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1. Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersMicrosoft10/07/2011Rev 4.0
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersTable of ContentMicrosoft....................................................................................................................................................1Table of Content .....................................................................................................................................2Chapter 1: Windows Phone Platform introduced to iPhone application developers ......5 New Beginning ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Developer Tools ......................................................................................................................................... 5 Windows Phone Architecture ............................................................................................................... 6 Comparing the WP Programming Stack with the iPhone Stack ............................................... 7 Application UI and Device Integration ............................................................................................ 10 Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 11 Related Resources ................................................................................................................................... 11Chapter 2: User Interface Guidelines ............................................................................................. 12 A new UI paradigm ................................................................................................................................. 12 Designing the Application Interface: ................................................................................................ 13 Application User Interface Design ..................................................................................................... 14 Comparing WP and iPhone Navigation .......................................................................................... 18 WP Frame and Page Structure............................................................................................................ 18 Page Structure of WP Application ..................................................................................................... 19 Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 21 Related Resources ................................................................................................................................... 21Chapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers ................. 22 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 22 Comparing the iPhone and Windows Phone Tool Set............................................................... 22 Development Lifecycle and Window Phone 7 Developer Tools ............................................. 23 UI Design Tools ........................................................................................................................................ 24 Expression Blend for WP ....................................................................................................................... 27 Editing code .............................................................................................................................................. 28 Building Applications ............................................................................................................................. 31 Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 35Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers ............................ 36 Introduction to Managed Programming ........................................................................................ 36 Comparison between C# Features and Objective-C Classes .................................................... 37 Methods with multiple parameters ................................................................................................... 39 Key class libraries compared................................................................................................................ 47 New features of C# ................................................................................................................................. 50 Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 53
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersChapter 5: Image Format Considerations in migration of iPhone applications toWindows Phone.................................................................................................................................... 54 Critical role of Iconography in Windows Phone ........................................................................... 54 Device resolutions ................................................................................................................................... 55 Differences in iPhone and WP Image Resolutions ....................................................................... 56 Managing Images for Windows Phone Projects .......................................................................... 57 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 62 Resources ................................................................................................................................................... 62Chapter 6: Application Lifecycle Differences Between Windows Phone and the iPhone................................................................................................................................................................... 63 iPhone and Windows Phone Navigation Models ........................................................................ 63 Programming for application States and navigation .................................................................. 64 Windows Phone LifeCycle .................................................................................................................... 65 WP LifeCycle and Tombstoning Example ....................................................................................... 68 iOS and Windows Phone State and Event mapping ................................................................... 72 Summary .................................................................................................................................................... 73 Resources ................................................................................................................................................... 73Chapter 7: iPhone to Windows Phone Application Preference Migration ....................... 74 Application Preferences ........................................................................................................................ 74 iPhone Application Preferences ......................................................................................................... 74 Windows Phone Application Preferences ....................................................................................... 74 Migrating Application Preferences.................................................................................................... 75 Migration Sample .................................................................................................................................... 80 Conclusions................................................................................................................................................ 91Chapter 8: Introduction to Windows Phone Notifications for iPhone Developers ....... 92 What Are Push Notifications? ............................................................................................................. 92 Notifications on Windows Phone ...................................................................................................... 92 The Architecture of Windows Phone Push Notifications .......................................................... 94 Using WP Notifications within the Application ............................................................................ 95 Summary ..................................................................................................................................................102 Resources .................................................................................................................................................102Appendix A: Migration Samples ................................................................................................... 103 In-App Advertisements .......................................................................................................................104 Geo-Location ..........................................................................................................................................109 Group Messaging ..................................................................................................................................116Appendix B: Using the API Mapping Tool ................................................................................. 122 What's the API Mapping tool ............................................................................................................122 How to use the tool ..............................................................................................................................122 Whats next? ............................................................................................................................................122
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersAbout this Development Guide If you have been developing iPhone applications and are interested in building your applications for Windows Phone, this guide is for you. The guide will cover what you need to know to add Windows Phone development to your skill set, while leveraging what you have already learned building iPhone applications. .
