text:
An improved application sharing system and method are described wherein shared window data is treated according to different sets of rules depending upon the fraction of the shared window data that corresponds to the actual shared window. In this manner, occlusions of a shared window on a sharer display may be disguised or handled by a viewer display to minimize the impact of the occlusion on a viewing user, providing a more consistent and less confusing viewer experience.
1. A method of displaying shared data of an application sharing session on a local computing device, wherein the data is received from a remote computing device, the method comprising:
analyzing at the local computing device a first quantity of received data corresponding to a graphical object in a memory of the remote computing device;
determining whether the first quantity of received data corresponds to an entirety of the graphical object;
if the first quantity of received data corresponds to less than the entirety of the graphical object, treating the received data according to a first set of data processing rules; and
if the first quantity of received data corresponds to the entirety of the graphical object, treating the received data according to a second set of data processing rules.
2. The method according to
determining whether the first quantity of received data corresponds to less than a predetermined fraction of the graphical object; and
constructing an image to be displayed on a display device associated with the local computing device, wherein the image is constructed from data comprising the first quantity of received data when the first quantity of received data does not correspond to less than the predetermined fraction of the graphical object, and wherein the image is constructed from data comprising a second quantity of received data that is received prior to receipt of the first quantity of received data when the first quantity of received data corresponds to less than the predetermined fraction of the graphical object.
3. The method of
4. The method of
after receiving the second quantity of data, setting a timer to expire after an amount of time; and
receiving the first quantity of data.
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method according to
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. A computer-readable storage medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed, perform a method of displaying shared data, the method comprising:
receiving at a local computing device shared data corresponding to a current state of a graphical object on a remote computing device;
analyzing the received shared data to determine whether the received shared data corresponds to an entirety of the graphical object; and
when the received shared data is determined to correspond to less than the entirety of the graphical object, treating the received shared data according to a set of rules for constructing an image corresponding to a representation of the entirety of the graphical object using the received shared data, the received shared data containing a portion of the graphical object.
15. The computer-readable medium of
16. The computer-readable medium of
17. The computer-readable medium of
18. The computer-readable medium of
19. A system for displaying shared data, comprising:
a remote computing device having a graphical object in a memory of the remote computing device that is to be shared; and
a local computing device that receives shared data corresponding to the graphical object, and when the received shared data corresponds to less than an entirety of the graphical object, treats the received shared data according to a set of rules for constructing an image corresponding to a representation of the entirety of the graphical object using the received shared data, the received shared data containing a portion of the graphical object.
20. The computer-readable medium of
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/116,817 entitled "APPLICATION SHARING USER INTERFACE IMPROVEMENTS," filed on Apr. 5, 2002, which application is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
This invention relates generally to the technology of application sharing and, more particularly, relates to a system and method for improving a viewer's experience during application sharing.
As computers and computer networks become more pervasive in the home and workplace, many old methods for performing everyday tasks are being replaced or streamlined through the use of computer networking technology. For example, many employees are now able to have a virtual presence in their workplace by logging into a computer network maintained by their employer. One of the most striking developments in computer networking technology has been the advent of remote collaboration.
One of the oldest forms of processing data is the meeting or conference, whereby multiple individuals focus their attention on common subject matter to arrive at a joint decision, consensus, or product. Increasingly, such meetings are now taking place virtually over computer networks through the use of application sharing technologies. Such technologies enable a sharing user to share an application with various viewing users. The display produced by the application running on the sharer's computer is made available via a computer network to the viewers' computers. In some cases, the sharer may pass control of the application to a viewer, whereby the viewer's control inputs are then communicated back to the sharer's computer, where the actions associated with the inputs are executed, and the resulting changed display is shared back out to the viewers.
Although application sharing can play a critical role in maintaining or increasing productivity and cooperation, certain problems with current application sharing systems sometimes create a confusing user experience. For example, a sharing user may simultaneously have on their screen a shared window and an unshared window. In an ideal case, a viewing party, or viewer, sees on their computer display and image of the shared window in whole, and does not see the unshared window or any artifacts caused thereby. However, if the sharing user moves the unshared window in such a way as to partially or wholly occlude the shared window, then the viewing user can no longer see the occluded portion. Furthermore, since the unshared window cannot be shown, the occluded region is often filled in with hash marks or other placeholder imagery. The same situation may occur when an unshared window is generated automatically, such as when a message notification or system window is generated.
The screen presentation at the viewer's machine in such a situation is often unpleasant to the viewer, and indeed may be quite confusing and discomfiting to the novice user. A system and method are needed whereby the viewer experience of application sharing during periods of whole or partial occlusion is improved over prior systems.
A novel system and method are described for providing a simple and pleasing viewer experience during application sharing when a shared window is occluded in whole or in part by an unshared window. When an unshared window becomes situated in such a manner as to occlude some or all of a shared window during application sharing, the occluded portion is generated from a prior view taken at a time when the portion in question was not obscured. If the percentage of the shared window that is obscured rises above a threshold value, then the entire shared window view is generated from a prior view, and the viewer is informed in an embodiment of the invention that the sharer has paused the sharing session. In an embodiment, a predetermined amount of time is allowed to transpire in such a situation before the viewer is informed that the sharer has paused the sharing session. In this way, large but temporary occlusions are not conveyed to the viewer, and the predetermined delay is short enough that a noticeable delay in sharing is not created in the viewer's perception.
While the appended claims set forth the features of the present invention with particularity, the invention, together with its objects and advantages, may be best understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of which:
Turning to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, the invention is illustrated as being implemented in a suitable computing environment. Although not required, the invention will be described in the general context of computer-executable instructions, such as program modules, being executed by a personal computer. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the invention may be practiced with other computer system configurations, including hand-held devices, multi-processor systems, microprocessor based or programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, and the like. The invention is primarily for use in a networked environment and may further be practiced in distributed computing environments where tasks are performed by remote processing devices that are linked through a communications network. In a distributed computing environment, program modules may be located in both local and remote memory storage devices.
The invention is operational with numerous other general purpose or special purpose computing system environments or configurations. Examples of well known computing systems, environments, and/or configurations that are suitable for use with the invention include, but are not limited to, personal computers, server computers, hand-held or laptop devices, multiprocessor systems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmable consumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputers, mainframe computers, distributed computing environments that include any of the above systems or devices, and the like.
An exemplary system for implementing the invention includes a general-purpose computing device in the form of a computer 110. Components of the computer 110 generally include, but are not limited to, a processing unit 120, a system memory 130, and a system bus 121 that couples various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 120. The system bus 121 may be any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. By way of example only, and not limitation, such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus, Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, Video Electronics Standards Associate (VESA) local bus, and Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus also known as Mezzanine bus.
Computer 110 typically includes a variety of computer readable media. Computer readable media can be any available media that can be accessed by computer 110 and includes both volatile and nonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example only, and not limitation, computer readable media may comprise computer storage media and communication media.
Computer storage media includes volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by computer 110.
Communication media typically embodies computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism and includes any information delivery media. The term "modulated data signal" means a signal that has one or more of its characteristics (such as, for example, voltage or current level, voltage or current pulse existence or nonexistence, voltage or current pulse width, voltage or current pulse spacing, etc.) set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of any of the above are also included within the scope of computer readable media.
The system memory 130 includes computer storage media in the form of volatile and/or nonvolatile memory such as read only memory (ROM) 131 and random access memory (RAM) 132. A basic input/output system 133 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within computer 110, such as during start-up, is typically stored in ROM 131. RAM 132 typically contains data and/or program modules that are immediately accessible to and/or presently being operated on by processing unit 120. By way of example, and not limitation,
The computer 110 may also include other removable/non-removable, volatile/nonvolatile computer storage media. By way of example only,
The drives and their associated computer storage media, discussed above and illustrated in
In the implementation of an embodiment of the invention, the computer 110 operates in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 180. The remote computer 180 may be a personal computer, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and in any case the remote computer or computers typically include many or all of the elements described above relative to the personal computer 110, although only a memory storage device 181 has been illustrated in
The computer 110 should include facilities for accessing the networks to which it is attachable. For example, when used in a LAN networking environment, the personal computer 110 is connected to the LAN 171 through a network interface or adapter 170. Another node on the LAN, such as a proxy server, may be further connected to a WAN such as the Internet. When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 110 typically includes a modem 172 or other means for establishing communications directly or indirectly over the WAN 173, such as the Internet. The modem 172, which may be internal or external, may be connected to the system bus 121 via the user input interface 160, or other appropriate mechanism. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the personal computer 110, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. By way of example, and not limitation,
Herein, the invention is described with reference to acts and symbolic representations of operations that are performed by one or more computers, unless indicated otherwise. As such, it will be understood that such acts and operations, which are at times referred to as being computer-executed, include the manipulation by the processing unit of the computer of electrical signals representing data in a structured form. This manipulation transforms the data or maintains it at locations in the memory system of the computer, which reconfigures or otherwise alters the operation of the computer in a manner well understood by those skilled in the art. The data structures where data is maintained are physical locations of the memory that have particular properties defined by the format of the data. However, while the invention is being described in the foregoing context, it is not meant to be limiting as those of skill in the art will appreciate that various of the acts and operation described hereinafter may also be implemented in hardware.
Specific exemplary architectures of the sharer computer 207 and a viewer computer 201 are illustrated in greater detail schematically in
One or more user mode processes of interest 321 are running on sharer computer 307. Such processes include processes, such as a programs, from which information is being shared to one or more viewers such as viewer 307. The processes of interest 321 will be referred to hereinafter as shared processes, with the understanding that the information generated by the processes 321 need not be shared completely. That is, the information shared may consist of a subset of the information generated by such a process 321. Many shared process can also be used in a non-shared manner. For example, a word processing program may be used by the sharer for non-collaborative document production, and may then be used in a shared manner for group editing of the same or another document. In either mode, the processes 321 and the operating system of the sharer computer 307 perform certain steps. For example, whether or not the process 321 is shared, the output of the process 321 will still generally be output to the graphics display driver of the sharer computer 307.
If the application sharing program 323 is active, such as during a sharing session, then other processes unique to the collaborative setting also take place. In particular, the application sharing program 323, which is communicably linked to the process 321, receives information from the process 321 and transfers information to the process 321. Although the bi-directional flow of information between the process 321 and application sharing program is illustrated by a double arrow, note that the mechanisms for transfer may vary depending upon direction. For example, the process 321 need not even be aware of the presence or operation of the application sharing program 323 for the application sharing program 323 to receive information from the process 321.
Typically, the application sharing program 323 is communicably linked to an interceptor filter placed in the display path for the process 321. Such a filter may be placed just before the graphics device interface (GDI) or similar interface in such a manner as to read, in a non-intrusive manner, all information sent to the screen of computer 307 by a shared process. In the WINDOWS operating system produced by MICROSOFT of Redmond, Wash., when an application wants to display an object, it calls a GDI function and sends the various parameters for the object. In turn, the GDI sends commands to the screen to cause it to actually paint the object. In contrast, the mechanism for transferring information from the application sharing program 323 to the process 321 need not involve the display path at all, and may instead involve a direct transfer of information.
Regardless, the application sharing program 323 is also communicably linked to the networking facilities 325 of the sharer computer 307. Such facilities 325 may include any networking communications stack or other protocol arrangement as well as the hardware required for accessing the network connection 319, as discussed above with respect to
The general operation of the architecture and components illustrated in
