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A bathymetric lidar survey is the most cost efficient method of producing bathymetric maps in near shore areas where the ocean bottom is both highly variable and of greatest importance for shipping and recreation. So far, not much attention has been paid to the influence of bottom materials on the lidar signals. This study addresses this issue using a Monte Carlo modeling technique. The Monte Carlo simulation includes a plane parallel water body and a flat bottom with or without seagrass. The seagrass canopy structure is adopted from Zimmerman (2003). Both the surface of the seagrass leaves and the bottom are assumed to be Lambertian. Convolution with the lidar pulse function followed by the median operator is used to reduce the variance of the resultant lidar waveform. Two seagrass orientation arrangements are modeled: seagrass in still water with random leaf orientation and seagrass with a uniform orientation as would be expected when under the influence of a water current. For each case, two maximum canopy heights, 0.5 m and 1 m, three shoot densities, 100, 500, and 1000, and three bending angles, 5, 25, and 45 degrees, are considered. The seagrass is found to induce a depth bias that is proportional to an effective leaf area index (eLAI) and the contrast in reflectance between the seagrass and the bottom material.
1. Introduction
Airborne bathymetric lidar is a proven technology that can deliver bathymetric maps with high value to cost ratio. The system is mostly used in coastal zones where standard bathymetric mapping using conventional ship-based sonar is either too dangerous because of shallow depths and surf, or too expensive since multiple platforms (from small boats to large vessels) are needed to cover both the shallow and deep areas with any efficiency [1–3].
In determining depth from airborne lidar, it is generally assumed that the ocean bottom is clean and locally flat. In the natural environment, the ocean bottom varies significantly, both in depth and bottom characteristics, and the depth bias introduced by these factors is poorly understood. When seagrass is present, the greatest concern is whether the depth estimation will be biased [4,5]. The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of the presence of seagrass on the lidar waveform – the time history of the lidar return – from which water depth is estimated.
Lidar systems are widely employed both in ocean remote sensing and atmospheric studies [6,7]. Several analytical models for lidar systems are available, all of which rely on some degrees of simplification of the multiple scattering [7–11]. However, the complexity of representing the optical interactions on a seagrass bottom prohibits the implementation of any of these. A more practical approach is to use Monte Carlo simulation for the lidar signal [12–16].
2. Airborne bathymetric lidar system
For this study, the specifications of SHOALS1000 [17,18] are used to guide the modeling. The operational altitude range of SHOALS1000 is 200 - 400 m. The laser source transmits a 7 ns pulse at the repetition rate of 1 kHz. The energy scattered back from the water and the bottom can be stored at 1 ns resolution for data post processing. Table 1 lists the optical specifications of SHOALS1000 lidar system. In this study, the altitude of the lidar system is set at 400 m, at which SHOALS1000 usually operates. The transmitter and the receiver both are modeled as circular disks and located at the same position. The laser pulse enters the water at 20° nadir angle.
3. The Monte Carlo simulation
The essence of a Monte Carlo simulation is to follow a photon from the light source through all possible events (transmission, absorption, scattering, and reflection) that it may experience until reaching the receiver. This procedure is then repeated for each photon used for a simulation run. Each interaction event is determined by a properly associated probability function and the assigned physical properties of the materials (absorptivity, scattering phase function, etc.).
When a photon starts from the light source, it is assigned an initial weight of representing its initial energy. This quantity only represents the amount of energy carried by a virtual photon; it is not the energy of a photon in quantum physics. The distance traveled by the photon is recorded in order to allocate the photon energy in the appropriate time bin for lidar waveform construction. The lidar system digitizes the recorded signals into discrete intervals. These intervals are called time bins.
The Monte Carlo simulation for this study consists of several components to represent the natural environment and a specific lidar system: the photon, the optical hardware, the water body, the flat bottom, and the seagrass bed. The photon is traced through transmission and reflection at the air/water interface, scattering and absorption in the water, reflection and absorption at the ocean floor, and reflection, absorption, and transmission by the leaves of the seagrass. Atmospheric attenuation of the lidar signal is not considered because the operational altitude of the bathymetric lidar system is 400 m and the optical depth between the sensor and the ocean is assumed to be negligible.
The simulation begins with a photon emitted from the light source – in this case a laser – constrained by the transmitter FOV and the diameter of the light source. The details of the Monte Carlo technique used in this study are described below. A more detailed description of the technique can be found elsewhere [19,20].
In the description of the Monte Carlo processes, represents the photon energy before an interaction event with the air/water interface, water, seagrass leaves, or bottom while represents the photon energy after such an event.
3.1. Air/water interface processes
When the photon enters the air/water interface from above the water, the photon weight is reduced according to Fresnel reflectance,
When the photon contacts the air/water interface from below the water, three cases are tested. First, if the photon experiences total internal reflection, the photon weight does not change. Second, if the photon does not experience total internal reflection and would not be detectable by the sensor after exiting the water, only the reflected path is followed and the photon weight is reduced according to Fresnel reflectance. Last, if the photon will be detectable by the sensor after it exits the water, the photon weight is reduced by the Fresnel reflectance and is collected by the sensor and the photon is terminated. For the first two cases, the photon will change direction according to the law of reflection.
3.2. In water processes
The attenuation coefficient, c (m−1), the scattering coefficient, b (m−1), and the scattering phase function, (sr−1), are the water IOPs (Inherent Optical Properties; the quantities that are independent of the illumination distribution), and θ is the scattering angle. After entering the water, the path length that the photon will travel is
When the photon advances to the new location according to the randomly generated path length, if it is still in the water, i.e., no interactions with air/water interface or bottom materials (seagrass or ocean bottom), the photon energy is reduced by
The physical explanation of Eq. (3) is that the photon loses energy due to absorption by the water. At that point, the photon will be scattered with a reduced weight. The scattered direction of the photon is determined by its phase function , which describes the probability that a photon is scattered at angle θ. When integrated over all possible scattering directions the integral sums to unity:
The water is modeled as consisting of two scattering components: pure sea water and particles. The phase function of pure sea water can be determined from Rayleigh theory:
The particle phase function used here is that provided by [19], which is based on three phase function measurements of natural water from [21]. The phase function of the modeled sea water is then computed by combining a fraction of the phase function of pure sea water and that of particles .
Because Eq. (5) integrates to unity and has only one variable, the probability density function (pdf) of the scattering angle of a photon scattered from the water-particle mixture can be defined as
The scattering angle of the scattered photon is determined using a new Λ and the relationship
In the simulation, the azimuth angle of the scattered photon is randomly chosen between 0 and 2π. So, another Λ is generated, and the azimuth angle of the scattered photon is 2πΛ.
After scattering in the water column or reflection from the bottom (see Section 3.3) photons must be traced back to the receiver. If each photon were followed until it reached the receiver, an unrealistic amount of computation time would be required. Because the receiver has a small aperture size and FOV, the probability of a single photon arriving at the receiver is almost zero. To improve the efficiency of the simulation, each photon in the water is assigned a fractional energy proportional to the probability that it will be scattered or reflected in the direction of the receiver [12,13,15,22]. For scattered photons we may write,Figure 1(a) shows the geometric relationship of these quantities.
Fig. 1
3.3. Ocean bottom processes
The ocean bottom is assumed to be a flat, Lambertian surface, which reflects the photon according to a cosine function. In the first attempt to investigate the influence of the presence of the seagrass, the bottom materials are modeled with this simplest assumption. A tilted bottom with a non-Lambertian surface can be added easily later on. Adding a bottom topology is possible, but will further complicate the model, would require more computational time, and is not necessary for the present purpose.