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersChapter 1: Windows Phone Platformintroduced to iPhone applicationdevelopersNew BeginningOn October 11th Microsoft announced the release of Windows Phone on 10 devices froma variety of manufacturers all over the world. Almost 2000 applications are alreadyavailable on the Windows Phone marketplace.For Windows Phone, Microsoft went back to the drawing board to figure out whatphone users really want, and built a phone from the ground up. The OS, the userexperience and the application development platform have all been engineered withusers in mind. The revenue opportunities in the Windows Phone marketplace,accompanied by a great set of development tools, make WP a very attractive destinationfor developers to build applications and games.Developer ToolsIn early September, Microsoft released a set of tools for Windows Phone. This toolset isfree and can be downloaded from here. The toolset includes: An IDE (for developers) : Visual Studio Express for Windows Phone, A User Interface design tool (for designers): Express Blend for Windows Phone, Frameworks: Silverlight for Windows Phone and XNA Game Studio for Windows Phone And a Windows Phone emulator to test and debug applications.The tools are designed to let you develop consumer applications, business applicationsor games.Chapter 1: Windows Phone Platform introduced to iPhone application developers 5
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersWindows Phone ArchitectureWindows Phone utilizes a layered architecture as shown below. In contrast to the iPhoneOS, WP will run on multiple phones. To provide a consistent user experience and featuresthat developers can rely on, it defines a minimum set of hardware specifications that allphones must meet.They include an ARM7 CPU, a DirectX capable GPU, a camera, and a multi-touchcapacitive display. Standard sensors include: an A-GPS, an accelerometer, a compass,proximity and light sensors. There are three standard physical buttons on the phone –back, start and search. As we will see in a subsequent chapter, these buttons provide aneasy and natural navigation model for the user.In WP, Microsoft provides most of the device driver code. The device manufacturer hasto write very little code specific to their device. This is expected to improve theconsistency and quality across various devices. WP takes advantage of hardwareacceleration through encapsulation layers such as DirectX or XNA.WP applications use managed programming and run within sandboxed environments.Watch this MIX '10 presentation by Istvan Cseri , a Windows Phone architect to get moredetails on the WP architecture.Chapter 1: Windows Phone Platform introduced to iPhone application developers 6
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application Developers Comparing the WP Programming Stack with the iPhone Stack The App Model shown above provides services for managing the application lifecycle such as installation, and update. The UI model helps manage application user interface. Applications are built using various WP frameworks. The following table gives an overview of the Windows Phone frameworks that provide features comparable to the iPhone programming layers. iPhone Functionality Windows Phone Frameworks Frameworks: Cocoa Touch Application UI, Device WP Phone Framework, integration (sensors, Silverlight controls camera) Media Layer Graphics, Animation, XNA for games or Media Silverlight media and graphics for others Core Services Base services, Common Base Library layer Networking, Text, XML, storage Core OS layer + Window Phone 7 OS iOS iOS and WP Stacks side by side The following table provides a detailed look into the framework layers shown above. The left hand side shows the iPhone stack with the corresponding framework from Windows Phone on the right. These frameworks can be grouped in three large buckets, namely, Application UI and Phone integration, Base services, with the OS layer underneath. iPhone Frameworks Windows Phone FrameworksTouchCocoa C Objective- VB.NET C# or n integratio Phone n UI and Applicatio Multi-tasking iAds Chapter 1: Windows Phone Platform introduced to iPhone application developers 7
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application Developers Application UI Application UI Device Device integration integration Browser Control Browser Control Notifications Notifications Silverlight XNA Two Application Types Peer to Peer Gamer Gaming Services Controls & Controls & Gestures GesturesMedia Media Media Media Animations Animations Animations Graphics Graphics GraphicsCore Services File System Isolated Content Storage Base Class Library SQLLite Location Location XML XML, LINQ Networking Networking, Windows Communication Foundation Foundation CLR Base Classes Core OS Windows Phone OS Managed Code only Chapter 1: Windows Phone Platform introduced to iPhone application developers 8
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersOn the iPhone, you have been using Objective-C. WP only supports "managed code"applications using C# or VB.net; there is no native access available to the system or thephone hardware. Execution of such code is managed by the .NET Common LanguageRuntime (CLR). One of the benefits is that CLR provides garbage collection - there is nomemory management to worry about or pointers to take care of. The WP applicationstack is built on the .NET compact framework 3.7. The .NET compact framework isoptimized for resource constrained devices and is designed to be portable across varioushardware platforms.Base ServicesWP Base Class Library classes roughly correspond to those provided in the Foundationframework in the iOS Core Services Layer. They include base classes, collections,threading, text processing and IO. The WP Base Class Library layer also includesnetworking stacks, such as HTTP and the Windows Communication Foundation (WCF).WCF provides an easy interface with XML and SOAP services across the web, withfeatures supporting XML data transfer, serialization/deserialization and XML parsing.While WP does not have a local database such as SQLLite, developers can write SQL-likequeries in C# using Language Integrated Query (LINQ) to query XML data, stored inisolated storage (see below), or in remote databases such as SQL Azure.Chapter 1: Windows Phone Platform introduced to iPhone application developers 9
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersApplication UI and Device IntegrationWP – Two Options for Applications UIIf you are using the iOS Media layer frameworks, you have two stacks to choose from inWP, namely, Silverlight and XNA. While you can use either, generally, it is recommendedthat you use Silverlight for consumer or business applications and XNA for games,although you can certainly also develop great games using Silverlight animation.Two Types of ApplicationsiPhone WP ApplicationsApplications: UI Silverlight apps withusing views with pages connected bynavigation flowsbetween themiPhone Games: XNA games with 2D / 3D graphics and Xbox2D or 3D games connectivitybuilt with Quartzor OpenGL ESXNA for GamesXNA framework, originally developed for XBOX, provides hardware accelerated 2D and3D rendering and bitmap graphics. XNA also provides gamer services such asauthentication and connectivity with XBOX Live, as well as profiles and leaderboards. Fora high performance game, XNA is the right option.Silverlight Controls and MediaIf you have been using Cocoa Touch for controls and multi-touch, you will find a largeset of Silverlight UI controls specifically designed for the phone and supporting multi-touch. Silverlight uses a declarative language called Extensible Application MarkupLanguage (XAML) to specify user interfaces. Developers can use separate code-behindfiles, written in C# or VB.NET, to respond to events or manipulate the controls.Silverlight provides high performance audio and video with variety of CODECs. Itsupports both vector and bitmap graphics with hardware acceleration. As opposed to afile system, Silverlight provides sandboxed storage, called isolated Storage, to store theChapter 1: Windows Phone Platform introduced to iPhone application developers 10
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application Developersapplication-specific data. With the isolation of storage, one application cannot affectother applications that are running on the phone.Windows Phone FrameworksIf you need to use HTML in your application, you can use the IE-based browser control inyour application for HTML UI. Windows Phone framework layer also provides interfacesto various sensors, such as the accelerometer or the camera. Similar to Apple'snotification service, Microsoft provides a push notification service, called Microsoft PushNotification Service. In iOS 4.0, Apple introduced multi-tasking and iAds foradvertisement support in the application. While multitasking is not available on WindowsPhone, Microsoft has recently released Microsoft Advertising SDK for Windows Phone.SummaryIn this chapter we looked the Windows Phone architecture and the two programmingstacks. Now that you have a high-level idea of how the WP programming stack maps tothe iPhone stack, we are now going to go one level deeper. In the next chapter, we willlook at the user interface guidelines of WP applications.Related ResourcesTo go deeper into the topic discussed, check: 1. App Hub – Central place for Windows Phone development. Getting started, download tools and read all about Windows Phone development 2. MIX '10 presentation on Windows Phone Architecture by Istvan CseriOther Resources you may find useful: 1. Overview of the Windows Phone Application Platform 2. Windows Phone team blog. 3. Windows Phone Programming: Programming guide and reference documents.Chapter 1: Windows Phone Platform introduced to iPhone application developers 11
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersChapter 2: User Interface GuidelinesA new UI paradigmMicrosoft's Windows Phone uses a novel user interface called Metro. It sets itself apartwith its clean and simple design and emphasis on color and typography. In contrast with the application-focused design of the iPhone, WP uses an information-centric design. Instead of an array of application icons, the start screen of a Windows Phone consists of dynamic tiles that display critical information at a glance to the user. The tiles themselves are dynamic, in that they continuously portray the up-to-date status of the application. For example, they can show you the next appointment on your calendar, or the number of new emails waiting for your attention. Users can personalize their phone by pinning the tiles that they care most about. WP introduces a new paradigm called "hubs". Hubs bring related information together. There are six hubs, namely, People, Pictures,Music + Videos, Marketplace, Office, and Games. The People hub, in the instance shownbelow, aggregates your address book contacts and Facebook friends.Chapter 2: User Interface Guidelines 12