The application sharing program 327 resident on the viewer machine 329 should be running before sharing of documents occurs, and may be run in the same manner as described above. At this point, document sharing may occur. That is, of all the documents selected as shared by the user of sharer machine 307, data corresponding to all or some shared windows is transmitted to the viewer computer 301 for display on the screen or display device of that computer 301 in an embodiment of the invention.
In the second view 404, the unshared window 403 has been moved so that it is positioned in such a way as to partially occlude shared window 405. It will be appreciated that content in a shared window may be obscured in any number of other ways. For example, using the WINDOWS brand operating system produced by MICROSOFT of Redmond, Wash., a user may strike a key combination to display a system window. For instance, when a user enters the key combination <alt><tab> simultaneously, a system window is generated and sent to the display, showing open windows that the user may wish to shift to. Such a window typically appears at the center of the display. Similarly, other windows may be created in a position that obscures the shared window, rather than being moved into position. For example, many notification windows notifying a user that he or she has mail, that a print job has completed, and so forth, are created in a prominent position on the display in front of whatever material was previously displayed there. Many such windows are short-lived, since they are typically not windows in which a user may stay and work or otherwise manipulate data.
When a shared window is obscured, as is the case with window 405 in
Display view 504 of
Memory maps 605 and 607 illustrate the manner in which the viewer display is constructed after a small partial obscuring of a shared window. Maps 605 and 607 may be bitmaps stored in the memory of the viewer computer hosting the viewer display. Map 605 corresponds to the current shared data corresponding to the current sharer view of the shared window. It can be seen that map 605 is not a complete picture of the shared window, but rather contains an obscured region 609 for which no shared data is sent to the viewer computer, due to the obscuring event. In contrast, map 607 corresponds to a partial prior set of shared data associated with the shared window before the obscuring event, and gives a complete picture of the obscured region or any newly obscured region at that prior point in time. Thus, map 605 provides an incomplete but current view of the shared window, while map 607 provides outdated information to complete the viewer display of the shared window.
To construct the viewer display of the shared window after the obscuring event, different parts of each map 605,607 are combined to yield a seemingly complete view. In particular, since the portion of current map 605 outside of obscured region 609 is current, this portion is used to construct the unobscured region of the viewer display, i.e. region 601. However, since the current map 605 does not contain data corresponding to the obscured region 609, it cannot supply any such data for reconstructing the corresponding region 603 of the viewer display. Therefore, data for this region 603 is gleaned from the corresponding region 611 of the prior map 607.
Although potential complexities arise by virtue of this approach, they are unlikely, and are somewhat mitigated by the bifurcated nature of the system as will be explained by reference to
It has been empirically observed that the possibility of viewer disruption presented by the technique described above with respect to
It has been observed that larger obscuring events, such as those that affect more than about 30% of the shared window's original area, are often associated with more long-lived windows, and as such the technique illustrated via
For the above reasons, a different technique for constructing the viewer display of the shared window is used when the obscured portion of the shared window exceeds 30% of the window's original unobscured area, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The threshold value of 30% for switching reconstruction modes has been determined to work well, although other thresholds less than or greater than 30% are also within the scope of the invention. For example, a threshold of 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% may be used, or any other value that allows a distinction to be made between at least two classes of obscuring events so that such classes may be treated using different techniques. Note that it is also not critical that the same threshold value be used for every type of shared window, but rather the invention also includes the use of a variable threshold adapted to account for application type, sharer display size, or any other consideration.
With reference to
In this case, using outdated information from prior displays to fill in the obscured region may result in discomfort or confusion for the viewer due to the extent to which the shared window is obscured and hence outdated. Rather, in this embodiment, the entire shared window representation on the viewer machine is reconstructed using prior display data 705 taken before the occlusion occurred. Thus, all of the shared window representation 702 corresponds to outdated information. To prevent a viewer from coming to the conclusion that the displayed representation of the shared window corresponds to the actual current contents of the shared window, it is desirable in an embodiment of the invention to present a message on the viewer display 704, informing the viewer that the sharing session has been paused by the sharer. In addition, the content of the viewer representation of the shared window may be "washed out" or otherwise modified to indicate a disabled or invalid condition.
Although the aforementioned technique is based on the observation that phenomena that obscure large portions of a shared window tend to be long-lived, there are situations where a large obscuration occurs for a brief period of time. For example, a sharing user may briefly activate an unshared window in order to copy data, and then switch back to the shared window to paste the data therein. In such situations, it has been observed that it is preferable to freeze the viewer representation of a shared window without presenting a message that the sharing session has been paused, since the obscuring condition soon passes.
Since there may be no technique for determining in every case beforehand how long a particular obscuring event may last, it is desirable to wait a predetermined amount of time once a large obscuring occurs before presenting the viewer with the message that the viewing session has been paused, and/or washing out the viewer display of the shared window. One reason to use this technique is that since the viewing user cannot see the sharing user, the viewing user cannot tell the difference between an image that is slightly out-of-date and an updated image wherein the sharing user has not made any changes to the shared material. It has been determined that an interval of 5 seconds provides good results in this capacity, however any other amount of delay may be used without departing from the scope of the invention.
The flow chart of
If at step 803 it is instead determined that a top level shared application window is obscured to some degree by an unshared application window, then the process continues to step 807, where it is determined whether the amount of the shared application window that is obscured is less than 30% of the original area of the shared application window. Preferably, the degree to which the area of the shared application window is obscured is evaluated in view of the cumulative affects of all obscuring phenomena. That is, an obscuring of 30% or more may occur as a result of separate obscuring events each of which obscures less than 30% of the original area of the shared application window.
If it is determined at step 807 that the amount of the shared application window that is obscured is less than 30% of the original area of the shared application window, the process flows to step 809, whereat the new display information for the viewer display of the unobscured portion of the shared window is taken from the newly received window information while for the obscured portion of the shared window, the data for painting the corresponding window region on the viewer display is taken from the last prior display data set for painting the shared window on the viewer display wherein that portion of the shared window was not obscured. Once the new display information for the viewer display is created, the process returns to step 801 to await further new window information.
If at step 807 it is determined that the amount of the shared application window that is obscured is greater than 30% of the original area of the shared application window, the process flows to step 811. At step 811, the process sets a five-second timer and awaits the receipt of new window information showing the shared window to no longer be obscured by greater than 30%. During the five-second delay, the viewer display is constructed according to the most recent viewer display corresponding to an obscured condition of less than 30% rather than the new window data. If the five-second timer expires without the receipt of such window information, then the process flows to step 813, whereat the process washes out the current apparently unobscured viewer display, so that the information therein appears as readable but not currently active. The process also preferably places a notification on the screen, such as in a pop-up window, to inform the viewer that the sharing session has been paused. Washing out may be accomplished by using AlphaBlending functionality as in the WINDOWS operating system produced by MICROSOFT of Redmond, Wash. From step 813, the process returns to step 801 to await new window information. Note that on subsequent re-execution of the logically following steps while the occlusion still exceeds 30%, certain steps are treated differently as appropriate. In particular, since the predetermined delay time has expired already, and the display has been modified accordingly already, if the determination at step 807 is a negative, the process returns to step 801 rather than proceeding to step 811.
If instead at step 811, when the five-second timer expires, the most recently received window information indicates that the shared window is stilled obscured, but by less than 30%, then the process flows to step 809 and the steps that logically follow. If at step 811 the most recently received window information when the five-second timer expires indicates that the shared window is no longer obscured, the process returns to step 805 and to execute the steps that logically follow.
With respect to the treatment of window information for purposes of creating the viewer display of a shared window, the following implementation detail variations may be employed, especially if the application sharing session is supported by the WINDOWS operating system. The application sharing program at the viewer machine maintains an off-screen bitmap matched to the sharer's application regions. The application sharing program at the sharer machine sends the application sharing program at the viewer machine a DT_WNDLST packet any time windows are moved or created on the sharer display. The DT_WNDLST packet contains a list of all shared windows and non-shared windows that intersect shared windows on the sharer machine. The list includes information as to the position and shape of each window, as well as an indication of whether the window is shared or not, and the intersections are z-order processed. For example, the lowest z-order window, if shared, is added to the shared region, after which an overlapping non-shared window next in the list may clip the shared region and augment the obscured region. Next, if the following window is shared, it will similarly be used to clip the obscured region and augment the shared region, and so on. The process proceeds in this manner through all windows in the windows list in reverse z-order.
The application sharing program at the viewer machine calculates an obscured region with respect to a displayed shared window from the received data as described above when each new window list arrives. Subsequently, the application sharing program at the viewer machine subtracts from this calculated obscured region for the window any previously calculated obscured region, yielding the newly obscured region over the previous windows information. The newly obscured region is copied to a "paused" bitmap at the viewer for future use in reconstructing the obscured areas of the window. When the viewer subsequently paints the shared window, it utilizes both the off screen bitmap and the paused bitmap, where appropriate in view of the procedure outlined with reference to
All of the references cited herein, including patents, patent applications, and publications, are hereby incorporated in their entireties by reference. That is, each and every part of every such reference is considered to be part of this disclosure, and therefore no part of any such reference is excluded by this statement or by any other statement in this disclosure from being a part of this disclosure.
In view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of this invention may be applied, it should be recognized that the embodiments described herein with respect to the drawing figures are meant to be illustrative only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of invention. For example, those of skill in the art will recognize that the elements of the illustrated embodiment shown in software may be implemented in hardware and vice versa or that the illustrated embodiment can be modified in arrangement and detail without departing from the spirit of the invention. Furthermore, although network connections are illustrated herein as lines, no limitation should thereby be imparted to the invention. Network connections may be circuit-switched, packet-switched, or otherwise, and may be transient or permanent, hard-wired or wireless, operating via any suitable protocol. Also note that although embodiments of the invention have been described largely by reference to a sharing program that is separate from the shared process, the sharing program may not be a stand alone program, but may instead be an integral part of the shared process itself, or may be a DLL or other in-process entity.
Moreover, the exact values of the various time periods and percentages given in the above description are exemplary only, and may be varied without departing from the scope of the invention. Thus, a predetermined delay time usable in the process of
Furthermore, references herein to application sharing are not meant to require that all windows or material displayed on a sharer display and associated with a particular application are shared or unshared. Rather, one or more windows associated with an application running on the sharer machine are preferably sharable without requiring the sharing of all windows associated with that instance of that application. Moreover, although the steps employed to construct the viewer display of an occluded shared window are discussed herein with reference to the application sharing program of the viewer computer, such steps may alternatively be executed in whole or in part at the sharer computer.
Therefore, the invention as described herein contemplates all such embodiments as may come within the scope of the following claims and equivalents thereof.
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What is immediately clear is that I have a lot to learn. My reading to date has been along the lines of Genetic DNA for Dummies - and I haven't fully absorbed that. Time to up my intake levels.
I've been given some good pointers for places to explore. My weekend reading is starting with Blaine Bettinger's ebook "I Have the Results of Genetic Genealogy Test, Now What?" which can be downloaded from his The Genetic Genalogist website. I have joined the DNA forums at Genetic Genealogy Digest and posted my first query. Joan Miller pointed me to the International Society of Genetic Genealogy website. 23andMe has forums and information, though I have found it difficult to navigate so far. Several of us have banded together on Facebook for moral support with a 23andMe Newbie group. Please join us if you wish.
Lots to absorb. I am, however, truly interested in the results so far. I have little expectation of actually connecting with relatives on my father's side, but there are some potential matches that I have started communicating with. What has most interested me is my paternal Carpatho-Rusyn grandmother's haplogroup result - H2a5. My admittedly novice reading of the results suggests that this group is restricted to the Basque region of Spain - definitely NOT what I expected.
H2a5 and the BasquesThere are other non-Basques with the same haplogroup, though most seem to be Norwegian. Curious and curiouser.One branch of H2 is much more localized. In fact, H2a5 is found only among one group of people: the Basques of northern Spain. The Basques are an isolated ethnic group that mostly reside in the Pyrenees Mountains that separate Spain from France. They speak a language that is distinct from every other on Earth, and many scientists have speculated that their linguistic uniqueness may mirror an equally unusual genetic history. In fact, some have argued that the Basque represent the descendants of some of the earliest human inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula. Although Haplogroup H2 is found among many Europeans, H2a5 is found only among the Basque, at levels of about 6%. H2a5 likely arose about 15,000 years ago, just after the glaciers began to recede from Europe after the Last Ice Age. People carrying H2a5 expanded into the Pyrenees, where their descendants still reside today. (From 23andMe's website)

