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Role Of Public Relations In Ngo Management
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Apr 02, 2010
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I'm a student in Juba University pursuing communication I am proud to be guided with this notes in course of my field work. Please permit me print a copy.
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this information is well detailed and I would like to practice it for my bright future in Public relations career.
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This is Rajesh khanna i work my project at Manipal Hospital . My project title Public Relation in hospital that is very good
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Transcript of "Role Of Public Relations In Ngo Management"
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The basic idea behind selecting the topic "Role of Public Relations in NGO Management" To study how public relations play a vital role in efficient management of NGO, what is the process conducted by various NGO organizations in practical. Many NGO's are coming up with their own PR strategies to attract funds and social attention. Previously, many NGO organizations functioned in a very traditional way and didn't take special assistance of public relations for attracting social attention, funds and financial assistance to the organization. The primitive functioning of NGO organizations were influenced by superstitions, beliefs, personal prejudices of managers looking after the workings of the organization. The primitive NGO organizations lacked professional touch. The net result of such unscientific NGO management was lack of adequate funds for conducting their welfare programmes, non development of organization, deviation from the goal, lack of proper infrastructure and failure in arrangement of funds etc. The importance of public relations in NGO management is now accepted world wide. Non-governmental organizations need healthy relationships with the public to meet their goals. Foundations and charities use sophisticated public relations campaigns to raise funds and employ standard lobbying techniques with governments. Interest groups may be of political importance because of their ability to influence social and political outcomes. At times NGOs seek to mobilize public support.pr proffesionals therefore use various strategies to conjure funds and to create awareness about the organisation's aims and objectives. Thus this project aims at finding out and analysing the public relation process and strategies carried out by various non- government organisations.this project provided a valuable insight to management students like me and also to certain extent to organisations. This project also helped me to get practical know how about the public relation process involved in governing a NGO organisation.above all this project has also enlightened me and equipped me for my future in public relation management and helped me for the betterment of my knowledge. Visiting to Ma-Niketan (NGO organisation) helped me to gain the practical knowledge about the public relation process used in the organisation. A case study related to the problems faced during public relation operation is explained herein to understand the concepts better. 1
This has been a great opportunity to present this project with which I can exhibit my knowledge and calibre. Therefore it gives me immense pleasure to present my project report. 2
1.1) CONCEPT OF PUBLIC RELATION Public relation as a concept was critically evolved in business and industry and it subsequently spread to other areas of human activity. This profession is immensely applicable in government and public institutions like corporations, municipalities, universities, hospitals, professional and social service organizations. Public relations were in practice in people's daily life even before the emergence of industry, business and government. Public relations are the result of the action inherent in an individual, an institution or an organization. Public relation is never a monopoly of pr practitioners. In fact members of an organization and especially those in leadership, management and supervisory positions have a very important pr role to play. People who adopt the art of public relations stand better chance of survival and success since they can always find areas of mutual interest. They can use modern methods of communication and persuasion which go a long way in establishing mutual understanding. a) Meaning of public relation Public is a group of similar individuals, an assortment of persons having similar interest, problems goals and circumstances. It is generally from such sources that opinions emerge. Public comes in many forms and sizes. They have a multitude of desires and wants. Public has its own likes and dislikes which sometimes can even be strong. Employees are one form of public and employers other form. Other members of the public are dealers, wholesalers, brokers and investors. Each of these groups tries to attract a distinct audience with its varied tools and techniques. In short public is any group of people who share a common interest. b) Relations: It is the outcome of mutual understanding which is derived from the process of sharing of the common interest. The need to establish relation with o9ne another is created because of human wants. The respective wants of two individuals will affect their relationship. Therefore one must understand the wants of those involved in order to understand any relationship. c) Public relations: By the integration of the above two human element viz. public and relations we get public relation. It is a profession that is a part and parcel of management function. 4
Definitions of PUBLIC RELATIONS:- • The business of generating goodwill toward an individual, cause, company, or product. • The acts of communicating what you are to the public. This is not to be confused with publicity, which is just one of the methods used in communicating the image. • Activity, communications, or press coverage that is designed to enhance the prestige or goodwill of a company. • Any activities or events that help promote a favorable relationship between a company and its customers and prospects; activities used to influence the press to print stories that promote a favorable image of a company and its products or services. • The promotion of a person, company, idea, public body etc. Pictures may be used to assist in this. • Communication with various sectors of the public to influence their attitudes and opinions in the interest of promoting a person, product, or idea. 5
1.2) OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC RELATION 1) To promote mutual understanding. 2) To persuade individuals, groups etc. 3) Help in fund raising. 4) Change the behavior and attitude of the public. 5) Influence people. 6) To win friends. 7) Avoid risk involved in misunderstanding. 8) Prepare and supply the public with information about the organization like price, quality, export, employment and other special features. 10) Provide information about the activities of the company, to the press and writers. 11) Liaise, counsel and advise. 12) Improve internal staff relations. 13) Help the public to love life and work for better or for worse without conditions. 14) Undertake a public relation education programme. 15) Forestall attack by the competitors or opponents. 16) Create and maintain image and reputation of the company. 17) Promote goodwill. 18) Correct misconceptions and clarify on criticisms of its policies and practices. 19) Establish relations with the federal and state legislators, agencies. 20) Undertake a campaign of public education about an industry or profession and its contribution to the public. 21) Communicate with the employees on their benefits, accident prevention, labor relations and collective bargaining. 6
22) Establish press relations, publicity articles preparation, press release, photographs. 23) Undertake programmes like sales training courses for retailers, whole sellers. 23) Undertake programmes like sales training courses for retailers, wholesalers. 24) Sponsor dealer and distributor relations schemes. 25) Ascertain public opinion, conduct opinion research and understand public attitudes on the organization, profession and practice. 7
1.3) NEED FOR PUBLIC RELATION In the present age the human society has become so complicated and differentiated that individuals at least in the develop countries is no longer able to live without adequate information and communication. It is a fact that in this increasingly automated world man can no longer exist incomplete isolation. The need for public relation arises due to the following three fundamental factors. 1) Communication: To be the means of communication have reached to almost a stage of perfection. It is possible to receive information at any given period of time. Though the adequate information is theoretically but no means it is guaranteed in each individual case so public relation is needed. 2) New information order: It is very difficult to answer we are correctly inform. There are various sources like countless lectures, books many discussions in radio and television. But we can not guarantee the correctness of the information. The information is without direction and it is incomplete or inaccurate. Information is without direction and it is incomplete or inaccurate. Information must be prepared essential information must be separated from three wheel matter. The interest of the receiver must be aroused in the right direction. Here there is a need for public relation. 3) mutuality and understanding: Mutuality is based on interaction between consideration for public opinion and the need of communicator to inform and establish contact. Understanding is created by providing inside into a reporting on all necessary matters. Confidences cultivated by bringing the aim of the organization into harmony with public interest. In these ways the goodwill of the company is won among the general public. 8