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersDesigning the Application Interface:While the design of the Windows Phone user interface is different from that of theiPhone, the core design principles are very similar. Like the iPhone, WP developers haveto keep in mind the compact screen, lower CPU and limited memory while designing theapplications. Users use one application at a time, with just one screen visible.Similar Application Design GoalsUsability and UI design are not afterthoughts, but are the primary goals behindapplications on both the iPhone and WP. Applications need to be simple and focus onkey scenarios that most users care about.Visual Elements and Direct ManipulationLike the iPhone, visual elements and direct manipulation of objects by touch are the keycharacteristics of the WP application. WP provides a complete set of UI controls designedfor the phone. It utilizes the same set of core multi-touch gestures as the iPhone withsimilar semantics – these include tap, double tap, pan, flick, touch and hold, and pinchand stretch.Chapter 2: User Interface Guidelines 13
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersImplications of the similarities for the developers:For the most part, your application planning process will be similar on both platforms.While designing your WP application, you will focus on the same information that iscritical to the user. Your key design principles from the iPhone application will get carriedover: metaphors, direct manipulation with multi-touch, the need for immediate feedbackand aesthetic appeal, will still remain the same.Application User Interface DesignWhile there are similarities in the design principles of the applications on both platforms,pay close attention to the user interface of the application for the WP. It is best to takeadvantage of the unique features and strengths of WP platform.For the interface to provide a consistent experience across applications, applications onWP need to adopt the new Metro design guidelines.Controls and the Application InterfaceThe WP development tools and SDK include a rich collection of Silverlight controlsdesigned specifically for usability and aesthetics. While you can create your own controls,it is best to use the standard controls where possible. These controls respond to themechanges and provide the consistent user interface.Chapter 2: User Interface Guidelines 14
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersThe following table shows the mapping between WP Silverlight controls andcorresponding iPhone controls.iPhone control: WP control: Notes:Text field Text boxLabel TextblockSearch bar Textbox + buttonRounded Rectangle ButtonButtonSegmented control Radio ButtonActivity indicator Progress indicatorSlider SliderProgress View Progress bar- Multi-scale image Image with zoom capability- Panorama Panorama to display related content that spans display- Pivot To provide different views on the data- Grid To arrange other controls in a tabular form- Ink presenter Surface for inkingPage indicator -UISwitch ToggleSwitch control Available on Codeplex*Date and time pickers Datepicker / Available on Codeplex * TimepickerPicker - Use Silverlight WP templateChapter 2: User Interface Guidelines 15
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application Developers* ToggleSwith and Datepicker/Timepicker control are part of the Silverlight for WindowsPhone Toolkit available on Codeplex: http://silverlight.codeplex.com/releases/view/55034As you can see above, WP offers controls that correspond to almost all of the iPhonecontrols. While the look and feel is different, they provide similar functionality.New ControlsWindows Phone introduces a few novel controls that have no counterpart on the iPhone.A multi-scale image, with image data at various resolutions, is appropriate for allowingthe user when zooming into a photo. Panorama control is a multi-screen page andallows a page to span horizontally beyond the width of the phone. The people hub,shown above, is a great example of this control. It allows a large amount of relatedinformation to be presented. Pivot control, another novel control shown below, is usefulto manage views and display information that is logically divided in sections.NotificationsBoth iPhone and WP have notification services, but notifications play a key role in WP.The tile notifications are what make the tiles come alive. They are used to display non-Chapter 2: User Interface Guidelines 16
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application Developerscritical information without disrupting what the user is doing. If you are using anapplication badge on the icon in an iPhone, you can use a tile notification as areplacement. However, tiles have the ability to provide far more information, such asphotos (see above).The notification service can also display toast notifications that provide time sensitiveinformation such as an SMS. The toast notifications are shown for about 10 seconds, butthe user may choose to ignore them. These are different from the iPhone alerts, which auser must respond to.iPhone Functionality Windows PhoneIcon badges Non-critical information Tile notifications that user may not respond to- Time sensitive data that Toast Notifications user may not respond toAlerts Modal alerts that user Application notifications must respond toTool and Tab bar vs. Application barAs opposed to separate tool bar and tab bar, WP only sports an application bar. Theapplication bar can include up to 4 of the most common views or application tasks. Youcan also use application bar menus for additional context-sensitive tasks. If you are usingaction sheets in your iPhone application, application bar menus will provide you withsimilar functionality.iPhone Functionality Windows PhoneStatus bar Information about Status bar deviceNavigation bar Navigation, Title, Back button for back Buttons for views or navigation actions Page title View and actions on Application barChapter 2: User Interface Guidelines 17
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersTab bar Alternate views Application barTool bar Actions in the current Application bar contextAction sheets Context sensitive menus Application bar menusComparing WP and iPhone NavigationWP application is a collection of multiple pages. Like on the iPhone, the user navigatesthrough different pages using widgets such as buttons and links. However, the twoplatforms differ in their back navigation.On the iPhone, developers need to implement the back functionality using thenavigation controls on the navigation bar. On WP, the hardware back button allows theuser to navigate back between pages within an application, or across applications. Itbehaves much like the Back button in a browser. The Back button also closes menus anddialogs. As a developer, you should consider what the Back button means to your userand plan to override it appropriately. For example, you may decide to pause a gameusing the Back button.The other two hardware buttons on the WP phone, namely, Search and Home, have fixedbehavior.WP Frame and Page StructureEach WP application has a single frame, and it includes areas for: 1. a page where application content is rendered. This is the content where widgets or graphics are rendered. 2. a reserved space for the system tray and application bar. It also exposes certain properties such as orientation to the application.Chapter 2: User Interface Guidelines 18
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersSystem Tray and Application BarOn WP, the system tray includes indicators for various system-level status information.The application bar includes the area for the most common application menus, whichmay include various data views or tasks.Page Structure of WP ApplicationThe following diagram shows the structure of a typical WP data-bound application,which resembles a navigation-based iPhone application.Chapter 2: User Interface Guidelines 19
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersWhen the user first starts the application, he or she would be presented with a splashscreen, designed to welcome the user, as well as to create the perception of fastresponse. Splash screens are usually an image file, of the size of the display.Usually the application starts with the home page; the main navigation page, with linksfor search, and other page widgets. Consider an application that shows informationabout the baseball teams and their players. The primary content page, marked "widgets"page above, will have the content of interest; e.g., a list of all baseball teams. In manycases, the home page will also be the primary content page.The user can click on one of the team links to visit the team details page ("widget detailspage") which can provide multiple views. The page may employ a pivot control orpanorama to display different views such as the team summary and the list of all players("list of gadgets") from that team. Selecting one of the baseball players will take the userto the page with player statistics ("Gadget Details page"). Such a page may use controlssuch as textblocks, multi-scale images, or other multimedia using a MediaElementcontrol.Users may also use the search widget to search and directly access the team page("widget details") or the player page ("gadget details")Application TemplatesAs you know, XCode provides different templates for various iPhone applications. Thefollowing table shows the mapping between XCode application types and Visual Studioapplication templates.Chapter 2: User Interface Guidelines 20
