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"Violence is not tolerated, no matter where it comes from, and can in no way be justified," he said. "We will strictly enforce the law against those implicated in the ongoing investigation."
Britain's foreign secretary, William Hague, told Parliament's Foreign Affairs committee that the film was contemptible but that it was no excuse for violence.
"I therefore welcome the clear condemnation (of the violence) from leaders, including what are generally termed Islamist leaders, across the region," he said. He characterized the crisis as a difficult step in a democratic evolution that will last generations.
In Pakistan, hundreds of angry protesters broke through a barricade outside the U.S. Consulate in the northwest city of Peshawar, sparking clashes with police that left several wounded on both sides, said police officer Arif Khan.
In Kashmir's main city of Srinagar, a strike shut down businesses and public transportation as marchers burned U.S. flags and an effigy of President Barack Obama. Police fired tear gas and used batons to disperse protesters, who hurled rocks at the troops, according to police.
In Indonesia, about 200 people from various Islamic groups torched an American flag outside the U.S. Consulate in the city of Medan. Some unfurled banners saying, "Go to hell America," while others trampled on dozens of paper flags.
Also, 100 Muslim students in Makassar, in central Indonesia, called for the death penalty against the filmmaker, Nakoula Basseley Nakoula. Some 400 people protested peacefully outside the U.S. Embassy in Bangkok, Thailand's capital.
The government in Bangladesh blocked YouTube to prevent people from seeing the video. YouTube was also inaccessible in Saudi Arabia after King Abdullah ordered the blocking of all websites with access to the film. Google has blocked access to the video in Libya, Egypt, Indonesia and India because it says the video broke laws in those countries.
Torchia reported from Cairo. Associated Press writers Riaz Khan in Peshawar, Pakistan; Aijaz Hussain in Srinagar, India; and David Stringer in London contributed.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Remember to eat your green bell and hot chile peppers. Research shows that they'll help you to remember in return. A 2010 University of Illinois study funded by the National Institutes of Health fo…89 comments
Well I sure do like vanilla ;) Cinnamon aint bad either on raisin toast.
The computer doesn't agree with some words and just changes them! Grrrrr!
Shared, thanks.


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Katy Perry Stars In 'Raising Hope'
If you thought Kathy Beth Terry was hideous, wait until you see Rikki Hargrove! Katy Perry is no newbie when it comes to guest-starring on hit T.V. shows and movies, with cameos on 'How I Met Your Mother' and 'SNL' as well as voicing Smurfette in 'The Smurfs,' how are critics reacting to her guest appearance in 'Raising Hope' last night?
Pretty well! Perry portrayed the character of Rikki Hargrove on last night's 'Raising Hope.' According to Entertainment Weekly, she did a 'phenomenal job portraying a mustachiaoed prison guard.' They went on to say she did a great job bringing Rikki to life, so much so that it was easy to forget Katy was playing the role!
If you missed last nights episode, you missed Katy playing a wacked out prison guard, who had more hair on her head and upper lip than I have ever seen! Check out the interview below of Rikki Hargrove AKA Katy Perry.
See what's new on JAMZ!
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Hamish Hamilton £16.99
Review: The Professor of Truth, By James Robertson
As the 25th anniversary approaches, James Robertson is the first British novelist to tackle the Pan Am Flight 103 terrorist outrage
Sunday 30 June 2013
After the horror of 9/11, American novelists almost immediately turned to their laptops and began writing. From Claire Messud to Don DeLillo, they began mythologising an event that already seemed to belong to myth the moment it unfolded on television, seeing it as a defining point in their nation's history. Britain's equivalent terrorist horror had come some years before, in 1988, when Pan Am Flight 103 blew up over the small town of Lockerbie in the Scottish Borders, killing almost 300 people in total. Yet there was no similar attempt, by Scottish or British novelists, to mythologise what had happened. Did they not see it, then, as a defining moment?
It would seem not. Yet those of us who are old enough can remember exactly what we were doing when news of that attack came through. At first it looked like a crash, then the truth quickly emerged. Or at least, what purported to be the truth: a bomb had been detonated on board, and two Libyan nationals were fingered for the crime. Both men eventually stood trial in the Netherlands, and one of them, Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, was found guilty and sentenced to life in prison. Ten years later he was released on compassionate grounds with terminal cancer. He died in Libya last year.
It was an event that had political ramifications for a long time afterwards, never mind the huge personal ones for the relatives of those who died. And it is still causing controversy – many believe al-Megrahi to have been innocent and suspect a cover-up at the highest levels. Yet still, novelists have left this subject alone. Until now. James Robertson's repeated assertions, though, that his novel is not "about" Lockerbie but rather "inspired" by it, perhaps reinforces that sense of reluctance on this side of the Atlantic to take ownership of such an attack to really explore it and set it in some kind of cultural context – in contrast to our American friends who grabbed the later assault on their land with both hands.
If that is so, then such reluctance is misplaced, for the first half of Robertson's novel is really quite superb. With perfect pace and tone that mirror beautifully both the character and his setting, he carefully builds a sense of menace, as an American stranger, Ted Nilsen, arrives one snowy day to speak to Alan Tealing, while simultaneously leadening it with the everyday reality of grief that will not go away. Tealing's wife and daughter were killed when their US-bound flight was blown up 18 years previously; deliberate, self-conscious, inward-looking, he is a man who still carries the burden of his losses, seeming eternally stooped by the weight of them. Unconvinced by the subsequent trial and conviction of one man for the attack, he has investigated on his own, building a "Case" in a room in his house, unable, as friends and relatives see it, to "let go".
Tealing is all too believable a figure in his still-traumatised state, stuck in his university job that isn't offering real fulfilment – his attempted research on a minor wartime English writer cannot hope to compete with the "Case" – and able only to offer a colleague, Carol Pritchley, the limited comfort of an on-off relationship. Will Nilsen's revelations of the part his government played in the attack help him come to terms with his losses, enable him to "move on"? Or will they simply confuse what he already knows?
It's never quite so simple as either/ or, of course. Tealing wants to know the truth of the whole affair, and as a professor of English Literature he should know that there are only "truths", never a single version. Robertson never eases the tension of this meeting between Tealing and Nilsen, offering only the relief of flashbacks into Tealing's short-lived but happy marriage, or the moment a friend called him about the plane crash, or the days he spent in the small town where the plane came down, looked after by a kindly woman, Mrs Hastie, who gave him a room in her house. These are the glimpses that make us voyeurs but they are necessary and vital ones.