After reflection from the ocean bottom, the photon weight is reduced by,
To determine a randomly chosen , a new Λ is generated and is determined as:
Another independent Λ is generated and the azimuth angle of the reflected photon is 2πΛ. As with the proportional energy collection of photons in the water, the weight contributed to the detected signal by a photon reflected from the bottom isEq. (15) have the same definition as those in Eq. (11).
3.4. The seagrass bed processes
The seagrass canopy structure model is adopted from [23], which is deduced from field measurements of 32 turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König) populations near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas, and three eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) populations from California and Washington, USA. Both species of seagrass are modeled as elongated rectangular strips with a thickness of 250 μm and width of 5 cm [23]. In the Monte Carlo simulation, the seagrass is treated as if the blades had zero thickness in order to save the computation time while an absorption is assigned to the passage of the photon through the leaf. The temporal bias introduced by this simplification is on the order of one-millionth of a nano-second, which is much smaller than the sampling time of the normal lidar system, and is negligible. The nomenclature for describing seagrass structure is the same as in [23]. A sigmoid function is used to describe the vertical biomass distribution of the seagrass bed [23]:Eq. (16) without physical meaning. Basal biomass is related to the optically active biomass a few centimeters above seabed. However, it is strictly a fitting coefficient and cannot be measured directly. From the regression analysis of [23],
The bending angle of a seagrass leaf γ describes the tilt of a seagrass leaf away from the zenith, i.e., 0° corresponds to standing vertically and 90°corresponds to laying horizontally on the bottom. Since the seagrass leaf is assumed to consist of rectangular strips with homogeneous mass density, regardless of the different age stage of each leaf, Eq. (16) is essentially the pdf of the length of seagrass leaf in the bed.
It is worth mentioning that the biomass distribution is expressed as a percentage and is independent of the bending angles of the seagrass leaves. To determine the length of leaf according to the vertical seagrass biomass distribution and to avoid a complicated integration of Eq. (16), the acceptance-rejection method [24] is used, where two random numbers of uniform distribution between 0 and 1, Λ1 and Λ2, are generated independently. If23] and will be used for all the simulations for seagrass bed reconstruction as a representation of natural turtlegrass and eelgrass beds.
The reflection and transmission processes of the seagrass leaves are assumed to be Lambertian. Since no descriptions of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) or the Bidirectional Transmission Distributional Function (BTDF) of seagrass or monocot at leaf scale were found in the literature search, we justify the Lambertian assumption based on measurements and simulation of a dicot leaf. The major components of dicot leaf tissue consist of cuticle, epidermis, palisade cells, and spongy cells. The cuticle is the protective skin of the leaf and exists on both sides. Palisade cells are at the upper surface, while spongy cells are at the lower surface. Palisade cells serve as light guides to spongy cells. The two seagrasses under investigation are monocot leaves, which lack palisade cells.
In a ray-tracing model of a dicot leaf, with light incident at angle ranging from 0 to 60 degrees off nadir, the BTDF is close to that of a Lambertian transmitter [25]. In a reflectance measurement of the lower surface of a dicot leaf, with light incident at angles ranging from –30 to 30 degrees off nadir, the BRDF is close to that of a Lambertian reflector [26]. For both cases, spongy cells are at the exiting side of the leaf and act as an efficient light scatter. For seagrass leaves, full of spongy cells, the BRDF and BTDF can be assumed to be Lambertian.
In order to calculate the photon energy collected by the receiver, one must know whether the photon is reflected or transmitted to the receiver by the seagrass leaf. For the reflected case, the energy arriving at the receiver is
Figures 1(b) and 1(c) show the geometric relationship of the quantities in Eq. (21) and Eq. (22). The variables in Eqs. (21) and (22) have the same definition as those in Eq. (11).
Before allowing the photon to proceed on to the next path segment, one must decide if the photon is reflected from or transmitted through the seagrass leaf. A new Λ is generated and compared with the ratio . The photon is reflected if Λ is less than , otherwise it is transmitted though the leaf. The resultant photon weight for both cases is
3.5. Variance reduction and simulation verification
The result of the Monte Carlo simulation is the combination of all the possible events undergone by all of the photons that occur in the natural environment, each with a distinct probability. The final result, itself, has all the characteristics of a probability function. Hence, there is noise (variance) associated with the computed waveform. The resultant waveform will be more meaningful if the noise can be minimized. To reduce the noise, the simplest strategy is to increase the number of photons involved in the simulation. However, the noise decreases as a function of inverse square root of number of photons used [19]. For a time-invariant sensor, the noise will decrease to an acceptably low value with a reasonable increase of computation time. For the lidar system, however, the photon energy is distributed over the time span of the detector (1 ns intervals), which means that the probability of the photon arrives at the receiver within a particular time interval is quite low. A significant increase in the number of photons in the simulation – substantially increasing the required processing time – only results in a marginal decrease in noise.
A number of 10 million photons are used for each simulation through out this study. Two simulation results with different particle attenuation coefficients are shown in Fig. 2 (denoted as thin lines). It is a common feature in the simulated data that the basic lidar waveform seems to follow the lowest trend in the data and that most of the variance appears as positive spikes (higher return energy) as a result of photon counting process, which is essentially Poisson noise [27]. In order to remove the Poisson noise, we devise a median filter strategy, which conducts the simulation run nine times and the median operator is then applied to the nine resultant waveforms for each time bin. To further mitigate simulation noise and save computation time, each simulation is set up with the laser pulse length of 1 ns. The intermediate resultant median waveform is then convolved with the original pulse function (a 7 ns square function in this study) to produce the final waveform. Figure 2 shows the comparison between the normal simulation (photons fired within 7 ns pulse) and the simulation using the convolution of the median waveform (photons fired within 1 ns, repeated 9 times, apply the median operator to the 9 waveforms, the resultant median waveform is convolved with a 7 ns square pulse) for an ocean bottom at 20 m depth. The process is repeated for two different particle attenuation coefficients and the bottom peaks are collocated at the same position for both cases. The time starts from 0 when the 7 ns pulse starts firing.
Fig. 2
Furthermore, verification of the simulation results is achieved by comparing results of the simulation code with those for the PREMAR-2F model [22] using the same settings for the lidar system, water body, and ocean bottom (results not shown here). This confirms that the Monte Carlo code is suitable to investigating the bottom return of the lidar waveform.
4. Results and discussion
To investigate how the presence of seagrass affects the lidar waveform, the seagrass beds are laid out in two canopy height arrangements (0.5 and 1 m), three shoot densities (100, 500, and 1000 shoots/m2), and two leaf orientations with three different bending angles (5, 25, and 45 degrees). Two seagrass types, eelgrass and turtlegrass [23], and two bottom types, siliciclastic mud (referred as mud hereafter) [23] and carbonated sand (referred to as sand hereafter) [28] are the common substrates for eelgrass and turtlegrass, and are used for bottom materials. For seagrass in still water, the leaf azimuth angle is assigned randomly. For seagrass under the influence of a water current, the leaf azimuth angle is assigned with one single value. This results in a total of 288 simulations of seagrass beds. Figure 3 shows various examples of a 1 m × 1 m seagrass patch with 1 m canopy height and shape factor of 4.75 for two shoot densities, three bending angles and three water current conditions. The optical properties of seagrass and bottom materials are listed in Table 2 .
Fig. 3
As a demonstration of the effect of seagrass presence on the depth bias, one set of water IOPs is used for all of 288 simulation runs, where c = 0.25 m−1, ω0 = 0.6, and the ocean bottom is set at the depth of 9 m.
