text:
A damascene process includes the deposition of a first layer of insulation over a substance and the etching of a first hole in the first layer of insulation. The first hole is filled with a metal. A second layer of insulation is deposited over the first layer of insulation, and a second hole is etched in the second layer of insulation and over the first hole. An interface layer is provided over the metal and within the second hole. The interface layer is exposed to a nitrogen/hydrogen plasma to passivate the interface layer and reduce an ability of the interface layer to associate with oxygen.
1. A damascene process, comprising:
depositing a first layer of insulation over a substrate;
etching a first hole in said first layer of insulation;
filling said first hole with a metal;
depositing a second layer of insulation over said first layer of insulation;
etching a second hole in said second layer of insulation and over said first hole;
providing an interface layer over said metal and within said second hole; and
exposing said interface layer to a substance selected from a group consisting of diborane, phosphine, carbon-silicon compounds, HCL, boron trichloride, and combinations thereof to passivate the interface layer and reduce an ability of the interface layer to associate with oxygen.
2. The damascene process of
This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/200,253, filed Nov. 25, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,303,972.
The present invention relates generally to a method of protecting against a conductive layer incorporating oxygen and a device including that layer. More specifically, the present invention relates to an in situ treatment of tungsten nitride.
There is a constant need in the semiconductor industry to increase the number of dies that can be produced per silicon wafer. This need, in turn, encourages the formation of smaller die. Accordingly, it would be beneficial to be able to form smaller structures and devices on each die without losing performance. For example, as capacitors are designed to take an ever decreasing amount of die space, those skilled in the relevant art have sought new materials with which to maintain or even increase capacitance despite the smaller size.
One such material is tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5), which can be used as the dielectric in the capacitor. Oftentimes, an electrically conductive layer, such as one made of hemispherical silicon grain (HSG), underlies the tantalum pentoxide and serves as the capacitor's bottom conductive plate. With other dielectrics, it is preferable to have a layer of polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) deposited over the dielectric to serve as the capacitor's top conductive plate. If polysilicon is deposited directly onto tantalum pentoxide, however, several problems will occur. First, silicon may diffuse into the tantalum pentoxide, thus degrading it. Second, oxygen will migrate from the tantalum pentoxide, resulting in a capacitor that leaks charge too easily. Further, the oxygen migrates to the polysilicon, creating a layer of non-conductive oxide, which decreases the capacitance. This can also be a problem when using barium strontium titanate ((Ba, Sr)TiO3, or BST) as the dielectric.
In order to avoid these problems, it is known to deposit a top plate comprising two conductive layers. Polysilicon serves as the upper layer of the plate, with a non-polysilicon conductive material interfacing between the tantalum pentoxide and polysilicon. One such material often used is tungsten nitride (WNX, wherein X is a number greater than zero). However, other problems arise with this process. Specifically, by the end of the capacitor formation process, a layer of non-conductive oxide often forms between the two conductive layers of the top plate. For ease of explanation, this non-conductive oxide will be assumed to be silicon dioxide (SiO2), although other non-conductive oxides, either alone or in combination, may be present.
Without limiting the current invention, it is theorized that the tungsten nitride is exposed to an ambient containing oxygen. The tungsten nitride adsorbs this oxygen due to bonds located on the grain boundaries of the tungsten nitride surface. Once the polysilicon layer is deposited, the device is then exposed to a thermal process. For example, the capacitor may be blanketed with an insulator, such as borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG). The BPSG layer may not be planar, especially if it is used to fill a trench in which the capacitor is constructed. Heat is applied to the die to cause the BPSG to reflow and thereby planarize. The heat can cause the oxygen at the tungsten nitride surface to diffuse into the polysilicon, wherein the oxygen and silicon react to form silicon dioxide.
Regardless of the exact manner in which the silicon dioxide layer is formed, the result is that the HSG/Ta2O5/WNX/SiO2/polysilicon layers form a pair of capacitors coupled in series, wherein the HSG/Ta2O5/WNX layers serve as one capacitor and the WNX/SiO2/polysilicon layers serve as the second capacitor in the series. This pair of capacitors has less capacitance combined than the single HSG/Ta2O5/WNX/polysilicon capacitor that was intended to be formed.
Other problems can occur with the association of WNX and Ta2O5. For example, it is possible for the WNX to serve as the bottom plate of a capacitor, underlying the Ta2O5 dielectric. In that case, the deposition of the Ta2O5 or a subsequent reoxidation of that layer may cause the WNX layer to incorporate oxygen, thereby reducing capacitance.
It should be further noted that capacitor formation is not the only circumstance in which such problems can occur. There are many situations in which an in-process multi-layer conductive structure is exposed to oxygen and is subjected to conditions that encourage oxidation. Another example can be seen in the formation of metal lines. A layer of tungsten nitride, or perhaps tantalum nitride, may serve as an interface between the conductive material of a via and the metal line. If the interface is exposed to an ambient containing oxygen, then a thermal process involving the alloying or flowing of the metal in the metal line could cause a similar problem with oxidation, thereby hindering electrical contact.
As a result, there is a specific need in the art to prevent or at least decrease the degradation of capacitance in capacitors and of electrical communication in metal lines. There is also a more general need to prevent or at least protect against or minimize the migration of oxygen in relation to a conductive layer of a semiconductor device.
Accordingly, the current invention provides a method for protecting a conductive layer from oxygen. At least one exemplary embodiment concerns preventing or at least limiting a first conductive layer from incorporating oxygen beneath the layer's surface. Other exemplary embodiments address methods of limiting the first conductive layer's ability to adsorb oxygen. In doing so, such embodiments can help prevent the diffusion of oxygen into a second conductive layer, thereby protecting against oxidation between conductive layers. One such method serving as an exemplary embodiment involves exposing one of the conductive layers to an N2/H2 plasma before another conductive layer is provided thereon. In a preferred embodiment, this step is performed in situ relative to the environment or ambient atmosphere in which the one conductive layer was provided.
Other exemplary embodiments include the use of other nitrogen-containing plasmas, as well as the use of nitrogen-containing gases that are not in plasma form. Still other exemplary embodiments use gases that do not contain nitrogen.
Further, alternate embodiments protect against oxidation between conductive layers with a step performed ex situ relative to the environment or ambient atmosphere in which the one conductive layer was provided. In one specific exemplary embodiment of this type, silane gas is flowed over the one conductive layer.
In preferred exemplary embodiments, at least one of the processes described above is performed on a conductive material that has the ability to adsorb or otherwise associate with oxygen. In a more specific embodiment, this material is a non-polysilicon material. Still more specific exemplary embodiments perform one of the processes on tungsten nitride or on tantalum nitride. In an even more specific exemplary embodiment, a tungsten nitride layer is treated before providing a polysilicon layer thereover.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, a treatment such as the ones described above occurs in the context of capacitor formation and, more specifically, occurs in between depositing two conductive layers serving as the capacitor's top plate. In another exemplary embodiment, the treatment occurs between depositing the bottom plate and the dielectric of a capacitor. In yet another exemplary embodiment involves treating a conductive layer as part of the formation of a conductive line.
In preferred embodiments, the method completely prevents the formation of the oxidation layer, although other exemplary embodiments allow for the restriction of the oxidation layer. In some embodiments, this oxidation layer is less than 10 angstroms thick. These methods also apply to embodiments concerning limiting a first conductive layer from incorporating oxygen beneath the layer's surface. In addition, the current invention also includes apparatus embodiments exhibiting these characteristics.
FIG. 1 depicts an in-process device as known in the prior art.
FIG. 2 depicts an in-process device having undergone an additional step known in the prior art.
FIG. 3 depicts an in-process device having undergone yet more steps known in the prior art.