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersXCode Template Functionality Visual Studio TemplateNavigation-based For information drilldown apps Databound applicationView based For utility apps e.g. bubble Windows Phone application levelOpenGL-ES For Games WP Game (XNA) applicationbasedWindow-based Flexible template to design any Windows Phone application applicationYou can choose the Windows Phone application template to either create an applicationwith functionality similar to the view-based or the window-based iPhone applicationtype. Lastly, the XNA based games application template will give you functionality similarto the OpenGL-ES application.SummaryIn this chapter, we looked at the WP user interface guidelines. We showed the parallelsbetween the application design goals of the iPhone platform and the WP platform.When you plan your WP application, you should be able to leverage your existing workon iPhone applications.Revisit the application interface design to make sure you are taking advantage of the WPmetro design that uses Windows Phone interface guidelines. You will find that the WPtools offer a large library of controls and gestures that have close counterparts on theiPhone. Investigate the use of innovative controls like panorama, and explore the use oflive tiles to build an engaging WP experience.Related ResourcesTo go deeper into the topic discussed, check: 1. Windows Phone User Interface Guidelines 2. Windows Phone Developer Tools 3. Silverlight for Windows Phone toolkit on CodePlex 4. Design resources for Windows PhoneOther Resources you may find useful: 1. Application Page Model for Windows Phone 2. Frame and Page Navigation Overview for Windows PhoneChapter 2: User Interface Guidelines 21
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersChapter 3: Developer and designer toolsintroduced to iPhone developersIntroductionWith the release of Windows Phone developer tools, Microsoft brings the user-friendly,high productivity Visual Studio Development environment to Windows Phone.Developers who have used Visual Studio will find a familiar environment. Even iPhoneapplication developers familiar with XCode will find it easy to migrate to WP developertools and become productive quickly.Comparing the iPhone and Windows Phone Tool SetVisual Studio 2010 Express for Windows Phone is a full featured IDE specifically createdfor designing, developing and debugging Windows Phone applications. This IDE, alongwith other tools, namely, Expression Blend, XNA Game Studio, and Windows PhoneEmulator cover the entire cycle of Windows Phone application development.WP developer tools cover the full functionality that is provided by the iPhone applicationdeveloper tools. The following table gives an overview of the functionality of each ofthese tools and how they correspond to iPhone development equivalents. Functionality Audience iPhone WP Development tools Development tools Primary UI design UI Designer 3rd party tools. Expression Blend for Windows – colors, Phone gradients, animation UI design UI Designer Interface Builder Visual Studio 2010 Express for / Windows Phone and Expression Programm Blend for Windows Phone er App Programm XCode Visual Studio 2010 Express for development er Windows PhoneChapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 22
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application Developers (Coding) Game Programm XCode XNA Game Studio development er (Coding) Testing / Tester iPhone Windows Phone Emulator Emulation simulator (included in Visual Studio 2010 Express)As you plan to develop applications for WP, your iPhone team structure and overalldevelopment process can remain the same. The entire team of designers, developers andtesters, familiar with iPhone development tools, will find it easy to migrate to the WPtoolset.Development Lifecycle and Window Phone 7Developer ToolsWindows Phone development tools facilitate a close collaboration between designersand developers through the use of Expression Blend and Visual Studio. These two toolsshare the same file structure as well as actual source files. Expression Blend uses XAML forUI design, a declarative XML based language, which is also consumed by Visual Studio.This allows the designer and the developer to work seamlessly together while it providesclear separation of responsibilities between the two. Design Tester ProgrammProject ManagementChapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 23
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersLike XCode, Visual Studio Express for WP is a full featured IDE. It allows developers tomanage the entire structure of the development project; the source files as well as thevarious resource files. Visual Studio allows you to configure the application codebase,called a Visual Studio Solution, as a collection of projects, i.e. as a separate functionalunit. This makes it easy to manage source files, to share code as well as to manage thework among team members. Visual Studio integrates a compiler and a debugger, bothof which can be invoked either interactively or via the command line.Let us create a sample application. Start Visual Studio Express for WP and click File, thenNew Project. In the New Project dialog select Windows Phone Application. Type"ShoppingList" for the name of the project and click OK. Visual Studio will create a newproject for you as shown below. The Solution Explorer window shows the solution wejust created. This solution has only one project, also named ShoppingList. The projectcontains the sources, resources and properties.Unlike XCode, Visual Studio Express for WP does not provide integration with sourcecontrol. You can use Visual Studio Professional edition which integrates various sourcecontrol systems, such as Subversion, that iPhone application developers are familiar with.Alternatively, you can use the Visual Studio Team System, an edition designedparticularly for greater communication and collaboration among software developmentteams, for developing your WP application.UI Design ToolsWP developer tools include two UI design tools, namely, Expression Blend and VisualStudio UI designer. WP uses SilverLight, with its XML markup language, for the UIspecification.Chapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 24
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersVisual Studio UI design tool is comparable to Interface Builder. iPhone applicationdevelopers who know Interface Builder will find it easy to use this tool. The main pagefor our ShoppingList solution, MainPage.xaml, is already opened in the VS UI designertool for editing (shown above).Let us change the title of the application, as well as the title of the current page. Rightclick on the title, "MY APPLICATION" and select Properties. In the properties window,select Text and type "SHOPPING LIST." Similarly, change the title of the page by typing"my list" in the Text property of the title.Open the Toolbox, drag a TextBlock and drop it on the page. Position it so that it is atthe top left. Right click on the TextBlock and update its Text property to "Item:"Drag a TextBox from the toolbox and place it underneath the above the textblock.Update its Text property to wipe it clean. Right underneath Properties, click on"TextBox1", and type "txtItem" to change the ID of the textbox to txtItem. Resize thetextbox by dragging its right bottom corner so that its width is 300.Similarly, drag a button and drop it to the right of the TextBox. Change its Contentproperty to "Add", and its ID to "btnAdd". Resize the button so that its width is 140. Andfinally, drag another TextBox and place it underneath the txtItem textbox. Resize it sothat it covers the rest of the phone screen. Update its ID to "txtList" Update its Textproperty to "Nothing here yet!" Your application should look something like this:Chapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 25
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersClick F5, or Debug and Start Debugging, to compile the application and launch it. Thiswill start the WP emulator, deploy the ShoppingList application and run it. You can clickon Add, but nothing will happen as we have not written any logic yet.Chapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 26
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersDevelopers can use context menus to add event handlers or set control properties. Itsintegration with Visual Studio allows for direct manipulation of controls and makes iteasy to add logic to UI controls.Expression Blend for WPExpression Blend for WP is a full featured visual UI design tool created for designers.There is no exact counterpart to this in the iPhone development toolset. Similar to VSDesign tool, Expression Blend also allows drag and drop to design the UI. The tool,shown below, allows pixel accurate layout of controls. They can easily create and usecolor palettes and gradients, as well as special effects such as reflections and shadows.The tool can import Photoshop files, to make it easy to bring your iPhone applicationresources to your Windows Phone application. Designers can also use the tool to defineapplication behavior, as well as certain animations, without any programming.While designers use Expression Blend, and programmers use the Visual Studio Designtool to hook up their application logic to the UI design, the VS UI design tool can also beused for the UI design, as we saw earlier. Both tools include the same control set, thatprovides accurate fidelity to their run time visual representation, making it easy tovisualize the application. The two design tools use the same project structure and sharesource files. Both tools consume/produce XAML, the Silverlight XML declarative markuplanguage, for the interface design. This makes it very convenient for a designer to workon the design using Expression Blend while the developer uses Visual Studio to designthe logic behind the application. It creates a smooth design and development workflow.Chapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 27
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersEditing codeVisual Studio includes a simple to use, full featured, yet configurable, source editor. Itprovides various features that will be familiar to XCode users. These include flexiblesearch, rich editing, code formatting, and the ability to outline/hide code.Let us add some logic to our application. Stop the running application by clickingDebug, followed by Stop Debugging. Double click the "Add" button which will openMainPage.xaml.cs with a method btnAdd_click in the MainPage class.Edit the newly added method to add logic to add items to the shopping list. Type: string tStr = txtItem.Text;As soon as you type "t" for txtItem, VS will bring up the auto-completion dialog as shownbelow. The Visual Studio counterpart for XCode auto-completion is called IntelliSense.Chapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 28