1.4) SCOPE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS. There has been misconceived opinion about the scope or field of public relations activities. In lectures and articles published one is apt to gain the impression that public relations concern industry and commerce only. In such an instance it can only be said that one tends to overlook the fact that public relations, particularly in this decade, has entered all sectors of public life, not excluding religion, and that it how has a virtually unlimited field of application. The following examples demonstrate the wide field of public relations activities in industry and commerce. In our market economy there are information gaps which cannot be filled by the interaction of supply and demand via prices, costs or wages. This is when public relations activity steps in. It provides information on Planning technical and organizational developments, inventions and their potential utilization, or it issues at regular intervals company reports which provide a deeper insight into the structure of the corporation than the public can otherwise obtain. The relations activity is becoming increasingly necessary for the procurement of economically essential production factors. It makes it easier for corporations to tap the money-market or to finance their projects by issuing bonds or shares. It can also help them to find new personnel when necessary, and thus level out personnel fluctuation without reducing the desired working mobility. Finally it is easier for a corporation to acquire land from a community if the corporation cultivates public relations and endeavors to bring its own interests in harmony with those of the community. Public relations activity may support marketing. In its various forms it may contribute decisively to successful frictionless business activity. The principles of reciprocity underlying public relations is for the corporation an incentive to improve performance, because it helps the Corporation to overcome a difficult situation. Today the public relations profession has entered even in to the fields of hospitality, tourism, institutes, in education and to a variety of others. 9
1.5) PROFESSIONAL CODE-PUBLIC RELATIONS . CODE OF ETHICS International Code of Ethics for Public Relations as adopted by the Public Relations Society of India at the Ist All India Public Relations Conference, New Delhi, April 21 , 1968 : Considering that all member-countries of the United Nations Organization have agreed to abide by its Charter which refines "its faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person" and that having regard to the very nature of their profession, Public Relations practitioners in these countries should undertake to ascertain and observe the principles set out in this Chapter. Considering that, apart from "right", human beings have not only physical or material needs but also intellectual, moral and social needs, and that their rights are of real benefits to them only in so far as needs are essentially met. Considering that, in the course of their professional duties and depending on how these duties are pardoned, Public Relations practitioners can substantially help to meet these intellectual, moral and social needs. And lastly, considering tell the use of techniques enabling them to come simultaneously into contact with millions of people gives Public Relations practitioners a power that has to be restrained by the observance of a strict moral code. On all these grounds the Public Relations Society of India hereby declares that it accepts, as its moral charter the principles of the following Code of Ethics, and that if, in the light of evidence submitted to the Society, a member of this Society should be found to have infringed this Code in the course of his professional duties, he will be deemed to be guilty of serious misconduct calling for an appropriate penalty. Accordingly, each Member of this Society Shall Endeavor 1. To contribute to the achievement of the moral and cultural conditions enabling human beings to reach their full stature and enjoy the indefeasible rights to which they are entitled under the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights"; 2. To establish communication patterns and channels which, by fostering the free flow of essential information, will make each member of ' the group feel that he is being kept informed, and also give him an awareness of his own personal involvement and responsibility and of his solidarity with other members; 3. To conduct himself always and in all circumstances in such a manner as to deserve and secure the confidence of those with whom he come into contact; 4. To bear in mind that because of the relationship between his profession and the public, his conduct even in private will have an impact on the way which the profession as a whole is appraised. 10
5. To observe, in the course of his professional duties, the moral principles and rules of the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 6. To pay due regard to, and uphold, human dignity, and to recognize the right of each individual to judge for himself; 7. To establish the moral, psychological and intellectual conditions for dialogue in its true sense, and to roguish the right of the parties involved to start their case and express their views; 8. To act in all circumstances in such a manner as to take account of the respective interests of the parties involved; both the interests of the organization which he serves and the interests of the publics concerned; 9. To carry out his undertakings and commitments which shall always be so worded as to avoid any misunderstanding and to show loyalty and integrity in all circumstances so as to keep the confidence of his clients or employees, past or present and of all the publics that are affected by his action. Shall Refrain From 10. Subordinating the truth to other requirements; 11. Circulating information which is not based on established and ascertainable facts; 12. Taking part in any venture or undertaking which is unethical or dishonest or 'capable of impairing human dignity and integrity; 13. Using any 'manipulative' methods or techniques designed to create subconscious motivations which the individual cannot control of his own free will and so cannot be held accountable for the action taken on them. Personal Credo of Bateman (General Chairman of the Public Relations World Congress) August 11 to 14, 1976. 1. I believe that public relations are a profession which should concern itself not with the manipulation of the people, but with their continuing enlighten. 2. I believe that public relations practice should strive to elevate its audiences rather than to degrade them, and our communications should be addressed to reason judgment rather than to emotion and prejudice. 3. I believe that sound public relations comprises policies and deeds as well as words; that it must deal in truth rather than in Celestin; that it must seek to clarify the issues of our times rather than confuse them. 4. While I may understand to present one point of view for public consideration, I believe in the inalienable right of those with opposing points of view to present their 11
cases also. For Ire cognize my right to speak can be assured only if the guarantee exists for all, including those whose causes are unpopular. 5. I believe that the democratic process must prevail in the market place of ideas, as well as the political and economic affairs. 6. I believe that the public interest takes precedence over the interests of those I represent; and I conceive my function as being to assist in confirming the interests of those I represent to the interests of the . Public when the two do not coincide. 7. I recognize that the consequences of my actions are affected in the minds of men; and because the human mind has immeasurable potentials for good and for evil, I must approach my task in reverence and as for the inviolable right of the individual to make his own judgments. 12
1.6) Public Relations in Indian Economy The Houses of Tata, Mafatlal, Bajaj, Hindustan lever, Colgate Palmolive, Indian Oxygen, Goodyear, Hoechst, DCM, Godrej, TVS, ACC, Mahindra & Mahindra, Birlas and the JK Group of Kanpur, to name a few, have contributed a great deal to the economic development of India by faithful implementation of corporate relations programmes. Owing mainly to tile progressive and enlightened programmes and policies of these 'corporate citizens', abundant employment opportunities have been generated, and sizeable foreign exchange has also been earned. The following are .the elements involved in the Corporate (Public) Relations Policy which have helped these companies gain the esteem of the various segments of the Indian and overseas public. 1. Adoption to counseling based on an understanding of human behavior. 2. Analyzing future needs and predicting their consequences. 3. Research into public opinion, attitudes and expectations and advising on necessary action. 4. Establishing and maintaining two-way communication based on truth and full information. 5. Preventing conflict and misunderstandings. 6. Promoting mutual respect and social responsibility. 7. Harmonizing the private and public interests. 8. Promoting goodwill with staff, suppliers and customers. 9. Improving industrial relations. 10. Attracting good personnel and reducing labor turnover. 11. Promotion of products and service. 12. Maximizing profitability. 13. Projecting a 'Corporate Identity.' 14. Encouraging an interest in international affairs. 15. Promoting an understanding of democracy. • FUTURE The good news is public relations job openings are expected to increase faster than other industry averages through 2008. The bad news is the number of PR aspirants entering the field is growing faster than the new job openings. This makes for some stiff competition ahead for those trying to break in to the PR profession. Furthermore, as communications become ever more specialized in both content and media outlets, PR professionals will have to bring ever more Job opportunities in Public Relations will remain strong in the upcoming years, so predicts the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Growth in PR jobs is expected to increase at a higher rate than the average for all other jobs combined. 13
The future looks especially bright for PR professionals with particular expertise in science, technology, finance, medicine, international affairs, and other such specialized fields. Key present and future employers for PR workers include businesses, government agencies, schools, universities, hospitals, and other larger organizations that require their own internal public relations department. Thousands of public relations agencies large and small provide services to clients locally and worldwide, employing tens-of-thousands of PR professionals. Some of the largest U.S. public relations firms are based in business, media, and government centers of New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Washington, D.C. There are more than 122,000 PR professionals working in the United States. About two-thirds of those work in service industries such as public relations firms, advertising agencies, health care organizations, educational institutions, and social service organizations. Others work for manufacturers, financial institutions, and government agencies. About 13,000 PR consultants are self-employed. The median salary for a PR specialist is about $35,000 -- though the upper 10 percent of PR pros earn $71,000 and upwards. Public relations positions around the world provide new opportunities with ever increasing international business and cross-cultural relations. Global organizations such as the International Committee of PR Consultancy Associations represent some of the largest international public relations employers. There will be no shortage of opportunities for public relations professionals with the proper education, experience skills to the employment table. No longer will a journalism degree and a few news clips impress too many employers. Along with a glut of PR applicants, the economic pressures to raise pay levels for entry- level public relations employees will be minimal. While fresh engineering graduates may land a six-figured salary soon after graduation, most PR professionals will have to work many years before they reach that realm, if ever. Salaried PR workers can also expect to work long (and often unpaid) extra hours, travel frequently, and be prepared for late-night and weekend duty in the middle of a crisis or during special organization events. And, of course, there's always the instance where you might have to bite your tongue and broadcast the company line, in spite of your own personal distaste on a topic. Fortunately, there are many means and plenty of professional support to minimize the worst of it and maximize the best aspects of a future in public relations. We'll visit some of those in the next two sections ahead. 14