The canopy density presented to the lidar varies with the actual shoot density, the bending angle of the leaves, and the orientation of the leaves relative to the lidar. The standard estimate of vegetation density is the leaf area index (LAI), the ratio of the projected leaf area on the bottom and the bottom area. LAI is useful when the sensor is viewing the seagrass from the zenith angle. The lidar receiver is viewing the bottom at a slant angle. Instead, an effective LAI (eLAI) is used. The eLAI is defined as the ratio of the projected leaf area on the plane perpendicular to the lidar incident vector and the bottom area projected to that plane.
The same seagrass structure, hence, the same LAI value, will have different eLAI values for different leaf azimuth angles. It can be defined as:
It should be noted that the length of each seagrass leaf (c.f. Fig. 3) is determined based on the mathematical model being used (Eq. (16)), which reflects the leaf structure of a seagrass canopy. Due to the low probability of producing a leaf that reaches the maximum height specified for the canopy, the longest leaves generated by the simulation are sometimes shorter than the maximum height specified by the user.
The depth estimation algorithm of SHOALS1000 determines the time bin of the half peak value of the bottom return by subtracting the estimated water return from the lidar waveform [3]. To avoid developing our own signal-processing algorithm, we take advantage of having full control of the simulation. All the received photons that have been reflected from the ocean bottom or have interacted with seagrass are grouped into the bottom return of the simulation, and the time bin of the half peak value of the simulated bottom return is used for depth estimation.
The depth bias (ns) of each simulation run is quantified by the difference between the half peak time bin of the bottom return, (ns), and that of a flat bottom without seagrass (ns):
The summarized results, including the maximum, minimum and mean eLAI values, for different seagrass parameters are listed in Table 3 . For all of the simulation runs, the maximum and minimum eLAI are 1.56 and 0.01, respectively, and the eLAI of turtlegrass is similar to that of eelgrass. The eLAI generally increases with increasing shoot density, bending angle, and canopy height. The seagrass has the largest and smallest eLAI values when the leaf azimuth angles are 0 (the seagrass leaves are facing the laser) and 180 degrees, respectively. The eLAI of seagrass in still water (random leaf azimuth angle) is similar to that for oriented leaves with an azimuth angle of 90 degrees, which implies that the seagrass with randomly distributed leaf azimuth angles can be presented as a mean leaf azimuth angle of 90 degrees. Note that, the range (from minimum to maximum value) of eLAI overlap within each seagrass parameter. This is due to the fact that there are other seagrass structure variations within each seagrass structure setting. For example, the maximum eLAI of seagrass with bending angle of 5 degrees (shoot density of 1000 shoots/m2, canopy height of 1 m, leaf azimuth angle of 0 degree) is larger than the minimum eLAI of that with 45 degrees (shoot density of 100 shoots/m2, canopy height of 0.5 m, leaf azimuth angle of 180 degrees).
To illustrate the rusults, a subset of the 288 simulation runs is shown in Fig. 4 , which shows results for turtlegrass planted on sand and mud bottoms with leaf azimuth angle of 0 degree, canopy height of 1 m, with the bending angle varying from 5 to 45 degrees, and shoot density varying from 100 to 1000 shoots/m2. In general, other seagrass parameters being the same, the depth bias increases with shoot density and bending angle (Table 3). However, one single seagrass parameter is insufficient to represent the depth bias. A better correlation relationship is found between depth bias and eLAI, where the depth bias increases negatively (meaning the bottom determined by lidar is shallower than the bottom without seagrass) with increasing eLAI. Two trends of depth bias for sand (open symbol) and mud (solid symbol) bottoms can be seen in Fig. 4. It is postulated that the reflectance contrast between sand bottom and turtlegrass is not as significant as that between mud bottom and turtlegrass (e.g., Table 2), so the depth bias induced by similar eLAI values (i.e., similar seagrass structural and optical properties) is less for a sand bottom. Thus, the summarized results of the depth bias for different seagrass parameters listed in Table 3 are grouped by bottom type.
Fig. 4
When eLAI is smaller than 0.07, the maximum values of the depth bias for sand and mud bottoms and for various seagrass parameters is very close to zero, meaning that the depth bias is negligible (Table 3). Nonetheless, the depth bias is more pronounced for the mud bottom than for the sand bottom (the minimum values of depth error of mud bottom are smaller than those of sand bottom). Based on the minimum and mean values of the depth bias in Table 3, for both bottom types, the depth bias induced by turtlegrass and eelgrass is similar; the depth bias increases negatively with increasing shoot density, canopy height, and bending angle.
The depth biases are most and least pronounced when leaf azimuth angles are 0 and 180 degrees, respectively. Also, the depth bias for random leaf azimuth angles is similar to that of leaf azimuth angle of 90 degrees, which is not surprising because their eLAI values are quite similar.
Figure 5 shows the results of all 288 simulation runs. For ease of comprehension, Figs. 5(a) and 5(b) are color- and symbol- coded differently according to the optical parameters in Table 2.
Fig. 5
The depth bias induced by turtlegrass and eelgrass is similar (shown as pairs of circles and squares in Fig. 5(a)) because the optical properties of turtlegrass are similar to those of eelgrass. The two trends of depth biases for sand (open symbols) and mud (solid symbols), shown in Fig. 4, are also seen in Fig. 5(a). If the depth bias of −1 ns is arbitrarily used as a threshold, only one case for sand bottom (shoot density of 1000 shoots/m2, canopy height of 1 m, bending angle of 45 degrees, and leaf azimuth angle of 0 degree; shown as green open circle in Fig. 5(a) and green solid rectangle in Fig. 5(b)) would be considered to be significantly biased. On the other hand, many of the cases for mud bottom have the depth bias smaller than −1 ns, and some are biased as much as −2.22 ns.
To further utilize the results shown in Fig. 5, we suggest data collection of in situ measurements, concurrent with the airborne bathymetric lidar survey, including water IOPs, bottom (substrate) reflectance, and seagrass structure parameters (i.e., seagrass type, shoot density, maximum canopy height, bending angle and leaf azimuth angle) [23] for depth correction purpose.
5. Conclusions
A Monte Carlo simulation including a plane parallel water body, a flat bottom, and seagrass, is demonstrated in this study. The seagrass canopy structure model is adopted from [23], which is deduced from field measurements of 32 turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum Banks ex König) populations near Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas, and three eelgrasses (Zostera marina L.) populations from California and Washington, USA. Both seagrasses are modeled as elongated rectangular strips with a thickness of 250 μm and width of 5 cm [23]. The bottom and seagrass leaf are considered lambertian surface. To save computation time, a median filter strategy accompanying with waveform convolution is adopted.
For all 288 simulations runs considered in this study, it is found that the depth bias is correlated with seagrass structure and reflectance contrast between seagrass and the bottom. Furthermore there is no depth bias difference between turtlegrass and eelgrass. By characterizing seagrass structure using eLAI, a more pronounced correlation relationship is found between eLAI and depth bias (Figs. 4 and 5). Because the reflectance contrast is more pronounced for seagrass and mud bottom, more significant depth bias is found for mud bottom than sand bottom.
Chi-Kuei Wang is supported by the National Science Council of Taiwan (Grant Number NSC 99-2628-E-006-160). We thank the anonymous referee for the constructive comments.
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text:
Mozilla to unveil $25 smartphone aimed at developing world
February 24, 2014 - 09:36 AMT
PanARMENIAN.Net - Mozilla has shown off a prototype for a $25 smartphone that is aimed at the developing world, BBC News reports.
The company, which is famed mostly for its Firefox browser, has partnered with Chinese low-cost chip maker Spreadtrum.
While not as powerful as more expensive models, the device will run apps and make use of mobile internet. It would appeal to the sorts of people who currently buy cheap "feature" phones, analysts said.
Feature phones are highly popular in the developing world as a halfway point between "dumb" phones - just voice calls and other basic functions - and fully-fledged smartphones.