FIG. 4 depicts one exemplary embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 5 depicts a second exemplary embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 6 depicts an in-process device as known in the prior art.
FIG. 7 depicts another in-process device as known in the prior art.
FIG. 8 depicts the in-process device in FIG. 7 having undergone an additional step known in the prior art.
FIG. 9 depicts a third exemplary embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 10 depicts a fourth exemplary embodiment of the current invention.
FIG. 1 depicts an "in-process" device 20—one that is in the process of being constructed—having undergone processes known in the art. First, a substrate 22 has been provided. In the current application, the term "substrate" or "semiconductor substrate" will be understood to mean any construction comprising semiconductor material, including but not limited to bulk semiconductive materials such as a semiconductor wafer (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials thereon), and semiconductive material layers (either alone or in assemblies comprising other materials). Further, the term "substrate" also refers to any supporting structure including, but not limited to, the semiconductive substrates described above. Over the substrate 22, a first conductive layer 24 is provided. It is assumed for purposes of explanation only that the in-process device is a capacitor in the process of being built. Accordingly, the first conductive layer 24 serves as one of the capacitor's conductive plates 25 (see FIG. 2) and may be made of HSG. Returning to FIG. 1, a dielectric 26 is provided which, in this case, is tantalum pentoxide. Subsequently, a second conductive layer is provided, which is intended to serve as part of the other conductive plate for the capacitor. Because the dielectric 26 is tantalum pentoxide, the second conductive layer should not be polysilicon. Rather, in this case, the second conductive layer is assumed to be a tungsten nitride layer 28. Once the tungsten nitride layer 28 is provided, however, there may be a tendency for oxygen to be adsorbed onto the surface of that layer 28.
Further, this adsorption may occur before a third conductive layer is provided. This layer can be a polysilicon layer 30 illustrated in FIG. 2. Ideally, the tungsten nitride layer 28 and the polysilicon layer 30 define the other conductive plate 32.
However, if the third conductive layer is oxidizable, then further process steps may cause other results. For example, as seen in FIG. 3, a subsequent thermal process may cause a reaction between the polysilicon layer 30 and the oxygen that had been adsorbed onto the surface of the tungsten nitride layer 28. In building a capacitor, this thermal process can be the reflowing of a BPSG layer 34 that is deposited over the polysilicon layer 30. The heat may cause the formation of a silicon dioxide layer 36 between the tungsten nitride layer 28 and the polysilicon layer 30, essentially creating two capacitors 38 and 40 connected in series and having less combined capacitance than the one capacitor originally intended.
One preferred exemplary embodiment of the current invention is a method for protecting against the formation of the silicon dioxide layer 36 during the formation of the capacitor. Once the prior art steps depicted in FIG. 1 are carried out, this exemplary embodiment has the tungsten nitride layer 28 exposed in situ to an N2 and H2 plasma. The term in situ indicates that the plasma process takes place in the same chamber, or at least within the same general atmosphere, as the process used to provide the tungsten nitride layer. At the very least, the term in situ indicates that the plasma process takes place before exposing the in-process device 20 to the atmosphere associated with providing the polysilicon layer 30. Exemplary process parameters include a temperature ranging from about 150 to about 600 degrees Celsius; gas flows including H2 at about 50 to about 2000 sccm, N2 at about 5 to about 1000 sccm, and Ar at about 200 to about 2000 sccm; a radio frequency (RF) power ranging from about 50 to about 1000 W; a pressure ranging from about 1 millitorr to about 10 torr; and a process time ranging from about 10 seconds to about 240 seconds. One of ordinary skill in the art, however, can appreciate that these parameters can be altered to achieve the same or a similar process.
Without limiting the current invention, it is theorized that this treatment stuffs the tungsten nitride grain boundaries with nitrogen or otherwise passivates the layer, thereby making the bonds at the grain boundaries less active. As a result, oxygen will be less likely to be adsorbed or otherwise become associated with the tungsten nitride layer, if at all. For example, without this treatment, a silicon dioxide layer 36 about 10 to 40 angstroms thick will form between the tungsten nitride layer 28 and the polysilicon layer 30 (see FIG. 3). The exemplary process described above can result in a silicon dioxide layer 36 that is less than 10 angstroms thick, as seen in FIG. 4, and is preferably nonexistent, as illustrated in FIG. 5.
Moreover, the current invention is not limited to the process described above. There are other methods of providing nitrogen to the tungsten nitride that are within the scope of this invention. For example, another such plasma treatment involves the use of ammonia (NH3) in place of the nitrogen and hydrogen. In using ammonia for the plasma, parameters such as the ones previously described can be used, except that it is preferred to have a flow rate of ammonia ranging from about 5 sccm to about 1000 sccm and a process time of up to 500 seconds. Yet another embodiment includes a plasma treatment using N2 without H2. In that case, the exemplary process parameters are generally the same as those used with N2/H2 plasma except that the flow rate of N2 is 50-2000 sccm.
Alternatively, ultraviolet light could be provided in place of RF energy. For example, in using N2 and H2 or in using NH3, the process parameters would be similar to the ones described above for those gases, except the RF energy would be replaced with UV light at a power ranging from 50 W to 3 kW.
Further, the current invention also includes within its scope other methods of providing nitrogen without using electromagnetic energy to affect the gas. One such exemplary embodiment still involves introducing ammonia gas into the process chamber at the same flow rate and time as mentioned in the previous ammonia example, but at a pressure ranging from about 50 millitorr to about 1 atmosphere (760 torr).
In addition, the current invention is not limited to providing nitrogen to the tungsten nitride. Other gases may provide a reducer, passivator material, or some nonoxygen stuffing agent to the tungsten nitride surface; or otherwise cause the tungsten nitride to associate with an oxygen-free material. A plasma treatment using H2 without N2 serves as one such embodiment. Exemplary parameters include a temperature ranging from about 150 to about 600 degrees Celsius; gas flows including H2 at about 50 to about 2000 sccm, and Ar at about 200 to about 2000 sccm; an RF power ranging from about 50 to about 1000 W; a pressure ranging from about 1 millitorr to about 10 torr; and a process time ranging from about 10 seconds to about 240 seconds.
Still other gases include diborane (B2H6); phosphine (PH3); and carbon-silicon compounds such as methylsilane (CH3SiH3) and hexamethyldisilane (CH3)3Si—Si(CH3)3; and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). Additional alternate embodiments of the current invention use hydrazine (N2H4), monomethylhydrazine, carbon tetrafluoride (CF4), CHF3, HCl, and boron trichloride (BCl3), which are also useful in passivating dielectrics, as addressed in copending application 09/114,847, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,201,276 B1. Also included are mixtures of any of the gases or types of gases described above. Exemplary non-plasma process parameters using these other gases include a flow rate of about 2 sccm to about 400 sccm for these gases; a flow rate of about 50 sccm to about 100 sccm for an inert carrier gas such as He or Ar; a temperature ranging from about 150 to about 600 degrees Celsius, a pressure ranging from about 50 millitorr to about 1 atmosphere (760 torr); and a process time ranging from about 50 to about 500 seconds. Again, one skilled in the art is aware that these parameters can be altered to achieve the same or a similar process.
It is preferred that at least one of the processes described above occur between providing the tungsten nitride layer 28 and providing the polysilicon layer 30. It is more preferable that one of the inventive processes be carried out in a reducing atmosphere or at least before the tungsten nitride layer 28 is exposed to oxygen. Though such exposure is undesirable in many circumstances, it may be unavoidable. For example, the tungsten nitride layer 28 may be exposed to the cleanroom air at some point during processing. Thus, it is even more preferable to treat the tungsten nitride layer 28 in situ relative to the environment or ambient atmosphere used to provide the tungsten nitride layer 28. It is still more preferable to cover the treated tungsten nitride layer 28 before the in-process device 20 is exposed, even unintentionally, to oxygen. This is preferable because any exposure may allow at least some oxygen to associate with the tungsten nitride layer 28, even after one of the inventive treatments disclosed herein. Nevertheless, it is not necessary under the current invention to discourage oxygen adsorption before exposing the in-process device to the atmosphere associated with providing the polysilicon layer 30. If the in-process capacitor 20 is removed from the environment used to provide the tungsten nitride layer 28 and one of the inventive processes described has not been performed, then another option within the scope of the current invention is to expose the tungsten nitride layer 28 to a reducing atmosphere before providing the polysilicon layer 30. This can be done by flowing silane gas (SiH4) into the environment of the in-process device 20. Process parameters include a silane flow ranging from 50 to 1,000 sccm, a pressure of 10 torr to 1 atmosphere, a temperature ranging from 300 to 700 degrees Celsius, and a process time ranging from 10 to 300 seconds. Moreover, this silane treatment, if chosen, is not limited to ex situ situations. Silane gas may be used in place of or in combination with the in situ treatments described herein. Accordingly, any combination of the individual processes covered by the current invention are also within its scope.