subset: commoncrawl


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Kelly Rowland Supports Brandy At V103's For Sisters Only Expo
V-103 radio station held their annual For Sister's Only expo yesterday in Atlanta, Georgia with an amazing line up that included performances by Miguel and Brandy as well as an appearance from Kelly Rowland who came out to support Brandy. In an interview with Kendra G, Brandy said she didn't even know Kelly was going to be there:
I didn't expect that. She has my number too and she didn't tell me she was coming. I guess she didn't want to alarm me. She came and she looked beautiful and I told her 'Make sure I don't see you in the audience' because I get nervous. So I told her,' go hide somewhere so I don't see you. She hid, because I didn't see her'. And I was able to do my thing.
Check out a few photos, plus Brandy's performances of 'Wildest Dreams' and 'Put It Down' below:
Brandy interviews back stage with Kendra G


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Pronghorn Seasons & Regulations
2014-2015 Seasons
- Regular Season
Pronghorn Antelope May be Harvested by Permit Only
For all pronghorn harvested in Texas, a permit must be properly and completely filled out and attached anywhere on the pronghorn. Pronghorn permits are issued to the landowner or landowner's agent in most areas where there is an open season for pronghorn (the Trans-Pecos, Permian Basin and Panhandle); however, the department is testing an experimental, buck-only season in selected areas of the Panhandle, beginning this year. On properties within the experimental areas, hunters must obtain a FREE Experimental Pronghorn Antelope permit directly from the department or a participating local merchant, not from the landowner. Hunters must still obtain landowner consent to hunt (killing a pronghorn without landowner consent is a felony, see Unlawful Activity). Additionally, hunters must present the entire head (intact) of any harvested pronghorn at a designated check station within 24 hours of take. For more information on the experimental buck-only season in the Panhandle, including maps of the areas, locations where permits may be obtained, and locations of mandatory check stations, call (800) 792-1112, or see FAQs about pronghorn permits.
A hunter may skin and quarter a deer (two forequarters, two hindquarters, and two backstraps) and possess for transport, provided the quartered deer is tagged and proof of sex accompanies the deer. (See Cold Storage or Processing Facility for exceptions).
A deer may not be processed any further than four quarters and two backstraps (example, steaks, hamburger, chili meat, etc.) until the deer reaches a final destination, except for immediate consumption in camp.
The four quarters and two backstraps are the only parts of a deer required by law to be kept in edible condition. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department encourages all hunters to continue to keep other portions of the deer (trimmings from the neck and rib cage) in edible condition. Edible condition does not include any portion of a game animal, game bird, or fish that is: bruised by bullet, shot, or arrow, or otherwise destroyed as a result of harvest; decayed or rotting at the time of harvest; or obviously infected or diseased at the time of harvest.
The tag must remain with the portion of a deer the hunter possesses. If any portion is transferred to another person before it reaches a final destination, then the transferred portion must be accompanied by a Wildlife Resource Document. See also Transfer of Wildlife Resources.


