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A decoder decodes a plurality of received convolutionally encoded date signals simultaneously. At least two of the encoded data signals have a different data rate. The decoder receives undecoded I and Q symbols from the plurality of encoded data signals and outputs Euclidian distances corresponding to each encoded signal. Each data signal's distances are mapped on to a trellis. To output decoded symbols of each data signal, decisions are traced back in each data signal's trellis.
1. A decoder for simultaneously decoding a plurality of received convolutionally encoded data signals, at least two of the encoded signals having a different data rate, the decoder comprising:
a Euclidean Distance Calculation Circuit having an input configured to receive undecoded I and Q symbols from the plurality of encoded data signals and outputting Euclidean distances corresponding to each encoded signal based on in part the received I and Q symbols;
for each data signal, an Add-Compare-Select circuit having an input configured to receive that channel's Euclidean distances and mapping that data signal's distances onto a trellis; and
a traceback process circuit for tracing back decisions in each data signal's trellis to output decoded symbols of each data signal.
2. The decoder of
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10. A decoder for simultaneously decoding a plurality of received convolutionally encoded data signals, at least two of the encoded data signals having a different data rate, the decoder comprising:
means for receiving undecoded I and Q symbols from the plurality of encoded data signals and outputting Euclidian distances corresponding to each encoded signal;
means for mapping each data signal's distances onto a trellis; and
means for tracing back decisions in each data signal's trellis to output decoded symbols of each data signal.
11. The decoder of
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12. The decoder of
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18. A method for simultaneously decoding a plurality of received convolutionally encoded data signals, at least two of the encoded data signals having a different data rate, the method comprising:
receiving undecoded I and Q symbols from the plurality of encoded data signals;
processing the undecoded I and Q symbols to output Euclidian distances corresponding to each encoded signal;
mapping each data signal's distances onto a trellis; and
tracing back decisions in each data signal's trellis to output decoded symbols of each data signal.
19. The method of
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20. The method of
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releasing the received undecoded I and Q symbols;
wherein the processing of the received undecoded I and Q symbols is performed only when the received undecoded I and Q symbols are released.
21. The method of
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[0001] This is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/432,038, filed Nov. 1, 1999, which is a continuation of 08/871,008, filed Jun. 6, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,005,898, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. ______.
[0002] The present invention relates generally to digital communications. More specifically, the invention relates to a system in which data at a variable rate is transmitted and is received at a communications receiver where the variable rate data is decoded in an efficient, multichannel, multi-rate data decoder.
[0003] The most advanced communication technology today makes use of spread spectrum modulation or code divisional multiple access (CDMA) for point-to-multipoint telecommunications. Since the 1950's, CDMA has been used in military applications due to the difficulty in detecting and jamming the communications transmission. This attribute is due to a wireless communication technique that uses a modulated transmission bandwidth much greater than the information bandwidth of the transmitted signal.
[0004] A simplified CDMA communication scheme is shown in FIG. 1. A single communication channel of a given bandwidth is mixed with a spreading code. The relatively narrow band modulated signal is spread by sequence to occupy a much wider transmitted bandwidth by multiplication with a unique spreading code. The spreading code comprises a noise-like high-rate pseudorandom sequence or code that becomes part of the transmitted data. The low level noise-like appearance of the resultant transmitted signal is such that it is unlikely to interfere with other spectrum users.
[0005] At the receiver, the signal is despread by correlating the received broadband signal with an identical locally generated pseudorandom sequence to resolve the data from a plurality of data signals occupying the same transmission bandwidth. This collapses the signal back to its original bandwidth and also spreads any narrow band radio signals present within the occupied spectrum so that they now appear as noise to the receiver. By using many different pseudorandom code sequences, multiple users may be accommodated within the same transmission spectrum.
[0006] The same features that have enabled CDMA communication techniques to succeed in military applications also make CDMA communication systems, particularly Broadband Code Division Multiple Access™ or B-CDMA™ systems, compelling for efficient use of the crowded commercial radio frequency spectrum. Among the many attributes of the CDMA system is the virtual unlimited capacity of the system. Since each user in a CDMA communication system transmits and receives signals over the same transmission bandwidth, there are less stringent channelization and guardband requirements. Unlike FDMA and TDMA systems where the capacity is limited by the number of discrete channels, the capacity for CDMA systems is limited by interference. Therefore, the number of users able to communicate simultaneously over that given transmission bandwidth is significantly increased.
[0007] In addition to voice information, non-voice information alone or a combination of the two may be transmitted to the receiver. Certain communications standards such as the integrated services digital network (ISDN) require a much greater data rate than that of digitized voice. To optimize the communication system, various data rates are transmitted to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to all receivers.
[0008] One measure of spread-spectrum performance is the system process gain, Gp, which is determined by the ratio of channel bit rate to information bit rate, Rc/Rl. The input and output signal to noise ratios are related as
[0009] It can be seen that the higher the data rate, the more interference is produced and the signal-to-noise ratio will suffer. The reduction of interference directly translates to a capacity increase.
[0010] Most CDMA telecommunications systems transmit variable rate data to keep the SNR as great as possible. To achieve this, the transmission data rate is either identified within the system level control message which is part of the signal channel or a given receiver must be able to detect the transmitted data rate.
[0011] Since many users share this same spectral transmission channel, interference can be induced from one user to another when there is not enough code isolation between the users. Moreover, the data rate must be known prior to convolutional error correction decoding in either the transmitter or receiver.
[0012] Most prior art receivers make use of independent, single-rate convolution decoders to properly reconstruct the digital data once received and despread. Since data rate information for each frame is transmitted, the receiver does not have to determine from the received frame of data the rate at which the data was encoded thereby lessening the complexity of the receiver and increasing overall system speed. However, the use of convolutional decoders dedicated to each transmitted data rate reduces overall processing efficiency and increases system costs.
[0013] Accordingly, there exists a need for an efficient, convolutional decoder that can handle variable data rates.
[0014] A decoder decodes a plurality of received convolutionally encoded date signals simultaneously. At least two of the encoded data signals have a different data rate. The decoder receives undecoded I and Q symbols from the plurality of encoded data signals and outputs Euclidian distances corresponding to each encoded signal. Each data signal's distances are mapped on to a trellis. To output decoded symbols of each data signal, decisions are traced back in each data signal's trellis.
[0015]FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a typical, prior art, CDMA communications system.
[0016]FIG. 2 is a detailed block diagram of a CDMA communications system.
[0017]FIG. 3a is the first section of a detailed block diagram of the preferred embodiment.
[0018]FIG. 3b is the second section of a detailed block diagram of the preferred embodiment.
[0019]FIG. 4 is a global block diagram of the preferred embodiment.
[0020]FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the interface between a host digital signal processor and the preferred embodiment.
[0021]FIG. 6 is a diagram of the QPSK constellation.
[0022]FIG. 7 is a detailed block diagram of one add-compare-select channel.
[0023]FIG. 8a is the first section of a flow diagram of the add-compare-select sequencer.
[0024]FIG. 8b is the second section of a flow diagram of the add-compare-select sequencer.
[0025]FIG. 9 is a detailed block diagram of the add-compare-select sequencer.
[0026]FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of the traceback process.
[0027]FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of the bit-error-rate process.
[0028]FIG. 12 is a plot of bit error rate (BER) performance versus signal-to-noise ratio.
[0029] The present invention is described with reference to the drawing figures where like numerals represent like elements throughout.
[0030] The multichannel, multi-rate Viterbi decoder made in accordance with the present invention is implemented within the context of a CDMA cellular telephone system 17. Such decoders are used in multichannel wireless communication stations with the reception of communication signals. The system 17 as shown in FIG. 2 includes a transmitter 19 and a receiver 21, which may reside in either a base station or a mobile user receiver.
[0031] The transmitter 19 includes a signal processor 23 which encodes voice and nonvoice data 25 into frames of various data rates, e.g. frame rates of 8 kbps, 16 kbps, 32 kbps, or 64 kbps. The signal processor 23 selects a rate in dependence upon the amount of voice activity, if voice data, or in response to a set data rate.