As mentioned in the background section, oxygen diffusing away from the tungsten nitride is not the only concern when using that layer along with tantalum pentoxide. As seen in FIG. 6, a tungsten nitride layer 128 is deposited over the substrate 122. A dielectric layer 126, assumed to be tantalum pentoxide, is deposited over the tungsten nitride layer 128. Assuming the in-process device of FIG. 6 represents the early stage of a capacitor, the tungsten nitride layer 128 will serve as the bottom plate rather than part of the top plate as depicted in previous figures. The process of depositing the tantalum pentoxide dielectric layer 126 may cause the tungsten nitride layer 128 to incorporate oxygen. In addition, further processing, such as a reoxidation of the tantalum pentoxide dielectric layer 126 may cause the tungsten nitride layer 128 to incorporate still more oxygen. This incorporation of oxygen will reduce the capacitance of the finished device. Under these circumstances, a preferred embodiment of the current invention calls for exposing the tungsten nitride layer 128 to an N2/H2 plasma before depositing tantalum pentoxide dielectric layer 126. This plasma is created under the parameters already disclosed above. Although using an N2 and H2 plasma is preferred, the alternatives presented earlier—such as a non-plasma process, the use of another nitrogen-containing gas, or the use of a nitrogen-free gas, may also be used under these circumstances, and such alternatives fall within the scope of the invention. Further, it is not required to use tungsten nitride and tantalum pentoxide as the two layers, as embodiments of the current invention will work on other conductive layers and dielectric layers as well.
Thus, embodiments of the current invention protect against a conductive layer associating with oxygen in at least two circumstances. First, where a dielectric is deposited over a conductive layer, the disclosed methods help prevent oxygen from being incorporated within the conductive layer. Second, when a second conductive layer is deposited over the initial conductive layer, the disclosed methods inhibit oxygen from being incorporated by the second conductive layer and forming an oxide.
It should be further noted that embodiments of the current invention are not limited to the circumstances related to the formation of capacitors. As further mentioned in the background section, a similar risk of oxidation between two conductive materials can occur during the formation of metal lines in a semiconductor device. As seen in FIG. 7, insulation 42 has been deposited over the substrate 22 and subsequently etched to define a via 44. The via is filled with a conductive material, such as polysilicon, tungsten, copper, or aluminum. In this configuration, the conductive material may be referred to as a "plug" 46. The plug 46 will allow electrical communication between the underlying substrate 22, which may be doped to serve as part of a transistor, and the overlying line material 48. The line material 48 may be copper or some other conductive material, including an alloy. The line material 48 is often deposited within a container 50, also defined by etching insulation 42. (One skilled in the art can appreciate that different layers of insulation may define the via 44 and the container 50.)
As a part of this process, it may also be preferred to include an interposing layer 52 between the line material 48 and the plug 46. For purposes of explaining the current invention, it is assumed that the interposing layer 52 comprises tungsten nitride. This interposing layer 52 may enhance electrical contact between the line material 48 and the plug 46, promote adhesion of the line material 48 within the container 50, prevent or slow the diffusion of material across its boundaries, or serve some other purpose.
Regardless of the intended or inherent purpose, this interposing layer may adsorb oxygen after it is formed. Moreover, there may be thermal processes involved with or occurring subsequent to providing the line material 48. Such a thermal process could be used to deposit, flow, or alloy the line material 48. As a result of this or any other thermal process, it is believed that the oxygen adsorbed by the tungsten nitride interposing layer 52 will react with the line material 48, thereby forming an oxide layer 54 between the interposing layer 52 and the line material 48 (FIG. 8). This oxide layer 54, being an insulator, will hinder the ability to allow electrical communication between the line material 48 and the plug 46. Accordingly, the exemplary methods described above may be used to reduce the oxide layer 54 to a thickness of less than 10 angstroms and preferably down to 0 angstroms, as seen respectively in FIGS. 9 and 10.
One skilled in the art can appreciate that, although specific embodiments of this invention have been described for purposes of illustration, various modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, it is not necessary to use an exemplary treatment of the current invention on a tungsten nitride layer. The invention's embodiments will also be effective on tantalum nitride surfaces, as well as other surfaces that may adsorb or otherwise associate or interact with oxygen.
Further it should be noted that the general process described above for providing a metal line could be considered a damascene process, wherein a hole in insulation is filled with metal. This type of process is contrasted to processes wherein a continuous layer of metal is etched to a desired configuration and then surrounded with insulation. More specifically, the metal line process described above is an example of a dual damascene process wherein a second insulator 43 (see FIG. 10) is formed over the first insulator 42 as part of forming the container 50, as will be understood by those skilled in the art. It follows, then, that the current invention may be applied in any type of damascene process. Moreover, one skilled in the art will now be able to appreciate that exemplary methods embodying the current invention apply to any situation involving the prevention, minimization, or change in a factor affecting the association of oxygen with a conductive layer. As a result, the current invention also includes within its scope devices that comprise two conductive layers and a minimal amount of oxide, if any, therebetween. Accordingly, the invention is not limited except as stated in the claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Hickory, NC – In the 1970s, Western North Carolina was the cradle of an artistic movement today known as the Blue Ridge Realists. The works of the ten men who represent this movement are being exhibited together for the first time at the Hickory Museum of Art in the Shuford Gallery, one of the artist being from Elkin.
The ten artists include Bob Timberlake, Ward Nichols, Cotton Ketchie, Jack Greenfield, Phillip Philbeck, John Furches, Gary Freeman, Richard Oversmith, Scott Boyle and Frederick Craig Franz.
The Blue Ridge Realists' art is based on the appeal of rural life and was first inspired by twentieth century realist Andrew Wyeth. Later such influences as American tonalism, impressionism, and modern regionalist schools were important to the group. A co-mingling of these influences allowed the Blue Ridge Realists artists to originate their own individualistic styles. The works, resonant of simpler times, are quietly emotional.
A founding member of the Blue Ridge Realists movement, Bob Timberlake lives in Lexington, North Carolina, where he has a studio and gallery. On the advice of artist Andrew Wyeth,
Timberlake made the decision to become a full time artist in 1970. His first three solo exhibitions at New York's prestigious Hammer Galleries were sold out days before their openings. He has held numerous solo museum exhibitions around the world, and he designed the first Christmas stamp for the US Postal Service.
Also a co-founder of the Blue Ridge Realists movement, artist Ward Nichols has painted western North Carolina rural landscape for over forty years. Nichols' himself says "documenting the rural structures of the Appalachian region remains an obligation to record a passing lifestyle." His incomprehensibly detailed paintings draw viewers to lean into the art to look at the fine precision. Nichols lives in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina.
John Furches of Elkin, NC is best known for his ability to depict the relationships of color and nature in rural landscapes and nostalgic still life's. His choice of the watercolor medium is especially effective in showing the delicate balance of light, color, and texture in each of his paintings. The element of emotion is also an integral tool for John's realistic style, as he feels the artist becomes an imperfect camera without definite feelings about the image he is portraying.
The show opened December 15 and runs through March 10. An opening reception is planned for Friday, January 25, 2013, from 6 – 8 PM. All events are free.
The Hickory Museum of Art is located in the Arts & Science Center of the Catawba Valley, 243 3rd Avenue NE, Hickory. Admission is free. For more information please visit www.HickoryArt.org or call 828-327-8576.

