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The Incredible Edible Fig The Incredible Edible Fig Ficus carica Fi i History • The fig is believed to be indigenous to Western Asia and to have been distributed by man throughout the Mediterranean area. It has been cultivated for thousands of t f fi h i b f di ti f N lithi it t dt years, remnants of figs having been found in excavations of Neolithic sites traced to at least 5,000 B.C. • Figs were introduced into England some time between 1525 and 1548. It is not Figs were introduced into England some time between 1525 and 1548. It is not clear when the common fig entered China but by 1550 it was reliably reported to be in Chinese gardens. European types were taken to China, Japan, India, South Africa and Australia. • The first figs in the New World were planted in Mexico in 1560. The fig reached Virginia in 1669. • Figs were introduced into California when the San Diego Mission was established in 1769. Later, many special varieties were received from Europe and the eastern United States. The Fig Ficus carica • The fig is a picturesque deciduous tree, typically to a height of 10 ‐ 30 ft. and spreading wider than they are tall. Fig trees often grow as a multiple branched trees often grow as a multiple‐branched shrub. Fig wood is weak and decays rapidly. • Fig wood is weak and decays rapidly The twigs are pithy rather than woody. The succulent trunk and branches are • The succulent trunk and branches are unusually sensitive to heat and sun damage, and should be whitewashed if particularly exposed. • Roots are invasive and greedy, traveling far beyond the tree canopy. • The sap contains copious milky latex that is irritating to human skin. The Fig Ficus carica • Fig trees thrive on a wide range of soils from light sand to heavy clay. Regular fertilizing is necessary only on sands and on potted trees. Excess • Regular fertilizing is necessary only on sands and on potted trees. Excess nitrogen encourages rank growth. • Fully dormant trees are hardy to 12° ‐ 15° F, but plants in active growth can y y , p g be damaged at 30° F. • Chilling requirements for the fig are less than 300 hours. • The fig grows best and produces the best quality fruit in Mediterranean and dryer warm‐temperate climates. Rains during fruit development and i i h f i li ripening can cause the fruits to split. • In coastal climates, grow in the warmest location, against a sunny wall or in h tt a heat trap. The Fig Ficus carica The skin of the fig fruit is thin and tender the fleshy wall is whitish • The skin of the fig "fruit" is thin and tender, the fleshy wall is whitish, pale‐yellow, or amber, or more or less pink, rose, red or purple; juicy and sweet when ripe, gummy with latex when unripe. • Seeds may be large, medium, small or minute and range in b f 30 t 1 600 f it Th dibl d ll number from 30 to 1,600 per fruit. The edible seeds are generally hollow, unless pollinated. Pollinated seeds provide the characteristic nutty taste of dried figs. The Fig Synconium • The syconium is what most people associate with the tasty fruit of a fig, but technically it is not a true fruit. It is a complex inflorescence (flower cluster) consisting of a hollow, fleshy, flask shaped modified stem lined on the consisting of a hollow fleshy flask‐shaped modified stem lined on the inside with numerous tiny unisexual flowers. has 2 sexual forms, the male caprifig and the female tree • Ficus carica has 2 sexual forms, the "male" caprifig and the "female" tree which produces the edible fig. • The caprifig is monoecious [i.e. with separate male (staminate) flowers and p g [ p ( ) separate female short‐style (pistillate) flowers. It is functionally male because it produces pollen. • Edible figs contain only long‐style female flowers. • Since functional male trees are hermaphroditic, Ficus carica is usually id d di i th th di i considered gynodioecious rather than dioecious. Breba Crop Versus Main Crop Synconia • Brebas are the first figs of the season, • The main crop is produced on the current setting on wood from the previous year. season's wood, maturing fruit from These typically mature in June in August through November or even later California California. in a warm year. in a warm year • Brebas tend to be larger than main crop • Maturity in main crop fig fruits on a single figs, are relatively scarce on the market, tree is sequential, beginning with and tend to get a high price as fresh and tend to get a high price as fresh development of basal fruits and development of basal fruits and fruit. progressing toward the most distal fruits. Horticultural Categories or Fig Types l f l f d f " "b d • Cultivars of Ficus carica are classified into four categories or "types" based on sex and the need to be pollinated or "caprified" in order to set a crop. These are: 1. Caprifig‐type: Has male and female flowers enclosed in the synconiom and is generally considered the "male" fig. All caprifigs are placed in this class without regard to whether the synconia persist or not. g y p 2. Smyrna‐type: Has only female flowers and needs cross‐pollination by Caprifigs in order to develop normally. This crop sets virtually no breba crop. 3. San Pedro‐type: Has only female flowers. Its breba crop needs no lli ti t d f it lik th fi It d i pollination to produce fruit like the common fig. Its second crop is commonly dependent on pollination. 4. 4 Common‐type: The flowers are all female and need no pollination to Common type: The flowers are all female and need no pollination to produce fruit (parthenocarpic fruit set). Some cultivars in this class set no breba crop, some set a moderate crop and some set a good breba crop. Caprifig‐type: • Caprifigs are native to Asia Minor and are grown in California for pollination (caprification) of Smyrna‐type figs. Caprifigs were imported to California from Algiers in 1899. were imported to California from Algiers in 1899. p g • Caprifigs are naturalized in moist riverbeds and creeks of southern California. They occasionally appear as seedling volunteers in urbanized areas, probably dispersed by birds. • The most common cultivars of caprifigs grown in California are: Brawley , Croisic , Roeding #3 , and Stanford . are: 'Brawley', 'Croisic', 'Roeding #3', and'Stanford'. • Several cultivated varieties of caprifigs are sweet and palatable, including the 'Cordelia', 'Brawley', 'Enderud' and 'Saleeb". The Synconium of the Caprifig: The Caprifig normally produces a small non edible fruit; however, the • The Caprifig normally produces a small non‐edible fruit; however the flowers inside the Caprifig fruit produce pollen. This pollen is essential for fertilizing fruit of the Smyrna and San Pedro types of fig. of the Caprifig (Male Tree) Synconium of the Caprifig (Male Tree) Caprifig‐type: Male • Functional male caprifigs of Ficus carica Flowers produce three crops of syconia per year: the summer profichi, fall mammoni and overwintering mamme that mature the overwintering mamme that mature the following spring. Only the profichi crop produces pollen. • The profichi syconia contain clusters of pollen‐bearing male flowers in the ostiolar region and wasps that develop from eggs laid inside the ovaries of the short‐style l id i id th i f th h t t l female flowers . Wasp eggs are not laid in long‐style flowers. Female • Fig pollen is transferred from male flowers Flowers (stamens) on the profichi crop of caprifigs to female flowers (pistils) on the Smyrna‐type f figs and the second crop of figs on San ff Profichi Pedro‐type figs by an insect called a fig wasp Synconia (Blastophaga). The Story of the Fig Wasp (Blastophaga) • Entomologists have learned that fig wasps overwinter as larvae in the pistils (as galls) of the fruit from the winter (mammae) crop of caprifigs. • In April, the larva changes into an adult. A male emerges from the pistil and promptly impregnates a female, while she is still in her pistil. Soon after the wingless male dies. The winged, gravid females emerge and leave the wingless male dies. The winged, gravid females emerge and leave the mammae fig through the ostiole. Female Male The Story of the Fig Wasp (Blastophaga) • Eventually a female flies to a new, young, flowering caprifig of the spring crop (profichi crop) and enters through the ostiole. spring crop (profichi crop) and enters through the ostiole • The female oviposits eggs in the short‐style pistils, one per ovary, d th i ll t th l t l i til f d t Thi and then carries pollen to the long‐style pistils for seed set. This enables the fruit to mature, and her young therefore to receive nourishment. The female dies within the developing fruit. • After a short period, the new generation of fig wasps emerges; males impregnate females and die while gravid females escape to l i fl i fi colonize new flowering figs. p p g y , • The profichi caprifig has many male flowers near the ostiole, and the wasp thereby carries much pollen with her to the next syconium. Caprifig‐type: • The profichi crop resemble edible figs, except they are filled with wasps and pollen‐bearing stamens. Branch of caprifig in early summer with mature profichi mature profichi syconia. Caprifig Profichi Syconia : During wasp exodus season in June profichi are • During wasp exodus season in June profichi syconia are filled with black, winged female wasps and amber, wingless males, and literally smoke with pollen wingless males and literally "smoke" with pollen. Caprifig‐type: The importation of Caprifigs to California in 1899 began the western Smyrna • The importation of Caprifigs to California in 1899 began the western Smyrna fig industry. Three to five caprifigs are grown at fig orchards for every 100 Smyrna‐type fig plants, to provide the necessary pollen and fig wasps. • Commercial growers often hang baskets of Blastophaga‐infested Caprifigs in the trees of Smyrna‐type figs so that the wasps can effectively fertilize the fruit. This process is often referred to as caprification. Smyrna type: Smyrna‐type: • The Smyrna‐type fig was brought to California in 1881‐82 but it was not until 1900 that the wasp was introduced to serve as the lli ti t