[0032] Two steps are involved in the generation of a transmitted signal in a multiple access environment. First, the input data 25 which can be considered a bi-phase modulated signal is encoded using forward error-correcting coding (FEC) 27. Since a R=� convolution code is used, the single bi-phase modulated data signal becomes two bi-phase modulated signals. One signal is designated the in-phase channel I. The other signal is designated the quadrature channel Q. Bi-phase modulated I and Q signals are usually referred to as quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). In the preferred embodiment, the tap generator polynomials 29, 31 for a constraint length of K=7 and a convolutional code rate of R=� are:
G1=1718 and G2=1338 .
[0033] In the second step, the two bi-phase modulated data or symbols 33 a, 33 b are spread with in-phase (I) 35 a and quadrature (Q) 35 b QPSK pseudorandom sequences. The resulting I 37 a and Q 37 b spread signals are mixed with a carrier frequency 43, combined 45 with other spread signals (channels) having different spreading codes and transmitted 47. The transmission 47 may contain a plurality of individual channels having different data rates.
[0034] The receiver 21 includes a demodulator 49 a, 49 b which mixes down the transmitted broadband signal 47 into an intermediate carrier frequency 51 a, 51 b. The QPSK signals are then filtered 53 and mixed 55 a, 55 b with the locally generated QPSK pseudorandom code 35 a, 35 b which matches the transmitted code. Only the original waveforms which were spread by the same code at the transmitter 19 will be effectively despread. Others will appear as noise to the receiver 21. The data 57 a, 57 b is then passed onto a signal processor 59 where FEC decoding is performed on the convolutionally encoded data.
[0035] The present invention 61 performs the decoding using an efficient multichannel, multi-rate Viterbi decoder 61 as shown in FIGS. 3a and 3 b. The decoder 61 comprises a digital signal processor (DSP) to Viterbi decoder interface 63, a common Euclidean distance calculation engine 65, a plurality of add-compare-select (ACS) channels 67 a, 67 b, 67 c, 67 d, a state metric memory array 69, an ACS sequencer 71, a traceback memory array 73, a traceback processor 75 and a decoder to system interface 77. The system as shown in FIGS. 3a and 3 b can be assembled discretely or implemented as an efficient application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) 79.
[0036] In the preferred embodiment, any of the four channels (0, 1, 2, 3) within the decoder 61 can process a plurality of data rates: 8 kbps, 16 kbps, 32 kbps or 64 kbps. Other data rates may be used in alternative embodiments. The lower data rates are achieved by enabling a time diversity combining function which operates on redundantly received symbols. This effectively increases the SNR of the time diversity received signals. For those symbols in frames corresponding to data rates less than the highest expected data rate, the symbol data is repeated to maintain a constant symbol rate for the frame.
[0037] For the 64 kbps data rate, 1 QPSK symbol is sent every 15.625 μs. For the 32 kbps data rate, the corresponding QPSK symbol is sent twice through a channel. The symbols are still sent at the 64 kbps rate, but with double redundancy thereby effectively lowering the information rate to 32 kbps. For a 16 kbps data rate, the corresponding QPSK symbols are sent through the channel with 4 times diversity. For an 8 kbps data channel, 8 times diversity.
[0038] Referring to FIGS. 3a and 3 b, the multichannel decoder 61 shares common resources to minimize silicon area. As shown, the state metric memory 69 and traceback memory 73 are static random access (SRAMS) and are commonly used for each channel. Further increasing efficiency is the common Euclidean distance geometry engine 65 which computes the squared Euclidean distance between the received QPSK symbol and the four possible constellation points in the QPSK space for all four channels.
[0039] The system architecture as shown implements the Viterbi algorithm and decodes the convolutionally encoded data. The tap generator polynomials corresponding for a constraint length of K=7 and a code rate of R=� are G1=1718(29) and G2=1338(31). It should be understood, that other tap generator polynominals can be used in alternative embodiments depending on different constraint lengths and rate codes. For example, for a constraint length of K=9 and a code rate of R=�, the tap generator polynominals are G1=7538 and 5618. The use of tap generators are well known to those in the telecommunication arts and are used in the FEC encoder 27.
[0040] A global system architecture is shown in FIG. 4. A host microcontroller 81 programs a timing and control module (TCM) 83 located on the ASIC 79 via microcontroller data lines 85, address lines 87 and write strobe 89. The microcontroller 81 determines from the transmitted frame the time diversity factor for a given channel. The diversity combining is controlled by selectively asserting and deasserting the diversity combining signals 91 a, 91 b, 91 c, 91 d for channels 0 through 3 respectively. A data output 93 exits a host DSP 95 and conveys the I and Q signals for all four channels to the Viterbi decoder interface 63. The host DSP 95 enabling signal 97 and address lines 99 are also coupled to the Viterbi decoder interface 63. The host microcontroller 81 controls each diversity combining signal 91 a, 91 b, 91 c, 91 d. The host DSP 95 controls the individual channel data 93 to the decoder interface 63.
[0041] The TCM 83 accepts an externally derived high frequency reference signal 103 for overall system timing. The TCM 83 uses the reference signal 103 and derives a high frequency dump 105 and viterbi clock 107 signals. The TCM 83 also produces a global decoder reset 109.
[0042] The data rate of a particular channel is lowered by the microcontroller 81 by enabling the respective diversity combining signal 91 a, 91 b, 91 c, 91 d. For a 32 kbps data rate, two adjacent symbols are combined; for a 16 kbps data rate, four symbols are combined; and for a 8 kbps data rate, eight symbols are combined.
[0043] The preferred embodiment uses time diversity to process the multi-rate data. At a 64 kbps data rate each individual transmitted bit is used. However, at the lowest data rate, 8 kbps, each bit is duplicated by a factor of 8. When processing at the lowest data rate, the redundant symbols are simply added together.
[0044] As discussed in the background of the invention, every time a symbol is sent through a respective channel a certain gain and noise figure is received. Therefore, if the same signal is sent through the channel twice, the SNR has effectively doubled. The reason being that the redundant symbols are added coherently, whereas random noise introduced does not add coherently. From the highest data rate of 64 kbps to the lowest 8 kbps the signal gain is effectively multiplied by a factor of 8.
[0045] By lowering the data bit rate and using time diversity, the signal transmitting power can be lowered commensurately since the gain will be recovered when the diverse symbols are assembled. The use of diversity combining arrives at lower data rates without suffering detrimental effects to lower SNRs.
[0046] For the maximum data throughput of 64 kbps, the diversity combining function must be disabled. This is implemented by keeping the diversity combining signal 91 a, 91 b, 91 c, 91 d high for that particular channel. When the multichannel decoder 61 is operated at lower data rates, the diversity combining signal 91 a, 91 b, 91 c, 91 d controls which adjacent symbols are combined, when the decoder is enabled, and when the interface 63 is cleared for a new set of symbols.
[0047] As shown in FIG. 5, the decoder interface 63 accepts 8 bit two's compliment I and Q samples over the host DSP 95 data bus 93. The data from the host DSP 95 is input over the data bus 93 into an address decoder 111. The data bus 93 is a parallel input bus, however the data arrives sequentially between all 4 channels. The data is then separated into the individual in-phase and quadrature components for each channel and output to each saturating integrate and dump circuit 113I, 113Q, 115I, 115Q, 117I, 117Q, 119I, 119Q, over lines 121I, 121Q, 123I, 123Q, 125I, 125Q, 127I, 127Q, for channels 0-3 respectively. The interface 63 includes 8-bit accumulators that have saturating logic. The maximum positive saturation value is 0�7f16 and the maximum negative saturation value is 0�8016.
[0048] Within the Viterbi decoder interface 63, the time diversity combining is performed using binary two's compliment operations. All of the redundant I and Q samples are added when at the lower data rates. Similarly, saturating adders are used to eliminate sign change if there is an overflow. Rather than the diversity combining function residing in a separate DSP IC, the custom feature has been included on the ASIC. After the diversity combining function is performed, the results are output on lines 129I, 129Q, 131I, 131Q, 133I, 133Q, 135I, 135Q for channels 0-3 respectively. The saturating integrate dump circuits also control the Euclidean distance calculation engine 65 enables 137 a, 137 b, 137 c, and 137 d for channels 0-3 respectively.
[0049] Referring back to FIGS. 3a and 3 b, all of the multichannel decoder 61 internal processors are synchronized to the Viterbi clock 107. The host DSP 95 is clocked by its own asynchronous clock (not shown). The DSP clock and the dump signal 105 are resynchronized to the Viterbi clock 107. The decoder 61 requires that the Viterbi clock 107 must be marginally faster than the dump signal 105.
