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Close your eyes, breathe in deeply, now exhale slowly… That was easy, wasn't it? Not for everyone…
Posted on: July 25th, 2012News & Views → Jewish
A ban by some Orthodox Brooklyn shopkeepers on customers' cleavage and bare shoulders has raised the ire of some local consumers.
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Congressman Jerrold Nadler (D-NY) of Lower Manhattan welcomed the announcement that the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) has signed a 20-year lease for 277,000 sq. feet of office space at One World Trade Center.
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Congressman Jerrold Nadler (D-NY), a senior member of the House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee, introduced legislation to help keep families seated together on commercial flights. In response to ever-increasing fees and decreasing transparency among airline carriers, the Families Flying Together Act of 2012 would require the U.S. Department of Transportation to direct each carrier to […]
Posted on: July 12th, 2012News & Views → Israel
The third flight since June 18 brought 229 Jews home on the "wings of eagles" from New York's JFK airport. The new Israelis – young and old, singles and large families – were greeted with tears and warm embraces from family members, as well as songs and a celebratory, 800-people welcoming ceremony organized by Nefesh b'Nefesh and its partners.
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"Fourteen hours a day in yeshiva but [a student] doesn't learn a single word of English, math, history, science, geography, music art, nothing, nothing, nothing."
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If there's any story inside the Jewish community that closely parallels the sexual abuse cover-up inside the Catholic Church, it's the story of Avrohom Mondrowitz.
Posted on: June 28th, 2012News & Views → US → NY
Jews are the least of Elmo's problems. Four days after a man dressed in an Elmo suit was forcibly ejected from Central Park for spewing anti-Semitic propaganda, an article revealed his frightening past. "I hate those [women]," he told a news reporter in 1999.
Posted on: June 27th, 2012News & Views → News Briefs
A man in an Elmo costume was ejected from Central Park and hospitalized after going on an anti-Semitic rant in the middle of the New York landmark. While the man's name was not released because he was not arrested. Police said that Monday's incident was not the first time he had been dressed as the […]
Posted on: June 26th, 2012News & Views → News Briefs
As president of Manhattan's Fifth Avenue Synagogue, Merkin introduced Madoff to members like Mort Zuckerman and Elie Wiesel, who together took "a $2 billion bloodbath."
Posted on: June 19th, 2012News & Views → News Briefs
Since opening in 1984, the restaurant has been a fixture for any Jewish tourists visiting New York and almost every religious Jew in the city has eaten there at least once. The reason for closing appears to be a combination of landlord greed and too many health code violations.
Posted on: June 14th, 2012News & Views → US → NY
According to a survey of 5,993 individuals conducted by the UJA Federation, the Jewish community in New York City is growing, mainly fueled by an increase in the Orthodox and Chasidic community. The downside is, according to their critics, Welfare is a crucial ingredient in these communities.
Posted on: June 7th, 2012News & Views → Jewish
The New York City Health Commissioner Dr. Thomas Farley has issued a strongly worded statement calling for an end to the circumcision-related rite of "metzitza b'peh," loosely translated as suction with the mouth. Last year, a baby died at Brooklyn's Maimonides Medical Center from "disseminated herpes simplex virus Type 1, complicating ritual circumcision with oral suction."
Posted on: June 6th, 2012News & Views → US → NY
WASHINGTON – Jewish Republicans nationwide are hoping a heated congressional race rematch in the New York suburbs puts a second Jewish Republican in the House of Representatives.
Posted on: June 4th, 2012News & Views → Israel
U.S. Sen. Charles Schumer, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo and New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg were among the dignitaries who marched in Sunday's annual Celebrate Israel Parade in the Big Apple.
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U.S. Senator Charles Schumer will join Speaker Sheldon Silver and Congressman Jerrold Nadler in endorsing Congresswoman Nydia Velázquez for re-election on Sunday. Her major opponent, City Councilman Erik Martin Dilan, has called the 10-term incumbent Velázquez anti-Zionist.
Posted on: May 24th, 2012Sections → Business/Finance
US Glatt kosher deli manufacturer Abeles and Heyman merged with Israeli company Yehiam to help both expand their reach in the US market.
Posted on: May 23rd, 2012News & Views → Global
The sellout crowd that filled Citi Field on Sunday night wore black and white, not the New York Mets' blue and orange. And instead of jeering the Philadelphia Phillies or Atlanta Braves, they faced a foe that was, intheir view, far more formidable: the World Wide Web.
Posted on: May 21st, 2012News & Views → Media
More than 50,000 ultra-Orthodox Jewish men packed Citi Field in Flushing, Queens, on Sunday, for the Asifa, a gathering decrying the dangers of the Internet. Organizers have also rented the nearby Arthur Ashe Stadium for the overflow crowd. Event spokesman Eytan Kobre said the group wants to teach families how to use technology responsibly.
Posted on: May 16th, 2012News & Views → Global
Supporters say he's an innocent man caught up in the tentacles of a corrupt Latin American regime. Authorities in Bolivia allege he's a shady businessman with ties to drug dealers and money launderers.
Posted on: May 16th, 2012News & Views → Jewish
New York rapper Yitz "Y-Love" Jordan, famed black convert to Orthodox Judaism and celebrated artist, has announced that he is homosexual in an interview with Out magazine.
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Church Street Inn
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Description (OCR text may contain errors)
Aug. 1957 L. H. GERMER ETAL 2,802,149
CONTACT PROTECTION CIRCUITS Filed Dec. 30, 1953 s Sheets-Sheet 1 PRIOR/1R7 5 I l 'F/G.2
PRIOR ART g]: 34 35 36 1 C L gllljlllr IIIWZ 37 38 L Fir v 39 I T L. H. GERMER ATTORNEY Aug. 6, 1957 L. H. GERMER EI'AL 2,802,149
' CONTACT PROTECTION CIRCUITS Filed Dec. 30,1953 I 3-Sheets-Sheet 2 F/G. 5 I v /-82 83 73 74 75 N 2 1 22/ F/G.6
CLEAN CONTACTS ACTIVE co/vmcrs TIME (AFTER CLOSURE) L.'/-/. GERMER lNVENTORS.
ATTORNEY United States Patent CONTACT PROTECTION CIRCUITS Lester H. Germer, Millington, and James L. Smith, Basking Ridge, N. J., assignors to Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated, New York, N. Y., a corporation of New York Application December 30, 1953, Serial No. 401,354
11 Claims. (Cl. 317-11) This invention relates to contact protect-ion networks and more particularly to such networks adapted for use with direct current circuits.
It has previously been proposed to prevent cont-act erosion by the use of certain specific protective circuits. While many more complicated circuits have been employed, the simple series combination of a resistance and capacitance placed in shunt across the contacts in a cheap and effective contact protection circuit for many low current level applications, and has therefiore been widely used. ,,However, when the contacts must operate in the presence of oily vapors, when the current to be interrupted is more than about one-half ampere, or when the contacts chatter to a substantial extent, standard protection circuits have proved inadequate. For example, the life expectancy of contacts in certain telephone central ofiice accounting equipment, in which the standard resistancecapacitance protection network is used, is less than a year, as compared with the usual life expectancy in telephone equipment contacts of 20 to 30 years or more. It is believed that this failure of the standard protection circuit is due to the chattering of the contacts and to their activation resulting from "the presence of vapors from organic materials in the relay structure and from the lubricating oil and the waxed tape used in the equipment.