Mozilla hopes that it will capture an early lead in a market that is now being targeted by mobile device manufacturers who see the developing world as the remaining area for massive growth. It will face stern competition from bigger, more established brands, however - with more announcements of this kind expected over the course of the next couple of days at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona.
"These solutions expand the global accessibility of open web smartphones to first-time and entry-level smartphone buyers by reducing the time and cost required for handset makers to bring these devices to market," said Spreadtrum in a press statement.
Mozilla said the phone "redefines" the entry-level phone market.
The concept of a cheap smartphone may seem likely to appeal to consumers in developed countries, particularly those who locked into long contracts in order to subsidise the cost of the likes of the Apple iPhone and Samsung Galaxy range.
But analyst Carolina Milanesi, from Kantar Worldpanel, said it should not be seen as a competitor.
"You're not really talking about smartphone experience. You're talking about a clumsy smartphone that's a little bit better than a feature phone - still primarily for voice and text."
The phone runs Mozilla's own mobile operating system - something that could cause problems as competition in the cheap smartphone market steps up, Milanesi added.
In addition to the $25 smartphone, Mozilla also launched several high-end models, including devices from Huawei and ZTE.
Top stories
Apple Design Awards (ADA) is a special event hosted by Apple Inc. at its annual Worldwide Developers Conference.
"Today an element of the Army.mil service provider's content was compromised," Army Brig. Gen. Malcolm B. Frost said.
Of course, if a user has location services turned off within Messenger, this new location sharing feature won't be accessible.
Information stored on OPM databases includes employee job assignments, performance reviews and training, officials said.
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Russian PM orders measures against non-EU nations joining sanctions Dmitry Medvedev instructed officials to consider counter-sanctions against the countries, which he didn't name.
Turkish fighter jets bomb Kurdish militant targets The air operation lasted 35 minutes and the targets in Daglica province near the Iraqi border were completely destroyed.
London most googled city in the world for art galleries, museums The New York Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Smithsonian Museum in Washington DC, followed in the findings.
BMW sees net profit slip amid higher launch costs for new vehicles BMW AG also said it sold a less profitable product mix containing more compact cars, which typically earn less per vehicle.


text:
Dead Cattle bones found in a forest. Bones in the picture consisted of a jawbone and backbone, several other bones found within area.
Location: Europe > Portugal > Algarve
Date Photo Taken: October 19, 2007
© Copyright. You cannot use! Only Encyclopedia of Life (EOL)
"Murnau-Werdenfelser" cattle - a project by NABU.
(Red List of GEH)
Pastizal inducido, zona de agricultura y potreros.
Breve descripción de lo que observaste
Cattle (colloquially cows) are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius. Cattle are raised as livestock for meat (beef and veal), as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals (oxen or bullocks) (pulling carts, plows and the like). Other products include leather...


text:
2. This dog who's the champion of the dogs for the day.
3. This dog who is miraculously pulling off a Hawaiian shirt.
4. This dog who doesn't have any time for lifting anything.
5. I mean…
6. This lady who sees a challenge, accepts, and conquers in less than 30 seconds.
7. This dog who will not abide by your rules.
8. This dog who knows how to enjoy the little things.
9. This guy.
10. This dog who knows how to do summer correctly.
11. This dog who doesn't need no human telling him when he can fetch.
12. This corgi getting her nails did.
13. This QUEEN.
14. This dog with good A to B strategy.
15. Yep.
16. And this.
17. This Shiba who embraces carpooling like a champ.
18. This lady who knows how to follow summer's stripe trends.
19. This dog who knows how to take hold of every moment, at whatever cost.
23. This dog who learned this cat's secret and can forever taunt her accordingly.
24. This pug who knows sometimes you have to have your own secret fun time.
25. This dog.
26. This dog who refuses to be stereotyped and "doggypaddle" for you.
28. This dog who gets all the high fives in the world.
29. This chihuahua who knows how to keep her fabulous cool.
31. This hitchhiker.
32. This dog who knows how to have a champion spa day.
33. And finally, this dog who doesn't care about your "rules" or your "medals".
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- A conservation group in Zimbabwe reported that Jericho, the brother of beloved lion Cecil, was shot and killed by a hunter. But some scientists monitoring the pride believe he is OK.
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- The trooper who pulled over Sandra Bland was disciplined for "unprofessional conduct" in the fall of 2014, records show.


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Home > News > Capsulution signs cooperation agreement
April 18th, 2006
Capsulution signs cooperation agreement
In March the Capsulution NanoScience AG, a Berlin based nanotechnology company that is specialised in the development of intelligent "packaging" systems for active substances has signed a cooperation agreement with Schering AG and Acri.Tec GmbH. The cooperation project is supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Goal of the cooperation is the development of advanced drug delivery systems designed for a more effective application of drugs.
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Liquipel Debuts Eyesight-Saving ION-Glass Blue Light Protection for iPhones and Androids at RadioShack Stores Nationwide: Liquipel's Unique Protective Screen, Available at RadioShack, Cuts Harmful Blue Light Implicated in Macular Degeneration by 10x July 28th, 2015
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text: We didn't know what the weather would do on this sultry late July day on Long Island, so my daughter, son in law and I decided to take a little drive out to the Hamptons. After making a short stop in Southhampton we continued on to Sag Harbor and lunch at the American Hotel. We called ahead for a reservation... More


text:
Diana Nyad's Cuba-to-Florida Swim Attempt Comes to an End
BY admin
August 09 2011 8:45 AM ET
Battling ocean swells and shoulder pain, champion swimmer Diana Nyad ended her 103-mile, Cuba-to-Florida attempt early Tuesday, about halfway between Havana and Key West.
CNN reports that Nyad was forced to abandon her swim at 12:45 a.m., 29 hours after she had entered the water in Havana. Nyad had been struggling with shoulder pain and asthma, and was vomiting when she was brought on board. "I am not sad. It was absolutely the right call," she said.
Nyad, 61, was attempting to become the first person to swim between Cuba and Florida without the aid of a shark tank.
"Earlier in the evening, she was surrounded by dolphins and a beautiful Caribbean sunset," Nyad's support team tweeted. "But strong currents blew her 15mph off course."
Read the latest update here.
- The Top 175 Essential Films of All Time for LGBT Viewers
- Leslie Jordan Banishes Antigay Starbucks Patrons: 'Get Out of My House!'
- Living Trans, From Iran to New York City
- I Am Jazz: 14, Transgender, and the Star of My Own Docu-series
- White House to Unveil New HIV Strategy
- #TBT: They Died in the Closet


text:
Sammie and Angelina have returned from a cooking class. They are trying to implement what they have learned, and create a tasty pizza pie. Sammie could not refrain from her temptation to throw some flour at Angelina, and does so. After a little food play, they kick it up into overdrive and Fuck right on the Kitchen counter. Sexy, Hot, and Delicious, are and few words on how to describe this update.
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New York - Aaron Hicks' ball cleared the left field wall in a hurry and CC Sabathia shouted in disgust.
No, the big left-hander wasn't yelling at shortstop Eduardo Nunez, whose two-out throwing error gave Hicks a chance to bat. He was angry with himself.
Hicks homered in the third inning for three of the Twins' eight runs against Sabathia and Minnesota beat the New York Yankees ace for the first time in six years, 10-4 Sunday.
"Guys are going to make errors," Sabathia said. "It's up to the pitcher to make pitches."
The Yankees had too many mistakes to overcome in dropping their second straight to the Twins. The series loss was New York's first in the Bronx to Minnesota since 2001.
New York made two errors that led to five unearned runs. They also hit into four double plays - two on baserunning blunders by Zoilo Almonte - in making it plenty easy for the Twins in the teams' final game before the All-Star break.