subset: commoncrawl


text: The Seamore Shuttle is a free service provided by the LSSU Campus Life Office that takes LSSU students to places on the business spur such as Family Video, Big Lots and other stores in the Sault Plaza, as well as Varsity Cinemas, and downtown locations. Pick-up and drop-off is at the Walker Cisler Center. Shuttle runs from 6-10:30 on Friday and Saturday, and 1-10:30 p.m. on Sunday.


text:
Resources & Offices
Harvard offers unparalleled resources to the University community, including libraries, laboratories, museums, and research centers to support scholarly work in nearly any field or discipline. The Harvard student experience is characterized by unlimited possibilities. Opportunities abound inside the classroom and out, with over 8,000 courses from over 100 departments and countless research programs. Here, undergraduate students have access to almost every extracurricular program imaginable and the largest Division 1 Athletics Program in the country. And after graduation, students join the Harvard Alumni Association, which includes nearly 360,000 alumni worldwide.


text:
reviews: 1/25 of 84
next »
Green rising: the betrayal of Europe's peasant democracy
Simon Fairlie
20th May 2015100 years ago a new political movement swept across Europe, as a vision of agrarian democracy gripped a newly emancipated peasantry, writes Simon Fairlie. Betrayed by dogmatic socialists and crushed under the Nazi boot, it failed to leave a lasting mark on history. But could its time be coming once again? more...
Welcome to Nuclear Land
Edgar Vaid
29th November 2013As plans go ahead for the UK's first new nuclear plant in twenty years, Edgar Vaid reviews a film that takes a look at the issues surrounding the use of nuclear power by our neighbours across the Channel ... more...
The Kingdom of Rarities
Edgar VaidEdgar Vaid reviews Eric Dinerstein's latest book, and whilst reflecting on our apparent obsession with seeking out the 'rare', discovers that it's all rather relative....... more...
Review: Backache Therapy Massage with Ozone Steam
Ruth Styles
21st May, 2012Combining stress-busting know how with Ayurvedic tradition, Dr Wakde's Natural Health Clinic is the place to go when you need a natural solution for stress and aches, says a revitalised Ruth Styles more...
The New Scramble for Africa
Mark Newton
9th May, 2012From slave labour to armed conflict, our thirst for natural resources has created serious problems for Africa. Pádraig Carmody's latest book attempts to unravel the moral morass, says Mark Newton more...
Learning from the Octopus
Rachael Stubbins
3rd May, 2012Did you know that the humble octopus can teach us how to prevent security threats or deal with natural catastrophes? Nor did Rachael Stubbins until she read Rafe Sagarin's new book more...
The Peregrine
Mark Newton
26th April, 2012A masterpiece of nature writing, J.A. Baker's 'The Peregrine' is well worth revisiting, says Mark Newton, not just for the prose but also to help us re-engage with the natural world more...
The No-Nonsense Guide to World Population
Mark Newton
19th April, 2012Is population really the demographic time bomb it's portrayed as? Author Vanessa Baird sifts through the evidence and comes up with some surprising answers, says Mark Newton more...
Let Them Eat Shrimp: The Tragic Disappearance of the Rainforests of the Sea
Laurie Tuffrey
12th April, 2012Mangroves are the unsung heroes of the biosphere, says Kennedy Warne in his comprehensive study. So why are we so ready to rip them up in pursuit of tropical golf courses and all-you-can-eat shrimp? more...
The Great Animal Orchestra: Finding the Origins of Music in the World's Wild Places
Laurie Tuffrey
5th April, 2012Bernie Krause has spent a lifetime recording the sonics of nature. But, as Laurie Tuffrey finds, his quest to record the elusive sound of the wild finds practical application in conservation more...
Heavenly honey: why the golden stuff is good news for your skin
Ruth Styles
4th April, 2012A natural moisturiser packed with antioxidants, honey is a sweet treat that can make a big difference to your dermis more...
Rio Rocket Stars in A Frisbee to Fly
Ruth Styles
29th March, 2012Wonderful illustrations, an entertaining story and a free packet of rocket seeds make Rio Rocket's adventures an enjoyable way to introduce kids to green issues more...
reviews: 1/25 of 84
next »
Five of the best… electric cars
Ruth Styles
29th March, 2012If you can't use public transport, the electric car is the next best thing – provided of course, you power it up with renewable electricity. We round up five of the most planet-friendly
Water Matters: Why We Need to Act Now to Save Our Most Critical Resource
Mark Newton
22nd March, 2012Tara Lohan's Water Matters is an anthology that almost, but doesn't quite deliver, says Mark Newton more...
The World's Heritage
Ruth Styles
15th March, 2012Championing conservation and shining a spotlight on some of the planet's most iconic places, UNESCO's latest tome, The World's Heritage, is an inspiring read, says Ruth Styles
The Naturescaping Workbook: A Step-by-Step Guide for Bringing Nature to Your Backyard
Laurie Tuffrey
1st March, 2012Beth O'Donnell Young's opus urges us to dispense with our prim patios and manicured lawns, and let nature in. Laurie Tuffrey hears the call more...
The Self-Sufficiency Manual: A Complete Practical Guide to Living Off the Land
Mark Newton
23rd February, 2012Alison Candlin's opus does the basics brilliantly but doesn't go into enough depth for Mark Newton more...
Arctic: Treasure of the North
Priyanka Mogul
17th February, 2012Authors Bernd Römmelt and Thomas Henningsen have captured the Arctic's stunning beauty and documented the struggle to survive in the face of climate change, says Priyanka Mogul more...
The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World
Mark Newton
2nd February, 2012If you only pick up one green book this year, make it Jeremy Rifkin's The Third Industrial Revolution. It will change the way you think, says Mark Newton more...
A Better World is Possible
Bethany Hubbard
26th January, 2012Bruce Nixon's call to arms examines the perils of the global economic system, and challenges us to think sustainably, writes Bethany Hubbard more...
The Power of Self-Healing: Unlock Your Natural Healing Potential in 21 Days
Ruth Styles
19th January, 2012Don't let the touchy-feely title put you off: Dr Fabrizio Mancini's latest opus is packed with sensible advice, argues Ruth Styles more...
Let Live: A Bike Ride, Climate Change and the CIA
Daniel Copley
5th January, 2012What could have been a rip-roaring yarn with an important message is spoiled by unlikely dialogue and overly simple characters, says Daniel Copley more...
The Good Shopping Guide (10th Anniversary Edition)
Mark Newton
22nd December, 2011Did you know that Green & Black's aren't quite as ethical as they'd like you to think? Nor did Mark Newton until the Good Shopping Guide came his way more...
Book review: Fish
Ben Hudson
15th December, 2011Elizabeth DeSombre and J. Samuel Barkin's readable prose makes unpicking the complex politics and economics behind the fishing industry look as easy as shooting fish in a barrel more...
How to Make and Use Compost - The Ultimate Guide
Mark Newton
1st December, 2011Packed with useful advice, Nicky Scott's ultimate guide to compost is essential reading for professional and amateur gardeners alike, says Mark Newton more...
Using this website means you agree to us using simple cookies.


