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The circuit outputs a delayed version of an input audio signal. Depending on the amount of memory implemented and the sampling rate selected, it can store from 3 seconds to 8 seconds of audio. The audio input will be delayed by an amount selectable by the user.
This device can be used to produce a delay for many purposes. Some possible applications are:
- Sound effects , such as echo, can be produced by adding a delay to an input signal.
- This device can produce an effect which is sometimes referred to as "Delayed Auditory Feedback". This effect has been used to help aid those who stutter.
- Another application of such a device would be in a "Speech Jammer". Such a device records a person speaking and then plays the audio back at a delay, which causes most people to get confused and thereby disrupts their speaking. Using the device for this purpose would require a directional microphone and directional speaker.
- The device can also be used to delay the audio from a television broadcast. In my research, I found that some people prefer to use a separate, radio broadcast for the play by play or commentary for sporting events, and as such they wanted to be able to introduce a delay to synchronize a separate audio source to the television broadcast.
- The circuit can be used sort of like a TiVo, but for audio only. By changing the delay setting, you can go back as far back as the buffer size permints (only 8 seconds max in this design) to catch something you missed.
At any rate, the device described here can be a lot of fun to play and experiment with. The input range is controllable from 0 seconds to the maximum delay by means of an analog input. This analog input can simply be driven by a potentiometer, or from an external signal. Modulating the delay input with different waveforms can produce interesting sound effects.
Step 1: High Level Functional Description
First, the input signal is amplified as needed. Next, the amplified signal is sampled and converted to a digital value by an analog to digital converter. The digital sample value is then stored in a large RAM buffer.
The delayed waveform is created by retrieving older samples from the buffer and sending them to a digital to analog converter (DAC). The output of the DAC is low pass filtered to remove unwanted frequencies that are an inherent part of the sampling and reconstruction process.
This process of analog to digital conversion, storage, retrieval, and digital to analog conversion runs in a continuous loop, controlled by a microprocessor. In this manner, a delayed replica of the input signal is produced at the output.
The steps that follow provide in depth detail of how each sub circuit works. A PDF of the complete schematic is attached here, with each subcircuit highlighted a different color. The following steps explain what each sub circuit does.
Step 2: Pre Amp
circuit is a non inverting amplifier, with the input biased at a reference voltage (VREF) of ½ of the supply
voltage. By biasing the non inverting input at VREF and capacitively coupling the audio, the input
voltage at the non inverting input will be equal to the audio waveform offset by VREF, instead of
swinging about 0 volts. This allows a waveform with positive and negative portions to be processed by
the rest of the circuitry, which only works with positive voltages.
Op amp U6-D is used to establish the VREF reference voltage that is ½ of the supply voltage. The
reference voltage is set by the voltage divider created by R1 and R2, and the op amp buffers the voltage.
The output of the op amp is VREF, and all points in the circuit labeled VREF connect to this point.
The op amps used here are Microchip MCP6022 and MCP6024. These are essentially the same part,
only one is a dual and the other is a quad. These parts have a full scale output that can swing from rail
to rail (0V to 3.3V in this design).
Resistor R5 biases the input to the op amp at VREF. The input audio is then capacitvely coupled via C1
to the input of op amp U6-A. The result is that the voltage at the input to the op amp will be the audio
input signal swinging above and below VREF. Biasing resistor R5 and the AC coupling capacitor also form
a high pass filter to the input audio. The values must be chosen such that the cutoff frequency is below
any frequencies you want to pass.
The gain of the pre amp is given by Gain = 1 + R7/R6. Depending on the source of the input audio, the
gain of the pre amp may need to be altered. If the input is from a source such as the line out of a
computer, radio, DVD player, etc, then it may be of sufficient amplitude that it requires no further
If the input is from a microphone, then amplification will be required. R7 must be chosen to configure
the amplifier for the needed gain. The goal is to have the maximum peak to peak amplitude of the input
audio make the best use of the input range of the microprocessors A/D converter. In this circuit, that
means a maximum peak to peak voltage of 3.3V. If the input signal is amplified too much, the peak to
peak value will exceed maximum input range and it will be clipped, introducing distortion. I included a
switch (SW2) in my design so that the gain could easily be changed from 1 for higher level sources to
about 34 for use with a microphone. The switch shorts out R7 so that the gain is reduced to 1. I have
found that this works well with sources like the line out from a computer, radio, CD player, etc.
R4 is used to supply power to an electret microphone if that is the input audio source. Electret type
microphones need a power source to operate properly.
Step 3: Low Pass (Anti aliasing) Filter
often used with sampled data systems to reduce the amplitude of signals which have a frequency higher
than one half the sample rate. Frequencies higher than one half the sample rate will appear in the
output as lower frequency "aliases", which is undesirable.
The filter used here is made up of a single second order Salen-Key filter. The overall cutoff frequency of
the filter is approximately 6 kHz. R8, R9, C3, and C4 set the cutoff frequency of the filter.
Step 4: Microprocessor
There are also many configuration and housekeeping functions performed by the microprocessor. The general functions performed by the microprocessor as described below.
Analog to Digital Conversion
The microprocessor contains an internal ADC which has a resolution of 10 bits, but only 8 bits of the value are used. The two least significant bits of the value are discarded.
There are two analog inputs read by the microprocessor during the main program loop. One is the audio input, and the second is the delay setting.
The delay input is an analog input that determines how much delay there is between the input and output signals. 0 volts corresponds to 0% of full scale delay, and VDD corresponds to 100% of full scale delay. The value that is read is used to calculate the RAM address of the delayed sample that will be played back.
Op amp U6-C is used to buffer the delay input voltage to the microprocessor A/D pin. The analog value for the delay input can be generated by a potentiometer which is used to set the voltage at this pin, providing a delay from 0 seconds to full scale. This allows a fixed delay amount to be set easily. It can also be useful to use an external signal to control the delay. All kinds of strange sound effects can be produced by driving the delay setting input with different waveforms. For that reason, my design also includes a connector to allow an external source to be used to drive the delay setting input. The schematic shows the delay setting potentiometer R24 with the wiper connected to the input of U6-C via a 10k resistor, R3. With the R3 in place, the external signal which is input via the connector can still drive the op amp input, even with the potentiometer connected. C24 helps to low pass filter the delay input signal.