d k i l fi lt ibl pollinating agent and make commercial fig culture possible. • The Smyrna‐type fig varieties produce large edible fruit with true seeds. The Blastophaga wasp and Caprifigs are required for normal fruit development. If this fertilization process does not occur, fruit will not develop properly and will fall from the tree. • Only one cultivar 'Sari Lop' ('Calimyrna') is cultivated extensively in California. Other cultivars include 'Marabout' and 'Zidi'. • 'Calimyrna' is the commercial variety used to make Fig Newtons. Smyrna‐type: • Smyrna‐type figs are considered to be the most desirable fig. They are judged better in flavor than the parthenocarpic fruits in flavor than the parthenocarpic fruits because the skin is more tender and the oil in the fertilized seeds give the fig extra flavor. flavor • It is true that the skeleton of a female l d dl f th wasp plus some dead larvae of the next t generation fig wasps occur in Smyrna‐type figs; however, the consumer hardly notices these inclusions. The crunch of notices these inclusions The "crunch" of the Smyrna‐type fig is the oily seeds. Smyrna‐type figs are commonly sold as • S fi l ld dried figs. San Pedro‐type: • These figs can bear two crops of fruit in one season‐‐one crop on last season's growth and a second crop on current growth. • The first crop, called the Breba crop, is parthenocarpic and does not require pollination. The breba crop produces early in the spring. San Pedro‐type cultivars are characterized by in the spring San Pedro type cultivars are characterized by producing a good, persistent breba crop. • Fruit of the second crop is the Smyrna type and requires pollination from the Caprifig. However, the second crop of the Smyrna type may fail to set because of lack of pollination Smyrna type may fail to set because of lack of pollination from Blastophaga and Caprifig. This second crop fruit drop often discourages homeowners. • The most important San Pedro‐type cultivars in California include: 'King', 'Lampeira', and 'San Pedro'. San Pedro‐type: Some San Pedro‐type figs such as • S S P d t fi h 'King' tend to retain most of their p p second crop without caprification. • Without caprification, figs are light in weight, hollow in the center, with pulp that is seedless, gelatenous, and somewhat insipid gelatenous, and somewhat insipid in taste. • When caprified, the fruit increase in size and weight, the flesh becomes fleshy, juicy, rich in flavor becomes fleshy juicy rich in flavor and strawberry red in color. Common‐type • These figs develop parthenocarpically without pollination and are by far the most prevalent fig grown. The fruit does not have true seeds. The "fruit" is primarily produced on current season wood (main crop), however some varieties may produce a breba crop. • At maturity the interior of the common‐type fig contains only the remains of the flower structures, including the small gritty structures commonly called seeds. These so‐called seeds usually are nothing more than unfertilized ovaries that failed to develop. They impart the resin like flavor associated with figs. to develop They impart the resin‐like flavor associated with figs • Over 160 cultivars of common figs are in the University of California at Davis's germplasm collection. Some of my Favorite Varieties CELESTIAL CONADRIA SYN: CELESTE SYN: ADRIATIC HYBRID DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION Purplish‐brown skin, pink Purplish brown skin pink A medium to large yellow‐ A di l ll flesh. Widely adapted. Two green fig with light crops per year ‐ early strawberry pulp and rich summer and late summer to summer and late summer to early fall. Very sweet. flavor. Best fig for drying. Some of my Favorite Varieties EXCEL FLANDERS SYN: KADOTA HYBRID SYN: VERDONE HYBRID DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION A medium‐sized yellow fig A di i d ll fi A greenish‐yellow, medium with amber pulp. Well‐ fig with violet stripes and adapted in California. amber pulp. Fine flavor. amber pulp. Fine flavor. Superb flavor. Good on the West Coast. Some of my Favorite Varieties OSBORN ITALIAN EVERBEARING SYN: NEVERALLA DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION Large, reddish brown skin. Large, reddish brown skin. Large fruit. Produces both Large fruit. Produces both Flesh pink to dark red, first and second crop figs. sweet. Similar to Brown Purplish‐bronze skin. Turkey Bears two crops Turkey. Bears two crops Amber flesh, sweet flavor. Amber flesh sweet flavor through summer into fall. Coastal areas only, avoid Prolific bearer. extreme heat. Bears well in Southern California Southern California. Some of my Favorite Varieties PANACHEE PASQUALE SYN: PANACHE, TIGER SYN: NATALINO, VERNINO DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION A hi hi h d A chimera which produces A small purple fig with A ll l fi i h green fruit with yellow strawberry pulp stripes and strawberry pulp. distinguished by its late Can produce excellent, fresh ripening‐‐often in December fruit but needs sufficient or January. Fruit is sweet heat to ripen heat to ripen. and rich. and rich Some of my Favorite Varieties PETER'S HONEY TENA SYN: ITALIAN HONEY SYN: TINA, TEEM SYN TINA TEEM DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION A di A medium, very sweet, lemon l A medium to large greenish‐ A medium to large greenish yellow fig. Good tree for yellow fig with light growing in a pot. Good breba strawberry pulp. Widely crop. Often produces a drop adapted, but likes hot, dry of nectar at the ostiole that weather. Very sweet. closes the eye closes the "eye" The Fig Ostiole (Eye) h l h h f h • The ostiole is the opening at the apex of the fig through which female fig wasp enter the fig to pollinate the flowers and to lay their eggs. eggs. • Fresh figs for the consumer market usually centers on parthenocarpic cultivars. These p p varieties do not need pollination to produce fruit. • The ostiole of fresh figs can be open or closed, depending on variety. Those fruit with closed ostiole have less problems with insect pests or diseases affecting the fruit. insect pests or diseases affecting the fruit. • Some figs produce a drop of nectar at the ostiole that effectively blocks the opening to y p g the "eye". Fruit Ripening d h f k • Many signs indicate that a fig is ripening. Getting to know your variety is critical, because each variety has different characteristics and, more important, progresses through the ripening process at a different rate. different rate • Generally, most of the flavor and sugars are developed in the last day or two of ripening, so just picking a day early can have a significantly negative impact on the enjoyment of the fruit. • A cool period during ripening will delay ripening, and in some varieties, interrupt their maturation process, so that they will "ripen", but they will not develop the full sugars and flavors that p y p g they would have had if they ripened in warm weather. Some varieties will not ripen without sufficient heat and although • Some varieties will not ripen without sufficient heat and although fruit will form, the fruit remains hard or rubbery and may never mature to become an edible fruit. Fruit Ripening hb f h h b • Figs exhibit a significant size increase when they begin to ripen. This usually happens concurrently with a marked color change. The color change is most noticeable in dark colored figs. The color change is most noticeable in dark colored figs. • Ripe figs no longer exude a milky sap when picked. p g Fruit Ripening • As a fig ripens and increases in size and weight, it will y , p g usually soften, which will cause it to droop or sag. Fruit Ripening • The skin of some figs will split as they increase in size. i i i • Some varieties when ripe will exude a drop of honey‐like nectar from the eye. Nutrition Value • Figs are one of the highest plant sources of calcium and fiber. • According to USDA data for the Mission variety, dried figs are richest in fiber, copper, manganese, magnesium, potassium, calcium, and vitamin K, relative to human d Th h ll needs. They have smaller amounts t of many other nutrients. • Figs have a laxative effect and contain many antioxidants. • They are good source of flavonoids and polyphenols. Propagation There are many ways to propagate figs. They may be sprouted from seed, • There are many ways to propagate figs They may be sprouted from seed air‐layered, grown from suckers , gafted or grown from rooted cuttings. • Seeds do not produce trees that are true to type The trees are often Seeds do not produce trees that are true to type. The trees are often sterile or functionally male caprifigs. Air layering requires access to a tree for 3 6 months. Air layering a fig is • Air‐layering requires access to a tree for 3‐6 months. Air‐layering a fig is easy and very successful. This method of propagation can produces a large plant in a very short period of time. • Suckers are not always handy when you want them. • Grafting: Cultivars may be propagated on rootstocks, or older trees, topworked by whip, cleft or crown grafting, or chip or patch budding. • Cuttings: Fig plants are usual propagated by cuttings. The following slides d df i b J V di k fE are adapted from a presentation by Jon Verdick, owner of Encanto F Farms. Propagation by Cuttings g y g I would like to gratefully acknowledge Jon Verdick of Encanto Farms and We Be Figs for the following slides and instructions on propagating figs by hardwood cuttings. Thank You, Jon! • Cuttings can be rooted in water, in potting soil, Cuttings can be rooted in water, in potting soil, directly in the ground, in a variety of rooting media (such as sand, vermiculite or perlite) or in a bag. • Two things greatly improve rooting success: pre‐rooting in a bag, and transplanting to a clear plastic cup containing specific media. • Rooting is greatly speeded up when temperatures are 70F or higher. Providing a warm environment can be as simple as placing warm environment can be as simple as placing your cuttings in a bag on top of the refrigerator, or a shelf above the stove. • The use of a rooting hormone is not Th