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Loved to walk along the docks and see the pelicans sitting on the pole thingys. Still has a feel of old mariners.....giagantic Tarpon swimming by Schooners Bar......gigantic !!!!
A real working seaport mixed with tourist attractions, lots to see and do. Watch the huge white tarpon swim around at the back end of Alonzo's Oyster Bar (and DO NOT MISS their half-price appetizer happy hour - great food, large portions, excellent service!)
It's fun to watch the fishermen throw scraps while cleaning their catch down at the historic seaport in Key West. There are lots of pelicans, and if you look closely, tarpons, parrot fish and more.
Walk a little bit from Mallory Square and you'll hit Key West Bight. This is a municipal marina, so you get a mix of interesting people. There is also a turtle museum, great restaurants near by, less crowded gift shops, easy access to parking and a museum for Fort Jefferson. You can also find charter boats for fishing trips, sunset cruises or even a trip to the Dry Tortugas. We saw manatees near the boats docked in the marina, as well as tarpons and pelicans.
It was nice to see the old ships and new one's not much to do in the seaport. but it was great to see the ships from years gone buy.
If you own or manage Historic Seaport at Key West Bight, register now for free tools to enhance your listing, attract new reviews, and respond to reviewers.

subset: commoncrawl


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Real Madrid will spend €50m Ozil money on Luis Suarez or Radamel Falcao in January [Marca]
- September 9, 2013
- Comments0
The summer transfer window may have only shut a week ago, but Marca still splash with two of the best "number 9s" in world football on their front page on Monday morning.
Marca suggest if Karim Benzema fails to fire for Real Madrid in the coming months, Los Blancos will look towards replacing the French striker with either Luis Suarez or Radamel Falcao.
Suarez expressed his desire to sign for Real Madrid during the summer whilst he was agitating for a move from Liverpool – it would though seem highly unlikely that Brendan Rodgers would sell in January.
Radamel Falcao has also been linked with Real Madrid on a regular basis but former club Atletico Madrid would not sell to their great rivals and it would clearly take a mammoth fee to lure him from moneybags Monaco.
This report from Marca goes on to claim that the 50 million euros for a striker to replace Benzema would come from the money Real Madrid received from Arsenal for Mesut Ozil.
Marca's Monday front page is below.
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Search Bgteachgirl's books
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Kelly Slater's Pro Surfer Game Boy Advance
- Publisher: Activision
- Release Date: Aug 21, 2002
- Also On: PC, PlayStation 2
- Critic Score
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An excellent, intuitive surfing game that's a whole lot of fun to just kick around on the varying sizes of waves.
Achieving high scores becomes incredibly addict[ive] and is a great alternative to standing placidly at a bus stop, while you await the no 37.
The graphics are not too bad and the water effects are quite nice, but what you end up with is a side-scrolling-perform-as-many-tricks-as-you-can-in-the-time-limit game - which becomes boring after a few turns.
There are no user reviews yet.


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Plumes of snow from snowmaking equipment fill the air above skiers and snowboarders as Arapahoe Basin Ski Area opens for its first day of the 2012/2013 season on Wednesday.
Article ID:
(Cliff Grassmick / Staff Photographer)
BasketballLongmont's Jeff Kloster honored as CHSCA coach of year
CHSCA award follows near-perfect 27-1 season
Coming within one victory of an undefeated state championship season is a rare feat for any team and it takes a special coach to keep a team on track for such a run. Full Story
(Cliff Grassmick / Staff Photographer)
College footballCU football: Buffs carry air of optimism into fall camp
Olugbode sees greater drive to win
Every coach and every player in every sport feels a sense of optimism when the start of a new season arrives. Full Story
(Paul Aiken / Staff Photographer)
Second Story Garage: Plume Varia
It didn't take long for Denver music observers to notice Plume Varia. Husband and wife Shon and Cherie Cobbs formed the band only two years ago, but after about a year they started finding themselves on best-of lists and playing the scene's top venues. Full Story
National & World Video


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Sunday, 01 Apr 2012 04:49 PM
A major contributor to President Barack Obama's re-election effort is accused of defrauding a businessman and impersonating a bank official.
Donor Abake Assongba gave more than $50,000 to Obama this election season. But her past legal troubles, which include unpaid debts, are creating a new headache for Obama's campaign.
The allegations were first reported Sunday by The Washington Post. Its report says Assongba tried to rip off more than $650,000 from a Swiss businessman and use the funds to build a multimillion-dollar house in Florida.
A campaign spokesman declined comment to The Associated Press but told the Post it reviews issues involving questionable donors. Obama's campaign returned $200,000 last month to two men whose brother was a Mexican fugitive wanted by federal authorities.
Editor's Note: Get the Truth About President Obama. Click Here Now.
© Copyright 2015 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
Sunday, 02 Aug 2015 17:20 PM
The Hillary Clinton campaign is not worrying about the prospect of Vice President Joe Biden joining the Democratic presi . . .
Sunday, 02 Aug 2015 16:38 PM
Former U.S. Ambassador to China Jon Huntsman criticized the United States for not confronting Beijing over its state-san . . .
Sunday, 02 Aug 2015 15:59 PM
Former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush and four other GOP presidential candidates are at a luxury Southern California resort speak . . .
Would prefer a Trump-Fiorina ticket... Palin could serve in his admin in some...
If the Dems continue to support PP then I can no longer support them. This...
San Francisco Judge - not only shielding illegal murders but , baby killers...
Well, so much for The Donald's campaign being over due to the negative comments...
Jesus said "If the world hate you, ye know that it hated me before it hated...
Newsmax, Moneynews, Newsmax Health, and Independent. American. are registered trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc. Newsmax TV, and Newsmax World are trademarks of Newsmax Media, Inc.


text: All the staff were extremely helpful and friendly for me and my friend. It was about a 15-20 minute walk to the old town (main area) which was easy to walk to with places to eat and drink nearby aswell. The rooms were comfortable and clean and the reception had a lot of information on things to do in Prague... More


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Bada, "Hyorin Looks Like an Indian Tribe Leader's Daughter"
Bada, "Hyorin Looks Like an Indian Tribe Leader's Daughter"
bada, hyorin, sistar, radio starBada, "Hyorin Looks Like an Indian Tribe Leader's Daughter"
Bada called Hyorin an 'Indian tribe leader's daughter", arousing laughter.
In MBC 'Radio Star' aired on June 13, Kim Wan Sun, Bada, and SISTAR's Hyorin were invited as 'Korea's Divas.'
On this day, while talking about the relationship among the three of them. MCs said "Bada has called Hyorin an Indian tribe leader's daughter before." Hyorin was shocked, and Bada said "I've heard that somewhere else, so I just passed it on. Of all the things I've heard, that made me feel the best."
When Bada asked, "Does that make you feel bad?", and Hyorin, forcefully, said "No, I feel good", and Bada said "It's not even an Indian's daughter but it's the tribe leader's daughter. That's a good thing. It is a mixture of the wild nature and nobility."
But the MCs continued to make fun of Hyorin. Yoo Sae Yun and Kyu Hyun said, "You kind of look like Pocahontas or Anaksunamun."
Photo: MBC
Simon D to go back with a solo album in August
Rapper Simon D might be coming round again with a new solo mini-album in August.
His label announced on August four that Simon D has no longer accomplished recording his upcoming album as of yet, yet it"s scheduled for unlock on August 21. This album marks Simon D"s first since he"s grow to be the CEO of AOMG along Jay Park. His final solo album used to be "Simon Dominic items "SNL League starts"" in 2011.. ... Read more
Kim Shin Young talks about women' Generation Sunny's drinking
comedian Kim Shin Young spread out about ladies" Generation Sunny"s drinking at the August 4th broadcast of FM4U"s "Kim Shin Young"s midday Song of Hope".
