must be installed or removed.
The object, explained at the beginning, to create a user-friendly improvement of a blood testing apparatus of this type which ensures a safe supply of blood for the test means with the smallest possible quantity of blood, is achieved under the invention through a plurality of test means which can be inserted into the apparatus and brought into an operating position to perform several measurements in succession where they can interact with the evaluation device, through the blood extraction device similarly having a plurality of lancets, and when a suitable test means is positioned in the operating position, a lancet can be thrust through the test means and can pierce the surface of the user's skin which is positioned in a lancing position aligned with the operating position so that blood emanating from the skin can impinge directly on the test means.
Under the invention, installation or removal before and after each test, measurement or analysis procedure is to be avoided. For this reason, a plurality of test means and preferably a number of lancing elements corresponding exactly to number of test means is furnished in the blood testing apparatus, which can be brought into the operating position in succession and then interact with the blood extraction device when it is actuated or released. A lancing element located in the operating position is driven through the membrane-like test means and pierces the surface of a user's skin, so that the minimal quantity of blood obtained directly wets the membrane-like test means without having to penetrate capillary tubes or slots, which in turn require quantities of blood. Any number of switching and driving means powered mechanically or by an electric motor are conceivable to move the test or lancing means to the operating position and to actuate the lancing means. The number of test means, which are preferably handled as a unit, and advantageously of the lancing means as well, is preferably 5 to 75, and specifically 14–28. The numbers 14 and 28 correspond to a 2 or 4-week rhythm if one analysis is made per day.
After the evaluation and display of the result of the analysis, or of the blood glucose level, the specific test means is moved from its operating position and the next succeeding test means is brought into the operation position preferably immediately.
The lancing element could be withdrawn from the test means again before this process. It proves to be advantageous if the lancing element remains in the test means following the lancing procedure and can be removed with it from the operating position to position a new test means. The lancing element can also be retracted far enough so that it does not project beyond a finger rest area in the apparatus. However, this is not absolutely necessary.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, it is conceivable that the lancing element is connected to the membrane-like test means before the lancing procedure and can be inserted with it into the apparatus and moved to the operating position. The lancing element can already be inserted into the test means or be stuck through it.
Following a lancing and measurement procedure, spent lancing elements and test means can be ejected individually or together, or they can be taken to a storage and disposal position.
In a further aspect of the invention, the test means are disposed on a carrier which is movable, preferably rotatable, with respect to a housing base and inserted with the carrier into the housing base of the apparatus. The test means can then be brought in succession to the operating position by rotating the carrier or moved from the operating position to a storage and disposal position.
The test means are advantageously so disposed on the carrier that they can be positioned in a radial direction with respect to the rotatable carrier. Furthermore, the carrier preferably has an annular configuration and is carried rotatably about the center of the ring.
Protection against dirt, contamination and the effects of humidity is preferably provided. The carrier can be configured advantageously as a closed cartridge. The carrier can then have apertures which can be closed or withdrawn in the manner of a window or diaphragm to interact with the drive mechanism and allow the lancing element to extend to perform the lancing procedure or allow blood to reach the test means. As further protection, particularly against humidity, the test means can alternatively or additionally be encased in foil covers which can be removed in the operating position.
The blood extraction device is advantageously housed inside the annulus with the several lancing elements. It is conceivable that a release device, which is known in the art and described in the aforementioned publications, is housed within the annulus. For example, a pushrod-like driver arrangement is implemented, which operates on the side of a lancing element away from the body when located in the operating position such that the lancing element pierces the skin surface of a user. It would also be conceivable that a specific lancing element in the operating position is held in a wedging arrangement between the opposably movable jaws of the driving organ, so that by moving the driving organ forward and back the lancing element can be extended to the outside of the apparatus and retracted again. In any case, the drive unit of the blood extraction device, which thrusts a specific lancing element through the membrane-like test means into the skin surface of a user, forms a part of the housing or base apparatus as does the evaluation and display device. The membrane-like test means and the lancing elements, on the other hand, represent disposable elements which are inserted in a predetermined configuration, such as being located on a carrier, into the housing base.
It proves furthermore to be advantageous if, as already mentioned, the lancing elements, on a rotatable carrier, preferably on the same carrier as the test means, are inserted into the blood testing apparatus. By rotating the carrier or carriers, a specific lancing element is similarly brought into the operating position, namely into a position where it is struck by the driving organ of the blood extraction device or is gripped in a wedging arrangement and can be moved suddenly to perform the lancing procedure.
It proves to be of overall advantage if the blood testing apparatus has a basically circular disc-shaped outer contour, as it can thus be gripped and held comfortably in the user's hands.
In a further aspect of this inventive idea, the apparatus has oppositely located a lancing position for positioning the skin surface to be pierced and a release position to trigger the lancing procedure by manually actuating a release button.
The apparatus is advantageously held by a user holding the apparatus with two fingers at the lancing position and the release button. The release button has an advantegeous ergonomic shape for grasping by the thumb of a user. If preferably has a pressure point which must be overcome in order to initiate the lancing operation. For safety reasons, it proves to be advantegeous if the lancing operation can only be initiated when both fingers have taken up their correct position. This could be implemented through contact sensors or through a pressure point mechanism.
It must be pointed out that instead of a needle or lancet-shaped lancing element, which is moved preferably suddenly in the direction of the skin surface of a user to perform the lancing procedure in a manner known in the art, for example, by releasing a spring-tensioned driving device, a laser beam can also be used. The required source of laser light is among the non-disposable system components of the blood testing apparatus. With this solution as well, a specific test means can be furnished with an opening through the laser beam can pass.
In accordance with a further inventive aspect, the blood testing apparatus can be configured in the style of a wrist watch, that is to say it can have a housing base modeled after a wrist watch casing. A viewing side of the blood testing apparatus can then have a face as with a familiar watch, or a digital display. The digital display can be configured to display time and/or additional functions and to display data or information gathered by the blood testing apparatus as needed.
It can prove further advantageous if the blood testing apparatus has a removable, preferably upwardly pivotable, cover which has access to the interior of the blood testing apparatus, specifically to insert or replace the carrier for the test means and/or lancing elements. In the design of the external appearance of the blood testing apparatus in the style of a wrist watch, or even in the style of a pocket watch, it can prove advantageous if the removable or upwardly pivotable cover simultaneously comprises the face or some other time display device which is raised or pivoted upward with the cover.
In accordance with another inventive aspect, the cover when opened can reveal a view of a display device in the blood testing apparatus, which can be located either on the inward facing side of the raised cover or is revealed by the removal or upward pivoting of the cover. It can further prove to advantageous if a second removable or upwardly pivotable cover is furnished under the first removable or upwardly pivotable cover, which second cover permits or closes off access to the interior of the blood testing apparatus. This second cover could then contain the display device for the blood testing apparatus on its outer side, which can serve simultaneously as a time display. To read the data and information gathered by the blood testing apparatus, the first cover is opened so that a user can view the display device on the exposed viewing side of the second cover, or on the inner side of the first cover. The second cover is opened only to replace the test means or lancing elements.
In an aspect of the blood testing apparatus in the style of a wrist watch casing, it proves advantageous if a finger rest is furnished at the "6 o'clock" or "12 o'clock" position to perform the lancing process to draw a minimal amount of blood, or in the respective areas where the watch strap attaches. This permits convenient operability, which also has a positive effect on good wetting function, since the particular test means (when the test means are arranged essentially perpendicular to the radial direction) is aligned horizontally when the blood is extracted, which promotes even wetting.