[0050] All of the channels are coupled from the decoder interface 63 to the Euclidean distance calculation engine 65 on individual I and Q and enable lines as shown in FIG. 4. Referencing FIG. 3i a, the Euclidean distance calculation engine 65 computes the four square Euclidean distances between each received I and Q symbol and the four possible QPSK constellation points. A common engine computes the distances for each channel only when enabled by its respective channel.
[0051] As shown in FIG. 6, the Euclidean distance calculation engine 65 compares all received symbols p per channel by mapping them onto a QPSK constellation x00, x01, x10, x11. It is necessary to examine each received point p due to corruption during transmission 47 by noise and distortion, whether multipath or radio frequency. The geometry engine 65 computes the four distances d00, d01, d10, d11, from the received symbol p and chooses the shortest distance d00.
[0052] The enabling mechanism used is based upon the transmitted data rate for a particular channel. A gain in overall processing efficiency is achieved since the calculations are only performed in the Euclidean distance engine 65 if a new I and Q symbol has been released to it and the geometry engine 65 has been properly enabled. Efficiency increases since it does not waste any calculations when processing lower rate data.
[0053] Referring back to FIGS. 3a and 3 b, after the Euclidean distances have been computed, discrete 12-bit outputs 139 a, 139 b, 139 c, 139 d for each channel along with associated enable signals 141 a, 141 b, 141 c, 141 d are serially coupled to four discrete ACS circuits 67 a, 67 b, 67 c, 67 d where the Euclidean distances are mapped onto a trellis based on the encoder. The use of a trellis scheme for decoding FEC convolutionally encoded data is well known to those familiar with the art.
[0054] The present invention normalizes every symbol and computes the shortest trellis distance using saturating logic. Previous state metrics are added to each newly received transmitted symbol. Each individual data point per channel develops and updates the trellis. The state metric data is read from state metric memory 69. The ACS circuits 67 a, 67 b, 67 c, 67 d implement the Viterbi algorithm. The maximum likelihood decoder relies upon the trellis which is an infinite replication of a state diagram. Any code word of a convolutional code corresponds to the symbols along a path in the trellis diagram. At each state and at each level of the trellis involves an ACS operation. To implement a decoder based upon the Viterbi algorithm requires storage for two different sets of data. The first storage is for the path state or metric memory 69 updated for each successive level of the trellis. The second set of data are the selections at each node or state in the trellis called path memory 73.
[0055] In the prior art, each respective decoder or ACS circuit would require individual storage for the two sets of data. In the present invention, both metric 69 and path memory 73 arrays are consolidated in one common memory for each channel in a novel manner to significantly reduce the size of the silicon area. Also, common addressing and data transfer is further combined increasing efficiency. The state metric data is written to 143 a, 143 b, 143 c, 143 d and read from 145 a, 145 b, 145 c, 145 d the state metric memory 69.
[0056] There are two possible trellis paths terminating into each state. A pruning operation in the ACS circuits 67 a, 67 b, 67 c, 67 d is performed where the best metric terminates into a given state. The best metric is determined by choosing the smallest accumulated trellis distance. The path chosen, upper or lower, is represented by a 0 or a 1 respectively. This information is written to the traceback memory 73 on lines 149 a, 149 b, 149 c, 149 d.
[0057] The trellis is assembled over many received symbols. The preferred embodiment requires 35 symbols in discrete time and is updated upon the reception of each clocked symbol. After 35 symbols have been accumulated, a determination finds the trellis path that has the smallest error. This method of decoding determines which QPSK symbol was sent. The trellis structure introduces redundancy and accumulates the past history.
[0058] One ACS circuit 67 a for channel 0 is shown in FIG. 7. Each new symbol representing one QPSK constellation point is input 139 a. Since every node in the trellis has two paths entering and exiting, the values are split and selected based upon the present state in the trellis and what was encoded. Each constellation value is input into separate 4-input multiplexers 189 u, 1891. The output 191 u, 1911 from each multiplexer 189 u, 1891 is based upon the present state in the trellis and the encoder. This decision 153 a originates in the ACS sequencer 71 which will be discussed later in the specification. The state metric 145 a is read from memory 69 and is similarly split for both the upper and lower paths and input to mirrored 8-bit flip-flops 193 u, 1931. The flip-flops 193 u, 1931 output into saturating subtracters 197 u, 1971 with the previous best metric 201 and combined with the new symbol value 191 u, 1911 with saturating subtracters 199 u, 1991. Both the upper and lower path of each trellis node is compared with an 8-bit magnitude comparator 203. Each ACS channel processes 64 trellis states for each particular symbol. Each path is examined to determine which distance or trajectory is the shortest. Both the upper and lower paths 205 u, 2051 are input into a 2-input multiplexer 207 where the shortest distance or state metric 145 a is chosen and stored in memory 209. This value is used with the next symbol input for normalization. The present invention post-normalizes all inputs for each operation.
[0059] Normalization in the prior art is typically performed on a block basis or after many symbols of information have been processed. However, by post-normalizing after each metric is chosen, performance noticeably improves. Post-normalization does require saturating logic since the normalization process may result in overflow. If saturating logic is not employed, the number may ultimately overflow and the binary number may vary wildly from the desired value. The system cannot determine if the value is realistic. By using saturating logic, the value will ultimately plateau.
[0060] Since every node on the trellis has two paths terminating in it and two paths originating from it, the process must constantly prune. The trellis represents the metrics for two paths where a decision chooses one path which is based on the shorter distance. The better path or best metric is stored in the state metric memory 69 and the decision or path bit is stored in the traceback memory 149 a, 149 b, 149 c, 149 d.
[0061] At the start of a symbol, each ACS channel 67 a, 67 b, 67 c, 67 d will receive a decoder start signal 141 a, 141 b, 141 c, 141 d to initialize the channel. As discussed above, the winner of the pruning operation that was stored in memory is compared against the first, if the second winner is smaller than the first then that particular value is chosen as the best metric. This operation is similar for the remaining 63 outputs of the trellis.
[0062] The historical dependency upon symbols as they enter into a Viterbi decoder accumulates energy from the many symbols rendering tremendous gain. The gain in energy is based upon integrating the energy of over 35 symbols which in effect narrows the bandwidth.
[0063] The sequencing of the ACS 67 a, 67 b, 67 c, 67 d operation is controlled by the ACS sequencer 71 over lines 151 a, 151 b, 151 c, 151 d. A single ACS sequencer 71 is used to control the individual ACS circuits 67 a, 67 b, 67 c, 67 d for each channel being decoded. When a particular channel has not been enabled 141 a, 141 b, 141 c, 141 d, either because of a lower data rate or if the channel is vacant, the write operations to state metric 69 and path 73 memories for that particular channel are inhibited via lines 153 a, 153 b, 153 c, 153 d.
[0064] The ACS sequencer 71 controls the entire operation of the present invention. The function of the ACS sequencer 71 is similar to a state machine. However, rather than using a programmable device and download executable code normally seen in the prior art, the ACS sequencer 71 is executed strictly in hardware yielding unexpected efficiency.
[0065] The operation of the ACS sequencer 71 is similar to that of a counter driven by a counter and controls the four independent ACS circuits 67 a, 67 b, 67 c, 67 d in parallel with one common memory 69. The ACS sequencer 71 also functions as a bit slice array processor. A flow diagram for the ACS sequencer 71 is shown in FIGS. 8aand 8 b. After initialization (step 401), the ACS sequencer 7l establishes a base count that equals zero (step 403). Since a sequencer is essentially a counter, a return path is required for counting up (step 415). A decision (step 405) determines whether the process is complete depending upon incrementing from 0 to 127, matching the 64 read and 64 write operations of the trellis. The sequencer is clocked at the Viterbi rate driving the addressing (steps 411, 419, 425, 429) and sequencing of the addresses, and the sequencing of the read (steps 413, 421) and write (steps 427, 431) operations. The ACS sequencer 71 processes each ACS channel 67 a, 67 b, 67 c, 67 d in parallel with one common memory 69.
[0066] The state metric memory array 69 is 64 bits wide and arranged into a ping segment and pong segment. The first 32 bits is the ping and the second 32 bits of the 64 bit word is the pong segment. Each 8-bit segment out of the 32 bit segment represents a different channel (0, 1, 2, 3). When the ACS sequencer 71 is reading from the pong segment, it will be writing into the ping segment in sequence. The sequencer will read from ping and write to pong, and, with the next symbol, will read from pong and write to ping. This method of shared memory access is known to those familiar with this art.