The girls of A red fdevourured as visitors, and they discussed Jeju Island and Busan, where they shot the tune video for "have in mind". DJ Kim Shin Young gave them recommendation about scrumptious spots to devour at, announcing, "while you hang out with me, you"ll gain 5kg (11 lbs) in 3 days. Is that k?"
She also added, "I taught Sunny how to drink. She can bdevour Sung Si Kyung now. I taught her wrong," relating to some of the sturdyest drinkers in entertainment.. ... Read more
[poll] Which Idol group Do you want to go on Summer holiday With?
August has crept up on us al in a position, because of this it's time to benefit from the remainder of summer!
So, we would like to grasp – if it is advisable to have one ultimate hurrah this summer with one of the crucial following idol teams, who would you select? . ... Read more
'Unpretty Rapstar 2' manufacturers deny SISTAR's Hyorin and wonder ladies' Yubin are proveed for the display
regardless of headlines that say that SISTAR"s Hyorin and wonder women" Yubin could be sign up foring "Unpretty Rapstar 2", manufacturers from the display have said that not anything"s been proveed.. ... Read more
'Unpretty Rapstar 2' manufacturers deny SISTAR's Hyorin and sweetness girls' Yubin are showed for 'Unpretty Rapstar'
regardless of headlines that say that SISTAR"s Hyorin and beauty ladies" Yubin could be sign up foring "Unpretty Rapstar 2", manufacturers from the display have mentioned that not anything"s been proveed.. ... Read more


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Seven persons died in different road accidents in the district, police said on Tuesday
A car rally, aimed at promoting road safety and women empowerment, was organised in Hyderabad. Around 150 cars including vintage cars were displayed at the Telangana women car rally.
Twenty-one people were injured when a roadways bus in which they were travelling collided head-on with a truck at a bypass on Ratangarh-Delhi highway in Churu this morning, police said
Five people were killed and one injured in a road accident in Jalaun district of Uttar Pradesh on Tuesday after the car they were travelling in collided head on with a heavy truck on a highway.
Shocked over one fatality every four minutes in road accidents in India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday said his government will soon implement a road safety policy and cashless treatment for accident victims
Shocked over one fatality every four minutes in road accidents in India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Sunday said his government will soon implement a road safety policy and cashless treatment for accident victims
The Kurla magistrate court on Friday rejected the bail application moved by 35-year-old corporate lawyer Janhavi Gadkar for the second time. The advocate is accused of mowing down two persons on the Eastern Freeway in Mumbai on June 10 under the influence of alcohol
At least six people were killed and 12 others injured when a private tourist bus from Punjab skidded off the road and fell into the swollen Parvati river in Himachal Pradesh's Kullu district on Thursday
Lewis Hamilton believes Formula One faces a challenging future after it was rocked by the death of Jules Bianchi
Ministry of Road Transport and Highways issues first responder guidelines following PIL by Delhi resident
BJP MP Hema Malini, who was recently in a road accident that killed a four-year-old girl in Rajasthan, on Wednesday blamed the death on the child's father
Relatives of the four-year-old girl, killed in a car crash with Hema Malini's Mercedes, has alleged that the child was lying at the accident spot for nearly 20 minutes and could have been saved had she been taken to the hospital along with the BJP MP
Actress and BJP MP Hema Malini, who was injured and admitted to hospital after her Mercedes collided with another car in Dausa district, was on discharged from hospital
Veteran film actor and BJP's MP from Mathura Hema Malini on Friday said she was "deeply pained" at a child's death in a road accident involving her car on the Jaipur-Agra national highway
Rajasthan Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje on Friday visited the injured in Hema Malini car accident at SMS (Sawai Man Singh) hospital. Raje met the injured family who are undergoing treatment at the SMS Hospital in Dausa district of Rajasthan.
The Director of Fortis Hospital in Jaipur, Dr. P Tamboli on Friday said Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) MP and Bollywood Actor Hema Malini, who is recovering after being injured in a road accident, underwent a surgery last night.
Bollywood actress and BJP MP Hema Malini, who got injured in a car crash in Rajasthan that killed a child, is doing "fine", doctors said on Friday, even as police arrested her driver for rash driving
The mishap occurred when the Hema Malini's Mercedes collided with an Alto car, leaving the four people travelling in the Alto car severely injured and one of the girl child dead. Injured were identified as Seema (40), Hanuman (38), Shikha Devi (35) and Somil (5). Sonam (4) died in the accident. The actress is currently receiving treatment for head injuries in a city hospital.
The Rajasthan Police on Friday morning arrested veteran actress Hema Malini's driver after the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) MP's car was involved in a fatal road accident
Twenty five people were killed and nine injured after the bus they were travelling in collided with a truck coming from opposite direction in Madhya Pradesh's Khandwa district, police said on Thursday


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After amending the original measure, the new employment bill passes with bipartisan support.
HIGHER ED ROUNDUP: Sen. Ron Wyden wants to "empower consumers and increase college access"; PCC adds all-gender bathrooms.
A measure that would mandate five paid sick days a year heads to the House after passing the Senate on a partisan vote.
Steve Novick, who is running for re-election, turns down cost of living adjustment.
An appearance by the president cost Portland more than $100,000 in overtime pay.


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Making a difference in public education
LFT: Nearly 21,000 teachers and school employees who wake up every morning determined to make a difference.More
Jump to navigation
(Baton Rouge – November 24, 2014) Four Louisiana journalists and researchers were recognized by the Louisiana Federation of Teachers today for their coverage of education issues in the state. The School Bell Award for Excellence in Education Journalism is presented to writers for outstanding efforts in promoting better understanding of education issues.
Adjunct faculty at Temple University have filed authorization cards seeking union representation with the United Academics of Philadelphia, which is the AFT's Philadelphia-area local for adjunct faculty, and the Temple Association of University Professionals, which is the AFT-affiliated union for Temple's full-time tenure-track and nontenure-track faculty.
Using a phone bank and other organizing tools, support staff at the Oregon School Employees Association's Centennial Chapter 113 spent months recruiting 2,000 classified employees, teachers and social service employees to sign up for First Book, a national nonprofit dedicated to putting books in the hands of children who need them most.
(Baton Rouge – November 3, 2014) A Louisiana Department of Education report boasting success for Louisiana's controversial school voucher scheme amounts to little more than political propaganda on the eve of an election, Louisiana Federation of Teachers President Steve Monaghan said today.
Following a new report detailing how Wall Street sold toxic deals to school districts and municipalities that are costing communities billions in fees, interest and other payments, educators, parents, community members and local officials have joined together for a Day of Action in cities across the country.
The AFT has awarded AFT Innovation Fund grants for teachers in New York and Connecticut to offer solutions to problems with their state's rollout of the Common Core State Standards.


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Amazing Advertising In Action
June 16th, 2011
This is the outcome if advertising agencies are given far too much of their client's money to spend. The result is some creative thinking that goes so far out of the box that anything ordinary just looks boring.
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I didn't know - Today's Christian Videos
Embed goodbookclub 3053 views 2010-10-01T23:48:04 In the midst of your pain, God wants to remind you of his plans for you as well as his love. Let Him walk you through the valley of the shadow of death.