text: Next Purchase this photo Mark Webb/for The Herald-Dispatch J.P. Kambola takes a shot during Marshall basketball practice Tuesday, July 9, 2013, at the Cam Henderson Center in Huntington. Gallery: MU basketball practice Jul. 10, 2013 @ 07:08 AM The Herald-Dispatch / 2015 Marshall University men's basketball practice on Tuesday, July 9. ()


text:
ECP427 - Professional Experience 5 (Primary School 2)
Unit details
|2015 unit information
|Enrolment modes:
Trimester 2: Burwood (Melbourne), Waurn Ponds (Geelong), Warrnambool
|Credit point(s):
|EFTSL value:
|Unit chair:
|M Nicholas
Students must be enrolled in course E330
|Incompatible with:
|Contact hours:
Learning experiences are via CloudDeakin. Students are also required to attend a 25 day teaching practicum and 3 x 3 hour intensives.
This unit will provide students with opportunities to teach and observe interactions between teachers and children during the primary school years. In a supervised practicum, students will engage with children and teachers and will be able to critically analyse and reflect on the components of quality learning environments and programmes. Students will be able to make critical connections between theory and practice, and incorporate their understandings about the Australian Curriculum and the Graduate Standards for Teachers in the context of their own competencies.
Task 1: Reflective Journal, 40%, 1600 words
Task 2: Assessment and planning for learning, 60%, equivalent to 2400 words
Hurdle Requirement: Assessing the Professional experience
For students enrolled in School of Education courses, the professional experience component is assessed primarily by the class-based teacher who advises the Unit Chair. Satisfactory completion of the Professional Experience component is compulsory in order for the student to progress.
Unit Fee Information
|Student Contribution Rate*
|Student Contribution Rate**
|Fee rate - Domestic Students
|Fee rate - International students
* Rate for all CSP students, except for those who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
** Rate for CSP students who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
Please note: Unit fees listed do not apply to Deakin Prime students.


text:
A probe assembly suitable for making test measurements using test signals having high currents. The disclosed probe assembly provides for a test signal exhibiting relatively low inductance when compared to existing probe assemblies by preferably reducing the electrical path distance between the test instrumentation and the electrical device being tested.
1. A probe assembly for probing an electrical device, said probe assembly comprising:
(a) a chuck having a first conductive member with a support surface suitable for supporting an electrical device; and
(b) a second conductive member having a substantially planar surface spaced apart from, and opposed to, said support surface of said chuck, wherein said support surface is electrically interconnected to said second conductive member;
(c) wherein said second conductive member is electrically interconnected to a test signal of said electrical device.
2. The probe assembly of
3. The probe assembly of
4. The probe assembly of
5. The probe assembly of
6. The probe assembly of
7. The probe assembly of
8. The probe assembly of
9. The probe assembly of
This application claims the benefit of Provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 60/429,082 filed Nov. 25, 2002.
The present invention relates to probe stations, commonly known as package or wafer probers, used manually, semi-automatically, or fully automatically to test electrical devices such as semiconductor wafers.
Existing probe stations are capable of performing both low-current and high frequency measurements in an electronically quiet environment. The environment may be provided by, for example, incorporating one or more guard and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shield structures within an environmental enclosure. Guard and EMI shield structures are well known and discussed extensively in technical literature. See, for example, an article by William Knauer entitled "Fixturing for Low Current/Low Voltage Parametric Testing" appearing in Evaluation Engineering, November, 1990, pages 150-153. Examples of existing probe stations that provide such guard and EMI shield structures can be found in commonly owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,434,512; and 5,266,889 which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Probe stations deliver a test signal to an electrical device, such as a semiconductor wafer, whose characteristics are to be measured. Test conditions are desirably controlled and substantially free of electromagnetic interference, though not necessarily, that may emanate from test instrumentation or other nearby electrical equipment, or that may result from spurious air currents or the like. To provide a controlled and substantially noise-free test environment, existing probe stations that incorporate guard structures will usually at least partially surround the test signal path with a guard signal that closely approximates the test signal, thus inhibiting electromagnetic current leakage from the test signal path to its immediately surrounding environment. Similarly, EMI shield structures may provide a shield signal to the environmental enclosure surrounding much of the perimeter of the probing environment. The environmental enclosure may typically be connected to shield, earth ground, instrumentation ground, or some other desired potential.
To provide test, guard, and shield signals to the probe station, existing probe stations often include a multistage chuck upon which the electrical device rests while being tested. The top stage of the chuck, which supports the electrical device, typically comprises a solid, electrically conductive metal plate through which the test signal may be routed. A middle stage and a bottom stage of the chuck similarly comprise solid electrically conductive plates through which a guard signal and a shield signal may be routed, respectively. In this fashion, an electrical device resting on such a multistage chuck may be both guarded and shielded from below. Similarly, single stage and dual stage chucks, and chucks with substantial openings centrally defined therein are likewise frequently employed.
Further reduction in interference can be obtained by locating a suspended conductive plate over the electrical device which is typically electrically insulated from the test signal path and connected to the guard signal. The suspended plate defines a central opening so that the probe assembly may make electrical contact with the electrical device. In this fashion, the electrical device can be guarded from both below and above by signals closely approximating that delivered to the electrical device.
Though such a probe station is effective in performing low-current testing and high frequency testing of electrical devices, the aforementioned existing probe stations unfortunately often exhibit significant inductance to high current measurements, and particularly when testing using pulsed signals. The high inductance tends to resist fast changes in the current levels, and results in higher than desirable voltage and current levels.
What is desired, therefore, is a probe station that is suitable for performing high current and/or pulsed tests.
The present inventors came to the realization that when using high current or pulsed tests, the large test loop that originates from the test equipment and passes through the chuck creates undesirable inductance. The inductance resulting from this large loop often interferes with test measurements, and in particular high current and/or pulsed signals. In addition, the transmission line 22 is normally a small conductor which is not especially suitable for carrying high currents.
The present inventors further determined that reducing or otherwise modifying this previously unrecognized source of inductance for high current and/or pulsed signals, namely, the inductive test loop could improve such measurements. The modification may include modifying or otherwise providing another test signal path from the chuck 20 to the test instrumentation.
It is to be understood that the suspended plate may be suspended from above, typically using insulators, or supported by supports from within the probe station, or supported by the chuck or chuck assembly. Normally the suspended plate does not move together with the chuck 20, but is rather maintained in a fixed spatial relationship with respect to the probe station 10. Also, it is to be understood that the suspended plate may be any conductive member within the probe station that has the characteristic that it does not move together with the chuck 20, but is rather maintained in a fixed spatial relationship with respect to the probe station 10. Alternatively, the suspended member may be any conductive member within the probe station that is free from being electrically connected to a guard and/or shield potential when used in the aforementioned configuration.
The interconnections from the chuck 20 to the suspended guard 24 is preferably totally within the environmental enclosure. A further explanation of the environmental enclosure is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,398, incorporated by reference herein. Interconnection within the environmental enclosure potentially reduces the length of the conductive path to less than it would have been had the interconnection been, at least in part, exterior to the environmental enclosure, or otherwise the test path passing from within the environmental enclosure to outside the environmental enclosure to within the environmental enclosure.
The transmission lines 28 and 29, shown schematically in
Referring to
Referring to
Referring to
The terms and expressions employed in the foregoing specification are used therein as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, it being recognized that the scope of the invention is defined and limited only by the claims that follow.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
Flip Potty Trainers are a unique pull-up, pull-down, snap-off, one-size potty training system made with replaceable one-size pads. The outer shell is made of PUL and has detachable tabs made of the same stretchy material we use for the tabs on all Flip and bumGenius products. The tabs attach with snaps. The replaceable one-size soakers are made of six layers of organic cotton jersey (the same fabric used to make Flip organic cotton inserts). The soakers attach to the shell using ultra-soft loop fabric.
Each Flip Potty Training Pack includes a one-size cover, your choice of color, and three one-size organic pads.
Design by experienced potty training parents means usable, cost-effective products for you!
Flip Features:
• A waterproof shell, so no extra cover is needed.
• Wipe the inside of the cover out and use it over and over again!
• Form fitting elastic to prevent leaks.
• Stay put, feel wet pad for easier learning.
• Disposable inserts are also available for use while traveling.
• Patent pending 3x3 adjustable snap system to fit most 18months-4T (approximately20-50lbs)
•Colorful interchangeable tabs allow for almost 200 potential looks.
The replaceable, removable Flip™ inner pad made with ultra-absorbent organic cotton allows wet accidents to be changed without a whole new trainer, this feature is unique to Flip Trainers and translates into significant savings.
We recommend using a Flip disposable insert with the Flip organic cotton potty training pad for overnight. Disposable inserts sold separately.
Washing Instructions
- Wash hot, line dry cover, tumble dry insert. No laundry additives or softeners.
- Fabric Content
- Outer Cover: %100 Polyester
- Side Panels: %95 Polyester, 5% Spandex
- Pad: 100% Organic Cotton


text:
Ashe and Alleghany County middle school students are scheduled to compete in the inaugural "King of the Mountain Robotics Competition" at Wilkes Community College.
"This competition will allow WCC students to hone their technical and leadership skills while giving area middle school students a fun way to explore science, technology, engineering and math," said Keith Casey, lead instructor for computer engineering.
Students from Ashe County Middle School have been working with Mrs. Thelma Kastl on their robot designs for several weeks in preparation for the competition.
The robotics competition will be held from 10 a.m. until noon on Tuesday, Feb. 12 at the Walker Center 1328 South Collegiate Dr., Wilkesboro. The Industrial and Workforce Development division at WCC is hosting the event.
This event was originally scheduled for Jan. 25, but was cancelled to due winter weather conditions.
For more information on this competition, please contact Keith Casey at email@example.com or call 336-838-6486.