[0067] The ACS sequencer 71 handles four channels that can be processing data at different data rates such that the sequencer 71 may be reading from ping for channel 0, reading from pong for channel 1, not performing any read or write for channel 2 and reading from ping for channel 3. This method of memory access is extremely flexible. This is accomplished by each channel having a devoted start signal 141 a, 141 b, 141 c, 141 d.
[0068] The ACS sequencer 71 accesses the state metric memory array 69 and each ACS circuit 67 a, 67 b, 67 c, 67 d by examining the base count (step 405) and observing the two least significant bits (LSB) of the base count (step 407). The first two states of the sequence are always read (step 413, 421) operations. The last two states of the sequence are the write (step 427, 431) operations. The write operations post the results to state metric memory 69.
[0069] As shown in FIG. 9, the implementation of the ACS sequencer 71 is performed with minimal hardware. Counter 211 provides the base count with flip-flops 213 a, 213 b, 213 c, 213 d, 215 a, 215 b, 215 c, 215 d, providing the shifting operations and writing and reading for the four variable rate data channels. A 4-input multiplexer 217 accesses the state metric addresses for all channels.
[0070] The state metric memory array 69 has sufficient storage for 64 state metrics per channel. To facilitate reading from 145 a, 145 b, 145 c, 145 d and writing to 143 a, 143 b, 143 c, 143 d the state metric memory array 69, the ping-pong organization for the memory facilitates both operations during the individual ACS operations coordinated by the ACS sequencer 71 over the ping-pong line 155 and address bus 157. The total capacity of the state metric memory SRAM array 69 is 4,096 bits.
[0071] The traceback memory array 73 is used to record which path was the survivor into every state for each decoded symbol. Since a trellis diagram is an infinite replication of a state diagram in theory, an infinite amount of memory would be necessary to record all information for every transmitted symbol. However, the traceback history is only maintained for 35 consecutive symbols and is overwritten from the ACS circuits 67 a, 67 b, 67 c, 67 d over lines 149 a, 149 b, 149 c, 149 d. The traceback memory 73 requires 8,960 bits of SRAM organized in a 32 by 280 array. The traceback is 35 symbols deep, therefore, before a decoded symbol is output, an accumulation of 35 symbols of information has taken place. The input symbol that produces a given output occurred 35 symbols earlier in time.
[0072] The traceback memory 73 is arranged as a circular buffer. Each time a new symbol is written to the traceback memory 73, all of the previously stored symbols are displaced, discarding the oldest symbol value. The memory required is based upon the rule of 5 times the constraint length, thereby 35 symbols worth of memory are necessary for a K=7 constraint length.
[0073] The traceback operation is shown in FIG. 10. The traceback processor 75 is a recursive operation similar to the ACS processor 71 in that a counter is initialized (step 501) and set (step 503) assigning a value of 34 as discussed above (5 times the constraint length). The local best metric is then assigned the best metric value (step 505). A decision must be made whether the traceback count is equal to 0 (step 507). If the traceback count equals 0, the process is finished (step 531) and the trajectory that was most probable is known and the decoder outputs a bit (step 529). If the traceback count is not 0, the operation is performed again to arrive at the best metric.
[0074] Since four different data rates can be processed, the traceback memory 73 is consumed accordingly, i.e. if channel 0 is running at 64 kbps, after 35 symbols on channel 0 the traceback memory would be filled for that particular channel, however, if channel 2 is running half the rate, i.e. at 32 kpbs, channel 2 would only fill up half the traceback memory 73.
[0075] The traceback memory 73 is allocated in sequence since one channel may be greatly delayed relative to another channel. The traceback process 75 is unique for each channel since the data that was encoded at the transmitter is unique. Therefore, the tracing back operation for each of the four channels will be unique. Additionally, the data rates between the four channels may be different.
[0076] The traceback process is serial and the processor 75 functions sequentially for channel 0, then channel 1, then channel 2 and finally channel 3 since the addresses are not common. The storage of the traceback information is address dependent requiring segregating each process for each channel in time. If all four channels are transmitted at the maximum rate, the memory would still require segregation since the data that was coded at the transmitter created a different trellis or traceback trajectory between each of the four channels. Processing them at different data rates further complicates the process.
[0077] Referring to the flow diagram in FIG. 10, if the traceback count does not equal 0 (step 507) the process must traceback through time for the trajectory that is most probable. The processor reads the 9-bit address which includes a field, a byte address, and a bit address. This is performed by shifting right the address by 4 bits (step 509), then shifting right by 1 bit (step 511) and masking off the 3 least significant bits (step 513). The local best metric is a 7-bit number. The 4 most significant bits will become the byte address, the next 3 bits will become the bit number, and the 4 least significant bits are ignored. The path bit is examined (step 515) to see whether it is a 1 or a 0. If the path bit is a 0, the previous local best metric value is shifted right by 1 which effectively divides it by 2. If the path bit equals 0, the local best metric is shifted right by 1 (step 517). If the path bit does not equal 0, 64 is added to the local best metric thereby placing the result between a value of a 32 and 63. The processor 75 keeps track (steps 521, 523, 525, 527) of all the trajectories and is repeated until the encoded bit is found.
[0078] The processor finds the trajectory that terminates in all of the 64 states with the minimum energy indicating the minimum error. The traceback memory stores the 35 trajectories associated with all 64 states with one bit indicating whether the trajectory is coming from above or below since there are only two paths into a given state. Therefore, a 0 or 1 indicates the path. The associated bit path for the local best metric is stored along with the byte address and the bit address. Since all of the information is stored in bytes, a decomposition is performed since there are 64 states, with 8 bytes, with 8 bits per byte. Since there are 8 bits within the first byte, the 8 bits would indicate states 0 through 7. This indicates which local best metric is pointing to these states. The next byte would be for states 8 through 15 and so on to the 63rd state.
[0079] The process always discards the least significant bit out of the 7-bit number. The 3 most significant bits as discussed earlier point to a particular byte address. The 3 bits following the 3 most significant bits point to a particular bit in the byte address. That is the path bit. The path bit is used to modify the local best metric.
[0080] The traceback process operates 512 times faster than the maximum throughput rate. The control of the address bus is coordinated between the ACS sequencer 71 and the traceback processor 75. During the ACS phase of the decoder operation, the ACS sequencer controls via lines 151 a, 151 b, 151 c, 151 d the address bus 159 of both the state metric and the traceback memories. After the ACS operation is completed, control of the traceback memory address bus is handed over to the traceback processor 75.
[0081] The traceback memory 73 is used in a procedure called "chaining back" or tracing back starting with the last node in the trellis, tracing the decision path backward from the last decision to the first. This process determines the decoded symbol to be released as an output 161 a, 161 b, 161 c, 161 d. The traceback process for the four channels cannot be performed in parallel within a common SRAM block 69, 75 since the addressing characteristics of the traceback process for the separate data channels are expected to be independent. It is necessary to sequence the traceback process for each individual channel. If a particular channel was not enabled for a particular symbol interval, the traceback process for that channel is skipped. The process requires a minimum of 35 clock cycles to perform the traceback process for a given channel.
[0082] The present invention also has a performance diagnostic feature that calculates the bit error rate. The Euclidean distance engine 65 outputs a hard decision 163 into the traceback processor 75. The hard decision is buffered in a 35 symbols first-in-first-out (FIFO) and then compared to the reconvolutionally encoded symbol output 161 a, 161 b, 161 c, 161 d which was released by the traceback processor 75. The bit differences between the two are accumulated. After 256 symbols, the accumulator in the traceback processor 75 is emptied 165 into a bit error rate output circuit 77 shown in FIG. 7. When a new 8 bit accumulated bit error rate value is ready for the host microprocessor to read, the BER ready signal 167 for that particular channel is enabled.
