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May 8, 2012
View Olga Gillies's other Treasury lists
May 8, 2012
wonderful! thanks!
So lovely!!!
Thank you!!!
Beautiful :) Thank you !
excellent collection! thank you so much for including our top!
This is lovely, Olga! Thanks so much!
Great finds! Thanks for including my notecard!
Love this, thank you so much!
Sounds like a blast!
Love your collection, Olga! Thank you!
Wonderful! Thank you, Olga!!
I love I LOVE sir kitteh.
Gorgeous!! Thank you so much!
Sweet! Thank you!
May 9, 2012
merci beaucoup for including my print!!!! :o)
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Professionals with 2 small well trained dogs looking for accomodation
Looking for accomodation to suit professional couple and two small trained dogs. Dogs will be looked after by one of couple at all times. Please call me on 07852217851
Looking for accomodation to suit professional couple and two small trained dogs. Dogs will be looked after by one of couple at all times. Please call me on 07852217851
Pedigree KC registered Labrador puppies for sale, due the first week of September. (1st or 3rd) Mum (Sandy, KC name Lucky Bell of the ball) is a 'Gorgeous and pretty' dark yellow Lab with an amazing temperament. She is also great with kids and is
Live in job for individual or couple for the summer months.. Qualifications required are energy, initiative, common sense and a sense of humour to take on a wide variety of tasks and projects. The house is part of an Organic farm with businesses ra
Last little black and white boy for sale. currently 5 weeks old. Hand reared in loving family home. Mum is a Shih tzu and Dad a toy poodle. This little ball of fluff would make excellent family pets. Ready to go on 12th August and will be fully worme
CARTOLOGY hot dog cart made in grp same as catering trailers , it's the Hudson model in vgc All lpg Bain Marie's hot and cold running water , telescopic roof which lowers to transport it , ready for work
I am looking for a flat/house 1 or 2 bedrooms to rent, with a small garden for myself and my 7 year old Cocker Spaniel. We are both well behaved and house trained, I am working and not on benefits. Is there anyone out there who can help as it is p
2 year old female great with kids other dogs and cats spayed for sale through no fault of her own
Re advertising due to time waster cocker spaniel born on the 30/5/2015 have one adorable little girl left all up to date with flea and worm treatment she is a very loving playful girl use to other animals would make a lovely family pet ready to go to
Jack Russell x Shitzu puppies. 3 girls & 2 boys. Very fluffy little bundles of joy. Friendly & playful. 8 weeks old. Mum is jack Russell who can be seen. Dad is a Shitzu.
This is sam, he's a 5 month old boarder collie. He's a very energetic pup who craves love and attention. Sam is very friendly and loves meeting other dogs upon his walks . He has a microchip and all jabs are up to date with records. Birthday 12th Feb
Large dog crate ex condition 100cm by 60cm 66 cm width collection from Bitterne £40
DOB 15.05.15 Little girl. Chocolate brown. Lovely temperament. Already mixed with small children & cats. Mum (Springer) dad (Cocker) both KC registered. Can also be seen with both. Flea'd & wormed up to date. Ready for second vaccination week beginn
We have a beautiful litter of terrier cross toy poodle puppies looking for their forever homes. Boys and girls both available. Very friendly little bundles of fun. Puppies been wormed and frontlined. All weaned and eating well. Ready to leav
11 weeks old he has had his first lot of injections just needs the second ones doing in 2 weeks time 14th august(he has the puppy starter pack from vets 4 pets) ,we had a litter and wanted to keep him but with already having the mum and dad it wouldn
Looking for a fantastic home for my wonderful natured boy. Brilliant with people of all ages, currently lives with a 7 year old child and cats. He unfortunately can be reactive when on lead, but loves other dogs when he's off lead. He also needs s
Stunning litter of labrador puppies vet checked and pedigree good with kids and other pet ready for there new loving homes call for more info
hi we have 3 black labrador puppies ready for new homes, all females wormed and flea/ticked to date 9 weeks old. mum and dad can be seen. £350 each
Thanks for looking, we have an 8 month old dalmatian puppy for sale. Her name is winter. She is fully deaf. As she is deaf she ideally needs too be with another dog that is fully trained. She is house trained and very good with people and childre
8 nearly 9 weeks old ready for there new homes now all womed and fleed raised in the family home will make perfect pets please call for more information thanks
Brought new 3 days ago but no longer needed Paid £12 would like £5
Cocker spanial pups 2 bitches 3 dogs both parents are kc registered pups are not registered wormed upto date ready to go boys £350 girls £ 400
Pedigree black labs ready now for there new forever homes well socialised with children and other pets including cats health checked flead and wormed call today these last 2 stunning pups will not be here long
This is a orthopedic air sprung dog bed. I'd say for medium to large dogs. Brilliant from older dogs or ones with hip issues. Brand new this bed cost over £70. It's waterproof. Also has a removable cover. My dog liked it for a while but now doesn't
Stunning cocker spaniel puppys. Both boys. Both parents kc registered. All wormed and fled up to date. Bought up around children and other dogs. Ready now
Double door dog crate for sale. £35.00 Ono. Only a few months old, hardly used as dog prefers the sofa and the cat claimed the crate as hers!! Collection from Bitterne
small dog found in havant yesterday still been unable to find owners been out a while as dirty and has fleas could be from anywhere proof of being the owner will be needed before she is handed over
Shih tzu x yorkie terrier boy nearly 10 weeks old had first vaccination and up to date with fleaing and worming. My partner had a fall and can't look after him as well now so if you can give him a good home then email me

subset: commoncrawl


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Bill Text — Feb 4, 2013
H.R. 482 (113th): Tyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment Act of 2013
This bill's text is now available.
Will you help GovTrack write bill summaries? We've raised $4,567 so far to hire a researcher. Please support our work!
Mar 11, 2011
112th Congress, 2011–2013
This bill was introduced on March 11, 2011, in a previous session of Congress, but was not enacted.