SPI Bus Master
The micro communicates with the RAM and DAC chips using the SPI communications interface. The micro is configured as the master, and the RAM and DAC chips are slave devices. All the SPI communications are therefore initiated and controlled by the microprocessor.
Determine Full Scale Delay Setting
The full scale delay range is configurable by setting the 3 digital inputs either high or low. This allows the user to select a full scale range that is smaller than the total RAM buffer size. R10, R11, and R12 are used to pull up the digital inputs. Switches S1-A, S1-B, and S1-C are a quad DIP switch. When any of the switches are closed, the corresponding digital input is pulled low.
The table included here shows the different full scale delay values possible based on the switch setting, sample rate,and RAM capacity,
Determine RAM Configuration
The microprocessor also determines whether the system is configured for one or two RAM chips. Resistor R13 needs to be used if two chips are to be used. When the circuit is first powered up, the microprocessor reads the line as an input. If the line is high, the software is configured for two RAM chips, and the addressing used internally is set up for that. The line will be used for the chip select signal for the second RAM chip in that configuration. If only one chip is to be used, pull the line low using R14. Only one of these resistors (either R13 or R14) should be populated at one time, depending on how many RAM chips are used. These lines need to be configured by tying them high or low via a large value resistor (10k was used here), otherwise the line to the microprocessor may be damaged.
The micro can operate with a maximum of 20MHz for the clock frequency. An external 20MHz oscillator (X1) is used here. All the circuitry here is run from 3.3V, but the oscillator is a 5 Volt part. Resistor R16 is put in series between the oscillator output and the microprocessor clock input, to limit current so that it can drive the 3.3V powered microprocessor without issue. Inside the microprocessor, the voltage of the clock pulses is clamped to 3.3V, and so the microprocessor input is not damaged.
Capacitor C6 is a bypass capacitor for the oscillator.
LED Indicator
LED1 is used to blink status or error codes to the user. R15 is used to limit the current through the LED. Capacitor C5 is a bypass capacitor for the microprocessor.
Microprocessor Pin Functions
This is a concise list of the function performed by each pin of the microprocessor
Pin 1
Audio Input. This is an analog input of the microprocessor which samples the input audio.
Pin 2
RAM configuration Input, also RAM2 Chip Select. At power up this line is an input, used to indicate the RAM configuration. High=2 RAM chips, Low=1 RAM chip. If two chips are used, this line is then switched to an output which used as the chip select line by the microprocessor to initiate SPI communication with the second RAM
Pin 3
Mode Setting. This is a digital input used to determine if the program will enter normal mode or the test mode. The line is read after power up, and the code runs the mode that is selected. High=normal mode, Low=test mode.
Pin 4
Sample Rate Selection. This is a digital input used to determine whether the sample rate should be 11025 Hz or 8000 Hz. High=, Low=. This setting only has an effect during normal operating mode, and it can be changed at any time during operation.
Pin 5
Pin 6
Chip select for DAC. This line is an output which is brought low by the microprocessor to initiate SPI communication with the DAC.
Pin 7
Serial Data Input. Data input to microprocessor. This line is the data input from the other SPI devices to the microprocessor.
Pin 8
Serial Data Out. Data output from microprocessor). This line is the data output from the
microprocessor to the other devices on the SPI bus.
Pin 9
Chip select for RAM1. This line is an output which is brought low by the microprocessor to initiate SPI communication with the first RAM
Pin 10
SCLK . Clock for SPI communications. This line is the clock used by the SPI devices. It is generated by the microprocessor and controls the clocking of data into and out of devices on the SPI bus.
Pin 11
Delay Range Select Input A (least significant bit)
Pin 12
Delay Range Select Input B
Pin 13
Delay Range Select Input C (most significant bit)
Pin 14
VCC (+3.3V power for microprocessor)
Pin 15
LED indicator output. The LED is used as an indicator during test mode.
Pin 16
Oscillator Input. An external 20MHz oscillator is used to drive this pin.
Pin 17
Pin 18
Delay setting Input. This is an analog input of the microprocessor which reads the delay setting
Step 5: SPI RAM
The RAM used here communicates with the microprocessor using the SPI interface. Capacitors C7 and C8 are
bypass capacitors for the two chips.
This design stores the waveform samples as 8 bit values. As such, it doesn't provide extremely high
fidelity audio, but it is better than AM radio quality. This circuit was designed to use Microchips' 23K256
RAM chips, which are 32k bytes in size. (32k by 8). Refer to the datasheet for the part for more details
about its operation.
The RAM is used as a large circular buffer. The maximum amount of delay possible depends on the size
of the buffer and the rate at which the input signal is sampled. The program loops constantly, storing
new samples into the RAM with each loop. When the number of samples exceeds the RAM size, it
wraps over and overwrites the oldest samples.
The system can use either one or two RAM chips, depending on how much capacity is needed. If two
RAMs are used, then the pull up resistor R13 must be used on the chip select line. This line is sampled
by the microprocessor at startup, and if it is pulled high, the program will be configured for two RAMs.
The program will then automatically adjust the way the addressing is handled, so that the two RAMs are
treated in the software as one large buffer. The CS input of the second RAM MUST be pulled high
through a resistor, NOT connected directly to VDD. If it is connected directly to VDD, it will short VDD to
ground when pulling the chip select line low and the processor may likely be damaged. When only one
RAM is used, the line should be pulled low, also through a resistor instead of directly to ground.
As mentioned earlier, the maximum delay depends on the buffer size and the sampling rate. Each
sample is one byte. The maximum amount of audio, in seconds, that can be stored is then given by:
Max Delay (in seconds) = Buffer size (in bytes) / Sample Rate (in samples per second)
So, if one 32k byte RAM chip is used, and the sample rate is 11025 samples per second, the maximum
delay that can be produced is:
Max Delay=32768 / 11025 = 2.972 seconds
If the sample rate is 8000 samples per second the maximum delay is:
Max Delay =32768 / 8000 = 4.096 seconds
If two RAM chips are used, the max delay times would be 5.944 seconds and 8.192 seconds, respectively
for the 11025 and 8000 samples per second rates.
