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It is, after all, a sound instinct which puts business below the professions, and burdens the business man with a social inferiority that he can never quite shake off, even in America. The business man, in fact, acquiesces in this assumption of his inferiority, even when he protests against it. He is the only man who is forever apologizing for his occupation. He is the only one who always seeks to make it appear, when he attains the object of his labors, i. e., the making of a great deal of money, that it was not the object of his labors.
H.L. Mencken, "Types of Men 7: The Business Man", Prejudices, Third Series, 1922.
July 11, 2015
QotD: The Businessman
July 3, 2015
"People with money have alternatives"
Frances Woolley on the hidden advantages even a modest amount of money can provide:
Less often observed is that wealth itself generates consumption benefits, even if one never spends a dime of it.
I own a 12 year old Toyota Matrix. The front fender has collided with one too many snow banks, and is now held together with string. The exhaust system has seen better days. It breaks down occasionally. But overall it's very cheap to run.
If I was poor, it would be tough having an old, unreliable car. The unexpected, yet inevitable, major repairs would be a financial nightmare. $750 to repair the clutch. $200 to fix the axle seal. If the car broke broke down, and I couldn't get to work, I might lose my job.
But because I'm financially secure, I can afford a cheap car. I can self-insure against financial risks: unexpected repair costs, taxi fares, rental cars, and so on. I can afford to get my car towed. If it was beyond repair, I could get another car tomorrow.
The real value of having $10,000 in the bank isn't $200 in interest income, or the stuff $200 in interest income might buy. $10,000 in the bank creates a little bit of room to take risks. One could call it the "implicit value of self-insurance generated by own capital." It's the comfort of being rich (or having rich relatives). It's real. It's valuable. But it wouldn't be taxed if Canada had a consumption tax.
Admittedly, the insurance value of having wealth isn't taxed under an income tax either. But at least under an income tax some of the return on wealth is taxed, so there is, at least potentially, some shifting of the tax burden onto those with wealth.
The greatest freedom money offers is the freedom to walk away. Your bank doesn't offer you unlimited everything with no monthly fees? Walk away. There's always someone else who wants your money. Your phone plan is too expensive? Walk away (o.k., that may not be the best example).
People with money have alternatives, which makes their demand for goods and services elastic. Food may or may not cost more in poor areas. But a rich person can shop at Value Village if he chooses. A poor person may not be able to afford expensive purchases which save money in the long run, like bread machines or high efficiency appliances or pressure cookers. Consumption taxes aim to tax the amount of stuff people actually consume. But if poor people pay a higher price for their stuff than rich people, is a system that taxes only consumption spending, without taking into account the ability to command consumption wealth conveys, fair?
June 25, 2015
Refuting Piketty on the inevitable "rich get richer" meme
At Reason, Ronald Bailey links to a study that appears to undermine most of Thomas Picketty's claims:
From the study:
We believe Piketty's core message is provably flawed on several levels, as a result of fundamental and avoidable errors in his basic assumptions. He begins with the sensible presumption that the return on invested capital, r, exceeds macroeconomic growth, g, as must be true in any healthy economy. But from this near-tautology, he moves on to presume that wealthy families will grow ever richer over future generations, leading to a society dominated by unearned, hereditary wealth. Alas, this logic holds true only if the wealthy never dissipate their wealth through spending, charitable giving, taxation, and splitting bequests among multiple heirs.
As individuals, and as families, the rich generally do not get richer; after a fortune is first built, the rich get relentlessly and inevitably poorer.
The "evidence" Piketty uses in support of his thesis is largely anecdotal, drawn from the novels of Austen and Balzac, and from the current fortunes of Bill Gates and Liliane Bettencourt. If Piketty is right, where are the current hyper-wealthy descendants of past entrepreneurial dynasties — the Astors, Vanderbilts, Carnegies, Rockefellers, Mellons, and Gettys? Almost to a man (or woman) they are absent from the realms of the super-affluent. Our evidence — used to refute Piketty's argument — is empirical, drawn from the rapid rotation of the hyper-wealthy through the ranks of the Forbes 400, and suggests that, at any given time, roughly half of the collective worth of the hyper-wealthy is first-generation earned wealth, not inherited wealth.
The originators of great wealth are one-in-a-million geniuses; their innovation, invention, and single-minded entrepreneurial focus create myriad jobs and productivity enhancements for society at large. They create wealth for society, from which they draw wealth for themselves. In contrast, the descendants of the hyper-wealthy rarely have that same one-in-a-million genius. Bettencourt, cited by Piketty, is a clear exception. Typically, we find that descendants halve their inherited wealth — relative to the growth of per capita GDP — every 20 years or less, without any additional assistance from Piketty's redistribution prescription.
Dynastic wealth accumulation is simply a myth. The reality is that each generation spawns its own entrepreneurs who create vast pools of entirely new wealth, and enjoy their share of it, displacing many of the preceding generations' entrepreneurial wealth creators. Today, the massive fortunes of the 19th century are largely depleted and almost all of the fortunes generated just a half-century ago are also gone. Do we really want to stifle entrepreneurialism, invention, and innovation in an effort to accelerate the already-rapid process of wealth redistribution?
June 17, 2015
When you tax something, you get less of it
At International Liberty, Dan Mitchell points out an example of leftists who genuinely want higher taxes on "the rich" even when the higher rate will return less money to the government:
Every so often, I'll assert that some statists are so consumed by envy and spite that they favor high tax rates on the "rich" even if the net effect (because of diminished economic output) is less revenue for government.
In other words, they deliberately and openly want to be on the right side (which is definitely the wrong side) of the Laffer Curve.
Critics sometimes accuse me of misrepresenting the left's ideology, to which I respond by pointing to a poll of left-wing voters who strongly favored soak-the-rich tax hikes even if there was no extra tax collected.
But now I have an even better example.
Writing for Vox, Matthew Yglesias openly argues that we should be on the downward-sloping portion of the Laffer Curve. Just in case you think I'm exaggerating, "the case for confiscatory taxation" is part of the title for his article.
Here's some of what he wrote.
Maybe at least some taxes should be really high. Maybe even really really high. So high as to useless for revenue-raising purposes — but powerful for achieving other ends. We already accept this principle for tobacco taxes. If all we wanted to do was raise revenue, we might want to slightly cut cigarette taxes. …But we don't do that because we care about public health. We tax tobacco not to make money but to discourage smoking.
The tobacco tax analogy is very appropriate.
June 13, 2015
The secretive Bilderberg group meets to plan global domination
… or, y'know … to get the global movers and shakers together for a quick rubber chicken dinner or six and a few grip'n'grins among the well-connected and the extremely-well-wealthed:
The annual Bilderberg meeting begins today in Telfs-Buchen, Austria. This year the summit's influential attendees range from David Petraeus to Henry Kissinger, from the CEO of Airbus to the secretary general of NATO. There are some press figures on the guest list too — Bloomberg's John Micklethwait, The National Post's Andrew Coyne, The Washington Post's Anne Applebaum, and a few others. But the journalists won't be writing about what they see, because the whole thing is off the record.
This combination of power and secrecy inevitably produces conspiracy theories, and the Bilderbergers have been dogged for decades by people convinced they're the secret parliament of the world. The meeting is more mundane than that, sitting somewhere on the spectrum between a G7 summit and a Davos forum. But if some of the things people claim about Bilderberg are crazy — a couple years ago, Michael Tracy interviewed a protester outside the meeting who was convinced it featured "Devil worship" and "pedophilia" — it's not at all kooky to recognize that powerful people are gathered there and that the things they're saying in private may be newsworthy. Bilderberg is not a hidden government, but it's certainly an elite institution, and it has been since it was founded in 1954.
May 21, 2015
QotD: Silicon Valley hypocrisies
The point of reviewing these hypocrisies is not to suggest that the rich profit-makers of Silicon Valley are any greedier or more cutthroat than the speculators of Wall Street or the frackers of Texas, but merely that they are judged by quite different standards. Cool — defined by casual dress, hip popular culture, and the loud embrace of green energy, gay marriage, relaxation of drug laws, and other hot-button social issue — means that one can live life as selfishly as he pleases in the concrete by sounding as communitarian as he can in the abstract. Buying jet skis is as crass a self-indulgence as buying an even more expensive all-carbon imported road bike is neat.
If Silicon Valley produced gas and oil, built bulldozers, processed logs, mined bauxite, or grew potatoes, then the administration, academia, Hollywood, and the press would damn its white-male exclusivity, patronization of women, huge material appetites, lack of commitment to racial diversity, concern for ever-greater profits, and seeming indifference to the poor. But they do not, because the denizens of the valley have paid for their indulgences and therefore are free to sin as they please, convinced that their future days in Purgatory can be reduced by a few correct words about Solyndra, Barack Obama, and the war on women.