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- The Godly Truth About Bikinis - FINALLY Someone Gets It!Inspirational Videos
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ST GEORGE'S – The West Indies Cricket Board (WICB) has rejected a request from the Grenada Cricket Association (GCA) for a possible change in venue for next month's three One-Day International matches between Zimbabwe and West Indies carded for the Queen's Park Stadium. The association said it had written to the WICB requesting that it considered a new venue for the games in light of general elections slated for February 19. However, the WICB said its decision to leave the matches in St George's was based on a report from the Royal Grenada Police Force. "The board of directors accepted the recommendation that the matches should be hosted in Grenada based on the written report received from the Grenada Commissioner of Police . . . ," said WICB's letter to minister of Sports Patrick Simmons following a board meeting in St Lucia last weekend. "We confirm that the matches scheduled for Grenada will remain scheduled in Grenada." the letter further stated. Zimbabwe's tour of the Caribbean, February 22 to March 20, comprises two Tests, three One-Day Internationals (ODI) and two Twenty20 Internationals. The association suggested a possible switch to Antigua for the ODIs. Police Commissioner Willan Thompson has given the assurance that there would be adequate security for the games. "Be advised that the Royal Grenada Police Force will provide adequate security for players and patrons for all matches to be hosted by the Grenada Cricket Association in conjunction with the West Indies Cricket Board," Thompson said in a letter to the Minister of Sports. (CMC)


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Galleries in Philadelphia
For art collectors and art admirers, there's nothing the Philadelphia galleries that feature the most exquisite and avant garde art work on display in the city. Because art is a subjective medium, every art lover can contact their local gallery to find out when their favorite artist or style of art will be on display. Many Philadelphia galleries also hold art sales and auctions, allowing aficionados the chance to take their favorite pieces home.
Don't see the business you're looking for? Add it here
Wyndham Philadelphia Historic District
Philadelphia, PA
Avg per night$160.65$189.00Book Now
Embassy Suites Philadelphia Center City
Philadelphia, PA
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Philadelphia, PA
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Red Roof PLUS+ Philadelphia Airport
Essington, PA
Avg per night$90.24$94.99Book Now
Galleries by Philadelphia Neighborhoods
- Camden
- New Hope
- Bella Vista
- City Hall
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- Penn Center / Financial District
- Lower Merion
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- South Street
- South Philly
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- Villanova
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- Wharton-Hawthorne-Bella Vista
- City Center East
- Pennsport-Whitman-Queen
- City Center West
© 2015 Philadelphia.com: A City Guide by Boulevards. All Rights Reserved. Advertise with us | Contact us | Privacy Policy | Terms of Use | Site Map


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Farrukh Shah
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National University of Modern Languages (NUML)
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Nov 23, 2013
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Transcript of "Interpre"
1. HRMC-11.qxd 01.07.2005 03:36 PM Page 147 Chapter 11 Descriptive and interpretive approaches to qualitative research Robert Elliott and Ladislav Timulak Qualitative research methods today are a diverse set, encompassing approaches such as empirical phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, protocol analysis and discourse analysis. By one common definition (Polkinghorne, 1983), all these methods rely on linguistic rather than numerical data, and employ meaning-based rather than statistical forms of data analysis. Distinguishing between measuring things with words and measuring them in numbers, however, may not be a particularly useful way of characterising different approaches to research. Instead, other distinctive features of qualitative research may turn out to be of far greater importance (Elliott, 1999): ◆ emphasis on understanding phenomena in their own right (rather than from some outside perspective); ◆ open, exploratory research questions (vs. closed-ended hypotheses); ◆ unlimited, emergent description options (vs. predetermined choices or rating scales); ◆ use of a special strategies for enhancing the credibility of design and analyses (see Elliott, Fischer and Rennie, 1999); and ◆ definition of success conditions in terms of discovering something new (vs. confirming what was hypothesised). Space limitations preclude a complete survey of this rapidly growing field of research methods. Instead, we will focus on what are today regarded as established, well-used methods within the descriptive–interpretive branch of qualitative research. (In particular, we will not cover discourse analysis, e.g., Potter and Wetherell, 1987; Stokoe and Wiggins, this volume, or ethnography.) These methods came into their own in the 1970s and 1980s, and have become mainstream in education, nursing, and increasingly in psychology, particularly in non-traditional or professional training schools. Because there is now an extensive history with these methods, standards of good research practice have emerged (e.g., Elliott et al., 1999). Descriptive–interpretive qualitative research methods go by many 'brand names' in which various common elements are mixed and matched according to particular researchers' predilections; currently popular variations include grounded theory
HRMC-11.qxd 01.07.2005 03:36 PM Page 148 148 A HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH METHODS FOR CLINICAL AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY (Henwood and Pigeon, 1992; Strauss and Corbin, 1998), empirical phenomenology (Giorgi, 1975; Wertz, 1983), hermeneutic-interpretive research (Packer and Addison, 1989), interpretative phenomenological analysis (Smith, Jarman, Osborn, 1999), and Consensual Qualitative Research (Hill, Thompson, Williams, 1997). Following Barker, Pistrang and Elliott (2002), we find the emphasis on brand names to be confusing and somewhat proprietary. Thus, in our treatment here, we take a generic approach that emphasises common methodological practices rather than relatively minor differences. It is our hope to be able to encourage readers to develop their own individual mix of methods that lend themselves to the topic under investigation and the researchers' preferences and style of collecting and analysing qualitative data. In the approach to qualitative research we present here, we begin with the formulation of the research problem, followed by a discussion of issues in qualitative data collection and sampling. We will then go on to present common strategies of data analysis, before concluding by summarising principles of good practice in descriptive– interpretive qualitative research and providing suggestions for further reading and learning. Formulating the problem Previously, some qualitative researchers believed that it was better to go into the field without first reading the available literature. The reason for this position was the belief that becoming familiar with previous knowledge would 'taint' the researcher, predisposing them to impose their preconceptions on the data and raising the danger of not being sensitive enough to allow the data speak for themselves in order to reveal essential features of the phenomenon. It is our view that this approach is somewhat naive. For one thing, it is now understood that bias is an unavoidable part of the process of coming to know something and that knowledge is impossible without some kind of previous conceptual structure. Far from removing the researcher's influence on the data, remaining ignorant of previous work on a phenomenon simply ensures that one's work will be guided by uninformed rather than informed expectations. For this reason, the formulation of the research problem in qualitative research is similar in many ways to that in quantitative research. As a consequence, before commencing data collection, researchers carefully examine available knowledge and theory, carrying out a thorough literature search that includes up to date information on the topic of investigation. Strauss and Corbin (1998) refer to this as 'theoretical sensitivity' quoting Pasteur's motto, 'Discovery favours the prepared mind'. An important feature of this initial phase, however, is that the researcher should become as aware of possible of the nature of their pre-understandings of the phenomenon, as these are likely to shape the data collection, analysis and interpretation. At the same time, the researcher should regard their expectations lightly, in a way that is open to unexpected meanings.