Accordingly, the principal object of the present invention is to prolong the life of contacts which are subject to adverse operating conditions.
The use of rectifier elements in protection circuits has also been proposed heretofore. However, the high capacitance, the high forward impedance, and the low breakdown voltage of the dry rectifier element-s employed in prior art protective circuits have greatly limited their effectiveness.
A collateral object of the present invention is, there fore',.to improve the operation of contact protect-ion circuits employing rectifying elements.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, contacts which control the flow of current in a direct current circuit are protected by a network including an inductance in series with the load and the contacts, and a capacitance connected across the direct current circuit. In addition, the protective network also includes a resist ance in series or a diode in parallel with the inductance or both of these circuit additions. Inaccordance with another aspect of the invention, a p-n junction type semiconductor diode is employed in contact protection circuits to improve the operation of the protective network.
Other objects and certain features and advantages of the various embodiments of the invention will be developed in the course of the detailed description of the drawings.
in the drawings:
Figs. 1 and 2 represent prior art contact protective circuits;
Fig. 3 is a contact protective circuit which employs a p-n semiconductor junction rectifier in accordance with the invention;
Fig. 4 is an improved version of the circuit of Fig. 3 in which an inductance is employed;
Fig. 5 represents one of the preferred embodiments of the invention, in which the inductance is in series with the contacts and the load circuit;
Figs. 6 and 7 illustrate contact erosion as it occurs in clean, and in active (or dirty) contacts, respectively;
Fig. 8 is a simplified version of the present protective circuit;
Figs. 9 and 10 are graphical representations of certain electrical characteristics which are useful in understanding the present contact protection networks;
Fig. 1 1 shows another alternative contact protection arrangement; and
Fig. 12 illustrates a protective network employing two p-n junction semiconductor diodes which is another preferred embodiment of the invention.
In order to facilitate a discussion of the contact protect-ive circuits in accordance with the present invention, a few pertinent prior art circuits will be considered briefly. To start at the beginning, it is enlightening to consider what will happen to contacts having no protective network, which control an inductive direct current load. In the absence of high distributed cable capacitance there will be no arcing and the contacts will not be damaged when they come together. 0n break, however, when the contact-s are separating, the voltage across the contacts and the series induct-ance causes a continuing current flow resulting in an are which severely damages the contacts. This are stops when the contacts become widely separated.
It is believed that the first contact protective network was a condenser bridged directly across the contacts to absorb the current surge on contact separation. This successfully prevented arcing on break, but on make, with the condenser fully charged to a value equal to the direct current source voltage, the condenser discharged across the contacts as they closed to less than the minimum arcing distance.
The next step in the contact protection art is illustrated in Fig. 1 of the drawings. In this circuit, the contacts 21, 22 control the load circuit including the direct current source 23, and the load made up of the resistances 24 and 25, and the inductance 26. When the contacts open the current is diverted to the uncharged condenser 28 of the protective circuit, the efliciency of the circuit being slightly impaired by the presence of the resistance 27. On make, however, the resistance 27 prevents arcing by limiting current flow from the fully charged condenser 28.
The protective circuit of Fig. 1 is quite adequate for many purposes and has been widely used. This standard protection arrangement is not suitable for some contact chattering conditions, however, and also has current limitations. Fig. 1 is limited to currents of less than about one-half ampere, and with active or dirty contacts this network may be inadequate for currents greater than one-tenth of an ampere. In addition, if the leads 29 and 30 have substantial distributed capacitance, as illustrated by the condenser 31 shown in dashed lines, a large number of brief discharges may occur as the contacts close. phenomenon is known as showering and appears to result from rapid charging and discharging of the cable capacitance.
The present protective networks are primarily designed for contact circumstances which the standard protection circuit of Fig. 1 cannot handle. As developed above this will involve, for specific example, circuits in which high currents are drawn, active or dirty contacts, chattering contacts, and circuits in which the leads have a relatively high capacitance.
With clean contacts the protective circuit of.
Fig. 2 represents an early (circa 1924) attempt to improve on the standard protective circuit of Fig. 1. In this figure, contacts 34, are closed by relay 36 and interconnect .the inductive load 37 and the battery 38. The protective circuit is made up of the condenser 39, the resistance 40 and the cell 41 which conducts better in one direction than the other. In theory this type of protection circuit should work admirably, because the rectifier 41 should permit charging of the condenser 39 directly on break, and should force current through the resistance 40 on make, preventing a direct discharge of the condenser across the contacts.
Circuits of the type shown in Fig. 2 are well known and have appeared in the patented art. It is equally well known among those skilled in the contact protection art that this type of circuit has been wholly unsatisfactory and has never been employed to any substantial extent. In view of the theoretically excellent protective properties of the circuit the present inventors undertook a study of its shortcomings in an effort to understand this paradox. Analysis has revealed that two substantial difficulties encountered in prior attempts to utilize this circuit were the relatively high resistance of the common rectifier elements (copper or selenium oxide)v in the so-called forward or low resistance direction and the low breakdown voltage in the reverse direction. In order to avoid breakdown and to obtain sufiiciently low resistance in the forward direction for the circuit to be materially better than the standard protective circuit of Fig. 1 a large number of cells of large surface area must be placed in series. However, in addition to excessive size and cost, such an arrangement would have an unduly high inherent capacity because of the large surface area. This capacitance as indicated at 42 in Fig. 2 results in an effective capacitance directly across the contacts and causes arcing when the contacts close. Other diode units which have been proposed for this type of protective network are similarly ineffective or prohibitively costly.
By way of example and for purposes of illustration Fig. 3 shows a protective circuit in accordance with the invention in which the difliculties inherent in the prior art circuits as detailed above have been solved. This has been accomplished by employing a p-n junction semiconductor diode in the protective circuit which also includes the resistance 51 and the condenser 52, and operates to protect the contacts 53, 54. These contacts control the application of the source of direct current 55 to the load having the resistive components 56, 57 and the inductive component 58.
Table 1 which follows clearly points upthe advantages of the protective circuit of Fig. 3. This table was developed from oscilloscope patterns, and the life data was corroborated by actual measurements of the weight of removable contacts before and after many operations with the indicated protective circuits.
EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR RELAY CONTACTS Fully active palladium contacts in a half ampere circuit ENERGY AT THE CONTACTS (ERGS PER OPERATION) In order to insure comparable contact activation in the tests noted above the contacts were operated in a tight enclosure with air at atmospheric pressure containing limonene vapor at a pressure of .05 mm. of mercury.
From a comparison of rows 3 and 4 of table 1, it may be readily seen that the protective circuit ofFig. 3 is far superior to the standard protective circuit of Fig. 1. Therefore, contrary to the expectations of those skilled in the art, the present inventors have produced an inexpensive diode circuit having excellent contact protection properties.