[0083] As shown in the flow diagram in FIG. 11, the bit error rate diagnostic process is described. For the bit error rate calculation, the process requires a transmitter portion and a receiver portion. Data will be introduced (step 601) to the transmitter and will undergo forward error-correcting coding, QPSK modulation, and quadrature signal spreading. The signal will not undergo transmission but will be input directly into the receiver portion where the signal will be despread. The output of the despreading process will bypass the Viterbi decoder (step 603) and will be delayed for 35 symbols (steps 607, 609, 611) to allow the Viterbi decoder to decode the information (step 605). The data that underwent the hard decision (not decoded) will be compared with the Viterbi decoder output. This provides an indication of SNR and processor performance.
[0084] The performance of the present invention is shown in FIG. 12. FIG. 12 shows a plot of bit error rate probability versus signal-to-noise ratio comparing unconvolutionally encoded data with encoded data. Two embodiments of the invention are shown. The first embodiment uses a constraint length of K=7. An alternative embodiment uses a constraint length of K=9. As can be seen on the plot, as the signal-to-noise ratio increases to 5, the performance of the unconvolutionally encoded data exhibits a 0.05% bit error probability. However, at the same signal-to-noise ratio, convolutionally encoded data exhibits a dramatic increase in performance upwards of one bit error in one million. The plot also shows an improvement over the constraint length of 7 when an alternative embodiment employing a constraint length of 9 is used.
[0085] Rather than assembling a quad Viterbi decoder having four input channels, each having two pairs of I and Q signals, one distance calculation engine is used to throughput four channels and output 16 distances. The 16 distances are then coupled to ACS blocks. The outputs of the Euclidean distance calculation block are then apportioned per the individual ACS block on a per channel basis.
[0086] In an alternative embodiment, rather than having four discrete ACS blocks for each individual channel, a drastic reduction could be formed with a linear increase in clock speed. The ACS feature which incorporates the trellis operation can be reduced to two or even one ACS circuit by multiplexing the data input along with an increase in clock speed.
[0087] While specific embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, many modifications and variations could be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The above description serves to illustrate and not limit the particular form in any way.
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Bringing the Hallmark brand into B2B e-commerce
95% of the orders at Hallmark Business Connections are processed online, CEO Tressa Angell says.
Bringing the Hallmark brand into B2B e-commerce
95% of the orders at Hallmark Business Connections are processed online, CEO Tressa Angell says.
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E-retailers need to collect data because shoppers want personalized messages, a Listrak study shows.
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Polyvore has developed a personalization system based on products similar to those the shopper views, complementary products and the preferences of similar shoppers.
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While Listrak executive Ryan Hofmann is still using the same Hotmail account he created in 1999, he argues that a consumer's email address is much more valuable today, serving as a unique identifier across many sales channels.
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Solution combines predictive behavioral analytics with real-time shopper feedback and preferences to discover products through an engaging and interactive experience
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If customers don't use it frequently "we're not staying on your phone," says president Chris McCann.
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The compaany welcomes its new Chief Product Officer from WalmartLabs and VP of Client Services from Microstrategy and Business Objects to support world-class clients in the march towards omnichannel personalization.
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Company executives at the luxury brand say they're focusing more on content, such as exclusive designer interviews, that makes shoppers feel special, and it's paying off. Customers who read Barneys' editorial site spend 40% more than average.
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Best Comfort Food
The Cube
You mean candied yams aren't just for Thanksgiving? That's just one of the many comfort food items our readers love at The Cube. Don't forget to try the five-cheese mac and cheese. It's just like Mom never made.
2) 66 Diner
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Route 66 Casino
Whether celebrating a winning streak or distracting yourself from a run of losses, the Route 66 Casino's buffet will do the trick. For $7.99, you can choose from more than 140 items and then come back for more.
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Mannie's Family Restaurant
When our readers want a hearty meal served quickly and without pretension, they head to Mannie's. The servers here have been slinging hash since 1965.
2) 66 Diner
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One meal here can easily last you all day. The "full-belly omelets," for instance, are made with four eggs and come with hash browns and toast. We'll wear our Lycra.
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Police investigate report of sexual assault
This notification is in compliance with the "Timely Warning" provision of the federal Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Police and Campus Crime Statistics Act of 1998.
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. -- A sexual assault was reported to Penn State University Police to have occurred in the Nittany Apartments between approximately 12:01 and 2 a.m. Saturday, March 22. It was reported the victim, a student, was sexually assaulted by a male believed to be known by the victim.
It can be assumed that conditions continue to exist that may pose a threat to members and guests of the University community. It is the duty of the institution to warn of possible "dangerous conditions" on or near the campus, and at affiliate organizations off campus; an "affirmative duty" exists to warn persons associated with this University of possible peril at the hands of some third party or parties.
Anyone with information that might be helpful in this investigation, can contact:
Penn State University Police at 814-863-1111; 26 Eisenhower Parking Deck, University Park, PA 16802; or anonymously at http://www.police.psu.edu by clicking on "Report A Crime".
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-- Call 814-865-WALK for a free security escort. Do not walk alone.
-- Report crimes and suspicious behavior immediately to University Police.
-- Always lock your residence hall door. Do not allow unescorted guests into the building.
-- Be vigilant, and aware of your surroundings.
-- Be respectful. If you are uncertain whether your partner is comfortable with your behavior, ask. You can simply say, "Are you okay with this? "NO" means NO and "I'm not sure" means NO.
-- Understand that a person who is drunk is NOT legally capable of giving consent. If the other person is not capable of making an informed decision, do not have sex or any sexual contact.
-- If you're going to drink, drink responsibly. Most sexual/physical assaults follow drinking by one or both individuals. In addition, be aware of how alcohol affects you. If drinking makes you more aggressive, you could be in danger of sexually/physically assaulting someone. Being drunk is not a defense for committing sexual/physical assault. Excessive consumption of alcohol may make you more vulnerable and significantly distort your memory and recall of events.
-- Avoid leaving a social event or being alone with someone you just met. When you go to a social gathering, go with a group of friends and watch out for each other. Arrive together, check in with each other throughout the evening and leave together.
-- Never leave a drink unattended or accept a drink that you did not see poured.
-- Trust your instincts. If a situation or location feels unsafe or uncomfortable, it probably is not a safe environment. Remove yourself from the situation or location.
-- If you are sexually or physically assaulted, find a safe environment, anywhere away from the attacker. Ask a trusted friend to stay with you for support.
-- Know that what happened was not your fault and that now you should do what is best for you.
-- Go to a clinic or emergency room immediately. You can decide later whether or not to press charges, but it is critical that you receive medical attention and caring support as soon as possible.
-- Report the attack to police immediately by calling 911.
-- Preserve evidence of the attack. If you are sexually assaulted do not change clothes, bathe or brush your teeth.
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Category » Style
See How Female Beauty Ideals Have Changed Over 3,000 Years In Just 3 Minutes
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STAGE TUBE: NEWSical's Christine Pedi Channels Liza Minnelli in 'Even More Sh*t Liza Minnelli Says'
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text: Iona v Brigham Young By Andrew Santillo March 14, 2012 1:41 AM Share on Facebook Share on Twitter in the first round of the 2011 NCAA men's basketball tournament at UD Arena on March 13, 2012 in Dayton, Ohio. Category: Share on Facebook Share on Twitter More Leave a comment Send to a friend! Print this page Pin it! Reddit This! Share on Tumblr! Best of 104.5 The Team First Pictures Of JPP's Hand Have Been Released Mets Trade For Yoenis Céspedes And Then There Was Eovaldi [PREVIEW] Saratoga Picks Friday July 31st, 2015 Recommended For You Best of the Web


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Enjoyed this restaurant very much - delicious food , good service and reasonable pricing ❤It is worth the trip!!
We picked this place right in the middle of shopping area, but unfortunately the server that helped us was a bit rude and discourteous, I am not sure if it was a language issue, because he never talked more than two words, the place is nice, we order sushi and they only had soy sauce, not eel, ponzu, lemon soy,...
My family of 9 came here on July 7. We got there around 630, and there was a sign that said due to unforeseen circumstances, they had to open at 7pm. Oh well, we wait. We come in and they take our orders after about 10 minutes. The food took an unbearably long time to come out. The food, well,...
I visited tonight and could have cooked more flavorsome food at home. My hot and sour soup and szechuan chicken literally tasted of nothing. Very very disappointed.
We ordered mongolian beef, orange chicken, vegetable fried rice, and tempura vegetables, along with beer and a lychee martini. Everything was delicious, and they were pretty large portions! Our server was also very good, checking on us regularly and bringing us whatever we needed.