The fans let New York know their displeasure, booing relentlessly after the Yankees fell behind 8-1 in the fourth.
"That was probably one of the uglier games I've seen in this stadium for sure," Vernon Wells said. "Just anything we did wrong came back to bite us."
Minnesota is 9-31 at New York since 2002, and they've had even less success against Sabathia (9-8), going 0-11 in 12 games - including the postseason - after beating him on July 29, 2007.
Sabathia gave up a season-high for runs - only three earned - and matched his low of four innings this year in 88-degree heat.
"I've been not pitching very well," said Sabathia, who matched a career worst for losses at the All-Star break (2008). "I look forward to the break and pitching better in the second half."
Ichiro Suzuki homered among his three hits in his 2,000th major league game. Robinson Cano added an RBI single for New York, which goes into the break 51-44.
"I think we just need to be more consistent, we got to stay out of stretches where we don't score runs," Yankees manager Joe Girardi said. "We have to be more consistent offensively and if we do that, we're going to have a shot."
Rookie Kyle Gibson (2-2) benefited from the sloppy play to earn his second win in four career starts. He pitched five-plus shaky innings, yielding three runs - two earned - on five hits and four walks.
"It was a battle. It was really humid, pretty hot out there," Gibson said. "The situation of being in Yankee Stadium, being in the heat , facing a good lineup, it all piles up."
Minnesota improved to 3-7 on a 10-game road trip and is 39-53.
"Things went our way and that hasn't happened here in a long time," Twins manager Ron Gardenhire said.
Lyle Overbay couldn't handle Ryan Doumit's two-out hot shot to first base with the bases loaded in the fourth for an error to let in two runs to make it 8-1. The previous batter, Justin Morneau, hit a popup in between the mound and second base that was just out of a lunging Sabathia's reach. Sabathia slid on his knees after missing the ball as Jamey Carroll scored.
"The bloop over the pitcher's head was incredible," Gardenhire said.
In the third, Morneau, who came in batting .128 against Sabathia, hit a short fly to right that hit off second baseman Cano's glove for a double. Nunez made his error two batters later and Hicks connected for a 5-0 lead.
Sabathia shouted and Nunez took off his glove and held his hand on his hip as Hicks rounded the bases with his eighth homer of the year.
"I was rushed, it was a slow ball and he was fast," Nunez said. "Feel sad for my teammate CC. He did everything he could do today and making an error, it's bad."
• Cano had at least one RBI in all seven games against the Twins this year. He had nine in a four-game sweep at Minnesota. ... Girardi said Andy Pettitte will start Friday at Boston in the first game after the break. He will be followed by Hiroki Kuroda and Sabathia. ... Girardi said injured SS Derek Jeter (quad strain) will not be evaluated until Thursday or Friday. ... Alex Rodriguez went 1 for 3 with a run-scoring double and two RBIs for Class A Tampa, his first extra-base hit during a minor league rehabilitation assignment. A-Rod is scheduled to join Double-A Trenton for today's game at Reading, Pa.
Man arrested Tuesday in Mystic arrested again in New London after cafe disturbance
Investigation supports harassment complaint by Stonington public works director
Bernier retains prominent defense attorney to fight life sentence for Norwich murders
UPDATED: I-95 roadwork underway until September in New London, Groton and Waterford
Newly signed state budget changes funding for cities and towns
Man arrested Tuesday in Mystic arrested again in New London after cafe disturbance
Boater arrested after causing disturbance, blocking Mystic River channel


text:
Yes please! I've been craving a lemon bar lately. Might just have to make these this weekend. ;) Best Recipes, Desserts Recipes, Lemon Zest, Lemon Bar Recipes, High Teas Recipes, Desserts Bar, Lemon Desserts, Lemon Squares, Well Add
The Best Lemon Bars Ever
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Frothy Lemon Sorbetto Recipe: 2 cups (16 ounces) good-quality lemon sorbet, softened, 2 tablespoons vodka, 1/3 cup sparkling wine or Italian Prosecco wine, chilled, Zest of one lemon.
Lemon Coconut Bars: I'm always hesitant when recipes don't call for salt, but I'm gonna try these anyway because they sound delicious!
Blueberry Lemon Bars For the crust: 1 1/2 cups graham cracker crumbs 6 tablespoons butter, melted 1/4 cup granulated sugar Zest of one lemon For the filling: 2 large egg yolks 1 (14 ounce can) sweetened condensed milk 1/2 cup fresh lemon juice 1 teaspoon lemon zest 1 cup fresh blueberries
Ooey Gooey Lemon Squares- and just 45 calories each! #foodgawker
Lemon-Coconut-Bar 1 1/2 cups all-purpose flour 1/2 cup confectioners' sugar 3/4 cup cold butter or margarine 4 eggs 1 1/2 cups sugar 1/2 cup lemon juice 1 teaspoon baking powder 1 cup flaked coconut
another pinner said: Oatmeal Lemon Creme Bars Rating: 5 Stars ! Made these yesterday and they are absolutely ... sinfully .... delicious ! I could have sat there and eaten them all up....will definitely make these again....Yummmm


text:
With my family established I picked out a house. Nothing too fancy for the newlyweds. Just a little two-bedroom with a reasonable mortgage and enough room for the family to grow.
You would think moving into a new home would give the happy couple plenty to think about, but they had grander aspirations.
The house came unfurnished, so I took a few minutes to give Duke and Fifa some decent furniture. I also added a touch of class to every room with some beautiful candelabras. Nothing says "class" quite like smoke streaks up your walls!
Ariana Grande? No way! Here's a podcast that looks squarely at Ariana Grande and says, 'No way!'
TECHNICALLY A DOG - I have expertly subdivided a horse to create what is, scientifically speaking, a dog. I have done this 10 times before and plan to keep doing it forever!!! $400. 555-2466
League of Legends has 600 characters and 11,000 skills. These are the only ones you need.
The water got bigger? my sand castle was destroyed and we had to move. Who did this?
The SA Goons guide our hero through the pages of a classic but rare Choose Your Own Adventure book!
Featured articles and columns that don't fit anywhere else on Something Awful.
Copyright ©2015 Rich "Lowtax" Kyanka & Something Awful LLC.


text: Fleury upset over James's bail decision Add to ... Featuring video from CTV.ca Published Wednesday, Dec. 08, 2010 11:40AM EST Last updated Thursday, Dec. 08, 2011 9:06AM EST Former NHL star expresses disappointment and wants to see changes to the system, because he insists it is not doing enough to protect children. Watch More Video: Officer charged in Cincinnati police shooting Car salesman kidnapped during test drive Western New York man charged for supporting ISIS Dairy farmers fear effects of Trans-Pacific Partnership Top Afghan Taliban leader, Mullah Omar, reported dead Zimbabwean men in court over killing of Cecil the lion U.S. man accused of killing famous African lion Texas county releases video of Sandra Bland booking in jail Two Calgary men each sentenced to 12 years for Ponzi scheme 91-year-old man accused of vandalizing Vancouver Pride sidewalks Olivia Chow announces candidacy in federal election Israeli troops forcibly evacuate settlers New York prison worker pleads guilty to helping escapees Obama: I'd win a third term Clashes follow funerals in Turkey Is this the end of the road for Eve Adams? Houston's Daughter, Bobbi Kristina Brown, Dies Obama jokes about his birth certificate at state dinner in Kenya Fire erupts at Vegas hotel swimming pool North Korean leader Kim Jong Un marks Korean armistice Comments AA More Related to this Story Graham James to get bail on new sex charges Video: Theoren Fleury wants to see Graham James in jail


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PopUp Plus Online's New Summer Look Book
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5 Signs You're in a Lukewarm Relationship
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10 Things to Never Buy at Target
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What Patti LaBelle Taught Me About Business
Brad Pitt & Angelina Jolie: When is it Time to Seek Help?