When Nilsen does leave, and the novel takes a different direction, there is more relief coupled with a sense of dissatisfaction that Tealing must share with the reader. The premise which the first half of the novel has set up is huge: what kind of subsequent direction could possibly satisfy him or us? Robertson's choices here are novelistic ones, and he makes novelistic decisions that can, given the history that is driving them, feel less than they should be. What answers can be found in a novel about such horror and such loss is perhaps the greatest challenge. Ultimately, though, Robertson deserves plaudits for stepping up to the plate when so many others have not.
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Hail Hydra HeroClix Fans! You are in for a real treat today, and we're not just talking about Hydra's excellent »
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Caixin OnlineBusiness & IndustryTop Stories Industry Guangzhou Limits Car Sales for One Year
Guangzhou Limits Car Sales for One Year
Southern city becomes the fourth in China to use such a policy to address traffic and air quality concerns
Car buyers in Beijing rush to get license plates in December 2010
(Beijing) – Guangzhou has announced a policy to limit auto sales in the city to 120,000 for a one-year period, making it the fourth city in China to enact a cap in the face of worsening traffic and air pollution.
The program will run from July 1 to June 30, 2013, the southern city's transportation department said.
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1. Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2010, 11:9 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/11/9 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Immune responses of Helicoverpa armigera to different kinds of pathogens Qian Wang, Yang Liu, Hong-Juan He, Xiao-Fan Zhao*, Jin-Xing Wang* Abstract Background: Insects react against pathogens through innate immunity. The cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (H. armigera) is an important defoliator and an extremely destructive pest insect of many crops. The elucidation of the mechanism of the immune response of H. armigera to various pathogens can provide a theoretical basis for new approaches to biologically control this pest. Results: Four kinds of pathogens Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Autographa californica multiple nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus harbored green fluorescence protein and polyhedron (AcMNPV-GFP) were used to challenge the insect. The cellular and humoral immune responses to the pathogens were analyzed in the challenged H. armigera. The results show that in the five kinds of haemocytes, only granulocytes phagocytized the Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. All haemocytes can be infected by AcMNPV. Fourteen immune-related genes including pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as peptidoglycan recognition proteins (HaPGRP and HaPGRP C) and Gram-Negative Bacteria-Binding Protein (HaGNBP), and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) such as cecropin-1, 2 and 3 (HaCec-1, 2 and 3), lysozyme (HaLys), attacin (HaAtt), gallerimycin-like (HaGall), gloverin-like (HaGlo), moricin-like (HaMor), cobatoxin-like (HaCob), galiomicin-like (HaGali), and immune inducible protein (HaIip) appeared in different expression profiles to different pathogen infections. The transcripts of 13 immune related genes (except HaPGRPC) are obviously up-regulated by Gram-positive bacteria. HaCec-1 and 3, HaMor, HaAtt, HaLys, HaIip, HaPGRP and HaGNBP are greatly up-regulated after fungal infection. HaGNBP, HaCec-2, HaGall, HaGlo, HaMor, HaCob, HaGali obviously increased in Gram-negative bacterial infection. Only five genes, HaGNBP, HaCec-1, HaGali, HaGlo, and HaLys, are weakly up-regulated after viral infection. The AMP transcripts had higher expression levels than the PRR transcripts after the microbial challenge. Conclusions: These data suggest that the granulocytes are the major phagocytes in H. armigera. All haemocytes can be infected by AcMNPV. The transcripts of 14 immune related genes have different expression patterns in H. armigera infected by different pathogens, which means that the immune-related genes may have different functions against various kinds of pathogens. Background jawed vertebrates. Invertebrates only rely on their innate The immune system is generally divided into innate and immune defenses. adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is characterized by The innate immune system of insects relies on both quick reactions that cause immediate immune humoral and cellular responses [1]. Haemocytes are the responses. In contrast, adaptive immunity is a slow reac- primary mediators of cell-mediated immunity in insects tion with high specificity and memory. Adaptive immu- including phagocytosis, nodulation, encapsulation, and nity has remarkable specificity based on somatic gene melanization. The humoral response of innate immunity rearrangement and hypermutation, leading to an extre- includes three steps: 1) identification of pathogen-asso- mely large repertoire of T- and B-cell receptors and ciated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on pathogens by antibodies. Such adaptive immunity is restricted to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) [2]; 2) activation of the regulatory pathways; and 3) production of immune effectors including cellular phagocytosis and molecular * Correspondence: email@example.com; email@example.com effectors such as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) [3]. School of Life Sciences, Shandong University; Jinan, Shandong 250100, China © 2010 Wang et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2010, 11:9 Page 2 of 12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/11/9 Innate immune recognition is an active area of granulocytes (Gr), oenocytoids (Oe), and spherulocytes research that has quickly developed over the last few (Sp) (Fig. 1A). After the injection of acridine orange years along with the study of Toll receptors [4-6]. labeled bacteria and fungi, it was observed that only the Unlike adaptive immunity, which recognizes every anti- granulocytes could phagocytize the pathogens including gen, innate immunity recognizes the conserved Patho- G+ organism B. thuringiensis, the G- organism K. pneu- gen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of the moniae, and the fungus C. albicans. Other haemocytes pathogens by the PRRs of the hosts [7]. Several PRRs did not phagocytize (Fig. 1B-d). This result indicated have been reported such as peptidoglycan recognition that the granulocytes were the major phagocytes in H. proteins (PGRPs), thioester-containing proteins (TEPs), armigera. Gram-negative binding proteins (GNBPs), multidomain When