Step 6: SPI DAC
and converts them to an analog value. It is a SPI device, and shares the data in, data out, and clock lines
with the SPI RAM.
The DAC used here a Microchip MCP4921. This DAC is actually a 12 bit device, but only 8 bits of
resolution are used. The four least significant bits of the values sent to the DAC will always be 0.
Refer to the datasheet for the part for more details about its operation.
Capacitor C9 is a bypass capacitor for the DAC.
Step 7: Reconstruction Filter
The filter used here is made up of two second order Salen-Key filters cascaded. Op amps U5-B and U5-a are the op amps, configured for an overall cutoff frequency of approximately 6 kHz. R18, R19, C15, and C16 set the cutoff frequency of the first filter section, and R20, R21, C17, and C18 set the cutoff frequency of the second filter section.
It is not really necessary to use a four pole filter. I designed a four pole filter in and left it in place. The first section can be used alone, with good results.
The graphs show how the input signal, raw DAC output, and filtered (reconstructed) outputs compare. The first graph shows the response when the input is a sine wave, and the second graph shows the response for an voice signal. Note the staircase shape of the raw DAQ output, and that this is largely removed by the reconstruction filter.
I've also include a graph showing the frequency domain representations of the case where the input is a voice signal. Note that the unfiltered DAC output contains images of the baseband voice signal around the sampling frequency (in this case, 11025 Hz). Also note that the spectrum of the signal output from the reconstruction filter has these image spectra filtered out, and closely resembles the spectrum of the input signal.
Step 8: Power Supply
Capacitors C10, C11, C12, C13, C14 and C15 are used for filtering on the inputs and outputs of the two regulators.
The 5V power is used only for the 20MHz oscillator and the optional output power amp. All the remaining circuitry (microprocessor, RAM, DAC, and op amps) are powered from 3.3V
Step 9: Optional Power Amplifier
The power amp is based on a LM386 audio amp (U7). The LM386 amp has a fixed gain of 20 as shown. C24 couples the output of the reconstruction filter to the power amp circuit, with resistor R25 and potentiometer R23 used to attenuate the input to the LM386 amplifier. The output of the reconstruction filter can already swing from 0 to +3.3V, so the output from the filter needs be be attenuated before it is input to the LM386 to prevent clipping or distortion.
C23 was included on the input of the LM386, to filter out interference from AM radio. Without it, the circuit was picking up a local AM station!
Capacitor C22 is used to couple the output of the LM386 to a speaker. R22 and C21 are used on the output of the 386 to prevent oscillation.
Note that U7 is powered from +5 volts. C19 and C20 are bypass capacitors on the power inputs to U7.
Step 10: Software
programming have been included here. The PDF file contains a high level flowchart of how the software
The software can run one of two modes: Normal Mode, and Test Mode.
Normal Mode:
In Normal mode, the software performs the primary function of playing back delayed audio. The attached PDF contains a flowchart showing the steps in the process.
In this mode the amount of delay is set by the range select switches and the voltage on the delay input. The sampling rate is determined by the sampling rate switch, allowing for either 8000Hz or 11025Hz sampling rates.
Special Test Mode:
Special Test Mode is a mode I included to help in verifying proper circuit performance after
construction. If this mode is selected, the following will happen after power up:
RAM Tests
The microprocessor tests the RAM by writing a value to it, and then trying to read it back. If the value
returned is a match, the test passes, and the LED will turn on for two seconds. If the value does not
match, then the LED blinks three times. If the circuit has both RAMs populated, the second RAM will be
tested as well, in the same manner, with the LED turning on for 2 seconds for a pass or blinking three
times for a fail.
DAC Test
The first part of the DAC test sends a value to the DAC so the proper output can be verified. First the
DAC will output 1/3 of full scale, and hold it for 3 seconds. It will then jump to 2/3 of full, scale, and hold
for 3 seconds, and then it will jump to full scale and hold for 3 seconds.
The next part of the DAC test the program will output a 1 kHz sine wave, swinging above and below the
½ VDD reference line. So, you should see a sine wave with an amplitude of abut 1.65V, swinging above
and below 1.65V. The sine wave output is on for 0.25 seconds, and then off for 0.25 seconds, and
repeats that way indefinitely.
Step 11: Construction
I constructed the circuit on a solderless breadboard. It just fit on one of the 840 point boards.
For an enclosure, I used a storage container I picked up at an office supply store. This particular style of box has cover held on by latches on each end. This makes opening the case for changes and adjustments very easy.
The breadboard fit well within the box, leaving just enough room for mounting switches and potentiometers. The input jacks for power, audio input, audio output, and delay setting are mounted to the sides and ends of the box. The potentiometers for delay setting and output amplifier volume are mounted on the front side. I mounted the gain select switch and the sample rate selection switches inside the enclosure.The picture shows the breadboard in the box, with the inputs and outputs labeled.
The delay range setting switches are part of a DIP switch mounted on the breadboard.
Step 12: Conclusion
The graph here (same as in Step 7) shows the signal input, DAC output, and reconstruction filter output. For frequencies less than half the sample rate, the circuit performs well at reconstructing the original signal.
As mentioned in the introduction, there are many possible uses for this circuit. If you can think of more, or have any questions, please comment.
I have an older ver of PIC START PLUS. The 16f88 is not in the file list. Would this software work on a 16f876? And if so what changes might have to be made?
Flin Flon, eh? I grew up in Winnipeg. I should let the author answer this, but I'll take a shot at it. The two chips ('f88 and 'f876) are different generations of PIC chips. Apart from the 18 pin vs 28 pin packages, you have to deal with the fact that the 'f88 has an internal 4 MHz oscillator. You could use a 16F876, but you'd have to rewrite the code for it, or at least change the configuration word and add an external ocillator. It's probably easier to spend a few dollars for the 'f88. You'll probably need to buy the memory and the DAC anyway.