There are many ways to start and advance through a career in public relations, from opening your own firm, to simply having it plop on your job description one day. But the most straightforward preparation is through a fairly formulaic scheme: • A related college degree (journalism, public relations, advertising, communications) • Demonstrated skills and aptitudes (writing, public speaking, outgoing personality) • Specialized expertise (technical, financial, business, international) • Some pre-entry level experience (reporting, internships, volunteer work) • Successful networking (professional associations, personal connections, legwork) Once the first PR job is landed, the advancement-oriented novice will have to demonstrate consistent excellence in elementary areas: • stay on top of the current news related to your industry • develop good working relations with the target news media • prepare sharp promotional materials and internal communications • represent the organization well to key constituencies and the public • demonstrate self confidence and enthusiasm for motivating people Some public relations professional organizations, such as the Public Relations Society of America and the International Association of Business Communicators, offer professional development support and accreditation for demonstrated levels of professional performance. This is a nice addition to your resume or a useful talking point at an upcoming performance evaluation. A typical career path in public relations may progress from job titles such as entry-level account assistant, upwards through promotions to account executive, account supervisor, vice president, and senior vice president. Many seasoned PR pros eventually open their own firm. There are more than 200 American colleges and 100 graduate schools offering degrees in public relations, often within a school of journalism or a communications department. Many other colleges offer related coursework outside of a degree program. A PR student can expect to study topics such as principles of public relations, writing, desk-top publishing, organizational management, theories of communications, journalism, advertising, research, sociology, and any of many specialized subjects depending on a student's particular career interests. A good place to begin researching educational options is the PR career center at SchoolColleges.com. The PR job seeker can find lots of employment leads at sites offering career guidance, internships, public relations job listings, professional development, and general PR industry connections. 15
Aspirants mulling a future in public relations may want to look at some fundamentals of the PR industry. A dose of PR ethics may help with the difficult decisions when the heat hits. A wise adage says the journey of a thousand miles begins with a first step -- make sure yours are in the right direction! And be sure to return often to the About Public Relations subject and article pages for current and comprehensive information on the PR industry and employment. Points to Ponder: A. PR is for others and not for self. B. Every PR officer needs to develop the communication and the convincing power. C. He is expected to work for the welfare of the public at large. 16
2.1) CONCEPT OF NGO. A Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) is a private institution that is independent of the government although many NGOs, particular in the global South, are funded by Northern governments. Anheier places the number of internationally operating NGOs at 40,000. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have become increasingly influential in world affairs. They often impact the social, economic and political activities of communities and the country as a whole. NGOs address a host of issues, Including, but not limited to, women's rights, environmental protection, human rights, economic development, political rights, or health care. In numerous countries, NGOs have led the way in democratization, in battling diseases and illnesses, in promoting and enforcing human rights, and in increasing standards of living. Thousands of NGOs are also active at the international level; according to one estimate, some 25,000 organizations now qualify as NGOs. Some of these NGOs only impact a small region of the world, while others have spread across multiple continents. Amnesty International, for instance, has more than a million members and affiliates in over 90 countries and territories. In the field of international relations, scholars now speak of NGOs as "non-state actors" (a category that can also include transnational corporations). This term suggests NGOs' emerging influence in the international policy arena where previously only states played a significant role. Though NGOs have few formal powers over international decision-making, they have many accomplishments to their credit. In recent years, they have successfully promoted new environmental agreements, greatly strengthened women's rights, and won important arms control and disarmament measures. NGOs have also improved the rights and well-being of children, the disabled, the poor and indigenous people. 18
2.2) TYPES OF NGO'S NGOs can be distinguished into two groups: 1) Operational NGOs 2) Advocacy NGOs. This may be interpreted as the choice between small-scale change achieved directly through projects and large-scale change promoted indirectly through influence on the political system. 1) Operational NGOs have to mobilize resources, in the form of financial donations, materials or volunteer labor, in order to sustain their projects and programs. This process may require quite complex organization. Finance obtained from grants or contracts, from governments, foundations or companies require time and expertise spent on planning, preparing applications, budgeting, accounting and reporting. Major fund-raising events require skills in advertising, media relations and motivating supporters. Thus, operational NGOs need to possess an efficient headquarters bureaucracy, in addition to the operational staff in the field. 2) Advocacy NGOs will carry out much the same functions, but with a different balance between them. Fund-raising is still necessary, but on a smaller scale and it can serve the symbolic function of strengthening the donors' identification with the cause. Persuading people to donate their time is necessary, but, in addition to a small number of people giving a great deal of time, it is also necessary to be able to mobilize large numbers for brief periods. External donors may not impose onerous administrative burdens, but supporters still have to be supplied with information on an efficient regular basis. Major events will aim to attract favorable publicity rather than raise funds. Therefore, despite their differences, both operational and advocacy NGOs need to engage in fund-raising, mobilization of work by supporters, organizing special events, cultivating the media and administering a headquarters. Only the defining activities - implementing projects or holding demonstrations - serve to differentiate them. In reality, the distinctions are not as sharp as the labels suggest. Operational NGOs often move into advocacy when projects regularly face similar problems and the impact of the projects seems to be insufficient. All the large development and environment operational NGOs now run some regular campaigns, at least by supporting campaigning networks. Similarly, advocacy NGOs often feels they cannot ignore the immediate practical problems of people in their policy domain. Human rights NGOs and women's NGOs end up having programs to assist the victims of discrimination and injustice. 19
2.3) Range of NGO Activities In case of India, NGOs have an active role in the following areas: 1)Community Health Promotion and Education Contraception and Intimacy Education. • General Hygiene • Waste Disposal • Water Usage • Vaccinations • Youth Counseling Services • Emerging health crises • HIV/AIDS education and support • Hepatitis B education • Drug Addiction recovery 2)Community Social Problems. • Juvenile crimes • Runaway girls • Street Children • Prostitution • Environmental • Sustainable water and energy consumption education • Keeping mountains and forests • clean Economic Microenterprises and Micro-loans 3) Skill training (Computers, technician training, Catering services, clothing and textile, etc.) 4) Product promotion and distribution (Bazaars etc.) 5) Cooperative creation. 6) Financial consulting. 7) Career services and job search assistance. • School construction 20
• Infrastructure construction • Cultural center construction and operation • Agriculture and Aquaculture expert assistance 8)Women's Issues • Women and Children's Rights • Battered women assistance center • Group therapy for sexually abused women 21
3.1) FUNCTIONS OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN NGO MANAGEMENT. The functions of public relation department differ in different NGO organizations depending upon their nature and activities. However there are certain standard functions which are common to most of the organizations. They are as follows: 1) Policy: a policy is a statement of guidelines to be followed in the company .public relation policy is required for every organization .it has to develop and recommend corporate public relation policies and has contribute the public relation viewpoint which helps in the formulation of decision. Its function is not only to provide the policy to the top management but also to the other sections and divisions. 2) Publicity: In order to interact with the public it is necessary to have corporate publicity. The department has to undertake the issuance of announcements of corporate activities to the external communication media. It also has to handle inquiries from the press. It is one of the important functions of the department to develop and place promotional publicity about the organization as a whole or any of its units. 3) Relations with Government: It is necessary to maintain healthy relationship with the government policies as it helps in conjuring funds in form of government grants and donations etc. 4) Community Relations: Community contacts should be well planned and co-ordinate. Activity such as environmental protection standards, equal employment opportunity and co- operating in urban improvement programme should be undertaken. 5) Shareholders Relations: In order to attract public money it is necessary and important to maintain good relations with corporate stockholders. This can be done in the form of communication between the company and the shareholder including the investors. The company can be made more acceptable among the investors by broadening the exposure of the company policies and financial results in the investment 23