Representative for New Jersey's 12th congressional district
Read Text »
Last Updated: Mar 11, 2011
Length: 10 pages
To prevent harassment at institutions of higher education, and for other purposes.
Legislative action may be ocurring on one of these bills in lieu of or in parallel to action on this bill.
Referred to Committee
Last Action: Nov 18, 2010
Referred to Committee
Last Action: Feb 4, 2013
The "H.R." in "H.R. 1048" means this is a House of Representatives bill in the United States Congress. A bill must be passed by both the House and Senate in identical form and then be signed by the President to become law.
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Civic Impulse. (2015). H.R. 1048 — 112th Congress: Tyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment Act of 2011. Retrieved from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr1048
"H.R. 1048 — 112th Congress: Tyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment Act of 2011." www.GovTrack.us. 2011. August 3, 2015 <https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/112/hr1048>
{{cite web
|title=H.R. 1048 (112th)
|accessdate=August 3, 2015
|author=112th Congress (2011)
|date=March 11, 2011
|quote=Tyler Clementi Higher Education Anti-Harassment Act of 2011


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"Without this playing with fantasy no creative work has ever yet come to birth. The debt we owe to the play of the imagination is incalculable."
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Bonds |
Kindred urges Gentiva shareholders to vote for buyout offer
July 1
July 1 Kindred Healthcare Inc on Tuesday urged Gentiva Health Services Inc shareholders to vote for its offer to buy the home healthcare service provider.
Gentiva's board on Monday rejected Kindred's offer, saying it significantly undervalued the company.
(Reporting by Shailesh Kuber; Editing by Saumyadeb Chakrabarty)


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Post new forum topic
Join the LMR CAD Team! We (Krumlink and -Gary) are a group of Experienced CAD users capable of designing stuff in CAD! We use the STEP file types to share files between all (Autodesk and SolidWorks) software. Put your name in below, and begin collaborative CAD design!
This post will be improved upon later, but we will post our collaborated CAD drawings, etc
Hello every at Lets Make Robots, Happy Birthday.
I would like to make you aware of a website I am starting up, BotStop.NET. You can upload your robot to have it reviewed by others in the robotics community, read and make suggestions towards robotics tutorials, take part in competitions to win parts and components for your creations, or chat in the forums.
I could drive them off batteries direct ....
...however i would prefer to feed them with a "constant" but adjustable (350mA-750mA) current.
What would be the simplest circuit i could use ?.....
.... and would there be a way to PWM them?.
Specs :-
3W High-Power White (6000-7000K) 130 Lumens - 140 deg
Hi, everybody!
Does anyone have "my super ex-girlfriend robot" movie in his collection? I remember there was an episode with little robot carrying a flower or something... I think of building a replica of it as a gift to my wife. Anyone can help with screenshoots from movie picturing it or maybe even little clip cut out of it?
Thanks :)
hi guys.ive been having some problem figuring out the code for a fritsldr in arduino.so far i keep getting this error:
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error: expected unqualified-id before numeric constant in function 'void loop()'
I put this into the PICAXE programming editor
main:servo 0,150wait 2servo 0,225wait 1goto main
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Molly and Dyylan defeated Elena and Natalie in a friendly game of paintball. Molly immediately opened her legs and collected her winnings. While Elena was licking her pussy the girls got into the action. Soon enough everyone was tit sucking, clit licking and finger fucking each other.
"Bikini Breeze"
Gracie Glam
"Girlie Games"
Abigail Mac
"Arouse Me"
Kennedy Leigh
"Clit Kissers"
Kenna James
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Aurielee Summers
"All You Can Eat"
Sophia Knight
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Valentina Nappi
"Bring The Booty"
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"Welcome To The Fam"
Malena Morgan
"Just A Taste"
Ryan Ryans


text:
Production, programming and performance bookModern Radio Production, ninth edition, is a current, comprehensive look at radio production and programming that integrates cutting-edge technologies with explanations of traditional equipment and practices. A clear writing style, excellent descriptions and explanations, and attention to detail make this book easy to read and understand.cengagebrain.com
Aug. 5-6, Raleigh, N.C.
Aug. 5–6, Austin, Texas
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Aug. 11-12, Omaha, Neb.
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We'd love to know what you'd love to do more of, because things don't happen by accident. What kind of dog friendly activities would you like to see us doing in this group? Here's a few ideas to start the ball rolling, but please feel free to e-mail the organisers with any other suggestions, or just start suggesting meetups.
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All regions
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The publication period from
Time is running out for both parties to reach an agreement as a June 15 – the International Monetary Fund (IMF) deadline for the restructuring approaches. Ukraine is to restructure the $40 billion bailout. It must meet the mid-June deadline by which it must find a way to save $15 billion (13.7 billion euros) over four years...
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There is more and more evidence that Ukraine could declare default soon... The Financial Times reported on November 10 that Franklin Templeton Investments, one of the US largest investment funds, acquired the bonds of Ukrainian government worth $ 5billion, accounting for 20 percent of the Ukrainian foreign debt... Franklin Templeton possesses all the makings of a financial vulture. The acquisition of 20% of the debt proves Ukraine is at the threshold of plunging into default. The financial vultures have bulldog grip. They will not let Ukraine, their new victim, go. The recent decision handed down by New York court in favor of financial vultures and to the detriment of Argentina has inspired them in their endeavor to achieve more victories. Another and the most famous case as yet may be the victory to be held over Ukraine...
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Alexander MEZYAEV
Republishing is welcomed with reference to Strategic Culture Foundation on-line journal www.strategic-culture.org.


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BT Will Cut Costs to Fund BT Sport Investment
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We Love To Party
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Friday, January 2, 2015
Airlines and Calling the Kettle Black
A few days ago, I blogged on the recent lawsuit by United Airlines and Orbitz against the developer of Skiplagged. One of the causes of action alleged is breach of contract for encouraging the purchase of a ticket to certain destinations only to get off at an interim point to save money.