HRMC-11.qxd 01.07.2005 03:36 PM Page 149 DESCRIPTIVE AND INTERPRETIVE APPROACHES TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH The formulation of research problem is guided by the traditional questions: e.g., What do we know about the phenomenon? Why is it important to know more? What has influenced previous research findings (methodology, social context, researcher theory)? What do we want to make clearer by the new study? Note that the problem formulation itself may not imply a need for a qualitative approach. Therefore, the researcher should not prejudge the question of whether they will use qualitative methods for the study. Instead, use of a qualitative strategy should emerge as a means to answer the particular research questions (Elliott, 1995, 2000). The research questions leading to employing qualitative data collection and analysis strategies are usually open-ended and exploratory in nature. Barker et al. (2002) suggest that exploratory questions, suitable as the base for qualitative inquiry are typically used when: (a) there is little known in a particular research area; (b) existing research is confusing, contradictory, or not moving forward; or (c) the topic is highly complex. As to the aim of exploratory questions, Elliott (2000) sees the following types: ◆ Definitional: What is the nature of this phenomenon? What are its defining features? (e.g., What does it mean for patients with metastatic breast cancer to experience help in this existential support group treatment?) ◆ Descriptive: What kinds or varieties does the phenomenon appear in? What aspects does it have? (e.g., In what ways do adolescent patients in a cognitive behavioural treatment for diabetes self-care change?) ◆ Interpretive: Why does the phenomenon come about? How does it unfold over time? (e.g., What is the story or sequence of patients' improvement in a post-surgery cardiac rehabilitation programme? What changes led to what other changes?) ◆ Critical/action: What's wrong (or right) about the phenomenon? How could it be made better? (e.g., What complaints do patients have about a specialist sleep disorder clinic?) ◆ Deconstruction: What assumptions are made in this research? Whose social or political interests are served by it? (e.g., What are the cultural and sociopolitical implications of the way in which patient outcome has been measured in behavioural medicine research, such as focusing on pathology as opposed to health?) Data collection While the formulation of the research problem does not distinguish sharply between quantitative and qualitative research traditions, data collection often differs dramatically. There is a difference in the format of the data, but also in the general strategy for obtaining the data. As to the format, simply stated, qualitative inquiry looks for verbal accounts or descriptions in words, or it puts observations into words (occasionally it also uses other forms of description, e.g., drawings by children with leukaemia). Another major difference is that it uses open-ended questions. However, more importantly, it also uses 149
HRMC-11.qxd 01.07.2005 03:36 PM Page 150 150 A HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH METHODS FOR CLINICAL AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY an open-ended strategy for obtaining the data. By 'open-ended' we mean not only that participants are encouraged to elaborate on their accounts, or that observations are not restricted to certain pre-existing categories. Rather, open-endedness refers to the general strategy of data gathering. It means that inquiry is flexible and carefully adapted to the problem at hand and to the individual informant's particular experiences and abilities to communicate those experiences, making each interview unique. There are several methods of obtaining information for qualitative inquiry. Qualitative interviews are the most common general approach, with semi-structured and unstructured interview formats predominating. In these forms of interview, participants are asked to provide elaborated accounts about particular experiences (e.g., tell me about a time when your asthma was particularly severe). The interviewer should have basic skills plus additional training in open-ended interviewing; such interviews are very similar to the empathic exploration found in good person-centred therapy (Mearns and Thorne, 1999). Good practice is to develop an interview guide that helps the interviewer focus the interview without imposing too much structure. Hill et al. (1997) recommend providing interviewees with a list of questions before the interview. Variant formats Self-report questionnaires are used much less in qualitative research, because they typically do not stimulate the needed level of elaboration sought by the qualitative researcher. However, given time and space constraints, questionnaires may be used as well. In that case they naturally consist of open-ended questions and ask respondents for elaboration, examples, etc. A good practice is to build in the opportunity to followup on questionnaires by phone interview (Hill et al., 1997) or email correspondence, as responses often do not provide enough elaboration to understand the respondents' point. A popular alternate form of qualitative interview is the focus group (see Wilkinson, this volume, for more information), a group format in which participants share and discuss their views of a particular topic (e.g., needed services for teenagers with spina bifida), allowing access to a large number of possible views and a replication of naturalistic social influence and consensus processes. A special form of qualitative interview, used, for example, in research on helping processes (e.g., between breast cancer patients and their partners; Barker, Pistrang and Rutter, 1997), is tape-assisted recall. Here, a recording of an interaction is played back for the interviewee so that they can recall and describe their experience of particular moments (Elliott, 1986). Finally, think-aloud protocols (McLeod, 1999) are special forms of interview in which the participant is asked to verbalise their thought processes as they deal with a problem (e.g., managing an episode of high blood sugar). When observational methods are used in qualitative research they typically make extensive use of field notes or memos. These notes are primarily descriptive and observational
HRMC-11.qxd 01.07.2005 03:36 PM Page 151 DESCRIPTIVE AND INTERPRETIVE APPROACHES TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH but may also include the researcher's interpretations and reactions, as long as these are clearly labelled as such. Qualitative observational methods often use non-interview archival data, such as tape recordings and associated transcripts of doctor–patient interactions. (Projective techniques can also be used as methods of data collection in qualitative research but are rarely seen, especially in clinical and health psychology.) There are three key aspects typical of the data collection in descriptive/interpretive qualitative research worth mentioning at this point: First, despite the fact that data collection in qualitative research generally does not use pre-existing categories for sorting the data, it always has a focus. The focus is naturally driven by the specific research questions. (At the same time, however, the general research approach encourages constructive critique and openness to reassessment of the chosen focus, if the data begin to point in a different direction.) Second, qualitative interviews are distinguished by their deliberate giving of power to respondents, in the sense that they become co-researchers. The interviewer tries to empower respondents to take the lead and to point out important features of the phenomenon as they see it. For example, respondents may be encouraged not only to reveal aspects of their experiences that were not expected by the researcher, but also to suggest improvements in the research procedure. Last but not least, a triangulation strategy is often used in this kind of research, with data gathered by multiple methods (e.g., observation and interviewing). This strategy can yield a richer and more balanced picture of the phenomenon, and also serves as a cross-validation method. Specifics of sampling Sampling in qualitative research, as in the quantitative tradition, is focused on the application of findings beyond the research sample. However, we cannot talk about generalisability in a traditional sense of stratified random sampling. Qualitative research does not aim at securing confidence intervals of studied variables around exact values in a population. Instead, qualitative research typically tries to sample broadly enough and to interview deeply enough that all the important aspects and variations of the studied phenomenon are captured in the sample – whether the sample be 8 or 100! Generalisability of specific population values or relationships is thus replaced by a thorough specification of the characteristics of the sample, so that one can make judgements about the applicability of the findings. As to the sample size, qualitative research does not use power analysis to determine the needed n, but instead mostly commonly uses the criterion of saturation (Strauss and Corbin, 1998), which means adding new cases to the point of diminishing returns, when no new information emerges. Obviously, given the nature of the data collected, and the time-consuming nature of analysis (see below) the size of the samples is usually much lower than in quantitative research. 151
HRMC-11.qxd 01.07.2005 03:36 PM Page 152 152 A HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH METHODS FOR CLINICAL AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY In order to satisfy the saturation criterion, the most common sampling strategy used in qualitative research can be labelled as purposeful sampling (Creswell, 1998). That is, if the study aims to depict central, important or decisive aspects of the investigated phenomenon, then sampling should assure that these are covered. In the grounded theory tradition, where the result of the study is a complete theory of the phenomenon, the preferred sampling strategy is referred to as theoretical sampling. This kind of sampling is driven by the need of the researchers to cover the relevant aspects of developing theory. Obviously then, sampling in qualitative research can and should be flexible and should reflect the research problem, ranging from sampling for maximum variation to focusing in-depth on a single exceptional case (see sampling strategies in Miles and Huberman, 1994). Data analysis in descriptive/interpretive qualitative research Qualitative research also requires flexibility during the analysis phase as well, with procedures developing in response to the ongoing analysis. Critical challenge is a key but sometimes overlooked aspect of qualitative data analysis, as the researcher uses constant critical (but not paralysing) self-reflection and challenging scepticism with regard to the analysis methods and the emerging results. We could say that all steps of the analysis are taken prudently with much reflection. Checking and auditing all steps of the analysis is natural part of the qualitative research, as well as careful archiving of each step of the analysis for later checking. The analysis has also to be systematic and organised, so the researcher can easily locate information the data set and can trace provisional results of the analysis back to the context of the data. However, in spite of cherishing flexibility, qualitative research often employs a general strategy that provides the backbone for the analysis. In grounded theory, this strategy is referred to as axial coding (Strauss and Corbin, 1998); in consensual qualitative research (Hill et al., 1997), it takes the form of a set of general domains that are used to organise the data (e.g., context → illness onset → coping → outcome). We provide here a general framework for descriptive/interpretive qualitative research. We use this framework in our own work (e.g., Elliott et al., 1994; Timulak and Elliott, 2003) and note that it is similar to and influenced by comparable frameworks used by other researchers (e.g., Hill et al., 1997). Even in our own research work, however, it is just a general structure that we use flexibly and, as appropriate, modify or add to. Data preparation The first step of analysis is data preparation. The data are usually obtained in the form of notes and tape recordings. In case of tape recordings, the data are first transcribed verbatim. In case of the combination of researcher observational notes and transcribed recordings, the notes are usually interwoven with the transcripts, often using different fonts, so that the researcher's voice can be clearly distinguished from the informant's