community. These includes preparation of annual reports, etc. it has also to plan and stage the annual meetings of the shareholders. 6) Product Publicity: The public relation department has to develop and execute the promotional product publicity campaigns. In case of NGO organizations, they promote their product as the cause for which the NGO is operating e.g. welfare, child welfare, nature and health awareness, aids awareness etc .in these publicity the focus is on the cause and how to popularize them. It includes announcement of new cause or products through the editorial channels of communication media. 7) Employee Publications: The public relation department has to prepare a corporate donation policy for the company contributions various aspects involved in this function include processing request for donation, administering company's foundation etc. 8) Promotion Programme: The public relation programmes broadly covers institutional promotion programmes design to build corporate acceptance of key policies, special events, public relations, literature and institutional advertising other functions include: a. Public relation education programme. b. Advisory functions. c. Co-coordinating activities. d. Conveying and interpretations. 24
3.2) AN NGO APPROACH TO SOLVING COMMUNITY PROBLEMS WITH THE HELP OF PUBLIC RELATIONS. When an NGO approaches solving a problem, they can pursue the following structure: • Gather information on the issue • What exactly is the problem? • What is causing the problem? • Who are the persons/organizations • Responsible (for e.g. it could be a particular department of the government/an industry)? • What are the consequences going to be? Assess magnitude, quality and prevalence. • What are the alternatives/possible solutions? • How much would they cost? Is it better to invest the money in other projects? • Talk to people in the community to hear different views that will enable a holistic view of the issue. • Talk to people who are in-charge and hear their side of the issue. Tell them about the problems that you see. • You may be able to work towards solving problems together if you do not see yourself as hostile parties. • Connect with people to increase awareness • Ask older, influential or respected people in the community to address public gatherings. • Use the media (newspapers and the internet) to generate interest, communicate the facts and discuss options. 25
• Write polite, succinct articles for magazines and newspapers identifying the issues. • Include people from diverse backgrounds, so that your organization is not linked with any particular political party or religious sect. • For fundraising purposes, let people know why funds are needed and how they will be used. Transparent and detailed accounts are imperative to build trust. • Link up with other NGOs to maximize the effect of the effort. 26
P R & Publicity are not synonyms. Publicity is the spreading of information to gain public awareness in a product, service, candidate, etc. It is just one technique of P R as listed here. 4.1) Audience targeting A fundamental technique used in P R is to identify the target audience, & to tailor every message to appeal to that audience. It can be a general, nationwide or worldwide audience, but it is more often a segment of a population. Marketers often refer to economy-driven "demographics," such as "white males 18-49," but in P R an audience is more fluid, being whoever someone wants to reach. In addition to audiences, there are usually stakeholders, literally people who have a "stake" in a given issue. All audiences are stakeholders (or presumptive stakeholders), but not all stakeholders are audiences. For example, a charity commissions a PR agency to create an advertising campaign to raise money to find a cure for a disease. The charity & the people with the disease are stakeholders, but the audience is anyone who is likely to donate money. Sometimes the interests of differing audiences and stakeholders common to a PR effort necessitate the creation of several distinct but still complementary messages. This is not always easy to do, and sometimes – especially in politics – a spokesperson or client says something to one audience that angers another audience or group of stakeholders. 4.2) Press conferences A press conference consists of someone speaking to the media at a predetermined time & place. It usually take place in a public or quasi-public place. Press conferences provide an opportunity for speakers to control information and who gets it; depending on the circumstances, speakers may hand-pick the journalists they invite to the conference instead of making themselves available to any journalist who wishes to attend. It is also assumed that the speaker will answer journalists' questions at a it, although they are not obliged to. However, someone who holds several of them on a topic (especially a scandal) will be asked questions by the press, regardless of whether they indicate they will entertain them, & the more conferences the person holds, the more aggressive the questioning may become. Therefore, it is in a speaker's interest to answer journalists' questions at a press conference to avoid appearing as if they have something to hide. 28
But questions from reporters – especially hostile reporters – detracts from the control a speaker has over the information they give out. For even more control, but less interactivity, a person may choose to issue a press release. 4.3) Press releases Press release format The typical press release announces that the statement is "FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE" across the top (some may instead be embargoed until a certain date), and lists the issuing organization's media contacts directly below. The media contacts are the people that the release's issuer wants to make available to the media; for example, a press release about new scientific study will typically list the study's lead scientist as its media contact. The bottom of each release is usually marked with ### or -30- to signify the end of the text. Five "W"s and an "H" There are 6 vital facts to convey in the first paragraph of a release to ensure that it doesn't end up in the bin. • Who • What • When • Where • Why • How A press release is a written statement distributed to the media. It is a fundamental tool of P R. Press releases are usually communicated by a newswire service to various news media and journalists may use them as they see fit. Very often the information in a press release finds its way verbatim, or minimally altered, to print and broadcast reports. If a media outlet reports that "John Doe said in a statement today that...", the "statement" usually originated in a press release, or a direct quote from an interview with a John Doe. The text of a release is usually (but not always) written in the style of a news story, with an eye-catching headline and text written standard journalistic inverted pyramid style. This style of news writing makes it easier for reporters to quickly grasp the message. Journalists are free to use the information verbatim, or alter it as they see fit. PR practitioners research and write releases that encourage as much "lifting" as possible. Many journalists believe it is unethical to copy from a press release—they believe it is a lapse of good judgement (for instance, a direct quote, as in: Senator Smith said, "This is the most fiscally irresponsible bill that the Congress has passed since the Buy Everyone A Mercedes Act." In this case, a journalist may copy the quote verbatim into the story, although ethical reporters prefer to try soliciting an individual quote from the speaker before filing their story). P R professionals believe that press releases and other collateral 29
material aid a journalist's job, and it is the job of the journalist to decide whether or not reprinting material verbatim tells the real story. Since press releases reflect their issuer's preferred interpretation or positive packaging of a story, journalists are often skeptical of their contents. The level of skepticism depends on what the story is and who's telling it. Newsrooms receive so many press releases that, unless it is a story that the media are already paying attention to, a press release alone often isn't enough to catch a journalist's attention. With the advent of modern electronic media and new technology, press releases now have equivalents in these media_video news releases and audio news releases. However, many television stations are hesitant to use VNR's that appear canned and are not newsworthy. A new kind of press release—"optimized" for the Internet The advent of the Internet has ushered in a new kind of press release known as an optimized press release. Unlike conventional press releases of yore, written for journalists' eyes only, in hopes the editor or reporter would find the content compelling enough to turn it into print or electronic news coverage, the optimized press release is posted on an online news portal. Here the writer carefully selects keywords or keyword phrases relevant to the press release contents. If written skilfully, the press release can rank highly in searches on Google News, Yahoo or MSN News (or the many other minor news portals) for the chosen keyword phrases. Readers of optimized press releases constitute far more than journalists. In the days before news search engines, a press release would have landed only in the hands of a news reporter or an editor who would make the decision about whether the content warranted news coverage. Although the news media is always privy to online press releases in the search engines, most readers are end-users. Optimized press releases circumvent the mainstream media which is formerly—but no longer—the gatekeeper of the news. 4.4) Lobby groups Lobby groups are established to influence government policy, corporate policy, or public opinion. These groups purport to represent a particular interest. When a lobby group hides its true purpose and support base it is known as a front group. 4.5) Astroturfing Creating an artificial "grassroots" movement is known as astroturfing. A typical e.g. would be the writing of letters to multiple newspaper editors under different names to express an opinion on an issue, creating impression of widespread public feeling but being controlled by one central entity. 30