The airlines themselves may be breaching their contracts with flyers. For example, when we buy tickets to be flown from point A to point B, that arguably implies being done so without undue delays and, in particular, possibly having to spend the night at your own cost and without your personal belongings in random cities around the world if connections are missed because of flight delays (unless, of course, you choose to spend the night sitting upright in the airport). Needless to say, if you seek to change your ticket, airlines will either charge extreme high fees and the "difference in price" for doing so or outright prohibit this practice. I've had to change tickets many times in the past, and it has typically only taken an agent about five minutes to do so. Unconscionabiliy, anyone?
Here's what happened to me one cold winter night a few years back: On my way to Denmark from St. Croix, the airline was late taking off and got even more delayed when it "had to" make an unplanned "quick landing" for gas, which was cheaper at the interim airport than at the end destination, and… ice cubes for people's drinks! I wish I was kidding, but I'm not. I missed the once-daily connection out of Atlanta to Copenhagen and had to spend the night in Atlanta in December. As I was living in tropical St. Croix at the time, I had some warm clothes with me on board the airplane to stay warm there, but had packed my winter gear in my suitcase. The airline paid for my hotel, but would, in spite of my desperate pleas, not let me have my suitcase back for the night. Result: I had to travel to and from the hotel, etc., in indoor clothes on what turned out to be an unseasonably cold winter day in Atlanta (yes, I should have brought a warmer jacket on board the plane, but planes to and from the Caribbean are often very small and I always try not to bring too much carry-on items).
Before 1978, U.S. airlines were required under "Rule 240" to offer seats on a competitor's next flight if that would be the fastest way of getting the traveler to his or her destination. Airlines created after deregulation were never required to follow that rule, but older airlines such as Delta, United and Continental apparently still adhere to the rule. Funny that they never seem to mention that when they delay you significantly. Next time you fly, it may pay to scrutinize your contract of carriage more carefully to ascertain your rights in case of a delay.
It may be time for Congress to reintroduce a Rule 240-type requirement on airlines, especially as these have become extremely good at flying full – even at overcapacity - and thus often do not have extra space for passengers that have missed their flights. Good customer service often seems to have given way to airlines' "me first" attitude in the name of hearing the highest profits possible by nickel-and-diming most aspects of airline travel on, at least, economy class.
Feeling empathetic towards the airlines? Don't. Full or nearly full flights in conjunction with declining gas prices have enabled U.S.-based airlines to earn the highest profit margins in decades. One trade group estimates that airline made 6% profit margins in 2014, higher than the highest rates in the 1990s. Of course, the task of businesses is to make as much money as they can. But at least they should live up to their own contracts of carriage and other contracts principles just as they claim passengers and website developers should.
Here's a hat tip to Professor Miriam Cherry and other contracts professors on a well-known industry list serve for news about this story. All opinion and thoughts above are my own.
January 2, 2015 in Commentary, Contract Profs, Contracts Profs Weekly Spotlight, Current Affairs, Famous Cases, In the News, Recent Cases, Travel | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, December 31, 2014
Flying the Less Friendly Skies
Last month, United Airlines and Orbitz filed a by-now famous lawsuit against the 22-year-old computer specialist who created the website Skiplagged.com. This website helps consumers find the cheapest round-trip airfare possible by buying tickets to a destination to which the traveler does not actually intend to travel, but instead getting off at a layover point which is the truly intended destination and discarding the last portion of the ticket. Roundtrip tickets to certain popular destinations are often much cheaper than to other destinations sought by fewer passengers even though the more popular destinations are further away from one's point of origin.
To not cause the airline and other passengers undue trouble and delays, this practice, of course, requires not checking in luggage which, it seems, fewer and fewer travelers do anyway (next time you fly, notice the rush to get on board first with suitcases often much bigger than officially allowed and airline personnel deliberately ignoring this for reasons of "competition").
The cause of action for this lawsuit? "Unfair competition," and breach of contract because of "strictly prohibited travel," and tortuous interference with contract.
Unfair competition? I admit that I have not yet read the rather long complaint, but I look forward to doing so very soon. At first blush, however, how can "unfair" can it really be to assist consumers in finding airfare that they want at the best prices available? United Airlines recognizes that there is a discrepancy between its prices to very popular destinations and others on the way, but claims [cite] that if many people "take advantage" of that price differential, it could "hurt the airlines." Come again? Does it really matter that a customer – with no checked-in luggage – pays whatever price the airline itself has set but simply decides not to use up the entire item purchased? Doesn't that simply let the airline save gas and potentially give the empty seat to potential stand-by customers? Does it matter to a newspaper that I choose to not read the sports pages? Must I eat the heal of my bread even though I don't like it? What if I really don't like my bread and would rather eat a donut instead, as I thought might be the case?
The issue of breach of contract is arguably a closer one. If airlines "strictly prohibit" the practice of only using part of a ticket, it may be promissory fraud to buy a ticket if one intends at the time of purchase to only use part of it. This could also relate to the purchase of a round-trip ticket only to use it one-way as that too is often cheaper than a one-way ticket, as Justice Scalia found out himself recently.
The Skiplagged.com creator argues that he is only taking advantage of "inefficiencies" in airline travel that travelers have known about for a long time. To me, it seems that airline contracting should work both ways as other types of contracting: airlines take advantage of their bargaining positions as well as their sophisticated knowledge of current and future air travel supply and demand structures. They should do so! I applaud them for that. Jet travel has certainly made my personal and professional life much better than without relatively cheap air travel. But every first year contracts law student also knows (or should know!) that contracting is not and should not be a one-way street. Consumers too are getting more and more sophisticated when it comes to airline travel and other types of online contracting. Websites enable us to inform ourselves about what we wish to spend our money on. As long as consumers do not break the laws or violate established contracting principles, that does not strike me as "unfair competition," that is simply informed consumerism in a modern capitalist society from which airlines and others have already benefited greatly.