the budded virus, AcMNPV-GFP was injected scavenger receptors (SCRs), C-type lectins (CTL), galec- into the larval haemocoel, haemocytes released green tins (GALE) [5], and Down syndrome cell adhesion fluorescence at 36 h after injection. The morphology of molecule (DSCAM) [8]. the haemocytes was changed and could not be identified Effector molecules such as AMPs are found in most of as a recognizable cell type. The green fluorescence plants and animals, and their functions in innate immu- increased in intensity proportional to infection time till nity are well investigated [9,10]. Approximately 1,000 6 d post infection. The haemocytes appeared aggregated varieties of AMPs have been reported from vertebrates, and destroyed. However, the larvae did not die, but invertebrates, human beings, and plants since the were arrested in the metamorphically committed stage Boman group reported the first cecropin from Hyalo- till 6th instar 6 d. These results suggested that the hae- phora cecropia [11]. In most insects, AMPs are synthe- mocytes could be infected by the AcMNPV-GFP virus sized in the fat body and haemocytes and are then and the virus could replicate inside the insect body (Fig. released to the haemolymph. 2). Insect innate immunity has been studied in D. melano- gaster, Anopheles gambia, and Maduca sexta [12,13], but Immune related genes obtained by random sequencing fewer studies have been conducted on the cotton boll- Four thousand clones from the cDNA library were worm, Helicoverpa armigera. H. armigera is a worldwide sequenced. More than 20 expressed sequence tags pest that has developed strong resistance to chemical and (ESTs) of immune related genes were obtained, includ- biological pesticides. New approaches to control this pest ing pattern recognition receptors: Peptidoglycan recogni- can be designed if the mechanism of its immune tion proteins (HaPGRPA, GenBank accession No.: responses to pathogens is understood. We have reported GU182905; and HaPGRPC, GU182906), Gram-negative the function of a pattern recognition receptor (C-type bacteria binding protein (HaGNBP, GU182914) and C- lectin) in the insect [14,15]. To further investigate the type lectins (HaLec, DQ533877); antimicrobial peptides: mechanism of H. armigera's response to pathogen infec- cecropin-1 (GU182916), 2 (GU182909), and 3 tions, its cellular responses to four kinds of pathogens, (GU182910)(HaCec-1,2 and 3),attacin (HaAtt, namely, Gram-positive bacterial, Gram-negative bacterial, GU182917), lysozyme (HaLys, GU182915),gallerimycin- fungal, and viral pathogens which are Bacillus thuringien- like (HaGall, GU182913),gloverin-like (HaGlo, sis (G+ -bacterium), Klebsiella pneumoniae (G--bacter- GU182908),moricin-like (HaMor, GU182911),cobatoxin- ium), Candida albicans (fungus), and Autographa like (HaCob, GU182912),galiomicin-like (HaGali, californica multiple nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus GU182907)AMPs and immune inducible protein (HaIip, harbored green fluorescence protein and polyhedron DQ875243). The sequences of 3 cecropins (HaCecs) and (AcMNPV-GFP) (virus), respectively, were investigated. 2 PGRPs (HaPGRPs) were showed in Fig. 3. Simultaneously, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed at different times after the chal- Molecular responses of H. armigera to the pathogens lenge by these pathogens. Fourteen immunity-related To analyze the molecular responses of H. armigera to 4 genes including PRRs and antimicrobial peptide genes different pathogens, quantitative real-time PCR was per- were chosen for the analysis. The results demonstrated formed. The time course expression patterns of 14 that the innate immune responses of H. armigera larvae genes were examined including three upstream PRR to the pathogens included cellular phagocytosis and up- genes such as HaPGRP and HaPGRP C, and HaGNBP, regulated expression of immune effector genes. and 11 downstream effector genes such as HaCec-1,2 and 3, HaLys, HaAtt, HaGall, HaGlo, HaMor, HaCob, Results HaGali and HaIip. Cellular responses to pathogens in vivo The expression patterns of the three pattern recogni- Five kinds of cells were distinguished in H. armigera, tion protein genes had some differences responding to namely, prohaemocytes (Pr), plasmatocytes (Pl), the pathogens. The expression of HaPGRP was
Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2010, 11:9 Page 3 of 12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/11/9 Figure 1 Phagocytosis of the pathogens by the haemocytes. Pathogens were injected into the haemocoel (1× 105 cfu/larva) of H. armigera for 3 h and then haemocytes were collected and examined under the microscope. A, a, Haemocytes from normal larvae; B, b, Haemocytes from the larvae of B. thuringiensis injection, C, c, Haemocytes from the larvae of K. pneumoniae injection, D, d, Haemocytes from the larvae of C. albicans injection. The capital characters A, B, C, and D are the pictures under white light. The small characters a, b, c, and d are the pictures under fluorescent light. The rule is 20 μm. Pl, plasmatocytes; Gr, granulocytes; Oe, oenocytoids; Sp, spherulocytes.
Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2010, 11:9 Page 4 of 12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/11/9 Figure 2 Infection of haemocytes by AcMNPV-GFP in vivo. A, a, Haemocytes from larvae 36 h post infection; B, b, Haemocytes from larvae 6 day post infection. Rules are 20 μm, respectively. The capital characters A, B, C, and D are the pictures under fluorescent light. The small characters a, b, c, and d are the pictures under white light. increased 3 h post-injection of the G + bacteria and 6 h post-injection by G- bacteria. Almost no variation fungi; there was no significant increase in expression was observed for fungal and viral challenge compared after G- bacteria injection and virus injection compared with the mock (PBS) challenge (Fig. 5B). The HaCec-1 with the PBS-injected insects (Fig. 4A). In contrast, and 3 had high similarities in amino acid sequence com- HaPGRP C showed a trend of decreased expression parison (Fig. 3A), therefore they had similar expression after the injection of G+ bacteria, G- bacteria, fungi, or pattern after pathogen infection. These results also sug- virus (Fig. 4B). The HaGNBP was up-regulated to the gested that HaCec-1 and 3 responded to fungus well highest expression sequentially by four pathogens 3 h and that HaCec-2 responded to bacteria well. post-G- bacterial injection, 12 h post- G+ bacterial, fun- The HaGali, HaGlo, and HaLys were up-regulated by gal and -viral injection. The expression level of HaGNBP four microbial challenges. However, they exhibited dif- is higher than HaPGRP (Fig. 4C). These results indi- ferent expression patterns. The expression of HaGali cated that the expressions of PRRs were regulated after was up-regulated by four microbial challenge 3 h post- the infections of the pathogens. injection, with the highest expression after fungal chal- Three cecropins (HaCec-1, 2 and 3) had different lenge at 12 h (Fig. 5D). The mRNA of HaGlo was also expression patterns responding to the pathogens. up-regulated by four microbes 3 h post-injection but HaCec-1 and 3 were up-regulated by four or three with the highest expression after viral challenge at 3 h pathogens, respectively. However, higher expression (Fig. 5E). The expression of HaLys was up-regulated by levels of HaCec-1 and 3 were found in the fungal four pathogens with different patterns. It was up-regu- injected larvae (Fig. 5A, C). In contrast, HaCec-2 was lated 3 h post-injection of the G+ bacteria and gradually only up-regulated by two kinds of bacteria with lower recovered to normal level from 6 h to 24 h, and it was expression levels, 3 h post-injection by G+ bacteria and up-regulated 3 h post-injection of the fungus and
Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2010, 11:9 Page 5 of 12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/11/9 Figure 3 Sequence alignment of cecropins and PGRPs from H. armigera and other species. (A) Alignment of complete sequence of cecropin-1, 2, and 3 from H. armigera and cecropin sequences from other species. TnCec B: Trichoplusia ni (GenBank No. ABV68872); BmCecA: Bombyx mori, (GenBank No. NP_001037462); HcCecA2: Hyphantria cunea, (GenBank No. P50722); HcCecA: Hyalophora cecropia, (GenBank No. P01507). (B) Sequence alignment of PGRPs from H. armigera and other species. BmGRBP: Bombyx mori (GenBank No. NP_001036858); GmPGRP: Galleria mellonella (GenBank No. CAL36191); ScGRBP: Samia cynthia ricini (GenBank No. BAF03521); ScGRBPD: Samia cynthia ricini (GenBank No. BAF74637). The identical residues were in white of black background. gradually increased to a higher level from 12 h to 24 h responded well to fungus;HaGlo responded well to post-injection. Similar to fungus induction, HaLys was virus; and HaLys responded well to both fungus and up-regulated by AcMNPV 6 h post-injection and virus. reached the highest level at 12 h post-injection. HaLys The HaMor, HaCob and HaAtt were up-regulated by showed higher responses to virus and fungus than to bacteria and fungus but not by virus. The expression of bacteria (Fig. 5F). The evidence suggested that the genes HaMor was up-regulated to the highest level by G+ bac- had different responses to different pathogens. HaGali teria 3 h post-injection, by fungus 6 h post-injection,
Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2010, 11:9 Page 6 of 12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/11/9 Figure 4 The time course expression of PRR transcripts to infection of 4 pathogens examined by Real-time PCR. A, B and C show the expression profiles of HaPGRPA, HaPGRPC, HaGNBP respectively. Bt, B. thuringiensis; Kp, K. pneumoniae; Ca, C. albicans; and AcMNPV-GFP. (* means P < 0.05, indicating the significant differences between PBS and pathogens challenge at one point in time. PBS controls were performed at time points from 3 h to 24 h for every transcripts, and no significant variation was observed in the transcription level). and by G- bacteria 24 h post-injection (Fig. 6A). The The HaGall and HaIip only responded to two patho- expression of HaCob was up-regulated to the highest gens. HaGall was greatly up-regulated by G- bacteria 6 levels 3 h post-G+ bacterial injection, 6 h post-fungal h after injection and was weakly up-regulated by fungus injection, and 24 h post-G- bacterial injection (Fig. 6B). at 12 h post-injection (Fig. 6D). HaIip was greatly up- HaAtt was increased 3 h to 6 h post-injection of the G+ regulated by fungus 6 h after injection and was weakly bacteria and gradually decreased to normal level from up-regulated by G+ bacteria at 3 h to 12 h post-injection 12 h to 24 h post-injection. In contrast, HaAtt appeared (Fig. 6E). These two genes could play roles against G- to have an increase trend from 3 h to 12 h post-injec- bacteria infection and fungus infection, respectively. tion of fungus. There was a low-level increase of the HaAtt at 24 h post-G- bacterial injection. The expres- Discussion sion levels of HaAtt to fungus and G + bacteria were This work first investigated the immune responses at much higher than to G- bacteria (Fig. 6C). These results the cellular and humoral levels of H. armigera to four suggested that the genes had different initiation pathogens, B. thuringiensis, K. pneumoniae, C. albicans, response times to different pathogens and had different and AcMNPV-GFP, which represent G + bacterial, G - expression patterns after infection of various pathogens. bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens, respectively. The
Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2010, 11:9 Page 7 of 12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/11/9 Figure 5 The time course expression of 6 AMP transcripts to different pathogen infection examined by Real-time PCR. One panel shows the transcript levels of an immune related gene to 4 kinds of pathogens. The symbols and abbreviations are the same as in Fig. 4. A shows the expression pattern of cecropin-1(HaCec-1); B: cecropin-2(HaCec-2); C: cecropin-3 (HaCec-3); D: Galiomicin-like antimicrobial peptide(HaGali); E: gloverin-like (HaGlo); F: lysozyme (HaLys).
Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2010, 11:9 Page 8 of 12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/11/9 Figure 6 The time course expression of 5 AMP transcripts to different pathogen infection examined by Real-time PCR. One panel shows the transcript levels of an immune related gene to 4 kinds of pathogens. The symbols and abbreviations are the same as in Fig. 4. A: moricin-like (HaMor); B: cobatoxin-like (HaCob); C: attacin (HaAtt): D: gallerimycin-like (HaGall); E: immune inducible protein (HaIip). results revealed that the innate immunity of H. armigera phagocytes of Manduca sexta had similar functions as larvae responded both on cellular and humoral levels vertebrate phagocytes [17]. This study demonstrated against these pathogens. that granulocytes were the major cells that phagocytized Regarding the functions of haemocytes relating to G+ and G- bacteria, and fungi. No phagocytosis function innate immunity, it is known that plasmatocytes form was observed for other kinds of haemocytes in H. armi- the bulk of capsules around foreign bodies. Granular gera. This suggested that haemocytes played different haemocytes phagocytize foreign pathogens, and oenocy- roles in different insect species. toids produce phenoloxidases (PO), which are responsi- In addition to cellular immunity, humoral immunity ble for haemolymph melanization [16]. Plasmatocytes also plays significant role in insect immunity, which are involved in the phagocytosis of non-self microsphere involves the induction of a robust AMPs that kill invad- beads, whereas granulocytes are involved in the phago- ing pathogens [9]. Eleven AMP genes were found from cytosis of self-dead cells. Other studies showed that H. armigera in this study: HaCec-1, 2 and 3, HaGall,
Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2010, 11:9 Page 9 of 12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/11/9 HaGlo, HaLys, HaMor, HaCob, HaAtt, HaGali, and Gallerimycin is an antifungal peptide from the greater HaIip. They belong to 9 kinds of AMPs. wax moth G. mellonella. Its expression is up-regulated Some functions of these AMPs are known in other after stimulation with bacterial lipopolyscaccharides (G- species. For example, the cecropins are linear, cationic bacteria). Gallerimycin is active against the entomo- AMPs that cause lysis of both Gram-positive and Gram- pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae but not negative bacteria [18]. HaCec-1 appeared to have very against yeast and Gram-negative or Gram-positive bac- high expression levels in fungus C. albicans-injected lar- teria in G. mellonella [25]. Helicoverpa gallerimycin-like vae and AcMNPV-injected larvae in addition to G+ and AMP had a very high expression after the G- bacteria G- bacteria, suggesting that HaCec-1 not only responded (K. pneumoniae) challenge, suggesting that it played a to G+ and G- bacteria but also to fungus and virus, and role in G - bacteria defense. HaIip is an antimicrobial might play very important roles in H. armigera peptide with Knot1 domain representing plant lectins immunity. http://smart.embl-heidelberg.de. The up-regulation of Furthermore, Galiomicin, a defensin first found in HaIip in H. armigera after the induction of fungus Galleria mellonella, has antibacterial and antifungal (C. albicans) suggests that it played an important role in activities [19]. The results of this study were consistent antifungal defending. to the report except for the detection of some up-regu- Innate immunity was formerly thought to be a non- lation of HaGali after virus infection. Gloverins, a family specific immune response characterized by phagocytosis. of glycine-rich polypeptides, are effective against G- bac- However, innate immunity has considerable specificity teria and are inactive against G+ bacteria, yeasts, mam- and is capable of discriminating between self and non- malian cell lines, and pestivirus [20]. However, up- self, as proposed in the concept of PRRs of the host. regulation of this gene was detected after four kinds of These PRRs can recognize conserved PAMPs shared by pathogens were injected into H. armigera including G+ large groups of microorganisms, therefore successfully and G- bacteria, fungus, and virus. The highest expres- defending invertebrates and vertebrates against infection sion of HaGlo after AcMNPV virus injection suggests [2]. PGRP was first purified from silkworm (Bombyx that this gene may play a role in antivirus defense. Lyso- mori) hemolymph based on the high affinity of PGRP to zymes are a type of hydrolase which can digest the pep- bacterial peptidoglycans[26]. GNBPs have been originally tidoglycan layer of the bacteria cell wall by hydrolyzing described in the silkworm B. mori, and one of them is the b-1,4-glycosidic linkage between N-acetylglucosa- known to bind strongly to the surface of Gram-negative mine and N-acetylmuramic acid. Lysozymes also hydro- bacteria[27]. The expression of HaPGRP was up-regu- lyze the b-1, 4-linkages of chitooligosaccharides in the lated by G+ bacteria and fungi; the HaGNBP was up- fungal cell wall. Therefore, lysozymes have antibacterial regulated by four kinds of pathogens. These results indi- and antifungal activities [21]. In addition to the antibac- cated that the PRRs in H. armigera might have different terial and antifungal activities, the results of this study functions in the pattern recognition. indicate that HaLys also highly respond to virus, which The results of expression patterns revealed that most implies its role in antivirus defense. examined genes were significantly up-regulated after Moricin is a highly basic AMP first reported in the infection by pathogens. However, the responses of the silkworm Bombyx mori. It shows antibacterial activity genes to different kinds of pathogens showed specific against several G- and G+ bacteria [22]. The results in characters. Although some genes could respond to all H. armigera showed that HaMor also had a higher four tested pathogens, the intensity of their expression to expression after C. albicans (fungus) induction, suggest- different pathogens varied. For instance, HaCec-1, ing that HaMor played a role in antifungus response. HaCec-3, and HaIip were greatly up-regulated after fungi Cobatoxin is a toxin present in the venom of the Cen- infection, which suggests that these genes mostly truroides noxius scorpion that blocks two K +-channel responded to fungal infection in H. armigera, although subtypes: voltage-gated and Ca 2+ -activated channels they also did respond to other pathogens. HaCec-2 was [23]. The results of this study show HaCob responded up-regulated by G+ and G- bacteria, which suggests that to G- and G+ bacteria and fungus infections in H. ami- it responds to bacteria. HaGall obviously increased in G- gera. Attacin is an AMP, originally isolated from the bacterium (K. pneumoniae) infection, and HaGlo also immune haemolymph of Hyalophora cecropia. The anti- obviously increased in AcMNPV infection, which might bacterial effect of attacin was found to be limited to imply that these genes were involved in response to the some species of Gram-negative bacteria [24]. In H. Gram-negative bacterium or virus, respectively. In addi- armigera, HaAtt responded to G+ bacteria and fungus tion, only five genes were up-regulated after virus infec- better than G- bacteria, suggesting that HaAtt partici- tion: HaGNBP, HaCe1, HaGali, HaGlo, and HaLys, but pated in the anti-G + bacteria and fungus response in the expression levels of the genes against the virus were addition to G- bacteria. much lower except HaGlo and HaLys. These phenomena
Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2010, 11:9 Page 10 of 12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/11/9 suggest that the same AMP gene might respond to differ- Insect ent pathogens by different expression patterns. The eggs of H. armigera were obtained from the Wuhan Lemaitre et al. [28] found that the challenge of fruit Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Science, flies with a fungus results in the biosynthesis of anti- Wuhan, China. After incubation, the larvae were main- fungal AMPs, whereas the challenge by a G- bacterium tained in the laboratory at 26 ± 1°C under light and results in the up-regulation of AMPs appropriate for the dark conditions for 14:10 h and were reared on the arti- destruction of such bacteria. It seems that there is no ficial diet described by Zhao et al. [32]. strict correspondence in the immune response of H. armigera against different pathogens in mRNA level, Microbial pathogens although there are specific characters as described Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Can- above. The expression patterns and functions of the dida albicans were from Shandong Agricultural Univer- immune related genes at protein levels need to be inves- sity. AcMNPV-GFP was constructed in the researchers' tigated in the future work. laboratory [33]. There is growing interest in antiviral mechanism in The G+ bacterium B. thuringiensis, G - bacterium K. Drosophila [29-31]. Dostert et al. identified 140 genes pneumoniae, and fungus C. albicans were cultured over- that were upregulated in adult Drosophila 24 and 48 h night in 5 ml Luria-Bertani medium (LB, 1% trytone, post injection with Drosophila C virus. Two thirds of 0.5% yeast extract, 1% NaCl in w/v, pH 7.0). The virus these genes were not upregulated in response to bacter- AcMNPV-GFP was cultured in Sf21cells with Grace's ial or fungal infections. However, most genes encoding medium. antimicrobial peptides regulated by the Toll and Imd pathways were not upregulated or were only weakly Phagocytosis of the pathogens in vivo in upregulated by DCV infection [31]. Same situation was H. armigera larvae found in H. armigera, only HaGlo and HaLys were B. thuringiensis, K. pneumoniae, and C. albicans were weakly upregulated by viral challenge. This might sug- collected from the LB medium by centrifugation at gest that the insect used a distinct mechanism to com- 6,000 rpm for 10 min, fixed in 95% ethanol for 10 min, bat viral infection. H. armigera is a good model to suspended in PBS (140 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 10 mM analyze the viral infection. It is worth further investiga- Na2HPO4, 1.8 mM KH2PO4, pH7.4), added to acridine tion for the antiviral mechanism. orange at 1 μg/ml for 10 min, centrifuged, and washed in PBS to clear. The microbes stained with acridine Conclusions orange were injected into the haemocoels of three 5th Five kinds of hemocytes were distinguished in H. armi- instar 24 h larvae. Each larva was injected with 1 × 105 gera, the granulocytes in the insect are the major phago- colony forming units (cfu) in 5 μl of PBS. The haemo- cytes. All haemocytes can be infected by AcMNPV. The cytes were collected by cutting the proleg of the cater- expression patterns of 3 upstream PRR genes and 11 pillar 3 h post-injection, mixed a 200 μl PBS with 1 mM downstream effector genes in the insect were analyzed reduced glutathione and covered by glass cover slip, and by qRT-PCR. The transcripts of 14 immune related observed under microscope. genes have different expression patterns in H. armigera infected by different pathogens. Most of the genes were Infection of larvae by the pathogens and upregulated by bacteria and fungi, and only five genes extraction of RNA were upregulated by the virus AcMNPV. These data B. thuringiensis, K. pneumoniae, and C. albicans were suggested that the immune-related genes might have collected from the LB medium by centrifugation at different functions against various kinds of pathogens. 6,000 rpm for 10 min, washed three times with PBS, and then resuspended in PBS. The number of pathogens Methods was calculated by a haemocytometer. The pathogens Chemicals were injected into the haemocoels of six 5th instar 24 h The chemicals were obtained from the following separate larvae. Each larva was injected with 1 × 10 5 colony companies: Unizol reagent (Biostar Company, Shanghai, forming units (cfu) in 5 μl of PBS. The budded virus China); Reverse Transcriptase (RT) Kit (Promega Bios- (BV) of AcMNPV-GFP, amplified in Sf21 cells, was ciences, Madison WI, USA); PCR purification kit (Shen- injected into the haemocoels at a concentration of 1 × gong, Shanghai, China); Ex Taq Polymerase and 107pfu/5 μl/larva. AcMNPV virus was quantitated using SYBR®Premix EX Taq (TaKaRa Biotech, Dalian, China); plaque forming units following the viral plaque assay in and 4'-6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride the instruction manual of Bac-to-Bac Baculovirus (DAPI, 1 μg/ml in water, San Jose, United States). Grace's Expression Systems of Invitrogen http://wolfson.huji.ac. medium was from Invitrogen (United States). il/expression/bac.pdf. Briefly, the monolayers of Sf9 cells
Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2010, 11:9 Page 11 of 12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/11/9 were prepared in 6-well plates, Eight-log serial diluted RNA (mRNA) was extracted with the PolyATract virus (10-1- 10-8) were produced and the diluted virus mRNA isolation system (Promega, USA). The mRNAs (10-3- 10-8) were added to each well of the plates respec- were used to construct a cDNA library. The Creator tively and incubate 1 h at room temperature. Sequen- SMART cDNA Library Construction Kit (Clontech, tially the virus inoculum was removed from the wells USA) was used for the cDNA library construction fol- and replaced with 2 ml diluted agarose and incubated at lowing the manufacturer's instructions. The double 27°C in a incubator for 5 days. The number of plaques strand cDNA was digested and ligated with the pDNR- was counted. The titer of the virus can be calculated by LIB vector, and then transformed into competent DH5a the following formula: pfu/ml of the virus = 1/dilution cells. Individual colonies were randomly selected, and factor × number of plaques × 1/(ml of inoculum/plate). plasmid was extracted for sequencing from the 5'-ends Controls were injected with PBS or Grace's medium, (Beijing Genomics Institute, China). respectively, for the bacteria and virus. A fluorescence microscope (Olympus BX51) was used to observe the Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) green fluorescence. The total RNAs were extracted from The primers of the detected genes were designed from the whole bodies of three randomly chosen larvae per the specific sequences of the genes obtained by cDNA treatment to normalize the individual difference and library sequencing in the laboratory (Table 1). The then they were reverse transcribed to complementary quantitative real-time PCR was performed following the deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) for quantitative real-time manufacturer's instruction of the SYBR Premix Ex Taq PCR analysis. kit (Takara, Japan) with a real-time thermal cycler (Bio- Rad, Hercules, CA). The cDNA templates, obtained in cDNA library construction method 2.5, were first examined by semi-quantitative The total RNA was extracted from whole body of H. RT-PCR for the qualities of the cDNAs and the gene armigera using