Additional features, details and advantages of the invention can be found in the appended claims and the drawing and the description to follow of a preferred embodiment of the invention.
In the drawing:
As the lancing element 12 moves outward at speed, a membrane-like test means 30, which is located in a manner to be described in greater detail in the immediate vicinity behind the finger rest 28, is penetrated by the lancing element 12. The blood emanating from the skin surface then directly wets the outwardly facing surface of the membrane-like test means 30, which is furnished with reagents.
As can be seen from the Figures, a plurality of test means 30 is furnished with the lancing elements allocated to each of the test means 30. The test means 30 and the lancing elements 12 are located on an annular carrier 32, for example, eight or ten pairs of test means 30 and lancing elements 12 are located around the circumference or partial circumference of the annular carrier 32. With the cover 6 removed, the carrier 32 can be inserted into a locating device 34 of complementary shape which can be rotated around the center of the ring. Embodiments would also be conceivable in which the cover 6 does not need to be removed in order to insert the carrier 32, but which have a recess open to the top to insert a cassette-type closed carrier 32. This provides protection against dirt, contamination and the effects of humidity. The carrier 32 can have available apertures which can be closed and withdrawn like a window or diaphragm in order to interact with the drive mechanism and allow the lancing means to extend to the outside to perform the lancing procedure or to allow blood to reach the test means. As further protection, specifically against humidity, the test means could alternatively or additionally be covered with foil wrappers which can be removed in the operating position.
As can be seen from the Figures, the membrane-like test means 30 are disposed such that they are disposed with their surface normal in the radial direction with respect to the center of the ring. By actuating a sliding button 36 on the outside of the housing base 4, the locating device 34, and with it the carrier 32 positioned in it and held frictionally in place, are rotated into a discrete further angular position, so that the pairs of test means 30 and lancing elements 12 are brought in succession into an operating position in which the lancing element 12 can interact with the drive mechanism 10. In this way the blood glucose measuring apparatus is prepared by insertion of the preferably cassette-type carrier 32 with a number, for example, of ten test means 30 and lancing elements 12 for ten measurements. Following a measurement, the button 36 only has to be actuated to bring the next pair of test means 30 and lancing element 12 into the operating position. Additional installation and removal steps before and after a particular measuring procedure are not required. Spent test means 30 and test elements are brought in a clockwise direction with the carrier 32 to a storage or disposal position, which follows the operating position. It would also be conceivable to furnish an ejection mechanism which ejects a particular spent pair for disposal, which is regarded as less preferred since proper disposal must take place immediately. The protected arrangement of the spent pairs inside the cassette-type carrier 32 is preferred instead. After the predetermined number of tests are performed, the cassette-type-like carrier 32 is removed and disposed of and replaced with a new one.
Because the lancing element 12 penetrates the membrane-like test means 30 in the lancing process, preferably in its center, the test means 30 is ensured of being positioned in immediate proximity to the point of penetration on the skin surface of the user. The blood emanating there is immediately and, most importantly, evenly deposited on the test area of the test means 30, even when only small quantities of blood are available.
In the aspect shown, the lancing elements 12 are disposed on the carrier 32 such that they perforate the center of the test means 30 when the drive mechanism 10 acts against them. To achieve this, it can prove to be advantageous if the lancing elements 12 are disposed in such a way on the carrier 32 that the point has penetrated into the accompanying test means 30, at least partially in the direction of their thickness. This acts as an aid to positioning. A continuous guide opening can also be furnished in the test means 30. The diameter of the guide opening should preferably be smaller than the outside diameter of the lancing element 12 to prevent blood from penetrating through a gap between the outer surface of the lancing element 12 and the guide opening toward the back side of the test means 30.
An evaluation device 38 known in the art is also furnished in the interior of the glucose measuring apparatus. An optical, preferably reflectance analysis unit, is indicated schematically in
In the case where the electrochemical measurement principle is applied, the optical evaluation device is dispensed with. The enzymatic redox reaction is quantified instead through the detection of electrical current or voltage at an electrode (described, for example, in EP-A-0 552 223).
The evaluation device 38 comprises in a known way electronics for analysis which interact with a display device 44 which indicates, for example, in the form of an LCD display the test result, perhaps the blood glucose content. By means of the evaluation device, additional evaluation and display functions and comparisons with previously stored measurement or evaluation data could be performed, saved if necessary and their result displayed.
The blood testing apparatus under the invention thus represents a complete system which does not require the separate manipulation of test strips or lancets during the blood glucose measurement. By inserting the cassette-type carrier 32 with test means 30 and lancing elements 12, the apparatus is prepared for a specific number of measurements, for which no additional installation or removal steps or the separate manipulation of additional aids is required.
The servo motor 52 can serve to move the carrier 32 to move a spent test means 30 from an operating position to a disposal position and simultaneously to position a still unused test means 30 in the operating position. It is not entirely excluded that the servo motor 52 can also serve to power the only schematically represented drive mechanism 10. The drive coupling of the servo motor 52 with the carrier 32 could, for example, be formed through a pinion gear, crown wheel, bevel gear or miter gear connection between a rotatingly driven wheel of the servo motor 52 and correspondingly configured, specifically sprocket-shaped matching gear means on the carrier 32.
As shown in
The button 36 schematically represented in
Finally the blood testing apparatus comprises a cover 6 which can be modeled after the face of an electronic watch and can have a display device 44, for example, in the form of an LCD display. This cover then forms the viewing side of the blood testing apparatus, as can be seen from
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Book an Appointment At This Clinic
Book Online at This Clinic!
Tavistock Physiotherapy Centre - pt Health
43.3208235, -80.8369174
18 Hope St W
Tavistock, Ontario N0B 2R0 Canada
Call to Book an Appointment 1 (866) 749-7461
Hours of Operation
Monday: Closed
Tuesday: 10am-5pm
Wednesday: Closed
Thursday: 10am-5pm
Friday: Closed
Saturday & Sunday: Closed
Languages Spoken
English, Dutch
Welcome to Tavistock Physiotherapy
Helping Tavistock residents feel their best
At Tavistock Physiotherapy you can expect:
- Results: Proven, one-to-one, evidence-based therapy
- Coverage Options: Covered by most insurance, with little to no out-of-pocket fees- see coverage tab
- Efficient Recovery: We get you back to enjoying a pain free life as quickly as possible
- Short & Long Term Relief: We focus on the root cause of your pain, not just symptoms
- Flexible Scheduling: Convenient scheduling around work and home obligations
- Prevention Strategies: We show you how to keep pain from coming back - on your own
- Experienced Clinicians: Licensed clinicians who genuinely care about reaching your goals
- No Wait List: Access to therapy in under 48 hours - normally same day
We also offer a convenient no-obligation appointment option so you can learn more about how we can help with no commitment.
When you choose Tavistock Physiotherapy you will find experienced physiotherapy staff who work together to ensure optimal care for your painful injury.
As the only physiotherapy clinic in Tavistock, we recognize the differences in shapes, sizes, strengths and degrees of injury amongst all of our patients and designs sensible rehabilitation programs that help our patients reach their personal rehabilitation goals. Whether it is pain relief or recovery from an injury, we will provide therapy options that can help you play an active role in achieving your goals. We are a multidisciplinary clinic that specializes in physiotherapy, athletic therapy and acupuncture. By working together as a team, all clinicians are in constant communication with each other in order to ensure that each patient receives the most effective treatment possible.
We successfully treat many conditions and injuries through a variety of effective therapy options. Click on the "conditions we treat" tab above to learn more about therapy options.