Airlines, wake up: how about working with your customers instead of trying to fight them and modern purchasing trends? How's this for a thought: start offering one-way tickets for about half of a round-trip ticket just like other transportation vendors (trains, buses, subways) do. Don't you think that could set you apart from your competition and thus even earn you more customers? If you can fly for a certain amount of money to a certain city, let people pay that only and then simply sell a second ticket for the remaining leg to the more popular end destination where the same plane is headed anyway. Let people off the bus if they want to! Let some one else on instead. It doesn't seem that hard to figure out how to work with current purchasing trends and your customers instead of resisting the inevitable.
For another grotesquely inappropriate lawsuit by United Airlines against its own customer, see Jeremy's blog here.
I will blog more on this issue over the days to come. For now, I'm glad I don't have to head to an airport. Happy New Year!
December 31, 2014 in Commentary, Contract Profs, Current Affairs, E-commerce, Famous Cases, Travel, True Contracts, Web/Tech | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, December 29, 2014
No-tipping policies and increased minimum salaries
CNN reports that more and more restaurants are implementing no-tipping policies as, perhaps, a way of differentiating themselves from competitors. For example, one restaurant builds both tax and gratuity into menu prices, allegedly resulting in its servers averaging about $16.50 an hour. I have argued here before that it seems fair to me that the burden of compensating one's employees should fall on the employer and not on, as here, restaurant patrons feverishly having to do math calculations at the end of a meal.
The law does not yet support employment contracts ensuring fair compensation of restaurant and hotel employees. For example, federal law requires employers to pay tipped workers only $2.13 an hour as long as the workers earn at least the federal minimum wage of $7.25 an hour. Talk about burden shifting…
But change seems to be on the way with private initiatives such as the restaurant no-tipping policy. In Los Angeles, the City Council has approved an ordinance that raises the minimum wage for workers in hotels of more than 300 rooms to $15.37 an hour. Of course, this will mainly affect large hotel chains, which predictably resisted the ordinance citing to issues such as the need to stay competitive price-wise and threatened circumventing the effect of the new law by laying off or not hiring workers to save money. Funny since many of these hotels have been making vast amounts of money for a long time on, arguably, overpriced hotel rooms attracting a clientele that does not seem overly concerned about paying extra for things that are free in most lower-priced hotels (think wifi) and thus probably could somehow internalize the cost of fairly compensating its blue-collar workers.
Much has been said about the "1%" problem and a fair living wage. No reason to repeat that here. However, it is thought-provoking that whereas the U.S. recession officially ended in June 2009 – five years ago - 57% of the U.S. population still believed that the nation was in a recession in March 2014.
Contracting and the economy is, of course, to a large extent a matter of seeking the best bargain one can obtain for oneself. But even in industrialized nations such as ours, there is something to be said for also ensuring that not only the strongest, most sophisticated and wealthiest reap the benefits of the improved economy. So here's to hoping that more initiatives such as the ones mentioned above are taken in 2015. At the end of 2014, it's still "the economy, s$%^*&."
December 29, 2014 in Commentary, Current Affairs, Labor Contracts, Legislation | Permalink | TrackBack (0)
Monday, December 22, 2014
Gift or Curse?
After years of conducting research on the genes of various animals, George Doe (a pseudonym), an accomplished biologist with a PhD in cellular and molecular biology, decides to have his own genes examined for fun and to discover whether he may be genetically predisposed to cancer. He buys a test kit online from one the many companies that provide such services these days. He is so excited about the process that he also buys a kit for his mother and father as gifts. They all have their genes tested. George finds out that he is not predisposed to cancer. But that's not it. He also finds out that another male who has had his own genes tested and is thus registered with the same company is "50% related" to George. This can only mean one of three things: this other male is George's grandfather, uncle or … half brother. After intense and testy family discussions, George's father apparently admits that he had fathered this other male before marrying George's mother. George's parents are now divorced and the entire family torn apart with no one talking to each other.
A very sad affair. Of course, nothing appears to be contractually wrong with this case: at the bottom of one's profile with www.23andme.com, the company that provided the tests in this case, George and his family had checked a small box indicating for them to do so "if you want to see close family members in this search program." The company is said to have close to one million people in its database. With modern science, close family members can easily be identified out of such data if opting into being notified.
Here, the company does not appear to have done anything wrong legally. Quite the opposite: if anything, the above shows that the buyers in these situations may not be sufficiently mentally prepared for the information they may discover through DNA testing. Arguably, they should be. After all, the old adage "watch out what you ask for, you may get it" still rings true.
But isn't this situation akin to the various other situations we have blogged a lot about here this past year where customers buy various items online and click – or not – on various buttons, thus signaling at least alleged acceptance of, for example, terms of service requiring arbitration instead of lawsuits in case of disputes? As I have argued, many people probably just clicks such buttons without fully realizing what the legal or, in cases such as the above, factual results may be. Should online vendors be required either legally to make such check boxes or other online indicia of acceptance a lot more obvious? Or should they at least be required to do so for reasons of business ethics?
I think so. Most working people are exceptionally busy these days. Frankly, not many of us take the time to scrutinize the various implications - legal or otherwise – of the purchases we make online, especially because the agreements we accept in cyberspace are presented so very differently online, yet are so deceptively similar in legal nature that we probably feel pretty comfortable with simply clicking "I accept" as the vast majority of such transactions present no or only minor problems for us? And aren't the vendors the party with the very best knowledge of some, if not most, of the problems that arise in these contexts? How hard would it really be for them to make sure that they use all the "bells and whistles" to truly put people on notice of what typical problems encountered may be, exactly to avoid legal problems down the road? One would think so, although, of course, customers also carry some of the burden of educating ourselves about what we buy and what that may mean. This is perhaps especially so when such delicate issues as the above are involved.
For George Doe, the above unfortunately turned out to be much more of a curse that kept on giving instead of a gift that kept on giving.
On behalf of your blogging team here at ContractsProfs Blog: Happy Holidays!