I was able to load the code into a blank 16F88 and have it run with no modification. I can see it would be more fun to program it yourself for the chip you have.
Good Luck!
Can you increase the time delay by decreasing the frequency of your microprocessor clock? I would like to develop a time delay of about 15 to 20 seconds.
Reducing the clock frequency - or the sample rate would reduce your frequency response as well. We are already limited to 5KHz, about the quality of AM radio. You would have to adjust the filters to match the reduced cutoff frequency. You can get more delay by adding memory, but buffering 20 seconds of good quality audio might be a bit of a challenge. You probably could do it with the latest chips and their high memory density, but it would take a re-design, I would think.
To do this without a microprocessor would be unwieldy. You might consider getting an old cassette player/recorder or two and make a 20 second tape loop. This is low tech but was a method used in the radio industry to allow delayed transmission - for cutting out bad language on the phone or in interviews.
I'm glad to hear that the design worked out so well for you.
Good catch, I see what you are saying about the filter. I must have a typo or wrong value in my schematic, as the circuit wouldn't work if it had a 160Hz cutoff.
I built this project. Nice design! I am going to use it to sync sound to video on some of the Youtube videos. My video processor is way slower than the audio.
Please check the input anti-aliasing filter. The components in the circuit give a cutoff of 160 Hz. I put a copy of your output filter in - changed 4 parts to give 6 KHz cutoff.. It works great.
Loaded the hex code as is. It ran fine right off.
Would it be possible to get a parts list of the components needed to complete this?
If I get a chance I will try to load as complete of a bill of material as I can, but I don't know when I'll get to it.
You know those neighbors that are always raising hell at all hours? Even when you are not home they are stll at it. Set up a decently powered sound system wit one of these dealys and point a directional mic at the offending neighbors house along with a decent speaker or two in the same direction. When they play their music or whoop and holler, fight, run power tools, etc. they get the same noise returned to them on say a half to 3/4 second delay. But if they turn the music down or stop screaming at each other its quiet.
This would be very effective I think. If anything it has to be irritating.
Best, Smitty
That kind of thing would be a fun extension of this project, if I have the time. There is a video out there of some Japanese students who supposedly built a functioning device.
I have seen the video you are talking about and the device is still under development. Many big time companies are wanting to get ahold of it and the rights to manufacture it as a non lethal crowd disbersment tool.
DARPA is salavating over it!
Unfortunately it isnt as simple as just replaying the persons voice with a time delay. There are other things involved that need to be done with the sound to ensure that it works on whoever it is pointed at. The test that is on youtube is a controled test set to the individuals speech pattern, but the demo is valid.
I really think that my idea could be a big deterant to noisy neighbors, albeit you're other neighbors may start to complain about it if picks up their normal noises (baby crying, doing dishes, stuff like that). Thats something that the individual would have to figure out.
Also you might consider a small contact switch or two which send the LFO's signal back around to the in filter - would probably create some crazy effects.
Anyway, great job, very thorough detailed instructions.
I might lay this circuit out on a small PCB, and include a few extra features like that .
incidentally I have a stripboard layout for a function generator which maybe of some use to you and others interested in this project HERE


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Springsteen and I
Originally published 07/26/2013
Bruce: Every Historian's Favorite Rock Star
Where this summer can you see a man just dumped by his girlfriend receiving a consoling ovation from 20,000 people? Or where can you find video footage of a street musician jamming with an international rock star? And where can you eavesdrop on a working class couple dancing to a CD in their kitchen, possessing few creature comforts but happy in each other's arms?Only in the just released documentary film Springsteen and I, directed by Baillie Walsh and produced by Ridley Scott.
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The Big Ten returned seven of its top 10 rushers from the 2012 season, so it seemed likely that familiar names would fill this year's rushing chart. It hasn't worked out like that.
Only two players ranked in last year's top 10 -- Nebraska's Ameer Abdullah and Iowa's Mark Weisman -- are among the league's current top 10 ground gainers. The list features five backs who didn't enter the season as starters but have stepped up for injured teammates or simply because they were the best options. Today's poll question asks: Which Big Ten running back has been the biggest surprise so far this season?
You won't see Wisconsin's Melvin Gordon on the list because we don't consider his success surprising at all.
Here are the candidates, listed alphabetically:
Bill Belton, Penn State (Big Ten rushing rank: 7): Lions fans waiting for Belton to blossom are finally getting their wish. Zach Zwinak led Penn State's rushing attack in 2012 with 1,000 rush yards on 203 carries. But Zwinak's fumbling issues created an opening for Belton, who has cashed in during Big Ten play. Belton recorded the decisive fourth-down run in Penn State's four-overtime win against Michigan, quietly had a nice game against Ohio State and last week went for 201 yards and a touchdown in an overtime win against Illinois, the Lions' first 200-yard rushing performance since Larry Johnson in 2002.
David Cobb, Minnesota (Big Ten rushing rank: 5): The Gophers had every intention of establishing their ground game this season, but they pegged Donnell Kirkwood to do most of the heavy lifting. But an ankle injury in the opener slowed Kirkwood and Cobb, who had only one carry last season as a sophomore, is blossoming in a featured role. He established himself with 125 yards and two touchdowns in a non-league win against San Jose State. During Minnesota's current three-game Big Ten win streak, Cobb has three 100-yard rushing performances and 429 total yards on 80 carries.
Tevin Coleman, Indiana (Big Ten rushing rank: 4): After pushing Stephen Houston throughout the offseason, Coleman has emerged as one of many dangerous weapons on Indiana's offense. He has scored in every game this season, averaged 6.4 yards per carry and 131.6 all-purpose yards per game. Primarily a big-play run threat, Coleman also has contributed as a receiver (18 receptions, 164 yards) and as a kick returner.
Treyvon Green, Northwestern (Big Ten rushing rank: 9): Green has been a bright spot for an injury-plagued and inconsistent Wildcats offense this season. Top back Venric Mark has played only one full game because of injuries, but Green has filled the void with 612 rush yards and eight touchdowns on only 95 carries. Green has three 100-yard rushing efforts, including last Saturday at Nebraska, where he gashed the Huskers for 149 yards and three touchdowns on 19 carries.