Early Intervention Can Help Prevent Lifelong Chronic Pain
Early intervention is critical to a speedy recovery. Research has proven that people who seek therapy early after an injury have shorter recovery periods and are 8 times less likely to develop chronic pain.*
Let us help you feel your best. Schedule your no-obligation appointment today using the form to the right, or give us a call and put our full spectrum of advanced rehabilitation services to work for you.
*Study by the Department of Occupational Medicine at the Orebro Medical Centre
Evaluating Your Condition ♦ Prevention Strategies ♦ Length Of Treatment ♦ Including Your Doctor
Conditions We Treat:
At Tavistock Physiotherapy Clinic, our team has extensive experience and training in treating a variety of different conditions.
- Ankle - Sprain/Strain, Shin Splints, Arthritis, Tendon Problems:
If you are experiencing pain from an ankle injury it is important that you get the correct form of treatment. If your ankle injury is not given the proper attention and healed completely, you run the risk of it occurring again or developing a chronic condition.
Our approach to physiotherapy starts first by helping you understand your ankle injury as well as implement the necessary rehabilitation steps and bracing (when applicable)that can help correct your ankle problem.
To learn more about how we can help your specific ankle injury, consider scheduling a no obligation physio appointment today.
- Arthritis - (Osteo) Joint Pain:
Unfortunately there is no cure for osteoarthritis. Arthritis is a chronic but very treatable disease. Our physiotherapist's goals are to relieve your pain and to improve or maintain movement of affected joints. Our treatment for OA involves no prescriptions. Our rehab team will provide several options to help manage your symptoms effectively. To learn more about how we can help your specific OA pain, consider scheduling a no obligation physiotherapy appointment today.
- Back Pain - Low, Mid, Upper:
Our physiotherapy team designs programs to address a particular back condition and to help you prevent future back pain problems from reoccurring. Physiotherapy treatments focus first on relieving pain, improving your back movement, and fostering healthy posture. There is a great deal of scientific evidence that physiotherapy is beneficial for back pain. pt Health physio clinics are evidence based and use the most current research when developing your treatment plan. We treat: piriformis syndrome, spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, disc herniation among other conditions. To learn more about how we can help your specific back injury, consider scheduling a no obligation appointment today.
- Bursitis:
Non infected bursitis can be treated effectively. Our physio team will apply advanced therapy techniques to help reduce the inflammatory process of bursitis. Electrotherapy, such as ultrasound or shortwave diathermy can also help greatly. Your situation is unique, and so should your treatment be. To learn more about how we can help your bursitis pain, consider scheduling a no obligation physiotherapy appointment today.
- Car Accident Injuries: (MVA)
Car accident rehabilitation is a specialized type of physiotherapy with a focus on collaboration between pt Health rehab professionals. Our ultimate goal is to fully return you to the physical state that you were in the minute before your car accident occurred. Car accident therapy often requires the care of more than one health care provider and may involve blending such treatments as physiotherapy and massage therapy, for example. Your situation is unique. To learn more about how we can help your specific injury, consider scheduling a no obligation appointment today. Learn more about our physio treatment approach to auto accident whiplash.
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS):
The main focus of our treatment is to reduce or eliminate the cause of pressure in the carpal tunnel. We may provide suggestions about the use of healthy body alignment and wrist positions, helpful exercises, and tips on how to prevent future problems. Our physiotherapist may also begin treatments to reduce inflammation and to encourage normal gliding of the tendons and median nerve within the carpal tunnel. Although time required for recovery is different for every patient, as a general rule, you may see improvement in as little as four weeks. Your situation is unique. To learn more about how we can help your specific carpal tunnel injury, consider booking a physiotherapy appointment at a clinic near you.
- Chronic or Acute Muscle Pain:
Acute injuries usually occur suddenly during activities. When you experience an acute injury there are things your pt Health physiotherapist can do to minimize tissue damage and protect from further injury. We help you to manage and recover from your injury sooner. Chronic pain is a broad category that includes many common conditions that affect the soft tissues of the body. At pt Health many nonsurgical treatment approaches are used by our rehabilitation team to reduce the symptoms of chronic pain. Our physiotherapy team gathers detailed information and will evaluate your condition closely. The answers you give along with the results of the examination will guide us in tailoring a unique treatment program that is right for you.
- Concussions:
A concussion is known as a type of trauma, or injury, to the brain. In some cases it can result in additional symptoms, including neurological, physical, and emotional. At pt Health, we work with you to successfully recover from a concussion, through such techniques as vestibular rehabilitation, to help retrain the brain to recognize the signals from the vestibular system, proprioception, and vision to help with imbalance.
- Dizziness / Balance Issues:
Balance problems affect over 50% of all adults at some time. A pt Health physiotherapist is trained to treat dizziness and balance issues including: BPPV (benign paroxysmal positional vertigo): an individual feels the environment is moving around them (i.e. spinning). This is related to a dysfunction in the vestibular system. A pt Health physiotherapist can help treat this with a series of maneuvers and exercises that restore normal function for the vestibular system and help the patient regain balance. Your situation is unique. To learn more about how we can help your balance issues, consider scheduling a physiotherapy appointment today.
- Elbow Conditions - Tennis Elbow, Golfers Elbow, OA, Biceps Rupture:
The elbow is one of those areas that is easy to injure, whether it be from sitting at a desk all day or playing your favourite sport. Because elbow injury is most often linked to overuse, our physiotherapy team will work with you to reduce repeated strains during activity. When symptoms are from a particular sport or work activity, we will observe your style and motion with the activity. Our physiotherapist may suggest ways to protect the elbow during your activities. We also keep the collagen in your tendon from breaking down further. Our overall goal is to help your elbow injury heal as soon as possible. Call pt Health today to learn more about how we can help your specific injury.
- Fibromyalgia:
Aerobic exercise can be helpful in reducing muscle pain and tenderness. Heat and massage therapy may also be beneficial in some patients. a pt Health physio therapist will assist with education about energy conservation techniques and specific strengthening exercises that may help effectively manage fibromyalgia symptoms.
- Foot - Flatfoot, Bunions, Plantar Fasciitis, Achilles Tendon Problems:
The foot can be the home of many problems, all of them uncomfortable and tough to deal with. We help treat stress fractures, pulled muscles, torn ligaments and more. Each foot injury is unique. To learn more about how we can help your unique injury, call pt Health physiotherapy today.
- Hip Injury & Pain - Fracture, Dislocation, OA, Hip Replacement:
A hip injury is one of the most serious injuries a person can suffer through and one that can lead to long-term health problems if not addressed correctly or inevitably prevented. Your pt Health physiotherapist will work with you to regain the stability needed in the hip for balance and walking. Find out how we can help your unique injury, consider booking a no-obligation appointment today.
- Knee Injury - Patellar Tendonitis, Meniscal Injuries, IT Band Issues, ACL Tears among Others:
The knee is a sensitive area of your body and one that is prone to injury doing almost any activity. When you begin a pt Health knee physiotherapy program, our initial treatments will focus on decreasing pain and swelling in your affected knee. Our rehab team may begin range-of-motion exercises, with the goal of helping you swiftly regain full movement in your knee. This may include the use of rotation movements, gentle stretching, and careful pressure applied to the knee. We may also give you exercises to improve the strength of your hamstring and quadriceps muscles. As your symptoms ease and strength improves, we may also provide specialized exercises to improve knee stability. Learn more about how we can help. Book your physio appointment today.