December 22, 2014 in Commentary, Current Affairs, E-commerce, Miscellaneous, Science, Web/Tech | Permalink | TrackBack (0)
Thursday, December 18, 2014
Eleventh Circuit Rejects Claim for a Million Dollar Unilateral Contract
This case arises out of a fact pattern with which many contracts profs may already be familiar. It's a new twist on Leonard v. PepsiCo., alas with the same result.
James Cheney Mason (Mason) represented defendant Nelson Serrano in a capital murder trial. Mason gave an interview on NBC news in which he pointed out that his client could not have committed murders in Bartow, Florida on the same day that he was on a business trip in Atlanta Georgia. Surveillance cameras from the La Quinta Inn in Atlanta established Serrano's presence at the hotel both before and after the murders. The prosecution claimed that Serrano flew to Orlando, drove to Bartow, committed the murders, drove to Tampa, and flew back to Atlanta in time to show up on the surveillance tapes once again. Serrano was convicted and sentenced to death.
Law student Dustin Kolodziej (Kolodziej) watched Mason's interview with NBC after it was edited for broadcast. In the edited version that Kolodziej saw, Mason seemed to be offering a million dollars to anyone who could get off a plane in Atlanta and make it back to the La Quinta Inn in 28 minutes. Kolodziej took this as a challenge and as a unilateral offer that he could accept by making the trip in 28 minutes or less. Kolodziej recorded himself making the trip and sent the recording to Mason with a demand for payment. Mason refused.
In Kolodziej v. Mason, the Eleventh Circuit upheld the grant of summary judgment to Mason. In the unedited version of Mason's interview, it is clear that his challenge was directed at the prosecution and not erga omnes. Moreover, the Eleventh Circuit found, no reasonable person could construe any statement that Mason made in either the edited or the unedited version of the interview as a serious offer to pay a million dollars to anybody who could travel from the airport to the hotel in 28 minutes. According to the Court, the context in which the words were uttered (an attempt to poke holes in the prosecution's theory) and the hyperbolic nature of the alleged offer, with its familiar overtones of schoolyard braggadocio, were insufficient to establish Mason's willingness to enter into a contract.
The Court distinguished this case from the classics, Lucy v. Zehmer and Carbolic Smoke Ball and other, equally entertaining cases. The Court was no more inclined to entertain Kolodziej's claim than it would be to declare Mason a monkey's uncle, if he had chosen that turn of phrase when attempting to illustrate the implausibility of the prosecution's timeline.
The Court suggested that the entire suit was a result of Kolodziej's inadequate understanding of contracts doctrine (hence the duncecap image above, which by the way, does not represent Kolodziej). The Court paraphrased Pope and suggested that a little legal knowledge is a very dangerous thing indeed. As the Court explained,
Kolodziej may have learned in his contracts class that acceptance by performance results in an immediate, binding contract and that notice may not be necessary, but he apparently did not consider the absolute necessity of first having a specific, definite offer and the basic requirement of mutual assent.
This seems more than a bit unfair. Kolodziej was wrong, but he may have thought it worth the gamble. He lost his case, but he had quite an experience. In any case, Judge Cardozo's remark in Allegheny College about how half-truths are sometimes mistaken for the whole truth seems more apposite.
A classic form of statement identifies consideration with detriment to the promisee sustained by virtue of the promise. Hamer v. Sidway, 124 N. Y. 538, 27 N. E. 256, . . . . So compendious a formula is little more than a half truth. There is need of many a supplementary gloss before the outline can be so filled in as to depict the classic doctrine.
Mistakes of law such as Kolodziej's are common, and learned judges (and even law professors) as well as law students can make them.
December 18, 2014 in Commentary, In the News, Recent Cases | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Friday, December 12, 2014
Still More on Ride Shares
Sick of reading our posts (and other news reports) about Uber and Lyft?
Try Schlep!
I am compelled to add that while the concept is brilliant and the execution quite fine, the script missed some low-hanging fruit suggested by the "Jewish geography navigation system" at the opening. I humbly offer the following potential dialogues:
Driver: Where are you going in such a hurry?
Passenger: Elm and 17th.
D: Elm and 17th? The Weinsteins live right around the corner! Do you know them?
P: I don't think so . . .
D: Such a nice couple. Are you sure you don't know them? I think they had a daughter around your age. How old are you? Where did you go to school? And the Goldbergs live near there too -- surely you know them!
P: I'm just going to a dental appointment. I don't live around there.
D: Well, you should, it's a lovely neighborhood. Where do you live? I know a realtor who could find you a nice apartment. . .
Passenger: Excuse me, I was actually heading in the other direction . . .
Driver: Oh, I know, hon, but I can only find my way there from the JCC, so I thought we'd go there first. It's not far.
P: Umm
D: Or Solomon Schechter, is that closer? I know how to get places from there or from the Temple . . .
P: I can direct you if you want.
D: Relax! Enjoy the ride! You young people are always in such a hurry these days. Do you ever take the time to talk with your parents, I wonder? We can just chat and catch up -- the time will pass quickly
P: Catch up? But I don't even know you.
D: You're about my son's age. He just gave me my third grandchild. [Passing pictures back] Here, aren't they a lovely family?
I'm just sayin . . .
December 12, 2014 in Commentary, E-commerce, In the News | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, December 10, 2014
Carving Out and ICAM
I read an interesting article the other day about parties to a contract agreeing to a broad arbitration provision and then carving out some issues that would be litigated should a problem arise. As with many others, I am involved in the International Commerical Arbitration Moot and, when I read the article, the issue seemed familiar. That is because this year's problem includes a contract with the following two provisions:
"Art. 20 All disputes arising out of or in connection with the present contract shall be finally settled
under the Rules of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce by three arbitrators
appointed in accordance with the said Rules. The seat of arbitration shall be Vindobona,
Danubia, and the language of the arbitration will be English. The contract, including this clause,
shall be governed by the law of Danubia.