4.6) Spin In P R, spin is a, sometimes pejorative, term signifying a heavily biased portrayal in one's own favor of an event or situation. While traditional P R may also rely on creative presentation of the facts, "spin" often, though not always, implies disingenuous, deceptive and/or highly manipulative tactics. Politicians are often accused of spin by commentators and political opponents, when they produce a counter argument or position. The term is borrowed from ball sports such as cricket, where a spin bowler may impart spin on the ball during a delivery so that it will curve through the air or bounce in an advantageous manner. The techniques of "spin" include: • Selectively presenting facts & quotes that support one's position (cherry picking) • Non-denial denial • Phrasing in a way that assumes unproven truths • Euphemisms to disguise or promote one's agenda Another spin technique involves careful choice of timing in the release of certain news so it can take advantage of prominent events in the news. A famous reference to this practice occurred when UK government press officer Jo Moore used the phrase It's now a very good day to get out anything we want to bury, (widely paraphrased or misquoted as "It's a good day to bury bad news"), in an email sent on September 11, 2001. The furor caused when this email was reported in the press eventually caused her to resign. 4.7) Spin doctor Skilled practitioners of spin are sometimes called "spin doctors", though probably not to their faces unless it is said facetiously. It is the PR equivalent of calling a writer a "hack". Perhaps the most well-known person in the UK often described as a "spin doctor" is Alastair Campbell, who was involved with Tony Blair's P R between 1994 & 2003, also played a controversial role as P R officer to the British and Irish Lions rugby side during their 2005 tour of New Zealand. The American radio & T V talk-show host Bill O'Reilly, who is often considered a spokesman for conservatism, has called his television show The O'Reilly Factor "The No Spin Zone", emphasizing his own purported dislike of the phenomenon. ("Despite the mix of views in the letters selected for on-air reading, columnists and news broadcasters routinely call him a conservative pundit, a label whose accuracy he denies" (Bill O' Reilly).) Some other American talk and radio-show hosts and commentators, such as Keith Olbermann, who maintains an on-going "feud with Bill O'Reilly", and who himself has been tagged with being more liberal in his views, mock O'Reilly's epithet "no spin 31
zone" suggesting his own avoidance of "spin" to be just another instance of spin from "the other side". (Olbermann frequently labels O'Reilly as "The Worst Person in the World" in one of his segments on his own show Countdown, which airs at the same time as The O'Reilly Factor on rival cable network MSNBC.) Such commentators on politics, despite their prominent roles in mainstream-media journalism, which purports to maintain objectivity, at times and sometimes even often seem engaged in the very phenomenon of spin that they deride. Many such commentators and their featured on-air media consultants, commonly termed "talking heads" or pundits, come to programs on radio, television, and in publishing from prior professional careers in P R and politics, sometimes even as former political campaign directors or speech writers for political figures; for those who do, mastering the "art" of spin has already been an important part of their past work experience, and it may lead not only to their acute understanding and critique of the phenomenon but also to their supreme ability to continue practicing it in ever-more subtle ways. State-run media in many countries also engage in spin by selectively allowing news stories that are favorable to the government while censoring anything that could be considered critical. They may also use propaganda to indoctrinate or actively influence citizens' opinions. 4.8) Meta-semantics Meta-semantics is the rapidly growing study of group interactions providing a model for P R. 4.9) Other • Publicity events or publicity stunts • The talk show circuit. A PR spokesperson (or his/her client) "does the circuit" by being interviewed on TV & radio talk shows with audiences that the client wishes to reach. • Books and other writings • After a PR practitioner has been working in the field for a while, he or she accumulates a list of contacts in the media and elsewhere in the public affairs sphere. This "Rolodex" becomes a prized asset, and job announcements sometimes even ask for candidates with an existing Rolodex, especially those in the media relations area of PR. • Direct communication (carrying messages directly to constituents, rather than through the mass media) with, e.g., newsletters – in print and e-letters. • Collateral literature, traditionally in print and now predominantly as web sites. • Speeches to constituent groups and professional organizations; receptions; seminars, and other events; personal appearances. • The slang term for a PR practitioner or publicist is a "flack." 32
As a part of field work I interviewed Ms.Sunanda Naik, active social worker and a member of 'MA NIKETAN' society of helpers of the Mary. 5.1) ORGANISATION PROFILE NAME OF THE ORGANISATION MA NIKETAN (SOCIETY OF HELPERS) TYPE OF ORGANISATION NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATION ADDRESS: 2ND POKHRAN ROAD, POST BOX NO197, THANE (W) 400601. E-MAIL: firstname.lastname@example.com 5.2) AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF MA-NIKETAN To work for the overall welfare of children. To work for the upliftment of street children and young people who have left home. To conduct programmes on preventive and curative health care and make them aware of the need for proper nutrition. To make the people aware of the various saving and income generation schemes. To provide better educational and training facilities for the needy with the aim of making them self reliant, and independent. To understand and analyze the social, economic, physical and emotional needs of street children. To network with Government Agencies and mobilize community resources. To enable street children to raise their own voice towards fulfillment of their rights. To reunite children with their families wherever possible. To undertake research on problems faced by street children. The main focus of MA-NIKETAN has always been to integrate the marginal street child into mainstream society. This is done through enhancing the children's capacity to solve their own problem. Models of intervention have been developed to suit each child's need at various levels. These levels are outreach programmes, contact centers; he/she can be repatriated from any of these stages. 34
5.3) INTERVIEW 1) How important is public relation for your organization? Ans: public relation is vital component in running a non governmental organization as NGO activities are related with people. Therefore healthy interaction with various people is an essential criterion. Public relation helps in achieving those criteria. NGO's work for the people, with the people and by the people. Therefore maintaining healthy relations with society in order to make awareness about the organization amongst the people is very crucial factor, which in turn helps in fund raising for the noble cause. Non-governmental organizations need healthy relationships with the public to meet their goals. Foundations and charities use sophisticated public relations campaigns to raise funds and employ standard lobbying techniques with governments. Interest groups may be of political importance because of their ability to influence social and political outcomes. At times NGOs seek to mobilize public support. 2) What are the various strategies used by PR proffesionals to conjure funds and to create awareness about the organisation's aims and objectives to the society? Ans: Proposals and Reports. NGOs depend upon funding to carry out their activities. Their ability to get funding is usually related to submitting articulate, succinct proposals that have carefully followed all of the guidelines required by the donor -- a process also known as grant writing. Retaining funding is likewise dependent on carrying out the activities outlined in the proposal, and in describing them to the donor in timely, well-written reports. Good proposal and report writing is an art form. It requires an economy of word and clarity of meaning that experienced writers are accustomed to producing. Following proposal guidelines is not unlike following writer's guidelines, although proposal guidelines can be far more exacting. Writing proposals and reports for NGOs often requires technical knowledge about the type of project activities the NGO performs, including specialized terms and development strategies. Since many proposals are written as a team, a lack of specialized knowledge may not be a problem; however, this is an important point to clarify as you market your skills. Proofreading and Editing. For many Ingo's, a primary objective is to "nationalize" the country office, meaning that all projects and activities will eventually be managed and carried out by local staff while 35
this is an important goal, it can create linguistic challenges for both Ingo's and NGOs: Non-native English speakers may be required to submit proposals and reports in professional and often technical English. Here is where a native English- speaking writer can be of tremendous assistance in editing and proofreading materials that will be submitted to or shared with a primarily English-speaking audience. Proofreading and editing is needed for training materials, survey reports, project evaluations, proceedings of major meetings/workshops, professional presentations, technical papers, employee and policy manuals, brochures, newsletters, websites, and translated materials. Public relations Material. NGOs need PR materials for a variety of reasons: to raise money, to describe services to their beneficiaries, to inform the public (both locally and abroad) about their accomplishments, and to distinguish themselves from other NGOs. Writers experienced in producing public relations materials may find a ready market for their skills, particularly if they have additional talents in photography, desktop publishing or website development. Brochures and newsletters are a common type of PR material produced in-country; locally developed web sites are also becoming more widespread. Keep in mind that there is usually a certain amount of PR copy generated by an Ingo's headquarters; tapping into their PR department can also be a source of potential writing assignments. Many INGO headquarters produce magazines or newsletters that are open to freelance submissions. While writing for NGOs may be one option, writing about NGOs is another possible avenue. NGOs combating social, economic or environmental problems in unique ways may be good candidates for stories submitted to national or city papers and magazines. Also consider publications near an NGO's international headquarters. If the headquarters is in Minneapolis, would a Minneapolis-based paper be interested in the story? Lastly, look for less obvious "tie-ins" that may lead to other markets. Did an NGO distribute eyeglasses that were donated by the Lions Club? The Lions Club (as well as other service organizations) has its own magazine that might be interested in the story. Was a forest saved because farmers were taught new agricultural practices? An environmental publication could be interested in a write-up. Assisting with IEC Development. High-tech media changes are reaching the most remote areas on earth, and many NGOs are attempting to adapt their teaching and training approaches accordingly. IEC development -- Information, Education and Communication -- is a growing field amongst development strategies. Projects that formerly relied on flipcharts or blackboards to convey information on family planning may now be using videos or audiocassettes; employee-training videos are also widely accepted. Information that was taught in lecture style is now presented in engaging scenarios or melodramas on television. Radio and TV 36