The p-n junction semiconductor 50 is of the general type described by W. Shockley in his article entitled The theory of p-n junction in semiconductors and p-n junction transistors, pages 335-489, of volume 28 of the Bell System Technical Journal for July 1949. In addition to the material found in this article, the current technical literature describes many alternative materials and methods which may be employed in making p-n junctions. Characteristically, p-n junction diodes involve a rectifying barrier layer of substantial extent occurring within the body of a semiconductor (such as germanium, silicon, indium antimonide or etc.) at a boundary between that portion of the semiconductor in which there is an excess of donor impurities and that portion of the semiconductor body in which there is an excess of acceptor impurities. Although point contact diodes are specifically excluded from the class of p-n junction diodes, it is intended that the term shall include broad area p-n junctions within the body of a semiconductor even where the junction is very close to the surface of the body and may be formed, for example, by diffusing a portion of a broad area electrode into the semiconductor body as by suitable chemical or heating processes.
The properties of a representative one of the diodes which was employed in the tests mentioned hereinbefore included a reverse voltage breakdown point of more than 420 volts, a forward resistance of less than 10 ohms and negligible capacitance. In addition, p-n junctions can withstand substandard current surges in the forward direction without breakdown. In the circuit of Fig. 3 when the contacts separate, the surge from the inductance 58 will charge the condenser 52 well above the value of the source of direct voltage 55 and must then be blocked by the p-n junction. Thus in telephone circuitry where source 55 is 48 volts, inductance 58 is a one henry relay winding and condenser 52 is less than one microfarad, the reverse voltage breakdown point of the p-n junction must be well over volts. The parallel combination of the resistance 51 and the back resistance of the diode 50 controls the rate of discharge of the condenser 52. This combination resistance should be a thousand ohms or more and can be adjusted to the proper value for a particularp-n diode by varying the resistance 51. If the back resistance of the diode 50 is of the proper order of magnitude (about 5,000 ohms) the resistance 51 may be made infinite and therefore may be omitted entirely.
When contacts chatter substantially, however, the circuit of Fig. 3 normally will not afford adequate contact protection. The physical reason for this may be understood by focussing attention on the large size of the composite resistance of the diode and the resistor 51 necessary to prevent arcing from the condenser 52 when the contacts close. This large resistance means that it takes a relatively long time for the discharge of the condenser 52 to a point below the minimum arcing voltage. For specific example, assuming a minimum arcing current of 0.1 ampere (for active palladium contacts), an arc voltage of 14 volts, source 55 equal to 48 volts, a condenser 52 of 6 microfarads, and the combination resistance of elements 50 and 51 equal to 5,000 ohms, chatter could not occur safely until after 37,000 microseconds have elapsed. Inasmuch as most chatter occurs within this time period before the condenser is suificiently discharged, the circuit of Fig. 3 is not suitable for chattering contacts.
The protective network of Fig. 4 is better adapted, to protect chattering contacts than that of Fig. 3 because of the shorter time period for discharge of the protective condenser 61. The operation of this protective network, which also includes the p-n junction diode 62 and the inductance 63, may best be understood by referring to thechart of Fig. 9 of the drawings. The solid line plot 65 of Fig. 9 is a normalized plot of the variation of current through the tuned circuit made up of the condenser 61 and the inductance 63 of Fig. 4 as a function of time after the contacts close. At point 66 on the plot 65 the polarity of the voltage across the p-n junction reverses and the energy in the tuned circuit is quenched or dissipated in the p-n junction diode 62. The elapsed quarter period of the oscillating circuit is but microseconds, assuming a four microfarad condenser 61 and a 200 microhenry coil 63. Now, if the contacts chatter at any time after 45 microseconds have elapsed, the condenser 61 will bedischarged and the circuit will protect much as on a normal contact opening. While a particular contact chattering situation may have the first chatter open before 45 microseconds, and the contacts will therefore not be protected, the illustrated protective network of Fig. 4 is adequate for chatter conditions in which there is nochatter within 45 microseconds after initial closure.
When the contacts of the circuits of Figs. 3 and 4 separate, or break, the protective condenser absorbs the current surge, and the voltage across the contacts gradually builds up as the condenser is charged. This situation is illustrated for Figs. 3 and 4 in the plots of Fig. 10 by the dashed and solid lines, respectively. The dashed line plot corresponding to the network of Fig. 3 assumes a condenser 52 of 6 microfarads and a p-n junction diode having a forward impedance of 15 ohms. In Fig. 10, the solid line plot corresponding to the protective network of Fig. 4 assumes a 4 microfarad condenser 61, a 200 microhenry coil 63 and a p-n junction diode 62 having the same forward impedance of 15 ohms. Although the forward impedance of the diode varies substantially with varying current, the assumption of a constant resistance is suitable for these plots; the value of 15 ohms was determined by the 0.45 ampere drawn by the diode with an applied potential of 7 volts. With reference to Fig. 10 arcing occurs in either Fig. 3 or 4 because the contacts a are separating and the arc voltage increases more rapidly than the potential across the contacts.
Fig. 5 illustrates one preferred form of the invention in which improvedresults are obtained by locating a protective network of the Fig. 4 type at a different point in the, circuit. In Fig. 5 the contacts 71, 72 control the energization of the load 73, 74, 75 by the source of direct current 76., The protective network is made up of the parallel combination of the p-n junction diode 81 and the inductance 82 in series with.the load circuit and the contacts, and the condenser 83 directly across the load circuit. The substantial cable capacitance of the load circuit is indicated by the dashed capacitance 84.
The contacts 71, 72 are not clean but are active as a result of vapors from the phenol fiber in the relay structure, the impregnated perforated tape 85, or the lubrication for the mechanically operated roller 86 and feeler linkage 87. Inasmuch as means for activating contact surfaces, such as the factors mentioned above, are often present where contacts are operated, Figs. 6 and 7 have been added to indicate the effect of contact arcing on inactive and active contacts respectively. In addiiton to the reduction of the arcing current for active contacts as compared with inactive contacts there is a difference in the erosion process for the two types of contacts. When the contacts are clean, as indicated in Fig. 6, there is a direct transfer of metal from the positive electrode to the negative electrode. This results in the formation of peaks and valleys as indicated by the peak 91 and the valley 92 on the negative and positive terminals respectively of Fig. 6. Under these conditions contact failure can result from interlocking metal transfer as indicated in dashed lines at 93, 94. In active or dirty contacts, however, much of the contact material is not transferred but merely is vaporized from the negative contact as indicated at 95 in Fig. 7. Because the arcing occurs at the high point of the negative contact, the active contacts rise will be similar but at a lower rate.
tend to wear evenly and are not subject to failure from interlocking as noted in respect to the clean contacts of Fig. 6.
Returning to the circuit of Fig. 5, the protective net-' is more effective than the circuit of Fig. 4 in protecting against certain types of chatter.