Art 21: Provisional measures
The courts at the place of business of the party against which provisional measures are sought
shall have exclusive jurisdiction to grant such measures."
As you would expect, one of the parties in the problem asks for interim relief from the ICC while the other says interim measures are for courts only. Very often, if not most of the time, the Moot problem is inspired by an actually case. Some years the students are able to find the case and, while it is never quite exactly on point, it can be helpful.
I could not help but wonder if this issue within this year's problem was inspired by a botched effort to carve interim relief out from the general provision. It would be pretty sloppy to draft something like the above but my hunch is that it has happened.
I am curious to know how other ICAM team coaches have dealt with the issue. In particular, does the word "finally" in Article 20 have any particular signficance?
December 10, 2014 in Commentary, Conferences, Contract Profs, Current Affairs, Miscellaneous, Recent Cases | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Tuesday, December 9, 2014
California Goes after Shared Ride Companies
Jeremy Telman and I both recently blogged on the intense criticism of and focus on "shared economy" companies such as Uber, Lyft and airbnb.
In what seemed an inevitable turn of events, the Los Angeles and San Francisco district attorneys filed a consumer protection lawsuit on 12/9/2010 against Uber for making false and misleading statements about Uber's background checks of its drivers. George Gascon, the district attorney for San Francisco, calls these checks "completely worthless" because Uber does not fingerprint its drivers. Uber successfully fought state legislation that would have subjected the company's drivers to the same rules as those required of taxi drivers. Allegedly, Uber has also defrauded its customers for charging its passengers an "airport fee toll" even though no tolls were paid for rides to and from SFO, and charging a "$1 safe ride fee" for Uber's background check process. California laws up to $2,500 per violation. There are "tens of thousands" of alleged violations by Uber. However, even that will likely put only a small dent in Uber's economy as it is now valued at $40 billion (yes, with a "b").
Lyft has settled in relation to similar charges and has agreed to submit information to the state to verify the accuracy of its fares (although not its background checks). It has also agreed to stop picking up passengers at airports until it has obtained necessary permits. Prosecutors are continuing talks with Sidecar.
Time will tell what prosecutors around the nation decide to do against these and similar start-ups such as airbnb and vrbo.com, which are also said to bend or outright ignore existing rules.
The Los Angeles Times comments that the so-called "sharing economy" companies face growing pains that "start-ups in the past didn't – dealing with municipalities around the world, each with their own local, regional and countrywide laws." It is hard to feel too sorry for the start-ups on this account. First, all companies obviously have to observe the law, whether a start-up or not. Today's regulations may or may not be more complex than what start-ups have had to deal with before. However, these companies should not be unfamiliar with complex modern-day challenges as that is precisely what they benefit from themselves, albeit in a more technological way. Finally, there is something these companies can do about the legal complexity they face: hire savvy attorneys! There are enough of them out there who can help out. But perhaps these companies don't care to "share" their profits all that much? One has to wonder. Sometimes, it seems that technological innovation and building up companies as fast as possible takes priority over observing the law.
December 9, 2014 in Commentary, Current Affairs, E-commerce, Famous Cases, In the News, True Contracts, Web/Tech | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Morten Storm and the Totten Case
As indicated in this story,* CNN.com is greatly invested in the story of Morten Storm, who claims that he is a Danish double-agent who infiltrated Al Qaeda in the Arabian Penninsula (AQAP) and thus helped the U.S. target and kill AQAP operative and U.S. citizen Anwar al-Awlaki.
Storm (and his CNN co-authors) have quite a story to tell. Among other things, he claims that the United States promised him $5 million for helping the U.S. in its al-Awlaki operation. Although Storm is clearly an international man of mystery, there is little mystery on the question of whether he would have any luck on a claim against the U.S. for breach of a promise to pay $5 million. The U.S. would undoubtdedly point to the Totten case, as updated in Tenet v. Doe, and courts will find the claim non-justiciable.
NB: When you click on this site, you will see the following browsewrap banner across the top:
Our Terms of Service and Privacy Policy have changed.
By continuing to use this site, you are agreeing to the new Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.
If you do not want to spend an hour or two parsing CNN's terms and don't want to be bound to terms that you have not read or cannot understand, do not "continue to use" CNN's site (whatever that means).
Hat tip to my student, Brandon Carter.
December 9, 2014 in Commentary, Current Affairs, Government Contracting, In the News | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Friday, December 5, 2014
Driven to Extreme Lengths to Earn a Dollar
In today's "sharing economy," more and more private individuals attempt to earn some (additional) money in untraditional ways such as selling various things on eBay, driving cars for alternative passenger transportation services such as Uber and Lyft, and providing lodging in private homes on sites such as airbnb. Not only do these services raise many regulatory, licensing, insurance zoning and other issues, they also present a real risk to many hopeful 1099 workers who – as the relevant companies themselves – can vastly misjudge the potential of new attempted products or services.
Take, for example, Lyft drivers. In May, the shared ride company introduced luxury rides via its Lyft Plus program. At least in San Francisco, the drivers had to pay $34,000 out of their own pockets for the large, "loaded" Ford Explorers required by Lyft for drivers to participate in the program. The idea was that passengers would pay twice the normal Lynx rate to get the extra space and perceived luxury of being whisked around town in a large SUV. A bit behind the curve, you think? Indeed. The program was an instantaneous fiasco in San Francisco (the company still advertises the program, but at "only" 1.5 times the price of a regular ride and touting the program as having space enough for six people). Soon, drivers were back to simply getting regular rides– often just at $5 or $6 – just to stay busy. This is obviously not viable in a city with expensive gasoline and cars that get only around $14 miles per gallon, not to mention the purchase price of the new SUVs.
Responding to drivers' initial concerns, Lyft had promised that they should "not worry about demand, we have that covered." Realizing that many of its drivers were upset about being stuck with a huge, new gas guzzler without a realistic return on investment, Lyft has offered their Plus drivers help selling the SUVs or a $10,000 bonus… subject to income tax, no less. None of these options, of course, will bring the drivers back to the pre-contractual position. Some drivers admitted to having borrowed money from family members, selling existing cars, even "forgoing other job opportunities for the chance to make more money with Lyft Plus."