Practicing cutthroat capitalism while professing cool communitarianism should be a paradox. But in Silicon Valley it is simply smart business. The more money you make, any way you can make it, the more you can find ways of contextualizing it. At first these Silicon Valley contradictions were amusing, then they were grating, and now they are mostly just pathetic.
Victor Davis Hanson, "The Valley of the Shadow: How mansion-dwelling, carbon-spewing cutthroat capitalists can still be politically correct", National Review, 2014-07-22.
May 17, 2015
Real philanthropy, Slim style
This report says that one of the richest men in the world is opening new frontiers in philanthropy:
Perennial contender for World's Richest Man Carlos Slim announced Friday that he had reconsidered selling his Upper East Side home for $80 million, and instead was opening the Beaux Arts mansion to undocumented roomers. "Ever since I became the second largest shareholder in New York Times Inc., I've started reading the editorials," explained the telecom monopolist. "And they've convinced me! What's all this obsession with documents anyway?"
The Mexican oligarch continued, "If you can fool my doorman into letting you in once, or if you have the moxie to throw a brick through my window and crawl in over the broken glass, well, it would be inhumane to evict you. And if you have kids or parents, then they can come too because I wouldn't want to stand in the way of family reunification. If I find you inside my house, then mi casa es su casa!"
This is clearly too good to check (but I did verify that the story isn't dated April 1st, so it must be true, right?
May 7, 2015
Vancouver – where "happiness" doesn't co-relate with "quality of life"
Reducing the realities of life in a given city to a quick numerical value or data point on a chart requires you to ignore subtleties and local influences. Last month, Mark Collins linked to this article by Terry Glavin on what the "quality of life" numbers for Vancouver actually conceal:
If the Economist Intelligence Unit's annual top 10 world cities rankings are what you've been relying on, you probably weren't surprised last month when the global human resources outfit Mercer tagged Vancouver on its Quality of Living index as the best city in North America. But you might have been surprised this week when Statistics Canada released a study showing that, by a variety of indices, Vancouverites are the unhappiest people in Canada, falling dead last among the residents of 33 cities across the country.
We like to think of Lotusland's grand metropolis as a place where people ski, sail, ride their bikes, swim, and hike though lush rainforests, all in the same day. But StatsCan's annual survey of median household income in Canadian cities routinely puts Vancouver close to the bottom of the heap on that same list of 33 cities, and in January the Demographia International research institute ranked Vancouver second to last in a global survey of 378 cities on its Housing Affordability Survey.
Vancouver's median household income in 2014 was $66,400, while the city's median home price was 10.6 times higher: $704,800. Only Hong Kong fared worse, and just barely. Hong Kong also tops Vancouver, again only barely, as the property investment bolt-hole most favoured by Mainland China's loot-laden millionaires. For years, we've been instructed to pretend that this is somehow mere coincidence. You can't get away with talking to Hong Kongers like that, but Vancouverites take it sitting down.
In happier places like Saguenay, Sudbury and Thunder Bay, there's manufacturing, dairy farming, forestry and mining, and there's a high degree of neighborliness and civility. But Vancouverites make most of their money from increases in the real estate value of whatever property they might be lucky to own. This tends to skew any real sense of hometown belonging, and nothing quite so rattles the cages as loose talk about the elaborate, federally-sanctioned swindle that has been keeping the bubble inflated all these years.
April 3, 2015
March 30, 2015
The built-in advantages of the traditional family structure
Megan McArdle on the reactions to a recent book dealing with traditional and non-traditional families:
Robert Putnam's Our Kids: The American Dream in Crisis has touched off a wave of print and digital commentary. The book chronicles a growing divide between the way affluent kids are raised, in two-parent homes whose parents invest heavily in educating their kids, and the very different, very unstable homes in which poorer kids generally grow up.
Naturally, social conservatives are delighted with this lengthy examination of the problems created by unstable families, even if they are not equally delighted with Putnam's recommendations (more government programs). Equally naturally, there is pushback from those who see the problem as primarily one of economics and insufficient government spending, as well as from those who argue that there are lots of good ways to raise kids outside the straitjacket of mid-century, middle-class mores.
I have been trying to find a more delicate way to phrase this, but I can't: This is nonsense. The advantages that two people raising their own biological or jointly adopted children have over "nontraditional" family arrangements are too obvious to need enumeration, but apparently mere obviousness is not enough to forestall contrary arguments, so let me enumerate them anyway.
Raising children the way an increasing percentages of Americans are — in loosely attached cohabitation arrangements that break up all too frequently, followed by the formation of new households with new children by different parents — is an enormous financial and emotional drain. Supporting two households rather than one is expensive, and it diverts money that could otherwise be invested in the kids. The parent in the home has no one to help shoulder the load of caring for kids, meaning less investment of time and more emotional strain on the custodial parent. Children will spend less time with their noncustodial parent, especially if that parent has other offspring. Add in conflict between the parents over money and time, and it can infect relationships with the children. As one researcher told me when I wrote an article on the state of modern marriage, you frequently see fathers investing time and money with the kids whose mother they get along with the best, while the other children struggle along on crumbs.
People often argue that extended families can substitute, but of course, two-parent families also have extended families — two of them — so single-parent families remain at a disadvantage, especially because other members of the extended family are often themselves struggling with the challenges of single parenthood. Extended families just can't substitute for the benefits of a two-parent family. Government can't, either; universal preschool is not going to make up for an uninvolved parent, or one stretched too thin to give their kids enough time. Government can sand the rough edges off the economic hardship, of course, but even in a social democratic paradise such as Sweden, kids raised in single-parent households do worse than kids raised with both their parents in the home.
March 11, 2015
March 3, 2015
"Sugar Baby U"
With US university tuition on its never-ending rise, some students are taking a rather different approach to funding their education … but everyone assures us that it isn't actually prostitution:
The average student-loan debt is approaching $30,000. That is to say, of the 70 percent of college students who borrow to pay all or some of their college expenses, the average student left college about $28,400 in the hole in 2013, according to USNews.
This alarming number has triggered a spate of news stories about female college students who are so panicked, so morally freewheeling, or both, that they are seeking the services of "sugar daddies": older, well-fixed men who yearn to sponsor the academic careers of young college-age women in return for the sheer pleasure of spending time in the company of one of those youthful but impecunious "sugar babies." (No, it's not prostitution, everyone involved insists!)
Nonetheless, would-be Holly Golightlys ought to be wary of claims that the sugar-baby lifestyle will make pursuing that B.A. in art history entirely cost-free. For one thing, the entity that seems to the biggest promoter of the sugaring-one's-way-through-college phenomenon is none other than SeekingArrangement itself, apparently the world's largest sugar broker, with a claimed 3.6 million members. A promotional video uploaded onto YouTube by Seeking Arrangements in January 2015 touts "Sugar Baby University" with images of gorgeous young ladies who seem to be majoring in mascara, one of whom is being handed a sheaf of C-notes as she sits at her laptop. "Take out loans and eat ramen," says the voice-over, "or get a sugar daddy and live the life you've always wanted. Sugar Baby U. is the place "where beautiful, ambitious people graduate debt-free," the voice continues.
SeekingArrangement's motives in seeking maximum numbers of enrollees in Sugar Baby U. who are also enrollees at real universities are blindingly clear: College-age women — almost always in their early twenties — are the most desirable age group for men seeking less-than-serious liaisons. (Google "coed porn," and you'll see what I mean.)
But the competition for those well-heeled older men willing to foot the bill for a lovely young thing to "live the lifestyle" she's "always wanted" turns out to be quite stiff. SeekingArrangement's home page advertises that there are "8 sugar babies per sugar daddy" — not a hopeful-sounding ratio.
February 9, 2015
QotD: The hyper-rich are not like you and I
Convening to ring the alarm about global warming, our putative betters and would-be rulers gathered in Davos, Switzerland, filling the local general-aviation hangars with some 1,700 private jets. Taking an international commercial flight is one of the most carbon-intensive things the typical person does in his life, but if you're comparing carbon footprints between your average traveler squeezed into coach on American and Davos Man quaffing Pol Roger in his cashmere-carpeted intercontinental air limousine, you're talking Smurfette vs. Sasquatch. The Bombardier's Global 6000 may be a technical marvel, but it still runs on antique plankton juice. The emissions from heating all those sprawling hotel suites in the Alps in winter surely makes baby polar bears weep bitter and copious baby-polar-bear tears.
The stories add up: Jeff Greene brings multiple nannies on his private jet to Davos, and the rest of the guys gathered to talk past each other about the plight of the working man scarf down couture hot-dogs that cost forty bucks. Bill Clinton makes the case for wealth-redistribution while sporting a $60,000 platinum Rolex.