text:
'Golden gate': Why was the iPhone 5s launch day plagued by a critical lack of gold?
Apple launched the iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s today and while the pop-art inspired iPhone 5c - thanks to it being an easier-to-manufacture branch of last year's iPhone 5 with an even easier-to-manufacture polycarbonate shell - was, by all accounts, in plentiful supply despite pre-orders starting a week ago, the higher end iPhone 5s was not. Especially the gold version. My Apple Store had 7 and no 16GB models. Other stores we've heard about had 2 to 10. We haven't heard of non-Apple retailers having many, if any gold stock either. By any measure, they were incredibly, ludicrously constrained. And the reaction by die-hard, line-up-overnighter customers has been loud.
Beyond the allusion to San Francisco, it's interesting to me personally to see gold, which when iMore reported it was resoundingly called chintzy and tacky, suddenly becoming so popular. There were some, it seemed, whose opinion of it changed as reports of its scarcity spread. In other words, they didn't want it, they just had to have it. People are funny that way.
Second, it's just as interesting to see people who wanted it all along try to assign reason to their disappointment. The three most common accusations are a) Apple deliberately withheld stock to artificially create scarcity and drive demand (i.e. they put their business ahead of their customers), b) Apple completely misjudged the demand for the gold model and didn't make enough (i.e. they were logistically incompetent), c) some manufacturing problem led to a shortage of gold iPhone 5s (i.e, they were were manufacturing-ly incompetent), or d) something that hasn't been considered yet (container fell off a boat or got misrouted, batch got ruined, etc.).
The last one, manufacturing problems, happened with the white iPhone 4. It failed to launch on schedule and took Apple 8 months to get right and ship. That's a precedent, but it's also something they should have learned from. Simple gold anodization is one of the easiest processes. It's a chemical reaction. It's unknown however what exactly Apple is doing, and it may well be more than that. But Apple did manage to ship the gold iPhone 5s, only in very limited quantities. Unless yield rates were tragically low, manufacturing process doesn't seem likely.
Misjudging demand by this degree also seems unlikely. Apple probably knows how popular aftermarket gold color changes have been, and how popular gold iPhone cases have been, and even if they wanted to hedge against gold, hedging this much against gold is hard to understand.
Artificially limiting supply to increase demand is a classic marketing strategy, but a risky one. You make an object desirable in hopes of attracting more attention while not risking alienating the larger pool of potential customers. It's smart business, but not always smart customer relationship management. It's also hard to prove. (Nintendo was accused of artificially limited the supply of Wii consoles for months if not years.) And it's not like the iPhone 5s was ever in danger of not being in demand, gold or otherwise.
Apple says they're working hard to increase the supply of the gold iPhone 5s, meanwhile stores are sold out and online orders are pushed back to October already.
Unless Tim Cook addresses it on the next earnings call, whether or not, one or a combination of factors or not, caused the scarcity we may never know. Likewise, whether this ultimately results in even more iPhone sales for Apple, will also likely never know. Humans aren't only funny and covetous, we're forgetful.
I managed to get a gold iPhone 5s shipped to me, so I should have it soon, and am not personally affected by this (other than being chronically sleep deprived!). However, if you waited in line overnight for a gold iPhone 5s, did you get one? Either way, how do you feel about the experience?
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
'Golden gate': Why was the iPhone 5s launch day plagued by a critical lack of gold?
16 & 32 GB Models are showing November 4 now on Verizon's website. Wow.
Further proof that the iphone is the favorite phone of chicks. I can't imagine any heterosexual man, who wasn't a rapper, wanting a gold one.
They'll be very popular in college areas that have gold in the team colors.
Then you can get a blue 5C.
Sexist, racist AND homophobic! A trolling trifecta.
I was thinking the same thing somehow the comments went way off track there :( *smh*
Solid comment Peter - right on the screws.
Wrong. That's simply naive. It's what's commonly called racial coding. When people want to single out a group without being overt they use other code words, proxies.
Wow homophobic much? Try and keep it classy here.
How was that homophobic. I have no issue about personal sexual choice.
I'm heterosexual, a man, and I hate rap. I ordered a 64 GB Gold iPhone 5S for myself this morning. Problem?
I dislike most rap (though some are pretty intelligent and not just noisy), love women, and am looking forward to a gold iPhone 6 next year. There is something about carrying around and using a block of gold.... kind of like a Corvette in the hand. And it's not the bright garish rapper-gold-necklace, either.
So what red-blooded American male would not want to have one?
Humor aside, the color only matters to me in the store. Then it goes in a case, and I pretty much never notice it again.
I would side with (a) and always have. They have known the demand for iPhones are high at launch yet every year it is the same old "sold out", sans last year where it wasn't as bad.
I got up at 3:30 this morning to catch the first BART train to SF to stand in line for the gold iPhone. Many, many people were ahead of me; probably 20 or more waited overnight. Around 5:30 Apple employees were coming around to check on us, as they always do and I voiced my concerns about the shortage. I was told they were handing out tickets for each phone and would come around to let people know when each model was sold out. The one I wanted (gold AT&T 64 gb) sold out around 6:15 or so. Sad dndgirl is sad. And sleepy.
Phone Racism!
SO I waited in line since 3am, manager comes to t-mobile at 6:30 to go in building and get ready,, on her way in I asked did they have it in stock, she responds with yes, at 8 am im the first one in the door, and they say, you have to order it because we dont have the 5s in the store at all. I said no!, which store does have it? she says Staples Mill, so I fly from Hull St. to Staples Mill only to be told I have to order it, and I will have it Monday, I am so pissed! By the time they ordered mine I had to get Silver and not gold, and 32GB instead of 64!!!!!
So they got your money, and you didn't get what you wanted... sounds like tax to me :)
My theory is simply that they made the majority of the stock available in China and Japan where it launching on launch day was a bigger deal, esp China. So the other parts of the world where it launched just had less stock to go around as a result. I don't think it's a purposeful withholding of stock to gauge demand or whatever, I just think the majority was intended for China to make their official launch a HUGE success. I was someone who wanted the apparently least in-demand model, 64G Space Gray, but I wasn't interested in getting in line so I just ordered online.
No gold at my Verizon and the few silvers were gone before 8am. So I ended up with a Space Gray 32 since I didn't want to wait till the end of October to get a new iPhone!
I was #7 in line in Bethesda, MD (DC suburb) at an Apple store starting at about 8:55 pm last night. I did get my gold ATT 5S, but a 64gb, not the 32gb I wanted. There was only one gold 32gb ATT 5S, and the first guy in line grabbed it. I wasn't able to get the silver 32gb ATT 5S my husband wanted - they only had 16gb left. So he settled for a space gray 32gb. He's okay with that. But everyone in line loved the silver once they actually saw it. We chose our phones before they took the curtains down, and a couple of guys in front of me wanted to change from gray to silver, but it was too late.
It was frustrating not to be able to get exactly what I wanted, but I still had fun, and would do it again.
Best of all, the power for the entire block went out at 7:57 a.m.! Fortunately they got it back at 8:07 a.m., but at that point all I could do was laugh.
The Apple store folks were terrific, and really tried to manage expectations, but of course a lot of people were disappointed.
Oh cool, i usually go to that store for ipad releases ( i'm in Silver Spring). This time for the Iphone i just ordered it online, really didnt have the energy to camp out.
My city ONLY had space gray 16 gig. Every where I checked only had stock of space gray. My wife wants a silver so I ordered from Apple. 7-10 day.
Sent from the iMore App
I showed up at my ATT store at just before 11pm last night. I was second in line. They had zero gold and zero 64 gb which is a must for me. So sadly I left empty handed but did order it from direct fulfillment. That gave me a 1-3 day delivery time. Way better than 7-10 which is what the apple store app gave me at 3 am. Can't wait for that delivery next week!
I find it amusing that everyone panned the gold version and color yet it seems it's popular with the average consumer. One more example that there is sometimes a variance between the opinions of the phone enthusiast and the opinion of the non enthusiast consumer.
^ this.. when I first saw the Gold version I was like, wow that's what I want. Then online all I saw from the nerds was hate. Now it seems to be a rather popular choice and people are complaining that it was in short supply :P
I'm switching carriers so I'm waiting till next month to get my iPhone 5S. Both the wife and I are getting Gold.
I'll admit, I hated the idea of a gold iPhone. I thought it would be shiny and gaudy like grandma's jewelry. After seeing the official version however, it's classy. Still not for me, but I can understand the sudden love for it.
I lined up at midnight and was 7th in line at my local Apple store. They only had 6 32gb gold models. I showed up for a blk but left with the gold;) I have always chosen bulk but am VERY glad I picked up a gold!
I was told by an apple employee at the apple store off Riverside in Sherman Oaks, CA that they had so few Gold iPhone 5S's is because all the corporate people took them first apparently NBC Universal and others had first dibs and they all wanted the Gold iPhone. It was rediculous this Apple store only had like a dozen or so Gold iPhones when the door opened, like I was probably around the 40th person in line and I didn't get the Sprint Gold iPhone 5S 32GB I wanted.
Good news is they confirmed I could check back in everyday before the 14 day return policy until they have it and just swap it put for the same exact phone but in Gold.
Got in line at my local Apple Store at 3:00 am with about 60 people ahead of me. By the time they got to me both the silver and gold were sold out.
I would really like to know what decisions were made that there were so many more grey made than white and gold combined and based on what data.
Was it that the silver and gold supply was more directed toward asia as opposed to the west? I wonder what the split between black and white for the 5 was last September, did this lead Apple to believe that everyone in the US would go black/Space Grey again? I have about 12 friends family with the 5, only one got a white one.
Was there manufacturing delay's related to the white faces on the silver and gold model's. The fingerprint sensor has been rumored to have been constrained for weeks now, I wonder if Apple had issues coloring the sapphire home button which further limited the white sensor above and beyond the yield in the fingerprint sensor itself.
Perhaps some, all of these theory's or none. All that I know is as a lover of Apple I'd like to know the back story on the 5s product launch, don't know if Apple would give that interview in the days or weeks ahead.
Looking forward to receiving my silver 5s next week.
I got to my local Apple store (University Village, Seattle) at 5am and was about 150th in line. By about 30-50 people deep into the line they were already announcing that they were sold out of the gold iPhone for all carriers. I was disappointed, but ultimately was there on a mission and ended up getting the 32gb SPACE GRAY AT&T. I am very happy, even though my phone isn't all bling bling.
I think Tim Cook should do the right thing (like with maps) and make an explanatory statement about the lack of supply. Everywhere their advertising said order online on the 20th or if you want one on the day go to your Apple Store at 8am. It didn't say: but only if you want grey and by the way we won't have enough stock.
This is the first year that I haven't had a new iPhone on release day. I ordered online, but planned to line up until I heard there was no gold left. For an Apple Store to only receive 10 gold phones is ridiculous.
This is a disappointing, rather than a fun customer experience for me, so I can't imagine how disappointing it was for people who lined up for hours. Perhaps Apple could offer a swap for people who didn't get what they wanted (beyond the 14 or whatever days) to show some goodwill.
Sent from the iMore App
Waited in line all night at AT&T store here in Las Vegas, only to find out that they did not have one gold or silver iPhone 5 S. Since I sold my iPhone five the previous day and was phone less, I was forced to buy a space gray one
I ordered a 32GB Gold at 12:01am, and I got a 7-11 day ship date. I took a risk because I hadn't actually SEEN the gold phone in person.
I stopped by the local zoo (aka Apple Store) this evening to check it out. It's really nice.....bloody nice. It's definitely more champagne or white gold looking than bling bling gold. It's actually classy looking, not that I am surprised coming from Apple.
I was talking to a man in blue, and they still had a lineup at 7PM for the 5s, and still had stock of the 16GB and 32GB in Space Grey. They only received around 20 gold ones, and they were snapped up first thing this morning.
I dropped my kid off at school, came home and out of curiosity checked online for Best Buy's local 'in store' availability of the 32gb gold. Seeing that it was supposedly in stock I called my wife and asked if she still wanted to just 'wait and see', She said "no" and asked me to check it out. So I got to the store at about 10am, long after the early bird's had been and gone, and was very surprised that I was able to bag the last gold phone they had. It was a 64gb instead of 32 but neither myself or (more importantly) my wife was complaining since we didn't expect get one at all at that late hour and I got an unexpected $50 discount off of the handset.
If I were the gloating type I'd be inserting some sort of gloating smiley around about now, but I'm not so I won't ;-)
Sent from the iMore App
White 5s was also in short supply in our area. At launch we went to our local Apple Store and three AT&T stores and only found Space Gray. The Apple Store only had 10 white, no gold, and plenty of Space Gray. The att stores only had space gray. It seemed the 5c wasn't popular with those willing to camp out at the stores.
I ordered a VZW Gold 64GB online through Best Buy at launch and was able to pick it up yesterday when the store opened. Not sure how many they had but I know Gold was only available in 64GB
"Beyond the allusion to San Francisco, it's interesting to me personally to see gold, which when iMore reported it was resoundingly called chintzy and tacky, suddenly becoming so popular."
Because most of the world aren't tech blog commenters, who have rather er... conservative taste. Which is why I'm convinced Apple are going to sell boatloads of 5cs.
I was the 1st person in line at our verizon store, got there at 4am, others didn't start arriving until 7. I bought a silver/white 32g, which is what I wanted. Was told they had only received 2 white 32's and no gold phones at all. So happy they had the one I wanted and didn't have to order it.


text:
Annie Somerville, a former resident of Tassajara, is currently the Executive Chef of Greens Restaurant in San Francisco, and has earned a national reputation for her imaginative approach to vegetarian cooking. Somerville is a popular teacher of cooking classes throughout the Bay Area, and is the author of Fields of Greens: New Vegetarian Recipes from the Celebrated Greens Restaurant and Everyday Greens. Her works have also been featured in many publications, including Gourmet, Food and Wine, Ladies Home Journal, and Vegetarian Times.
Wendy Johnson
Wendy Johnson has practiced Zen and organic horticulture for more than 35 years. She received lay dharma entrustment from Eijun Linda Cutts in 2006 and is also a lay-ordained dharma teacher in the tradition of Thich Nhat Hanh. Wendy is author of the recent San Francisco Zen Center book Gardening at the Dragon's Gate.