- Neck Pain - Strain, Whiplash, Radiculopathy, Stenosis:
Nonsurgical therapy can optimize the health of your neck and in some cases, prolong the need for surgery. Our physiotherapy programs are often prescribed for 2 to 5 weeks for patients with neck pain, although your recovery time may vary. Our therapy sessions are designed to help ease pain and to improve your mobility, strength, posture, and function. To learn more about how we can help your specific neck injury, consider scheduling a no obligation physio appointment today.
- Neurological Disorders - Hemiplegia, Dystonia, Spasticity, Paralysis
Our treatment may help improve muscle strength, making every day activities important to you easier to achieve. Our approach to neurological rehab first assesses how your muscles are functioning and then we devise a structured rehabilitation program centred around you and your needs. Call or email us today to learn more.
- Obesity:
pt Health physiotherapists are experts at assessing, planning, and implementing effective exercise programs for overweight and obese individuals. Your insurance may cover some or all program costs. Discover how we can help with your specific weight loss goals. schedule a no-obligation appointment today.
- Osteoporosis:
Patients with osteoporitic bones begin losing their minerals and support capabilities, leaving the skeleton brittle and prone to fractures. The primary goals of our treatment are to educate you on proper posture, introduce safe ways of moving and lifting, and provide you with helpful exercises you can do at home to help prevent a decline in bone mass and prevent fractures. Find out how we can help you by booking a no obligation physiotherapy appointment today.
- Overuse Injury - Cumulative trauma disorder (CTD):
CTD is a broad health category that includes many common diseases that affect the soft tissues of your body. CTD in itself is not a disease. pt Health helps you understand your condition as well as implement the necessary rehabilitation steps that should be taken for correcting your pain and preventing injury recurrence. Get more information on how we can help you by booking a no obligation appointment.
- Plantar Fasciitis:
Plantar fasciitis is a painful condition affecting the bottom of the foot. Nonsurgical management of plantar fasciitis is successful in 90 per cent of all cases. When you begin therapy our physiotherapist will design exercises to improve flexibility in the calf muscles, achilles' tendon, and the plantar fascia. To learn more about how we can help your plantar fasciitis, consider scheduling a no obligation appointment today.
- Post Operative Rehabilitation:
Post operative treatment can help with recovery from numerous surgeries such as acl reconstruction, frozen shoulder, joint replacement, knee surgery, hip replacement among others. Your situation is unique. To learn more about how we can help with your post op physio, consider scheduling your no-obligation physical therapy appointment today.
- Sciatica - Piriformis Syndrome
Pain in the buttock that radiates down the leg is commonly called sciatica. The most common cause for sciatica is irritation of the spinal nerves in or near the lumbar spine. After evaluating your condition, our physiotherapy team will use various treatments to ease spasm and pain. Discover how we can help your sciatica pain, call or email for your no obligation appointment today.
- Shoulder Pain - Adhesive Capsulitis, Dislocations, Rotator Cuff Tears, Thoracic Outlet Syndrome, Instability:
At pt Health we provide information and tools needed to successfully recover from a shoulder injury and to prevent future injuries from occurring. There are many types of shoulder injuries. To learn more about how we can help with your specific shoulder pain, schedule a no obligation physiotherapy appointment today.
- Sports Related Injuries:
Our staff works with a variety of people with different athletic and sport backgrounds to improve their overall performance and skill, and assist them with successful recovery when sports-related injuries occur. There are many types of sport related injuries. Discover how our physiotherapists can help you.
- Strains / Sprains:
Sprains and strains are injuries caused by overstretching or tearing of the ligaments and tendons. Strains and sprains have similar signs and symptoms, but differ anatomically. To learn more about how we can help your strain / sprain, consider scheduling a no obligation appointment today.
- Work Related Injury:
We look forward to helping you recover from your work related injury. Whether you spend your day at the computer, sitting at a desk, standing or lifting, we can work with you to design a program that will help you avoid or recover from work injuries. Find out how we can help by scheduling a no obligation physiotherapy appointment today.
Personalized Treatment Plan: The First Step to Your Recovery
Our first goal is to reduce the symptoms you're feeling right now as quickly as possible. We assess and develop a personalized treatment program through means including, but not limited to, advanced exercise prescriptions, manual therapy, and various modalities.
To come up with your treatment program, a therapist will gather key information about your condition. Your answers along with the results of an expert examination will guide us in creating a specific type of treatment program to effectively address your specific condition and eventually, to facilitate your healing.
Adjustments to the program are implemented based on your actual progress, or response, to the treatment until your goals are achieved. We pay close attention to your progress. You will receive verbal instruction and hands-on guidance to improve your condition.
Prevention Strategies:
Understanding Your Condition and Implementing Prevention Strategies
A clear understanding of your condition will not only alleviate your concerns, but can also help you understand your condition, to look for and change factors that may be causing your symptoms, and to help you learn how to avoid future problems.
Our therapists may provide tips, specific stretches, and exercises to do at work, or during activities. We recommend changes to help you do your job with less strain and less chance of injury.
As you recover, you will gradually advance in a series of strengthening exercises for the muscles surrounding the affected area which helps patients begin moving easier and lessens the chances of future pain and problems.
How Long It Takes:
Quick Treatments to Let You Work on Your Other Responsibilities
Our goal is to relieve pain and correct your injury as quickly as possible, without compromising the quality of treatments you will be receiving. We adjust our therapy programs to meet your goals.
We get you in for treatment quickly, usually within a few days, and work hard to get you back to enjoying life as quickly as possible. In fact, in some cases just a few 30-minute therapy sessions is all it takes.
Including Your Doctor:
Your Doctor Is Always Our Partner
It takes a team approach to high quality health care. That is why we never take your doctor out of the equation.
We provide clear and consistent reporting to your doctor. Reporting may include areas such as results achieved, detailed assessment of problem, treatment by physiotherapist, and future treatment options.
We Help You Get Well & Stay Well.
But the treatment doesn't stop in our office. We may provide you with exercises to do at home on a regular basis to help control your symptoms and protect reoccurrence of injury in the years ahead. Although we will continue to be a resource, you will be in charge of practicing the strategies and exercises you've learned as part of an ongoing home program and maintain a good quality of life.
Ready to feel your best again? Schedule Your No-Obligation Appointment Today.
You're In Good Hands At Tavistock Physiotherapy
Healthcare Solutions To Get Well And Stay Well
Tavistock Physiotherapy Clinic uses many therapy options to ensure an optimal approach to your care. You will experience a variety of gentle therapy solutions that can help reduce pain, strengthen, add flexibility, improve joint range, and more. Some of our services include:
- Acupuncture
Acupuncture is a holistic treatment wherein thin needles are inserted at specific points of the body. This form of treatment has roots in Traditional Chinese Medicine and operates with the idea that every form of illness is caused by an energy imbalance in the human body. pt Health\'s gentle approach to acupuncture specifically addresses imbalances unique to your health.
Effective for treatment of pain, insomnia, digestive problems, abdominal aches, and much more.
- Athletic Therapy
Specialized treatment for the assessment, prevention and reconditioning of musculoskeletal injuries.
- Bracing
Bracing is a therapy option that gives much needed support to joints that have become uneven or unstable due to an injury, illness or chronic condition. At pt Health, we know that your well being is affected when braces are uncomfortable or do not fit you properly. We give you educational information about the use of your brace and we make sure that the fit is customized to your body.
- Chest Physiotherapy
Chest physiotherapy is a therapy option that helps improve breathing by indirect removal of mucus from the respiratory passages of the patient.
- Chronic Condition Management
A chronic condition is any persistent injury, disease, pain or illness that has ongoing symptoms. Chronic conditions typically cause lasting symptoms that interfere with daily activities. pt Health Chronic condition management is an interdisciplinary approach for improving the quality of life of those living with chronic conditions. Let us help put a smile on your face. Call us today to schedule your no obligation appointment.