The hypocrisy of our literally (literally, Mr. Vice President!) high-flying crusaders against fossil fuels — who overlap considerably with our high-living crusaders against economic inequality — is endlessly annoying if frequently entertaining. And there is something unseemly about enduring puritanical little homilies on how we need to learn to live with less from guys wearing shoes that cost more than the typical American family earns in a quarter. When that obnoxious Alec Baldwin character from Glengarry Glen Ross informs that sad-sack real-estate salesman that his watch costs more than that guy's car, he was trying to provoke him into getting richer, to the tune of a Cadillac Eldorado or, if not that, at least the second-prize set of steak knives. But our modern progressive versions of that guy are even more obnoxious: They demand that we lower our expectations while they live lives of opulence that would have embarrassed the Count of Monte Cristo.
Out-obnoxious-ing a guy with Alec Baldwin's smirking mug takes a lot of brass.
Kevin Williamson, "Davos's Destructive Elites: 'None of us is as dumb as all of us'", National Review, 2015-01-25.
January 28, 2015
The great and the good gather at Davos
And Monty calls 'em exactly what they are:
Luckily, all is not lost. Our moral and ethical betters have gathered in Davos to light their cigars with hundred-dollar bills while mocking the tubercular bootblack who's been pressed into service to keep their shoes looking spiffy while they chat and laugh and eat lobster canapes. Oh, wait, I read that wrong, sorry. They're in Davos to discuss the pressing problem of Global Warming(tm). Because they're so concerned about Global Warming(tm) that they felt compelled to fly their private jets to an upscale enclave in the Swiss Alps to talk about it. While making fun of the tubercular bootblack who's spit-shining their wingtips.
Don't get me wrong – I'm a big believer in ostentatious displays of wealth. If I had the money, I'd build a hundred-foot-high statue of myself made out of pure platinum and then hire homeless people to worship at it for no fewer than eight hours per day. (I'd pay them a fair wage, though. What's the going rate for abject obeisance to a living God? I'll have to look it up.) But this Davos thing is just…rank. It's a collection of rich fart-sniffers who want to congratulate each other on how socially conscious they are, and how much they care about the Little People. (Except the tubercular bootblack, whom they often kick with their rich-guy shoes.)
January 26, 2015
QotD: Against the Human Development Index (HDI)
[W]hat exactly is the HDI? The one-line explanation is that it gives "equal weights" to GDP per capita, life expectancy, and education. But it's more complicated than that, because scores on each of the three measures are bounded between 0 and 1. This effectively means that a country of immortals with infinite per-capita GDP would get a score of .666 (lower than South Africa and Tajikistan) if its population were illiterate and never went to school.
So what are the main problems with the HDI?
1. I can see giving equal weights to GDP per capita and life expectancy. But education? As a professor and a snob, I understand the appeal (though a measure of opera consumption would be even better). But in terms of the actual if not professed values of normal human beings, televisions and cars are a lot more important than books.
2. When you take a closer look at the HDI's education measure, it's especially bogus. 2/3rds of the weight comes from the literacy rate. At least that's not ridiculous. But the other 1/3 comes from the Gross Enrollment Index — the fraction of the population enrolled in primary, secondary, or tertiary education. OK, I feel a reductio ad absurdum coming on. To max out your education score, you have to turn 100% of your population into students!
3. The HDI purportedly gives equal weights to three different outcomes, but bounding the results between 0 and 1 builds in a massive bias against GDP. GDP per capita has grown fantastically during the last two centuries, and will continue to do so. In reality, there's plenty of room left for further improvement even in rich countries. But the HDI doesn't allow this. Since rich countries are already close to the upper bound, the HDI effectively defines their future progress on this dimension out of existence.
To a lesser extent, the same goes for life expectancy: While it's roughly doubled over the last two centuries, dying at 85 is not, contrary to the HDI, approximately equal in value to immortality.
The clear winners from this weighting scheme, of course, are the literacy and enrollment measures, both of which have upper bounds that are imposed by logic rather than fiat.
4. The ultimate problem with the HDI, though, is lack of ambition. It effectively proclaims an "end of history" where Scandinavia is the pinnacle of human achievement. […] Scandinavia comes out on top according to the HDI because the HDI is basically a measure of how Scandinavian your country is.
Bryan Caplan, "Against the Human Development Index", Econlog, 2009-05-22.


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What is the stability system and where is it located and what do I have to do to repair the system
1 Answer
The stability control system uses a number of sensor (wheel speed, steering wheel angle and accelerometers) to determine whether the car is in danger of losing control. If there are any problems with it you're pretty much screwed unless you have the specialist diagnostic equipment for it.
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subset: commoncrawl


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To celebrate its first year of being in India, Xiaomi has for one day slashed the price of the 64GB variant its latest smartphone, the Mi 4, by INR 2,000 ($31) — so residents in the region can currently pick one up for INR 17,999 ($181).
To celebrate its first year of being in India, Xiaomi has for one day slashed the price of the 64GB variant its latest smartphone, the Mi 4, by INR 2,000 ($31) — so residents in the region can currently pick one up for INR 17,999 ($181).
LG is the latest manufacturer to launch a new budget-friendly smartphone in India. This one's called the Max, it's priced at Rs. 10,990 ($172) and is available in White, Titan and Gold colorways.
Samsung has quietly unveiled it's latest mid-range tablet, the Galaxy Tab A Plus. The slate popped up on the Belgium-France division of the company's website earlier today, despite not having an official announcement.
On Indiegogo, there is a small campaign running for a new journaling app concept. Dane Homenick's Journo aims to be the sophisticated journaling service that goes everywhere you go with storytelling features. Journo designs travel maps based on where you've been to make the experience look and feel like an expedition of Lewis and Clark proportions. The service doesn't just want text and maps to tell the story. It stamps photographs taken from a specific location to corresponding journal entries. Users of Journo can collaborate, too, for packed, even more detailed records.
And, when it is all said and done, Journo allows you to print items and store them like a physical journal.
Google today took to its official blog to announce that Google Voice voicemails are now 49 percent less confusing, thanks to user-submitted feedback. Google Voice is notorious for creating terrible transcriptions from voicemails, but things might just be getting better.
Google is getting a head start for the new upcoming school year by launching its back to school promotion on many products in the Google Store. However, it seems like the only new sales we're seeing are on select Acer Chromebooks.
Talon for Twitter has begun receiving the update to version 3.0, bringing with it a whole host of new features and improvements. One of the biggest improvements Talon users will immediately notice is the transition to Material Design guidelines.
Amazon posted their Q2 earnings for 2015, and the internet retail giant smashed analyst estimates. The company pulled in $23.18 billion in revenue with a profit of 19 cents per share, which is significantly better than their estimated 14 cent loss per share. Amazon's share prices obviously soared, and ended up well above $500 per share. Read more
Honda will be adding a connected car platform to their 2016 Accord in the form of Android Auto. Honda unveiled the new Accord during the opening of its expanded Silicon Valley Lab.
AT&T has reported its second quarter earnings, showing minor improvement compared to the same time last year. The company generated $33 billion in overall revenue, up 1.4% since last year. In addition, the carrier's stock price per share increased sixty-nine cents this year compared to only sixty-one cents last year. AT&T also mentioned it added 2.1 million wireless subscribers, 410,000 were postpaid and 331,000 prepaid. The remaining 1 million came from connected cars.


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World's oldest football rulebook auctioned for £881,250
The world's oldest football rulebook, belonging to the first ever club Sheffield FC, has been sold at auction for £881,250.
The handwritten pamphlet from 1857 is thought to be one of the earliest instructions on the sport and was sold as part of an archive of the club.
It was sold to an anonymous bidder at auctioneer Sotheby's which described it as an important historical document....
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Apps: Badland 1.6, Gangstar Vegas 1.2, Podcasts 2.0 + Rosetta Stone
A favorite of one of our editors, Frogmind's Badland ($4) has received a Halloween update in version 1.6. The addictive physics-based side-scroller now has a Halloween theme and a new multiplayer level. Four new multiplayer characters have also been added to the game. Badland is $1 for a limited time, due to a special Halloween sale.
Gameloft has added a number of new features to Gangstar Vegas (currently $3) in version 1.2.0. The Gangstar Superhero update brings five new hero costumes to the game, in addition to nine new vehicles, and three new weapons. Gameloft also added 14 new missions and some limited-time events to the game.
Apple's oft-maligned Podcasts (free) app gets a much needed update with version 2.0. The app has been redesigned for iOS 7, and search is easier. Podcasts automatically updates with new episodes now, and users can choose how often updates take place. iCloud also keeps subscriptions, stations, and play positions in sync with iTunes and Apple TV. The app is still far from perfect, but the update is a step in the right direction.