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersAlso type: if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(tStr))As soon as you type, "String." VS will pop up the auto-completion dialog. Typing "Is" willtake you to the class methods of the String class. VS IntelliSense is richly featured. As opposed to relying on the history alone, itdisambiguates using the code context and .NET reflection, for intelligent auto-completion. It can suggest or even complete variable names, parameters, as well as classand method names. It even generates appropriate code where needed, as shown belowusing an unrelated code fragment:To complete the event hookup, it will also generate an empty stub for the event handler,i.e., the button1_click method.Visual Studio provides another very useful feature called Code Snippets, which is acounterpart to text macros in XCode. It allows you to insert code fragments in the activefile with a few mouse clicks. Visual Studio ships with a large number of snippets anddevelopers can create their own library of snippets. They can also be indexed andsearched using user defined terms.Chapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 29
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersType ctrl+k ctrl+x to bring up the Insert Snippet prompt. Select Visual C#, followed by"i" to select a code snippet for "if statement", which will insert an if statement in thecode.The inserted snippet identifies the parts the user needs to complete:Type the remaining code, so that the body of the method is as follows: string tStr = txtItem.Text; if (!String.IsNullOrEmpty(tStr)) { if (txtList.Text == "Nothing here yet") { txtList.Text = ""; } txtList.Text += txtItem.Text + "n"; txtItem.Text = ""; }Visual Studio supports various refactoring mechanisms. Select any piece of code andright click to access the refactoring menu.The Visual Studio editor is highly customizable. Developers can easily define differentkeyboard shortcuts or create their own macros. Macros help you automate repetitiveactions by combining a series of commands and instructions together, making it easy toinvoke them as one command. iPhone application developers can easily customize theeditor to use any shortcuts and keyboard combinations that they are familiar with.Instead of spawning a separate window for each file, as in XCode, the default view in VSuses tabbed windows. Developers can change this behavior to suit their need. They canchange the way in which various windows are docked within the Visual Studio Shell.Chapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 30
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersBuilding ApplicationsSimilar to XCode, Visual Studio Express for WP allows you to build the Visual Studiosolution on demand. Further, each project that is part of the solution can be builtseparately.Visual Studio uses an XML based, declarative build system called MSBuild which can becompared with Ant/Nant. Builds can be invoked interactively or via a command line forbatch processing. This system is flexible and allows you to build a specific target either asa debug build or as a release build.EmulatorWP developer tools include an emulator that can be used effectively for testingapplications. It provides features that are comparable to the iPhone simulator included inthe iPhone developer tools.The WP emulator provides a virtualized environment in which you can deploy, debugand test applications. The Windows Phone Emulator is designed to provide comparableperformance to an actual device and meets the peripheral specifications required forapplication development. It can be invoked from Visual Studio to load an applicationpackage [.xap] within the emulator.DebuggingVisual Studio Express Phone 7 includes a very powerful symbolic debugger that can beused with the WP emulator or with a remote device. Once the application breaks into thedebugger, the developer can view the variables in the application and control theexecution.Let us look at the debugger in action. Press F5 to launch the application again. Type"napkins" in the textbox and click Add.Chapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 31
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application Developers"Napkins" is added at the end of "Nothing here yet!" - not something we expected. InVisual Studio, click in the light blue area to the left of the "string tStr = txtItem.Text;" linein the code window. This will insert a breakpoint at that line.Launch the application again using F5. When the application breaks into the debugger,hover over txtItem in the code and click "+" in the popup to view the variable txtItem, asshown below. The developer can view the variable, its type, its fields and properties. Thepicture below shows how you can walk up and down the type hierarchy to inspect theobjects.Chapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 32
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersYou can set a "watch" on certain variables to inspect them continuously. Right clicktxtList, followed by Add Watch. The watch window will show the variable txtList. ExpandtxtList by clicking on "+".Step through the code using F10 to see that control does not enter the if statement. if (txtList.Text == "Nothing here yet") { txtList.Text = ""; }Observe in the watch window that the value of txtList.Text is "Nothing here yet!",whereas it is getting compared with "Nothing here yet" (with no exclamation point.)Therein is our bug! Change that statement to add the exclamation point, as follows: if (txtList.Text == "Nothing here yet!")Chapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 33
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersWhile in the debugger, the developer can use the VS 'immediate mode' where one canwrite managed code instructions to modify or view the variables or execute some codeto help with debugging.Update the code and relaunch the application. Test it by adding couple of items to theshopping list.Overall, you will find that, with the power of the managed programming environment,debugging a WP application is very easy. Unlike an XCode application, where you haveaccess to assembly instructions, memory dumps and various registers, the WP applicationdebugging is done entirely at the application level, using C# code and types.In addition to the above debug facilities, the .NET framework includes two specificclasses, Debug and Trace, that make it easy to write run-time debug messages to theoutput window. C# also supports an assert statement, which is evaluated at run time. Ifthe statement evaluates to true, nothing happens, but if the statement returns false, theprogram breaks into a debugger.Chapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 34
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersSummaryThe Windows Phone developer toolset includes rich tools designed to support every stepin the entire application development lifecycle. The design, development and testingtools are amenable to existing iPhone team roles and processes. The tight integrationbetween theWP tools can help you streamline your design, development and testingworkflow. These tools provide end-to-end functionality and are highly customizable,with the power to make your team quickly productive.Chapter 3: Developer and designer tools introduced to iPhone developers 35
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersChapter 4: C# programming introduced toObjective-C programmersIn the previous chapter, we looked at the user interface guidelines for WP applications.We will now dive deeper into what it takes to implement a WP application.In this chapter, we will look at the various C# features that map to the most commonObjective-C features. We will provide code snippets which will ease your way into C#code. We will point to the key C# features that help you write safe code and enhanceproductivity.Introduction to Managed ProgrammingWP only supports managed programming in C# or VB.NET. Before we jump into thedetails of C#, let us briefly review managed programming.The C# compiler (and similarly, the VB compiler) compiles the C# (or VB.NET) code intoan intermediate language (IL) bytecode and metadata. The Common Language Runtime(CLR) executes the byte code. It uses metadata to manage type safety, exceptionhandling, array bounds, etc. The CLR also manages memory and performs garbagecollection. In contrast, Objective-C code is compiled into ARM binary code and executeddirectly.Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 36
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersComparison between C# Features and Objective-CClassesClass DeclarationLet us start with an example program. In contrast to Objective-C, C# does not separatethe class definition and the implementation. The compiler derives the metadata aboutthe classes from the class implementation itself. You will also notice that you do not needto define each class in a separate file as in Objective-C.In the example, the public signature of the class Person consists of just the property, age,and the constructor. The rest of the class implementation is opaque.using System; // C# does not import a .h file, uses metadatanamespace FirstApplication // scope for classes. No Obj-c counterpart{ class Person // only uses class implementation { private DateTime birthDate; // a private field accessible to this class private int ageOn(DateTime date) // a private method { TimeSpan span = date.Subtract(birthDate); //uses a .notation to invoke return span.Days; } public int age // this is a property. { Get // just a getter; it's a read-only property { return this.ageOn(DateTime.Now); } } public Person( DateTime dob) // instance constructor. Unlike Objective-C { // it combines allocation and initialization birthDate = dob; } } class Program //Unlike Obj-C, another class in the same file. { static void Main(string[] args) // main entry point into the program { Person p = new Person(new DateTime(1973,11,12)); //construct an instance System.Console.WriteLine("The age is is" + p.age.ToString()); DateTime dt = p.birthDate; //error in compilation birthDate is private } }}Instead of using the import statement, C# employs a using statement to refer to themetadata of other classes. The namespace declaration, shown at the top of the file, isused to both declare scope and organize the code. You can access classes in othernamespaces by referring to a fully qualified name. See the reference toChapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 37