f ti h i t necessary. Powdered hormone seems to actually encourage rotting of the cutting. Use a liquid hormone, if you use any, at all. Propagation by Cuttings • Rooting success is almost entirely dependent on controlling moisture, both in the potting media and in the atmosphere around your cuttings. Soil moisture and humidity are crucial. • The cuttings will rot if their soil is too wet. If it is too dry, the new roots will desiccate and die. Using a rooting media that maintains proper levels of air and moisture greatly increases rooting success. • When choosing a rooting medium you need to have a mix which allows for moisture to be retained, but one which does not allow the water to completely saturate the medium so that there is no air (oxygen) in the medium. • Texture or coarseness is an important factor in balancing these two requirements. The smaller particle sizes tend to allow the medium to become saturated, excluding all air and holding too much moisture. Larger particles will hold less moisture and allow air. Most sand s too e to p e e t satu at o . ott g so s o d too uc o stu e. is too fine to prevent saturation. Potting soils hold too much moisture. • Coarse vermiculite produces very good results. The coarse texture allows for good air penetration in the media, while the vermiculite holds the moisture. • A mix of 60% Perlite and 40% finer vermiculite also works well. Propagation by Cuttings If the humidity is too high, mold is • If the humidity is too high mold is a likely outcome, and if it is too low, the cuttings are at risk of desiccation before rooting occurs. desiccation before rooting occurs Humidity can be controlled in a • Humidity can be controlled in a greenhouse, or using something simple like a plastic storage box with the lid substantially closed. with the lid substantially closed. • Here I used a plastic bag over a black nursery pot. bl k t Propagation by Cuttings Pre‐rooting Cuttings • Wrap dormant cuttings in lightly dampened paper towels or d d l newspaper.�� • Then place them in a sealed plastic bag and put them in a warm place. p p • In a few weeks, you will see root initials begin to form, and then roots. Be patient; each variety is different and each cutting, even when from the same tree can differ in its response Propagation by Cuttings Once the cuttings have formed roots they are removed from the bag • O h i h f d h df h b for transfer to a clear cup. This bag technique can be • This "bag" technique can be used on all sizes of cuttings. I have done some as large " d as 2" in diameter. Propagation by Cuttings Transfer the cuttings from • T f th tti f bags to 26‐oz. clear plastic cups containing a rooting cups containing a rooting medium and with holes drilled in their bottoms. drilled in their bottoms. The pre‐rooted cuttings are • The pre rooted cuttings are placed in these clear cups for further root for further root development. Remember that deeper cups are better than short, squat cups. Propagation by Cuttings • The pre‐rooted cuttings in clear plastic cups are placed on wire racks, in plastic storage boxes. These boxes in plastic storage boxes. These boxes hold 20 cuttings and can be used to control humidity. • The screen "racks" are used to keep the cups above the water that the cups above the water that collects at the bottom of the storage box. If the cups sit in water, the ti di i k th rooting media wicks up the water t rotting the cuttings. But the water underneath the screen provides humidity to maintain moisture in the cutting. Propagation by Cuttings • Place the box of cuttings in an area that receives filtered sunlight. Too much sun can heat up the box and much sun can heat up the box and "cook" your cuttings. • Open the lid of the box a little bit. , This allows fresh air to enter, which is important in controlling mold. If the lids are wide open, you lose too much humidity. y • The water at the bottom of the crate, under the screen, crate under the screen replenishes the humidity lost by having the lids open. Propagation by Cuttings • Eventually the cuttings will develop roots. Each cutting may develop at a different Each cutting may develop at a different rate. • An important principle to remember is that roots and leaves have no relationship to each other. each other. • Under identical conditions, some cuttings will grow roots, some will grow leaves, and some will grow both. Propagation by Cuttings You cannot presume root • You cannot presume root development from observing leaf development This is why development. This is why clear cups are beneficial; they allow me to actually h th t see whether roots are developing. • Here is a cutting that looked strong and healthy but there was little root but there was little root development. This is not a good candidate for transplanting and should be transplanting and should be kept in a very high humidity environment. Propagation by Cuttings This cutting has very • This cutting has very It is now removed from the cup • It is now removed from the cup vigorous root development and ready for repotting into a 1 seen through the cup as gallon pot. ll dl f well as good leaf development. Propagation by Cuttings An advantage of vermiculite and perlite as a rooting medium is the • A d t f i lit d lit ti di i th ease of removing the rooted cutting for repotting. Mixes that contain organic materials tend to stick to the sides of the cups, which leads to td root damage. If the roots stick to the • If th t ti k t th sides of the cup, squeeze and flex the Th id f h cup. The sides of the cup can bend at sharp angles, and the roots ill h will not. The cup may crack, but even cracked cups can be reused because they don't need b h d ' d to hold water. Propagation by Cuttings Transfer the cuttings to 1‐gallon pots • Transfer the cuttings to 1 gallon pots containing a potting mix of 60% Perlite and 40% potting soil. • Acclimate them to the outdoors, usually putting them in shade with augmented humidity for a few days, and gradually introducing them to more sunlight over i t d i th t li ht a period of weeks. At this stage, potting mix moisture • At this stage potting mix moisture control is still critical. Too much moisture will still cause root rot and plant failure. • When I see roots in the drain holes, I transfer the trees to 2‐gallon pots while i h i 40% li d reversing the mix to 40% perlite and 60% potting soil. Pests and Diseases Pocket Gophers Pocket Gophers • Fig tree roots are a favorite food of gophers, who can easily kill a large plant. One passive method of control is to plant the tree in a large method of control is to plant the tree in a large aviary wire basket. The wire should have openings no larger than • The wire should have openings no larger than ½" and the top edge of the basket should extend at least 2"‐3" above the surface of the soil. Gopher Control Products Traps, Baits and Gases Traps, Baits and Gases • Important in the effectiveness of these products is that they should be placed in a fresh tunnel or run. p p • Traps are often the most effective. Use in pairs and place back to back. • Baits work well if used properly. A bait injector tool is a useful tool. • Gases are most effective when the soil is moist. Gases are often the least effective of these options. Pests and Diseases Birds • The most effective bird deterrents are nets. Any size net which completely encloses the tree will be effective against birds. Pests and Diseases id Birds • Birds should be discouraged from your fruit, but never harmed or killed. h l d l bl f b d There are several products available to protect your crop from birds. Pests and Diseases Fig Beetles Fig Beetles • Fig Beetles are a problem at least as serious as birds in San Diego. / / 1/2" bird mesh is to large to keep out fig beetles. I found that 1/4" mesh bird net from Bird‐B‐Gone was the perfect solution for both birds and Fig Beetles. Pests and Diseases Fig Beetles Fig Beetles g g ( ) • Large grubs (larvae) are frequently found in compost piles and in soil that is rich in organic that is rich in organic material. • Traps hung in trees during h h l the summer can help reduce Fig Beetle populations and can help p p p to reduce damage to the fig crop. Pests and Diseases • Mitadulid and Carpophilus dried fruit beetles can i i f i h h h d enter ripening fruit through the eye and cause damage by introducing fungi and rots. • They frequently breed in fallen citrus fruits. Keep a clean orchard by destroy fallen fruits and do not clean orchard by destroy fallen fruits and do not grow near citrus trees. Fig Mosaic Virus • Host specific, only affects figs. Formerly considered benign, probably causes crop reduction. causes crop reduction • Symptoms resemble potassium deficiency. Leaves may be smaller than normal and deformed. Premature defoliation and fruit drop often occur. • Virus spread by cuttings and by eriophyid mite. y g • Black Mission is the most seriously damaged cultivar. • There are no cures for virus diseases. Pests and Diseases Root Knot Nematodes Root Knot Nematodes • Root knot nematodes are difficult to control and can be spread easily from garden to garden in soil (for l t l b t t ) d l t t example, on tools, boots, etc.) and plant parts. • Root knot nematodes survive from season to season primarily as an egg in the soil. After the eggs hatch, the primarily as an egg in the soil. After the eggs hatch, the second stage juveniles invade roots, usually at root tips, causing some of the root cells to enlarge where the nematodes feed and develop. • Root knot nematodes usually cause distinctive swellings, called galls, on the roots of affected plants. • The nematodes feed and develop within the galls, which may grow to as large as 1‐inch in diameter on some plants but are usually much smaller. Root Knot Nematodes • Above ground symptoms of a root knot nematode infestation include wilting, loss of vigor, yellowing, and other symptoms similar to a lack of water or nutrients. vigor yellowing and other symptoms similar to a lack of water or nutrients • Fewer and smaller leaves and fruits are produced, and plants heavily infested early in the season