text:
Sea Force Chrono
|Black & Orange Dial / Black Silicone Strap
|» More Images
Swiss quartz
200m (660 ft.)
Stainless steel
316L Stainless steel case with screw-on back and knurled screw-down crown ensure water-resistancy
Unidirectional rotating bezel with luminous marker at zero position
12-Hour chrono function
Superluminova® treated hands and markers for enhanced nighttime visibility
Knurled screw-down crown
Date display
Military time
3-Year limited warranty
Silicone strap
Diver's buckle and safety clasp
No environment is more demanding - or less forgiving - than the sea. Fortunately theres Wengers Sea Force. Equipped with a knurled, screw-down crown which protects the Swiss quartz movement up to 200m, as well as chronograph functionality, its ready for service no matter how deep your adventures might take you.
Sea Force Chrono 0643.104 Swiss Watch. Check out all Wenger Swiss Watches.
Product Specifications
Product Manual
Chrono/SR/Power Reserve Alarm (1 MB pdf file)
More About This Item


text:
Popularity ScoreReferrals to Site/Downloads
0 1+ 250+ 1000+ 10000+
Yotpo helps Magento stores generate tons of reviews and use them to drive qualified traffic and more sales to your store. Yotpo is free and takes 5 minutes to install.
Nothing helps convert unsure visitors into confident shoppers better than trustworthy product reviews. With Yotpo, you can display reviews on your product pages or anywhere else on your site using our fully customizable widgets.
Yotpo gives you the power to strengthen your brand by customizing all elements like the Mail After Purchase and Reviews widget. Change these elements to match the look & feel of your store using our simple customization tools or advanced CSS & HTML customization.
This extension was developed by and is supported by YotpoReviews
The best place to start if you need help with a specific extension is to contact the developer. All Magento developers have both a contact email and a support email listed.
If you need support for a Magento platform, there are different options for support depending on which Magento platform you are using. Below are links for specific platforms.
We built Magento Connect using the latest techniques and technologies.
This makes Magento Connect faster and easier to use.
Unfortunately, your browser doesn't support those technologies.
Use the links below to download a new browser or upgrade your existing browser.
Internet Explorer Version 9+ Mozilla Firefox Version 7+ Google Chrome Version 14+ Apple Safari Version 5+


text:
Articles by FROM STAFF REPORTS
Tropical Storm Andrea zipping up the East Coast
RALEIGH — After bringing rains, heavy winds and even tornadoes to parts of Florida, Tropical Storm Andrea moved quickly across south Georgia and was leaving the Carolinas waterlogged on Friday ... READ MORE
ARREST REPORT: June 10, 2013
The Crestview Police Department and Okaloosa County Sheriff's Office provided the following crime reports for publication. READ MORE
Bulldog soccer camp registration is June 17
The Soccer Camp for Future Bulldogs — open to boys and girls, kindergartners through seventh-graders — is 9-11:30 a.m. June 17-20 at Davidson Middle School. Registration is at 8:30 a.m. June 17. The camp will focus on dribbling, passing and shooting. Campers also will play in ball skill development games. READ MORE
Sheriff takes seat on state crime panel
Gaston County Sheriff Alan Cloninger was appointed this week to the Governor's Crime Commission. READ MORE
Lenders spent big to advance bill raising rates
RALEIGH — Records show a small group of consumer finance providers spent more than $1.8 million on lobbying and campaign contributions to North Carolina lawmakers to win passage of a bill raising... READ MORE
Storm cuts wide path of damage through county (video)
Gaston County had nearly 2,000 people without power with scores of residents left cleaning up debris and dodging fallen trees after a severe thunderstorm with strong wind moved through the area. READ MORE
Local business briefs
Grammar Chic expands, hires new employees Lake Wylie, S.C., literary consulting firm Grammar Chic Inc. has expanded to offer more services and new hirings. READ MORE
Police seek help with break-ins
The Gaston County Police Department is seeking information concerning breaking, entering and larcenies from residential outbuildings. READ MORE
Ex-Alamance schools chief tapped for Wake County post
CARY — North Carolina's largest school system has hired a Virginia educator as its new school superintendent. The Wake County School Board voted 7-2 on Tuesday to hire James Merrill as supe... READ MORE
Weather-related event cancellations
These cancellations and postponements because of expected bad weather have been announced by organizers: — The Big Dig at Hilton Sandestin Beach scheduled for today to break the world record fo... READ MORE


text:
Search the collections
Brochure - SS Canberra, P&O Lines, circa 1961-1988 Reg. No: HT 2689 2
Previous Page
- Summary:
- Folded colour brochure issued by P & O Lines, circa 1961-1988. It contains information and advertising for the ship SS Canberra. It is part of a collection of 175 items of post-war ship memorabilia collected by John McKay. John began collecting shipping brochures as a boy through an interest in travel and later used some of the material in his professional capacity as a Geography and Social Studies teacher. He finally made a voyage himself in 1957-1958, to England to attend a scouting jamboree, although he ended up staying for 18 months. He remembers lots of Australians going over at that time, and references to Earls Court as 'Kangaroo Alley'.
The SS Canberra, sailed from Southampton on her maiden voyage on 2nd June 1961, to Australia via the Suez canal. During the first year of operation, S.S. Canberra suffered from persistent mechanical problems and had to be temporarily withdrawn for repairs. She accommodated 548 first class passengers and 1650 tourist class passengers, and spent her first ten years in the Australian trade. She was withdrawn from this service in 1972 and refitted to carry 1500 passengers in a single class cruise ship, due to a decline in demand. Canberra briefly made cruises around America, but found her place making three month cruises around the world. In April 1982, Canberra was requisitioned by the British government for use as a troop carrier during the Falklands war, and required an extensive refit for a return to passenger service in September. She was still in service in 1988.
- Description:
- Folded double-sided brochure. Cover on gloss paper, brochure inside on matt. Front cover has red, white, blue and yellow flag. The brochure has colour illustrations of the ship, passengers on board the ship, accommodation and facilities. Back cover has illustrated map of the world showing voyage routes taken by the Canberra.
- Acquisition Information:
- Donation from Mr John McKay, 2003
|21.6 cm (Height), 29.9 cm (Width)
|Dimension Comment:
|stapled and folded once
More information
|Tagged with:
|immigration, shipping lines, shipping, travel tourism, ship memorabilia, pamphlets
|Themes this item is part of:
|Migration Collection, Transport Collection
|Primary Classification:
|Secondary Classification:
|Shipping Lines
|Tertiary Classification:
|(to be classified)
|Front cover: "CANBERRA"
Back cover: "P & 0 - ORIENT LINES" "LARGEST AND FASTEST LINERS AROUND THE WORLD"
Printer: "PRINT PLANNING (LONDON) LIMITED"
|Peninsula & Orient Steam Navigation Co., England, Great Britain, 1961-1988
|Ship Depicted:
|., 1961-1988
|Mr John McKay, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 1961-1988
This item is part of the following themes:
Similar items
| More


text:
A genealogy blog focused on families settling in East Tennessee and the Northern Neck of Virginia with explorations of Rusyn roots.
Tuesday, November 8, 2011
A Day to Celebrate
November turned from a dreary month to a joyful month on this day, the day we welcomed our firstborn. She's all growed up now, but still brings light to our lives.
Happy Birthday Daughter!
11 comments:
Happy birthday daughter! She's a real beauty Susan!ReplyDelete
She's beautiful, Susan! I know where she got her smile...ReplyDelete
Happy birthday to daughter, lovely collage for a lovely girl!ReplyDelete
Happy birthday to the girl with the dazzling smile!ReplyDelete
They grow up so fast. Hope her birthday was stupendeous.ReplyDelete
Happy birthday to your beautiful daughter, Susan! Easy to see why she brings such joy to your life. I bet she lights up any room she walks into!ReplyDelete
So nice to see a picture of your daughter. Happy birthday! Hope all is well.ReplyDelete
Adorable little girl, lovely lady. Happy Birthday a day late. I hope it was fabulous!ReplyDelete
Beautiful! Congratulations! When I saw the date, I had to take a breath--it was the date of my parents wedding -- 69 years ago. I posted about it on the same day you posted this. What a gorgeous young woman -- and I'll bet accomplished and nice as well.ReplyDelete
Darn, I'm two months behind in reading this post, and it's among my favorites. Thank you for sharing these pictures. Well, 10 more months to go, and then another birthday!ReplyDeleteReplies
You're too funny, Barb! Kind of reassuring to me actually that two months have passed!Delete
Comments related to the information shared here are most appreciated. All comments are moderated, and since I am not actively researching right now it many take a day or two for your comment to post. Please know that it will post, and that I much appreciate the feedback.