- Fitness Evaluation
A measurement of your muscular strength, cardiovascular strength, body fat percentage, coordination, and flexibility.
- Interferential Current (IFC)
An effective therapy option used to relieve pain and accelerate the self-healing process within your body.
- Manual Therapy
Includes mobilization of the nerves, soft tissue mobilization, myofascial release, and mobilization of spinal segments and joints.
- McKenzie Method
Mechanical assessment and therapy of active patient involvement and education that is trusted and used by practitioners and patients all over the world for back, neck and extremity problems.
- Neuro Rehabilitation
In the case of serious, life altering injuries such as a spinal injury or brain damage, there is an immense impact on the daily life of the patient as he or she struggles with even the most mundane day-to-day activities. At pt Health we work to limit this loss of ability so that our patients can regain some sense of normalcy and achieve the maximum level of functionality. Neurological rehabilitation helps patients recover from a nervous system injury while reducing or adjusting for any residual nervous system dysfunction.
- Older Adult Therapy
Older adult therapy includes physiotherapy services for the elderly population to enhance their quality of life and help them with mobility and unrestricted movement.
- Physiotherapy
Effective physiotherapy care for all ages.
If you are coping with physical limitations, painful injuries, chronic conditions or sport-related problems, physiotherapy can offer you the relief you are searching for!
At pt Health, we know how much an injury or condition can affect your quality of life. Our primary aim is to help you get well and stay well. Our compassionate and professional staff are eager to help you achieve your health care goals. Call us today for a no-obligation consultation or for more information on how physiotherapy can benefit you or your loved ones.
- Sport Injury Rehabilitation
A multidisciplinary approach designed to help athletes return to normal, pre-injury function.
- Stroke Rehabilitation
Stroke rehabilitation aims to reduce paralysis, weakness and numbness and gain mobility in the patient\'s body.
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
An electronic device that produces electrical impulses to stimulate nerves across unbroken skin. It is considered an effective method to relieve pain and inflammation.
- Ultrasound (Therapeutic)
Ultrasound is a therapy in which ultrasound technique is used for treating chronic pain and various kinds of disorders
- Work Conditioning
Returning to work after an illness or injury can be a difficult process. Recovery is not straightforward. You may feel ready to return to some of your previous duties, but remain unsure about others. Depending on the injury and what is required physically at the workplace, many people feel anxious about returning to work. It can be even harder if the injury occured at work. We want you to know that these experiences are normal and our healthcare team can help make the rehabilitation process easier – we will help you get back to work!
Accessible and Affordable Therapy
We Take Care Of The Paperwork So You Don't Have To
Tavistock Physiotherapy services are covered by most health care plans; most pay 80-100% of the fees. If you have a dental plan, chances are you also have coverage for most of the services and products we offer at Tavistock Physiotherapy. We currently accept:
- All Third Party Insurance
- Extended Health Benefits
- Motor Vehicle Accident Insurance
- Personal Cheque
- All Major Credit Cards
- Debit/Interac
- Cash
Important Coverage Information:
Employer Extended Health Plans / Benefits
We bill directly to your extended health plan.
pt Health services are covered by most health care insurance plans. If your insurance company allows direct billing and payment we will look after the billing for you. If your insurance company will not allow direct billing and payment you will pay the clinic and submit to your insurance company, however we will assist with your paperwork to make it easier for you.
Motor Vehicle Accident Coverage
We bill directly to your insurance company for you.
If you have extended health care benefits that cover therapy, auto insurance companies in Ontario require that your claim be placed through your extended health plan first. Any remaining balances for services are then covered by your auto accident insurance plan. On your first visit, you may be asked to provide information about your extend health plan.
If you do not have an extended health care benefits which covers therapy, your treatments may be billed directly through your auto accident insurance company.
Workplace Safety Insurance Board (WSIB)
We bill directly to WSIB for you.
WSIB provides physiotherapy coverage for workers injured on the job. We bill WSIB directly for treatments provided, complete necessary forms, progress reports, treatment extensions and communicate with adjudicators, your workplace and other healthcare professionals involved in your treatment. Our team can help you navigate through any WSIB paperwork that you may be unsure about.
Blue Cross Billing
We will bill Blue Cross directly for physiotherapy and massage therapy treatments for members of
- Canadian Forces
- Veterans Affairs
For any treatments partially covered, you may be asked to co-pay the difference at each visit.
For more details about treatment fees, contact our helpful administrative team with any questions you may have about your payment options.
Schedule your no-obligation appointment today to get well and stay well.
Hans Dijk, PT
Diploma PT, Credentialled McKenzie Method, speaks Dutch. Involved in many sports and rehab, currently physio for Stratford Cullitons and has worked with high level soccer teams as coach, trainer and physio.


text:
Bar Refaeli Makes Out With a Nerd in GoDaddy's Sexy-Meets-Smart Super Bowl 2013 Commercial: Funny or Gross?
The Ravens and 49ers aren't the only ones with game.
Walter, a stereotypical nerd, swaps spit with Israeli supermodel and Leonardo DiCaprio ex Bar Refaeli in a GoDaddy.com commercial aired during Super Bowl XLVII on February 3. Tongue is involved, and us viewers get quite the eyeful.
While we're proud of Walter for melding his smarts with Bar's sexiness, he may be the only one scoring here. Because the ad kinda grosses us out.
Do you agree, or are you a fan of GoDaddy going there?


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|The most helpful favorable review
|The most helpful critical review
1 of 1 people found the following review helpful:
By Reggie from USA on 2009-07-08 03:54:55Things I liked:everything....I got this sight for my Drozd also got a UTG 11mm to Weaver Adapter so the red dot sight would clear the front sight of the Drozd. I like that it has both red and green settings. All in all its a very nice and simple sight. I only had it for about a month but so far so good. It also feels like it is made of good quality.
Things I would have changed:nothing
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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful:
By Jerry from USA on 2013-04-13 20:40:59Things I liked:fast install
Things I would have changed:dot is fuzzy no matter any of the settings on the scope, and whether in red or green choice.
What others should know:I am planning to return this item for exchange.
|By Ernest from USA on 2013-09-11
|By primo from USA on 2013-08-08
CheckoutSubtotal (USD):
does not include shipping and tax


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text:
An improved method of imprint lithography involves using direct fluid pressure to press the mold into a substrate-supported film. Advantageously the mold and/or substrate are sufficiently flexible to provide wide area contact under the fluid pressure. Fluid pressing can be accomplished by sealing the mold against the film and disposing the resulting assembly in a pressurized chamber. It can also be accomplished by subjecting the mold to jets of pressurized fluid. The result of this fluid pressing is enhanced resolution and high uniformity over an enlarged area.
1. A method for processing a surface of a substrate comprising the steps of:
applying a moldable layer on the surface of the substrate;
providing a mold with a molding surface having a plurality of protruding features;
pressing the molding surface and the moldable layer together by direct fluid pressure to reduce the thickness of the moldable layer under the protruding features to produce reduced thickness regions; and
withdrawing the mold from the moldable layer.
2. The method of
removing the material of the moldable layer from the reduced thickness regions to selectively expose regions of the substrate; and
further processing the substrate selectively in the exposed regions.
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11. A process for patterning a mask layer on a semiconductor substrate comprising:
applying the mask layer to the semiconductor substrate;
disposing a mold having a patterned surface adjacent the mask layer;
filling a chamber with pressurized fluid; and
subjecting the mold or the substrate to pressurized fluid from the chamber to press together the mold and the mask layer.