The term showering is applied to the repeated discharges of the distributed capacitance as the contacts close. What apparently happens is that the distributed capacitance discharges in a brief arc across the contacts, is then recharged from the direct current source, and discharges again. Oscillograph patterns indicate that this showering phenomenon may produce as many as 20 or 30 or more separate arc discharges across contacts as they I close. With the inductance 82 of Fig. 5 located between the distributed capacitance 84 and the contacts 71, 72, this cable capacitance 84 is isolated and is effectively lumped together with the protective condenser 83, and showering is inhibited.
Late chatter or a brief opening of the contacts result ing from vibration or shock constitute another adverse operating condition. To analyze the results of this condition on contacts protected by networks such as are disclosed in Figs. 4 and 5, reference to the solid line plot of Fig. 10 will be useful. If the contacts have been closed long enough for the current to be built up to the steady value of 0.45 ampere then the plot of contact potential versus time will be exactly that shown by the solid curve 7 of Fig. 10 for both Figs. 4 and 5. Otherwise the potential There is, however, an important difference in the action of the contacts. Whereas in a normal break the contacts are separating at a continually accelerated rate, at a chatter open the contacts separate only slightly and ultimately reclose.
Thus one can see that for the circuit of Fig. 4 a late chatter open (or a shock opening) must not last longer than 125 microseconds if there is to be no arc. The situation is quite different for the circuit of Fig. 5 where the inductance 82 is in series with the direct current load circuit and the contacts. Even if the contact potential exceeds the arc voltage, the contacts are still protected from arcing by the series inductance 82. The protection is just like that afforded for normal contact closure, with the added advantage that the potential is not the full circuit voltage but only that to which the condenser has been charged.
The circuit of Fig. 8 is essentially a simplification of the circuit of Fig. 5 in which the p-n junction diode is omitted. This simple and inexpensive circuit is not as effective as the circuit of Fig. 5 for protection against certain types of adverse contact conditions, such as early chatter, but if there is no chatter which is too early in time after initial closure it is far superior to the standard protective circuit of Fig. 1 for protecting active contacts in a one-half ampere circuit.
In Fig. 8 the source of direct current is applied to the load circuit comprising the resistance 102, 103 and the inductance 104 when the active contacts 105 and 106 are closed. The condenser 107 indicates the distributed capacitance of the cable interconnecting the load circuit and the contacts. The protective network includes the condenser 108 in parallel with the load circuit, and the resistance 109 and coil 110 in series with the contacts and the load. The resistance 109 is moderately low, and may be included in the coil resistance.
The network made up of a capacitance 108, an inductance 110 and a resistance 109 having properly selected values will give excellent protection for active contacts breaking a half ampere inductive load, provided there is no chatter open occuring very soon after contact closure. The time after closure during which the contacts are not protected is proportional to (CL) where C and L are the capacitance and inductance of the protective network. The possibility of protection failure on chatter is minimized by making the product CL as small as possible, consistent with L being large enough to prevent sustained arcing on make, and C being large enough for protection on break. These values can readily be determined experimentally; for example, with fully active contacts and a one-half ampere inductive load, L may be slightly less than 200 microhenries and C may be slightly less than 4 microfarads.
Concerning the value of the resistance 109, the plots of Fig. 9 indicate current versus time for three different values of damping resistance in terms of D=R/(4L/C) where R, L, and C are the resistance 109, the inductance 110 and the capitance 108, respectively of the protective network. The three plots indicate no damping resistance (D=), the critical damping resistance (D=l), and a value for the resistance 109 equal to a major fraction, or between one-half and one times the critical damping resistance of the LC circuit (D:0.7). Inspection and calculation indicate that a value of D in the range of the third plot serves to reduce the current to a low value as quickly as possible. Using C=4 microfarads, L=2OO microhenries, and D:O.7, the resistance 109 (including the resistance of the coil 110) should be approximately 10 ohms. In terms of contact life the circuit of Fig. 8 turns out to be approximately times better than the standard protective circuit of Fig. 1 for active contacts in a one-half ampere inductive circuit.
Fig. 11 indicates a circuit in which the protective network for the contacts 115, 116 may be varied. The load circuit to be controlled by the contacts 115, 116 includes the source of direct current 55, the resistances 56, 57, and the inductance 58. The cable capacitance is indicated by the dashed condenser 117. The protective circuit includes the condenser 118, the inductance 119, the diode 121 with its associated series switch 122, and the variable resistance 123 with its associated parallel switch 124. The switches in the protective network of this circuit permit the duplication of other simpler protective circuits shown in earlier figures of the drawings. In addition, with switch 122 closed and switch 124 open a four element protective circuit is produced which has a damped oscillation and a diode squelching effect when the contacts close. Such a circuit is useful when a possibility of very early chatter exists and it is desirable to limit the current flow to a value well below that indicated by pilot 65 of Fig. 9 for the undamped oscillation.
The circuit of Fig. 12 represents a preferred embodiment of the invention which operates much like the circuit shown in Fig. 11. When a moderately large resistance is employed in the protective network of Fig. 12 it has certain advantages described below. In this circuit the contacts 131, 132 control the usual load circuit com prising the source of direct current 55, the resistive components 56, 57 and the inductive load element 56. On break the condenser 133 is charged directly through the diode 135, and the protection is unaltered by other elements in the circuit. On make the inductance 136 inhibits showering as in the simpler circuit of Fig. 5. The advantage over Fig. 11 is for contacts which have very early chatter, that is chatter open occurring very soon after closure. In the circuit of Fig. 11 a chatter open occurring before discharge of the capacitor 118 is completed results in serious arcing; in the circuit of Fig. 12, however, the current is always too low for arcing because of the resistance 137, and no chatter open can cause serious arcing. The resistance 137 must be of the order of magnitude of several hundred ohms to limit the capacitor discharge sufiiciently. With this relatively high value of resistance, it must be placed in the shunt branch of the protective circuit as shown in Fig. 12 rather than in series with the contacts and load as indicated in Fig. 11 to prevent undue power dissipation under steady operating conditions. In addition, the resistance 137 may be replaced by an inductance.
By way of example and not of limitation the load circuits of Figs. 1, 3, 4, 5, 8, l1 and 12 are arranged to draw approximately one-half ampere. The load may be made up of a relay having an inductance of about one henry and a resistance of 16 ohms. In addition a ohm dropping resistance is placed in series with the 48 volt direct current source to increase the speed of operation of the relay. The contacts in Figs. 3, 4, 5, 8, 11 and 12 are all to be considered as at least partially active as explained in detail in connection with Figs. 5 through 7.
It is to be understood that the above-described arrangements are illustrative of the application of the principles of the invention. Numerous other arrangements may be devised by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A contact protection circuit comprising a pair of contacts to be protected, a direct current load circuit having two external terminals, a direct connection from one of said terminals to one of said pair of contacts, a circuit made up of a p-n junction rectifier and an inductance in parallel with each other connected between the other terminal of said load circuit and the other of said pair of contacts, and a condenser connected across the two terminals of said load circuit.
2. In a network for protecting an inductive direct current load circuit, a pair of contacts connected in series with the load circuit, a parallel combination of a p-n junction diode and an inductance in series with said contacts and said load, and a condenser connected across said load circuit.