may die. • Damage is most serious in warm, irrigated, sandy soils. • Some control may be achieved by using fruit tree rootstocks that are resistant to nematode injury, increasing the organic material in the soil with the use of mulches or nematode injury increasing the organic material in the soil with the use of mulches or soil amendments, or by introducing beneficial Steinernema feltiae (Sf) nematodes. Pruning • Fig trees are productive with or without heavy pruning. Fig trees are productive with or without heavy pruning. • To protect the bark of the tree from sunburn, trees are generally pruned into the modified central leader shape. • The modified central leader shape keeps the tree smaller and makes it easier to harvest the fruit as well as to protect the fruit from birds and fig beetles. • The size of the mature fig tree can easily be controlled by pruning without sacrificing the fruit. Fig trees can be kept as small as 6 feet in height. Pruning • Fig trees can also be espallied. If radical pruning is done, whitewash the entire tree. • If di l i i d hit h th ti t Modified Central Leader The modified central leader pruning • The modified central leader pruning style keeps branches in the center of the tree. This protects the bark of the tree from sunburn. • Each scaffold branch and its attached branches and limbs should occupy py their own space in the tree. Branches should not cross, touch, rub • Branches should not cross touch rub or be excessively crowded. Adequate spacing should be • Adequate spacing should be maintained between branches to allow sufficient light and air to penetrate through the tree so that p g fruiting wood is produced and so that insect and disease problems are reduced. Pruning Figs may produce two crops of fruit per year. The breba crop which is • Figs may produce two crops of fruit per year. The breba crop which is produced on the previous year's wood, and the main crop which forms figs on the new growth that appears this season. Breba Crop Main Crop Fig varieties differ in their ability to produce a breba crop. • Fig varieties differ in their ability to produce a breba crop. Common figs all produce a reliable main crop. Pruning must promote the correct fruiting wood for the desired crop. Pruning f h d b b For fig varieties that produce a breba crop: • Since the crop is born on previous year's wood, once the tree form is established, avoid heavy winter pruning, which causes loss of the following year s crop. It is avoid heavy winter pruning which causes loss of the following year's crop It is better to prune immediately after the main crop is harvested. • p g, p p g q p y When winter pruning, use drop‐crotch pruning techniques to preserve last years growth which will produce the spring breba crop. Drop Crotch Pruning • Drop crotch pruning is to prune a Drop crotch pruning is to prune a branch by dropping back from the apical tip to a lower lateral branch. This lateral branch should be at least 1/3 the diameter of the branch which 1/3 the diameter of the branch which is being removed. • p g p A pruning cut is then made at the top of the collar of the lateral branch. Pruning For fig varieties that produce a main crop only: • Since the crop is born current seasons wood, severe winter pruning has less affect on the production of fruit. • Heading cuts can significantly reduce the size of last years growth. Heading a branch will result in the sprouting of all lower buds into branches and will necessitate the thinning of branches in subsequent years to prevent overcrowding. Pruning pp g g y g • Topping or heading has many harmful effects on tree growth and tree health. The results include excessive, poorly attached branch growth, disease and decay, and sunburn among others and never results in reducing the size of the tree long term. • Drop‐crotch pruning can reduce the size of a tree without the harmful affects of topping. This results in a tree that is easier to maintain year to year. • Drop‐crotch pruning results in less excessive growth which means less pruning is required each year. Generally these pruning cuts are removing smaller branches, therefore making smaller wounds. Fig Tree Pruned to Modified Central Leader (Using Drop‐crotch Pruning Techniques) Fig Tree Pruned to Modified Central Leader (Using Drop‐crotch Pruning Techniques) Fig Tree Pruned to Modified Central Leader (Using Drop‐crotch Pruning Techniques) Sources for Fig Trees • The following nurseries offer medium to large assortments of fig varieties. Listing is not an endorsement. • Chestnut Hill Nursery, 15105 NW 94 Avenue, Alachua, FL 32615. 800 669‐2067. Free catalog. • Durio Nursery, 5853 HIGHWAY 182, OPELOUSAS, LA 70570, PHONE: (337) 948‐3696, FAX: (337) 942‐6404 • Edible Landscaping, P. O. Box 77, Afton, VA 22920. 800 524‐4156. URL: www.EAT‐IT.com Illustrated catalog free. • Encanto Farms, San Diego, CA., (619) 266‐1770, URL: www.encantofarms.com • Exotica, 2508‐B E. Vista Way, Vista, CA. 92083, (619) 724‐9093 • Fig Tree Nursery, P. O. Box 124, Gulf Hammock, FL 32639. 352 486‐2930. Catalog $1.00. • Just Fruits, Route 2, Box 4818, Crawfordville, FL 32327. 904 926‐5644. Free catalog. • Louisiana Nursery, Route 7, Box 43, Opelousas, LA 70570. 318 948‐3696. Catalog $6.00. • Oregon Exotics, 1065 Messenger Road, Grants Pass, OR 97527. 503 846‐7578. Illustrated catalog $3.00. • Peter Bauwen, Trompwegel 27, B9170 De Klinge, Belgium. Write for catalog information. (Figs can be legally imported in the U.S. with proper USDA import permits and quarantine.) • Raintree Nursery, 391 Butts Road, Morton, WA 98356. 360 496‐6400. Illustrated catalog free. • Read's Nursery, Hales Hall, Loddon, Norfolk, NR14 6QW, Great Britain. 44 01508 548395. Write or call for g ( g g y p p p p p q ) catalog information. (Figs can be legally imported in the U.S. with proper USDA import permits and quarantine.) • Several NAFEX Fig Interest Groups members also sell figs on an amateur or casual sales basis: • Fred W. Born, 5715 W. Paul Bryant Drive, Crystal River, FL 34429‐7523. 352 795‐0489. • Bill Fogarty, 1035 S.E. Bell Avenue, Corvallis, OR 97333 541 758‐5272. • Ray Givan, 2412 Lowground Road, Guyton, GA 31312. 912 728‐4028. E‐Mail to: firstname.lastname@example.com • National Clonal Germplasm Repository, USDA‐ARS • University of California • Davis, CA 95616916 752‐6504 (voice) or 752‐5974 (fax) The Incredible Edible Fig Ficus carica I would like to gratefully acknowledge Jon Verdick of Encanto Farms and We Be Figs for the slides and instructions on propagating figs by hardwood cuttings and for several of the fig pictures. You, Thank You Jon!
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Startup News – sorted by country
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Tag Archives: Startups
Can an MBA help your startup?
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Bridge Budapest – fellowship by the most successful Hungarian startups (Interview)
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Jason Calacanis obout european Start-ups
On this year's "Future of Web Apps" Annika Lidne from disruptive media made an interview with Jason Calacanis (CEO of Mahalo.com). What a great interview:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
|Name: _________________________
|Period: ___________________
This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. What is it that Machiavelli prizes most of his possessions?
(a) Fine fabrics.
(b) His knowledge of the actions of great men.
(c) Gold and precious gems.
(d) Horses and armor.
2. What does Machiavelli insist about a Prince who lost his dominion by force?
(a) He would have to run for his life and never return.
(b) The people would forget all about him.
(c) He would lose all popularity with the people.
(d) It would be easy to get it back.
3. What example does Machiavelli cite as a wholly new princedom?
(a) The new Kingdom of Naples.
(b) Venice under the Doge.
(c) Milan under Francesco Sforza.
(d) The Kingdom of Spain.
4. What type of principality does Machiavelli claim may be kept without talent or fortune?
(a) Hereditary.
(b) Absolute monarchy.
(c) Monastic.
(d) Ecclesiastical.
5. What themes does Machiavelli introduce in Chapter One?
(a) Arms and strategy.
(b) Good fortune and merit.
(c) The importance of a republic.
(d) Colonization and residency.
6. The cities of what country are given as good examples of fortification?
(a) Germany.
(b) France.
(c) Sparta.
(d) Spain.
7. What example does Machiavelli give of a conquered territory rebelling against 100 years of servitude?
(a) Pisa arising against the Florentines.
(b) Persia throwing off the rule of Alexander the Great.
(c) Carthage getting its independence from Rome.
(d) Egypt going to war with Sparta.
8. How does Machiavelli say Agathocles became Prince of Syracuse?
(a) Defeating the Carthiginians.
(b) Beheading anyone who opposed him.
(c) Assembling the Senate to confer and then having them all killed.
(d) Getting the poor people to support him against the aristocracy.
9. What example does Machiavelli give of a prince who regained power after the opposition of the Venetians and Pope Julius?
(a) The Duke of Genoa.
(b) The Duke of Earle.
(c) The Duke of Ferrara.
(d) The Duke of Milan.
10. What does say the sole prince can do that the prince with barons cannot?
(a) Change his residence whenever he likes.
(b) Move the subjects from place to place.
(c) Travel any time he wants.
(d) Shift the rulers of territories at his discretion.
11. What does Machiavelli say will be an advantage to a prince who lost his dominion by force of arms?
(a) The sympathy of the surrounding dominions.
(b) The tendency of new governments to rely heavily on hereditary princes.
(c) The money he was able to stash away before being invaded.
(d) A mishap on the part of the new government.
12. What reasons does Machiavelli put forward to get Prince Lorenzo to read his book?
(a) Experience and his low-born status.
(b) Experience and his personal need.
(c) Experience and the absence of flattery.
(d) Experience and his ability as a writer.
13. What does Machiavelli say about skilled mercenary captains?
(a) They are too expensive.