text:
Law firm surprises local family with check, Santa visitWritten by Danielle Stanton | | email@example.com
Eight-year-old Ruby Harley was born with spina bifida. Two years later, just as the family was becoming accustomed to Ruby's doctor appointments, procedures, surgeries and everyday care, she was diagnosed with autism.
She uses a wheelchair and cannot walk. Her mother, Julie, carries her from room to room. She weighs 96 pounds.
Julie has had to quit her job as a teacher at Our Lady of Perpetual Help to care for Ruby full-time. Julie and her husband, Ben, also have a 10-year-old daughter, Zoe.
The Harleys are struggling with a special needs child, and they have one income – Ben's screenprinting company.
"It's hard to make ends meet," Julie said. "And Christmas time is a tough time, especially with one income and a special needs kid. … I wouldn't change a thing though. [Ruby's] been a blessing, despite the challenges."
This year, Williams DeClark Tuschman, a Toledo personal injury law firm, gave the family a check as part of their Christmas contest in which families are nominated to win $1,500.
Mary Martin of Massachusetts, a family friend, nominated the Harleys for the law firm's third annual giveaway.
"This family does not have extra money for anything," Martin wrote in her nomination letter. "Their home is not even fully accessible for Ruby. It would be wonderful if they could win your contest and be able to buy some things that they need, and special things for the kids, for Christmas."
The three law firm partners, Marty Williams, Peter DeClark and Chad Tuschman, presented the check to Julie at her home in South Toledo along with a special visitor — Santa Claus.
"We feel blessed ourselves and just wanted to share that with someone in need," Williams said. "[Martin's] letter touched us all."
"We just try to end the year by doing good. It's that simple," DeClark said. "Every year we try to do something for the community."
The law firm gave gifts to the Boys & Girls Club of Toledo and meals to the Cherry Street Mission Ministries, but three years ago decided they wanted to do something more personal, DeClark said. Last year, two families received checks, Tuschman said.
"It was awesome," Julie said after the Dec. 23 presentation and Santa's visit. "They were all so nice. I was surprised by Santa. Ruby recognized him and could say 'Ho, ho, ho.'"
Tags: Chad Tuschman, Marty Williams, Peter DeClark, Tom Vaculik, Williams DeClark Tuschman


text:
Sharon Gray, MS ('06), LAc, is one of many Bastyr graduates whose own health journey inspired her to join a healing profession. Now she's growing a practice and creating a cookbook that draws on crowd-sourced variations of a single simple recipe.Read more »
AOM student Emily Paul found herself learning cross-cultural communication on the fly at the Rainier Park Medical Clinic. That sort of real-world training is exactly the point of Bastyr's external clinical training.Read more »
2012 promises to be a year filled with celebrations, milestones and new additions that are sure to keep our community buzzing with excitement and anticipation all year long.Read more »
Two pioneers of the birth vocations field, Penny Simkin, namesake of the University's Simkin Center, and Phyllis Klaus, are joining together to teach the unique, two-day class "When Survivors Give Birth."Read more »
Bastyr President Daniel K. Church, PhD, takes a look back at 2011 and anticipates even more to come in 2012.Read more »
Now you can make the vegetarian, vegan and a healthy traditional Thanksgiving menus that were available to dining commons patrons in November 2011.Read more »
Debra Brammer, ND, discusses "Herbs to Support Immunity," and offers a list of her family's favorite immune-boosting recipes.Read more »
A new class on breathing is part personal journey, part study in spiritual traditions and part exploration of the most elemental of body functions.Read more »
Bastyr's nutrition programs reached record enrollment in 2011, driven by a growing cultural interest in traditional sources of nourishment.Read more »
Bastyr students dressed up in their finest ghoulery for Haunted Trails, a fundraiser for the Oriental medicine externship in China and other off-campus study trips.Read more »


text:
With The Walking Dead TV Series 1 biting and staggering its way into stores in early December, it seems only right that McFarlane Toys reveal the TV series' exclusive figure only available at Toys "R" Us -- A bloody black & white version of Deputy Rick Grimes!
Just like the full-color figure, this black & white Rick Grimes features the exact likeness of the actor, Andrew Lincoln. Clearly this figure has been hard at work killing zombies, because this black & white exclusive includes realistic blood splatter for a little extra fun! The figure still features all of the detail, accessories, and play action of the standard full-color figures, including a revolver, shotgun, walkie talkie, baseball bat, and hand grenade accessories.
You can also pick up the rest of The Walking Dead TV Series 1, featuring full-color versions of Rick Grimes and Daryl Dixon, along with a Zombie Walker & Biter. These figures will be available this December at Toys "R" Us, Barnes & Noble, Hastings Entertainment, Albertsons, and comic book stores.
And if you want to expand your apocalyptic zombie collection, be sure to pick up The Walking Dead Comic Series 1, in stores now!
McFarlane Toys
McFarlane Toys is the fifth largest action figure manufacturer in the United States. Established in 1994 to manufacture and sell action figures based on founder Todd McFarlane's comic book character Spawn, the international award-winning company has expanded into licensed products to become one of the premiere action figure producers on the planet. Check out the McFarlane Toys' Catalog, where you can see all of our current figures, previews of upcoming toys, and even a massive archive of every action figure we've ever made.
We're Social, are you?
To stay in the know on all things McFarlane -- including exclusive content, behind-the-scene coverage, news, events, contests, and giveaways... "Follow Us" on Twitter or "Fan Us" on Facebook


text:
Order Online- Free Collect In Store
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Summer Sale - New Lines Added
Shopping online with us is easy, but if you have any questions then you can give us a call or email us.
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text:
Guest post: Janet King, aspiring author
This is one of a series of guest posts, which will allow published and aspiring authors to talk about their work. I met Janet through Twitter. We support each other on our journey. Q: Janet, what is the working title of your book? A: The Soul Difference. Q: Where did the idea come from for the book? A: I was once made to feel so bad by an appraisal at work, that I literally felt my life was turning upside down and that there was no way through it. I'd worked for a very...Read More »


text:
Fred Pace
Heartland News Serivce
JULIAN – There's a new attraction coming to Water Ways theme park in Boone County, and it's not all splashy fun. In fact, it's full of fright.
For the second year in a row, the Madison-Danville Jaycees will be sponsoring a "Haunted Trail of Horror" at the Julian attraction.
"We're known for our award-winning haunted house we did for years in Madison, but it's time to switch things up with a haunted trail," said Kris Richmond, president of the Madison-Danville Jaycees. "The scare quality and expertise is still there, just in an outdoor setting."
Winding walkways and slender trees create a spooky atmosphere for the trail, while guests are transported into another dimension. Creepy scenes navigate guests eventually leading into a blacked out maze for the ultimate thrill.
"We plan to switch it up each night, so that if you visit the trail multiple times you won't be able to pinpoint the scares," Richmond said. "We want it to be different experience each time someone goes through."
Opening night is Friday, Oct. 19, and the trail will also operate on Oct. 20, 26, 27 and 30. The trail begins at 7 p.m., with the last group going through at 11 p.m., Richmond added.
Admission is $5 per person, but guests may receive $1 off by bringing a new or gently used coat to donate.
Richmond said the trail is not recommended for the faint of heart, children, pregnant women or anyone with serious health problems, including epilepsy or a heart condition.
The Jaycees is an international nonprofit community organization and is dedicated to promoting volunteerism and leadership in young adults. All proceeds from the trail will be used by the Madison-Danville Jaycees to continue developing their mission, Richmond said.
For more information on the haunted trail, visit online at www.facebook.com/hauntedtrailofhorror


text:
From iRedMail
Upgrade tutorial is available: Upgrade iRedAdmin-Pro-1.2.0 to 1.3.0
New Features
Click link to see more details.
- Secure your exist iRedAdmin
- SSL/TLS based LDAP connection
- Per-domain quota size limit support
- Domain alias support
- User alias support
- Emails sent to alias account addresses will be delivered to same mailbox.
- Sender/recipient throttling
- Max message size of single outgoing email
- Number of max outgoing emails per time unit
- Total size of outgoing emails per time unit
- Number of max incoming emails per time unit
- Server-wide whitelist & blacklist support
- Whitelist could be IP address, sender address (single user or entire domain), DNS name.
- Blacklist could be IP address, sender address (single user or entire domain), DNS name, HELO identity.
- Merge some user profile pages into 'Advanced' page.
- Use 'ldaps://' for SSL/TLS-based connection.
- Show quota/account limit status as progress bar in domain list page.
- Show company/organization name as tooltip in domain list page.
- More options in service control page of domain profile: sender bcc, recipient bcc.
- More options in service control page of user profile: forwarding, bcc.
- Hide catch-all account in user list page.
- Show link of exporting ldif in account profile pages.
- Operations (delete, enable, disable) are now available in search result page.
- Able to export LDIF data of domain catch-all account. Thanks hoho@forum for his report.
- Language list is unavailabe if login failed.
- Can't save relay setting in domain profile page.
- Avoid to create invalid mail accounts.
- Don't hard-code minimum password length while updating user profile.
- Avoid float integer as value of mail quota.
- Removing users from groups can now remove all member ship.
- Other minor bug fixes and code cleanup.