text:
Updated at: 12/10/2013 9:35 AM
By SAMEER N. YACOUB
(AP) BAGHDAD - A shooting at a construction site and a double bombing on a small Shiite shrine killed 17 people northeast of Baghdad on Tuesday, Iraqi officials said.
Police officials said two bombs exploded Tuesday afternoon inside the Imam Idris Shiite shrine near the city of Baqouba, killing 10 people and wounding 20 others. The shrine was partially damaged.
Baqouba, a former al-Qaida stronghold, is 60 kilometers (35 miles) northeast of Baghdad.
Earlier in the day, gunmen in a speeding car opened fire on Sunni workers building a house in the village of Abara, about 65 kilometers (41) miles from the Iraqi capital, killing seven.
The officials say the workers were relatives from the same tribe.
Medical officials confirmed the casualty figures for both attacks. All officials spoke on condition of anonymity in line with regulations.
Violence has spiked in Iraq since a deadly security crackdown on a Sunni protest camp in April. The surge in attacks has raised fears about a return of the sectarian bloodshed that pushed the country to the brink of civil war in 2006-2007.
At least 164 people have died in attacks in Iraq so far this month, according to an Associated Press count.
Associated Press writer Qassim Abdul-Zahra contributed to this report.
(Copyright 2013 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


text:
So do I. The real turn on is their youthfulness and energy. So 'spunky'. Having a nice smooth body which has a little firmness is also an added treat. Well groomed pubes with a slight hint of pit hair is what makes them so enjoyable to look at.
I am glad that this thread exists. Thanks flashgordon85 for your creative wisdom in getting this started.
Last edited by Kyanimal; July 20th, 2012 at 06:03 PM.
WISDOM is the Knowledge you've gained ... After you could have used it! _Me
Seeing double? No, some of us just need a standard to compare with
Having fun when no one is at home
Just wanted to say that I really like the photos that all of you have been posting
I certainly agree with you.
It's great seeing a thread full of 'real' hot twinks. Thanks! Here's a nice guy with a bit of muscle to admire.
Here is one really cool dude
Sometimes a friend's feet can do the best job
Hi flashgordon85:
Really neat. Thanks for posting this marvelous collection of photos.
Young and having fun
Thank u !
Bray Sexy Claps & Spanks Ass
Bray Sexy Claps & Spanks Ass | Redtube Free Amateur Porn Videos, Movies & Clips
Fantastic photos guys! Great stuff
Thanks to Feeling2121
I really like the look on the young guy's face in the second photo above. You can almost imagine him saying to himself, "Well I am not to sure if I like this pose."
Something which is a real turn on for me is an athlete who enjoys having a little fun with his gear
Wow! Take a look at those rock hard nipples
Wouldn't you enjoy wearing his helmet while he is doing this?
^ those are HOT pics careandrespect.
- - - Updated - - -
Best. Thread. Ever!!!
"A person's truth is so simple that most ignore it to concentrate on what they think are deeper truths." - Kaji Ryoji - Neon Genesis Evangelion.


text:
this poll is about MIM (metal injection molding) parts.
when MIM parts first started being used primarily in the 1911s there were all kinds of issues with them.
today MIM parts are everywhere and in just about everything made in one form or another. damn nere as prevailant as that other material from satan --plastic!
a year or two ago even LMT started using MIM in their gas keys. say what you will about MIM but i know for a fact LMT tested that part very seriously before they went to it.
i have quite a few MIM parts in a couple of my 1911s mostly S&W and colt and so far--they have been trouble free. (knock on wood).
i suspect that MIM process are at least some what improved from past disasterous attempts.
given past problems with MIM--how do you feel about MIM today?


text:
US/Canada NOAA Nautical Charts + Google Maps:
The GeoGarage team has completed another "spatial image tiling" project that combines Google Maps with another type of map. In this case GeoGarage has overlayed NOAA nautical charts (US and Canada) over top of Google Maps with great user interface controls to fade the NOAA map in and out of prominent view. Peio Elissalde from GeoGarage explains the process:
"..After having been processed with GeoGarage spatial image tiling solution, about 1018 NOAA raster nautical charts (RNC/BSB/KAP format) are displayed with advanced quilting (mosaic image with removed borders for a seamless rendering of multiple charts), and transparency management via layer opacity sliders (for terrestrial maps and orthophoto overlay). The result is the user can access through Google Maps viewer to all the range of NOAA raster maps online, zooming in and out, panning in a continuous way for selecting the specified map scale automatically, by simply sliding the mouse."
(Related: Marine Maps)
Google Maps Mania writer Keir Clarke recently blogged about another GeoGarage project:
César-François Cassini's 18th century map of France which showcases this same transparency effect using historical maps.
More GeoGarage Google Maps examples (taken from the GeoGarage 'Examples' Page):


text:
Maricopa County sheriff's deputy shot in Peoria
PEORIA, Ariz. (AP)- A Maricopa County Sheriff's deputy remains hospitalized in critical but stable condition after being shot in Peoria.
The suspect sought in the shooting has been found dead. He's identified as 54-year-old Donald Miller Sr. of Peoria.
Authorities identify the deputy as Ruben Garcia, who's a 29-year veteran.
He was shot multiple times in a Peoria lot early Tuesday after he stopped a man in a truck.
Donald Miller Sr.
The man's former girlfriend had earlier called authorities to say he was suicidal.
Witnesses say they heard shots ring out and saw the deputy on the ground in the parking lot.
Two Peoria police officers, Lt. Steve Hadley and Officer Aaron brewer, spotted the suspect, who fired at officers and was then shot.
SWAT team officers ultimately found Miller dead in a vehicle. Authorities say it's still unclear if he committed suicide.


text:
I did a double-take when looking at Hornady's latest catalog they mailed me. In the back is a section for custom dies, where they want you to let them build "anything you need".
Pictured there is a hydraulic forming die, that is cut away so you can see the inside.
WELL... looking around on the reloading forums, this seems to be an easy case forming method that is overlooked. It takes a hammer, some medium-weight oil (refrigerator pump oil is mentioned) and some time.
The "garage" method seems to be that a full-length forming die is used, and either a cap or a base plate is used. The ram one person mentioned was to use a fiberglass rod, and a bullet turned upside-down and stuck into the case neck. Then "a few whacks with the hammer" and you're done.
This sounds like a nice, easy alternative to fireforming with powder, no?


text:
The 9-10-year-old Hounds return to Thomson Saturday to face Bartow County in the semifinals at 11 a.m. A victory would send Jones County on to the championship game at 1 p.m. on Sunday.
Last Saturday's game was a tight one all the way, reported coach Jamey Huckeba.
"During our first drive we realized we were playing 10-yard first downs, which is different than what we played all year and what we played during the district. Normally it is 8 yards in this age group," he said. "Thomson had some great athletes with tons of speed, and they used that to their advantage on a field that was also wider than what we normally play on."
For the full story, pick up a copy of this week's newspaper or subscribe to our e-Edition at http://ee.jcnews.com.


text:
....searching and shopping through the internet using Goodsearch.com and goodshop.com. So far this year PF has earned $141. That total can easily be increased during this season of gift giving.
1. Visit goodsearch.com to search a variety of sites and topics
go to goodshop.com to click on your favorite stores.
2. Designate "Preeclampsia Foundation" as the charity you want to support
3. PF receives a percentage of donation for every unique search made, and for every purchase completed from over 1300 popular merchants.
Here are a few of the thousands of coupons and benefits to PF now available on GoodShop (more deals are being posted daily!)...
Free Shipping on orders of $50 or more + 2.5% donation to your cause!.
Save 10% on your purchase + 7% to your cause!
Get free shipping on orders $25 or more + 2% donation to your cause!
Free Shipping Site-Wide + Up to 3.5% donation to your cause!
Free Shipping on all orders with checkout code + 4% donation to your cause!
Free Shipping on select orders over $100 + 2.5% donation to your cause!


text:
Linguistik-Klassifikation: Morphologie / Morphology
- Possessivität (2)
- Possessivkonstruktion (2)
- Aspekt <Linguistik> (1)
- Cahuilla-Sprache (1)
- Griechisch (1)
- Indogermanistik (1)
- Modus (1)
- Morphologie (1)
- Semantik (1)
- Valenz <Linguistik> (1)
- Zur Problematik des Verbalaspekts (1969)
- Die nachstehenden Gedanken haben den Charakter einer vorläufigen Problemanalyse. Eine Formalisierung ist bei diesen Stand der Untersuchungen nicht intendiert. Es soll in wesentlichen der Frage nachgegangen werden, welchen Typus von "catènes" diejenigen Funktionen zuzuordnen sind, die als Verbalaspekt oder als Aspekt schlechthin in den Grammatiken verschiedener Sprachen vorgeführt werden. In generative Ausdrucksweise gekleidet lautet die Frage: Welche abstrakten Entitäten müssen in der Basiskomponente angesetzt werden und an welcher Stelle im PS Marker sind sie einzuführen, damit eine adäquate. d.h. dem internalisierten Wissen eines native speaker entsprechende Beschreibung des Phänomens "Aspekt" erzielt werden karnn? In den folgenden Abschnitten wird zuerst die Problemlage näher umrissen. Es wird eine Hypothese, wie sie unter anderem im Rahmen der generativen Grammatik vorgebracht wurde, diskutiert, und es wird ihr eine eigene Hypothese entgegengestellt. Empirisches Material zum Testen der Hypothese wird aus dem Bereich der Verbalaspekte des Neugriechischen beigebracht werden.
- Abstract structures for moods in Greek (1970)
- It is my intention to make two major points in this paper: 1. The first has to do with finding a frame within which the modal expressions of one particular Ancient IE [Indoeuropean] language – I have chosen Classical Greek – can be best described. I shall try to point out that the regularities which we find in these expressions must depend on an underlying principle, represented by abstract structures. These structures are semanto-syntactic, which means that the semantic properties or bundles of properties are arranged not in a linear order but in a hierarchical order, analogous to a bracketing in a PS structure. The abstract structures we propose have, of course, a very tentative character. They can only be accepted as far as evidence for them can be furnished. 2. My second point has to do with the modal verb forms that were the object of the studies of most Indo-Europeanists. If in the innermost bracket of a semanto-syntactic structure two semantic properties or bundles of properties can be exchanged without any further change in the total structure, and if this change is correlated with a change in verbal mood forms and nothing else, then I think we are faced with a case where these forms can be said to have a meaning of their own. I shall also try to show how these meanings are to be understood as bundles of features rather than as unanalyzed terms. In my final remarks: I shall try to outline the bearing these views have on comparative IE linguistics.
- Two types of Cahuilla kinship expressions: inherent and establishing (1980)
- In my Cahuilla Grammar (Seiler 1977:276-282) and in a subsequent paper (Seiler 1980:229-236) I have drawn attention to the fact that many kin terms in this language, especially those that have a corresponding reciprocal term in the ascending direction – like niece or nephew in relation to aunt – occur in two expressions of quite different morphological shape. The following remarks are intended to furnish an explanation of this apparent duplicity.
- Posession as an operational dimension of language (1981)
- In this study I want to show, above all, that the linguistic expression of POSSESSION is not a given but represents a problem to be solved by the human mind. We must recognize from the outset that linguistic POSSESSION presupposes conceptual or notional POSSESSION, and I shall say more about the latter in Chapter 3. Certain varieties of linguistic structures in the particular languages are united by the fact that they serve the common purpose of expressing notional POS SESSION. But this cannot be their sole common denominator. How would we otherwise be able to recognize, to understand, to learn and to translate a particular linguistic structure as representing POSSESSION? There must be a properly linguistic common denominator, an invariant, that makes this possible. The invariant must be present both within a particular language and in cross-language comparison. What is the nature of such an invariant? As I intend to show, it consists in operational programs and functional principles corresponding to the purpose of expressing notional POSSESSION. The structures of possessivity which we find in the languages of the world represent the traces of these operations, and from the traces it becomes possible to reconstruct stepwise the operations and functions.
- Possessivity, subject and object (1982)
- The basic question is whether POSSESSOR and POSSESSUM are on the same level as the roles of VALENCE, two additional roles as it were. My research on POSSESSION has shown (Seiler 1981:7 ff.) that this is not the case, that there is a difference in principle between POSSESSION and VALENCE. However, there are multiple interactions between the two domains, and these interactions shall constitute the object of the following inquiry. It is hoped that this will contribute to a better understanding both of POSSESSION and of VALENCE.