(b) They are hard to find.
(c) They will only take orders from the prince.
(d) They cannot be trusted.
14. What form of government comes from a long line of ancestors?
(a) An elected dynasty.
(b) Princedoms formed by warring factions.
(c) New princedoms.
(d) A hereditary princedom.
15. After Alexander VI, how did the Pope continue to strengthen the Church's position?
(a) By military invasions of other dominions.
(b) By gaining more popularity among the Italians.
(c) By putting monasteries in new dominions.
(d) By selling ecclesiastical offices and annexing land.
Short Answer Questions
1. What ancient example does Machiavelli use to illustrate the rise to power through criminal actions?
2. Does Machiavelli suggest that rising to power through cruelty is always wrong?
3. Why does Machiavelli say that Prince Lorenzo should not be surprised at what he is saying about new princedoms?
4. How can a prince deal with the people when they see their lands burning outside the city walls?
5. What does Machiavelli cite as the measure of strength of a principality?
This section contains 733 words
(approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page)


text:
|By PR Newswire
Article Rating:
|December 20, 2012 06:00 AM EST
PALO ALTO, Calif., Dec. 20, 2012 /PRNewswire/ -- Pluribus Networks, the leader in hardware-accelerated network virtualization for private and public cloud datacenters, has closed a $23M Series C funding led by Menlo Ventures and joined by existing investors New Enterprise Associates, Mohr Davidow Ventures, and others. The funding will be used to meet customer demand for deploying the company's production-ready software-defined virtualized Fabric offering today.
Pluribus Networks was founded in 2010 and closed its previous Series B ($17.5M) in April of 2011. The company has been generating revenue and announced in September that it had partnered with TIBCO Software Inc. to deliver TIBCO Enterprise Message Service™ Appliance and TIBCO FTL® Message Switch.
Pluribus Networks Netvisor® is a programmable, distributed network operating system that runs on Pluribus Networks' highly-optimized Server-Switch™ hardware. Netvisor provides a platform for fabric-based computing that enables applications to move into the network, and to serve both physical and virtual network infrastructure. The solution is highly modular and fault tolerant with a self-healing design that enables extremely high operational flexibility and makes zero-touch provisioning of virtual machines and network services a reality.
"Pluribus Networks' Server-Switch architecture is a revolutionary re-thinking of the infrastructure required for today's new datacenters. The need for a virtualized and programmable network fabric is imperative to dynamically allocate and manage connectivity and data flows," said Mark Siegel, Managing Director at Menlo Ventures. "We spent a lot of time looking at the SDN sector and no other company comes close to Pluribus in functionality or performance."
The Pluribus Networks Netvisor® solution is currently available to select customers on the Pluribus Networks F64 Series platform.
About Pluribus Networks
Pluribus Networks is a leader in performance-oriented network virtualization for private and public cloud datacenters. Our systems transform how IT administrators deploy applications so they can realize productivity gains and enable new business models. Pluribus Networks delivers operational excellence by optimizing datacenter network utilization while maintaining required levels of performance, reliability, and availability. Information about Pluribus Networks can be found at http://www.pluribusnetworks.com.
About Pluribus Networks
Menlo Ventures provides capital for seed through growth technology companies in the consumer and enterprise sectors. For decades, the firm's market-driven research analysis has led to the identification of and successful exits in innovative technology markets. Notable research-areas of investment include Mobile (Siri, MobiTV, TeleNav), Enterprise storage (3Par), Communications (Acme Packet, Cavium Networks), and Consumer (Carbonite, Roku). Founded in 1976, Menlo's portfolio includes 70 public companies and more than 100 mergers and acquisitions. Throughout the firm's history, Menlo's deep network of portfolio entrepreneurs, angels and advisors are a key resource made available to all of our family of investments. Menlo Ventures has $4 billion under management and is currently investing Menlo Ventures XI, a $400M fund with $20m allocated to our Menlo Talent Fund for fast seed funding. For more information, visit http://www.menlovc.com.
Pluribus Networks, the Pluribus Networks logo, Server-Switch™, iTOR™, Netvisor®, nvOS®, and vManage® are trademarks or registered trademarks of Pluribus Networks, Inc. in the United States and other countries. All other trademarks, service marks, registered marks, or registered service marks are the property of their respective owners.
SOURCE Pluribus Networks
SYS-CON Events announced today that the "Second Containers & Microservices Expo" will take place November 3-5, 2015, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. Containers and microservices have become topics of intense interest throughout the cloud developer and enterprise IT communities.
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Container technology is sending shock waves through the world of cloud computing. Heralded as the 'next big thing,' containers provide software owners a consistent way to package their software and dependencies while infrastructure operators benefit from a standard way to deploy and run them. Containers present new challenges for tracking usage due to their dynamic nature. They can also be deployed to bare metal, virtual machines and various cloud platforms. How do software owners track the usag...
Aug. 4, 2015 01:00 PM EDT Reads: 293
SYS-CON Events announced today that VividCortex, the monitoring solution for the modern data system, will exhibit at the 17th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on November 3–5, 2015, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. The database is the heart of most applications, but it's also the part that's hardest to scale, monitor, and optimize even as it's growing 50% year over year. VividCortex is the first unified suite of database monitoring tools specifically desi...
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As Marc Andreessen says software is eating the world. Everything is rapidly moving toward being software-defined – from our phones and cars through our washing machines to the datacenter. However, there are larger challenges when implementing software defined on a larger scale - when building software defined infrastructure. In his session at 16th Cloud Expo, Boyan Ivanov, CEO of StorPool, provided some practical insights on what, how and why when implementing "software-defined" in the datacent...
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Learn how you can use the CoSN SEND II Decision Tree for Education Technology to make sure that your K–12 technology initiatives create a more engaging learning experience that empowers students, teachers, and administrators alike.
Aug. 4, 2015 09:30 AM EDT Reads: 115
Mobile, social, Big Data, and cloud have fundamentally changed the way we live. "Anytime, anywhere" access to data and information is no longer a luxury; it's a requirement, in both our personal and professional lives. For IT organizations, this means pressure has never been greater to deliver meaningful services to the business and customers.
Aug. 4, 2015 08:45 AM EDT Reads: 261
"We've just seen a huge influx of new partners coming into our ecosystem, and partners building unique offerings on top of our API set," explained Seth Bostock, Chief Executive Officer at IndependenceIT, in this SYS-CON.tv interview at 16th Cloud Expo, held June 9-11, 2015, at the Javits Center in New York City.
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SYS-CON Events announced today that HPM Networks will exhibit at the 17th International Cloud Expo®, which will take place on November 3–5, 2015, at the Santa Clara Convention Center in Santa Clara, CA. For 20 years, HPM Networks has been integrating technology solutions that solve complex business challenges. HPM Networks has designed solutions for both SMB and enterprise customers throughout the San Francisco Bay Area.
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As organizations shift towards IT-as-a-service models, the need for managing and protecting data residing across physical, virtual, and now cloud environments grows with it. CommVault can ensure protection and E-Discovery of your data – whether in a private cloud, a Service Provider delivered public cloud, or a hybrid cloud environment – across the heterogeneous enterprise. In his session at 17th Cloud Expo, Randy De Meno, Chief Technologist - Windows Products and Microsoft Partnerships at Com...
Aug. 3, 2015 03:30 PM EDT
In their session at 17th Cloud Expo, Hal Schwartz, CEO of Secure Infrastructure & Services (SIAS), and Chuck Paolillo, CTO of Secure Infrastructure & Services (SIAS), provide a study of cloud adoption trends and the power and flexibility of IBM Power and Pureflex cloud solutions. In his role as CEO of Secure Infrastructure & Services (SIAS), Hal Schwartz provides leadership and direction for the company.
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There are many considerations when moving applications from on-premise to cloud. It is critical to understand the benefits and also challenges of this migration. A successful migration will result in lower Total Cost of Ownership, yet offer the same or higher level of robustness. In his session at 15th Cloud Expo, Michael Meiner, an Engineering Director at Oracle, Corporation, analyzed a range of cloud offerings (IaaS, PaaS, SaaS) and discussed the benefits/challenges of migrating to each offe...
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Take the Long View with Digital Transformation By @IoT2040 | @ThingsExpo #IoT #M2M #API #Microservices #InternetOfThings
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Chuck Piluso presented a study of cloud adoption trends and the power and flexibility of IBM Power and Pureflex cloud solutions. Prior to Secure Infrastructure and Services, Mr. Piluso founded North American Telecommunication Corporation, a facilities-based Competitive Local Exchange Carrier licensed by the Public Service Commission in 10 states, serving as the company's chairman and president from 1997 to 2000. Between 1990 and 1997, Mr. Piluso served as chairman & founder of International Te...
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One of the hottest areas in cloud right now is DRaaS and related offerings. In his session at 16th Cloud Expo, Dale Levesque, Disaster Recovery Product Manager with Windstream's Cloud and Data Center Marketing team, will discuss the benefits of the cloud model, which far outweigh the traditional approach, and how enterprises need to ensure that their needs are properly being met.