text:
General Information
How to Use Catalog, Catalog Navigator, general college information, Calendar, Campuses
Programs of Study
Program Inventory
Program Descriptions are listed in alphabetical order, starting with Accounting and ending with Visual Communications.
Course Descriptions
Descriptions are listed in alphabetical order by abbreviated course name starting with ACCT 090 and ending with WELD 274. A listing of General Education courses is also included.
Program Curriculum
Listing of required courses for each program
Program Availability
Listed in alphabetical order by campus starting with Anderson and ending with Warsaw
Course Schedule Search
A tool that allows you to look up availability and locations of specific courses
Course Outline of Record
Course descriptions, objectives and prerequisites
Faculty and Staff
Listed in regional order starting with Northwest Region and ending with Bloomington Region
Accreditation and Memberships
Listed in regional order starting with Northwest Region, ending with Bloomington Region, and followed by contact information for organizations
College Services
Entering the College: Admissions and Re-admissions, Dual Credit, Transferring Credit to Ivy Tech, International Students, Orientation, Advanced Placement
Registration, Fees, Financial Aid, Student Records
Grading, Standards of Progress, Assessment, Graduation, Transferring to Another Institution
Student Support Services, Student Life, Community Service, Housing, Parking, Insurance, Accidents/Illness, Emergency Closing
Student Rights and Responsibilities
Campus Security, Corporate & Continuing Education Services, Instructional Programs (types of degrees), Statewide Programs (distance education, apprenticeship, Senior Scholars)


text:
With brisk corporate activities on a global scale crossing national borders, scandals have frequently occurred due to insufficient awareness and oversight among related parties, in addition to intentional illicit and criminal behavior. Meanwhile, some countries and regions do not have robust legal systems, and employees working at companies that conduct important transactions in these countries and regions must remain highly conscious about these issues.
On a worldwide basis, Panasonic enforces strict adherence to laws, regulations and corporate ethics, centered on the Panasonic Code of Conduct, which covers the essentials such as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, in order to promote fair business practices and realize a sustainable society in countries and regions around the world.
Compliance to the Code of Conduct is overseen globally through collaboration among legal affairs departments established at each Divisional Company, business division, and overseas regional headquarters, directors and executive officers in charge of adherence to the Code of Conduct, as well as managers in charge of fair trade, export control, and functional groups.
The Compliance Committee, composed of directors, executive officers and corporate auditors, steers deliberations on measures to ensure compliance with the Antitrust Act and to prevent corruption.
Panasonic has designated September as Compliance Awareness Month, during which it strives to embed awareness of ethical and legal compliance issues among employees. We also conduct a Compliance Awareness Survey during the month to assess the level of awareness of our employees around the world. Panasonic confirms once a year that the Code of Conduct is being followed and applied as intended at all of its sites around the world.
In addition, Panasonic has set up hotlines at its sites inside and outside Japan, as well as a whistleblowing system for business partners, in order to prevent and quickly resolve scandals.


text:
Insecta Mundi
- Central America (7) (remove)
- 0029
- Hesperiidae of Rondônia, Brazil: Taxonomic comments on "night" skippers, with descriptions of new genera and species (Lepidoptera: Eudaminae) (2008)
- Nineteen species of crepuscular and perhaps nocturnal eudamine skippers (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) included in Evans (1952) group "D" genera Bungalotis Watson, Salatis Evans, Sarmientoia Berg, Dyscophellus Godman and Salvin, and Nascus Watson occur in the Cacaulândia area of central Rondônia, Brazil. Their relative abundance and phenology there are given. Taxonomic comments and comparisons with published information are made. Bungalotis lactos Evans, 1952, new status, is considered a species separate from Bungalotis borax Evans, 1952. New genera Nicephellus and Euriphellus are proposed for Eudamus nicephorus Hewitson, 1876, and Papilio euribates Stoll, 1782, respectively, removing both from Dyscophellus and creating new combinations. Discophellus porsena Bell, 1934, reinstated status, is raised from synonymy to a full species of Dyscophellus. The subspecies of Dyscophellus ramusis (Stoll, 1781), as presently recognized, are probably good species; Dyscophellus ramon Evans, 1952, new status, is considered a full species. Pseudonascus, new genus, is proposed for Papilio paulliniae Sepp, [1842], removing this species from Nascus and creating a new combination. Two new species, Bungalotis aureus from Ecuador and Dyscophellus mielkei from Rondônia, Brazil, are described. Male and female genitalia are illustrated for all taxa available from the Rondonian study site plus some from other areas.
- 0044
- Hesperiidae of Rondônia, Brazil: Porphyrogenes Watson (Lepidoptera: Pyrginae: Eudamini), with descriptions of new species from Central and South America (2008)
- The pyrgine genus Porphyrogenes Watson, 1893 (Hesperiidae) is discussed, especially as it occurs in central Rondônia, Brazil. Of eleven species of Porphyrogenes found in Rondônia, four (P. specularis, P. convexus, P. sparus, and P. spadix) are described as new species. Biological details of the genus are discussed. An additional five new species of Porphyrogenes (P. spina, P. sporta, P. splendidus, P. simulator, and P. speciosus) are described from elsewhere. Porphyrogenes cervinus (Plötz, 1883), new synonym of Porphyrogenes ferruginea (Plötz, 1883), reinstated status, is raised from a subspecies of Porphyrogenes despecta (Butler, 1870) to species-level. Porphyrogenes omphale (Butler, 1871), reinstated status, is not synonymous with Porphyrogenes passalus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) and becomes a species-level taxon for which no subspecies are recognized; P. passalus was described from a female with no known male. Porphyrogenes sula Williams and Bell, 1940, reinstated status, is raised from synonymy with Porphyrogenes zohra (Möschler, 1879) to species-level. Porphyrogenes stresa Evans, 1952, new status, is raised from a subspecies of P. zohra to species-level. Porphyrogenes immaculata (Skinner, 1920), new synonymy, was described from a male, which we believe is the male of Porphyrogenes sororcula (Mabille and Boullet, 1912). Porphyrogenes suva Evans, 1952, new synonymy, formerly considered a full species, was described from a male which we believe is the male of, and thus synonymous with, Porphyrogenes probus (Möschler, 1877). Porphyrogenes virgatus (Mabille, 1888) and Porphyrogenes eudemus (Mabille, 1888), considered synonyms of P. zohra and Porphyrogenes vulpecula (Plötz, 1882), respectively, without justification by Evans (1952), are removed from those synonymies and retained, along with P. passalus, as females without confirmed affinities. Lectotypes are here designated for Phareas ferruginea Plötz, 1883; Augiades despecta Butler, 1870; Telegonus omphale Butler, 1871; Eudamus pausias Hewitson, 1867; Telegonus probus Möschler, 1877; Telemiades vulpecula Plötz, 1882; Eudamus passalus Herrich-Schäffer, 1869; Thymele virgatus Mabille, 1888; and Thymele eudemus Mabille, 1888. A neotype is designated for Phareas cervinus Plötz, 1883, that being the lectotype of Phareas ferruginea. Types of all taxa in the genus are illustrated. Three named and five unnamed phenotypes of females, not reconciled with males, are identified and described. Twenty-six species are now recognized, making this one of the largest hesperiid genera in the neotropics.
- 0089
- New looks at and for Onespa, Buzyges, and Librita (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae), with new combinations and descriptions of a new genus and six new species (2009)
- Thirteen species of skippers (six newly described; Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Hesperiinae: Hesperiini) from higher elevations of Mexico and Central America are reviewed. These are included in four genera (one newly described), some with proposed new combinations. Onespa Steinhauser, 1974, originally described as monotypic, is shown to include three species in addition to its type species, Onespa nubis Steinhauser, 1974. One of these, Atrytone gala Godman, 1900, that has been misplaced in several genera since its description, represents a new combination. The other two species, distributed in montane habitats in northwestern Mexico and in Costa Rica, are described as new. Buzyges Godman, 1900, distributed in Mexico and Central America and also formerly considered monotypic, is shown to embrace four species. Besides the type species, Buzyges idothea Godman, 1900, two species long placed in Poanes Scudder, 1872, Pamphila rolla Mabille, 1883, and Poanes benito Freeman, 1979, are included as new combinations. Another species, known only from Costa Rica, is described as new. These are united by several superficial characters, but especially by genital morphology of both sexes. Librita Evans, 1955, was described to include three species of which one, Librita raspa Evans, 1955, was subsequently removed. Augiades heras Godman, 1900 is here also removed from Librita and placed in a new genus with three previously undescribed species. This completes the disintegration of Librita, which is now monotypic. The four genera, although exhibiting similarities suggesting potential alliance, differ in their unique combinations of several superficial and genital traits from each other and other hesperiine skippers.
- 0329
- A new species of the genus Onychopygia Beier (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae) from Guatemala (2014)
- A new species of the genus Onychopygia Beier, 1962 Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Pseudophyllinae) from the northern slopes of Los Cuchumatanes Mountains, Huehuetenango, Guatemala is described and illustrated. The morphological differences and peculiarities between O. panamensis Beier, 1962 and O. brachyptera n. sp. are discussed. The finding of this new taxon extends considerably into entral America our previous knowledge on the distribution of the Eucocconotini tribe. Finally we provide a revised taxonomic key to the Eucocconotini tribe.
- 0337
- Description of a new species of coffee stem and root borer of the genus Plagiohammus Dillon and Dillon from Colombia (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae), with a key to the Neotropical species (2014)
- A new species of coffee stem and root borer from Colombia is described: Plagiohammus colombiensis, sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae). The new species differs from other species of the genus Plagiohammus Dillon and Dillon by the yellow pattern of spots on the elytra, the morphology of the antenna and pronotum as well as characters of the male genitalia. A key to species of Plagiohammus is provided. This study examines the current situation of the new species of coffee stem and root borer in Colombia. Information on its biology and damage to the coffee plantations is presented.
- 0045
- A new genus and two new species of Pteroplatini Thomson from Central America (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) (2008)
- A new genus and species in the tribe Pteroplatini Thomson, Nubosoplatus inbio Swift, and a new species of Corynellus Bates, C. lampyrimorphus Swift, are described from cloud forest habitats in Costa Rica.
- 0131
- Checklist of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) of Costa Rica (2010)
- An updated checklist of the Cerambycidae of Costa Rica is presented. This new version includes 1,071 species and subspecies in 429 genera, 69 tribes, and six subfamilies. Of these, 181 are new country records and 136 species are known only from Costa Rica. In addition, provincial distribution data are provided for each species. The checklist supports a wealth of scientific literature in many other groups of flora and fauna indicating Costa Rica has high species richness of cerambycid beetles.