Unizol reagent following the manufac- primers by b-actin and every examined gene. The cDNA ture's instructions (Biostar, Shanghai, China). Messenger templates were then diluted 1:20 in distilled water, and Table 1 Primers for Quantitative Real-time PCR Name of gene Name of primer Primer sequence cDNA length (bp) PGRP HaPGRPF 5'-ccagatgtgctgagatcgtg-3' 101 HaPGRPR 5'-tttgccgttaccacctacaa-3' PGRP C HaPGRPcF 5'-agctgaggtacccacagacg-3' 151 HaPGRPcR 5'-ccagcccaagctgttatgat-3' GNBP HaGNRPF 5'-caccttgcattacggacctt-3' 166 HaGNRPR 5'-tgttacacgtcccagttcca-3' galiomicin HaGaliF 5'-tggtgaagagctaccgttcc-3' 109 HaGaliR 5'-acgcagctaccaatcagctt-3' gloverin HaGloF 5'-gcaagacatcttcaacgacca-3' 150 HaGloR 5'-tccttgtacacatcaagactgg-3' lysozyme HaLysF 5'-gaaggactgcaatgttacttg-3' 99 HaLysR 5'-gcctcgaacttgtggcgtttg-3' Cecropin-1 HaCecF 5'-gtttggtagcagcgtgcag-3' 136 HaCecR 5'-gcttcaccgaggactgctat-3' cecropin-2 HaCecAF 5'-tgtcttcgcttgttttgtgg-3' 103 HaCecAR 5'-atcacgaatgtgctgaccaa-3' cecropin 3 HaCecBF: 5'-gttgttcgtgttcgcgtgt-3' 112 HaCecBR 5'-accgtccctgatgttacgac-3' moricin HaMorF 5'-gcattactggtgccatctga-3' 103 HaMorR 5'-ctatgttgatcgcccggagt-3' cobatoxin HaCobF 5'-tgtgctagttgttataagtgccatt-3' 122 HaCobR 5'-ctacctgcaccgagttgtca-3' attacin HaAttF 5'-gagtgggagcttcattaggg-3' 120 HaAttR 5'-cgaggagcgttaaagtccag-3' gallerimycin Ha-GallF1 5'-acaagggccacctcttccag-3' 92 Ha-GallR1 5'-aagtgcagtatccgccagac-3' immune inducible protein HaIipF 5'-cttatagggtgcgaccaacg-3' 161 HaIipR 5'-acgtccgagttacagcgaag-3' Ha-b-actin HaActinF 5' -cctggtattgctgaccgtatgc-3' 150 HaActinR 5' -ctgttggaaggtggagagggaa-3'
Wang et al. BMC Immunology 2010, 11:9 Page 12 of 12 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2172/11/9 the primers (100 μM) were diluted 1:100 in distilled genes and gene families in Anopheles gambiae. Science 2002, 298:159-165. water. The reaction mixture SYBR®Premix EX mixture 5 13. Hoffmann JA, Kafatos FC, Janeway CA, Ezekowitz RAB: Phylogenetic μl, primer 2 μl each, template 1 μl, water 2 μl was perspectives in innate immunity. Science 1999, 284:1313-1318. mixed on ice. The tubes with the reaction mixtures 14. Chai LQ, Tian YY, Yang DT, Wang JX, Zhao XF: Molecular cloning and characterization of a C-type lectin from the cotton bollworm, were put into the real-time PCR machine, and the fol- Helicoverpa armigera. Dev Comp Immunol 2008, 32:71-83. lowing procedure was followed: one cycle of 95°C for 3 15. Tian YY, Liu Y, Zhao XF, Wang JX: Characterization of a C-type lectin from min, 40 cycles of 95°C for 15 s, 62°C for 50 s, read, 72°C the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. Dev Comp Immunol 2009, 33:772-9. for 2 s, read, 82°C for 2 s, read, 72°C for 10 min. The 16. Ribeiro C, Brehélin M: Insect haemocytes: what type of cell is that?. J qRT-PCR data from three repeats were analyzed using Insect Physiol 2006, 52:417-29. the Opticon Monitor 2. Furthermore, the expression 17. Ling E, Yu X: Prophenoloxidase binds to the surface of hemocytes and is involved in hemocyte melanization in Manduca sexta. Insect Biochem Mol level of the immune-related gene was analyzed using the Biol 2005, 35. comparative CT method. In this method, the discrepancy 18. Steiner H, Hultmark D, Engstrom A, Bennich H, Boman HG: Sequence and between the CT for the gene and b-actin (ΔCT) were specificity of two antibacterial proteins involved in insect immunity. Nature 1981, 292:246-8. calculated to normalize the variation in the amount of 19. Lee Y, Yun E, Jang W, Kim I, Lee J, Park S, Ryu K, Seo S, Kim C, LI H: cDNA in each reaction. The data obtained from three Purification, cDNA cloning and expression of an insect defensin from repeats were calculated by 2-ΔCt and statistically ana- the great wax moth, Galleria mellonella. Insect Mol Biol 2004, 13:65-72. 20. Mackintosh JA, Gooley AA, Karuso PH, Beattie AJ, Jardine DR, Veal DA: A lyzed by student t-test. A significant difference was gloverin-like antibacterial protein is synthesized in Helicoverpa armigera accepted at P < 0.05. following bacterial challenge. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 1998, 22:387-399. 21. Fiolka MJ, Ptaszynska AA, Czarniawski W: Antibacterial and antifungal Acknowledgements lysozyme-type activity in Cameraria ohridella pupae. Journal of This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Invertebrate Pathology 2005, 90:1-9. Foundation of China (No. 30710103901) and the National High Technology 22. Hara S, Yamakawa M: Moricin, a novel type of antibacterial peptide Research & Development Program of China (Program 863:2007AA09Z425). isolated from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:29923-29927. Authors' contributions 23. Selisko B, Garcia C, Becerril B, Gomez-Lagunas F, Garay C, Possani LD: QW made contributions to acquisition, analysis and interpretation of all qRT- Cobatoxins 1 and 2 from Centruroides noxius Hoffmann constitute a PCR data and manuscript draft writing. YL performed experiments of cellular subfamily of potassium-channel-blocking scorpion. European Journal of responses of H. armigera to pathogen infections. HJH performed the cDNA Biochemistry 1998, 254:468-479. library construction. XFZ and JXW made contributions to the study design, 24. Carlsson A, Engström P, Palva E, H B: Attacin, an antibacterial protein from data interpretation and helping to draft the final version of the manuscript. Hyalophora cecropia, inhibits synthesis of outer membrane proteins in All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Escherichia coli by interfering with omp gene transcription. Infect Immun 1991, 59:3040-3045. Received: 28 August 2009 Accepted: 3 March 2010 25. Schuhmann B, Seitz V, Vilcinskas A, Podsiadlowski L: Cloning and Published: 3 March 2010 expression of gallerimycin, an antifungal peptide expressed in immune response of greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 2003, 53:125-133. References 26. Yoshida H, Kinoshita K, Ashida M: Purification of a peptidoglycan 1. MD Lavine, Strand MR: Insect hemocytes and their role in immunity. recognition protein from hemolymph of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2002, 32:1295-1309. Biol Chem 1996, 271:13854-60. 2. Medzhitov R, Janeway C: Innate immune recognition: mechanisms and 27. Lee WJ, Lee JD, Kravchenko VV, Ulevitch RJ, Brey PT: Purification and pathways. Immunological Reviews 2000, 173:89-97. molecular cloning of an inducible gram-negative bacteria-binding 3. Schulenburg H, Kurz CL, Ewbank JJ: Evolution of the innate immune protein from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, system: the worm perspective. Immunol Rev 2004, 198:36-58. 93:7888-93. 4. Akira S: TLR signaling. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006, 311:1-16. 