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The Internet of Everything (IoE) brings together people, process, data and things to make networked connections more relevant and valuable than ever before – transforming information into knowledge and knowledge into wisdom. IoE creates new capabilities, richer experiences, and unprecedented opportunities to improve business and government operations, decision making and mission support capabilities.
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The TOP 10 THINGS you MUST do at live events to Guarantee you get an ROI from your investment.
The #1 thing you NEVER do at Live Events that will repel every leader in the room (could cost you a fortune)
My best-kept secret to MAKE MONEY, build relationships, AND get leads from every LIVE event you attend.
The most powerful thing you can do at a live event to instantly create authority around your brand (especially if you're brand new)
MEET THE 'LIVE THE DREAM' KEY PERSONNEL & TEAM LEADERS... we will go over the LTD schedule, what to expect, where to go, and set your intention for a breakthrough weekend.


text:
Throw a Halloween party that rocks with Nadia G's creepy recipes and a playlist that'll make you scream.View Photo Gallery
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Join Chef Jill Davie for an easy lesson in whipping up tempting appetizers.
All of the flavors of Thanksgiving, in a convenient, one-bite appetizer.
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Serve this delicious appetizer at your next party.
Dazzle your guests with this delicious appetizer.
Get Cooking Channel on your TV.


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EVE Online Emulator (EVEmu)
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Free Foundation Classes
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text:
It was just a stopover on a road trip
It was a little dirty had a stain on one of the chairs and the bath tub looked like it had a ring around it
Room wasn't clean, had lots of trash and food items from previous guest. Linens had spots on them and spider webs in corners and walls. Uggh
Great beds
Exhaust fan wasn't working
Friendly and helpful staff. Clean and modern rooms.
The location was excellent directly off I-95 11 miles north of the North Carolina/Virginia border, and a good place to spend the night since I did not want to drive all the way home to DC.
There was a REAL STRONG SMELL OF AMMONIA/BLEACH which I suspect was used to clean ther floor, even though the floor was PERFECTLY DRY which tells me it was cleaned a while earlier. The response I received, it was necessary since the area served breakfast.
Friendly staff, free breakfast, channels, cleanliness
The hotel seemed very nice.
I booked the hotel online, and when we arrived late at night and extremely tired only to be told they had no rooms.
The breakfast was good. The bed was comfortable.
There was one staff member at the desk when checking in and she was completely overrun. When an angry customer came down the receptionist made us in line feel awkward by looking at us for sympathy.
Clean enough.
Desk person was a jerk. A real know-it-all v
Ease of access ability while traveling.
No overall it has been a good stay both times we have stayed here.
friendly, helpful staff and excellent free breakfast.
The breakfast was convenient as was the location to the highway.
Yes, the room had a musty smell.
The staff was extremely nice
There was ample parking; however we were forced to park on the road both nights due to oversized vehicles taking up at least 3 parking spaces. I spoke to the receptionist about this and was offered an apology.
The host, beds, pool, and the breakfast were awesome.
Smoking room was assigned to a non smoker. Staff did not open the office even when we had reservation and room assigned.
The host was right there with us at check-in. He was very hospitable. We had the handicapped suite which was clean and spacious. We got a nice, uncomplicated room to stay in overnight.
The breakfast was meager, cereal, juice and coffee, but matched the room price.
I really enjoyed the fact that after driving for 7 hours and pulling in at 1:30 am with an infant that the hotel was overbooked and I had to make my own accommodations. I'm more angry now having received this survey.
the fact that I had a confirmed reservation and was told no room. We were tired, unpacked the car, woke our child, hoping to have her back asleep in 10 minutes or so.Instead she was confused by the time we made our own arrangements and was awake until 3am
Very good in all areas,including breakfast.
The most comfortable bed I've ever slept in, if I could of taken it home, too bad I couldn't strap it to my roof...
Although we didn't get a chance to use the pool, we loved the fact that it was open 24 hours a day. Staff was exceptionally nice and pleasent.
Only downfall to this hotel would have to be the location, although it is right off of the highway, there is nothing around it. Literally, just grass. You have to drive a few miles to get into the town.
The very personal attention of the staff given to us by the hotel staff.
Nothing, great stay as always!
Here's why:
We're not the seller
At KAYAK we don't set prices, so it's not possible for us to guarantee what other companies are selling.
We aggregate tonnes of data for you
Our service lets you quickly and easily compare results from hundreds of travel sites at once. In this sense, KAYAK is a search engine and we don't guarantee prices we find.
Why aren't prices accurate 100% of the time?
Prices on airline seats, hotel rooms and car hires can change frequently. Several people may also be trying to buy the same travel option simultaneously. As a result, you may find on occasion that certain prices are no longer available.
More questions or if you have a bad price to report to us
Please send us an
and someone from our team will get back to you promptly.


text:
songkran weerapong
Songkran Weerapong
Bangkok THAILAND
E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com
Work Experiences
2005- Present Creative and Special Lecturer,
Rajabhat Suan Dusit University, Bangkok
2002-2004 Teacher, Rajabhat Suan Dusit University (Suphanburi Campus)
2000-2001 Art Director, Leo Burnett Limited
1993-1999 Editor, K.K. Books Publishing
Find me at: http://www.13maysa.com
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No collections
Fight Club
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Join us and learn to take control of your DSLR
Long Exposure / Detroit Skyline Workshop - Robert DiTommaso Photography
Long Exposure is an artistic and creative technique. Bob will be giving instruction on Long Exposure on Belle Isle. Belle Isle has several locations - including the... Learn more
- Scott Fountain Belle Isle
- Casino Way, Detroit, MI (map)
Hosted by: Bob D. (Organizer)
1-Day Basic DSLR Photography Workshop (Sunday, August 2, 2015)
Join Bob for a 6-hour 1-day DSLR Basic Photography Workshop. Bob will cover all the basic DSLR photography topics including - camera settings, lens selection, exposure,... Learn more
- Robert DiTommaso Photography Studio & Workshop
- 6841 N Rochester Road, Suite I, Rochester, MI (map)
Hosted by: Bob D. (Organizer)
Volunteer Photographers Needed for Detroit "Life Remodeled" Project - Aug 3-9th
The "Life Remodeled" project is scheduled for the East Side of Detroit - at the Osborn High School and its student community. "Life Remodeled" is an all volunteer... Learn more
- Osborn High School
- 11600 E 7 Mile Rd, Detroit, MI (map)
Hosted by: Juliann Power D. (Managing Partner, Robert DiTommaso Photography)
Automotive Photography Workshop at the Rockin' Rods in Rochester
Automotive Photography is a summer classic in Detroit! Join Bob for this instructional workshop on how to capture the details of a classic automobile. The class will... Learn more
- Rojo Mexican Bistro
- 401 N Main St, Rochester, MI (map)
Hosted by: Bob D. (Organizer)
Fundamentals of Exposure-ISO, Aperture, & Shutter Speed-Basic Photography Class
Join Bob for this Basic Photography class. This is a great follow-up to the 6-hour Basic DSLR workshop or as a stand alone beginner workshop. You will be learning by... Learn more
- Rochester Park by Community House
- 816 Ludlow, Rochester, MI (map)
Hosted by: Bob D. (Organizer)
- More Meetups
Recent Meetups
6 days ago · 8:00 AMFrame Your Own Picture - Edit, Print, Mount & Frame Workshop - Robert DiTommasoJoin Bob for this small-group opportunity to print your own image! The group will edit their image, print it on Bob's professional printer, mount the image and frame it... Learn more
July 25 · 8:00 PMUrban Night Photography Workshop - Downtown BirminghamEvery December I conduct several night photography classes where we get out and photograph the Big Bright Light Show in downtown Rochester. It is always very popular... Learn more
July 25 · 7:00 PMPre-Evening Shoot Discussion over Coneys! - Coney Island in BirminghamJoin Bob and others for a causal gathering at Leo's Coney Island. This gathering will be right before the Birmingham Night Photography Workshop (Please register for... Learn more
July 21 · 5:00 PMChristmas in July - Studio Lighting and Tripod open houseAs some of you know, earlier this year I became and authorized retailer for several photography product lines including: • Bowens Lighting • Pocket Wizard radio triggers... Learn more
July 19 · 9:00 AMPhotograph a motorcycle(s) inside the newly renovated barn at Van Hoosen FarmWhen I was at Van Hoosen to pay my annual photography access fee the other day, the facilities manager took a few minutes to show me all the improvements to the Calf... Learn more
- See all past Meetups


text:
3 Reviews
These were realllllllly good, but I think next time i might leave out some of the olives. I, personally, would enjoy this recipe better w/out the olives. The flavors are excellent, and the addition of crabmeat to this is quite unique, but tasty!