3. In combination, a load circuit including an inductive load and means for applying a direct potential to said load, a pair of contacts, a connecting circuit having substantial distributed capacitance connecting said contacts and said work circuit series, means for activating said contacts, and a protective network for said contacts including the parallel combination of a p-n junction diode and an inductance in series with said contacts, and a condenser connected across the connecting circuit.
4. A combination as defined in claim 3 wherein resistive means are located in the circuit branch including said inductance.
5. A combination as defined in claim 3 wherein the parallel combination of a resistance and an additional p-n junction diode are placed in series with said condenser.
6. In a protective network for a direct current inductive load circuit, a pair of contacts controlling said load, a condenser connected to one of said contacts, and a parallel combination of an inductance and a p-n semiconductor junction diode connected in a series circuit with said condenser and the other of said pair of contacts.
7. in a protective network for a direct current inductive load circuit, a pair of contacts controlling said load, an inductance in series with said contacts and said load, a capacitance, resistive means; circuital means for connecting said contacts, said inductance, said capacitance and said resistive means in a series circuital loop; and a p-n junction diode connected across said inductance.
8. A protective network comprising a direct current source, an inductive load, means including a pair of contacts for controlling the application of direct current from said source to said load, an inductance in series with said contacts and said load, a capacitance, resistive means,
and circuital means for connecting said contacts, said inductance, said capacitance and said resistive means in a series circuital loop.
9. A protective network comprising a direct current source, an inductive load, means including a pair of contacts for controlling the application of direct current from said source to said load, an inductance in series with said contacts and said load, a capacitance, resistive means, and circuital means for connecting said contacts, said inductance, said capacitance and said resistive means in a series circuital loop, the resistance of said resistive means being equal to a major fraction times the critical damping resistance of the tuned circuit made up of said inductance and said capacitance.
10. In a protective network for a direct current inductive load circuit, a pair of contacts controlling said load, an inductance in series with said contacts and said load, a capacitance, impedance means; circuital means for connecting said contacts, said inductance, said capacitance and said impedance means in a series circuital loop; and a p-n junction diode connected across said inductance.
11. In a network for protecting an inductive direct current load circuit, a pair of contacts connected in series with the load circuit, means for activating said pair of contacts, a parallel combination of a p-n junction diode and an inductance in series with said contacts and said load, and a condenser connected across said load circuit.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 808,371 Horry Dec. 26, 1905 1,287,232 Chubb Dec. 10, 1918 1,357,257 Slepian Nov. 2, 1920 1,496,818 May June 10, 1924 FOREIGN PATENTS 683,525 Germany Nov. 8, 1939
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
Alright guys get ready for a pretty awesome update today! First of all i want to make sure everyone knows that Taylor Swift's Bad Blood Music Video is available on her VEVO page, if you weren't able to tune into the Billboard Music Awards on Sunday, then you really need to watch the video asap! I have added some HD Captures from the video, Zendaya looks amazing and so evil (in a good way of course)!
I have also added Red Carpet and inside show HQ pictures of Zendaya from the 2015 Billboard Music Awards, Zendaya was seen dancing along with Taylor when Nikki was performing, Zendaya also introduced Ed Sherran's Performance!
Last but not least i have added some candid images of Zendaya arriving at the award show last night, and also at the dancing with the stars earlier in the week with co-star veronica dunne!
I have added some great HQ iamges of Zendaya at the 2015 iHeartRadio Awards, that was held last night, and red carpet images of Zendaya at the 2015 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards. Make sure to check them out over in the gallery! Also i have added some candid images of Zendaya leaving Val's birthday celebration earlier in the week! More photos to come as they become available.
I have added pictures of Zendaya at the Fall 2015 Mercedes Benz Fashion Week, While in New York Zendaya attended the Adman Selman, Christian Siriano, and DKNY Shows. Make sure to check out HQ pictures over in the gallery!
I have also added HQ candid photos of Zendaya while she was in New York this pask week, her outfits are to die for (as always) be sure to check them out as well. I did add more HQ images to the Republic Records Grammy Celebration Zendaya attended after the 2015 Grammy's.
Hello everyone! Happy Valentine's Day! I've added over 150 additional high quality images (in total) of Zendaya from the past two days. I've added red carpet arrivals, runaway photos, and backstage photos from Zendaya's participation for 'Go Red For Women,' a part of the American Heart Association. Zendaya looked gorgeous in her red dress. I've also added candids of Zendaya out & about in New York City yesterday, as well as some pictures from when Zendaya was younger. You can view those all by clicking the thumbnail sets below.


text:
Underdog's stalactite-descending photo of Rip and Wale's Treeshed
Nobody is sure what the point of Rip and Wale's Treeshed is. It was once a fun place with a ball pit full of snakes, but the legal staff had it confiscated to make trouble.
Ruin everything with Pirate Mode
© copyright 2011–2015
A Pants Aflame production


text:
Johnny is an awesome guy!!! Smart, kind, and low maintenance. He has had proven success in Novice Amateur and Amateur Western Pleasure. He would make…$9,500 CAD
Hi I am selling my yearling colt. Apollo was born April 16th 2014, his mom is a reg red dun paint and his dad was a TB. Apollo will be a big boy, he is…$1,500 CAD
We have a selection of very nice Trillium and A Circuit Mounts available: 11 year old 15.3h Oldenburg gelding, Top hunter prospect, professionally trained…$1 CAD
PANDORA 16.1hh 7 year old Thoroughbred Mare She is trained first level dressage plus some second level movements. Very light in your hand and soft sided…$8,950 CAD
Strawberry Punch, who currently stands 16hh, is a lovely young mare that has the scope and heart to be a great jumper. With her flawless technique and…No Price Listed
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text:
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"This shirt is AWESOME! A great way for girls to show off to those guys. It also makes guys think twice about saying you kick like a girl. Thats not always a bad thing! I cant wait to get this shirt...And also it's only like 13.00 how great is that? Every soccer loving girl needs to get this shirt!" (E977)
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Epic Sports
Rawling Adult 17.5" Baseball Catcher Leg Guards [E5929]


text:
ADA to Be Used as Tire Iron to Smash Business's Kneecaps
Let's see, what else could our government do to make it difficult to run a profitable business in this country? I know — expand the insane Americans With Disabilities Act so that it covers more than half the population:
Millions of Americans may be disabled and not even know it, according to some legal experts.
That's because sweeping new regulations from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission offer new guidelines on the issue of how to define "disability" under the Americans with Disabilities Act. …
"Before, perhaps 40 million people were covered by the ADA. That number will increase significantly," [Attorney Condon] McGlothlen told Fox News. "Some people might even say that a majority of Americans are covered as disabled under the law."
No doubt the ADA sounded reasonable to someone back in 1990 when it was first passed. Since then it has created a lucrative subfield of the legal profession. Lawyers travel the country with crippled clients, looking for businesses that haven't bankrupted themselves providing wheelchair access that no one would use anyway, then shaking them down for cash.
Now it will get worse:
Overall, lawyers for employers say the regulations shift the burden of proof in disability claims.
They say that employers will now have to show why a worker doesn't require special accommodations, rather than employees proving that the measures are merited.