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removing the mold from the mask layer leaving molded recesses in the mask layer; and
cleaning the mask material from the molded recesses to expose regions of the substrate.
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a selective etch of the exposed substrate, a selective diffusion of impurities into the exposed substrate, and a selective deposition of material on the exposed substrate.
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26. A process of treating a semiconductor substrate, comprising the steps of:
disposing a layer of mask material on the substrate;
positioning a mold with a patterned surface adjacent the layer of mask material;
positioning a sealing device to isolate the layer of mask material from a pressure chamber;
disposing the masked substrate and the mold in a pressure chamber; and
increasing a pressure of pressurized fluid in the pressure chamber to force together the patterned face of a mold and the layer of mask material.
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selectively etching from the substrate, selectively doping impurities in the substrate, and selectively adding material on the substrate.
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positioning a sealing device to isolate the layer of mask material from a pressure chamber;
disposing the substrate and the mold in a pressure chamber; and
increasing the pressure of a pressurized fluid in the pressure chamber to force together the patterned surface of the mold and the moldable layer.
This invention relates to imprint lithography and, in particular, to imprint lithography wherein direct fluid pressure is used to press a mold into a thin film. The process is particularly useful to provide nanoimprint lithography of enhanced resolution and uniformity over an increased area.
Lithography is a key process in the fabrication of semiconductor integrated circuits and many optical, magnetic and micromechanical devices. Lithography creates a pattern on a thin film carried on a substrate so that, in subsequent process steps, the pattern can be replicated in the substrate or in another material which is added onto the substrate.
Conventional lithography typically involves applying a thin film of resist to a substrate, exposing the resist to a desired pattern of radiation, and developing the exposed film to produce a physical pattern. In this approach, resolution is limited by the wavelength of the radiation, and the equipment becomes increasingly expensive as the feature size becomes smaller.
Nanoimprint lithography, based on a fundamentally different principle offers high resolution, high throughput, low cost and the potential of large area coverage. In nanoimprint lithography, a mold with nanoscale features is pressed into a thin film, deforming the shape of the film according to the features of the mold and forming a relief pattern in the film. After the mold is removed, the thin film can be processed to remove the reduced thickness portions. This removal exposes the underlying substrate for further processing. Details of nanoimprint lithography are described in applicant's U.S. Pat. No. 5,772,905 issued Jun. 30, 1998 and entitled "Nanoimprint Lithography". The '905 patent is incorporated herein by reference.
The usual method of pressing the mold into the thin film involves positioning the mold and the substrate on respective rigid plates of a high precision mechanical press. With such apparatus, the process can generate sub-25 nm features with a high degree of uniformity over areas on the order of 12 in2. Larger areas of uniformity would be highly advantageous to increase throughput and for many applications such as displays.
An improved method of imprint lithography involves using direct fluid pressure to press a mold into a substrate-supported film. Advantageously the mold and/or substrate are sufficiently flexible to provide wide area contact under the fluid pressure. Fluid pressing can be accomplished by sealing the mold against the film and disposing the resulting assembly in a pressurized chamber. It can also be accomplished by subjecting the mold to jets of pressurized fluid. The result of this fluid pressing is enhanced resolution and high uniformity over an enlarged area.
The advantages, nature and various additional features of the invention will appear more fully upon consideration of the illustrative embodiments now to be described in detail in connection with the accompanying drawings. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of the steps in an improved method of imprint lithography;
FIG. 2 illustrates a typical mold and a substrate bearing a moldable film for use in the improved method of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 illustrates apparatus for practicing the improved method of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C show the moldable layer and substrate at various stages of the process of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C illustrate various further processing steps that can be performed on the substrate;
FIGS. 6A-6E illustrate alternative sealing arrangements useful in the method of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 7 shows alternative apparatus for practicing the method of FIG. 1.
It is to be understood that these drawing are for purposes of illustrating the concepts of the invention and are not to scale.
The use of a high precision mechanical press to press a mold into a thin film presents tolerance problems in replicating small patterns over large areas. Presses move on guide shafts through apertures, and the spacings between the shafts and their respective apertures can be large compared to the features to be replicated. Such spacings permit undesirable relative translational and rotational shifts between the substrate and the mold. Moreover, despite the most careful construction, the molds and the substrates used in lithography are not perfectly planar. When these molds and substrates are disposed on the rigid plates of a press, the deviations from planarity over large areas can result in variations in the molding pressure and depth of imprint. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a method of imprint lithography which avoids the limitations of mechanical presses.
In accordance with the invention, the problem of unwanted lateral movements of mechanical presses is ameliorated by using direct fluid pressure to press together the mold and the moldable surface. The inventive methods apply fluid pressure over a surface of the mold, the substrate supporting the moldable surface or both. Because the fluid pressure is isostatic, no significant unbalanced lateral forces are applied. Direct fluid pressure also includes fluid pressure transmitted to the mold or substrate via a flexible membrane, as it does not interfere with the transmission of isostatic pressure from the fluid. And streaming pressurized fluid from numerous openings in a pressure vessel can also apply nearly isostatic direct fluid pressure on the mold or substrate.
It is contemplated that the invention will have important applications in the molding of a pattern on a previously patterned substrate. The mold can be aligned with the previous pattern using conventional alignment techniques, and imprinting by direct fluid pressure minimizes any relative lateral shifts with consequent improvement in the alignment of the two patterns.
Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of an improved process for imprint lithography using direct fluid pressure. An initial step shown in Block A, is to provide a mold having a plurality of protruding features and a substrate-supported thin film of moldable material. The protruding features are preferably micrometer scale features and, more advantageously, nanoscale features. The method is highly advantageously where the mold surface has at least two protruding features spaced apart by at least one lateral dimension less than 200 nm. A moldable material is one which retains or can be hardened to retain the imprint of protruding features from a mold surface.
FIG. 2 illustrates a typical mold 10 with protruding features and a substrate 20 bearing a moldable thin film 21 for use in the process of FIG. 1. The mold comprises a body 11 and a molding layer 12 including a plurality of protruding features 13 having a desired shape. The mold body 11 and the molding layer 12 are typically fused quartz, glass or ceramic. The molding layer 12 can be patterned into features 13 of nanoscale dimensions using electron beam lithography and etching techniques well known in the art. The thickness of layer 21 is typically in the range 0.1 nm-10 μm, and the extent of protruding features 13 is typically in the range 0.1 nm-10 μm.
The substrate typically comprises a semiconductor wafer such as a substantially planar wafer of monocrystalline silicon. The substrate could also be plastic, glass or ceramic. The moldable thin film 21 can be any polymer that can be made pliable to pressure and can retain a pressure-imprinted deformation or pattern. It can be a thermoplastic polymer, such as polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), which temporarily softens in response to heat. Alternatively it can be a liquid, such as a UV-curable silicone, which hardens in response to radiation or a liquid which cures with heat. It can also be a composite layer of polymer and hardenable liquid. The thin film is typically applied to the substrate by spraying or spinning. Advantageously the film polymer does not adhere to the mold surface. If necessary, the mold surface can be coated with a release agent to prevent such adherence.
In high resolution applications, the mold and the substrate are advantageously made of the same material in order to minimize misalignment due to differential thermal expansion or contraction.
Preferably the mold body 11, the substrate 20 (or both) is flexible so that, under the force of fluid pressure, the mold and the substrate will conform despite deviations from planarity. Silicon substrates of thickness less than 2 mm exhibit such flexibility for typical imprint pressures.