Toolie, these were amazing! I made these for dinner tonight, and oh my God....DH and my son just devoured these in no time...I made them with store-bought roasted peppers in the jar, and prepackaged spinach, I did cheat and used imitation crab meat, so I skipped line 19, and just mixed packaged crab with green onions, I also left out the fresh cilantro, as I did not have any in my fridge... next time I will mabey try it with fresh crab meat, this is a nice change from chicken or beef tortillas...We just loved these, thanks so much Toolie for posting such a wonderful and very tasty recipe, I can't wait to make these again! Thanks KC :-)


text:
London bus crash: Roof ripped off packed tourist bus after it crashes into tree in Bloomsbury
The roof of a packed tourist bus was ripped off when it crashed into a tree in central London this afternoon.
Crystal Palace adamant Tottenham target Yannick Bolasie will not be sold this summer
Crystal Palace remain adamant Yannick Bolasie will not leave this summer.
The 'brilliant, popular' City worker, 23, who died in fall from office block near South Bank
A 'brilliant' young City worker who fell ten storeys to his death from the rooftop terrace of an office block was the "life and soul of the party", his friends said today.
Ask James Caan: Use up your UK options before looking abroad
Related Articles
Published: 19 November 2012
Small business agony uncle James Caan gives tips on how to grow a business.
Dear James:
I have created a product that is selling largely into the UK IT market but I would like to move into new markets, potentially India. Do you have any advice? - Chandu
James says:
As the UK economy rebuilds, developing markets such as India and China have had continued growth. You have capitalised in the UK market and now you want to move into new territories. But before you do, ask yourself: have you exhausted the opportunities in the UK, a market you clearly know? What percentage of the domestic market do you have? There are always opportunities to be had, you just have to be more creative in your thinking to find them.
Before you invest time and money you have to remember moving into an emerging market such as India will present challenges. Barriers to entry include language, legal, raising capital, intellectual property, and cultural interpretation. Not to mention marketing and advertising. Do you know the market place well, do you have experience of the culture? Look closely at your domestic operation and establish whether a move abroad is right for your company. Of course, there are risks but there are also obvious benefits. All things considered, you need to make this decision at the right time and for the right reasons. Importantly, you need to choose the right foreign market or markets to expand into.
If you are serious about expanding, take a trip to your desired location and scope out the opportunities and identify any problems. Starting small will allow you to build quality relationships and learn as you go. Be vigilant to the challenges, carry out extensive research to ensure you know the language, culture and religions as this plays a huge role in any business transaction. Remember your deals with new business in a new market will be different and it's important to learn the characteristics of your target customer/client.
When setting up a business many years ago, I remember we were very conscious that we were dealing with a global customer base. Most of the businesses we were dealing with were large, multinational companies. We needed to demonstrate that we had a global footprint and a global presence. One of the key questions multinational clients always want to know is, "Do you have relationships or affiliations within the counties where we have operations?"
We approached one of the largest international service office companies and said that we wanted virtual offices in a set of 14 countries. It was quite amazing; for $100 a month they gave us virtual offices in America, Japan, China, India, the Middle East, and so on.
If you sell a product or a service in a foreign country, you must comply with local regulations. There are a number of organisations that will help you understand the regulations of each foreign market. The web offers great access to information and there are a number of government websites, government organizations and chambers of commerce that will help you understand the regulatory challenges of international markets.
If you are entering a new market, you must appreciate that each foreign country has its own cultural differences in terms of a product, the way the services are delivered and the way the product is designed. In certain countries, different colours have different meanings. In some countries a colour that may be very acceptable here may be perceived quite negatively there. Therefore, you need to make sure you fully understand the compatibility of the product and service into a new market. This is absolutely crucial.
Many businesses that have experienced the impact of international trade have seen a positive improvement on their bottom line so it can be a successful route and one for you to explore.
Meet James Caan
He may have come to fame in the Dragons' Den, but James Caan has been a businessman for more than three decades — and knows all about the challenges business owners face.
At the next Business Connections event on November 27, the entrepreneur will share insight from his own experience over the last 30 years, offer top tips on building up a company, and reveal how to get to the top — and stay there. The event runs from 7.30pm to 9.30pm at the Emmanuel Centre, Westminster. Doors open at 6.30pm. Tickets are free for Business Connections members, annual membership costs £40. Or they cost £50 for non-members.
More info at: es-bc.co.uk
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Private Bike Tours at the Science Museum
Santander Cycles aren't just for the capital's streets, as Kate Hilpern discovered when she took an after-hours private tour round London's Science Museum. Read more...
Unleash the goddess within, with Versace's latest launch
Step into the world of Versace with their latest scent Eros Pour Femme - and enjoy a free gift with purchase at boots.com for a limited time. Learn more...
Theres nothing like live; the best music venues
Jim Fleeting gave up his steady IT job to follow his dream career making bespoke guitars. Read his guide to the best live venues...
Sheffield's urban festival is back and it's bigger than ever
Yorkshire's finest old pubs & abandoned Victorian factories are amongst the venues that will all play host to the biggest musical event on Sheffield's calendar later this month.
Want to get the Mod look?
Watch our video interview with TV magician Ben Hanlin and his mod makeover...


text:
Selma Blair out at 'Anger Management'
Follow HitFix: Follow @hitfix
Selma Blair out at "Anger Management"
After Charlie Sheen threatened to quit if Selma Blair wasn't fired, Lionsgate, the studio behind the FX show, has announced that Blair won't return to the FX series. "We are confirming that Selma Blair will not be returning to 'Anger Management' and we wish her the very best," the studio said in a statement.
1996 | Action | PGSummary: Amy is only 13 years old when her mother is killed. She goes to Canada to live with her father, an eccentric inventor whom she barely knows. Amy is miserable in her new life... until she discovers a nest of goose eggs that were abandoned when a local forest is torn down. The eggs hatch and Amy be...Director: Carroll Ballard
Cast: Jeff Daniels, Anna Paquin, Dana Delany, Terry Kinney
1973 | Comedy | PGSummary: Before Star Wars, George Lucas paid tribute ot the '50s of his youth with this dramedy featuring Ron Howard and Richard Dreyfuss as high school seniors trying to make the most out of their last night in their California home town. Keep an eye out for a very young Harrison Ford!Director: George Lucas
Cast: Richard Dreyfuss, Ron Howard, Paul Le Mat
1950 | Drama | NRSummary: A small-time screenwriter is drawn into the life of a fading silent film goddess like a fly in a spider's web. Murder and madness await within her gloomy old Hollywood home.Director: Billy Wilder
Cast: William Holden, Gloria Swanson, Erich von Stroheim
2014 | Action | PG-13Summary: Andy Serkis, aka Gollum in Lord of the Rings, dominates as the ape Caesar in this story of post-apocalyptic tribal warfare between man and ape.Director: Matt Reeves
Cast: Gary Oldman, Keri Russell, Andy Serkis, Jason Clarke, Toby Kebbell
2014 | Drama | RSummary: A couple takes a chance on a weekend therapy getaway only to be confronted with the strangest experience of their lives.Director: Charlie McDowell
Cast: Mark Duplass, Elisabeth Moss, Ted Danson
1940 | Comedy | NRSummary: One of the greatest and most radiant comedies from classical Hollywood features Cary Grant, Katherine Hepburn, and Jimmy Stewart in the tale of a woman whose ex-husband walks back into her life just as she's about to marry someone else.Director: George Cukor
Cast: Cary Grant, Katharine Hepburn, James Stewart
2000 | Family | PGSummary: Animated story of two con men whose dreams of gold seem to come true thanks to a map to the legendary city of El Dorado. When they arrive, however, they find their dishonest ambitions challenged by the unexpected allure of Mayan society.Director: Bibo Bergeron, Will Finn
Cast: Kevin Kline, Kenneth Branagh, Rosie Perez
2011 | Drama | NRSummary: The daughter of a ruined family moves back to the Hamptons where she charms her way into wealthy society even as she plots the downfall of all around her.Director: Mike Kelley (creator)
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2004 | Fantasy | PGSummary: Ella of Frell is given the "gift of obedience" by a fairy, only to realize that it's more of a curse because it could separate her from her true love, Prince Charmont. Will Ella manage to conjure a "cure" that enables her to live happily ever after?Director: Tommy O'Haver
Cast: Anne Hathaway, Hugh Dancy, Cary Elwes, Aidan McArdle
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text:
english speaking france jobs
1-15 of 204
French Speaking ERP Software Implementation Consultant
French Selection UK - Maidenhead, Berkshire
Happy to travel to France to provide on-site support (few days/month) Salary: up to £40,000 pa DOE + benefits French Selection UK. The leading recruitment...
6 days, 14 hours ago in Jobsite
Claims Manager France
Richmond Knightley - Manchester, Greater Manchester
Job Title: Claims Manager (France) Salary: £30,000. 35,000 per annum Location: France and the United Kingdom (Manchester/London) Contract Type: Permanent...
02/07/2015 in reed.co.uk
Similar jobs: home based french speaking
Sales Account Manager - France
Syrus Datacom - Brighton & Hove, East Sussex
...UK, Italy & Switzerland Job Description The candidate will take care of B2B sales in French speaking markets, dealing in both inbound & outbound calls/e-mails.