We actually ate there twice. The first time was for lunch and the second time was for dinner. For dinner we tried the hibachi which was a good time. The hibachi chicken was delicious and the chef was a lot of fun.
Unbelievable authentic Chinese cuisine in the heart of Aruba. We live so close to China Town in NYC so we are used to great Chinese food. This place was probably the best my wife and I have ever had. Great ambiance, great service and great food!
For a Carribean island close to Venezuela, the quality of Yee's is exceptional. The food is at least "very good" regardless of location. I think the best dish our party of 6 had was the Mongolian Beef. The only item we thought was a bit "off" was the hot and sour soup. The total bill was under $190 with tip...
After eating seafood every day while in Aruba, my husband and I decided to switch up our menu. The food was good and fresh. Only noticed two hibachi tables though. The service was good, with little Asian touches throughout. Good experience.
Another great restaurant in Aruba. The sushi was great!! The other plates my family had were also delicious. A great place if you in the mood for Asian cuisine.
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Comments about 'US government to air-drop toxic mice on Guam snakes'
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Gotta do something with all those extra trillions we have lying around. If we run out of peasants in the Middle East and entrepreneurs in the industrialized world, I guess we can take on the snakes in Guam. You bet.
- 10:11 a.m. Feb. 22, 2013
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You do bring up a good point. It would be interesting to see how much this is going to cost. Though from a financial standpoint and how much Hawaii is at risk to lose from this it would seem to be wise to invest the money in controlling it while they are in Guam and not have to pay for it ten times over when they get to Hawaii
- 10:59 a.m. Feb. 22, 2013
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I was in Guam in the USAF 30 years ago.
Those snakes are nasty.
They would climb up into the landing gear of the planes sitting on the ramp over night.
The 1st thing we did in the morning was inspect the planes for snakes.
Nothing like finding a hitch hiker in the cockpit at 42,000 feet over the ocean, and a 4 hour flight from the nearest landing strip.
- 11:00 a.m. Feb. 22, 2013
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Acetaminophen is not 'harmless' for humans. A large overdose, or even a small overdose repeated over time, can severely damage the liver, and perhaps the kidney.
- 11:37 a.m. Feb. 22, 2013
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I think the point was it's generally safe. Anything in large doses is harmful.
- 11:46 a.m. Feb. 22, 2013
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If the snakes on Guam have "wiped out" all of the birds, basically their food supply, then why are they not dying off from lack of food?
- 12:11 p.m. Feb. 22, 2013
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Now how can we get them to do this in Washington DC?????We could get rid of a lot of snakes in the grass..........
- 1:20 p.m. Feb. 22, 2013
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Mice and other rodents.
- 1:43 p.m. Feb. 22, 2013
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These stories make it seem like Guam is being overrun by snakes. It's not
like you see snakes every day. The snakes are nocturnal and very reclusive. If
you see a snake you kill it. Their fangs are set in the back of their head, so
bites are very rare.
Duckhunter - that's exactly the point. To a large degree they've eaten themselves out of house and home. They have moved on to eating lizars and rodents. The population is declining and the size of snakes is a lot smaller than they used to be.
- 2:38 p.m. Feb. 22, 2013
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Just to be clear, Guam is a US Territory.
- 4:24 p.m. Feb. 22, 2013
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Lots of snakes are edible; are these? If so, is there a possibility for harvesting the snakes, processing them and selling their meat? I've sometimes wondered why more pigeons aren't taken for food. I understand they taste good. This is a chance for new businesses and more jobs. Think positively!
- 6:19 p.m. Feb. 22, 2013
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Guam should have advertised hunts and established bragging rights. Another solution would have been to put the Division of Wildlife in charge of them. Lol
- 7:21 p.m. Feb. 22, 2013
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Comment Re:Why not post example (Score 5, Informative) 302 302
The ICANN blog has a working link.
Each device can be controlled with their own remote, or by using the web interface or by bying a dedicated controller (running linux and you can ssh into it if you wish). iPhone/Android have controlling software available on their markets if that's what you use.
Very convenient.
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NT Chief Minister Adam Giles may be looking for a new career in stand-up comedy with his latest "Statehood" routine. Joe Hockey was laughing like a drain and I nearly drove into one. Here is why …READ MORE
One year more! Environmental Defenders Office (NT) lives to fight on for another year.
"This is a sensational result for the many Territorians who value our near pristine environment; it is a great result for access to justice; and it's a great result for people who value government and industry accountability," said David Morris, the EDO's Principal Lawyer.READ MORE
Abbott's white paper for the black tropics: Boon or boondoggle?
"Developing North Australia" is, somewhat surprisingly, a curate's–or perhaps in this case a failed seminarian's–egg. Good in parts and in small measure. But as Longfellow said, "When she was good, She was very, very good, And when she was bad she was horrid."READ MORE
Trouble at the Bar in the Top End
Outside of Court, matters have not gone well for Alistair Wyvill SC and solicitor Cathy Spurr. NT Solicitor-General Michael Grant has referred misconduct complaints against both to the NT Law Society.READ MORE
Art, law and environment: saving the NT EDO, one artwork at a time.
NT EDO principal lawyer David Morris on local support for the auction: "It's been an incredible outpouring. Particularly, I'm astounded at the response by places where we haven't worked that have heard about this and have said, we want to support this because there's a real potential that our community might need this service in the future."READ MORE
Lives of the Artist: Patrick Tjungurrayi by John Carty
Patrick Tjungurrayi: Beyond Borders is a worthy addition to the library of anyone interested in Indigenous art, the history of Western Australia, medical and social issues affecting Indigenous people, and the anthropology of the Western Desert. That's a lot to claim for a mere 125 pages, but thanks to John Carty's insight and skill, it's a claim well justified. It's a consistently surprising and informative read, and a sheer visual delight, both as documentary and as fine art.READ MORE
The Rembarrnga law for birds – "all the birds are your relations"
That's what this part of Arnhem Land is like. Other places are all right but here in the middle you've got to talk to the country. You can't just travel quiet, no! That's law for the centre of Arnhem Land.READ MORE
NT juvenile detention system – unhealthy, incompetent, punitive and in crisis
The NT's juvenile detention system is in crisis, its management is incompetent, staff are undertrained, operational practices are haphazard and overly-punitive, and there's been cover-ups when things go wrong. And the system is doing nothing to rehabilitate the young people whom it locks up.READ MORE
NT Labor leader Delia Lawrie quits
It is possible that former NT Labor Opposition leader Delia Lawrie could be charged with making a false statement in a document required to be made under oath contrary to section 118 of the NT Criminal Code, a crime carrying a potential 7 years imprisonment.READ MORE
Djambawa Marawili: On Homelands, Art and Caring for Indigenous Knowledge
I urge the government and wider Australia to respect our Indigenous cultural knowledge base as an asset of inestimable value for Australia and the world; for building strong and healthy livelihoods for my peoples; and fostering effective empowered participation in the mainstream.READ MORE


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10 life lessons you learn from your first breakup
From fashion intern to fashion model: How I followed my dreams and landed a spot in GL's latest issue
Congrats on being a godmother, Taylor Swift!
Hanging out in the heat? Cool off with vanilla bean lemonade
Birks are back: Take these stylish sandals from the beach to BTS
The GL editors spill their skincare secrets
Go from clumsy cutie to balanced babe in two moves
Sneak a peek at our August/September issue starring Dove Cameron!
GL's Exclusive Look at Sunday's Best Friends Whenever
More Friends = More Fun
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Check these out, too...
some of you have read the Suzanne Collins series multiple times,
those who haven't opened them might be a little confused. Thought
Hunger Games was
about a food-eating competition gone wrong? Might wanna get up to
speed with everything and read this ultimate guide…
Basic Story
In The
Hunger Games, the world as
we know it basically does not exist. The book says the ocean covers
most land now, and what's left is a nation called Panem—right
around where the U.S. is today. Pamen is divided into 12 districts,
all in charge of producing different things for the country, and the
Capitol, where everyone lives extravagant lives.
years before the story takes place, citizens in the 13 districts
revolted against the Capitol. The Capitol defeated the districts, and
even demolished District 13, which is why there are only 12 in the
story. Angry at its districts for rebelling, the Capitol begins a
tradition called the Hunger Games to remind the districts of what
little power they have. In these annual games, a boy and girl tribute
are sent to the Capitol to fight to death until only one survivor
remains. It is a televised event, especially for those in the
Hunger Games story opens
just before the 74th
Hunger Games, with Katniss Everdeen narrating. Katniss, 16, is from
poor District 12, which is in charge of coal mining. When her father
died in a mining accident, Kat's mother became too depressed to do
anything, leaving Katniss as the breadwinner for her mom and younger
sis, Prim.
befriends Gale, a boy who also lost his dad in the mining accident,
and they hunt and barter illegally together to provide for their
families. They dislike the Hunger Games and Katniss is nervous
because Prim is now 12 years old and eligible to participate.