Rosetta Course from Rosetta Stone is available for the first time on the iPhone and iPod touch with version 18.104.22.168. The official app of the popular language-learning method has a new user interface and boasts improved performance. Though the app itself is "free," you still must have a Rosetta Stone paid account to fully participate.
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By separating a noxious-component-containing flue gas into two separate streams, subjecting one of these streams to dry purification and the other to wet purification, and recombining the resulting purified streams, purified flue gas is obtained at a temperature greater than the dew point of remaining corrosive constituents. This makes it possible to disseminate the recombined product through pipes and chimneys without a deleterious effect thereon.
The beneficial results are obtained without having to heat the recombined gas stream even though the wet-purification process yields purified gas at a temperature far below that which is desired.
Both the dry- and the wet-purification processes are significantly enhanced by incorporating piperazine in treating materials. Sorption agents used in the dry purification are reused in the wet purification, enhancing the efficiency of the disclosed system.
1. A method for removing noxious components from flue gas before releasing it into the atmosphere which comprises:
dividing the flue gas into two parts, subjecting one part to dry purification and subjecting the other part to wet purification,
the dry purification comprising contacting the one part with a powdery sorption agent selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide to remove noxious components therefrom,
the wet purification comprising incorporating at least one substance selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide in washing liquid and contacting said other part with the washing liquid to remove noxious components therefrom,
the substance incorporated in the washing liquid comprising used sorption agent from the dry purification.
2. A method according to claim 1 comprising incorporating said substance in used washing liquid from said wet purification, separating precipitated calcium compounds from thus-fortified used washing liquid and recycling resulting effluent as washing liquid to said wet purification.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein said substance is mixed with or placed in the form of milk-of-lime prior to being incorporated in said washing liquid.
4. A method according to claim 1 which comprises aerating or oxidizing washing liquid employed in the wet purification and recycling liquid effluent thereof as washing liquid for subsequent wet purification.
5. A method according to claim 4 wherein aeration or oxidation is effected in progressive stages from a pH of about 4.5 to a pH of about 7.5.
6. A method according to claim 1 comprising dry prepurification of raw flue gas prior to dividing it into two parts for separate dry and wet purification.
7. A method according to claim 6 which comprises separating sorption agent from flue gas with which it had been in contact during the dry purification and recycling at least part of the thus-used sorption agent for contact with raw flue gas during the dry prepurification.
8. A method according to claim 6 wherein the dry prepurification comprises contacting raw flue gas with solid sorption agent and reusing thus-employed solid sorption agent in the subsequent wet or dry purification.
9. A method according to one of claims 1 to 8 which comprises mixing flue gas subjected to the dry purification with that subjected to the wet purification.
10. A process according to claim 9 in which the two parts into which the flue gas is initially divided is proportioned to obtain a recombined purified admixture having a temperature in excess of the dew point of corrosive constituents therein.
11. A method according to one of claims 1 to 8 which comprises comminuting sorption agent after using it in a dry purification step and before reusing it.
12. A method according to one of claim 1 which comprises reducing noxious components of flue gas from a furnace by charging into the furnace sorption agent which has been previously used in the dry purification.
13. A method according to claim 9 which comprises separating sorption agent employed in the dry purification from flue gas with which it has been in contact by passing an admixture thereof through tissue filters from the top down, the tissue filters having surfaces covered with the sorption agent, no more than 2 percent is treated, e.g., vibrated in order to remove the collected sorption agent from the filter surfaces at the same time.
14. A gas-purification system which comprises:
means to separate into two portions a raw gas stream containing noxious components,
means to contact one portion intimately with dry sorption agent to remove noxious components therefrom,
means to separate dry sorption agent from the portion in which it has been in contact,
means to admix separated dry sorption agent with milk of lime,
plural-stage fluid oxidation means,
means to adjust the pH in successive stages of the plural-stage fluid oxidation means so that such pH in successive stages increases from about 4.5 to about 7.5,
means to scrub the other of the two portions of the raw gas stream with wash liquid,
means to conduct thus-used wash liquid to the plural-stage fluid oxidation means,
means to separate effluent from solids in oxidized wash liquid,
means to recirculate effluent to the scrubbing means and
means to mix scrubbed gas with that which has been intimately contacted with dry sorption agent to form an admixture having a temperature in excess of the dew point of any corrosive constituents remaining therein.
15. A gas-purification system which comprises:
fluidized bed pretreatment means to remove noxious components from a raw gas stream;
means to separate a thus-treated stream into two portions,
means to conduct one portion to dry purification means and means to conduct the remainder to wet purification means,
the dry-purification means comprising means to add sorption agent to and intimately admix it with the one portion of pretreated gas, means to separate thus treated gas from sorption agent, means to conduct separated sorption agent to and into the fluidized bed means and means to convey separated gas to a mixing means,
the wet-purification means comprising means to scrub the remainder of the gas with washing liquid, means to withdraw sorption agent from the fluidized bed means and incorporate it in the washing liquid and means to convey thus-washed gas to the mixing means, and
means to recombine and to admix the two portions of thus treated gas in the mixing means to form one stream having a temperature in excess of the dew point of corrosive components remaining therein.
16. A sorption agent composition comprising at least one substance selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide in combination with a piperazine compound, in aqueous-solution, with a piperazine content of approximately between 0.1 ml and 10 ml, preferably approximately 0.2, ml per liter of solution.
17. A sorption agent composition comprising at least one substance selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide in combination with a piperazine compound, in dry form, with a piperazine content of approximately between 0.01 and 1, preferably approximately 0.02 percent by weight.
18. A composition according to one of claims 16 or 17 wherein the piperazine compound is a member selected from the group consisting of piperazine, piperazine hexahydrate and piperazine citrate.
19. A gas-purification system, for removing noxious components from flue gas before releasing it into the atmosphere, which comprises:
(a) means for dividing the flue gas into two parts,
(b) means for subjecting one part to dry purification, including means to contact it with a powdery sorption agent selected from the group consisting of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide to remove noxious components therefrom,
(c) means for subjecting the other part to wet purification, including means to incorporate at least one substance (comprising used sorption agent from the dry purification) selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide in washing liquid and means for contacting said other part with the washing liquid to remove noxious components therefrom.
20. A method according to claim 1 wherein the dry purification comprises contacting the one part with at least one powdery sorption agent selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide in combination with a piperazine compound, in dry form, the combination having a piperazine content of from about 0.01 to about 1, preferably about 0.02, percent by weight.
21. A method according to claim 1 wherein the wet purification comprises incorporating in the washing liquid at least one substance selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide and calcium oxide in combination with a piperazine compound, in aqueous solution, the combination having a piperazine content of approximately between 0.1 ml and 10 ml, preferably approximately 0.2 ml, per liter of solution.
The disclosure herein is related to that of German Patent Application No. 2,532,373 (relied upon for priority rights by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,080,428 and 4,222,993) and German Patent Application No. 2,615,828 (relied upon for priority rights by U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,061,476 and 4,201,751). Certified copies of the German Applications have been appropriately provided and are presented in indicated files at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Relevant text of the cited German Patent Applications and of each of the noted U.S. Patents is incorporated herein by reference.
Purification of flue gases presents a number of problems. Some of these are solved by processes, apparatus and sorption compositions presented in the ensuing disclosure.
Flue gas has been contacted with a washing liquid containing free calcium ions which react with sulfur dioxide and with other noxious components contained in the flue gas to form corresponding calcium compounds. Calcium is added to the washing liquid as calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide and, optionally, as calcium carbonate (in part). Precipitated insoluble calcium compounds, primarily calcium sulfate in gypsum form, are removed from the washing liquid by sedimentation in a suitable device, e.g. a double-casing heavy-to-medium gravitational separator, and subsequently dried and deposited or further processed as gypsum. By suitably conducting the procedure and by adding carboxylic acid to the washing liquid, an extraordinarily high degree of purification can be achieved. Reference in this regard is made to German Patent Application No. 2,532,373. A very high stoichiometric efficiency in relation to the charged calcium oxide is thus obtained.
According to this and other wet methods, however, there is a disadvantage that the purified flue gas is severely cooled during purification. In fact, the resulting purified gas is ordinarily at a temperature of only about 55� C. At such a low temperature the flue gas is not adequately disseminated in the atmosphere. Moreover, it is below the dew point of acids retained in the purified gas, thus subjecting various ducts and chimneys (through which purified flue gas is conducted) to severe damage by corrosion.
This invention relates to methods, devices and sorption compositions for removing sulfur dioxide and other noxious substances, such as hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride and nitrogen oxides, from flue gases. Such gases originate from combustion of mineral or fossil fuel, e.g. hard coal, brown coal or petroleum, in power plants, as well as those which originate from combustion of other materials, such as refuse.