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Can You Forgive a Betrayer in a Romantic Relationship?
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The top 125 golfers qualify for the FedExCup, so Tiger Woods has lots of work to do starting this week at the Quicken Loans National. PGATOUR.com's John Swantek & CineSport's Noah Coslov discuss.
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The hotel is very decent and modern. The personel is friendly and polite. Unfortunately there was not enough shower gel for the both of us. The receptionist accidentally woke us op at 7:30 AM but she apologized politely.
Review collected in partnership with this hotel
Great room with everything provided that we needed. The airco was great to have. The shower was broken (the massage mode didn't work properly in room 1402). That was the only downside of the room. Many thanks for the upgrade, we enjoyed it very much.Keep up the good work!
Nice hotel. Only the locker didn't close in de room. Service very friendly. Shower very nice and warm. Room service was very nice and on time delivered. Food was great. What we ordered that was there.
We have been there for one night. The bed was nice and the massage shower was great after spending a day at Scheveningen beach.A little dissapointment: two Cleaners knocked on the door at half past 10 a.m. Maybe they can look at the system downstairs or asked the reception employer which rooms are need to clean up or who already checked out.
The rooms are funky in that you have a cubicle/glass bathroom inside your room. Art and whole building is very unusual and interesting. Handy for train, tram, etc.Had a nice meal in the restaurant; good food, choice and taste.
Basically a business Hotel, room was spacious and well appointed. The restaurant was excellent, the meals were well prepared and tasty, prices were very reasonable as well. The only slight let down was the bathroom, toilet paper in the loo when I arrived and the shower could do with a proper clean as there were dark marks on the silicon in the shower. Staff were very friendly and helpful.
This is a really very smart and modern hotel that is very well set up for people to take advantage of a tourist trip to the Hague. The rooms are lovely and very well appointed, with lots of information in glossy books about the city, a very modern bathroom, wooden shutters for the windows and a supremely comfortable bed.The hotel feels like it caters for VIPs regularly and makes you feel like one, which considering what I paid for our room I certainly did not expect. The bar looks fabulous but I didn't get a chance to have a drink there and also missed out on trying the resturaunt so can't comment on whether they keep up the high standards set by the rest of the experience.The staff were wonderfully helpful and effortlessly multilingual, allowing us to buy travel tickets from them and giving advice on how to get where we needed to. It is located directly next to a tram and bus stop and the station is so close it may as well be part of the same building, making it incredibly easy to get around.The only thing to be aware of is the bathroom in the bedroom. It isn't actually a separate room but divided by patterned frosted glass which doesn't reach the ceiling - just a note for for those wanting a romantic getaway or sharing a room with a friend or colleague, it has the potential to be rather embarrassing for those not entirely familiar with each other!In all, one of the best hotels I have stayed in - especially at that price point.
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Ghana's mixed fortune as a dumping ground for e-waste
Return to Kuwait: The class of 1990
08 Apr 2011 15:45 GMT | Europe, Scotland, United Kingdom
One person has been killed and another seriously injured after a shooting on board a UK nuclear submarine docked at the port of Southampton in southern England, police say.One man has been arrested following the incident on the HMS Astute, which police said was not "terrorism" related.
"Hampshire police were called by their Ministry of Defence colleagues at 12.12pm (11:12 GMT) today ... and are currently liaising with them to establish the exact circumstances of the incident," police said in a statement.The vessel made headlines last October when it ran aground off the coast of Scotland and had to be towed back.Local media have reported that HMS Astute was in the middle of a five-day visit to Southampton and arrived on Wednesday carrying 98 crew members.
Source: Agencies
Military officials play down significance of embarrassing accident involving navy's "stealthiest" ever submarine.
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Migrants from Calais refugee camp risk their lives in continuous attempts to cross into UK under the English Channel.
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text:
Steve Ott
'It's going to be a little strange,' says Ryan Miller of seeing old Sabres teammates
Apr 3, 2014, 12:41 AM EDT
Was traded to St. Louis at the end of February.
Hitch wants to see Morrow-Roy-Ott line 'play consistently well'
Mar 27, 2014, 3:37 PM EDT
All three veterans will skate together tonight versus Minnesota.
Weekend preview: Wild-Wings doubleheader, Blues invade Pennsylvania
Mar 21, 2014, 11:56 AM EDT
You can catch Minnesota-Detroit on Sunday on NBCSN (7:30 p.m. ET).
After 12-game absence, Sobotka returns for Blues
Mar 13, 2014, 12:42 PM EDT
The rich get richer.
Sabres' Stewart (ankle) likely done for year
Mar 11, 2014, 12:25 PM EDT
Rough season for him, to say the least.
Conacher to make Sabres debut tonight
Mar 9, 2014, 2:10 PM EDT
The once promising rookie was put on waivers by Ottawa.
Sabres lose three players for at least a week
Mar 9, 2014, 12:33 PM EDT
That's on top of all the talent they traded away.
NHL on NBCSN: Hawks know they can't take Sabres lightly
Mar 9, 2014, 9:48 AM EDT
Buffalo hasn't been so bad lately, despite what the team looks like on paper.
PHT's 2014 Trade Deadline Tracker
Mar 5, 2014, 6:20 PM EDT
All the deals from what promises to be a busy day.
Winners and losers of the 2014 trade deadline
Mar 5, 2014, 4:48 PM EDT
Teaser: the Islanders are in the latter category.
NHL on NBCSN: Miller to make home debut as Blues host Lightning
Mar 4, 2014, 9:34 AM EDT
It could be Martin St. Louis last Lightning game as well.
PHT Morning Skate: Leave Corey Crawford's equipment alone
Mar 4, 2014, 8:39 AM EDT
That and the rest of the links to start your day ahead.
Blues finish strong, give Miller a win in St. Louis debut
Mar 2, 2014, 10:53 PM EDT
St. Louis scored four times in the third period.
Sabres address LaFontaine resignation, ready to move forward
Mar 2, 2014, 5:31 PM EDT
It's been a dramatic few days in Western New York.
Miller, Ott to make Blues debuts against Coyotes tonight
Mar 2, 2014, 1:19 PM EDT
After Friday's big trade.
Sabres' players 'shocked' as LaFontaine resigns as president of hockey operations
Mar 1, 2014, 8:06 PM EDT
Big news Saturday.
Sabres announce Pat LaFontaine resigns as president of hockey operations
Mar 1, 2014, 6:53 PM EDT
Amid reports of turmoil in Sabres front office.
Reports: Sabres having front office problems
Mar 1, 2014, 4:39 PM EDT
Pat LaFontaine is right in the middle of it.
Video: Sabres and fans pay tribute to Ryan Miller and Steve Ott
Mar 1, 2014, 9:50 AM EDT
Their trade last night surprised everyone.
Sabres top Sharks in 'strange game' following Miller trade
Feb 28, 2014, 10:09 PM EDT
Buffalo gets its first three-game winning streak of 2013-14.
Sabres send Miller, Ott to Blues for package including Halak, Stewart
Feb 28, 2014, 7:06 PM EDT
The first mega-deal of trade deadline season?
Sabres scratch Miller, Ott; Miller-to-Blues rumors ramp up
Feb 28, 2014, 6:45 PM EDT
Jhonas Enroth was the only goalie warming up for Buffalo.
Rivalry Night on NBCSN: Sabres look to slow Bruins' surge
Feb 26, 2014, 8:38 AM EDT
The next time these two teams meet, Buffalo will probably look significantly different.
Sabres GM wants to trade Miller to a contender, get 'value'
Feb 25, 2014, 7:31 PM EDT
Tim Murray admits a contract extension isn't the main focus.