Tributes are selected in a lottery-like system called the Reaping,
and it's Prim's name that is called to be District 12's girl
tribute. Katniss immediately volunteers in her place, and along with
Peeta Mellark, the boy tribute, is sent away to compete.
has lived most of her life struggling to survive, and has a different
attitude than most girls her age. She can be stubborn, but is
determined to return home from the games, as she promised her sister.
Katniss' survival skills are important during the games, but she
also learns more about herself than she expects. She doesn't know
Peeta much beforehand, but remembers that he once gave her food when
she was starving, and feels like she owes him.
12's boy tribute was raised as the baker's son. And since he
didn't grow up starving, he led a slightly better life than other
kids of District 12. Peeta makes up for all the feelings Katniss
seems to lack. He is good-natured and determined to show the Capitol
that they don't own him. He also reveals that he's had a
long-time crush on Katniss, which certainly affects how things go
during the games.
hunting partner and bestie is like her, but more angry at their way
of life. He despises the Capitol and even talks about running away
from the district life. When Katniss volunteers as a tribute, he is
confident she will survive and promises to provide for her family
while she's gone. A question of possible romance between Gale and
Katniss begins to develop in the first book, but gets complicated
with Peeta.
12-year-old sister is caring and nurturing, which is shown by taking
care of her two pets: A goat and cat. She is Katniss' reason for
everything, and her primary determination to survive the games.
In THG,
past district winners of the games serve as mentors to the fresh
tributes. Haymitch is District 12's only winner. At times, he just
seems like a nasty old drunk, but he is shown to be helpful and
resourceful to Katniss and Peeta.
District 12 Team
district's tributes are assigned a prep team to help them get ready
for the games. Effie Trinket, a bubbly and elegant woman with pink
hair, is Katniss and Peeta's escort. Cinna serves as their stylist.
Venia, Flavius and Octavia are other members of the team who help
beautify Peeta and Katniss.
Most of
the tributes go unmentioned, but a few are memorable. Rue is a
12-year-old tribute from District 11 who reminds Katniss of Prim, and
they become allies in the games. There is also a redheaded tribute
whom Katniss names "Foxface," Rue's fellow male tribute,
Thresh, who is remarkably huge and strong, and the District 2
tributes, Cato and Clove, who have trained for the games most of
their lives.
there you have it! Be sure to check out the big screen adaptation of
The Hunger Games
when it premieres March 23.
meet some of the stars before the flick hits theaters? Some are
embarking on a national mall tour March 3-10. CLICK
for more deets.
POSTED IN entertainment, movies, The Hunger Games, Celebs, Josh Hutcherson, Jennifer Lawrence
CLICK HERE to check out the new special-edition issue from R5's Rydel Lynch and enter for a chance to meet her!
Win it: Visit all your favorite villains in The Isle of the Lost!
Ever wonder what happened to all of your excellently evil Disney faves? Enter for a chance to check out the new generation of bad guys (and girls) in The Isle of the Lost, a prequel to Disney Channel's Descendants!
CLICK HERE for your chance to win.


text:
Mar 23, 2014
Sooners Fall in Finale to K-State
The Oklahoma baseball team was shut out for the first time in 2014, falling 5-0 to K-State in the series finale Sunday.
Bob Stoops at ESPN Car Wash
Sights & Sounds from Big 12...
Chamberlain's Journey to...
Music In Her Soul
A World Class Experience
Bob Stoops at Big 12 Media...
Making Room for Stadium...
2014-15: The Year in Review
Back in the Bud
Running Game Shines in Spring...
What a Difference a Year Has...
Coach Riley Wired for Sound
From No. 13 to No. 1
A Bond Beyond
Shepard's Spirit Shines at...
427. In His Own Words
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Select Local Merchants
The Vanity CenterRead Morefacet: Main type: Traditional locale: en_US title: The Vanity Center facet_type_id: d97fee20-5f38-1032-bbfe-194ec91068f7 html_text: The Vanity Center treats and beautifies skin with microdermabrasion treatments and chemical peels. The center's licensed aestheticians are also experts in the CelluSleek body-contouring system. A blend of deep-tissue massage, cupping, and subdermal therapy, CelluSleek is a noninvasive treatment that aims to reduce cellulite and help clients shed unwanted inches. Staffers also perform Dermafrac facials, which turbocharge skin elasticity.. Utilizing Jet Clear technology, microdermabrasions unclog pores and rid skin of debris, leaving skin more vibrant, smooth, and youthful in appearance.9 Dunwoody Park, Ste 120Dunwoody, GA US
Pure Aesthetics & Skin CareRead MoreThe professionals at Pure Aesthetics & Skin Care rejuvenate complexions with a range of skin treatments, employing Environ Skin Care products infused with vitamins and antioxidants. During facials, aestheticians target signs of aging or concerns specific to teens, such as acne or lips that are chapped from blowing kisses to Justin Bieber posters. Technicians resurface skin and promote deep exfoliation with peels made from pumpkin or papaya enzymes or glycolic or lactic acid. The skincare pros also wax away unwanted hair to groom areas including eyebrows, bikini lines, and legs.4380 Georgetown Sq, Ste 1003Atlanta, GA US
Ruby's Beauty Center DunwoodyRead MoreEastern and Western techniques come together at Ruby's Beauty Center Dunwoody to leave clients' hair, skin, and nails beautiful. For example, threading is among the center's most popular services. The hair-removal method, which originated in India, uses cotton thread to remove unwanted hair and shape eyebrows. Guests can also opt for cuts or henna hair treatments, which add luster and an auburn-tinge to locks. Additionally, the center decorates digits with mani-pedis and cleanses complexions with a host of skincare services, including herbal, chocolate, and 24-karat gold facials.4639 N Shallowford Rd.Dunwoody, GA US
Tritt Aesthetic & Plastic CenterRead MoreThe doctors at Tritt Aesthetic & Plastic Center—the beauty branch of Atlanta ENT's medical practice—help to enhance their patients' looks with an arsenal of skin treatments, hair-removal services, and cosmetic surgery. Noninvasive solutions such as microdermabrasion, facial fillers, and cellulite reduction work to minimize dermal imperfections such as wrinkles, redness, and reptilian scales, where as rhinoplasty imbues noses with aesthetic balance. Their waxing sessions leave skin smooth and bare for weeks on end, and laser hair removal yields even longer-lasting results.5555 Peachtree Dunwoody RdAtlanta, GA US
Glam Squad AestheticsRead MoreEstablished: 2013 Reservations/Appointments: Required Handicap Accessible: Yes Staff Size: 2–10 people Parking: Parking lot Most popular service: Cellulite removal and body contouring Brands Used: Glam Squad Aesthetics Q&A with Deborah, Owner What is one of your signature services? How is it performed? Our signature performance is cellulite removal and we use our own proprietary equipment to perform that treatment. Essentially, the accumulation of fat cells beneath the skin cause the skin to become uneven (cellulite). Our cellulite treatments break up those fat cells and, thus, smooth out the skin surface. Do you or your staff have any special certifications or degrees? Yes, we are licensed medical professionals. Is there anything else you want to add that we didn't cover? By manufacturing our own equipment, we do not have the same overhead as other laser treatment businesses. Thus, our rates are lower than everyone in the Atlanta area. Part of our mission is to make cosmetic laser treatments affordable for everyone. Out of your entire repertoire, which is your favorite service to perform and why? We've found that our clients are the most excited after cellulite treatments to the buttocks and thighs. Woman enjoy looking beautiful, and we simply give them another reason to show off those lovely curves.1151 Hammond Dr, Suite 200-112Dunwoody, GA US
Brazilian Body WaxRead MoreEducated, creative and talented stylists are readily available to provide you with all of your beauty needs at Brazilian Body Wax in Atlanta. Clear up your clogged pores and blackheads with a replenishing facial. Pamper yourself silly with a wide array of beauty and cosmetic services, such as eyelash extensions and make up application. This establishment provides hair removal services for all hair and skin types, even those with sensitive skin. Keep your hair looking healthy and full with a hair remedy, such as hair cuts and color and highlights, from this salon. When you have a little time before your next appointment, this salon's stylists can squeeze you in. Walks-ins are both accepted and valued here. Brazilian Body Wax also accepts credit card payments for those who prefer to pay with plastic. Brazilian Body Wax is located near a parking lot, which many customers take advantage of. Brazilian Body Wax is a salon fully equipped to handle all of your beauty needs. Give them a call today.4772 Ashford Dunwoody RoadAtlanta, GA US


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» Business
Publication Date : 12-10-2012
An airline price war, which has been taking place mainly on domestic routes, has begun intensifying on international routes as AirAsia Japan, a low cost carrier (LCC) backed by All Nippon Airways, has announced routes between Narita Airport and Incheon and Busan in South Korea beginning October 28.