To avoid the noted disadvantages and damage, purified flue gas is heated to a temperature of at least 100� C. or by about 45� C. As a practical matter heat exchangers have not been feasible for this purpose, and fuel is required to provide the necessary heat. Additional waste gas, which must also be purified, is thus produced, and the concomitant cost is very high. Wet purification of flue gas costs about one German pfennig per kwh generated, and reheating of purified flue gas costs another 0.5 German pfennig per kwh generated. The required reheating thus costs half again as much as the wet purification itself.
The purpose of this invention is to remove sulfur dioxide and other noxious components from flue gases without permitting purified flue gas to cool below 100� C., thus eliminating any need to heat the purified flue gas. Attendant disadvantages and costs are also eliminated. A further purpose is to achieve an equally high degree of purification, equally good stoichiometric utilization of calcium oxide and solid reaction product which is just as suitable for dumping or further processing as in the case of known wet purification methods.
The purposes of this invention are achieved by dividing raw flue gas into two parts, one of which is subjected to dry purification and the other of which is subjected to wet purification. The dry purification is effected with a powdery sorption agent, such as calcium oxide and/or calcium hydroxide, whereas wet purification is effected with a washing liquid containing at least one of the same agents. The sorption agent used for dry purification is added entirely or partly to the washing liquid used during wet purification. According to German Patent Application No. 2,615,828, flue gases can be purified by intimately contacting them with a dry sorption agent capable of reacting with sulfur dioxide and other noxious substances in flue gas and thus removing them from the flue gas to a significant extent. The sorption agent is, e.g., an alkali and/or alkaline-earth metal compound or hydrate of lime in powder form.
After the reaction the gas and the sorption agent are separated from each other, and the sorption agent is available for recycling into the gas current. A large stoichiometric surplus of sorption agent is required to achieve a satisfactory degree of purification by this method. In practice, the sorption agent can only be used to half of its stoichiometric equivalency, even when using a calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. This involves high sorption-agent cost and precludes dumping of used sorption agent. Even though processing used sorption agent into gypsum in a separate process is possible, such is also rather costly.
A way has now been devised to avoid all of the previously-noted disadvantages. Heating the purified flue gas is not required, and the gypsum reaction product is suitable both for dumping and for further processing. In addition, the charged calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide is completely used in stoichiometric terms. The purified flue gas is in a form suitable for rapid and uniform distribution into the atmosphere. In one preferred version separately processed flue gas fractions are combined prior to introduction into a chimney. This prevents damage (due to cold flue gas coming from wet purification) to the chimney or to any intermediary flue-gas ducts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic flow diagram of apparatus for and a process of transforming raw flue gas to a form suitable for dissemination into the atmosphere.
FIG. 2 is a schematic flow sheet for a greatly simplified version of the method.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a perpendicular cross-section through a fabric or tissue filter.
FIG. 4 is a perpendicular cross-section through a filter element of the fabric or tissue filter of FIG. 3.
Sorption agent employed in dry purification is cycled. Fresh sorption agent is introduced, and used sorption agent is withdrawn on a regular basis to adjust the kind and degree of utilization of sorption agent in the dry purification. This leads to a high degree of purification and provides sorption agent which is still particularly suitable for use in wet purification.
Prior to conducting into wet purification the sorption agent used in dry purification, grinding the used sorption agent is advisable. Such grinding produces new and free surfaces and thus increases the reaction capability of the used sorption agent. It is also advantageous to mix thus-used sorption agent with water to obtain milk of lime prior to introducing it into the wet-purification washing liquid cycle.
It is also possible to introduce used (but not completely spent) sorption agent from dry purification into a furnace in which it reacts completely or almost completely with flue-gas sulfur dioxide. Through this step alone the degree of utilization of sorption agent is increased from about 50 percent (in dry purification) to more than 80 percent. As an example a mixture of sorption agent and air is blown into the flame through a nozzle. On the other hand the sorption agent may be mixed together with the coal. Mixing the sorption agent with coal is preferably used when firing soft coal. Through this step the amount of noxious components, e.g. sulfur dioxide in the flue gas may be reduced by approximately 30 percent.
Dry purification is advantageously developed so that intimate contact between the flue gas and the sorption agent (in one or more contact segments) is followed by filtering to separate the sorption agent from the flue gas. The contact segments, such as those of U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,476, provide intensive intimate and thorough mixing of the flue gas with the sorption agent and a correspondingly extensive reaction of the sorption agent with noxious components of the flue gas. The contact and reaction are further continued in a filter in which the sorption agent is separated from the flue gas.
According to an alternative form of this invention, raw flue gas is initially prepurified dry in a series-connected advance prepurification stage. Part of the thus-prepurified gas is subjected to dry purification, and another part thereof is subjected to wet purification. Fresh sorption agent is employed for the dry purification, and sorption agent used in the dry purification is completely or partially supplied to the prepurification stage and subsequently to the wet-purification stage. By this means the degree of utilization of the sorption agent is materially increased. This method is optionally modified by altering the proportion of prepurified gas subjected to wet purification. Reducing the amount of gas processed by wet purification is advantageous since wet purification consumes more energy than dry purification.
By adding carboxylic acid to washing liquid employed for wet purification, the supply of free calcium ions in the washing liquid is increased, thus increasing the reaction speed; the quantity of circulating washing liquid can thus be reduced. According to another feature of the invention piperazine (especially in the form of piperazine-hexahydrate and/or piperazine-citrate) is added to the washing liquid and/or to the sorption agent (during dry purification). Equally good, if not better, results are thus obtained during wet purification than were previously possible with the addition of a carboxylic acid, even if the quantity of piperazine added is only half or a quarter that of carboxylic acid. Surprisingly, corresponding results are also achieved by adding piperazine (or one of its noted counterparts) to the sorption agent employed in dry purification. A particular advantage of using piperazine or one of the other noted compounds is that these compounds are toxically unobjectionable and have a vaporization point in excess of 100� C.
During wet purification, oxidation of the washing liquid is accomplished, e.g., in various stages, whereby sorption agents from dry purification and, possibly, from prepurification are added to the stages in such quantities that the pH value of the washing liquid increases only slightly from one stage to the next and rises to about 7.5 only during the last stage. Calcium hydroxide or milk of lime is optionally added to the last stage to achieve this end. In this procedure calcium sulfite (contained in the washing liquid, to which sorption agent from dry purification is added) is oxidized in the first oxidation stages at a pH value of less than 6, preferably around 4.5, to calcium sulfate via calcium bisulfite; this yields a gypsum which is particularly easy to separate and which is especially suited for further processing.
During separation (in fabric filters) of sorption agent from flue gas purified in the dry purification, the gas is conducted along with the sorption agent from the top down, dropping through the fabric or tissue filters. The filter surfaces advantageously have a substantial height, which should be at least 3 or even 3.5 and, preferably, about 5 meters. They are advantageously provided with bracing bars or bracing rings to prevent undesired dropping of sorption agent from the filter surfaces. Continuation of the chemical sorption reaction between the flue gas and the sorption agent is thus achieved on the filter surfaces, resulting in an increased degree of purification. This is further assisted by the fact that only a small portion of the filter surfaces, preferably not more than 2 percent, is treated, vibrated in order to remove the collected sorption agent from the filter surfaces, at the same time. In practice a great number of filter bags or filter pockets are used at the same time for purification of gas, and a pulse of compressed air is injected into one of them to vibrate or shake the filter cloth, whereby the sorption agent falls off. Each filter bag or filter pocket is typically treated every fifteen minutes. The filter cloth is preferably a woven fabric made from polytetrafluoroethylene.