29/06/2015 in reed.co.uk
French Speaking Export Sales Executive, based Leeds
Aaron Wallis Recruitment & Training - Leeds, West Yorkshire
French Speaking Sales Executive, based Leeds. 16,500 Basic Salary, £18,000 OTE. This market leading manufacturer of specialist capital equipment are looking...
5 days, 14 hours ago in Jobsite
French Speaking Marketing Executive (France based)
French Selection UK - London, Greater London
High level of fluency in English, up to mother tongue standard. Degree educated in Marketing and/or Commerce. Previous experience in Marketing would be an...
3 weeks, 5 days ago in reed.co.uk
Similar jobs: export manager france
French Speaking Business Development Executive
French Selection UK - Leeds, West Yorkshire
Regular travel to France to visit clients. Fluent in English (both written and spoken). Previous experience within a B2B sales role. Proven experience of...
3 weeks, 6 days ago in Total Jobs
Similar jobs: french speaking leeds
Marketing Executive - France
FRENCH RESOURCES - Picardie, France
Reporting to the Marketing Director based in France, you will join their international marketing team of 20 people. You will assist the Product Managers in...
1 day, 22 hours ago in reed.co.uk
Bilingual Project Manager - Shopfitting (France based)
French Selection UK - Paris, Paris
To regularly visit key clients in regards to new/existing projects in France The Candidate: Fluent in English and French (written and spoken). Additional...
6 days, 14 hours ago in Jobsite
French Speaking Marketing Executive (France based)
French Selection UK - Paris, Paris
High level of fluency in English, up to mother tongue standard. Degree educated in Marketing and/or Commerce. Previous experience in Marketing would be an...
1 week, 5 days ago in Jobsite
Similar jobs: english company based paris
Senior Business Development Manager - France
The Language Business - London, Greater London
France, will focus on the will focus on the development of new business at C-level with major companies across the French speaking regions of Europe. Your role...
1 week, 5 days ago in reed.co.uk
French Speaking Accounts Assistant
French Selection UK - Stockport, Greater Manchester
Willing to travel to Paris, France as and when required. Salary: £19000. 22.500 (benefits: 25days holidays, part of a bonus scheme, private medical insurance...
5 days, 14 hours ago in Jobsite
Graduate French/German Speaking Concert Tour Operator...
Inspiring Interns - Isleworth, Hounslow, Greater London
The ideal candidate's personality and qualifications: You are a native or fluent English speaker and also are fluent in French or German A driving license...
1 day, 2 hours ago in Total Jobs
French Speaking Stock Taker
WIS International - Cannock, Staffordshire
...for the French Speaking Stock taker role you must be Fluent in French and English, both written and verbal and have the flexibility to travel to France.
5 days, 20 hours ago in reed.co.uk
French speaking Events Manager
Language Matters - London, Greater London
...speaking Events Manager will include: Manage and organise events (including location research, rates negotiation and confirming concept) in the UK and France.
6 days, 23 hours ago in reed.co.uk
French Speaking Sales Representative
French Selection UK - Reading, Berkshire
Fluency in English (written and spoken) is essential. Fluency in French (written and spoken) is essential. Telesales or Telemarketing experience bonus, not...
1 week, 5 days ago in Jobsite


text:
Free Shipping
Product Information:
Product Details
Weights & Dimensions
2' x 3' Rug Size
|Product Type: Area Rug
|Construction: Handmade
|Technique: Hand woven
|Primary Pattern: Solid
|Primary Color: Black/Tan
|Gender: Boy
|Lifestage: Adult
|Material: Jute/Sisal
|Outdoor Use: No
|Country of Manufacture: India
About the ManufacturerChandra area rugs have rapidly become known for tradition, heritage, and quality while revealing one of the most eclectic lineups of area rugs in the industry.
More About This Product
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Ships via: FedEx/UPS
Enter your shipping zip or postal code to calculate shipping estimatesGet Delivery Estimate
We want you to love it. If you don't, you may return your purchase within 30 days of delivery. All you need to do is visit our Self-Service Return Center for instructions. Return credits are issued within 24 hours once the item is received and inspected. Please note that shipping charges are non-refundable. The cost of return shipping will be deducted from your refund. 30-Day Return Policy
Average Overall Rating (based on 2 reviews)
Great Rugs Jennifer from Gulfstream, FL on 03/22/2015 – Verified Buyer
Love it... We have them at out kitchen door and going out to our patio. They look great.
Good purchase John Kijowski from Oviedo, FL on 08/05/2012 – Verified Buyer
Would have been better if the rug had more width to protect the fireplace area, but other than that, it was a good purchase.


text:
Friday, February 9, 2007
- "Devastating" Internal Probe Faults Pentagon on Pre-War Intel
- 45 Iraqi Civilians Reported Killed in U.S. Strike
- 3 U.S. Troops Killed in Anbar Province
- Palestinian Factions Agree on Power-Sharing Deal
- Hamas Pledges "Respect" for Prior Peace Agreements with Israel
- Clashes Erupt at Al-Aqsa Mosque over Excavations
- Khamenei: Iran Will Strike U.S. Interests If Attacked
- NATO Summit Hears Call for More Troops to Afghanistan
- Progress Seen at North Korea Nuke Talks
- Senate Approves Casey for Army Chief of Staff
- Bill Advances to Curb Attorney Firings
- U.N. Climate Study Authors Testify on Global Warming
- 3 Undocumented Immigrants Killed in Arizona Shooting, Kidnapping
- RNC Protesters Detained Six Times Longer
- Georgia Faces Child Health Freeze over Funding Shortfall
- 3 Atlanta Officers Charged in Elderly Woman Shooting
- Family of Unarmed Police Victim Shooting Receives Payment, Pledge of Policy Change
As Prosecution Rests in Trial of Ex-Cheney Chief of Staff, Pentagon Report Faults Bush Admin on Pre-War Intelligence
The prosecution has rested its case in the trial of Lewis "Scooter" Libby, Vice President Cheney's former chief of staff. Libby faces five counts of lying to federal investigators, perjury and obstruction of justice in connection to the outing of CIA operative Valerie Plame. Plame's identity was leaked after her husband, former Ambassador Joe Wilson, questioned the Bush administration's pre-war claims on Iraqi weapons. Meanwhile, a Pentagon investigation has concluded Bush administration officials engaged in inappropriate behavior in their handling of Iraq intelligence before the U.S. invasion. We're joined by Newsweek reporter Michael Isikoff. [includes rush transcript]
Wal-Mart Joins Business, Labor Coalition for Universal Healthcare
Wal-Mart, the nation's largest retailer, has formed a coalition with labor unions and other larger corporations to call for quality affordable health coverage for all Americans by 2012. The coalition includes AT&T, Intel, Kelly Services, the Service Employees International Union and the Communications Workers of America. We get analysis from Center for American Progress senior fellow Jeanne Lambrew and Healthcare-NOW! national coordinator Marilyn Clement. [includes rush transcript]
Independent Jewish Voices: New British Group Speaks Out on Israeli Policies in Occupied Territories
A group of prominent British Jews have launched an organization to counterbalance what they perceive as uncritical support of Israel by major Jewish institutions in the U.K. The organization, called Independent Jewish Voices, or IJV, includes well-known public figures in Britain's Jewish community, including Nobel Prize winner Harold Pinter and fashion designer Nicole Farhi. We go to London to speak with two of the group's members. [includes rush transcript]
Italian Judge Orders U.S. Soldier to Stand Trial for Killing of Italian Intelligence Agent Nicola Calipari
A U.S. soldier has been ordered to stand trial in Italy for the deadly shooting of Italian intelligence agent Nicola Calipari in Iraq nearly two years ago. Calipari was escorting the Italian reporter Giuliana Sgrena out of Iraq following her release from a month-long abduction. The soldier — Mario Lozano of the 69th Infantry Regiment in New York — is likely to be tried in absentia. Sgrena joins with her reaction. [includes rush transcript]
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Alison Bechdel's "Fun Home": The Coming-Out Memoir That Became a Hit Broadway Musical
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Kurdish Residents Flee Homes After Turkish Airstrikes Hit Village
Egypt: Verdict in Trial of Al Jazeera Journalists Postponed Again
White House: Reports of Mullah Omar's Death are "Credible"
FBI Arrests Florida Man After Supplying Him with Explosives
Tunisia: New Law Allows Detention for 2 Weeks Before Access to Lawyer
Bernie Sanders: We Must Fight "Institutional Racism in United States"
California: 2-Mile-Long Oil Slick Appears Off Coast of Santa Barbara
Planned Parenthood Website Attacked, Taken Offline for Hours
Graduates of UVA Sue Rolling Stone as Managing Editor Steps Down
By Amy Goodman and Denis Moynihan
A stunning indictment has been handed down in Cincinnati, focusing attention again on police killings of people of color. This is a start for accountability and justice. Cleveland should pay attention. As the thousand people gathered there last weekend said clearly, "Black Lives Matter."
Show for Jul 31, 2015
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