For example, Peach Aviation, an LCC based at Kansai Airport, launched flights between Kansai and Incheon airports in May and has since added other routes.
AirAsia announced its first international flights Wednesday, stating that the lowest price for a one-way ticket on the Narita-Incheon route will be 6,980 yen (US$89), less than half the price charged by major airlines.
Additionally, the airline began selling 4,000 special discount one-way tickets for 980 yen each to commemorate the launch.
"People used to think of international flights as too expensive. We hope passengers will fly international routes as much as they do domestic ones," AirAsia President Kazuyuki Iwakata said at a Wednesday press conference.
AirAsia will also launch a Narita-Busan route in late November. The company plans to increase the number of its hubs to include Chubu Airport, Sendai Airport and Naha Airport, according to AirAsia officials. In addition, the company has been studying extending routes to China, Taiwan, Guam and the Philippines, keeping with its policy of expanding to international routes with growth potential.
Among three domestic LCCs, Peach has already commissioned Kansai-Incheon and Kansai-Hong Kong routes. It will begin a Kansai-Taipei route Tuesday.
Jetstar Japan is also scheduled to begin international routes including those to China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea.
As South Korean LCCs, including Eastar Air, have increased flights to Japan, competition between Japanese and South Korean LCCs is likely.
LCCs target short international routes, rather than domestic routes, as there is a high potential for growth on them, said Masaharu Hirokane, an analyst at Nomura Securities Co.
The main battlefields will be short routes within four hours for one-way flights, industry sources said.
However, international LCCs need to address several issues.
As LCCs have small fleets, departure times tend to be delayed.
International routes also carry the risk of sudden declines in demand due to international problems, such as strained Japan-China relations, and exchange rate fluctuations.
» Other Business
● YANGON: Myanmar's tourists mostly from Asian countries
● KUALA LUMPUR: MAS challenges pilots' off days
● BEIJING: Alibaba's Tmall signs duty-free deals for travellers
● BEIJING: China's service sector flourishes in splendid isolation
● HANOI: Vietnam ranked top among world's biggest rising markets
● BANGKOK: Spending during Lent long weekend to rise less than 2% in Thailand , survey finds
● BANGKOK: Broader incentives, improved transport links could attract more Japanese firms to Thailand
● TAIPEI: Taiwan govt think-tank appeals for more women in workforce
● BANGKOK: Thai tourism strong enough to expand economy by 3%
● PETALING JAYA: Weak sentiments in Bursa M'sia amid political worries
● BEIJING: Chinese SOE reform to open door to foreign capital
● SEOUL: S. Korea's Cabinet OKs casino cruise plan
● SHANGHAI: China's regulators to investigate 'massive sell-off' of stocks
● SEOUL: Lotte founder Shin Kyuk-ho sacked by son
● JAKARTA: Investment in Indonesia up despite slowdown
» Most Viewed
● PUTRAJAYA: Najib announces Cabinet reshuffle, drops deputy critical of him
● BANGKOK: Thailand ranks low on TIP
● NEW DELHI: Pakistan-based terror outfits may be shifting focus to Punjab
● SINGAPORE: Indonesia, S'pore to boost security, economic, and people-to-people ties
● PETALING JAYA: Opposition MPs to move no-confidence vote against Najib
● MANILA: Tycoons to join bidding for Manila international airport's rehab
● MANILA: Aquino delivers final State of the Nation Address
● SINGAPORE: S'porean man deported from Turkey and detained for trying to join ISIS
● SEOUL: Lotte founder Shin Kyuk-ho sacked by son
● JAKARTA: Investment in Indonesia up despite slowdown
● DHAKA: Flood tightens grip on several districts of Bangladesh
● SEOUL: After Mers, Korea vows hospital culture reform
● MANILA: Aquino silent on how Philippines can face current, future challenges, say businessmen
● QUANG NINH: Vietnam to repair flood damage after torrential rain
● SEOUL: S. Korea's Mers outbreak virtually ends


text:
Performing Arts / Theatres / Entertainment
|Display results 1 to 10 of 181
|next 10 »
Handbag Positive - Waterfront Studio
Friday 29th May - Friday 16th October 2015
Handbag Positive- Medical slang for a confused elderly lady lying on hospital bed clutching handbag Attracta and Nora were the best of friends when they were teenagers. They ...more info
Dancing Shoes - The George Best Story - The Grand Opera House
Saturday 30th May - Wednesday 19th August 2015
The Smash Hit Musical Returns to the Grand Opera House for the Last Time. Dancing Shoes - The George Best Story, tells of the turbulent and colourful life of one of the greatest footballe...more info
Echo Echo's Summer Scheme 2015 - Waterloo House
Monday 6th July - Friday 14th August 2015
Two weeks of dance, movement, music, martial arts and creativity for kids aged 5 - 11 years with Echo Echo Ensemble Artists and guests ...more info
Vintage Tea Dances - Alley Theatre
Tuesday 21st July - Tuesday 25th August 2015
Workshops: Tuesday 21st & 28th July, 4th, 11th, 18th August from 2-4pm Tickets: £3
Final performance:25th August at 8pm Tickets:£5more info
The 4th Happy Days Enniskillen International Beckett Festival - Various
Thursday 23rd July - Monday 3rd August 2015
Features a stellar line-up of international names and faces from across the arts world. Taking place in the island town of Enniskillen, lovers of music, theatre, dance and literature, will not wan...more info
Win two tickets to the opening night of the BSPA's West Side Story - the MAC
Thursday 23rd July - Friday 14th August 2015
GOOD LUCK!more info
Oliver! - Theatre at The Mill
Friday 24th July - Saturday 1st August 2015
In this special 5th Anniversary production, the Theatre at The Mill's annual Summer Youth Theatre are staging a new production of the classic smash hit musical, Oliver! under the direction of Se...more info
Lúnasa Festival: Story Telling & Music - Teac Mallon
Friday 31st July - Friday 7th August 2015
Teac Mallon Creative Arts The Slieve Gullion Creative Arts Centre – Teac Mallon – created by Brigid Brady and her sister Maura McKevitt, marks a genuine attempt to relive and recapture th...more info
The Belfast Magic Festival - The Crescent Arts Centre
Friday 31st July - Sunday 2nd August 2015
DO NOT MISS this first annual Weekend of Magic, Mystery and Wonder in the heart of historic Belfast. Enter a World of Pure Imagination with a Stellar Cast of Wizards and Wonder Workers. These in...more info
Lughnasa International Friel Festival - Belfast
Friday 31st July - Thursday 27th August 2015
@LughnasaIntFF #LIFF2015 LUGHNASA INTERNATIONAL FRIEL FESTIVAL AUGUST 20 - 31 2015 The 1st annual Lughnasa International Friel Festival, Belfast, Here we come! will run from 27 &ndas...more info
|Display results 1 to 10 of 181
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text:
Dealing with the effects of bringing along refugees, Itami finds little sources of rest with the inclusion of a cellphone tower in the special region. Meanwhile, I never saw the Panzerfaust 3 referred to that before reading and watching Gate.
Edit: And unlike other series, I am not writing out Gate's long-ass full title on the top of blog posts.


text:
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This website will hopefully be for American Farming Simulator Mods and help with modding and to become a strong modding team to have this site be clean and helpful!!
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