A sad story all the way around. Companies are continually trying to introduce new products and services to find the next "big thing." This, of course, is laudable, but not so much so when they seemingly cross the line and make unfounded promises to the less savvy or financially strong. Of course, this also does not mean that workers or customers should not exercise a hefty dose of "caveat emptor" in connections such as this, but it is a somewhat concerning aspect of today's sharing economy that failed product launches can simply be shared with "smaller fish" with less bargaining power and, apparently, a dangerously high risk-willingness bordering desperation in trying to make a dollar in these financially tough times. Whether in this case, the promise that the demand was "covered" could be a contractual misrepresentation or whether it was simply puffery is another story best left to another forum.
December 5, 2014 in Commentary, Current Affairs, E-commerce, Labor Contracts, Web/Tech | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, November 24, 2014
Blogosphere Debate on "Whimsy Little Contracts"
Friend of the blog Jeff Sovern, and his co-authors are creating quite a stir with their article that has been topping the charts on SSRN, 'Whimsy Little Contracts' with Unexpected Consequences: An Empirical Analysis of Consumer Understanding of Arbitration Agreements.
You can follow the discussion in the blogosphere at these sites:
Alan S. Kaplinsky and Mark J. Levin start things off on Ballard Spahr's CFPB Monitor. They make two main points. First, arbitration language is generally quite easy to understand. Second, it does not matter whether or not consumers know what they are getting into when they enter into a credit card agreement with an arbitartion clause if consumer arbitration is actually good for consumers.
Jeff Sovern responds on the Consumer Law and Policy blog to a number of the CFPB Monitor points, but on the main question of whether or not consumers benefit from arbitration, he concedes that the study did not attempt to answer that question Rather, the point is that the basis for such arbitration is consent, and his study shows that consumers do not give meaningful consent to arbitration.
On the ADR Prof Blog, Sovern's co-author Paul Kirgis has a short response, the substance of which is as follows:
Levin and Kaplinsky don't actually address the core problem we address in our article–that citizens are being unwittingly and unwillingly forced to give up important (and constitutionally guaranteed) procedural rights. Their point–and it is the point arbitration advocates almost invariably make–is that arbitration can be better for consumers than litigation. That may very well be true, at least some of the time. (See my post on the benefits of limited consumer arbitration here.) But it doesn't answer the right question.
Kaplinsky and Levin have filed their response on Ballard Spahr's CFPB Monitor. They reiterate their argument, citing numerous court opinions, that arbitration clauses can be readily understood by consumers. They remind readers that the purpose of the Federal Arbitration Act was to prevent courts from treating arbitration agreements differently from other agreements. An arbitration clause in an otherwise enforceable agreement ought to be enforceable just as any other term in the agreemnt would be.
My questions in these debates are always the same. If arbitration clasues are potentially beneficial to consumers, why make them mandatory? Provide for arbitration as an option and make clear that if a consumer chooses to arbitrate, she cannot also sue. In addition, what of class action waivers, which now often accompany arbitration provisions? Kaplinsky and Levin claim that some studies show that plaintiffs do better off in individual arbitrations than they do in class actions, but I don't know how studies could show that since (so the argument goes), in some cases plaintiffs won't file claims at all unless they can do so through class actions.
November 24, 2014 in Commentary, Recent Scholarship, Weblogs | Permalink | Comments (1) | TrackBack (0)
Friday, November 21, 2014
Happy Thanksgiving: Here's a Special Adhesion Contract Just for You
A student shared with me this flyer that her father received. I have provided a large reproduction so that readers can read the fine print, which is really the focus of this post.
On my reading, the meaning of this is as follows: if
- You made the mistake of having previously subscribed to the newspaper; and
- You have the temerity to continue living at the same address; and
- You do nothing else,
A newspaper will be delivered to you on Thanksgiving.
Regardless of what you do with it, your inaction will be deemed consent to future deliveries and you will be charged unless you call the newspaper and put a stop to it.
This "offer" is a turkey, and those receiving it should tell the newspaper to stuff it.
November 21, 2014 in Commentary, True Contracts | Permalink | Comments (2) | TrackBack (0)
Farewell Meredith!
Meredith Miller started blogging here before I did. She holds the record for the contributing editor with the longest tenrue on the blog.
Her lively, quirky posts were one of the things that attracted me to this site and made it worthwhile to keep coming back. She has been a steady companion, sounding board and dedicated contributor to our blog, and we will miss her contributions.
But life moves on, and we can only thank Meredith and wish her well in her new endeavors. In her farewell e-mail to the rest of us, Meredith referenced her blogger's guilt. Blogs are like sharks; they either move or die. There have been many weeks when I despaired of finding the time and the content to keep this blog lively when Meredith would post a story that I knew would attract interest and buy the rest of us some time away from the blog. After nearly ten years of providing us stories and laughts, he has certainly earned her release from blogger's guilt.
I am hoping to compile a top ten list next week of my favorite Meredith posts. Please feel free to nominate your favorites in the comments.
November 21, 2014 in About this Blog, Commentary | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, November 17, 2014
Contracts Issues in The Blues Brothers
In The Blues Brothers, the band performs at Bob's Country Bunker. All things considered, the show goes rather well:
After the show, the Brothers ask to be paid. The owner offered to pay $200 for the performance, but the band owed $300 for beer. Elwood objects that they had been told that they would not have to pay for the first round, but the owner refuses to treat that as a waiver. A student asked me about the scene, and I'm not sure how it might be resolved. I would treat it as a matter of interpretation and expect that a court could hear expert testimony about the customary terms of contracts with bands at establishments such as Bob's Country Bunker.