Jeremy Langford, Michigan State (Big Ten rushing rank: 6): The Spartans entered the season with a pretty desperate situation at running back. They had moved backup middle linebacker Riley Bullough to the position in spring practice, and seemed likely to use several true freshmen at the position. But Langford took charge Oct. 12 against Indiana, racking up 109 rush yards and three touchdowns. He has eclipsed 100 yards on the ground in each of the past four games, scoring six touchdowns during the span. Along with quarterback Connor Cook and an improved offensive line, Langford is a big reason for the offense's turnaround.
Now it's time to vote. Let us know who is the Big Ten's surprise back.
B1G media day preview: Rutgers Scarlet Knights
41mAustin Ward
B1G media day preview: Purdue Boilermakers
2hDan Murphy
B1G media days preview: Penn State Nittany Lions
3hJosh Moyer
Why Maryland will -- or won't -- reach .500
4hJosh Moyer
B1G media days preview: Ohio State Buckeyes
4hBrian Bennett
Big Ten schools should bring their best players to Chicago
2hMitch Sherman
Why Minnesota will -- or won't -- win the West Division
23hAustin Ward
B1G media days preview: Northwestern Wildcats
1dAustin Ward
B1G media days preview: Nebraska Cornhuskers
23hMitch Sherman
Michigan gets rid of 'Legends' jerseys
1dDan Murphy
Why Purdue will -- or won't -- win a Big Ten home game
1dMitch Sherman
B1G media days preview: Minnesota Golden Gophers
1dJosh Moyer
B1G media days preview: Michigan State Spartans
1dBrian Bennett
Polynesian award watch list revealed
1dMax Olson
B1G media day preview: Michigan Wolverines
1dDan Murphy
Poll: B1G's most surprising running back


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Sevier County Arkansas Popular Travel Guides
A Journal of Travels into the Arkansas Territory during the Year 1819 (American Exploration and Travel Series)
2015 Good Sam RV Travel & Savings Guide: The Must-Have RV Travel Resource! (Good Sams Rv Travel Guide & Campground Directory)
Northwest Arkansas Travel Guide: (Includes Bentonville, Eureka Springs, Fayetteville, Rogers, Springdale, Siloam Springs)
Arkansas Off the Beaten Path®: A Guide to Unique Places (Off the Beaten Path Series)
Family Maps of Sevier County, Arkansas, Deluxe Edition
Wildflowers of Arkansas
Arkansas Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff (Curiosities Series)
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ARKANSAS: A Narrative History
Arkansas Waterfalls Guidebook: How to Find 133 Spectacular Waterfalls & Cascades in "The Natural State"
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Final Destinations: A Travel Guide for Remarkable Cemeteries in Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana
Arkansas Lawn Guide: Attaining and Maintaining the Lawn You Want (Guide to Midwest and Southern Lawns)
The Lawn Guide Series takes the mystery out of lawn care and maintenance. The book describes how to properly plant, fertilize and water as well as recommendations on how to .....More Info
Arkansas Hiking Trails: A Guide to 78 Selected Trails in "The Natural State"
This popular guidebook is the most complete resource available on Arkansas hiking trails. It contains 78 maps and complete descriptions of trails all over the state - from short n..More Info
Animal Tracks of Missouri and Arkansas (Animal Tracks Guides)
Concise descriptions of the animals and their tracks are combined with detailed drawings of the front and back prints, stride patterns and other important identifying aspects. Eac..More Info
Northwest Arkansas Travel Guide: (Includes Bentonville, Eureka Springs, Fayetteville, Rogers, Springdale, Siloam Springs)
The Northwest Arkansas Travel Guide captures the area's best outdoor activities - from fishing and water sports to hiking, camping, and biking - while also showcasing its fabulous ..More Info
Home Waters: Guide to Fishing Northern Arkansas, Western Tennessee, and Southern Missouri
Books is new and clear of any flaws. All the maps are accounted for and there is no writing, highlighting, and or tears. Hand inspected before listing and shipping for quality ..More Info
Arkansas Off the Beaten Path®: A Guide to Unique Places (Off the Beaten Path Series)
Arkansas Off the Beaten Path features the things travelers and locals want to see and experience––if only they knew about them. From the best in local dining to quirky cult..More Info
Explorer's Guide 50 Hikes in the Ozarks: Walks, Hikes, and Backpacks in the Mountains, Wildernesses, and Geological Wonders of Arkansas and Missouri (Explorer's 50 Hikes)
50 of the most scenic and spectacular walks and hikes in the Ozark Mountain range. This guide from prolific hiking author Johnny Molloy features tours of military battlefields, geo..More Info
Swimming Holes of the Ozarks: A Guide to 85 Great Places to Cool Off in Arkansas and Missouri
This is a brand new guidebook and the first by Harrison resident and Ozark native Glenn Wheeler. Glenn grew up on the Buffalo River and spent many years exploring dozens of gorgeo..More Info
National Audubon Society Regional Guide to the Southeastern States: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, … (National Audubon Society Field Guide)
Filled with concise descriptions and stunning photographs, the National Audubon Society Field Guide to the Southeastern States belongs in the home of every resident of the Southeas..More Info
Rand McNally Arkansas Easy to Fold (Laminated)
The durable and convenient Arkansas EasyToFold state map will take all the wear and tear your journey can dish out. The heavy-duty laminated design allows you to mark your route, ..More Info
Flyfisher's Guide to Missouri & Arkansas (Flyfisher's Guides) (Flyfisher's Guides)
The authors Larry Kinder and Dan Limbaugh grew up in Missouri & Arkansas. They spent their early years fishing the streams and lakes for bass and trout. This is the most complete..More Info
Family Maps of Sevier County, Arkansas, Deluxe Edition
Locating original landowners in maps has never been an easy task--until now. This volume in the Family Maps series contains newly created maps of original landowners (patent maps)..More Info
Arkansas Wildflowers
Don Kurz is a walking encylopedia of knowledge of wild things in Arkansas, with a special passion for wildflowers. He is also a great nature photographer-his photos not only illus..More Info
Arkansas Wildlife: An Introduction to Familiar Species (State Nature Guides)
Convenient and helpful, this pocket-sized pamphlet presents more than 140 species of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies/insects, and fishes found in Arkansas and co..More Info
Explorer's Guide Arkansas (Explorer's Complete)