FIG. 1 illustrates one version of the method and suitable apparatus. The number 1 represents a flue-gas or waste-gas current that has to be purified. The gas is, e.g., dry flue gas from a coal-fired power plant and has a temperature of about 180� C. This flue gas current is subdivided into subcurrents 2 and 3. In this example each of the flue gas currents 2 and 3 contains half of the flue gas present in current 1, but other suitable divisions are similarly processed. Flue gas current 2 is subjected to dry purification. Dry purification involves, e.g., a method and a plant as described in detail in German Patent Application No. 2,615,828 (cf. corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,476). In the following the illustration of the method and of the apparatus is greatly simplified. The flue gas flows into a contact section 4 in which sorption agent is added to it from a storage tank 5. The sorption agent is, for example, dry, powdery calcium oxide. In contact segment 4 the flue gas and the sorption agent are intensively mixed with each other. This is achieved through inserted accessories which are arranged in the contact segment and which are described in greater detail in German Patent Application No. 2,615,828. At least a part of the powdery calcium oxide (added to the flue gas) is once again broken up and comminuted in the contact segment so that additional surfaces are exposed. A part of the calcium oxide is also converted into calcium hydroxide by water vapor present in the flue gas. Both calcium compounds react with sulfur dioxide (present in the flue gas) to form calcium sulfate and calcium sulfite. In this example the kind of quantity of calcium oxide that would stoichiometrically correspond to twice the sulfur dioxide present in the flue gas is admixed with the flue gas. The separation of the sorption agent from the purified flue gas is accomplished in tissue filter 6. Within the tissue filter the reaction of flue gas with calcium oxide and/or calcium hydroxide continues if not already complete. The flue gas, purified and relieved of its sorption agent, is supplied via a pipeline 7 to a mixing chamber 10 and from there into a chimney 11. The separated sorption agent (a mixture of calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium sulfate and calcium sulfite) is supplied via a pipeline 8 to a preparation device 9, preferably an agitator tank in which it is mixed with water in order to obtain milk of lime. Deviating from the example, a part of the used sorption agent is optionally recycled for further dry purification.
The flue-gas subcurrent 3 is purified wet. For this purpose it is supplied to a gas scrubber 12. After purification, it is conducted via pipeline 20 into the mixing chamber 10, where it is mixed with the dry flue gas supplied through pipeline 7. The mixture is conducted into chimney 11. The wet purification method and the system used for its implementation are described only in a severely simplified manner. A detailed description is found, e.g., in German Patent Application No. 2,532,373, which corresponds with U.S. Pat. No. 4,080,428. For wet purification a washing liquid (conducted in a cycle) is supplied to the gas scrubber 12 via a pipeline 19. This washing liquid contains (among other components) calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide; these compounds are highly dissociated and continue to dissociate in the scrubber so that a large supply of free calcium ions is available for removal of sulfur dioxide from the flue gas. After running through the scrubber 12, the washing liquid is supplied via a pipeline 13 to an oxidation device 14.
Air is blown into oxidation device 14 through a blower 16. Milk of lime is supplied to the oxidation device through a pipeline 15 from the milk-of-lime preparation device 9. The washing liquid, oxidized and mixed with milk of lime, leaves the oxidation device 14 via a pipeline 17 and is thus conducted into a double-casing gravitational separator 18. In the latter calcium sulfate (formed in the washing liquid) is separated. Substantially clear effluent (washing liquid) leaves the double-casing gravitational separator and is returned into gas scrubber 12 through pipeline 19. Calcium sulfate (gypsum) is removed from the double-casing gravitational separator 18 through pipeline 21.
To conduct the flue gas through the purification devices, fans are optionally arranged in pipelines 7 and 20, but they are not shown in the drawing.
The temperature of the flue gas at 1 is 180� C. The temperature is only slightly lower in pipeline 7. In pipeline 20, the wet-purified flue gas has a temperature of about 55� C. When the flue gas is distributed uniformly between subcurrents 2 and 3, a temperature of 117� C. is obtained in mixing chamber 10. Consequently, the flue gas can readily be piped at this temperature into chimney 11. The temperature of 117� C. is above the dew point of corrosive acids, especially hydrogen chloride, still in the gas, and the temperature is high enough to assure complete mixing with and spreading into the atmosphere of flue gas emanating from the chimney. It is not necessary to heat the flue gas prior to piping it into the chimney. Considerable saving in power plant output is thus achieved. While about 1% of installed power plant capacity is required for operation of purification plants, for their power consumption resulting from pumps, fans, and the like, an additional 3 percent of installed power plant capacity would be required for reheating the flue gas.
The oxidation device 14, illustrated in FIG. 1, differs from that of German Patent Application No. 2,532,373. The former is built in several stages and is so operated by adding (to the stages) sorption agent from dry purification and, possibly, also from a prepurification stage in such quantities that the pH value of the washing liquid increases only slightly from one stage to the next (rising to about 7.5 only in the last stage). In addition, calcium hydroxide or milk of lime is added, as required, to the last stage. The pH value is kept below 6, preferably around 4.5, in the first stages. Accordingly, oxidation of the substances, especially calcium bisulfite and calcium sulfate, supplied from scrubber 12 and from the dry purification stage into calcium sulfate (which is easily separated from the washing liquid in the double-casing gravitational separator 18, which is readily dehydratable and which is suitable for further processing) is thus effected.
A modification is illustrated in FIG. 2. Here, the unpurified flue gas current 1 is initially prepurified in a dry prepurification stage 22. A subcurrent of the dry prepurified flue gas is conducted via 23 to further dry purification. Another subcurrent is conducted via 24 to wet purification 25. Dry purification again consists of sorption-agent addition 5, a contact segment 4 and a chemical sorption filter 6. These devices are designed similar to those previously described in connection with FIG. 1 and therefore operate in a similar manner. A part of the sorption agent, separated in chemical sorption filter 6, is supplied via a pipeline 26 to the prepurification stage 22. The prepurification stage 22 is effected, e.g., by a fluidized-bed reactor, as it is well known in the art, from which the prepurified flue gas current 23 contains little or no sorption agent. The sorption agent used in the prepurification stage 22 is at least partially conducted via pipeline 27 to wet purification 25. In FIG. 2, wet purification is illustrated in a greatly simplified manner; it substantially corresponds to wet purification illustrated in FIG. 1. The dry-purified flue gas is conducted via a pipeline 29, and the wet-purified flue gas is conducted via a pipeline 28, to mixing chamber 10 and from the latter into chimney 11. Fans 30 are used to transport the flue gas.
According to the modification, illustrated by FIG. 2, the sorption agent added at 5 encounters flue gas which has already been prepurified in 22. Accordingly, (without any need for adding a larger quantity of fresh sorption agent) there is a considerable increase in the stoichiometric ratio, e.g. from 2:1 to 3:1, of the effective components of the sorption agent with respect to the sulfur dioxide contained in dry purification, so that a considerably higher degree of purification is achieved from dry purification. There is no impairment of the degree of purification is wet purification because of that. On the whole, the degree of purification of the entire system is increased. The share of the dry-purified flue gas is optionally increased at the expense of the wet-purified flue gas to reduce the energy consumption of the entire plant.
By altering the method illustrated by FIG. 2, a considerable portion of the sorption agent (used in prepurification stage 22) is alternatively used for dry purification. Likewise, sorption agent (separated in chemical sorption filter 6) is optionally conducted partially into prepurification stage 22 and partially into wet purification 25.
In the wet purification method described in German Patent Application No. 2,532,373 (corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,080,428), carboxylic acids are added to the circulating washing liquid to increase the degree of dissociation. In another version of the method according to the invention, piperazine and/or piperazine-hexahydrate and/or piperazine-citrate is added to the washing liquid during wet purification to increase the degree of dissociation. These substances need to only be added in a considerably smaller quantity (about 0.2 to 0.5 of the quantities of carboxylic acids) in order to achieve the same or better effect; besides, these substances are completely unobjectionable on the basis of toxicity and have vaporization points in excess of 100� C. Quite surprisingly, these substances are also suitable for addition to the sorption agent during dry sorption and develop a similar effect there.
During dry purification, special advantages for separating gas and sorption agent in the tissue filters are achieved by adding the sorption-agent-containing gas from the top down, dropping through tissue filters, of which (on the average) no more than 2%, is treated e.g., vibrated in order to remove the collected sorption agent from the filter surfaces at the same time. Filter surfaces having a substantial height, at least 3 m or even 3.5 m and, preferably, around 5 m, and additional bracing bars or bracing rings on the tissue surfaces (preventing sliding of sorption agent from the tissue surfaces) are advantageously used. This assures significant reaction between the sorption agent and the flue gas in the tissue filter. It is thus possible either to increase the degree of purification or to operate with a reduced stoichiometric ratio of the effective constituents of sorption agent with respect to the noxious substances in the flue gas.
These filters, which constitute an aspect of the invention, are illustrated as practical examples in FIGS. 3 and 4. FIG. 3 shows the raw gas duct labeled 31. The filter elements are labeled 32. These are pocket-like or hose-like tissue-filter elements.
Flue gas mixed with the used sorption agent and, optionally with fresh sorption agent as well is conducted into the flue gas duct 31. Flue gas and sorption agent enter filter chamber by dropping down on them, and the filter surfaces of those units are considerably higher than they are wide. They have a height of at least 3 meters and, preferably, of 5 meters. During final purification in the filter operation suitable selection of high shaking frequencies 33 and low shaking frequencies 34 (with corresponding amplitudes and through suitable selection of shaking times) continuously retains considerable quantities of sorption agent on the filter surfaces, where it is available to react with components of the flue gas. In the filter illustrated in FIG. 3, the sorption agent, which has fallen down, is evacuated in a dust duct 35 through, e.g., a worm gear or a scraper flight conveyor.