text:
We're sorry, but this bundle has expired and is no longer available. Click here for this week's bundle. Make sure you don't miss another bundle by signing up for our weekly newsletter!
We know that dinnertime can be stressful and challenging for busy families, and this week's bundle helps eliminate some of that headache and anxiety with more than 125 easy recipes that are delicious and satisfying but don't require a lot of prep time! Get everything from delicious slow cooker meals and main dish salads to crowd-pleasing comfort foods for only $7.40 (a savings of over 70%) for one week only.
Crock On! by Stacy Myers
Crock On! A Semi-Whole Foods Slow Cooker Cookbook by Stacy Myers features 40 all-original slow cooker recipes covering everything from soups to desserts. This full-color ebook includes high-quality photos, step-by-step instructions and reviews from recipe testers for every single recipe so that you can take advantage of this handy tool without sacrificing quality or taste!
20-Minute Meals by Leigh Ann Dutton
If you're looking for a plan to help you avoid the takeout crutch, 20-Minute Meals has everything you need. With four weeks of easy, 20-minute meals plus meal planning tools, printables and more, you'll have the resource you need to fight the urge to eat out and know you're serving your family healthy, nutritious meals in the process.
Feast in 15 by Tiffany King
Add even more recipes to your repertoire with Feast in 15: Speed Cooking Weeknight Dinners, which includes recipes like Italian Nachos, Meatball Gyros, Garlic Lime Shrimp and more that your family will love.
Got Dinner? by Susan Heid
Got Dinner? Quick & Easy Recipes from the Confident Mom features more than 40 favorite dinner recipes from Susan's kitchen that are not only quick and easy but also easy on the family budget. Plus, find great conversation starters to encourage meaningful conversation at mealtimes!
Eat This by Renee Tougas
Eating more vegetables is an important part of almost any food philosophy, and Eat This: Meal Salads & Whole Food Dressings shows you how to make meal-sized salads that are not just delicious but satisfying for a hungry and growing family as well.
The Easy Meals bundle is only available through 8am EST on Monday, 1/28. Get yours today:
We're sorry, but this bundle has expired and is no longer available. Click here for this week's bundle. Make sure you don't miss another bundle by signing up for our weekly newsletter!


text:
Open Gauge Sweater
Style # 222353
Attention grabber popover. Thick ribbed cutout sweater with peek-a-boo slits that's perfect for wearing over a bandeau and still getting a slight breeze!
- 60% Cotton, 40% viscose
- Made in USA
- Center back to hem: 20" (51 cm)
- Model is 5'10" and wears a US size S
Rated 4 out of 5�by 1 reviewer.
Rated 4 out of 5�by brendamty BE CAREFUL! So I just got in store this wonderful sweater in egret/silver and size XS. The fabric is soft and warm but need to be very careful, it can get pulled by anything :( I guess is a risk but is worth the looks! January 13, 2014
1-1 of 1


text:
Home / Page not found
The address you selected does not exist or has been moved. Please use our search form in the top right corner or begin browsing on the homepage.
Email newsletter While we do not provide an English newsletter for the Berlin Philharmonie, you might be interested in the English Digital Concert Hall newsletter.


text:
I swear, by my life and my love of it, that I will never live for the sake of another man, nor ask another man to live for mine. - Ayn Rand
Ties her hair back with her panties ... thats my kinda girl
thanks karl
Mmmmmmmmmmmmm Red Heads! My favorite flavour!


text:
- Home
- News
- Sports
- Obituaries
- Place Classified Ad
- Special Sections
- Community Links
- Games
County deputies recently were involved in a child abuse case after reports were made of an eight year old girl being locked in a cabinet for over two hours while her mother was asleep in the bedroom.
Bobby Ray Merritt, of Rattan, is being charged with child abuse and possession of a controlled dangerous substance following a search of their trailer, that was located in the Rattan Mobile Park, and after two children correlated the same sequence of events to deputies while staying at their grandmother's home.
The child told deputies that Merritt had locked her in a cabinet which was located under the bar in their house. When asked why she thought Merritt did this she stated that she had told him that she was going to tell on him because of the things him and Lee (referring to Lee Wayman) do.
She went on to tell deputies that Merritt put her in the cabinet with the sliding door and then used black tape, white rope and a dog leash to keep the door shut. She said that she tried to use a chainsaw bar to cut the tape but Merritt pulled it out of her hands and it cut her between the thumb and index finger.
Deputies asked the child if this had ever happened before and she stated that it had. That same day Merritt had tried to lock her in the bathroom closet where they keep their towels but she was only locked in there for a short time. He then locked her in the entertainment center and Wayman placed his back against the door so she couldn't get out.
The child believes that she was in the cabinet for about two hours because when she was first placed in the cabinet she had Merritt's cell phone. When she tried to call her grandmother, Merritt took the phone from her.
Deputies then asked the child what things Merritt and Wayman did in the house that she was going to tell on them about. She said that they drank a lot and smoked small skinny cigarettes that they rolled themselves in white papers and that it was called weed. She described it as being green with stems in it. She also said that there was white stuff kept in a purple bag in Wayman's closet and that her momma sometimes kept under her bed but she didn't know what that was called.
Her ten year old brother confirmed the story and said that she didn't do anything bad to be locked in a cabinet, that all she said is that she was going to tell on them. The boy stated that she got out of the cabinet when their mother, Natasha Cathey, woke up. Cathey told Merritt to just not hurt her and that was it.
A search warrant was conducted at the residences of Cathey and Merritt. Upon arrival at the residence, deputies say Cathey in the kitchen window. Merritt and Cathey were asked to leave the residence and Merritt was arrested on a warrant. Cathey was told that the search warrant was because of what her daughter had told officers and that is when Cathey told officers that her children were liars, in a profane manner. Cathey was asked if there was a chance they would find drugs in the house and she once again stated, in a profane manner, that her kids were liars.
Some of the items that were taken from the house included: baggies with white powder in them that field tested for methamphetamine, chainsaw bar under the bar, black tape, glass pipe with residue, purple bag containing a white substance, baggie containing a green leafy substance, a purple bracelet found in the cabinet under the bar and foil with white residue on it. These items have been submitted to the OSBI.
When Merritt was asked about locking the child in the cabinet he stated that he was only playing with her but he had put her in the cabinet and used tape on the door. When asked, he also said that he did in fact take the phone away from her as well. He was then asked about the drugs and he said he knew they were there but they belonged to Lee Wayman. The people who were living in the home included Merritt, Cathey, Wayman, Ashley Bruce and the children.
When questioned, Wayman said he did used to live in the trailer with Merritt and Cathey but now was staying at his fathers. When asked if he had known about or ever seen the children abused he stated no but said that the only reason the children ate was because his girlfriend (Bruce) and himself would cook for them.
According to court paperwork, Merritt is being charged with Kidnapping (which is defined as any person who seizes, confines, inveigles, decoys, kidnaps, abducts or carries away another) and possession of controlled drug schedule II (felony) not using a motor vehicle.