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|Book Buddies 11:00
Event Type: Kids Programs
Age Group(s): Grades 1-4
Date: 7/9/2012
Start Time: 11:00 AM
End Time: 11:30 AM
Read one-on-one to a VolunTEEN book buddy. Participant must be in summer reading club. Register by phone or in person at the Kids & Teens Desk starting June 1.
Contact: Kids & Teens Ask Us Desk
Contact Number: 630/887-8760 ext 263
Presenter: Judy Cochran


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The Chicago Wolves will host two free coaching clinics for youth hockey coaches, presented by Jerry's Hockey Warehouse, at their practice facility in the Triphahn Community Center and Ice Arena, 1685 W. Higgins Road in Hoffman Estates, on Mon., Aug. 29, and Tue., Aug. 30, at 6:30 p.m.
"We received great feedback from the youth hockey community after last year's coaches' clinics," said Wolves Youth Hockey and Business Development Coordinator CHRIS GEORGE. "The Wolves are excited to host new and returning local coaches at this year's clinics and provide them with the valuable knowledge and insight of a professional staff."
The clinics will include on-ice demonstrations of team drills and workouts run by former Wolves players Bob Nardella and Steve Martins, Skating and Skills Coach KENNY McCUDDEN, Goaltending Coach STAN DUBICKI and Strength and Conditioning Coach ROB ROSMIS.
Participants also will have the opportunity to attend a question and answer session, and take a behind-the-scenes tour of the Wolves practice facility.
Clinics will be divided by age groups as follows:
Mon., Aug. 29:
Mites, Squirts and Pee Wee Coaches,
6:30 p.m.
Tue., Aug. 30:
Bantam, Midget and High School Coaches,
6:30 p.m.
For more information, or to sign up, click here or contact Chris George at 847-832-1993.


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Do plants grow differently when given sun light, wolfram lamp, fluorescent light, LED light, infrared, ultraviolet, x-ray, unfocused laser and stroboscope?
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Biology Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for biology researchers, academics, and students. It's 100% free, no registration required.
It matters a lot. Take a look at this graph:
This graph is for the "normal" plants containing chlorophyll.
There're also "abnormal" :-) ones, simple water plants and cyanobacteria, that contain various phycobilins for photosynthesis instead of the chlorophyll.
If your question is practical, I'd recommend using specialy-designed fluorescent lamps called grow light.


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Police looked for more witnesses Friday along a Summerville walking trail where they said a teenage girl was sexually assaulted this week.
To offer tips
If you recognize the person in the sketch or have any information on the case, call Crime Stoppers at 554-1111.
Authorities also released a composite of the teenage boy who they say attacked the 17-year-old as she ran along the Sawmill Branch Walk/Bike Trail at 1:30 p.m. Wednesday.
On Friday, an unmarked police vehicle drove through the trail to the area where authorities said the attack occurred.
Joggers, walkers and bicyclists were using the trail throughout the day. Robert Crosby of Summerville, who was jogging, said he heard the news about the attack and said he was a bit surprised. Not entirely though. Stuff can happen anywhere, Crosby said.
Ashley Warren of Goose Creek was also along the trail, under an overpass off the Bacons Bridge parking lot, looking for sharks teeth in the canal. I didnt think something like that could happen around here, she said.
Shes out there a few times a week, and said the incident wont keep her from returning to the trail. It bothers me a little, but I dont go out here alone, she said.
The teenager who was attacked, and who will not be identified, told police a teenage boy on a bicycle smacked her on her buttocks as she ran along the trail.
She became upset, an incident report states, but she continued to run.
The boy reappeared, she told police, this time ramming his bicycle into her.
Then the boy jumped off the bike, pulled out a silver pocket knife and told the girl to shut up, the report states.
The girl told police her attacker punched her in her face three times.
She told him she would do anything he asked, so long as he let her live, the report states.
The boy pulled the girl into the woods and pushed her down on her back. According to the report, he held the knife to her throat while he sexually assaulted her.
A man walked by at the edge of the woods and asked if there was a problem, interrupting the attack, the report states.
The boy told the man he was attempting to have sex with his girlfriend, according to the report. The girl cried out for help, prompting her attacker to run out of the woods and flee on his bike.
The girl ran toward her car, which was parked at the trails entrance on Bacons Bridge Road, the report states.
She drove home and told her father, who called police.
A witness reported seeing the girl crying hysterically and yelling for help. That person told police the girl didnt have on pants and was red in the face.
The girl described her attacker as being white, about 17 years old, having curly brown hair and wearing a camouflage jacket and blue jeans.
She told police she runs the trail often, but she didnt recognize him. Police said they havent had any other reports of sexual assaults on the trail.
Reach Christina Elmore at 937-5908 or Natalie Caula at 937-5594.
Composite sketch released by Summerville Police Sept. of teenage boy suspected of sexual assualt on Sawmill Branch Walk/Bike trail. (provided)×
Alternate hair style in composite sketch released by Summerville Police Sept. of teenage boy suspected of sexual assualt on Sawmill Branch Walk/Bike trail. (provided)×
The Sawmill Branch Walk/Bike trail in Summerville is where police say a teenage girl was sexually assaulted on Wednesday.×
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We apologize but we are unable to process online orders at this time as we are building a better PetSupermarket.com. To purchase any of our products, please visit one of our retail locations or visit our Amazon store here. You can find your nearest Pet Supermarket by using our Store Locator
Meow Placemat by Petrageous Designs
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it looks like the Zero is training that army he has been talking about. I found this very disturbing.
If you are not praying for this nation you should be.
Shades of the Hitler Youth...
US Explorers
New York Times
IMPERIAL, Calif. Ten minutes into arrant mayhem in this town near the Mexican border, and the gunman, a disgruntled Iraq war veteran, has already taken out two people, one slumped in his desk, the other covered in blood on the floor.


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The Department of Conservation awards competitive grants to special districts, nonprofit groups, and local governments to promote watershed management and local watershed improvements. The grant program supports watershed coordinator positions that facilitate collaborative efforts to improve and sustain the health of California's watersheds. The Watershed Coordinator Grant Program offers organizations a unique opportunity to improve and sustain the health of California's watersheds through a coordinated and collaborative approach.
The Department of Conservation (DOC) Statewide Watershed Program is currently administering the 2010 Watershed Coordinator Grants, funded through the Safe Drinking Water, Water Quality and Supply, Flood Control, River and Coastal Protection Act of 2006 (Proposition 84). DOC has allocated approximately $9 million of Proposition 84 funds. The funds awarded will support coordination for watershed management and local watershed improvements throughout the State.
For more information, please contact the Statewide Watershed Program at email@example.com.
History: In 2000-2002, the pilot Watershed Coordinator Grant Program provided $2 million in grant funding for RCD watershed coordinators. The program funded 30 coordinators in 30 watersheds across the state. In 2002-2003, the program was able to extend 18 of the grantees for 18 months with funding from CALFED. The Department published quarterly progress reports to highlight the activities of each grantee.
In 2004, the grant program was expanded through CALFED funding from the Water Security, Clean Drinking Water, Coastal and Beach Protection Act of 2002 (Proposition 50). The 2004-2007 grant program was open to special districts, nonprofit groups, and local governments and provided $9 million for a three-year period. In the Spring of 2004, 48 Grants were awarded and are currently under completion. Visit our Grant Reports page to read about the activities of each coordinator.
The 2007 grant program was also funded through CALFED Proposition 50 funds and provided $9 million beginning in 2008. This was a three-year grant program in place through FY-2011. The goal of the program is to improve watersheds which affect the CALFED Solution Area by providing support for local watershed improvement efforts.
The 2007 Request for Proposals and Administrative Forms are available for reference.
The 2007 Watershed Coordinator Grants list of grantees.