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersSystem.Console.WriteLine in the example above, where console is in the Systemnamespace.Objective-C uses a message passing syntax consisting of square brackets, and a dot-notation for accessing properties. C# uniformly uses the "." notation for referring to allmethods, fields and properties.Strong TypingIn contrast to Objective-C, C# is a very strongly typed language. Types must be specifiedfor variables as well as input/output parameters. Types are enforced strictly by thecompiler. Objective-C uses weak typing for collection classes such as NSArray andNSDictionary. In the section on generics below, we will see how C# uses strong typing forcollection classes.int a = 5;int b = a + 2; //OKbool test = true; // OKint c = a + test; // Error. Operator + cannot mix type intand bool.The example above shows the strong typing for primitive types. Strong typing workssimilarly for all classes.Class ConstructorsIn contrast to the separate alloc and init statements of Objective-C, in C#, instanceconstructors are used to create and initialize instances. For example, p, an instance of thePerson class, can be both constructed and initialized with a given birthdate, in a singlestatement.PropertiesDevelopers often need to decide about whether to implement a member as a propertyor a method. In this case, the design pattern is identical for Objective-C and C#. Ingeneral, the guidance is to use properties when accessing data, and to use methodswhen there is an action taken on the data.As opposed to the Objective-C @property attribute, C# properties are declared by theexplicit definition of a getter, a setter, or both. You can make the property read-only byChapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 38
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application Developersproviding just the getter, write-only by providing just the setter or read-write, byproviding both.Parameter TypesSimilarly to Objective-C, C# uses value parameters by default. While C# does not havepointers, it allows passing of parameters by reference by using the 'ref' modifier. Insteadof pointers, parameters with ref can be used where you want to achieve side effects ina method. In some cases, reference parameters are more efficient, since they avoid datacopying.C# also provides parameters with an out modifier which denotes parameters that mustbe initialized by the called method before returning. This design pattern is often used toreturn the error in addition to the value of the function.Access PrivilegesIn Objective-C, access privilege can only be specified on variables. Methods which arepresent only in the .m file are private. On the other hand, C# allows access privileges onfields (e.g., birthDate), properties (e.g., age) and methods (e.g., ageOn). It uses public,private and protected as modifiers to denote three different levels of accessprivileges.In the above example, the compiler will error out on p.birthDate since that variable isprivate and therefore is not accessible from the Program class. Similarly, the methodageOn is also private and inaccessible from the Program class.Methods with multiple parametersBoth Objective-C and C# support methods with multiple parameters. In Objective-Cmethod parameters are positional and named, i.e., the names of formal parameters areused while passing actual parameters. The name of the method is comprised ofeverything to the left of the colon (":"), for example, the name of the Objective-C methodbelow is addEmployee:name:age:. While C# traditionally used positional and unnamedparameters, the latest version of C# has also introduced named parameters. Thefollowing example shows the comparative syntax for Objective-C and C#.Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 39
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersObjective-C C#- (void) addEmployee:(NSString *)name void addEmployee(string name, int id, intid:(int)id age:(int)age age);[off addEmployee:@"Phil" id:2345 age:23]; Off.addEmployee("Phil",2345, 23); Off.addEmployee(name: "Phil", age:23, id:2345);Objective-C does not support method overloading. While it does not allow exactly thesame method signature with different parameter types, the following design pattern iscommonly used in Objetive-C programs:- (void)insert:(myClass *)obj atIndex:(NSInteger) index- (void)insert:(myClass *) obj beforeObj:(myClass *) obj[mylist insert:obj1 atIndex:4];[mylist insert:obj2 beforeObj:obj1];As we saw earlier, the names of these two methods are different and are "insert:atIndex"and "insert:beforeObj" respectively.On the other hand, C# explicitly supports method overloading. Using information aboutthe parameter types, C# disambiguates between methods with the same name.void insert(myClass obj, int index);void insert(myClass obj, myClass before);The method insert may be called with both signatures:list.insert(myObj1, 4);list.insert(myObj1, myObj2);Now that we have examined some of the basic class concepts in C#, let us look atanother example:using System;namespace SecondApplication{ struct Point // In contrast to Obj-C, C# structs are closer { // classes. public double x; // struct fields can also have access modifiers public double y; public Point(double p1, double p2) //a constructor for the struct { x = p1; y = p2; }Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 40
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application Developers } interface IThreeDShape // an interface, like an Objective-C protocol only { // defines the behavior double volume { get; // Volume is a read-only property. no setter } } abstract class Shape // this class is marked abstract, i.e. may not be instantiated. { protected Point origin; //only derived classes may access protected static int counter = 0; // Similar to class variables in Obj-C public string ID; protected Shape() //a constructor. Same name as the class name { counter++; // class variable being updated } public Point Origin // similar to objective-C property { set { origin = value; } } public abstract double Area //denotes that this property must be overridden { // in a derived class get; } public abstract bool contains(Point p); // this method must also be overridden } class Rectangle : Shape //Similar to obj-c, single iinheritance { public double length; //field accessible from others public double width; public Rectangle(Point o, double l, double w) //a public constructor { ID = "Rectangle_" + counter.ToString(); origin = o; length = l; width = w; } public Rectangle(double l, double w) // one constructor using another constructor //creates a rectangle at the origin : this(new Point(0, 0), l, w) { } public override double Area // unlike Obj-C, overridden method must { // use override keyword get { return length * width; } } public override bool contains(Point p) { if ((origin.x < p.x && origin.x + length > p.x) || (origin.x > p.x && origin.x - length < p.x)) if ((origin.y < p.y && origin.y + length > p.y) || (origin.y > p.y && origin.y - length < p.y)) return true; return false; } } class Square : Rectangle { public double side; public Square(double s) : base(s, s) //constructor { ID = "Square_" + counter.ToString(); side = s; } } class Cube : Shape, IThreeDShape //similar to obj-c, class implements interface (protocol) { public double side; public Cube(double s) { ID = "Cube_" + counter.ToString(); side = s; } public override double AreaChapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 41
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application Developers { get { return 6 * side * side; } } public double volume { get { return side * side * side; } } public override bool contains(Point p) … } class SecondProgram { static void printVolume(IThreeDShape tdShape) { Console.WriteLine("The volume is " + tdShape.volume); } static void Main(string[] args) { Rectangle r = new Rectangle(5.0, 3.0); Cube c = new Cube(4.0); SecondProgram.printVolume(c); double a = r.Area; Console.WriteLine("The area of rectangle " + r.ID + " is " + a.ToString()); bool b = r.contains(new Point(1, 2)); Console.WriteLine("The point is in " + b.ToString()); // will print TRUE } }}Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 42
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersInheritanceLike Objective-C, C# also uses a single inheritance mechanism. Inheritance is specified bylisting the parent class after the name of the class as shown below. In the above example,the class Rectangle inherits from the class Shape, whereas the class Square inherits fromthe class Rectangle.In C#, the constructor of the base class is automatically invoked when constructing aninstance of a derived class. However, a derived class can invoke a specific constructor ofthe base class if needed as shown in the constructor of the Square class.In contrast to Objective-C, a C# derived class may not override a method by justredefining it. The class must use the keyword "override" in its method definition.Protected AccessObjective-C provides protected variables, but methods cannot be protected. In C#,access to fields, properties and methods can also be controlled using the protectedmodifier. You can implement protected variables in C# by using the protected accessmodifier, as shown below:Instance vs Class Level AccessWhile Objective-C and C# use different syntactic notation for static methods or variables,they behave the same way. C# uses a 'static' modifier to denote class level methods,fields or properties. Everything else is at an instance level. In the above example, counteris a class level variable.Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 43
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersAbstract ClassesAbstract classes, are classes that cannot be instantiated. While Objective-C does notprovide a syntax for abstract classes, many programmers use them by returning NULLfrom the abstract class init method. The class Shape, defined above in C#, is an abstractclass and requires that both Area and the method contains must be overridden in anyderived classes.InterfacesObjective-C protocols and C# interfaces are similar. In the example below, IThreeDShapedefines an interface that is implemented by the Cube class.PolymorphismPolymorphism works the same way in both Objective-C and C#. A C# derived class canbe passed as a parameter to a method that expects a base class. Similarly, a class thatimplements a particular interface can also be passed as a parameter to the method. Thisis shown in the example below, where an object of the class Cube is passed as aparameter, where the method expects an object of the class IThreeDShape.Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 44