"A classy series with encyclopedic coverage. "—National Geographic Traveler. Now with color highlights inside!In this, the only comprehensive travel guide to Arkansas, Wo..More Info
Wildflowers of Arkansas
This is the most complete wildflower book for Arkansas and also has great interest for surrounding states. Six-hundred species are described, accompanied by hundreds of color phot..More Info
National Geographic Driving Guide To America: Texas, And Louisiana, Mississippi, Arkansas, And Oklahoma
Hiking Arkansas: Nature Walks and Day Hikes
From the Mississippi bottomlands in the east to the hill country of the Ouachita and Ozark mountains in the west, Arkansas offers a wide range of excellent, four-season opportuniti..More Info
A Journal of Travels into the Arkansas Territory during the Year 1819 (American Exploration and Travel Series)
This is the famous naturalist Thomas Nuttall's only surviving complete journal of his American scientific explorations. The account follows Nuttall's route from Philadelphia..More Info
Arkansas: An Illustrated Atlas
This book goes beyond traditional atlases by using colorful graphics, fun facts, and up-to-date statistics to explain, describe, and illuminate our state. .....More Info
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Sevier County AR Articles
Visiting De Queen ArkansasSunday, April 14thDe Queen, Arkansas The town De Queen, Arkansas was originally named DeGeoijen, after a coffee broker. However, due to problems of pronunciation the name was changed to
Get to Know Sevier County ArkansasMonday, March 11thThe county of Sevier in the southwestern part of Arkansas has as its next-door neighbor the state of Oklahoma. Four rivers flow into the county, where each has been impou
National Parks in ArkansasFriday, February 1stArkansas, the "natural state," is deep in history and rich in opportunities for those who relish the outdoors. The national parks in Arkansas present excellent introd
Fun and Historical State Parks in ArkansasSaturday, January 5thArkansas has some really nice state parks. These parks are great places to engage in recreational activities. Many of the parks are also historical in nature. Four of the


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Motorola launches 3 new Android phones with 'amazing value'
Motorola announced three new Android 5.1.1 (Lollipop) phones on Tuesday, including a high-end model that will be sold this fall in the U.S. as the Moto X Style Pure Edition, starting at the low price of $400 unlocked.
By Matt Hamblen | 29 July, 2015 02:43
Windows 10's decade of support starts when customer begins using the OS
Microsoft will provide feature and functionality updates and upgrades to Windows 10 for a full 10 years from the time the OS is purchased -- as part of a new device, for example -- an analyst briefed by the company said Tuesday.
By Gregg Keizer | 22 July, 2015 21:41
In Pictures: Top Cloud Infrastructure-as-a-Service vendors
Choosing the right Cloud Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) provider is growing increasingly difficult in a highly competitive market. Here are the top IaaS players identified by Gartner and their recommended use cases.
By Thor Olavsrud | 15 July, 2015 08:59
PC shipments decline worldwide as market readies for Windows 10
Worldwide PC shipments in the second quarter of 2015 declined 11.8 percent compared to the same period a year ago, according to a report released by IDC on Thursday.
By Blair Hanley Frank | 10 July, 2015 11:19
Gartner: No help for the PC biz from Windows 10
Windows 10 won't help the struggling PC business out of its multi-year slump in 2015, according to researcher Gartner. But it might next year.
By Gregg Keizer | 08 July, 2015 06:43
Windows 10 fragmentation? What fragmentation?
Microsoft's Windows 10 will not have a fragmentation problem, analysts argued, even though its rapid development tempo and a host of update cadences will spin off so many versions that not everyone will be running the same code, or even have the same features, at any one time.
By Gregg Keizer | 13 July, 2015 22:04
Does Fortinet's Meru buy mean we're in for even more Wi-Fi industry consolidation?
Cybersecurity firm Fortinet's purchase last week of wireless network manufacturer Meru Networks for $44 million is the second major acquisition of a Wi-Fi hardware vendor in three months and, potentially, the start of a broader pattern.
By Jon Gold | 05 June, 2015 06:14
Android Pay likely at Google I/O as Samsung preps its own service
Google is expected to reveal details about Android Pay at its annual I/O conference this week, even as Samsung readies its own separate mobile payment service.
By Matt Hamblen | 28 May, 2015 23:41
iPaaS: A new approach to cloud Integration
This vendor-written tech primer has been edited by Network World to eliminate product promotion, but readers should note it will likely favor the submitter's approach.
By By Craig Stewart, Senior Director of Product Management, SnapLogic | 01 April, 2015 06:37
Microsoft answers Windows device share slump with freemium strategy
Microsoft's strategic shift to creating apps and services for rival operating systems was born from the hard realization that Windows' share of the total device market was in the middle of a three-year slump, according to new forecasts Thursday by research firm Gartner.
By Gregg Keizer | 21 March, 2015 01:53
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For the eighteenth consecutive year, Check Point has been positioned in the "Leaders" quadrant in the Magic Quadrant for Enterprise Network Firewalls1. Gartner evaluates each vendor's Enterprise Network Firewall offerings on a scale of completeness of vision and ability to execute.
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Mikropumpen machen Brennstoffzellen mobil
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Für den Einsatz in Brennstoffzellen für portable Geräte hat Alps Electric eine Familie von Mikropumpen und Microventilen entwickelt. Die Pumpen stellen ein wesentliches Element für die Einführung dieser innovativen Energiequellen dar.
ClientLogic and SITEL Merge Becomes Official
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Synergy sets out to provide enhanced services to clients' business process outsourcing needs.
Bluetooth modules feature high-output antenna
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In an effort to help designers easily implement wireless connectivity into their systems, Free2move AB has launched a series of Bluetooth modules that support Bluetooth Version 2.0 + enhanced data rate (EDR) and are certified according to CE and FCC.