28. Lemaitre B, Reichart J-M, Hoffmann J: Drosophila host defense: differential 5. Christophides GK, Vlachou D, Kafatos FC: Comparative and functional induction of antimicrobial peptide genes after infection by various genomics of the innate immune system in the malaria vector Anopheles classes of microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:14614-14619. gambiae. Immunol Rev 2004, 198:127-48. 29. Li H, Li WX, Ding SW: Induction and suppression of RNA silencing by an 6. Rast JP, Smith LC, Loza-Coll M, Hibino T, Litman GW: Review - Genomic animal virus. Science 2002, 296:1319-21. insights into the immune system of the sea urchin. Science 2006, 30. Hedges LM, Johnson KN: Induction of host defence responses by 314:952-956. Drosophila C virus. J Gen Virol 2008, 89:1497-501. 7. Janeway CJ: The role of self-recognition in receptor repertoire 31. Dostert C, Jouanguy E, Irving P, Troxler L, Galiana-Arnoux D, Hetru C, development. Immunol Res 1999, 19:107-18. Hoffmann JA, Imler JL: The Jak-STAT signaling pathway is required but 8. Watson FL, Puttmann-Holgado R, Thomas F, Lamar DL, Hughes M, not sufficient for the antiviral response of drosophila. Nat Immunol 2005, Kondo M, Rebel VI, Schmucker D: Extensive diversity of Ig-superfamily 6:946-53. proteins in the immune system of insects. Science 2005, 309:1874-1878. 32. Zhao X-F, Wang J-X, Wang Y-C: Purification and characterization of a 9. Bulet P, Stocklin R, Menin L: Anti-microbial peptides: from invertebrates cysteine proteinase from eggs of the cotton boll worm, Helicoverpa to vertebrates. Immunological Reviews 2004, 198:169-184. armigera. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 1998, 28:259-264. 10. Zasloff M: Antimicrobial peptides of multicellular organisms. Nature 2002, 33. Shao H-L, Dong D-J, Hu J-D, Zhang X-C, Zhang Y-B, Fu Q, Sun C, Wang J-X, 415:389-95. Zhao X-F: Reconstruction of AcMNPV with Helicoverpa hormone receptor 11. Hultmark D, Steiner H, Rasmuson T, Boman HG: Insect immunity 3 and its effect on the Helicoverpa larvae. Biocontrol Sci Techn 2007, Purification and properties of three inducible bactericidal proteins from 17:95-104. hemolymph of immunized pupae of Hyalophora cecropia. Eur J Biochem 1980, 106:7-16. doi:10.1186/1471-2172-11-9 12. Christophides GK, Zdobnov E, Barillas-Mury C, Birney E, Blandin S, Blass C, Cite this article as: Wang et al.: Immune responses of Helicoverpa Brey PT, Collins FH, Danielli A, Dimopoulos G, et al: Immunity-related armigera to different kinds of pathogens. BMC Immunology 2010 11:9.


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Book your room at White Lotus Luxury Accommodation
Get an overview of this hotel4-star Athens hotel in Metaxourgio, near Hellenic Parliament
Located in Metaxourgio, this hotel is within a 15-minute walk of National Theatre of Greece and National Archaeological Museum of Athens. Ancient Agora and Roman Agora are also within 1 mi (2 km).
Hotel Features
A restaurant, a bar/lounge, and 24-hour room service are available at this hotel. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, laundry facilities, a 24-hour front desk, and express check-in are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 12 soundproofed rooms feature free WiFi and 24-hour room service. For entertainment, LCD TVs come with satellite channels, and guests can also appreciate comforts like premium bedding and pillow menus.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The hotel offers a restaurant. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. High-speed wired and wireless Internet access is complimentary. For a surcharge, a shuttle from the airport to the hotel (available 24 hours) is offered to guests. This Athens hotel also offers tour/ticket assistance, multilingual staff, and laundry facilities. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
White Lotus Luxury Accommodation has designated areas for smoking.
- 24-hour front desk
- Airport transportation - pickup (surcharge)
- Total number of rooms - 12
- Number of floors - 4
- Bar/lounge
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Elevator/lift
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Designated smoking areas
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Laundry facilities
- Multilingual staff
- Luggage storage
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Year Built 2013
- Free self parking
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
Family Friendly Amenities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Soundproofed rooms
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Premium bedding
- Air conditioning
- Soundproofed rooms
- Phone
- Refrigerator
- Minibar
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Slippers
- Shower only
- In-room safe
- Desk
- Satellite TV service
- Free WiFi
- Room service
- Room service (24 hours)
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Individually furnished
- Individually decorated
- Pillow menu
Where to Eat
Buffet breakfasts are available for a surcharge and are served each morning.
White Lotus Luxury Accommodation has a restaurant on site.
24-hour room service is available.
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 2 PM
Check-out time is noon
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available for EUR 20 per night.
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
Hotel Registry Number - 4307 - 17/7/2013
No pets or service animals allowed
- Airport shuttle transfer per adult: EUR 70 (one way)
Optional extras
- Fee for buffet breakfast: EUR 12 for adults and EUR 6 for children (approximately)
- Airport shuttle fee: EUR 70 per vehicle (one-way)
- Early check-in fee: EUR 35
- Late check-out fee: EUR 35
- Rollaway bed fee: EUR 20 per night
We should mention
Cash transactions at this property cannot exceed EUR 1500, due to national regulations. For further details, please contact the property using information in the booking confirmation. A resort fee is included in the total price displayed. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. No pets and no service animals are allowed at this property.
National Rating
For the benefit of our customers, we have provided a rating based on our rating system.


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text: We had a top floor room overlooking the canal, which was pretty. The room was large and clean. The hotel staff were friendly. Location was great as it was quiet, next to the canal and we were able to walk everywhere. It took us about 15-20mins to walk to the centre so we didn't use the tram, although that is very close and frequent if you do wish to use it. Lovely little cafes, bars and restaurants nearby.


text:
Natural Factors, Kid's Factors, Wild Berry Smoothie Mix, 16 oz (465 g) (Discontinued Item)
not great
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2326168 on Oct 21, 2009
This was aweful tasting, the kids hated it. I will not buy this again!
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