Sabres captain Ott wants to stay but knows he could be traded
Feb 23, 2014, 7:30 PM EDT
He's an unrestricted free agent this summer.
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Ruby on Rails Developer
India - Last active: 8 hours ago - Tests: 9 - Portfolio: 2
- Over 5 years of Ruby on Rails programming experience and UI UX (Rails versions 2, 3 and 4) - Over 4 years of php programming experience with magento and wordpress. - Api Development - REST API, Google Api and Google Universal Analytics - Linux Server Administration, AWS, Git, Heroku, Cloud9, nginx, passenger, etc... - BDD/TDD tests using Rspec and Cucumber - MySQL, SQLITE3, PostgreSql, MongoDB - Bootstrap, UI/UX Design, Responsive Design - Web Development using php, HTML5, CSS3 over 7 years
- Ruby
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Expert Web Developer(Software Engineer)/Linux Admin
Egypt - Last active: 8 days ago - Tests: 2 - Portfolio: 2
Experienced web developer (software engineer) / LINUX administrator. Strong background in designing and implementing large scale web-based systems and websites. I've experience in the following domains: 4 Years experience in LINUX Administration. 8 Years experience in PHP, MYSQL, JavaScript, JQuery, CSS and HTML. 3 Years experience in Perl. 1 Year experience in Ruby. I'm a very fast learner super motivated and I always make sure that I get the task done in time.
Senior UX Designer & Full Stack Developer
United States - Last active: 11/01/2013
Hi, My name is Dylan Bishop and I am a Senior UX Designer & Full Stack Developer working in San Diego, California. My passion is to create usable software that provides businesses the means to manage day to day processes more effectively. With web apps, mobile technology, and analytics underutilized, I see endless opportunities to provide solutions that decrease overhead and increase revenue through automation and intelligent integrations. It is very important to stay on top as technology advances and the internet evolves. JavaScript is my language of choice. I am also very interested in subjects like Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Integrated Marketing, Gamification, Cloud Computing, Business Automation, Usability, Predictive Interaction, and System Security. As an entrepreneur, I earned essential wisdom through experience managing people, projects, and budgets. I believe in clear communication combined with a philosophy of less oversight - more accountability. This helps me build teams that produce successful products, both in Waterfall and Agile workflow environments. - Specialties UI Design: Wireframing, Flow charts, Concept Models, Fireworks, Photoshop, Illustrator, Responsive Web and Mobile Design Front End Development: HTML5, CSS3, JavaScript, JQuery, CoffeeScript, SASS/Compass, LESS, HAML, Underscore, Backbone, Marionette, D3, Twitter Bootstrap, Zurb Foundation, Flash, ActionScript Back End Development: PHP, Perl, SQL, Ruby/Rails, Java, Node, Coldfusion DevOps: AWS, Capistrano, Rake, Chef, Vagrant Tools: Drupal, WordPress, Joomla, GIT, SVN, Sublime Text Platforms: Mac OSx, Windows, Linux (ubuntu, CentOS), Android, IOS - Projects I will take on 1. Redesign User Interfaces 2. Dashboards and Data Visualizations 3. Mobile Web Applications 4. Drupal Projects 5. Wordpress Projects 6. Functional Prototypes - Consulting Services 1. Solutions Architect 2. Optimization 3. Team Building 4. Code Reviews 5. Business workflow automation
Unity 3D Mobile Games and Apps
Russia - Last active: 11/06/2013 - Tests: 3 - Portfolio: 6
At Mobiquest.ru we provide fully integrated game and mobile development services. Which means, my team will help you produce detailed technical documentation, graphical and audio assets and do coding for the game you dream of bringing to the market. We've been working in software development for over ten years now, and we've got quite a few successful projects and big-name customers in our portfolio. Check our website for more info on our enterprise development. Check out portfolio here on oDesk to see what kind of mobile games we've created. I am one of the co-founders of the company and I'll work directly with you and for you. Contact me via oDesk now. I'm usually online and available for chat every day until 12 am GMT.
Associated with: ProCommerz
Full Stack Web Developer with extensive experience in Rails
United States - Last active: 03/20/2012 - Tests: 2
I've been developing for the web for the last 5 years of my life. I have made sites ranging from simple brochure sites to full featured social networks and CMS in ruby on rails.
Think Think and Think, mirror will show your creativity. Just Try it.
Bangladesh - Last active: 1 day ago - Tests: 7 - Portfolio: 3
Web designing is not only my profession but also passion. Sometimes like to take challenge designing clients require website in time whether it is difficult or more critical, nothing is impossible for me. I close my eyes. Think and think more and more, any how at last I find the solution. I always Say, "Think Think and Think, mirror will show your creativity. Just Try it."
Automation Testing using Ruby Watir Cucumber
India - Last active: 1 day ago - Tests: 2 - Portfolio: 2
I am a Test Automation Developer with 3 years of experience in QA, I've been developing since 3 year using Ruby, Cucumber, WATIR, Rspec, Capybara, Selenium, Java. Summary • 3 Years experience Automation & Manual Testing for web applications using Cucumber – Ruby, Watir – Rspec, framework and hands on IOS Automation tool Calabash . Having rich knowledge on Selenium Webdriver. • Experience in all phases of Test Manual and Automation including requirement gathering, analysis, implementing Test Automation Framework, Test script development, Script execution, Script error fixing and test report analysis • Good knowledge and experience on testing techniques, methodologies, analyzing requirements and defect reports • Experience in Test Scenarios & Test cases preparation • Coordinating with the development team during and after testing • Coordinated Interactions with the client • Good Communication skills and an excellent team player • Proactively take ownership in resolving issues and can work independently
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Ruby/Rails, Python/Django Developer
Germany - Last active: 1 day ago - Tests: 4 - Portfolio: 3
Hi, I am senior ruby on rails developer. I have the experience with building web projects by using ruby on rails over 4 years. Also I have the experience with python/django about 2 years Thanks
Ruby on Rails Developer
India - Last active: 1 month ago - Tests: 1 - Portfolio: 1
Sencha ExtJS / Touch, Rails, and ColdFusion Expert
United States - Last active: 10/03/2012 - Tests: 2 - Portfolio: 4
I've specialized in Sencha ExtJS (v3 and v4 MVC) and Sencha Touch (v2) for the last 2 years.


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The Bieber is back! Justin returns to his roots with youthful haircut as he takes front row seat at Y-3 Fashion Week show
It was the haircut that won over millions of fans, spawned thousands of imitations – and made him a star.
And Justin Bieber appeared to have returned to his roots with a new version of his iconic hairstyle on Sunday.
Sitting front row at at New York Fashion Week, the teen idol rocked a shiny do reminiscent of The Bieber in its heyday.
Bieber's back: 19-year-old pop star Justin Bieber wore the boyish hair dew he was first known for at the Y-3 Fashion Week event on Sunday in New York City
Then and now: Bieber is going back to his old tried and true look
The Beiber - as his hair was once universally known - was a luscious blow dried look.
And he appeared to have had second thoughts about chopping it off as he recreated the look as he enjoyed the Y-3 show.
Along with the throwback dew, the 19-year-old pop star still sported the wispy mustache in an attempt to add some age to his baby face.
Justin wore a black V-neck shirt with a translucent material on the collar that formed a not-so-subtle Y for Y-3, along with black leather pants and white high top sneakers.
Front row seat: Bieber sat in the front row of the event wearing his trademark sunglasses and giving a thumbs up
Cool outfit, bro: Bieber gives his approval at Y-3
Too bright? The singer shaded his sunglasses at one point to get a better view
After the show ended, he headed
backstage to meet award winning and influential Japanese fashion
designer Yohji Yamamoto who created the Y-3 line in 2003.