M-LVDS receivers cut board space, power in backplane apps
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TI has developed a pair of dedicated M-LVDS receivers that are aimed at cutting board space, power consumption and cost in backplane applications, such as cellular base stations, central office switches, network switches, routers and AdvancedTCA systems.
MISSION impossible
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he accounting profession classifies inventory as an asset on corporate balance sheets, but many in the electronics industry consider this a misnomer. Inventories, they argue, would be better managed across the supply chain if executives and midlevel managers treated them as a liability.
Balancing act
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In a perfect world, everything comes out even. Socks emerge from the dryer in pairs, every bolt has a matching nut and each holiday card you write has an envelope of the correct size, shape and color.
Reasonable expectations
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As a group, electronics manufacturers operate within an environment filled with expectations and goals that are often highly unrealistic. Companies condition their customers to expect regular, sometimes yearly, upgrades to equipment that already reaches high-performance levels. The computing power available to consumers advances every three months or so, and woe to the manufacturer that makes a cell phone with a shelf life longer than a fly's life span. This is an industry forever in search of t
Reach consortia: a law perspective
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There are compelling reasons for closely surveying consortia arrangements to ensure adequate antitrust compliance under the European Union's Reach (Registration, Evaluation and Authorization of Chemicals) regulations.
India rising
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Many Western companies are eager to expand business in the world's most populous democracy, according to a recent survey on manufacturing and outsourcing in India conducted by
Electronics Supply & Manufacturing
and Technology Forecasters Inc. But while the level of interest is high, the floodgates have not yet opened, as many industry managers polled remain cautious about the country's competitiveness.
The loudest beats
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It doesn't fully qualify as the killer application the electronics industry has been seeking, but the companies that are embracing its promise may find the cell phone/digital music player combo a financial winner.
SCM 2007: What's in, what's out
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The year just past marked a period of continued transformation for the electronics industry supply chain, as business dynamics intensified. As the new year commences, supply chain professionals are examining lessons learned in 2006 and determining how best to address the challenges that lie ahead.
Power couple
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Manufacturers' business needs have changed significantly over the past several years, transforming the roles that technology plays within the manufacturing process. Two key technologies, enterprise resource planning (ERP) and product life cycle management (PLM), have developed into critical success factors for manufacturers. Each technology brings unique value to the enterprise, and when combined, ERP and PLM provide a wholly collaborative environment that has a major impact on successful produc
Quest for dominance
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One of the biggest factors at play in China's electronic component distribution market is that it is a major market where the globally dominant players don't have double-digit share. Eventually, the market will consolidate, with the main players achieving dominance, but cultural habits aren't broken overnight. Certainly, as China's legal system improves and the R-factor--relationships--declines in importance, change will come. But it will take a while to rationalize China's component distributio
Boards simplify Lean workflow, inventory tracking
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Keep it simple: It's the core principle of Lean manufacturing. But straightforward as it may sound, in this age of digital wizardry and computerized everything, it's not always easy to do.
Revised database tool tackles ease-of-use, 'green' requirements
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Searching for component data within your own enterprise shouldn't be a hassle, but many companies still struggle to find the right part when they need it. PartMiner Inc. took that message from customers to heart when it designed the latest version of its component database, CAPS Connect ES.
Wish List to reality
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Maintaining appropriate inventory levels, particularly for higher-mix, lower-volume projects, can be a challenge for OEMs in the outsourcing process. When the supply chain is out of sync, it is usually poor information flow, rather than poor inventory management, that is the root cause. Often, the issue is the disruption and time lag inherent in the lines of communication that have evolved among the OEM, electronics manufacturing services (EMS) provider and supply base.
Apple, Cisco near deal over iPhone name
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Apple and Cisco are nearing an agreement that could solve their dispute over rights to the iPhone name in an out-of-court settlement. However, the companies said they need more time to conclude discussions on "trademark rights and interoperability".
Inventory issues thwart Epcos sales
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Customer inventory reductions dragged down the sales of passive component manufacturer Epcos AG in its first quarter of FY 2007. In a year-over-year comparison, however, the company could significantly raise sales and profit.
Lenovo boosts worldwide profits, but slumps In Americas
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PC maker Lenovo reported above-industry growth for its fiscal fourth quarter, showing profitability in every region but the Americas where its sales declined and it lost money.
Piezoelectric-type pump offers long operational life as well as high-discharge output.
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ALPS Electric has developed a piezoelectric-type pump for liquid-based cooling systems. Compatible with all broadcast systems, it offers long operational life as well as high-discharge output.
Hugo De Man set to receive Pederson Award at ISSCC
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The IEEE has named Hugo De Man as the recipient of its 2007 Donald O. Pederson Award in Solid-State Circuits, recognizing his leadership in integrated circuit design and design methodology.
Automotive infotainment gets connected, says iSupply
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The growing popularity of portable media players and downloadable contents has left its traces in automotive electronics suppliers. According to market researcher iSuppli, they have started to add connectivity to automotive infotainment systems.
Worldwide adapter reduces manufacturing costs, simplifies inventory
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The PSB05R series 5 W adapter is available with four interchangeable clip adapter plugs for use in virtually any power outlet around the world.
Apple, Cisco near deal over iPhone name
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Apple and Cisco are nearing an agreement that could solve their dispute over rights to the iPhone name in an out-of-court settlement. However, the companies said they need more time to conclude discussions on "trademark rights and interoperability".
Sieben Trends für die Telekommunikation
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Welche Trends werden die Telekommunikation im laufenden Jahr kennzeichnen und neue Möglichkeiten für Enduser erschließen? Aus Sicht von Siemens sind Multimedia und die Konvergenz von Festnetz und Mobilfunk die beiden wichtigsten - aber nicht die einzigen.
Monolithic doppler phase shifter targets portable ultrasound
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The AD8339 is a quad programmable I&Q demodulator with phase shifter that is suited for medical ultrasound systems.
Metalink losses put at $16.2 million for 2006
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Revenues at fabless semiconductor supplier Metalink Ltd. (Yakum, Israel) fell in the fourth quarter to $3.6 million, compared to $4.2 million for the third quarter of 2006. Revenues for the fourth quarter of 2005 were $4.4 million.