public service announcements (PSAs) may be employed by NGOs addressing issues with broad social implications (deforestation, stopping the spread of AIDS, etc.). To be effective, all of these IEC formats must be in the language and cultural context of the country in which they are to be used. In countries lacking sophisticated national media and communications, there may be a lack of experienced people to act as technical advisors for these projects. That's where you, the writer, can help. Do you have experience in scriptwriting? Developing PSAs? Designing educational materials? Market these skills along with more traditional writing approaches and you may create your own unique niche as a freelance NGO consultant. 3) Does your organization outsource the public relation activities? Ans: Yes, MA-NIKETAN outsources its public relation activities to pr agency it helps in minimizing the cost of managing NGO organization. It also helps in providing professional touch to the public relation activities rather than operating it from the organization itself. It also provides competency advantage. 4) What can I expect a PR agency to cost? Ans: Usually, PR costs far less than advertising. If you are accustomed to advertising, then you'll realize that the development costs (strategy, creative materials etc) are usually much less than the cost of implementation (media buy). In PR it's normally the other way around - the costs of strategy and development usually outweighs the cost of implementation (media engagement). Because PR agencies charge by time, most of the PR agency costs will relate to their people rather than their hard costs or disbursements. So the bulk of the budget will depend on the number of hours it will take to work with you - either on an ongoing basis or for a project. 5) How does your organization work with a PR agency? Ans: Essentially it should be no different than working with your advertising agency, or market research firm. It's important to have a clear understanding between you as to what exactly PR has to achieve. Ensure you have good lines of communication and clear reporting guidelines. It is also important to get to know the team that will be servicing your account. Make sure the team is not too 'top heavy' but rather, is made up of senior and more junior consultants so that you achieve a better average hourly rate. 6) How can PR support and promote your cause and values? 37
Ans: Because PR is based heavily in message development, you will find a myriad of ways in which PR can support and promote brand values. Remember also that PR is a whole lot more than just writing and issuing media releases. It's often about connecting with your audience in creative ways such as sponsorships, events & corporate social responsibility campaigns. These are all great ways to help drive brand values. 7) How does your organisation quantify PR results and review their performance? Ans: Quantifying PR performance is often initially one of the hardest things for product marketing people to come to terms with. This is partly because they are usually familiar only with measuring in finite terms things like advertising reach and frequency or response rates to special web promotions. 8) What do you feel about the nexus of pr and media? Ans: PR all about media contacts? PR was all about media contacts, but that was when PR was in its infancy, and this was partly because many of the people who first practiced it came from the media itself. Whilst it's true that media contacts are still important, what's more important is an understanding of how different branches of the media work. Gone are the days when journalists work for one publication… for life! Additionally, PR professionals have developed tools and techniques outside media such as influencer mapping and engagement, crisis and issues management and corporate counsel. Conventions of the PR agency and the media? The PR agency should be seen by media and clients alike as a facilitator. Most media acknowledge that between 50% and 90% of what is published comes via PR agencies. Media expect to be fed ideas and information about clients that will be relevant to their readers, so it's up to the PR agencies to work with clients to sort out what is newsworthy and what is not. After all, journalists today receive many hundreds of emails from PR people a week and most are deleted within 30 seconds of being opened. What the media want is access to relevant info and contact with company representatives who can speak honestly and knowledgably about that information. That's the role of PR in the media. 9) What criteria do I use to select a PR agency? There's been many articles written on this, indeed PR Influences has published a number as well. Obviously relevant experience counts for a lot, as does size (you don't want to be a small client of a large agency) if you want to be properly respected and serviced. Other aspects 38
to consider include the quality of their strategic work, special skills you may require such as technical or scientific writing and the caliber and fit of the team the agency proposes. 10) What are the various considerations in outsourcing your P R? Ans: These days it's rare for an organization of any reasonable substance not to need a PR function. Many organizations choose a fully-equipped internal PR department. Others choose to only have a PR Manager (with or without minimal internal support). For those organizations that already have bought into PR as a necessary function, and have some kind of internal capability, reasons to still outsource PR to an agency/consultancy include: Specialist Skills/Expertise Often when staffing internally it's not possible to cover every specialist area so an external agency/consultancy can be used to 'fill in the gaps'. In this way it is no different to bringing in specialist legal or accounting services. External Perspective When an organization faces stakeholder issues an external agency/consultancy with experience in the relevant area can be invaluable in helping devise strategies that can be sold to senior management and/or the Board. Additional Resources Some organizations with a 'PR Manager' structure will use an agency/consultancy for most implementation work. In this role PR is treated much like advertising has been for many years, with the PR agency/consultancy charged with running an annual program or campaign in the same way as advertising agencies do (and subject to periodic scrutiny as ad agencies are!). For organizations that are more fully resourced internally, they may still use an external agency/consultancy for special projects or times when the internal resources can't cope. Where an organization has identified a need to outsource there are some points to bear in mind: 1. If PR is treated like advertising, and an agency is required on an ongoing basis, then the appointment needs to be permanent. Best practice suggests that: o The PR agency/consultancy needs to be hired on an annual contract basis. A three-month trial simply will not work 39
o The agreement has to be exclusive; i.e. the agency/consultancy is unable to work for any competing company or product o The arrangement should be reviewed from time-to-time even to the extent of putting the business up for competitive review. 2. If PR needs are going to be project driven - either regular or spasmodic - it's preferable that the organization be proactive in identifying agencies/consultancies well in advance rather than on a case-by-case basis. o Organizations that use PR agencies on a case-by-case basis often get a restricted choice of agencies/consultancies. That's because they often find the best firms are already working for competitors - possibly on a retainer basis. It also takes a lot of management time to go through choosing an agency every time there is a new project. One way around this is to choose one in advance, or create a roster if the needs are diverse, of 'preferred' agencies/consultancies that meet the organization's needs. If they don't already work for a competitor, and there is a real prospect of project work in the course of a year, you have the chance to secure them. Do this in a quiet time and you have the added advantage of being able to make a considered selection? Here are two points to bear in mind about dealing with agencies/consultancies: 1. They prefer ongoing relationships to ad hoc projects as this gives them more certainty in selling the time of their staff. So the more continuous the work an organization can give them, the more bargaining power the organization has regarding hourly rates. In short, ad hoc project work normally costs an organization more than ongoing work. 2. They hate the constant time-consuming and emotional effort of competitive pitching for work. So, if an organization is likely to make them a preferred supplier or put them on a roster, and they are guaranteed of getting some work as a result, many would turn down competitive opportunities. This enables a smart organization to virtually have an agency/consultancy 'on tap' without cost. 40