HRMC-11.qxd 01.07.2005 03:36 PM Page 153 DESCRIPTIVE AND INTERPRETIVE APPROACHES TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH voice in the data. During this stage of the analysis, it is worthwhile to read the whole data set, so that the researcher can get the whole picture of the studied phenomenon. During this initial reading, insights and understandings begin to emerge and are written down as memos. This is a kind of pre-analysis that can influence future steps of the analysis because the first relevancies start to unfold. During or after the initial reading an initial editing of the data often takes place. Obvious redundancies, repetitions, and unimportant digressions are omitted. One must, of course, be sure that the deleted data do not constitute important and relevant aspects of the phenomenon. Checks in the form of independent and challenging auditing processes by either the main analyst or others can be applied here also. Delineating and processing meaning units Next, we start to divide the data into distinctive meaning units (cf. Rennie, Phillips and Quartaro, 1988; Wertz, 1983). Meaning units are usually parts of the data that even if standing out of the context, would communicate sufficient information to provide a piece of meaning to the reader. The length of the meaning unit depends on the judgement of the researcher, who must assess how different lengths of meaning unit will affect the further steps of the analysis and who also should adopt a meaning unit size that is appropriate to their cognitive style and the data at hand. Generally, the longer the meaning unit is the bigger number (variety) of meanings it contains but the clearer its contextual meaning will be. As we delineate the meaning units, we can shorten them by getting rid of redundancies that do not change the meanings contained in them. For example, in a study of significant events in cognitive therapy with a diabetic patient, the data might read: 'What was important for me was that the therapist verbalised exactly how I feel about my diabetes. The words she used helped me to be more aware of the things about it that I am having trouble with.' A shortened version of this, which we would use in the further analysis, might then look as follows: 'T verbalised exactly how P felt about her illness – it helped P to be more aware of what aspects of it P is having trouble with.' (T stands for the therapist and P for the patient.) The meaning units are the units with which we do the analysis. However, it is good to be able to trace them back to the full data protocol, in case we need to be able clarify something from the context. For that reason it is a very good idea to assign a consecutive code (in numbers and letters) to each meaning unit. The code should localise the unit in the original protocol. For example, if for each case we use different letter, we immediately know where meaning unit H82 came from. This procedure facilitates auditing. Finding an overall organising structure for the data Naturally, different sets of meaning units describe different aspects of the phenomenon. From their pre-research understanding of the phenomenon and their first reading of the data the researcher already has some ideas about some very broad headings for 153
HRMC-11.qxd 01.07.2005 03:36 PM Page 154 154 A HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH METHODS FOR CLINICAL AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY organising the phenomenon into different processes or phases, referred to as domains. In fact, the researchers often introduce this structure into the data from the beginning via the interview question themselves. Nevertheless, the researcher typically waits until they finally sit down to code the data before developing a formal version of this organising framework in relation to the first one or two data protocols. Consistent with this practice, Hill et al. (1997) recommend sorting the data into domains that provide a conceptual framework for the data, referred to in grounded theory as axial coding (Strauss and Corbin, 1998). As noted, this framework for meaningfully organising the data should be flexible and tested until it fits the data. It is important that the researcher always be open to using the data to restructure the organising conceptual framework. Critical auditing and testing out different possible frameworks are both useful strategies here. In studies reported in the literature, it is possible to find various kinds of relationship between domains, including temporal sequence (these things happened before these things), causes (this influenced this), significations (that is what this thing means now), etc. We typically find a variety of different types of structuring. Sometimes the domains may also mirror the different sources of the data, e.g., different kinds of observation, different kinds of self-report. If it is conceptually meaningful or in cases when the researcher is not sure about the structuring the data for the moment, it is possible to assign some data to more than one domain. Generation of categories Next, the meaning units are coded or categorised within each of the domains into which they have been organised. The categories evolve from the meanings in the meaning units. The word category refers to the aim of discerning regularities or similarities in the data (Glaser and Strauss, 1967). Creation of categories is an interpretive process on the part of the researcher (or in many cases the team of researchers, cf. Hill et al., 1997), in which the researcher is trying to respect the data and use category labels close to the original language of participants. On the other hand, ideas for categories also come in part from the researcher's knowledge of previous theorising and findings in other studies. Categorising is thus an interactive process in which priority is given to the data but understanding is inevitably facilitated by previous understanding. It is a kind of dialogue with the data. (In grounded theory this step is referred to as open coding.) The initial label for a category may come from the first occurrence of the meaning in some meaning unit; however, during the analysis it is typically refined as similar meanings are incorporated from subsequent meaning units. This evolving refining of categories means that some meaning units may eventually need to be reassigned to different categories. In this process, the meaning units are constantly compared (Glaser and Strauss, 1967) to each other and to the emerging categories, until all the data are sorted. At this point the analysis may contain thin or undeveloped categories or groups of categories lacking
HRMC-11.qxd 01.07.2005 03:36 PM Page 155 DESCRIPTIVE AND INTERPRETIVE APPROACHES TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH differentiation or multiple examples (i.e., not adequately saturated). The researcher reflects whether these will be left out of the findings as not contributing sufficiently to the understanding of the phenomenon. Our position is that no data should be left out in this step, because idiosyncratic aspects of the phenomenon can inform the study in interesting ways. After all, qualitative research is interested in the different aspects of the examined phenomenon; therefore, it should not discard some of them just because they are infrequent. The next step in creating the categories is often categorising the categories. In this process we would be looking for similarities and regularities between the already established categories. Thus, we typically establish categories of the first order that categorise meaning units, categories of the second order that categorise the categories of the first order, and so on leading to a hierarchy of categories, with the bottom level including the meaning units and more and more abstract categories evolving (e.g., Rennie, 1990, who created a taxonomy of clients' experiences in therapy sessions). In some studies, it is meaningful to do the categorisation separately for each case from the sample (e.g., if we have a lot of data for each case, or if we expect variance within the cases). In that situation, the categorisation of the data for each case is followed by the cross-case analysis (Elliott et al., 1994; Hill et al., 1997) examining similarities and dissimilarities across cases. A key aspect of the categorisation is a delineation of the relationships between the categories. These relationships usually respect the structure of the domains but they may also evolve their own structure, if the data suggest it. The relationships among categories are often pictured in the form of figures or diagrams. Abstracting the main findings The generation of categories usually ends with a taxonomy that describes and interprets the whole phenomenon as it was contained in the gathered data. As qualitative analysis is a very complex endeavour and deals with many details, the taxonomies that result from it are often overwhelming and do not convey directly the essence of the phenomenon. The essence of the phenomenon is, however, the aim of the analysis, so it is very important for the researcher avoid the temptation to stop with a set of categories and not take the next step of abstracting the main findings from the category structure. This abstracting follows the rule of essential sufficiency, which means that we are looking for the simplest way to fully depict the phenomenon. We are looking for what constitutes the main findings contained in the categorisation or taxonomy, so that we can communicate them clearly to the reader. Thus, we may also ask of our results, What categories are required to communicate the essence of the phenomenon? This part of the analysis usually employs graphs, diagrams, figures, tables, and narratives (e.g., the typical story of recovering from an eating disorder). It is a step aiming at grasping the essence of the phenomenon. This step, too, is carefully documented so that it can be tracked back to the data. 155
HRMC-11.qxd 01.07.2005 03:36 PM Page 156 156 A HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH METHODS FOR CLINICAL AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY We can think of this part of the analysis as about the ultimate categorisation of the categorisation, or as about marketing what we found, or as about abstracting the results of our work. (In grounded theory this step is referred to as selective coding.) Validity of analysis The validity of the analysis is assessed throughout the study, as previously noted. To accomplish this, a constructively sceptical process of independent auditing is recommended. Although it is best for researchers to employ careful internal auditing throughout the analysis, the major auditing step typically occurs after a complete draft analysis has been produced. In addition, there are several other useful validation strategies. Validation by research participants is common, and involves presenting the results to the original informants or others like them in order to obtain feedback and correction. Another strategy, triangulation, involves comparing data collected by different methods (including quantitative). Collection of more cases may also be useful, particularly is auditing identifies problems with inadequate saturation of categories. Finally, resonation with the reader of the research paper is an essential form of validation in qualitative research. To facilitative this, the qualitative study should ground the findings in many illustrative examples, so readers may make their own judgements. Interpretation of the results Although categorisation of data uses interpretive strategies, one should not confuse this with the interpretation and discussion of the findings, which is done in qualitative research as in any other kind of research, after the findings are presented. As in quantitative research, it is important to place one's qualitative findings within a context of previous theory and research findings. We can do this partly by reflecting thoroughly on the methodological influences and limitations shaping the results of our study (and previous studies). Probing the implications of our research can also include subjecting the existing literature to the same kind of rigorous process of analysis and categorisation as we used with our own data. In addition, it is also important to locate our findings within a socio-historical and scientific context, and to imagine useful further research. Reviewing and critiquing qualitative research In this chapter, we have tried to provide guidance on good practice in descriptive– interpretive qualitative research. Some of the key points of evaluation can be summed up in the following guidelines (see Elliott et al., 1999, for more detail and examples of good and bad practice for each): 1 Own your perspective: Describe your theoretical orientation and personal interest in the research: values, interests, commitments, assumptions, expectations, and the role these played in the study.