"It's going to be very difficult for employers to argue in just about any case that an employee is exaggerating their disability or that the person isn't genuinely disabled," McGlothlen said.
From the Obamunist point of view, this is the best time to give business a kick in the groin: when it's already down.
Of course if you find it impossible to operate under our absurd bleeding heart tyranny, you can always move your company to a country with more reasonable leadership, which will also cut your labor costs to a fraction. Despite occasional posturing to the contrary, and despite the tax revenues it costs them, our rulers seem to be actively encouraging this. Why?
Because when it comes to encroaching socialism, unemployment is the health of the state. This is why virtually every major initiative of Democrats can be expected to throw people out of work.
On a tip from Henry. Cross-posted at Moonbattery.
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text:
Inserting silence into a playlist
Ask iLounge offers readers the opportunity to get answers to their iPod-, iPhone-, iPad-, iTunes-, or Apple TV-related questions from a member of the iLounge editorial team. We'll answer several questions here each week, and of course, you can always get help with more immediate concerns from the iLounge Discussion Forums. Submit your questions for consideration using our Ask iLounge Submit Form. We reserve the right to edit questions for grammar, spelling, and length.
I use my iPod for classical music. Many classical CD's (and albums on iTunes) separate a work into its movements, with each movement having its own track. Since I don't keep a constant eye on my iPod's screen as I listen, it can be hard to remember which movement I'm listening to. Ideally, I'd like to be able to insert "blank space" of a few seconds of silence, which I can manually place at the end of the last track for each movement in a playlist. Is there any way to create this file, or do you know if one exists?
- KarenA:
While we could never imagine deliberately interrupting classical pieces with foreign silence, we definitely see how it could be useful to you, and yes - it's certainly possible to do.
In an effort to faciliate the transfer of MP3's to older MiniDisc players, several websites have created silent MP3s of various lengths, and made them available online. Near the bottom of this website, for example, there are silent MP3's in various short lengths. Simply download one you'd like (right-click and choose "Save Target As…"), and save it to your desktop. Then, import it into your iTunes library using its "Add To Library" feature, or by simply dragging the file into your Library window.
Then, you can then manually drag as many copies of this track as you'd like into your playlist, and place them between the other tracks.
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text:
Uncredited, AP
WASHINGTON — Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel told lawmakers Wednesday that last month's prisoner swap with the Taliban may have been the "last, best" chance to secure the release of Sgt. Bowe Bergdahl, the only U.S. soldier held captive in Afghanistan. He said mediators indicated time was slipping away to get Bergdahl out safely.
Hagel, the first Obama administration official to testify publicly about the controversial deal, told the House Armed Services Committee that Qatari officials warned in the days before the exchange that "time was not on our side" and a leak would sabotage the deal. The transfer of five detainees at the U.S. prison in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, to Qatar was legal and advanced national interests, he added.
Republicans and some Democrats have sharply criticized the administration for not informing Congress in advance, with some accusing the president of breaking a law requiring 30-day notification of any Guantanamo prisoner release. Other questions center on whether Bergdahl deserted and whether the U.S. gave up too much for his freedom. Administration officials have told Congress that four of the five Taliban officials will likely rejoin the fight.
"We could have done a better job of keeping you informed," Hagel told the panel. But he called the operation an "extraordinary situation" that combined time-sensitive concerns over Bergdahl's health and safety, last-minute arrangements over where to pick up the soldier and persistent fears the Taliban may have been negotiating in bad faith.
"We grew increasingly concerned that any delay, or any leaks, could derail the deal and further endanger Sgt. Bergdahl," Hagel said. "We were told by the Qataris that a leak would end the negotiations for Bergdahl's release. We also knew that he would be extremely vulnerable during any movement, and our military personnel conducting the handoff would be exposed to a possible ambush or other deadly scenarios in very dangerous territory."
But a series of classified briefings in the 11 days since the operation has failed to answer a growing list of questions on Capitol Hill.
Opening Wednesday's hearing, Rep. Howard "Buck" McKeon, R-Calif., the committee's chairman, described the agreement with the Taliban as the "deeply troubling" result of "unprecedented negotiations with terrorists."
McKeon, who has launched a committee investigation, said the deal could fuel further kidnappings of American personnel. And he described White House explanations thus far about the potential national security implications as "misleading and oftentimes blatantly false."
Hagel called the former Taliban government officials "enemy belligerents" and said they hadn't been implicated in any attacks against the United States. He said Qatar, which has promised to keep the former Guantanamo detainees inside the country for a year, committed to sufficient security measures that led him to decide the risks weren't too great.
At the same time, he said, "if any of these detainees ever try to rejoin the fight, they would be doing so at their own peril."
Hagel said Washington only engaged in "indirect negotiations." He said a logistical agreement was released May 27, four days before the exchange, and only then did President Barack Obama make a final decision to move forward. Officials learned the general area for the handoff of Bergdahl a day in advance and received the precise location an hour ahead of time, he said.
Bergdahl, an Idaho native, had been held captive since 2009. The Taliban officials had been at Guantanamo for more than a decade.
Beyond McKeon's investigation, the House Appropriations Committee also illustrated its displeasure this week. In a bipartisan 33-13 vote, it added a provision to a $570 billion defense spending bill that barred money for the future transfer of Guantanamo detainee. It also withholds other funds from the Defense Department until Hagel assures lawmakers that notification rules will be respected.
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text:
Swedish Duo Icona Pop Join Passion Pit for North American Tour
|Related Links
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July 16, 2015
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|Related: Icona Pop, Passion Pit
2013 is already proving to be a promising year for Swedish girl duo Icona Pop. Fresh off of the heels of receiving numerous accolades plus making the cut in most Best of 2012 lists, including Rolling Stone Magazine's 'Best Songs of 2012', SPIN Magazine's 'Best Pop Albums of 2012', Pitchfork's 'Top Tracks of 2012', Washington Post's 'Song of the Summer', Entertainment Weekly's 'Best Singles of 2012', Huffington Post's 'Best Song of 2012', Village Voice's 'Pazz+Jop Top Singles of 2012', and Idolator's 'Best Music of 2012', the Icona Pop ladies are now proud to announce they will be supporting Passion Pit and Matt & Kim on the road for their upcoming North American tour, which will include a performance at the legendary Madison Square Garden in New York City next month.
Also announced today, Icona Pop are confirmed to perform at New York City's Governors Ball Music Festival in June. Fans should also listen out for the hit single 'I Love It' to be played in next Sunday's episode of GIRLS on HBO. 'I Love It' is also featured on GIRLS Volume 1: Music From The HBO Original Series which is available now.
Currently Icona Pop are busy finishing their album and touring the world. Be sure to catch them on any of the following dates which also include two west-coast headlining dates on February 14 & 16.