The undesired dropping of sorption agent from filter surfaces, as seen in FIG. 4, is prevented by bracing rings or bracing bars 38, which are arranged on the filter cloth 37 which, in turn, rests against a frame structure, perforated plate or the like 36.
The invention and its advantages are readily understood from the foregoing description. Various changes can be made in the process, the system, individual pieces of apparatus and/or in sorption media compositions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention or sacrificing its material advantages. The described process, apparatus, systems and compositions are merely illustrative of preferred embodiments.
A typical flue gas from a coal fired power plant has a sulfur dioxide content between 2 and 4, e.g., 3 g/Nm3. In the wet purification process between 90 and 93, e.g., 91.5 percent of sulfur dioxide (and of the other noxious components) are removed from the gas. The dry purification process results in e.g., 85 percent removal of sulfur dioxide. When equal parts of the flue gas have been treated dry, respectively wet, and consequently are mixed, the clean gas has a sulfur dioxide content of 0.35 g/Nm3, i.e., the overall removal of sulfur dioxide is 88.33 percent.
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Die Top 10 In Action Sports
01Erste Einblicke in den Surf Snowdonia Wavegarden UK
02Warum du deinen Job kündigen und um die Welt reisen solltest
03Skater Manolo Robles flippt mit dem Penny Board aus
04Hai-Alarm beim ersten Surf von Mick Fanning
05Trial-Biker Chris Akrigg kämpft sich unaufhaltsam durch die Natur
06Die 7 schönsten Euro Surfer Girls auf Instagram
07BMX Pro Alex Coleborn räumt im Park ab
08MUST WATCH: Brandon Semenuks Full Part aus dem unReal Movie
09Triple Score: Surf, Snow und Skate an einem Tag in Australien
10Awakening New Zealand - Zeitraffer aus vier Monaten am Ende der Welt
The Forgotten Edit // Ben Reid Pila
Ein MTB Video von johnlawlor - 22,795 views
The year was 2010. The Month was July. I was in Italy for four weeks in my van shooting the last of the European rounds of the World Cup. The first week of that trip I had arranged to meet Ben Reid in Pila, Italy to film for his section in "3 Minute Gaps". I had filmed with "Baltic" Ben many times before this, but this was the most fun I have ever had filming with anyone. As the days went on, I was keeping a close eye on how many shots I had in the bag, and I began cutting a rough edit of all the best clips we had. The footage looked great. Ben was killing it on every shot we filmed. I could not believe how well he was riding and how up for filming he was. By the end of the last day, with the help of Ben, we had this test edit complete. Although this test edit, as it is seen here, was never intended to be used in "3 Minute Gaps", it is one those sections that just shows how talented Ben Reid is on two wheels and it also served as a great foundation for his final section in the film. I uploaded this edit to show Clay what footage we had as he was not at this shoot and still in California. He watched it and was super happy. Two years has passed and since then this edit has been forgotten about. Just watching it now proves that amazing riding and combined with speed and style never goes out of fashion. Ben Reid, you are a pinner..


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Gladys J. Gibson, 81, died on Sunday, December 16, 2012, with her family at her side.
She was born on Aug. 19, 1931, in Chattanooga. Gladys had made her home in Cohutta, Ga. for a number of years. She was retired from McKee Bakery as a line operator. She and her husband, Joe, enjoyed spending winters in Florida, gardening, family and their beloved pet, Miss Pug.
She is survived by her husband of 64 years, Joe M. Gibson, Sr., sons, Joe (Barbara) Gibson, Jr. of Cohutta, Ga, Richard (Marilyn) Gibson, of Cleveland, Tn. Gary (Pam) Gibson, of Cohutta, Ga, Lynn (Debbie) Gibson, of Chattanooga, "adopted" son, Perry (Allison) Wilson, of Cohutta, Ga., 11 grandchildren, several great-grandchildren, sister, Kay Richmond, and brother, Ralph Bankston and numerous friends.
Funeral services will be held at 11:30 a.m. on Tuesday, Dec. 18, at Heritage Funeral Home Chapel. The interment will follow in the Chattanooga National Cemetery with her sons, Joe, Rick, Gary, Lynn, Perry and grandson, Wesley Gibson serving as pallbearers.
Visit www.heritagefh.com to share words of comfort to the family and view the memorial tribute.
The family will receive friends on Monday, Dec. 17, from 6-8 p.m. at Heritage Funeral Home, 7454 E. Brainerd Road.
July 31, 2015
Charles Edward Jones, 87, of Chattanooga, died on Friday, July 29, 2015 at his home. Mr. Jones was born in Gainesboro, Tn., but had lived in Chattanooga most of his life. He was retired ... (click for more)
Bill Hassler, Jr. died on Thursday, July 30, 2015. Arrangements will be announced by Hamilton Funeral Home, 4506 Hixson Pike, Hixson, 423-531-3975. (click for more)
Carmela Berard, 87, of Signal Mountain, formerly of Silver Spring, Maryland, died on Wednesday, July 29, 2015. Arrangements will be announced by Hamilton Funeral Home, 4506 Hixson Pike, ... (click for more)
Charles Edward Jones, 87, of Chattanooga, died on Friday, July 29, 2015 at his home. Mr. Jones was born in Gainesboro, Tn., but had lived in Chattanooga most of his life. He was retired from the State of Tennessee with 27 years of service and was a member of Red Bank Church of Christ. He held memberships with the Fraternal Order of Police Troopers Lodge # 16 and the Retired ... (click for more)
Bonnie Euphimia Seals, 86, of Dunlap, Tennessee, passed away Tuesday, July 28, 2015. She was preceded in death by her parents, Anderson Harvey and Nancy Sims Harvey; brothers, Lester, Nathan, Zelus and Glenas Harvey; sisters, Nola Harvey, Ellie Swanger and Sarah Lewis; and husband, Leonard Seals. She is survived by her step-daughters, Linda Holland, Pikeville and June Keener, ... (click for more)
Thomas W. Smith "Speedy", 62, of Dunlap, Tennessee, passed away Tuesday, July 28, 2015 at his home. He was preceded in death by his father, T.A. Smith; mother, Norma Jean Lacy; and sister, Brenda Smith. He is survived by his daughter, Shannon (J.W.) Burgess; son, Chris Smith; granddaughter, Haven Smith; sister, Glenda Swanger; brother, Terry Smith; and several nieces and ... (click for more)
A new Zaxby's will be built across from Bass Pro Shop at I-75's Exit 1 in East Ridge, developer John Healy said Thursday night. He said other restaurants and hotels are also coming to the Jordan Crossing site at the entrance to Camp Jordan Park. Mr. Healy said he hopes to make a "significantly larger" announcement soon. The East Ridge City Council, at a special called meeting, ... (click for more)
A young man who was involved in an incident that led to a murder has been given diversion and praised for testifying against co-defendants. Criminal Court Judge Barry Steelman said a conviction for facilitation of an aggravated robbery can be expunged if Dustin Hayes gets in no further trouble for six years. The judge said, "We wouldn't be dealing with 40 shootings a year ... (click for more)


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WICKLOW: The N81 Dublin/ Baltinglass Rd is blocked in both directions at the turn-off for Stratford-on-Slaney due to a second crash. Emergency services are on scene. Use an alternative route.
LAOIS/ KILKENNY: There is a fuel spill on the M8 Dublin/ Cork Rd southbound between J3 Rathdowney and J4 Urlingford.
CAVAN: The N16 Sligo/ Enniskillen Rd is blocked by a jack-knifed truck approx. 5km on the Manorhamilton side of Blacklion near Loughan House Prison. Local diversions are in place.
LIMERICK: Works continue on the N21 Limerick/ Tralee Rd, just west of Newcastle West, between Garryduff Cross and the Killarney Pole until December. These works have been causing delays, particularly during rush hour traffic so bear this in mind if on your route.
CLARE: The M18 Limerick/ Galway Rd is closed northbound between J14 Barefield and J15 Crusheen for works until midnight this Friday (7th). Diversions are in place.
WEXFORD: A stop/ go system will be in place on the Wexford/ Rosslare Rd (R730) near Drinagh R/A until this Friday (7th) for works. Expect delays.
MONAGHAN: Works are taking place on the N2 Dublin/ Monaghan Rd south of Castleblayney, between Derryilan and Tullyvin until approx. Sun 13th Sept.
KILKENNY: Works will take place on the N24 Tipperary/ Waterford Rd through Mooncoin Village until Fri 27th Nov. Temporary traffic lights will be in place. Delays can be expected.
CORK: Traffic is moving well now in Cork City Centre.