The next step, shown in Block B, is to place the mold and the thin-film together and to seal the interface of the mold with the thin film, forming a mold/film assembly. If the thin film already includes a previously formed pattern, then the pattern of the mold should be carefully aligned with the previous pattern on the film in accordance with techniques well known in the art. The objective of the sealing is to permit external fluid pressure to press the mold into the film. The sealing can be effected in a variety of ways such as by providing a ring of material such as an elastomeric gasket around the area to be molded and peripherally clamping the assembly.
The third step (Block C) is to press the mold into the film by direct fluid pressure. One method for doing this is to dispose the assembly in a pressure vessel and introduce pressurized fluid into the vessel. The advantage of fluid pressure is that it is isostatic. The resulting force uniformly pushes the mold into the thin film. Shear or rotational components are de minimus. Moreover since the mold and/or substrate are flexible rather than rigid, conformation between the mold and the film is achieved regardless of unavoidable deviations from planarity. The result is an enhanced level of molding resolution, alignment and uniformity over an increased area of the film.
The pressurized fluid can be gas or liquid. Pressurized air is convenient and typical pressures are in the range 1-1000 psi. The fluid can be heated, if desired, to assist in heating the moldable thin film. Cooled fluid can be used to cool the film.
FIG. 3 illustrates a sealed mold/film assembly 30 disposed within a pressure vessel 31. The assembly 30 is sealed by a peripheral elastomeric gasket 32, extending around the area to be molded. The periphery of the assembly can be lightly clamped by a clamp (not shown) to effectuate the seal. The vessel 31 preferably includes a valve-controlled inlet 34 for the introduction of pressurized fluid and a valve controlled outlet 35 for the exit of such fluid. The vessel 31 may optionally include a heater 36 for heating a thermoplastic or heat curable thin film and/or a transparent window 37 for introducing radiation to cure or cross link the film. A sealable door 38 can provide access to the interior of the vessel.
The next step shown in Block D, is to harden the moldable thin film, if necessary, so that it retains the imprint of the mold and to remove the mold. The process for hardening depends on the material of the thin film. Some materials will maintain the imprint with no hardening. Thermoplastic materials can be hardened by preliminarily heating them prior to molding and permitting them to cool after imprint. PMMA, for example, can be suitably softened by heating to 200� C. prior to molding and hardened by cooling after imprint. Heat curable materials can be hardened by applying heat during imprint. The above-described eater 36 and/or the use of a heated pressurized fluid can effectuate such hardening. Radiation curable materials can be hardened by the application of UV radiation during imprint. Such radiation can be supplied through the window 37 of the pressure vessel. The mold can be made of transparent material to permit the radiation to reach the film. Alternatively, the substrate can be transparent and the window positioned to illuminate the film through the substrate.
The fifth step shown in Block E is optional in some applications. It is to remove contaminants (if any) and excess material from the recesses of the molded thin film. The molded film will have raised features and recesses. In many lithographic operations it is desirable to eliminate the material from the recesses so that the underlying substrate is exposed for further processing. This can be conveniently accomplished using reactive ion etching.
FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C show the moldable layer and substrate at various stages of the process. FIG. 4A illustrates the layer 21 during imprinting by mold 10 pressed by fluid pressure in the direction of arrow 40. The protruding features 13 of the mold press into layer 21, producing thinned regions 41. The recessed regions 42 of the mold between successive protruding features leave layer 21 with regions 43 of greater thickness.
FIG. 4B shows the layer 21 after hardening and removal of the mold. The layer 21 retains the thinned regions 41 and thick regions 43 in accordance with the pattern imprinted by the mold.
FIG. 4C illustrates the layer and substrate after removal of the excess layer material in the recesses, exposing nanoscale regions 44 of the substrate 20.
In important applications the resulting structure is a resist-covered semiconductor substrate with a pattern of recesses extending to the substrate as shown in FIG. 4C. Such a structure can be further processed in a variety of ways well-known in the art. For example, the molded film can be used as a mask for the removal of surface layers in exposed regions of the substrate, for doping exposed regions or for growing or depositing materials on the exposed regions.
FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C illustrate such further processing. In FIG. 5A, the substrate can include a surface dielectric layer 50 (such as SiO2 on Si) and the mask layer can permit removal of the dielectric at exposed regions. In FIG. 5B impurity regions 51 can be diffused or implanted into the semiconductor selectively in those regions which are exposed, altering the local electrical or optical properties of the doped regions. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 5C new material layers 52 such as conductors or epitaxial layers can be deposited or grown on the exposed substrate within the recesses. After processing, the remaining material of the molded layer can be removed, if desired, using conventional techniques. PMMA, for example, can be cleaned away by washing with acetone. A substrate can be subjected to additional lithographic steps to complete a complex device such as an integrated circuit.
As mentioned above, there are a variety of ways of sealing the mold/film assembly 30 so that pressurized fluid will press the mold into the film. FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate several of these ways.
FIG. 6A schematically illustrates an arrangement for sealing a mold/film assembly by disposing the assembly within a sealed covering of flexible, fluid-impermable membrane 40 (e.g. a plastic bag). In this arrangement the region between the mold and the moldable layer is sealed in relation to an external pressure vessel. Preferably the air is removed from the bag before molding.
FIG. 6B shows an alternate sealing arrangement wherein the assembly 30 is sealed by a peripheral sealing clamp 61 which can be in the form of a hollow elastic torroid. Sealing can be assisted by providing the mold with a protruding region 62 extending around the region to be molded. In use, the clamp and pressurized fluid will press the protruding region 62 into the moldable film, sealing the molding region. FIG. 6C illustrates a sealing arrangement in which the assembly 30 is sealed by applying a peripheral tube or weight 63 which lightly presses the mold onto the moldable film. A peripheral protruding region 62 can assist sealing.
FIG. 6D shows an alternative sealing arrangement wherein the assembly 30 is sealed by a sealing o-ring 64 between the mold and the substrate. Preferably the o-ring seats within peripheral recesses 65, 66 in the mold and the substrate, respectively. Light pressure from a peripheral tube or weight 63 can assist sealing.
FIG. 6E shows yet another sealing arrangement in which the assembly 30 is disposed between flexible membranes 40A and 40B is enclosed within a pair of mating cylinders 67A, 67B. Application of fluid pressure to the interior of the cylinders would press the mold and moldable surface together.
Alternatively, two the cylinders could lightly seal against the mold and the substrate, respectively, before pressurization. Yet further in the alternative, the substrate could rest upon a support and a single cylinder lightly seal against the mold or a membrane.
FIG. 7 illustrates alternative molding apparatus 70 where the assembly is disposed adjacent openings 71 in a hollow pressure cap 72 and the mold 10 is pressed into the moldable layer 21 by jets of pressurized fluid escaping through the openings 71. The cap 72 (analogous to vessel 31) has an internal chamber 73 for pressurized fluid. The region between the mold and the moldable film is effectively sealed from the pressure vessel by the upper surface of the mold.
In operation, the substrate and mold are placed on a substrate holder 79. The cap 72 can be held in fixed position above the mold 10, as by bars 74, 75. High pressure fluid, preferably gas, is pumped into chamber 73 through an inlet 76. The high pressure fluid within the chamber produces a fluid jet from each opening 71. These jets uniformly press the mold 10 against the moldable layer to imprint the mold features.
Advantageously, the cap 72 can include a groove 77 along a perimeter of the face adjacent the mold 10. The groove 77 can hold an o-ring 78 between the cap 72 and the mold 20. The o-ring decreases fluid outflow between the cap 72 and the mold 10, increasing the molding pressure and making it more uniform.