02/01 - LIV/Fontainebleau - Miami Beach, FL*
02/04 - NorVa - Norfolk, VA*
02/05 - NorVa - Norfolk, VA*
02/06 - UMW Anderson Center - Fredericksburg, VA*
02/08 - Madison Square Garden - New York, NY*
02/09 - Agganis Arena - Boston, MA*
02/11 - RPI Fieldhouse - Troy, NY*
02/12 - State Theatre - Portland, ME*
02/13 - State Theatre - Portland, ME*
02/14 - Rickshaw Stop - San Francisco, CA**
02/16 - Troubadour - Los Angeles, CA**
02/18 - Main Street Armory - Rochester, NY*
02/19 - Masonic Auditorium - Cleveland, OH*
02/21 - Compuware Sports Arena - Plymouth, MI*
02/22 - UIC Pavilion - Chicago, IL*
02/23 - Orpheum Theatre Madison - Madison, WI*
02/25 - Jesse Auditorium - Columbia, MO*
02/26 - Peabody Opera House - St. Louis, MO*
02/28 - Hilton Coliseum at Iowa State University - Ames, IA*
03/01 - 1st Bank Center - Broomfield, CO*
03/02 - The Complex - Salt Lake City, UT*
03/04 - Knight Arena - Eugene, OR*
03/05 - Paramount Theatre - Seattle, WA*
03/07 - Bill Graham Civic Auditorium - San Francisco, CA*
03/08 - BUKU Music & Art Project - New Orleans, LA
06/02 - Wakarusa Festival - Ozark, AR
June - The Governors Ball Music Festival - New York, NY
*w/ Passion Pit + Matt & Kim
About Author
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Interfaith dialogue too often a monologue: Marmur
Islam, Christianity and Islam are siblings who have never got along.
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A book with the intriguing title Beyond the Dysfunctional Family recently landed on my desk. It's not about psychotherapy but about the relationship between the three monotheistic religions: Islam, Christianity and Judaism. The authors of this important collection of essays are concerned and committed religious men and women who had been meeting for some 15 years in London, England, in a valiant effort to develop a formula for interfaith coexistence.
The result is significant, even though it only reflects the views of a relatively small minority of religious thinkers. The book is self-published and, therefore, not expected to have a wide readership anywhere.
Its authors acknowledge that the three faiths are siblings who have never got along. The enmity is a function of history and theology manifest in hatred, prejudice and persecution that painfully illustrates the dark side of all religions. Often it seems that it's the adherents themselves who, in their ostensible zeal, turn their professed love of God into a stumbling block in the quest for God.
Rather than vainly constructing an unrealistic formula for perfect friendship, the writers deal honestly with the fractured relationship. They attempt to describe the causes of the dysfunction in the hope of removing them as a prelude to co-operation.
Though all contributors are adamant in their belief that the relationship can and must be mended, they're not blind to the obstacles. For example:
• Commitment to traditional faith in our western society is strongest among marginalized minorities. People may describe themselves as mainstream Christians, Muslims or Jews but only relatively few seem to be committed to the faith they say they profess. And those who are passionate about their own religion are usually irrationally dismissive of others.
• Even among the committed moderates, only a minority is really keen to build bridges. Interfaith is very low down on the agenda of normative Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Official high profile spokespersons may pay lip service to co-operation in order to show a united front to the outside, but only a handful is actually working for it. And enthusiasts are often marginalized in their own communities.
• Exponents of each of the three religions have reason to be pained by, even ashamed of, many manifestations of the traditions they represent. Unacceptable patriarchal attitudes are among the blights on the history of each. And those that have claimed hegemony have an ugly record of persecuting others.
• Influenced by modernity and wishing to be true to oneself inescapably leads to criticism of one's own tradition. That's particularly difficult in a dysfunctional family, which by its very nature breeds distrust. Its members unashamedly and selfishly seek to exploit the weaknesses of the others.
With modernity, this dysfunctional family has acquired a fourth member: secularism. Secular exponents are often equal opportunity offenders and brutal critics of every religion. The recent spate of popular atheist tracts reflects it.
The refreshing personal confession by Rabbi Tony Bayfield, one of the founders of the group and co-editor of the volume, can probably be endorsed by many interfaith activists: "So, modernity continues to shine a challenging and disturbing light on the richness — and dross — of my tradition, on the nature of religious authority, on sacred texts, on prayer and liturgy and on the mystery of God, God's self."
If more interfaith workers could be equally honest, interreligious encounters would have a better chance of success. Though Beyond the Dysfunctional Family isn't available in bookstores in Canada, the initiative of its contributors should be acknowledged and emulated.
Interfaith dialogue in this country, though characteristically civil, has been embarrassingly superficial and tame. The book's authors have much to teach us.
Dow Marmur is rabbi emeritus at Toronto's Holy Blossom Temple. His column appears every other week.
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All hotels in Taissy, France
1 room, 2 adults
Rue Edouard Branly, Taissy, Marne, 51500, France, 800-491-6126
Hotel Campanile Reims Est - Taissy, Marne
Lowest price$47
available on 08/03/15
Best Price Guarantee
3-star Taissy hotel with restaurant
- Free WiFi and free parking
- Airport within 5 mi/8 km: Reims (XIZ-Champagne - Ardenne TGV Train Station)
Main amenities
- 48 guestrooms
- Restaurant
- Breakfast available
- Terrace
- Meeting room
- Limited hour front desk
What's around
- St. Remi Basilica (2.9 mi / 4.7 km)
- Veuve Clicquot-Ponsardin (2.7 mi / 4.3 km)
- G. H. Martel and Co (2.9 mi / 4.7 km)
Standard Campanile style hotel made much better by an exceptionally welcoming, pleasant,…
A fully modernised Campanile, so very comfortable (if narrow) beds and a large and…
TripAdvisor Traveller Rating: 3.5
From 74 reviews
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $47
- Double Room
- Double Room
- Triple Room with double bed & extra bed
- Superior Triple Room
- Triple Room with 3 single beds
- Double Room
- Twin room
- Superior Double Room
- Twin Room
- Superior Twin Room
- Superior Triple Room, 3 Single Beds
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 48 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 2 floors
- Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out time is noon
Reception is available until 11 PM. Guests who require after-hours check-in must make arrangement in advance using the telephone number provided on the confirmation notice.
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Pets allowed *
- Up to 10 kg
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
- No parking
- Free self parking
Nearby Three Star Marne hotels
In the hotel
Food and drink
- Buffet breakfast daily (surcharge)
- Restaurant
Things to do
- Golfing nearby
Working away
- One meeting room
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Terrace
In the room
Freshen up
- Private bathroom
Be entertained
- Flat-screen TV
Stay connected
- Desk
- Free WiFi
- Phone
Top Marne hotels
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"Grand Hotel des Templiers is not a touristy hotel. It is walkable to the central area of Reims near the cathedral, but not close. The neighborhood is residential, quiet and safe;…"Jun 30, 2015
Nearby hotels
Special features
DiningCampanile - This restaurant specializes in French cuisine and serves lunch and dinner. A children's menu is available.
Hotel Campanile Reims Est - Taissy, Marne's small print
Also known as
- Campanile Reims Est Taissy
- Hotel Campanile Reims Est Taissy
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- A city/local tax will be charged
Optional extras
Buffet breakfast is offered for an extra charge of EUR 9.90 for adults and EUR 4.75 for children (approximately)
Pets are allowed for an extra charge of EUR 3 per pet, per night
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Almost everyone needs coffee these days, and almost every bird needs to eat. Two great desires are satisfied in this DIY that anyone can build on the cheap.