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersStructsIn contrast to the C-based structs used in Objective-C, C# structs are closer to classes. C#structs can have constructors, methods and properties as well as access modifiers.However, the primary difference between a struct and a class is that a struct is a valuetype, versus a class, which is a reference type.Object Lifecycle – Creation and Deletion of ObjectsMemory management is very different in Objective-C and C#. In contrast to Objective-C,C# performs automatic memory management. As we saw earlier, developers do notallocate memory, but use the "new" operator to create objects on the heap and initializethem. Equally important, in C#, the developer is not responsible for tracking memoryusage or knowing when to free memory. When the object is no longer accessed by thecode, the object is eligible for garbage collection. Periodically, the .NET CLR garbagecollector frees up the memory for such objects.In rare circumstances, developers may need to perform cleanup at the time the object isdestroyed. C# allows the use of destructors, but in practice this is rare.Other TopicsType Checking v/s ReflectionIn Objective-C, you can check the type of the class or determine if an object supports aparticular method and invoke the method on that object. In C#, reflection is a versatilefeature. You can use reflection to get the type information from an existing object,dynamically create an instance of a type, bind the type to an existing object, invoke itsmethods or access its fields and properties.Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 45
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersThe following table explains the mapping between dynamic type checking in Objective-Cand the corresponding C# reflection features.Objective-C Dynamic Type Explanation C# ReflectionCheckingisKindOfClass: classObj Is Object a subclass or type.IsSubclassOf(typeof(BaseClass)) memberisMemberOfClass: classObj Is Object a member of object.getType() or typeofrespondsToSelector: selector Does the object type.GetMethod(MethodName) implement the methodinstancesRespondToSelector: Does the class type.GetMethod(MethodName)selector respond to the methodperformSelector: selector Invoke a method type.InvokeMember(…)Exception HandlingException handling is similar in C# and Objective-C. You use a try-catch block to handleexceptions. Additionally, you can either catch specific exceptions or use a catch-allstatement. This is similar to @try, @catch and @finally statements in Objective-C.Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 46
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersKey class libraries comparedStringsC# provides a very comprehensive string class, which gives you all the features that youare familiar with in the NSString class.Objective-C C# NotesFeatureNSString String greeting = "Hello WP!"; Int length = greeting.Length;Comparison String color = "pink"; Strings can be compared using ==. They can be compared If (color == "red") lexicographically using compare. System.Console.WriteLine("Matching colors!"); string name = "Joe"; if (string.compare(name, "Jack") > 0) System.Console.WriteLine(name + " comes later");Concatenatio System.Console.WriteLine (greeting + " Strings can be concatenated withn You rock!") simple '+' operator. (This is called operator overloading)Splitting string rainbow = "Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, Red"; string[] rainbowColors = rainbos.Split(,); foreach (string color in rainbowColors) System.Console.WriteLine (color);Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 47
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersArraysObjective-C C# NotesFeatureArrays of primitive int[] table; Array size is not part of thetypes such as int, table = new int[3]; array declaration.float Arrays are explicitly string[] names = new string[3] {"Peter", initialized. "Paul", "Mary"};Multi-dim arrays Int[,] mAray; C# supports jagged arrays,of primitive types Int[][] jaggedArray; or arrays of arrays, and they need not be rectangular. string[][] singers = {new string[] {"Peter", Note Arrays of strings, i.e. "Paul", "Mary"}, new objects, work the same way. string[]{"Paul","Art"}};NSArray - There is no counterpart toImmutable Arrays immutable arrays in C#.of objectsNSMutableArray List<string> colors = new List<string>; You can use Lists as aMutable array of //list of strings replacement for mutableobjects arrays. Colors.Add("Red"); Colors.Add("Green"); You may also use ArrayLists. Colors.Insert(1,"White"); String myColor = Colors[0]; //"Red" Colors[colors.IndexOf("Red")] = "Pink"; // replace Red with pinkChapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 48
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersDictionariesC# provides a generic dictionary class that provides the functionality ofNSMutableDictionary. It allows addition, lookup and removal of objects in the dictionary.Since it uses generics, it also utilizes strong typing.Objective-C Feature C# NotesNSDictionary - There is no counterpart toImmutable dictionary immutable dictionary in C#.NSMutableDictionary - Dictionary<string, int> d = new You can use Dictionary as aMutable dictiojary of Dictionary<string, int>(); replacement forobjects NSMutableDictionary. d.Add("Honda", 124); d.Add("Toyota", 95); d.Add("Ford", 135); // See if Dictionary contains string if (d.ContainsKey("Ford")) // True { int v = d["Ford"]; Console.WriteLine(v); }Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 49
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersNew features of C#GenericsGenerics introduce the notion of type parameters, that make it possible to design classesthat are type safe, even though the actual type is deferred till the object instantiation.For example, here is how you define a generic stack:Stack<int> intStack = new Stack<int>(); // intStack is astack of intintStack.Push(1); // OKintStack.Push(2); // OKint number = intStack.Pop(); // this is atype safe assignmentStack<string> strStack = new Stack<string>(); //the type ofstrStack is different from type of intStackstrStack.Push("green"); // OKstrStack.Push(23); // compilererrorThe Stack<T> uses T as a type parameter allowing you to instantiate a stack of any type,e.g. Stack<int> or Stack<string> and use them in a type safe manner.Use of generics is closest to the use of id in Objective-C collection classes such asNSDictionary.Operator OverloadingOperator overloading permits a user defined implementation of user-defined operatorsfor user-defined classes. Consider the following example of a Complex number struct.Operator overloading allows you to define a '+' operation using a natural syntax.public struct Complex { public int real; public int imaginary; // Declare which operator to overload (+), define how itis computed public static Complex operator +(Complex c1, Complex c2) { return new Complex(c1.real + c2.real, c1.imaginary +c2.imaginary);Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 50
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application Developers } … Complex c1 = new Complex(3.0, 4.0); Complex c2 = new Complex(4.0, 5.0); Complex cSum = c1 + c2;DelegatesObjective-C developers often use delegation for notification as to when an asynchronousoperation is completed. In C#, delegates are similar to function pointers in C orObjective-C. In this design pattern, a class delegates another class, not known at compiletime, to complete its action.using System;namespace DelegateExample{ public class ConsoleLogger { public static void WriteString(string s) { Console.WriteLine("Writing to console log: {0}", s); } } public class FileLogger { public static void LogString(string s) { Console.WriteLine("Logging to file log: {0}", s); } } public class DelegatesTest { public delegate void StringDelegate(string s); public static void Main() { StringDelegate Writer, Logger; // define twpStringDelegate objects Writer = new StringDelegate(ConsoleLogger.WriteString); // Createdelegates with appropriate methods Logger = new StringDelegate(FileLogger.LogString); Writer("Warning message 1n"); // Send to ConsoleWriter delegate method Logger("Warning message 2n"); // Send to File Loggerdelegate method StringDelegate MultiLogger; // to act as themulticast delegate MultiLogger = Writer + Logger; // combine the twodelegates, MultiLogger("Warning message 3"); // This should getsent to both delegates } }Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 51
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application Developers}Let us look at the above example, where StringDelegate is defined as a function thattakes a string as a parameter and returns void. Three different delegates, writer, loggerand multiLogger, are constructed by passing in methods that have the same signature asthe StringDelegate declaration. This can be contrasted with Objective-C delegates, whichare usually defined using protocol declaration.Calling Writer invokes the writeString method of ConsoleLogger to print the message tothe console. On the other hand, calling Logger invokes the logString method ofFileLogger to log the message to the file. As you can see, delegates achieve indirectionwhile providing type safety. Delegates may be concatenated, as shown by MultiLogger,which logs the message to both loggers.EventsEvents in C# are useful in the pub-sub (publisher and subscriber) design pattern. Eventsare a very powerful design pattern for asynchronous programming. An object canpublish a set of events that subscribers in turn subscribe to. When the publisher raises theevent, all subscribers are notified. The publisher raises the event without knowing who islistening to the events. Events are built using delegates, as shown below.using System;namespace DelegateExample{ public class ConsoleLogger { public void WriteString(string s) { Console.WriteLine("Writing to console log: {0}", s); } } public class FileLogger { public void LogString(string s) { Console.WriteLine("Logging to file log: {0}", s); } } public class DelegatesTest { public delegate void LogEventHandler(string s);// definition of the delegate. public static event LogEventHandler logEvent;// the signature of the event. public static void Main() {Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 52