Alternatively, the substrate holder 79 can have the same structure as cap 72 so that the substrate is also pressed by jets of pressurized fluid.
The invention may now be better understood by consideration of the following specific examples.
A silicon wafer of 4″ diameter is coated with a layer of PMMA 150 nm thick. A mold is made of a 4″ diameter silicon wafer and has plural silicon dioxide protruding patterns 100 nm thick on one side of its surface. The mold is placed on the PMMA layer with the protruding patterns facing the PMMA. The mold and the substrate are sealed in a plastic bag within a chamber, and the chamber is evacuated. Then nitrogen gas at 500 psi is introduced in the chamber. A heater in the chamber heats the PMMA to 170� C., which is above the glass transition temperature of the PMMA, softening the PMMA. Under the gas pressure, the mold is pressed into the PMMA. After turning off the heater and introducing a cold nitrogen gas, the PMMA temperature drops below its glass transition temperature, and the PMMA hardens. Then the nitrogen gas is vented to the atmosphere pressure. The mold and substrate assembly is removed from the chamber. The bag is cut off, and the mold is separated from the substrate.
A silicon wafer of 4″ diameter is coated with a layer of PMMA 150 nm thick and is placed on a chuck. The chuck has a plurality of small holes on its surface. The holes can be connected either to vacuum or to pressurized gas. When the holes are connected to vacuum, the chuck holds the wafer on the chuck's surface. A mold made of a 4″ diameter silicon wafer has a plurality of silicon dioxide protruding patterns (100 nm thick) on one of its surfaces. The mold is held by a second chuck, which has the same design as the substrate chuck. The mold is placed on top of the PMMA layer with the protruding patterns facing the PMMA. The mold and the substrate are placed in a chamber. The PMMA can be heated from the chuck.
During the imprint process, the PMMA is first heated above its glass transition temperature. A ring pattern on the mold seals off the mold pattern inside the ring from the pressure outside. Then the holes of both chucks are changed from vacuum to a gas pressure of 500 psi. The pressurized gas presses the mold protruding patterns into PMMA. Importantly, the pressurized gas presses the mold protruding pattern into the PMMA uniformly in submicron scale, despite the roughness of the backsides of the mold and the substrate as well as the roughness of the chuck surfaces.
It is to be understood that the above described embodiments are illustrative of only a few of the many embodiments which can represent applications of the invention. Numerous and varied other arrangements can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Year-round 150s quality wool fabric has fluid drape and rich hand. Two-button side-vent jacket for classic styling. Tailored shoulders and pick-stitched detailing. Premier jacquard lining. Full canvas construction for an elegant fit. Scalloped facing for a clean finish. Double reverse-pleated trousers have premium cotton pockets and are half-lined to the knee. Unfinished bottoms for altering ease. Dry clean. Hand finished in Italy.
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flori wrote:What are you finding most stressful this time around?Even though we are not TTC yet, I have been researching drug costs. Turns out my insurance does not cover Lovenox and should I need it, it would be over $1200 a month out of pocket. I told DH about it, and we are both fine spending any amount of money, but it is still intimidating. I know that the experts say Lovenox is not the cure-all, but I would like to feel like I am doing everything possible.How are you feeling. No really, how are you feeling about this?I am absolutely terrified. I am terrified PCOS will keep me from getting pregnant. I am terrified of the cost of Lovenox. I am terrified of losing another baby. I am terrified of never having living children. I am terrified!
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The Allentown Racquetball Club hosted the 2009 USRA Regional Qualifier & Dennis Rosenberg Pro-Am Tournament from April 24 through April 26, 2009. There were 146 participants, and the tournament was a big success. Throughout the tournament, there was a silent auction to raise money for charity. John Brinson, owner of 24-7 Fitness Clubs, the parent company of the Allentown Racquetball Club, selected the KidsPeace Children's Fund as the recipient of the proceeds of the event. A check for $682 was presented to Colleen Kulp by the event coordinator, John Barrett. This was a wonderful surprise that will benefit KidsPeace children in residential programs. KidsPeace extends a big thank you to the folks at 24-7 Fitness Clubs and hopes that KidsPeace can become more involved in the event next year.
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Jewel Hutson was born November 28, 1925 in Checotah to Edward and Zona Elizabeth (Tow) Lucas. She passed from this life December 4, 2011 in Antlers at the age of 86. Jewel married John T. Hutson on October 14, 1945 in Bakersfield, CA. Together, they raised two children and remainded married until his passing. Jewel loved shopping and flowers, & she enjoyed spending time with family and friends. Jewel was preceded in death by her parents: Ed & Zona Lucas; husband: John T. Hutson; two brothers: Jimmie Lucas & Gene Lucas; sister: Helen Gallagher; two great-grandchildren: Shyanne Ashcraft & Savannah Wright. She is survived by her son: Johnny LeAllen Hutson & wife Stacy of Fresno, CA; daughter: Judy Ann Belk & husband Kenny of Antlers; grandchildren: Kristina Ashcraft & husband Kenny, Daniel Bascue, Sarah Wright & husband John, Christopher Lee Hutson, & Crystal Anne Hutson; great-grandchildren: Tyler Cole, James Ashcraft, & Alexander Hutson; her close friend: Effie Hatcher; several nieces & nephews; as well as many other relatives and friends. Family Night will be held from 6:00-8:00 p.m. on Thursday, December 8, 2011 at Mills & Coffey Funeral Home in Antlers. Funeral services will be at 2:00 p.m. on Friday, December 9, 2011 at Mills & Coffey Chapel with Pastor Kenny Cogburn officiating. Music will include: "Go Rest High On That Mountain", "Amazing Grace", "Oh Happy Day", & "I Can Only Imagine." Pallbearers will be DeSean Tribble, Charlie Davis, Mike Berryhill, Johnny Breshears, James Hatcher, & Josh Hopson with Honorary Pallbearers including Ronnie Lynn Sappington & Ronnie Lee Sappington. Interment will follow at Darwin Cemetery in Darwin, Oklahoma. Family and friends may send online condolences at www.millscoffey.com.
Funeral services conducted by Mills & Coffey Funeral Home in Antlers.


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Betty W. Phinney, 93, died on Thursday, June 20, 2013. Mrs. Phinney was in the education field for over 20 years, being in teaching and administrative positions in New Hampshire and Vermont. A native of Virginia, she was a lifelong member of the Episcopal Church. She attended Longwood College in Virginia, earned a bachelor's degree from Iowa State University and a master's degree from the University of New Hampshire.
In 1946, she married George Phinney of Amherst, Massachusetts. Mr. Phinney died in 1973. Her daughter, Sienna Walton, died in 2005. She is survived by her son, Dennis Collins and his wife Susan Baer Collins of Norfolk and Omaha, Nebraska; grandchildren Alison Collins Dessert of Eudora, Kansas, Polly Walton Yerkes and her husband Jamie of Lower Waterford, Vermont, Nathan Collins of Nashville, Tennessee, and Daniel Goetz and his wife Kasha of Colchester, Vermont; son-in-law Dick Walton and his wife Kate Gavin of Montpelier, Vermont; and 14 great-grandchildren.
There are no visiting hours. A private burial will be scheduled at a future date. In lieu of flowers donations will be welcome at Central Vermont Home Health Hospice, 600 Granger Road, Barre, VT 05641 (www.cvhhh.org). Assisting the family is the Perkins-Parker Funeral Home and Cremation Service in Waterbury. To send online condolences visit www.perkinsparker.com and Facebook.


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