5.4) VISIT TO PUBLIC RELATION AGENCY (RIGHT PUBLICITY) As a part of field work we interviewed Mr. Dale Bhagwagar. Following is the profile of his agency "right publicity" and a brief about himself. Right Publicity M-14, Cusrow Baug, Colaba Causeway, Mumbai – 400 039. North-India Branch: Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, Chandigarh, Punjab South-India Branch: Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh Central-India Branch: Nagpur, Maharashtra, Indore, Madhya Pradesh RIGHT PUBLICITY taps the Media for: • Interviews • Articles / Features • Write-ups / Snippets • Photo Opportunities • Shooting Coverage • Press Meets • Premieres • Press Shows • Film Sponsorship etc RIGHTPUBLICITY.COM is the 'World's First Free of Copyright Site'. Inaugurated by the all-time veteran PR Bunny Reuben, it is maintained by Virtual Marketing (IndiaFM), hosted on a high-speed US-based server and visited by film journalists from all over the world. It was relaunched with a new corporate look last year and Madhur Bhandarkar did the honors. RIGHT PUBLICITY is also the only PR agency which is enrolled as a member of the 'Public Relations Society of India' (P.R.S.I.), the foremost institution leading the PR brigade to better times in the country. 41
RIGHT PUBLICITY is the only agency which has a regular column 'Right News' devoted to its clients in all of the three leading film-trade publications namely: • Film Information • Trade Guide. RIGHT PUBLICITY also has the privilege of sharing its thoughts and experiences in a monthly column called 'PR Talk' on film publicity, in the official industry publication 'A.M.P.T.P.P. News', belonging to the 'Association of Motion Pictures & TV Programme Producers'. RIGHT PUBLICITY has tied-up with major sites on the Internet for the effective promotion of its accounts across the World Wide Web. Apart from this, the agency's material is also used regularly by the most prominent websites namely: • 123india.com • apunkachoice.com • bollywoodabroad.com • celebnceleb.com • cybernoon.com • ebolly.com • hindustantimes.com • indiafm.com • indiatimes.com • mid-day.com • moviesabsolute.com • msn.com • radiosargam.com • rediff.com In the year 2002-2003, RIGHT PUBLICITY made more than a double-hatrick of sorts when it was presented various awards by: • Suvidha Gaurav Awards, • Zigma Awards for Excellence • Hum Log Showbiz Awards and • Lions Club Awards for Outstanding Film PR. All the awards were presented in appreciation of the agency's performance in the field of publicity. The RIGHT Team: 42
Dale Bhagwagar (Mumbai) Proprietor Shailesh Giri (Ghaziabad) North-India Representative A.P.S. Noorpuri (Chandigarh) North-India Representative M.A. Salam (Hyderabad) South-India Representative Vinita Mathur (Nagpur) Central-India Representative Jai Singh Raghuwanshi 'Jay' (Indore) Central-India Representative Profile of the proprietor:- Mr. Dale, owner and proprietor of RIGHT PUBLICITY AGENY, discussed with us his vision. His vision was that he wants to be able to handle the best in the industry with maximum impact on the public. His mission is to make the world a better-informed place to live in. Mr. Dale established RIGHT PUBLICITY AGENCY in 1997. RIGHT PUBLICITY consists of Media managers, office assistants and media representatives all over5 the country. His media representative in Delhi manages north India, in Secunderabad the media representative manages south India, in Indore the media representative manages central India, and the Nagpur media representative manages central provinces. One media representative is also located in Chandigarh. Mr. Dale started as a journalist at the age of 14. He worked for The Hitavada, a local newspaper in Nagpur. When he was in the 1st year of college he was the sub editor in Lokmat Times, an English newspaper. He joined Cineblitz in 1995 as the chief sub-editor. In 1996-97 he worked for Showtime. Both the magazines were about film industry. In 1997, he started as a PR because he felt that income is much higher in PR. He also feels that the responsibility of a PR is 100 times greater than that of a journalist. According to him journalism is a profession, where as PR is a business. He also feels that PR earns more where as a journalist has limited earnings. Mr. Dale has 5 media representatives, 2 assistants and 1 media manager working under him. He believes in less manpower and prefers working using technology. 43
Questionnaire Q1: Do you recommend any one to take PR as a profession. Why? A: Mr. Dale recommended PR as a profession because he thinks that as new generation comes in they bring new ideas. He also thinks that new generation adapts to new technologies much faster. Q2: What has been your milestone due to which you are where you are now? A: Mr. Dales' milestone was the very first event that he had organized as a PR. It was on INS VIKRANT. He was extremely proud of himself as the news of the event was on the front pages of all the leading newspapers. Q3: What are the qualities of a successful PR? A: On asking about the qualities of a successful PR, he quoted 'the better the manipulator e better the PR.According to him a PR must have a presentable personality , very sharp news sense and a very good networking abilities with clients and journalists . Q4: You said you have no subjective knowledge on PR, now all the upcoming PR's are professionally qualified, will it make a difference? A: He said that he definitely felt the effect because one learns PR he gets acquainted with different methods of PR he has the basic knowledge but the practical knowledge is very necessary. Q5: How do you make your clients and how do you maintain them? A: According to MR. Dale's, networking is one of the most important factor to be a successful PR. He quoted that 'Networking is a daily commitment not a monthly ritual. Q6::How do u handle crisis? 44
A: MR. Dale handles the crises by staying cool. He says that one should work without getting 'affected' because if u get affected you wont be able to tackle it. Q9: What are the 5 traits that make you a better PR? A: .MR. Dale said that he had few traits which make him a successful PR . Few of them he mentioned that he is street smart , he has a very vast knowledge about media , he easily adapts to new technologies as soon as they arrive , he thinks few years ahead . He also said that he is very well networked and has huge list of people and contacts in media. He also said that he has a very friendly nature. Q: 10. What is your personal ethics code when it comes to your profession? A: He said his agency didn't follow any written rules. How only followed his conscience. Q11: Media-net says 'TIMES' is a product and they are selling it, so does that mean that masses can't rely on media anymore? A: Finally we asked him to comment on PR as a profession. He said that PR is a challenging profession because a PR has to face something new everyday as there are lots of changes. He says PR has various options as he has all kinds of issues, different types of people to deal with. He also said that it is quite stressful but it also depends on the person how he handles the stress. 45
Recommendations for Solving Organization Problems in NGOs. Problems Recommended strategy 47
1) Demand has declined, and capacity to Reassess the needs of target audiences, and deliver services is under-utilized. revise programs to meet current needs. Or, add new offerings to the program mix, and eliminate outmoded ones. Re-staffing or retraining may be required to deliver new or revised services. 2) Management is unable to think Enlist help from external advisors to generate creatively about the organization's mission fresh alternatives and provide objective or approach. perspectives. A change in leadership may be appropriate. 3) The staff is torn by infighting and turf Consider reorganizing staffing structure, wars. including reallocating responsibility and retraining people. Retain consultants to help clarify disputed issues and assess staff members' capabilities. 4) The same few board members show up at Contact all board members and discuss their every meeting to rehash familiar issues. commitment to the organization. Revise Board's structure to reflect present-day needs. As part of this process, some board members may resign voluntarily and new members with critical skills can be recruited Review your systems requirements in light of 5) Administrative systems are needlessly changing programs and technologies. This may complex, confusing, and outmoded. require the expertise of outside management and information technology consultants. 6) The organization is "chasing dollars" by Clarify the mission, and revise programs to inventing new initiatives primarily to make them more relevant. Concentrate on attract available funding, contorting funding opportunities that clearly fit this new existing programs to match funders' direction. Adopt a more proactive approach special interests, or responding to to funders. Requests for Proposals indiscriminately. 48
ANALYSIS OF THE PROJECT In this project I have tried to portray the importance of public relations in governing a NGO organization. It is clear that every Ngo organization needs the help of professional public relation in order to strengthen their cause for which they are operating. Ngo's work for the people, by the people and with the people, therefore public relations deal with society and larger group of people. Public relations are not only useful for outer public but also to ensure harmonious conditions within the organization amongst the staff and workers. Public relation in its real sense is used in every organization big or small. Public relation activities takes place in all the organizations big or small but it depends on the organization either to have its own PR department or to outsource it to PR agencies. In case of Ngo's the major reason for having PR assistance is to attract funds from society in form of government grants, donations from various section of people and also non monetary donations of financial value. It also to attract human resource in order to help in the noble cause by being a part of the organization and work for them. I visited a NGO named Ma-Niketan where I learnt the practical aspect of the working of Ngo organization and its PR activities. In practicality the standard considerations of public relations have very little significance. As when it comes to public relation activities , it focuses more on external environment and the internal public are neglected .in order to correct this problem one must emphasis more on having ones own public relation department rather than outsourcing. Since outsourcing of PR activities will have minimum attention towards internal public. "PR is a challenging profession because everyday we have to face something new. There are a lot of changes. In this profession there are various options, all kinds of issue, and all kinds of people. It also has its downfall like stress, but it depends how we tackle with stress. Every crisis can be solved, but we have to learn to calm down and keep ourselves out and tackle the problem. He kept stressing "Do your work without getting 'affected' because if you get affected you wont be able to tackle it." PR is all about manipulation of news, should have the knowledge of what can be news. A good PR has to have a good network of people and should keep networking everyday. A good PR should be able to adopt new changes in technology since, this industry changes rapidly. Ethics is one part, where things became debatable. But PR "is only about 'perception' what is right or wrong is debatable." PR has to have a plan strategy and should be focused. He should have his own point of view. He should be strong minded and knowledgeable. 50