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application Developers ConsoleLogger cl = new ConsoleLogger();// create the first subscriber FileLogger fl = new FileLogger();// the second subscribe logEvent += new LogEventHandler(cl.WriteString);// subscribe the event and hook up the logEvent += new LogEventHandler(fl.LogString);// event handlers logEvent("A new event");// raise event which will invoke handlers Console.ReadLine(); } }}SummaryC# is a strongly typed, object oriented programming language that uses static binding.Many Objective-C concepts map closely to corresponding C# concepts. This chapter is aquick introduction to how C# concepts map to those of Objective-C. It provides astarting point for Objective-C users and points to additional resources. Knowledge ofobject oriented programming, and Objective-C experience, will provide a strongfoundation to enable you to master C# quickly.Chapter 4: C# programming introduced to Objective-C programmers 53
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersChapter 5: Image Format Considerationsin migration of iPhone applications to Windows Phone Images play a critical role in today's mobile applications. Applications engage users visually with images rather than with use of the written word. It is important to account for resources such as images, video, and audio when you plan your Windows Phone project. If you are planning to migrate or rewrite your iPhone application to Windows Phone, it is important for you to reuse your existing images. However, due to differences in the format, size and resolution of images on the two platforms, you will not be able to use images from your iPhone application in your Windows Phone application. You should consider redesigning the images orconverting them. Redesigning images can be expensive whereas conversion of imagescan be time consuming.In this blog, we will cover what developers and designers should know about the imagesin their Windows Phone application. We will introduce the image sizes and formatsrequired by the Windows Phone and show how they compare with the iPhone imageformats. This will help you plan your image conversion. We will provide some quickcommand line examples on how the ImageMagick tool can be used for the conversion.We provide an introduction to a Microsoft Image Converter tool, built on top ofImageMagick, that can be used to migrate your existing iPhone images to work in theWindows Phone environment.Critical role of Iconography in Windows PhoneWindows Phone uses a unique design experience, called Metro, in the Windows PhoneOS and applications. The WP application design and User interface guidelines blogprovides guidance on the look and feel of the application, including images and fonts.You are advised to pay close attention to images being designed for the Windows PhoneApplication. It is important that your application behaves consistently with the overallWindows Phone experience and stands out.Metro Image GuidelinesChapter 5: Image Format Considerations in migration of iPhone applications to Windows Phone 54
Windows Phone Guide for iPhone Application DevelopersMetro UI design uses a clean, light and open interface design model which putsemphasis on content and not on the chrome. It uses flat, monochrome images forstandard application tiles and toolbar icons. It recommends that developers use Metrodesign guidelines in their applications to present a consistent experience. You will needto redesign or convert some of your iPhone application images to be consistent with theWindows Phone experience.Device resolutionsiPhone and Windows Phone devices use different screen sizes and screen resolutions.This can affect how your images will look on the phone. If you use an existing image outof your iPhone application and use it without modification in your Windows Phoneapplication, the result may not be pleasing. Resolution SizeiPhone 480x320 3.5 inch diagonaliPhone 4 960x640 3.5 inch diagonalWindows Phone 800x480 Varies from device to deviceAs you can see from the above table, because of the different screen resolution, imagesdesigned for one platform cannot be used as is. They need to be - at least- resized torespect the aspect ratio of the target platform. The problem is even more complex if theimages don't meet the resolution for the Windows Phone Platform. The imageconversion process is more complex to preserve an acceptable image quality.Chapter 5: Image Format Considerations in migration of iPhone applications to Windows Phone 55


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Between what was and what would be two ridiculously rainy days, we got a fantastic sunny 75 degree day to enjoy outdoors. After a fun breakfast, we suited up and went to the neighborhood pool. Complete with water slide and sand pit - it couldn't have had more appeal for 3 kids coming off of 1,000 miles in 4 days. We swam for hours and had intense matches of monkey in the middle :). After ...
A change of trains
... distance was through the trees so it broke up the horizon. It was not until we saw houses or farms or the ruler straight roads that it was obvious that it was not England.As we had an early lunch we crossed the Mississippi river at Burlington. This is the boundary between Iowa and Illinois at from now on the landscape started to flatten out to give the views of miles and miles of crops. The most common crop was corn and it could be seen in ...
... back seat with Maggie and I. We left central Chicago and headed west towards (and beyond) O'Hare International airport, accompanied by Chrissy Amphlett and the Divinyls being played on the local radio station. Our first stop was Lowe's Hardware, a huge store very similar in layout to Bunnings but with all signage in English and Spanish. Because the weather was so glorious, the gardeners were out in force and plants, seedling trays and potting mix appeared to be the ...
Off I go..
Well, the day is finally here...I am packed and ready to go of on my adventure. It is hard to be excited still because the day started with a trip to the doctor and me on antibiotics. This should make for wonderful traveling (sarcasm). For the most part everything went smoothly at the airport, other than going to the wrong terminal for departure. I booked with one airline ...
Moving Day
Today was the day we expected to move to our next accommodation - a privately owned apartment sourced through the airbnb website, an online marketplace for holiday rentals. I believe that the original concept, back in 2008 or so when the company first started, was that hosts literally provided an air bed and basic breakfast to travellers on a budget. Although our proposed nine days in this new apartment will be ...

subset: commoncrawl


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I just walked through a room full of deaf people and farted i love deaf people
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I just walked through a room full of deaf people and farted i love deaf people
You got so drunk you kept singing the Sailor Moon theme song and kept making everyone call you Sailor Venus.
I forgot how hot balto sounded
It was good sex. She was screaming so much I didn't know whether or not my name was Matt or God.
She asked me how I live with myself. I told her one night at a time.
Is there anything medically wrong with drinking beer from a vagina?
He waited til after we had sex to tell me he had herpes... Ugh I hate being drunk
i'm pretty sure they aren't charging me for that window i broke with a turkey sandwich while i was hammered.
there are people swimming in the fountain next to the library... hello senior week
To the person who left a cup of vomit in the bathroom: I commend you for your aim but you are dead to me- not an ideal birthday present.
She pulled vodka outta the dryer and told me to drink it
When i'm home next we need to get baked and go to waffle house. I want to see if the waitress can still guess my intoxication level and what i'm about to order before i even make it to the table.
And now I have fucked a local celebrity so double free drinks at bars.
He said he was a banker. Then he told me he made 15 an hour. I said he was a shitty banker then fucked his friend.


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This is a short film shot over 10 days whilst travelling around North India; visiting Neemrana, Agra and Delhi.
Thank you to my driver, Ravi.
Track: Jack Steadman - The Sample Life (Mix)
Shortlisted for the Grolsch Shorts Showcase Award.
Filmed on Canon 550D w. 50mm 1.8, 18-55mm 3.5-5.6
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See how to make cheesy, crispy, delicious roasted red potatoes.
In this video, we'll show you how to make crispy, cheesy, oven-roasted potatoes. The red potatoes are seasoned with garlic powder, paprika and grated Parmesan cheese. You just might think that these are better than potato chips! Get the recipe for Oven Roasted Parmesan Potatoes. Serve these on a side with dinner or lunch and use any leftovers to make a roasted potato salad. See more potato side dish videos >>
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Hard to believe, but many kids will be back in school at the end of the month. Get ready.
You won't believe all the things you can do with cauliflower. It's a great low-carb option.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!


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Russian Model Bikini Dance and I love Break
Posted by mishgun on Dec. 20, 2007
Break proves that nature is one badass mother f**ker!
2015 is already halfway over!! We assembled a panel of critics to pick the ...
Become a Breaker! ?? http-//bit.ly/BreakSubscribe Kevin's Shia Lebeouf Moti...
Posted by mishgun on Dec. 20, 2007


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Four Winds at Old Fort Bay, Ocho Rios
From $1,286 / night
Description from the manager
Description from the manager
Bedrooms: 5/
Bathrooms: 5/
Sleeps: 10/
Type: Villa
With your own private beach, pool and a child-friendly cove Four Winds has everything – from Wi-Fi to kayaks, from the infinity hot-tub which seats 10, to the diurnal breezes for poolside dining or for a sunset moment from the gazebo at the end or start of another beautiful day.
Tennis at 10am or 10pm? The court is lit and the choice is yours – scuba diving, jet skiing and deep sea fishing - all can be arranged easily from your villa. You set the pace, you determine the activity or the decision to just do nothing but shoot or feel the breeze. With all the modern conveniences and a residential staff offering concierge services and catering ...Read more
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Four Winds at Old Fort Bay, Ocho Rios Ocho Rios, Jamaica
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