HRMC-11.qxd 01.07.2005 03:36 PM Page 157 DESCRIPTIVE AND INTERPRETIVE APPROACHES TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH 2 Describe your sample: Provide relevant features of the research participants and their life circumstances (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity, social class; variations in kind of experience described). 3 Ground categories in examples: Provide one or two concrete examples or each category (can be brief or extended). 4 Provide one or more credibility checks, including checking results with the original informants or others similar to them; using multiple qualitative analysts; using an additional analytic auditor (or a review by the original analyst); comparing two or more varied qualitative perspectives; or comparing results with quantitative data or external factors. 5 Organise categories to provide coherent understanding of how they fit together: Provide a data-based narrative, map, framework, or underlying structure to organise the phenomenon for the reader (e.g., memorably-named core categories or figures). 6 Accomplishing general vs. specific research tasks: For a general understanding of a phenomenon, use an appropriate sampling strategy and range of instances (informants or situations). For understanding a specific instance, make sure it has been studied and described systematically and comprehensively. 7 Allow readers to evaluate whether your categories resonate with their first- or secondhand experience of the phenomenon: Use concrete, rich language in order to help readers judge whether it has accurately represented the phenomenon. Conclusions Over the past 20 years, rigorous qualitative research methods have brought a breath of fresh air to the social sciences and increasingly to the health sciences, in particular re-habilitation and nursing. While our colleagues were at first highly suspicious of these approaches, they have subsequently learned that the kinds of methods we have been describing do not pose a threat to traditional quantitative methods but rather offer a useful complement for enriching, enlivening, and illuminating quantitative results. Nevertheless, these methods remain generally under-utilised by psychologists, including health psychologists. We urge readers to take the plunge by adopting a more pluralist approach to research incorporating the methods described here along with other, more traditional approaches. Further reading Miles and Huberman (1994), Denzin and Lincoln (2000), and Creswell (1998) provide varied but useful general treatments each covering a range of approaches to qualitative research. The central sources for the particular version of qualitative research described in this chapter are Rennie et al. (1998) and Wertz (1983); see also Strauss and Corbin (1998) on grounded theory; Hill et al. (1997) on Consensual Qualitative Research, and 157
HRMC-11.qxd 01.07.2005 03:36 PM Page 158 158 A HANDBOOK OF RESEARCH METHODS FOR CLINICAL AND HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY Smith et al. (1999) on interpretative phenomenological analysis. For a more extended survey of a broad range of qualitative approaches to studying the change process in psychotherapy, see Elliott, Slatick and Urman (2001). References Barker, C., Pistrang, N. and Elliott, R. (2002). Research methods in clinical psychology: An introduction for students and practitioners, 2nd edn. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons. Creswell, J. W. (1998). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y. S. (eds) (2000). Handbook of qualitative research, 2nd edn. Newberry Park, CA: Sage. Elliott, R. (1986). Interpersonal process recall (IPR) as a psychotherapy process research method. In L. S. Greenberg and W. M. Pinsof (eds) The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook, pp. 249–286. New York: Guilford Press. Elliott, R. (1995). Therapy process research and clinical practice: Practical strategies. In M. Aveline and D. A. Shapiro (eds) Research foundations for psychotherapy practice, pp. 49–72. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons. Elliott, R. (1999). Editor's introduction to special issue on qualitative psychotherapy research: Definitions, themes and discoveries. Psychotherapy Research, 9, 251–257. Elliott, R., (2000). Rigor in psychotherapy research: The search for appropriate methodologies. Unpublished paper, Department of Psychology, University of Toledo. Elliott, R., Fischer, C. and Rennie, D. (1999). Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38, 215–229. Elliott, R., Shapiro, D. A., Firth-Cozens, J., Stiles, W. B., Hardy, G., Llewelyn, S. P., and Margison, F. (1994). Comprehensive process analysis of insight events in cognitive-behavioral and psychodynamic-interpersonal therapies. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 41, 449–463. Elliott, R., Slatick, E. and Urman, M. (2001). Qualitative change process research on psychotherapy: alternative strategies. In J. Frommer and D. L. Rennie (eds) Qualitative psychotherapy research: Methods and methodology, pp. 69–111. Lengerich, Germany: Pabst Science Publishers. Giorgi, A. (1975). An application of phenomenological method in psychology. In A. Giorgi, C. Fisher, and E. Murray (eds) Duquesne studies in phenomenological psychology, Vol. 2. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press. Glaser, B. G. and Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine. Henwood, K. L. and Pidgeon, N. (1992). Qualitative research and psychological theorising. British Journal of Psychology, 83, 97–111. Hill, C. E., Thompson, B. J. and Williams, E. N. (1997). A guide to conducting consensual qualitative research. The Counseling Psychologist, 25, 517–572. McLeod, J. (1999). Practitioner research in counseling. London: Sage. Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (1999). Person-centred counselling in action, 2nd edn. Newberry Park: Sage. Miles, M. B. and Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook, 2nd edn. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Packer, M. J. and Addison R. B. (eds) (1989). Entering the circle: Hermeneutic investigation in psychology. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
HRMC-11.qxd 01.07.2005 03:36 PM Page 159 DESCRIPTIVE AND INTERPRETIVE APPROACHES TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH Pistrang, N., Barker, C. and Rutter, C. (1997). Social support as conversation: Analysing breast cancer patients' interactions with their partners. Social Science and Medicine, 45, 773–782. Polkinghorne, D. (1983). Methodology for the human sciences. Albany, NY: Human Sciences Press. Potter, J. and Wetherell, M. (1987). Discourse and social psychology. London: Sage. Rennie, D. (1990). Toward a representation of the client's experience of the psychotherapy hour. In G. Lietaer, J. Rombauts, and R. Van Balen (eds) Client-centered and experiential psychotherapy in the nineties, pp. 155–172. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press. Rennie, D. L., Phillips, J. R., Quartaro, G. K. (1988). Grounded theory: A promising approach to conceptualization in psychology? Canadian Psychology, 29, 139–150. Smith, J. A., Jarman, M. and Osborn, M. (1999). Doing interpretative phenomenological analysis. In M. Murray and K. Chamberlain (eds) Qualitative health psychology, pp. 218–240. London: Sage. Strauss, A. and Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory, 2nd edn. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Timulak, L. and Elliott, R. (2003). Empowerment events in process-experiential psychotherapy of depression. Psychotherapy Research, 13, 443–460. Wertz, F. J. (1983). From everyday to psychological description: Analyzing the moments of a qualitative data analysis. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 14, 197–241. 159
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Bill Text — Jun 21, 2012
H.R. 6011 (112th): Kidney Disease Equitable Access, Prevention, and Research Act of 2012
This bill's text is now available.