Lane restrictions will be in place on the Wilton Rd between Orchard Rd and Dennehy's Cross today between 7:30pm and 11pm. This is due to works.
Lane restrictions are in place today on the Old Youghal Rd near Dillon's Cross until 6pm to facilitate works.
Boreenmanna Rd will close for works near Rockboro Ave today until 2pm.
Douglas St will be closed for works today between White St and Rutland St until 4pm.
Clontarf Bridge is closed until Sunday 30th Aug due to works. Traffic coming over Brian Boru Bridge can either turn left onto Anderson's Quay, right at Custom House St & over Eamon DeValera Bridge and then out the South City Link Rd. Alternatively, motorists can turn right onto Merchants Quay. Traffic will be restricted travelling straight through this junction onto Clontarf St except for buses and Clarion Hotel traffic.
GALWAY: There are no major delays around Galway City at this time.
LIMERICK: Road conditions are wet around Limerick City so take extra care and reduce your speed. Otherwise, there are no delays or incidents to report.
To facilitate works in place until Fri 21st Aug, Park Rd is closed between the Pa Healy Rd and the South Canal Bank, which itself will be closed. Park Bridge, North Canal Bank and part of the Lwr Park Rd is also closed during this period
WATERFORD: Traffic is moving well in Waterford City at this time.
SLIGO: Racing that was due to take place today (5th) at Sligo Racecourse has been abandoned due to poor weather conditions.
Racing is scheduled to take place at the racecourse tomorrow (6th) subject to an 8am inspection; the first race at 5:35pm and the last at 8:20pm. Sligo Racecourse is located at Cleveragh, 1km from Sligo town centre just off the Pearse Road. Expect extra traffic in the area before and after the event.
OFFALY: The Birr Vintage Week and Arts Festival takes place until this Friday (7th). Events will take place over the course of the week and delays are likely.
MAYO: Siamsa Sráide takes place in Swinford until later today (5th). Events will take place throughout the town and the following road closures will be in place: Market St is closed until 5:30pm. Then, from 9:30pm, Market St and Main St will close until 2am on Thurs (6th). Delays are likely in Swinford and in the vicinity of the town throughout the festival.
DONEGAL: The Clonmany Festival takes place until this Sunday (9th). As a result, there will be a number of local road closures in place throughout the town at the following times: between 6pm and 12:45am until Thursday (6th), on Friday (7th) between 10am and 12:45am, on Saturday 8th between 6pm and 12:45am and finally on Sunday (9th) between 1pm and 12:45am. Alternative routes will be signposted and motorists are advised to expect some delays.
MAYO: A number of stop/go systems will be in place on the N59 Sligo/ Galway Rd today from 8am to 7pm: between Bangor Erris and Crossmolina and again between Crossmolina and Ballina. Expect delays.
LAOIS: The Old N7 (R445) is closed for works between Mountrath and Portlaoise at Cloncourse until Fri 14th Aug between 8am and 8pm each day. Diversions will be in place.
KILKENNY: Works and a stop/go system are in place on the N10 Ring Rd in Kilkenny between the N77 Johnswell Rd R/A and the Dublin Rd R/A from 9:30am to 7pm each day until tomorrow (6th). Motorists should expect delays and allow extra time for their journey.
KILKENNY: A stop/ go system will be in place for works on Green's Bridge in Kilkenny City from 6:30pm to 8:15pm today.
KILKENNY: Dean St in Kilkenny City will close for works this evening from its jct with Irishtown to Butt's R/A from 8:30pm to midnight.
WATERFORD: Temporary traffic lights are in place on the Passage East/ Tramore Rd (R685 ) between Kilmacomb Cross and Cloghernagh until Fri 14th Aug to facilitate works. Delays expected.
WICKLOW: As part of ongoing works on the M11 Dublin/ Wexford Rd, the hard shoulder will be closed on approach to J21 Inch/ Arklow South tomorrow (5th).
WICKLOW: Traffic management will continue on the old N11 (now the R772) between J 17 Rathdrum and J20 Arklow South and nearby side roads until this Friday (7th) for works.
MAYO: A stop/ go system will operate on the N60 Tuam/ Castlebar Rd for works between the Cartron Rd and Barrackland Railway Level Crossing, Manulla until this Friday (7th). Works will be in place each day from 8am to 5pm each day.
GALWAY: The Old Dublin Rd in Oranmore will be closed intermittently from the Main St jct to the Oranbeg R/A for works until Fri 25th Sept. These works will not operate at the same time as the works on Main St. Diversions will be in place and local access will be maintained.
GALWAY: Works are taking place on Castle Rd in Oranmore until Fri 14th Aug
GALWAY: Works are taking place at the Maree Rd jct in Oranmore until Fri 14th Aug
SLIGO: Works will take place on the Ballymote/ Bunanadden Rd (R296) at Carrownanty today. A traffic management will be in place.
SLIGO: Works will take place on the Sligo/Leitrim Rd (R284) at Sooey until this Friday (7th). A traffic control system will be in place.
CLARE: Harmony Row in Ennis will be closed between the Bindon St jct and the Abbey St/ Newbridge Rd jct until Tues 1st Sept due to works.
CORK/ WATERFORD: A stop/ go system will be in place for works on the N25 Cork/ Waterford Rd between Youghal and Dungarvan until this Friday (7th) from 8am to 8pm each day.
CORK: Lane restrictions will be in place for outbound traffic on the Bishopstown Rd just west of the High St Centre until Fri 14th August to facilitate works.
WICKLOW: Traffic will be reduced to one lane and a stop/ go system will be in place on the Dublin Rd in Arklow between the Sea Rd jct and J20 Arklow North on the M11 until approx. Fri 14th Aug. The works are in place Monday to Friday from 8am to 8pm each day. Expect some delays.
MAYO: Traffic will be reduced to one lane and traffic lights will also be in place on the Castlebar/ Newport Rd (R311) until approx. Fri 14th Aug daily from 8am to 6pm.
ROSCOMMON: The Boyle/ Castlerea Rd (R361) will be closed between Killerdoo and Breedoge Bridge near Carrowcrin until this Friday (7th). Diversions are in place.
LIMERICK: A rolling stop/ go system is in place on the Old N7 (R445) between Limerick and Castleconnell from 8am to 7pm each day until Friday (7th) for works. Expect delays.
LAOIS: Traffic will be reduced to one lane for works on the N80 Stradbally Rd, Portlaoise between the SCR and Block Rd jcts until Sept. A stop/ go system will be in place so expect some delays.
MEATH: The local Lougher Rd in Gilltown will be closed until Fri 14th Aug to facilitate works on Gilltown Bridge.
MEATH: Newbridge on the Kentstown Rd in Navan is closed until Fri 21st Aug to facilitate works. Use an alternative route.
KILDARE: A one way system will be in place southbound on the Kilcullen Rd (R448) in Naas at Piper's Hill, as part of ongoing works until December. Traffic wishing to access Naas from the Kilcullen direction will need to divert at Mylerstown Cross, drive towards Punchestown and then towards Naas on the Ballymore Eustace Rd (R411).
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text: Adjoining the Real Monasterio itself, in days gone by it would have hosted the cloister's guests as well as its monks. Wonderfully tall ceilings ensure cool days in the height of summer... and that's just talking about the corridors: the spacious guest rooms are augmented by air conditioning. The staff are unobtrusive but always available to assist. Everything is spotless... More


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Kansas City Royals' Offense Provokes Optimism for 2014
The second game of the Kansas City Royals' Spring Training campaign is now complete. After an ugly outing and eventual loss to the Texas Rangers in the Royals' first Spring Training game of the year, KC dominated the Rangers in Surprise Stadium on Friday.
Much like Billy Beane in Oakland, KC has focused on making the most out of the least-recognized assets in the game of baseball. In the power-happy American League, this means focusing on defensive skills and situational hitting. Although pitching and impressive defense are clearly KC's biggest advantages, fans paying attention to Spring Training play could be thinking something entirely different.
KC's offense combined for 17 runs in the first two Cactus League games, and totaled 27 base hits. This means the Royals average more than eight runs and 13 hits per game so far this season. I know, I know — the sample size is tiny and the pitching is still finding it's groove. Still, it can't possibly be a bad thing to see such offensive production right out of the gate for Kansas City.
Billy Butler's three hits in five at-bats are particularly noteworthy because Billy now finds himself as the anchor of a very potent lineup. KC spent serious money and effort this offseason to bring in hitters to set the table for Butler. If his fast start is any indication, Royals ahead of Butler in the order will be circling the bases often in 2014.
Doug LaCerte is a writer for Rantsports.com. Follow him on Twitter @DLaC67, "Like" him on Facebook and add him to your network on Google.
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