Thus, we learnt that a good PR has to have thorough knowledge about media. Adapt to new technology as soon as it arrives and have the knack to think few years ahead. Personality traits of being street-smart and friendly. He should be very well networked and a good list of contacts in media. 51


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VIEWS: 66 PAGES: 4 CATEGORY: Engineering POSTED ON: 11/8/2011 Public Domain
EXPERIMENT NO. 3 CB- TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS AIM: To determine the input and output characteristics of a given CB-Transistor. APPARATUS:- 1. Transistor-BC 547----------------------------------1 2. Resistor-1k-------------------------------------------1 3. Voltmeter (0-20v)-----------------------------------1 4. Ammeter(0-50mA) --------------------------------2 5. R.P.S(0-30v)- ----------------------------------------1 6. Bread Board------------------------------------------1 7. Connecting Wires ---------------------------------As per required. FORMULAE:- INPUT RESISTANCE= VEB/ IC, VCB CONSTANT OUTPUT RESISTANCE= VCB/ IC, IE CONSTANT AMPLIFICATION FACTOR= IC/ IE VCB CONSTANT. THEORY:- Common base configuration is also called as grounded base configuration. In this emitter made, emitter is input terminal, collector is the output terminal to the input and output circuits. INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:- The input characteristics are obtained by plotting the emitter voltage VBE against IE with VCB as parameter. A study of input characteristics reveals that there exists a cut in offset or threshold voltage Vo, below which emitter current is very small. It is approximately 0.1v for Ge and 0.5v for Si transistors. When VCB is equal to zero and the emitter base junction is forward biased diode, so that IE increasing rapidly with small increase in VBE.When VCB is increased keeping VBE constant. The width of the base region will decrease this effect results in increase of IE. The curve shifts towards the left as VCB is increased. OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:- The output characteristics are obtained by plotting the collector voltage VCB against IC with IE as parameter, form the characteristics it is obvious that for constant IE.IC is independent of VCB.Further IC flows even when VCB=0.As the emitter base junction is forward biased, the majority carriers i.e., electrons form the emitter are injected into base region due to internal potential barrier junction at reverse biased collector base region junction they flow to the collector region and give rise to IE even when VCB=0. PROCEDURE:- INPUT CHARACTERSTICS: 1. To determine the input characteristics, the collector based voltage VCB is kept constant at zero volt and the emitter current IE is increased form zero volt and the emitter current IE is increased form in suitable equal steps by increasing VCB. 2. This is represented for higher fixed values of VCB. 3. A graph is drawn between IE and VEB at constant VCB. OUTPUT CHARACTERSTICS:- 1. To determine the output characteristics IE is kept constant at suitable value by adjusting the emitter base voltage VEB. 2. Then Vcb is increased in suitable equalsteps and the collector current Ic is noted for equal value of Ie. This is repeated for different values of Ie. 3. Now, the curves of Ic versus VCB are plotted for constant values of IE and the output characteristics are obtained. 4. From this output characteristics. RESULT:- INPUT RESISTANCE R1= OUTPUT RESISTANCE R0= CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:- Q1 R1 _ + C BC547BP E A A 1kΩ (0-50mA) B (0-50mV) _ _ V V (0-30V) 0-30 V V (0-20V) V (0-20V) + + SYMBOL OF TRANSISTOR: c B BC547BP E PIN DETAILS OF TRANSISTOR : BC 547B BC 107 E C C B E B MODEL GRAPH:- INPUT CHARACTERISTICS :- IE in mA VCB = 0V VCB = 1V VCB = 2V VBE (V) OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:- IE = IE = IC in (mA) IE = VBE (V)
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Photo SpecialOff-Duty Hollywood
From a Sunday stroll to visiting to the zoo Down Under, see how the stars – Demi & Joe! Kendra! Gwen & Gavin! – take time off from the set and stage
Credit: Splash News Online
Updated: Thursday Mar 18, 2010 | 06:00 AM EDT By: Janet Mock and Karen J. Quan
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Holiday house "Milzkalne" is located only 55 km from Riga, 20 km from Jurmala and 5 km from Tukums in quiet and nice place near small village Milzkalne. It's only 11 km from the sea (8 min drive by car, 30 min by bicycle). "Milzkalne" is new two floors log building with comfortable interior, balcony and terrace. It has well groomed closed territory with...
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They boy takes a rest hopping to have his coke after the siesta, the insect take the advantage and steal the bottle, the beetle opens the bottle and all insects enjoy the drink. The poor boy wakes ... | more...
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Analysis of the Structure And Function Of a Stomata
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Police: LeBron concert escort violated police rule - 0 Comments
MIAMI — The Miami-Dade Police Department says its officers violated policy by providing a police escort to Miami Heat star LeBron James through heavy traffic at last Friday's Justin Timberlake/Jay Z concert.
The agency issued a statement Monday saying it will continue to investigate the matter.
James posted a video before the concert at Sun Life Stadium saying he was following a police escort on the wrong side of the street. The video showed James following police vehicles with their lights flashing. The video was posted on several of James' social media accounts.


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The Lakeland/Milford Eagles girls lacrosse team won Thursday's away playoff game against Lake Orion by a score of 20-10.
(May 17, 2012: Lake Orion, MI 48360) Lakeland/Milford Eagles (White Lake, MI) boosters exited the stadium content Thursday as they witnessed their lacrosse team top the host Lake Orion Dragons (Lake Orion, MI), 20-10 in a non-league challenge.
The Eagles now own a 1-2 record.
In their next game, the Dragons meet the Walled Lake Northern Knights (Commerce, MI) in a non-league challenge, on Friday, May 18. Lake Orion will attempt to advance on its 7-13 season record. The Knights come into the challenge with a 1-8 record after their 15-10 non-league loss to Canton (Canton, MI).


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Parents thank first responders who helped deliver baby
Karen Hollander gave birth to a healthy baby girl Tuesday afternoon with help from Nassau police and ambulance technicians -- two weeks before the due date for her fifth child. Cradling her newborn Wednesday morning at North Shore University Hospital in Manhasset, Hollander thanked the first responders who came to her aid, and introduced baby Alexandra. Videojournalist: Howard Schnapp (Dec. 25, 2013)
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Doors open at 8am. The fan fest takes place at Middlesex Ballroom & Grand Ballroom (Salon A), Crowne Plaza Boston- Woburn, 15 Middlesex Canal Park Drive in Woburn, MA.
For autograph sessions 1 and 2, fans are permitted any two (2) items to have autographed per wrestler plus one (1) photograph taken w/ your camera.
There will be staff present to take your photograph. Wrestler 8x10 photographs are included in your Fan InterAction ticket purchase and will be at each autograph table.
The ShopTNA Merchandise stand will open at 8am
Fan InterAction Autograph Session 1:
Middlesex Ballroom
Austin Aries
Bobby Roode
Christopher Daniels
Joseph Park
Samoa Joe
Kenny King
Chris Sabin
Salon A
Christy Hemme
SoCal Val
Taryn Terrell
Gail Kim
Mike Tenay
Todd Keneley
Hector Guerrero
Willie Urbina
Fan InterAction Autograph Session 2:
Middlesex Ballroom
Bully Ray
Garett Bischoff
Mr. Anderson
Wes Brisco
Salon A
James Storm
Jeff Hardy
Kurt Angle
Jay Bradley
Chavo Guerrero, Jr.
Main Event Session
(1 Item Signed and 1 one professional 4x6 photograph per person)
Your photograph will be taken by a TNA representative
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Fasting is the Soul of Prayer
By Father Jonas Abib
Founder Cancao Nova
�Catholic Online 2004
Think about the meaning of fasting: if you want God to be sensitive to your hunger, be yourself sensitive to your fellowman�s hunger. Likewise, if you need God�s Mercy, be yourself merciful, if you need compassion, be compassionate, if you want to be helped, go and help your fellowman.
Fasting helps you recover values you lost because you have not given proper appreciation to them : immolate your soul in fasting because that is the best you can offer your God. As the prophet says, "my sacrifice, God, is a broken spirit; God, do not spurn a broken, humbled heart" (Psalm 51, 19).
Your sacrifice pleases God if accompanied by mercy; be merciful, pour mercy over your fasting so that it can give you its fruit: fasting runs dry in the desert of mercilessness. Mercy fecundates fasting the way rain fecundates the ground. In the freedom of your mercy, you will fill up your barns with blessings.
Cancao Nova
http://www.cancaonova.net TX, US
Fr. Jonas Abib - Founder, 817 281-0766
email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com
Fasting, Prayer, Cancao Nova, Abib
Rate This Article
1 - 2 of 2 Comments
4 years ago
I hope this recognises that fasting is still meritorious with God even if one does not give money or food to the poor on the day of fasting?
This is not to suggest ritual fasting but surely it is valuable as Mary at Medjugorje says on its own to give efficacy to prayer and to obtain graces.
6 years ago
Great article on Catholic fasting and its merits.
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Originally written on NESN.com | Last updated 8/16/13
FOXBORO, Mass. — The Buccaneers suffered a loss during the first quarter of their preseason game with the Patriots on Friday night. Buccaneers Pro Bowl running back Doug Martin took a knee to the head while pass protecting for quarterback Josh Freeman late in the first quarter. He spent some time talking with the Tampa Bay training staff before being taken back to the locker room for further examination. Martin carried the ball just one time for four yards on the night before coming out of the game. Rookie running back Mike James, who was selected in the sixth round of this April's draft, took his place in the backfield. James and Peyton Hills are likely to see the majority of the carries in Martin's stead. Have a question for Luke Hughes? Send it to him via Twitter at @LukeFHughes or send it here. Filed under: Headlines, Luke Hughes, New England Patriots, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
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