Vertigo project to raise EU role in embedded design
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Work has started on a European research project that aims to ensure that Europe's electronics industry can maintain its competitive position in embedded systems. Dubbed Vertigo for Verification and validation of Embedded System Design workbench and part of the EU's Sixth Framework Programme , the project brings together ST Microelectronics, Aerielogic and TransEDA Systems linked with four Universities.
Weak Christmas, inventory glut slows Wolfson growth
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Sales at Wolfson Microelectronics for the last quarter of 2006 were $52.6 million (£27.6 million) , 9 percent down on the corresponding period last year, and the company warned of a relatively slow start to 2007.
Nomination chez Soitec
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Le spécialiste français du silicium sur isolant Soitec a annoncé la nomination de Paul Boudre en tant que vice-président exécutif, en charge des ventes, du marketing et du support client.
Inventory issues thwart Epcos sales
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; Customer inventory reductions dragged down the sales of passive component manufacturer Epcos AG in its first quarter of FY 2007. In a year-over-year comparison, however, the company could significantly raise sales and profit.
What We Have Here Is A Failure to Communicate
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To understand why customers are angry, you have to first understand why they are happy. And satisfied.
Lasting Motivation: Avoid the Formulas ... Embrace the Principles!
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Motivation means creating an environment in which the motivation already resident in each person can flourish.
This Time You Should C.A.R.E.
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You don't work in a call center, you work in a Customer Awareness and Response Environment. No, really.
Service Delivery: How Fast Is Fast Enough?
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Callers don't call because they want to -- they call because they have to. For them, a five-minute call is better than a 15-minute call because it provides them with 10 more minutes of their life back.
New Methods to Measure Performance
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With the emergence of speech and predictive analytics, call centers have many more ways to evaluate their communication with customers.
Head-mounted Interpersonal Communications Gear
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Yes, there are best practices you can follow regarding headsets. Don't laugh -- these ubiquitous and seemingly mature devices are the last link in the chain between you and your customers.
Where are your next 1,000 workers coming from?
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Centers large and small face the prospect of cyclically replacing skilled agents with fresh hires due to perennially high turnover. Here's how to tackle one side of that equation: finding a reservoir of talent.
Capture the customer experience by tapping IVR
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The very technology that is oft lambasted for lowering customer satisfaction is now being used to measure it.
Staffing Strategies for Crafty Managers
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Nifty tricks for putting warm bodies in their seats.
NatSemi sichert sich Xignal AG
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Der Chiphersteller National Semiconductor hat den Datenwandler-Spezialisten Xignal Technologies gekauft.
In-Depth Review: RF network analyzer packs sophistication, ease of use
Product News
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In-Depth Review: Test-and-measurement house Agilent Technologies introduces its PNA-X instrument for RF and microwave network analysis. Operable from 10-MHz out to 26.5-GHz, this network analyzer offers a unique single-connection approach to 2-tone and swept local-oscillator measurements. An integrated second signal source and signal combining network rounds it out.
Engineering education prepares for 2020
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An "experiential" approach to engineering education is needed to prepare students for 2020 and beyond, said Leah Jamieson, dean of engineering at Purdue University, in a DesignCon keynote speech.
China's Actions Semi pursuing acquisitions
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In an unusual move for a Chinese design house, Actions Semiconductor is combing the landscape, looking for acquisition opportunities at home and abroad as it seeks to grow beyond its core MP3 market.
Cadence 2006 revenue up 12 percent
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Cadence Design Systems had a "fantastic" 2006 fourth quarter, said Mike Fister, Cadence CEO. Revenue was up 14 percent for the quarter and 12 percent for the year.
Dell still No. 1
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Hewlett-Packard's fourth-quarter jump in PC shipments wasn't quite enough to topple Dell from its top spot for annual worldwide sales, but the race is getting closer.
Michael Dell back as Dell CEO
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Kevin Rollins has quit abruptly as Dell CEO, and company chairman and founder Michael Dell is taking over the chief executive post, the computer hardware giant said Wednesday.
Tech pay rises, but job-mood sinks, say new reports
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Tech professionals happily reported their wages rose last year, but their mood about jobs dipped last month, according to findings of several new reports released on Wednesday.
Avnet teams with Stratum on RFID solutions
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Avnet Technology Solutions this week said it has partnered with manufacturer Stratum Global to bring RFID solutions to market through the distributor's enterprise mobility group.
Dell 2.0: Founder reassumes role of CEO
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Dell Inc. founder Michael Dell replaced Kevin Rollins re-assume the role of CEO of the company, effective immediately, the company said.
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Startups: The Vital Seeds of the Electronics Industry
September 8, 1pm EDT Tuesday
In conjunction with unveiling of EE Times Silicon 60 list, journalist & Silicon 60 researcher Peter Clarke hosts a conversation on startups in the electronics industry. One of Silicon Valley's great contributions to the world has been the demonstration of how the application of entrepreneurship and venture capital to electronics and semiconductor hardware can create wealth with developments in semiconductors, displays, design automation, MEMS and across the breadth of hardware developments. But in recent years concerns have been raised that traditional venture capital has turned its back on hardware-related startups in favor of software and Internet applications and services. Panelists from incubators join Peter Clarke in debate.
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October 26, 1pm EDT Monday
Intended and Unintended Consequences of Autonomous Cars
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text:
'Residence Architecture'
Lily Lake Residence Architecture and Design by Bohlin Cywinski Jackson
This is a residence in the area of Pennsylvania. This is Lily Lake residence of homes near the lake and was at the ranch. Lily lake residence is surrounded by wild grass, which is an addition to the elegance of decoration, architecture and design. This Lily Lake residence is full of such material made of [...]Read More
Kowalewski Residence Architecture by Belmont Freeman
Kowalewski Residence was designed as the primary residence for a family with two small children. For privacy, the street facade is nearly blank, while the principal rooms all open onto the garden to the south. The ground floor has an open plan for casual living and maximum connection to the outdoors. The second floor a [...]Read More
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