The 69-year-old high fashion
aficionado looked effortlessly stylish in his all black suit and black
fedora with his trimmed salt and pepper beard and shoulder length hair.
The pair fist-bumped and Bieber, in a mature change of pace, stood beside Yamamoto listening respectfully.
Pop meets fashion: After the show, Bieber met Y-3 founder and renowned fashion designer Yohji Yamamoto
Listening to his elders: Bieber stood beside Yamamoto and respectfully listened to what he had to say
A number of other notable celebrities turned up at the Y-3 Spring/Summer 2014 Fashion Week show on Sunday.
Singer Miguel and NBA basketball stars John Wall and Iman Shumpert also had front row seats at the event.
Also present were an eclectic klatch of beautiful women like model Larissa Bond, snowboarder Helen Schettini, singer Ioanna Gika, and model Soo Joo Park.
Singers and athletes: Other celebrities present at the Y-3 event from left to right were singer Miguel, New York Knicks basketball player Iman Shumpert and Washington Bullets basketball player John Wall
Eclectic ladies: Also attending the runway show was, from left to right, snowboarder Helen Schettini, singer Ioanna Gika, and model Soo Joo Park
Standing out from the crowd: Model Larissa Bond made a splash at Y-3, looking as beautiful as ever
Fashionable men: Designers Peter Seville and Yohji Yamamoto pose backstage
Y-3 Spring/Summer 2014: Some new looks from the Y-3 runway show on Sunday
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A Whanganui man who killed one of his triplet daughters was under stress, but had plenty of family support he could have asked for, a judge has said this morning.
But Thomas Tamatea Ariki Nui McGregor had the sole care of the triplets, two of them fast asleep, for less than an hour before he picked up baby Hinekawa. He swung or threw her against a wall, the floor, or some other hard object.
In the High Court in Wanganui today Justice Ron Young said nothing in McGregor's background explained what had happened.
Hinekawa was two months old, but had been born with her two sisters two months premature so she was just reaching birth weight when she died.
McGregor, 31, was sentenced to life imprisonment and has to serve at least 17 years before he can be considered for parole. He pleaded guilty to a charge of murdering Hinekawa and wounding another baby, who cannot be identified for legal reasons.
McGregor would no doubt carry the scars of what what had happened for the rest of his life, and so he should, the judge said.
When the babies were first out of hospital, McGregor, his partner, Tiffany Topia, and the babies lived with McGregor's parents in Waitotara, before moving to a house in Whanganui where Topia's 5-year-old son joined them.
A court summary of what happened to baby Hinekawa said that for several days leading up to Hinekawa's death on January 12, 2012, she was in the care of her grandmother and other relatives. She had been well and uninjured.
McGregor was alone with the other two babies when Hinekawa was brought home. He texted Topia "urging" her to come home.
Within about 45 minutes he had gone to Hinekawa's cot, and swung or thrown her against a wall, the floor, or some other object, fracturing her skull and causing bleeding within her brain.
The court summary said she became lifeless immediately and McGregor tried CPR to revive her.
He texted Topia telling her to come home "now" because something was wrong with Hinekawa. He sent another text two minutes later saying that she had stopped breathing.
Topia came home and both parents took Hinekawa to hospital but she could not be saved.
At the hospital McGregor told staff he had found Hinekawa in her cot, limp, blue and not breathing.
When police first interviewed McGregor they told him Hinekawa's skull was fractured. McGregor said he had found Hinekawa not breathing and when she was put in the car to be taken to hospital he closed the car door hard and it had hit her head.
Later he was to tell relatives, and then police, that when he first found Hinekawa not breathing he had carried her to the kitchen and, panicking, accidentally hit her head on a doorframe and then dropped her on the floor.
However, in earlier incidents another baby, who cannot be named for legal reasons, was injured in his care at least four times in three weeks. That baby was found to have multiple areas of bleeding within her brain.
According to the court summary a doctor said it was the sort of injury caused by car accidents, significant falls, or child abuse such as violent shaking. She had either been shaken or her head was caused to contact a soft surface that quickly stopped her head from moving.
Prosecutor Lance Rowe told the court that it seemed that baby had made a full recovery and was developing normally.
In a statement, Hinekawa's family said: "The life of our Hinekawa has been taken away and this will continue to affect us for the rest of our lives. Every time we look at the girls we are reminded that we have one living with the angels in heaven."
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Blake Griffin undergoes knee surgery Monday
Jul 16, 2012, 4:59 PM EDT
Forget London, Blake Griffin is now focused on being ready for China.
The Clippers will be in China for a couple preseason games against the Miami Heat and Griffin wants to be back and ready for camp after tearing the meniscus in his left knee during a Team USA scrimmage last week.
Griffin is undergoing surgery Monday. Dr. Neal ElAttrache of the Kerlan-Jobe Clinic will perform the surgery, according to the Clippers.
He is expected to be back for the season. He may well be brought along slowly during the preseason, but you can bet he'll be out there to put on a little show for the Chinese fans so long as he is able.
However, Griffin is out for the Olympics. Anthony Davis was added to the roster in his place.
- mat9844 - Jul 16, 2012 at 5:33 PM
That was such a bummer for Blake; hope this surgery goes well and he gets back to his usual spectacular dunks and 20+ points a game! Best wishes and get well fast, Blake!
- tonystrong - Jul 16, 2012 at 7:31 PM
Hopefully it gives him time to develop his mid range game because a few surgeries add up and for a guy who relies on his athletic ability so much, he better start developing in other areas so in 5 years when he ain't bouncing as high, he's still playing at a high level. His mid range and free throw shooting need serious improvement!
- isujames - Jul 16, 2012 at 7:41 PM
By the time hes 27 or 28 he will be coming off someones bench after all those knee surgeries.
- godfather8775 - Jul 16, 2012 at 8:31 PM
Best wishes to Blake… I just had the same type of surgery today… Hope everything goes well for the both of us.
- censoredpost - Jul 16, 2012 at 9:03 PM
Hope ol forearm rip heals up quick. I can't stand him but he's good for the league.
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text:
Gold lost 0.2 per cent to USD 1,092.17 an ounce, reaching as low as USD 1,077.40. Silver, however, rose 0.4 per cent to USD 14.61 an ounce.
Retail investment from China fell by a quarter and jewellery demand by 23 per cent in the April to June period as stock markets there soared, GFMS said in a quarterly update.
Speculators have confirmed what everyone else has been thinking: expect more falls in commodities, as worries about China and higher interest rates combine with waning sentiment to suggest markets are heading further south.
HSBC lowered its average gold price forecasts for 2015 and 2016 on Monday to reflect the dramatic recent fall of the yellow metal.
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Build the Bridge is an interesting puzzle game where you have to build a bridge from the objects to make train reach it's destination. Use your mouse to pick up and place the required objects in it's space to make a perfect path for train to move over it and reach the endpoint to complete the level. You must use your puzzles solving abilities in this game and figure out a best way to fix the missing objects to build a bridge. Once you have done with your bridge, there is a play button on top of the screen, click the button and let the train pass over the bridge and complete its journey. Unlock new engines after completing certain number of levels. Try to complete all 24 levels to win the game.
Help your Aunt with her loop ice cream machine.
Master Constructor is another very interesting construction game where you have to get industrial materials to construct a building. Use your arrow keys to drive your heavy crane , use Z and C to lift or drop items, press space bar to activate nitro for boosting your crane speed. In each level, you have to drive your crane and reach the place where construction materials are kept, once your reach the place now carry material to construct the building. Collect as many coins as you can to score more points. Grab Nos to fill nitro meter. Complete the level before time's up. Clear all levels and enjoy and enjoy the game.