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Mar 6, 2012
112th Congress, 2011–2013
This bill was introduced on March 6, 2012, in a previous session of Congress, but was not enacted.
Senator from North Dakota
Read Text »
Last Updated: Mar 6, 2012
Length: 12 pages
(same title)
Referred to Committee — Jun 21, 2012
A bill to amend title XVIII of the Social Security Act to improve Medicare benefits for individuals with kidney disease, and for other purposes.
Legislative action may be ocurring on one of these bills in lieu of or in parallel to action on this bill.
Referred to Committee
Last Action: Jun 21, 2012
The "S." in "S. 2163" means this is a Senate bill in the United States Congress. A bill must be passed by both the House and Senate in identical form and then be signed by the President to become law.
The bill's title was written by its sponsor.
The committee chair determines whether a bill will move past the committee stage.
There have been no votes related to this bill.
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Civic Impulse. (2015). S. 2163 — 112th Congress: Kidney Disease Equitable Access, Prevention, and Research Act of 2012. Retrieved from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s2163
"S. 2163 — 112th Congress: Kidney Disease Equitable Access, Prevention, and Research Act of 2012." www.GovTrack.us. 2012. August 3, 2015 <https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/s2163>
{{cite web
|title=S. 2163 (112th)
|accessdate=August 3, 2015
|author=112th Congress (2012)
|date=March 6, 2012
|quote=Kidney Disease Equitable Access, Prevention, and Research Act of 2012


text:
The cell phone industry: Big Tobacco 2.0?
Forum: Cell Phones Debate
The Cell Phone industry: Big Tobacco 2.0?
By Molly Wood, senior editor, CNET.com
Tuesday, March 8, 2005
Molly Wood So, there's this incredibly popular product that has widespread consumer use and a massive marketing presence. Nearly everyone uses it, and it has very high social acceptance, even though some people find it annoying when it's used in public. It's highly habit-forming; people who use the product on a regular basis find it almost impossible to live without.
Unfortunately, studies start to appear showing that the product might be harmful to its users--even cancer-causing. The product's manufacturers deny the presence of any danger and even spend millions of dollars trying to discredit the research that points to problems. Then, an insider emerges, seemingly with proof that the product could be dangerous. The industry agrees to publish warning data about the product, but continues to maintain that the product itself is safe for use. Lawsuits against the product's manufacturers are filed, but all are dismissed. Industry analysts know that any case that does succeed could start a domino effect of future lawsuits, which keeps the industry determined to maintain that the product is harmless, despite increasing evidence to the contrary.
Well, put down your lighter, I'm talking about Cell Phone s. I've already maintained that I don't like the cell phone industry's iron-clad control over phone releases and pricing, its ever-lengthening contracts, and the annoying habit it has of crippling Bluetooth phones so that I can't use them the way I want to. But it takes only a few minutes of looking into the cell phone radiation quagmire before I start to think, man, these guys have Big Tobacco 2.0 written all over them. Actually, I'm not the first to think of it, but a recent article in the University of Washington alumni magazine indicates that the behaviors aren't going away, even as the potentially damning research continues to mount.
OK, I know the obvious differences: I'm sure cell phone manufacturers are not deliberately making their products more addictive, for example--although they are, of course, always offering new and improved services and ever-increasing buckets of minutes, which can't help but encourage us to use our phones more and more frequently. But, just as Big Tobacco did, the cell phone industry seems bound and determined to thwart and deny any suggestion that its product might be dangerous.
A history of bad news
For example, in 1994, University of Washington bioengineering professors Henry Lai and Narendra Singh found that the DNA in rats' brains was damaged after two hours of exposure to levels of microwave radiation considered safe by the government. When Lai and Singh published the research, a leaked memo from Motorola's head of global strategy, Norm Sandler, talked about ways to minimize damage by undermining their research, with Sandler writing, "I think that we have sufficiently war-gamed the Lai/Singh issue." Ouch. Worse, research biologist Jerry Phillips, who was paid by Motorola to conduct similar testing, says he was able to duplicate Lai and Singh's findings, but was then asked not to publish the research and was subsequently shunned by the company. Motorola says it told Phillips that his findings needed clarification, and the industry still maintains that Lai and Singh's results have never been duplicated and can't be considered legitimate.
The biggest Russell Crowe-style insider in this case, though, is Dr. George Carlo, who was hired by the Cellular Telecommunications & Internet Association to head up a $28 million research program into possible health effects from cellular phones. Unfortunately, he now says his findings show an increased rate of brain cancer deaths, development of tumors, and genetic damage among heavy cell phone users. He wrote this letter of concern to the president of AT&T Corporation and later went public with his findings after what he considered to be neglect by the industry. He's since broken with the industry, become a vocal critic, and coauthored a book called Cell Phones: Invisible Hazards in the Wireless Age--so you can tell he's on the "cell phones could cause cancer" side of things.
Meanwhile, more studies keep coming, and they seem to be getting worse. A study funded by the European Union reported last December that radio waves from mobile phones do, definitively, damage DNA and other cells in the body--and that the damage extended to the next generation of cells. Even though mutated cells are considered a possible cause of cancer, the UK National Radiological Protection Board said that since the study didn't show that the damage definitely led to disease, consumers shouldn't worry too much about the findings.
Uh, right. In the meantime, the report recommended that children use mobile phones only in emergency situations. You know, just in case. How reassuring.
The cell phone industry hasn't commissioned another large-scale study--at least not publicly--since its fateful encounter with Dr. Carlo--and why would they? They're in a catch-22. It's a multibillion dollar industry, and they simply can't afford to find out, definitively, that cell phones are dangerous. Worse, just like the tobacco companies, if they start issuing warnings and precautionary tales now, it'll look like they knew all along that the radio waves were dangerous, opening them up to major liability claims. They've already dodged one big, big bullet--an $800 million lawsuit against Motorola and cell phone carriers was thrown out in 2002, with the judge ruling that there wasn't sufficient evidence for trial. Since then, neurologist Dr. Christopher Newman, who filed the lawsuit, has died of brain cancer.
Listen, I use a cell phone, and I'm not trying to scare the bejesus out of everyone. But I do use a headset when I'm talking for any long period of time, and I carry that sucker in my purse, not my pocket. (I know you guys don't have that luxury, but reconsider the briefcase, OK?) And if you're shopping for a new phone, you might want to check our cell phone radiation chart to see which ones carry a low dose.
In a few more years, we'll either know for sure that cell phones can cause cancer, or we'll know they can't. I just hope we don't find out the hard way--through subpoenaed documents from cell phone makers and carriers who've been trying to minimize their damages and maximize their profits for more than a decade.
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Kawasaki 1974Motorcycles for sale - 48 found
1974 Kawasaki KX450 With any questions please call Jason Weaver: (919) 790-2235 OR Email at: Jason6 days ago on ebay.com
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text:
Asset sales will leave Govt worse off
Relevant offers
Partial asset sales will do nothing to curb New Zealand's growing debt problem, a new report by economic analysts Berl says.