NOTE 1: I usually recommend avoiding disposable coffee cups altogether. But if you do buy one, here's a way to get some lasting value out of it.
NOTE 2: Black (Oil) Sunflower Seeds are an amazing source of protein for many back-yard birds.
Step 1: STEP 1 - Drink A Coffee
The beauty of STEP 1 is how good it tastes, and how any size cup will work. Small, Medium, Large & even Extra-Large. Drink it all up and don't leave any drips around. Birds don't like coffee... especially the decaffeinated kind.
NOTE: I have heard that this will also work with cups that have had TEA in them. I haven't tested this out myself but it is plausible <grin>.
Step 2: STEP 2 - Gather Supplies
Let the $1 store be your friend. In fact, that's where I found almost everything, including the sunflower seeds. The only thing I had to find elsewhere was the wooden perch. Regular popsicle sticks are too short, but it just so happens that wooden coffee stir-sticks are perfect! Some coffee shops have them, some don't, so keep looking.
HINT: Starbucks and 7-Eleven stores usually have lots.
Step 3: STEP 3 - Plan Your Perch
A wooden coffee stir-stick makes a perfect perch. The ones I use are about 7" long by 1/4" wide. I found them at a more expensive coffee shop that would never carry the plastic variety. That's good because the brown plastic ones are too flimsy for this.
Turn your empty coffee cup over and center the stick over the bottom. You want to mark the locations for the 2 small cuts you'll be making in the base of the cup. You want these cuts to be in the thick paper fold of the base, not in the part that holds coffee.
While you're at it, mark the center of the cup bottom and give it a quick jab with a pen tip... the shoelace / string will come through here. Make the perch incisions with a sharp knife and slide the stick through the slots. Voila!
Step 4: STEP 4 - Feed Flow Flap
All you need are two seed holes. Make these somewhere above the perches and you can't go wrong. The sunflower seeds will gently trickle down through the holes and into anxious bird beaks.
The trick is to make the holes the right size... so seeds don't spill out too freely, but will be accessible to the birds. I made mine about 3/4" across and 1/2" high to accommodate the sunflower seeds. Cut 3 sides and bend the flap down at the bottom.
Step 5: STEP 5 - String Theory
About 2 feet should be sufficient for hanging in most cases; more if the situation requires it. First slide the perch out of the way and push one end of the string through the bottom hole. Reach into the cup and pull the string through almost to the end.
Now push the perch back into position and tie a simple bow knot around the stir-stick. It won't take much to hold everything in place snugly. I like using $1 store shoelaces for this because of their strength and nice clean ends.
Step 6: STEP 6 - Cap It Off
Here's the thing, if you pulled the drinking tab back - to drink your coffee - it will be a little less impervious to rain. BUT, if you happened to have set it aside and left it in original condition, well, then you have a superior cap. Either way it'll work.
Poke a small hole in the center with your pen tip. (In some cases a vent hole is already located there.) Next, push the string from the cup through the underside of the lid. Pull the string through but leave room to put the sunflower seeds in! Now you can close it.
Your DIY bird feeder has completed its transformation! HINT: If you previously pulled the drinking tab back, an elastic around the outside edge of the lid should keep everything in place.
Step 7: STEP 7 - Fill 'er Up
I found a bag of black sunflower seeds (aka - black oil sunflower seeds) at my local $1 store. One bag was enough to fill two large coffee cups. Depending on the number of repeat customers you get you may want to buy something a little larger.
NOTE 1: As with any bird feeder, you are bound to get spillage onto the ground. That's how birds operate. With any luck you'll be enticing the ground-feeding birds as well... and the occasional squirrel. Hey, they gotta live too.
NOTE 2: The CHICKADEE 9000 is a great bird feeder, but it won't last forever. Depending on conditions and bird variety you'll need to swap it out with a new one after a while. Untie the string underneath, remove the perch, and re-install on another used cup!
Step 8: STEP 8 - Sit Back And Enjoy!
Now all you need to do is tell everyone you know about the CHICKADEE 9000 coffee cup bird feeder. There's a LOT of people drinking coffee out there... and a ton of birds to be fed. Those little guys are going to be singing your praises.
I can't wait to hear how yours worked out. Here's a link for advice on top ten winter bird foods.


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Po Box 70
Millers Tavern, VA 23115-0231
Millers Tavern, VA 23115-0231
Tel: (804)443-3214
The mission of Aylett Country Day School is to develop children's full potential in a creative, nurturing environment.
We are committed to academic excellence through an innovative, enriching curriculum.
As a school community, we are dedicated to building character and fostering traditional values including citizenship, honesty and respect.
School Overview
|School Membership(s)School Assoc.
|Other school association(s)
|Grades Offered
|Grades Prekindergarten - 8
Student Body
|Total Students
|167 students
|Student Body Type
|% Students of Color
State avg.: 26%
|Students by Grade
Academics and Faculty
|Total Classroom Teachers
|16 teachers
|Student : Teacher Ratio
National avg.: 13:1
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- School Location Miles Grades Students
TappahannockPo Box 158
Tappahannock, VA 22560
(804)443-33576.9 mi | Gr. 8-12 | 125 students
All-girls (Episcopal)
TappahannockPo Box 790
Tappahannock, VA 22560
(804)443-5076(Seventh-Day Adventist)6.9 mi | Gr. PK-8 | 41 students
Milford20500 Remuda Lane
Milford, VA 22514
(804)632-4476Alternative School (Christian)13.6 mi | Gr. 8-12 | n/a students
New Kent9407 Cumberland Rd
New Kent, VA 23124
(804)966-1709Special Education School20.2 mi | Gr. PK-12 | 92 students
Montross2054 Neenah Rd
Montross, VA 22520
(804)493-8244(Christian)20.3 mi | Gr. PK-7 | 28 students
School Reviews
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Recent Articles
Updated July 12, 2015
Many parents tend to dismiss the idea of sending their children to private school without exploring it in depth. We explore this and several more related subjects.
When it comes to choosing a private school, there are so many choices to consider that the project can be a huge challenge to most of us. We offer some help and advice to help you get started.
Sending your child to a foreign language school makes good sense when you have been posted to this country from abroad and in other circumstances as well.
More ArticlesRunning a Private School, Opinion, High School Issues, Why Private School, Elementary Issues


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Deborah swapped out her wedding gown for a pretty cocktail dress so she and her new husband could really cut a rug.
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In addition to all of the above, Atlantica Online is also holding a 200% bonus experience weekend from December 24th to the 26th, perfect for getting your character caught up over the holidays. Those playing at other times won't be left out, however, as nDoors is running 150% bonus experience weekends in Atlantica Online leading up to the big Christmas event. To top it all off, players who log in Christmas day will be awarded gifts at certain times -- and the next day boasts a huge World PvP competition for those more interested in a festive holiday gankfest.
Pop over to the Atlantica Online site to check out the details of their most recent patch and the various ho-ho-holiday events!