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Quick Links
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ST10135 In Stock
Bring out your true glamor with our Sterling Silver Brilliant Cut CZ Necklace and Earring Set! Both the necklace and the earrings are beautiful pieces that pair nicely with that new outfit you just splurged on, and will definitely make a lasting impression. The necklace features a stunning 3.5 carat cubic zirconia and is offered on a 16 inch chain with an extender to fit you exactly to your liking. The earrings measure about 7/8 of an inch in length, and features a radiant center stone surrounded by small round czs. The true beauty of this set is that at many angles the center cz reflects the light to create an iridescent appearance.
Eve's Addiction.com wants you to be a happy customer. We want you to be completely satisfied with the sterling silver jewelry that you receive from us, as we only sell high quality silver and cubic zirconia cz jewelry. We do understand that you may not like your purchase for some reason.
You may return or exchange your jewelry within 60 days of purchase if you are not satisfied with it. The jewelry must be returned in its original condition for a refund or exchange. Engraved, personalized, photo, monogram, name and initial, chocolate and clearance items are not returnable or exchangeable.


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Joel, a ruthless survivor with few moral lines left to cross, lives in one of the last remaining Quarantine Zones. These walled-off, oppressive cities are run by what's left of the military. Despite the strict martial law, Joel operates in the black market of the city, smuggling contraband for the right price. Joel is asked by a dying friend to look after Ellie, a fourteen-year-old girl with courage beyond her years. What starts out as a simple job to deliver Ellie to another Quarantine Zone, soon transforms into a profound journey that will forever change Joel and Ellie. As they trek across a post-pandemic United States, Joel and Ellie will encounter different factions of survivors that have each found a unique way of dealing with the infected humans, the lack of supplies, and the threat of other survivors. As Joel and Ellie struggle to persevere, they must learn to trust each other and work together in order to survive the realities of this new world. At its core, The Last of Us is about the bond that forms between Joel and Ellie - it is the story of love, loyalty, and redemption.
If you are excited for the release of The Last of Us, check out all the latest The Last of Us games and accessories available for the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Wii U, PC and Digital Download.
Rated 9.50 out of 10 by Game Informer.


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Availability: Ships within 1 business day
Product #: YB12200
This 12 volt battery is a replacement for security systems. Our replacement security alarm batteries deliver longer, more dependable run time and meet or exceed all OEM specifications.
Battery Giant stocks replacement batteries and OEM battery products for over 100,000 electronic devices ready for immediate delivery to you, we have all the batteries you need.
Shop online or visit us at one of our retail battery store locations in Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, Texas, Puerto Rico and Panama.
Battery Prices listed on the BatteryGiant.com web site are valid for online purchases only.
© 2005-2014 Battery Giant.


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Many factors affect your health. Some you cannot control, such as your genetic makeup or your age. But you can make changes to your lifestyle. By taking steps toward healthy living, you can help reduce your risk of heart disease, cancer, stroke and other serious diseases. For example:
Saint Alphonsus recognizes that people seek medical information on a variety of topics for a variety of reasons. To help provide additional clinical information, Saint Alphonsus subscribs to A.D.A.M. Health Library, and Coffey Communications, Inc.'s Health News and Articles as a public service. In providing this service, however, Saint Alphonsus does not condone or support all content covered in this site. As a Catholic health care organization, Saint Alphonsus acts in accordance with the ethical and religious directives for Catholic health care services.
Please note, the information contained on this website is provided to supplement the care provided by your physician. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider if you have questions regarding your medical condition or before starting any new treatment. We strongly encourage you to consult your physician concerning any health information and its relevance to you.


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Time to get caught up on some newly introduced Google Maps mashups from the following countries: UAE, India, Singapore, Malaysia, Brazil, Korea, Turkey, China. If you know of any other new maps mashups from these countries, please post a comment below! :)
Brazil: Philips maps digital tv signal reception quality:
Brazil: imobilien real estate mashup
Brazil: Mapia is a city guide for 16 Brazilian cities
Turkey: Emlak Haritam is a Turkish real estate mashup
Singapore: PropertyGuru maps for sale and rent properties
China: Chinese real estate mashup
UAE: Places.ae uses Google Maps
UAE: Dubai City info Google Maps mashup
India: SadakMap lets public/private groups blog on a Google map
Malaysia: Mapdoo lets you create your own map
Worldwide: Falamosportuges maps Poruguese language businesses


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Sentimental - ditto what Dana Jean said. As I was reading your post, it was like I was reliving grades 6-11 with one of my "best" friends. She loved to belittle me in front of her more popular friends. She noticed everything I did differently (such as wear a new style of shoe, etc) and would immediately shoot it down. Once, in ninth grade, I decided to wear eye shadow. She said, "Oh, you put on eyeshadow? It looks like sh*t." I was a very sensitive, insecure, introverted person, and this cut me to the core. If ever I mustered up the courage to tell her that she hurt my feelings, she'd laugh like a hyena and say, "I was joking! Can't you take a joke? You're so overly sensitive."
My mother hated her, she saw right through her and encouraged me to end our "friendship." I finally did, in our junior year of high school. I had a crush on a guy (she loved to make fun of him and call him a dork and a doofus, etc.), and made the mistake of telling her about it. And let me tell you, it was more than a crush - I pined for the dude for over a year. Then I noticed that she started flirting with him, and he eventually asked her on a date, which of course she accepted without any hesitation. Even still, i was her friend. But I'll never forget the day I ended things. We were in the gym locker room, changing for PE, and she started telling me about their date the previous weekend. She told me about how they were making out on her sofa. I told her that I really wasn't interested in hearing about it. Naturally, she went on, until finally his zipper was undone and he was "begging for it." I looked at her and very calmly said, "You know, I don't think I want to be your friend anymore." She acted like I'd thrown acid in her face, and I think it was because she could see in my eyes that I was serious and done with her. Oh, the histrionics! She cried, she yelled to all of the locker room that I'd just broken her heart and told her I didn't want to be friends again, etc. Some girls came up to her and hugged her; meanwhile, I just kept packing my gym clothes into my locker and tying my shoelaces, etc. One girl was actually blotting my ex-friend's tears and telling her that everything was going to be allright, she deserved better, etc. A couple of girls were giving me the stinkeye. My insides were on fire, I felt like I was going to hurl, but I was so proud of myself and felt free! After a few days, some girls told me they'd heard about it, and they were very sympathetic since they'd been on the receiving end of her bullsh** before.
I'm sorry this is so long, SF. I just wanted to say, get rid of her before she hurts you more because she will. She won't believe it when you tell her to bug off and you mean it. You sound like a smart girl - I don't know how old you are, but I'm assuming you're a teenager, or in college. There are many, many people just like you who cherish friends who come without drama and hysteria.
A funny thing - I'm 45 years old and now live about an hour away from where I grew up. This girl I was friends with, she now lives 5 minutes away from my house and her son is in the same grade as my daughter at the same school. The tall, blonde, thinnish teenager is now 45 and working her way through her second gastric bypass, and takes enough tranquilizers every day to kill a horse. She has no friends in town. Karma's a b*tch.
[QUOTE=The Sentimental Fool;423851]I am irritated today because I am an angry person...... (long story that follows)


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Beautiful 1939 Ford Coupe. Flathead V8, 3 speed floor shift. Runs and drives as good as it looks! This is an older high-end restoration... More
1938 Ford Standard Coupe. Black with grey and tan interior. Original V8 flathead engine. Standard trans. Excellent origial style interior. Needs nothing.... More
This 1940 Ford Standard coupe is an all-steel rod that we're proud to offer in our extensive stable of similar amazing pieces. The '40... More
Stk. 1852 1937 Standard Pickup (Street Rod) The first adjective I think of whenever I look at this 1937 Ford Standard Pick-up truck… is the... More
1940 Ford Standard Tudor street rod,all steel,built from a solid,original ca, in the '70's,with a rebuilt 283 V8,Powerglide,Nova front and rear,rolled and pleated interior,and... More
Straight body,fenders,hood,decklid ,with a quarter size rust hole on rt cowl, nice chrome windshield frame,fender core support mount too,car has the garnish mldgs, all... More
This car has always been garaged and has no rust at all. Original paint except for the rear fenders. Has original interior installed in... More


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Octave Pedals
Malekko Wolftone Helium MKIICreated in collaboration with Todd Wolfgram, the Malekko Wolftone Helium is an updated production run of the classic Wolftone effect pedal from Studio Electronics. The Malekko Wolftone Helium features versatile octave and distortion effects.$149.00
Malekko Wolftone ChaosThe Malekko Wolftone Chaos is a remake of the original Wolftone Chaos designed by Todd Wolfgram. Built in collaboration with Todd, the Malekko Wolftone Chaos retains all of the original analog tone with an updated power requirement for easy integration.$159.00