The Berl report, commissioned by the Green Party and released today, says the Government's partial asset sales programme to build new assets would leave the Crown accounts ''permanently worse off''.
Government debt, the ratio of debt to assets, net worth and total assets would all be worse off after the programme was carried out, Berl found.
''The interim loss of earnings resulting from reduced dividends and the period of time before the new assets reap benefits is never recouped,'' the report said.
''Subsequently, the option of asset sales can only significantly improve the Government's accounts if a set of assumptions are adopted that are at the extreme ends of plausibility.''
The partial asset sales programme will see up to 49 per cent of four state owned energy companies and Air New Zealand sold down to private investors over the next four years. The sales are expected to net around $5b to $7b for the Government, some of which has already been tagged for re-investment in infrastructure like schools and an irrigation fund.
Berl chief economist Ganesh Nana said the loss of dividends from the companies was not compensated by a decrease in spending.
In the longer term, the new investments might perform just as well or better than the dividends from the former assets, but there was no clear evidence that would happen.
Some of the shares may also be sold overseas, guaranteeing a worsening of net external debt.
''While the initial offering may be directed towards domestic purchasers, future private share transactions could increase the portion of shares [and earnings] in overseas investors hands,'' Nana said.
''Such an outcome would lead to a further deterioration in the external deficit and external debt position.''
New Zealand's sovereign debt, while climbing, is at around 20 per cent of GDP and among the healthiest in the developed world.
However, private debt at 72 per cent of GDP was ''uncomfortably high,'' Nana said.
Instead of selling down the assets, the Government could attract investment in the SOEs via new government bonds.
The ''investment vehicles'' could be touted as ''infrastructure or national development bonds'' with competitive interest rates and directly targeted at the retail investor.
Greens co-leader Russel Norman said the Berl report showed the partial asset sales programme was bad news for the Government and ''even worse'' for the wider economy.
''Even [Finance Minister] Bill English accepts that our high levels of indebtedness to overseas lenders is our number one economic vulnerability,'' Norman said.
''His programme of asset sales would make that worse.
"It's a completely reckless decision," Norman said.
- Fairfax Media
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text: Home > Natural Health > Life lessons 04 June 2010 Dimensions of wellness Choosing to be healthy is a present to yourself. We look at the different dimensions of wellness. 0 Asses Check your risk for osteoporosis » Learn Natural therapies to try » Quiz Why am I so tired? » Test yourself: How flexible are you? » Natural treatments for joint pain Why vitamin D is good for you Right, so life is a rough ride. It is difficult – and there's no getting around that. But there's a lot you can choose to do to make the journey a lot easier. Let's face it, having worn shocks usually doesn't bother you, until you hit a gravel road in the middle of nowhere or you need to swerve quickly to prevent an oncoming truck. So what has this got to do with wellness? Quite a lot, if you think about it. Wellness is about choosing to fix those shocks before you hit the bumpy road. It's about making a choice to be healthy and to take active steps to make it happen. And the good news is that choosing to be healthy is an ongoing present to yourself. It doesn't cost much and you will be happier for it every day – not just on your birthday. Choosing health and wellness requires you to become aware of the choices you can make and the ones you are able to make. The responsibility becomes yours and will benefit you and all those around you. Dimensions of wellness The physical aspect If we are physically well, we are able to care for and enjoy our bodies. And good care of our bodies includes a healthy diet, physical fitness, regular exercise, regular, but correct use of supplements and a generally healthy attitude to life. The mental/intellectual aspect We use our minds to think, reason and analyse. It can be our greatest asset, but also our greatest stumbling block. Much of our stress is mental. Everyone has stress - it's how we handle it that determines how happy and successful we are. If we are mentally healthy, we can collect knowledge and wisdom from our own experiences and from the world around us. The emotional aspect Most of our healing work needs to be done on the emotional level. If we constantly feel anger, frustration, resentment and fear will not only sap our energy, but it will impact on our health and sense of well-being. Suppressing feelings can be detrimental to our health, while emotion expressed appropriately can lead to health and healing. The spiritual aspect This is the level of our inner being. Our soul gives us our sense of deeper meaning and makes us aware of our goal and purpose in this life. It is through our soul that we are connected to other aspects of the universe. The social aspect We are all social beings and our social needs drive us to seek contact with others and to make some sort of contribution to the community. It encourages us to seek harmony with other people and with nature. The occupational aspect Working, if we are lucky, does more than provide us with money to pay our bills. We can derive a sense of personal satisfaction and enrichment through our work. Through this we can also make a contribution to the world around us, which in turn gives fulfilment. (Dr Arien van der Merwe, General practitioner and wellness expert) (Health24, updated June 2010) More in Natural Health Does your life exhaust you? More: Natural HealthLife lessons advertisement Get a quote Fedhealth - What cover is right for you? Momentum - save up to 35% on healthcare advertisement Read Health24's Comments Policy Comment on this story 0 comments Add your comment Thank you, your comment has been submitted. Logout Comment 0 characters remaining Share on Facebook Logout Comment 0 characters remaining Share on Facebook Loading comments... From our sponsors Keeping your skin soft, moisturised and winter-ready The health benefits of donating blood Hydration is vital all year round Momentum Health: an industry leader in healthcare Live healthier Stay out of trouble » Asthma danger zones 13 danger zones Teen dangers 21 dangerous things people do Here are 21 things people do without thinking. But they are dangerous, and could kill you or the people around you. Sexual health » STIs: how to stay safe Apps for gay and bi men tied to STI risk Penis bumps The STI most men get without knowing it Most guys haven't ever heard of the human papillomavirus, yet many will get it at some stage in their lives without even knowing it.


text:
Champion Nurseries
1.Indian Creek Valley Christian
2166 Indian Head RdChampion, PA 15622
2.Champion Lawn Ornaments
1791 Indian Creek Valley RdChampion, PA 15622
3.Teddy Bear Village Child Care
258 Main St # 1Imperial, PA 15126
4.Cutie Patootie Daycare
520 Penn Lincoln DrImperial, PA 15126
Serving the Champion Area.
7.Kiddie Academy
Serving the Champion Area.
9.The Goddard School
400 Blue Spruce WayMurrysville, PA 15668
10.Seton Hill Child Services Inc
11.Wilkinson Nurseries Inc
115 Wilky Ln Route 819Armbrust, PA 15616
12.Hohn Nursery
RR 14 Box 396AGreensburg, PA 15601
13.Sleepy Hollow Nursery
297 Dillo RdClinton, PA 15026
14.Janoski Farm & Greenhouse
15.Raccoon Creek Winery at Kramer's Greenhouse
1905 Steubenville PikeBurgettstown, PA 15021
16.Just In Season
Greensburg, PA 15601
17.Pre-Wee-School In Home Daycare
18.Helping Hands Child Care
19.Laurel True Value Center
3648 Route 30Latrobe, PA 15650
1000 Airport BlvdPittsburgh, PA 15231
21.Kristy's Kiddie Care
309 W Barr StMc Donald, PA 15057
22.Coddlers Inc
1111 Oakdale Rd Ste 6Oakdale, PA 15071
23.Park West Supply
717 Aten RdCoraopolis, PA 15108
24.Janoski Farms I
505 Cottage RdClinton, PA 15026
25.Oakdale Kids Korner
108 Seminary AveOakdale, PA 15071
26.Sunny's Wee Kid Palace
7144 Steubenville PikeOakdale, PA 15071
27.Little Folks Childcare Center
2002 Montour Church RdOakdale, PA 15071
28.Lowe's Home Improvement
400 Davis BlvdPittsburgh, PA 15275
29.The Goddard School
800 Commerce DrCoraopolis, PA 15108
30.Rainbow Preschool and Child Care
1472 Lattidome DrPittsburgh, PA 15241
If we're missing a business and you'd like to make a suggestion, please do! Add a business.