But then there is a second issue (or third, if you think waiver is the second issue). The Brothers got the gig by pretending to be another band, The Good Ole Boys. So Bob has an argument that he was fraudulently induced to contract with Jake and Elwood. If that is so, they might be better off seeking to recover in quantum meruit, since Bob told them "that's some of the best goddam music we've had in the Country Bunker in a long time." The audience hurled what seemed like hundreds of bottles of beer at the band during the performance, so Bob must have made quite a bit in drink (or projectile) sales. On the other hand, I don't know what it costs to clean up that mess.
Hat tip to Valpo 1L Brandon Carter for calling my attention to the scene and to the fact that he is watching old movies when he should be studying law!
November 17, 2014 in Commentary, Film, Film Clips | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Wednesday, November 5, 2014
Expensive Wine
According to this story from NJ.com, a customer in an Atlantic City restaurant bought a bottle of wine with dinner. The server showed him a wine list and suggested a wine. When he asked how much the wine cost, she said, "Thirty-Seven Fifty," which he understood to mean $37.50. She meant $3,750, and the wine list so indicated, but the customer did not have his reading glasses with him. It's an interesting fact pattern.
Fortunately, an episode of The Simpsons provides best practices in this area, as animated television sit-coms do in most areas. In episode 8F09, Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk, Homer's stock in the Springfield nuclear plant went up for the first time in ten years. He sells and makes a cool $25. Soon thereafter, the value of Homer's stock rises to $5200, but that's another matter.
Homer conte1mplates his options and decides to buy beer. The following conversation with Moe (of Moe's Tavern) ensues:
Moe: Want a Duff?
Homer (haughtily): No, I'd like a bottle of Henry K. Duff's Private Reserve.
Moe (Gasping): Are you sure? 'Cause once I open the bottle, there's no refund.
See? That's how it's done!
November 5, 2014 in Commentary, Food and Drink, In the News | Permalink | TrackBack (0)
Friday, October 17, 2014
Documentary on Forced Arbitration
The Alliance for Justice has released a documentary on forced arbitration called Lost in the Fine Print. It's very well-done, highly watchable (meaning your students will stay awake and off Facebook during a viewing), and educational. I recently screened the film during a special session for my Contracts and Advanced Contracts students. It's only about 20 or so minutes and afterward, we had a lively discussion about the pros and cons of arbitration. We discussed the different purposes of arbitration and the pros and cons of arbitration where the parties are both businesses and where one party is a business and the other a consumer. Many of the students had not heard about arbitration and didn't know what it was. Many of those who did know about arbitration didn't know about mandatory arbitration or how the process worked. Several were concerned about the due process aspects. They understood the benefits of arbitration for businesses, but also the problems created by lack of transparency in the process. I thought it was a very nice way to kick start a lively discussion about unconscionability, public policy concerns, economics and the effect of legislation on contract law/case law.
I think it's important for law students to know what arbitration is and it doesn't fit in easily into a typical contracts or civil procedure class so I'm afraid it often goes untaught. The website also has pointers and ideas on how to organize a screening and discussion questions.
October 17, 2014 in Commentary, Current Affairs, Film, Legislation, Miscellaneous | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Monday, October 13, 2014
Don't Want Negative Reviews? Pay to Have Them Removed
We have posted previously about business entities that try to go after customers that give them negative reviews here and here. It seems, based on our limited experience, that threatening to sue customers for writing negative reviews is not a great business model.
Fortunately, there is a market solution. As reported in this weekend's column in The New York Times's "The Ethicist," businesses that recieve negative online reviews can just contact the reviewers and pay them to take down the review. According to the account in The Times, the author of a TripAdvisor review of a hotel entitled it "An Overpriced Dung Heap," but then accepted a 50% discount in return for removing the review. He should have bargained down to "Dung Heap," since the hotel probably was still a dung heap but perhaps was no longer overpriced.
The reviewer asked The Ethicist who was most unethical: himself, the hotel or TripAdvisor for hosting a system so easily corrupted. We don't get paid to weigh in on ethical matters. Actually, we don't get paid at all. But we do have opinions to vent, so here are some.
As The Ethicist acknowledged, what the hotel owner did was not illegal. An economist might reduce the question to one of efficiency. If the hotel owner thinks her money is well spent making bad publicity go away, rather than actually improving the quality of her hotel, that is a choice she can make as a business owner. The market may prove her wrong. The lack of negative reviews on TripAdvisor may not help if in fact one is greeted by a kickline of cockroaches and bedbugs when entering the guest rooms. The Ethicist dodges the stickier problem that TripAdvisor may contain only positive reviews of The Dung Heap Inn because the owners and their supporters flood the site with fake reviews. One would think that TripAdvisor's value would be correlated to its accuracy, but it is hard to see what measure TripAdvisor could take to insure that posts on its site are the real deal.
October 13, 2014 in Commentary, In the News, Travel | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Friday, October 10, 2014
Guest Post: Robin Kar, The Emerging New Life of Contract Law Studies, Part IV
This is the fourth in a four-part post by Robin Kar that serves as a sort of coda to our virtual symposium on the new book by Omri Ben-Shahar and Carl E. Schneider, More Than You Wanted to Know: The Failure of Mandated Disclosure.
Part I, The Proverbial "Egg," can be found here.
Part II, Breaking Out of the Shell, can be found here.
Part III, What Is This Emerging New Life? can be found here.
Part IV: Discarding the Last Remnants of the Old Shell
When reading More Than You Wanted to Know together with the reactions in the virtual symposium, I have been struck by two facts. First, we clearly know much more about how mandatory disclosure regimes work than ever before. Details aside, a consensus is emerging that these regimes do not always help consumers make better decisions. Second, despite this increase in knowledge and emerging consensus over the problem, there is even more uncertainty and even less consensus over how consumer protection should be reformed in light of these facts.
i. Diagnosing the Problem
How can more clarity about the empirical facts lead to less clarity about what the law should be? I believe that part of the reason is simple: many of the current debates over these issues are still insufficiently attentive to the rigorous types of argumentation needed to address the purely normative aspects of these questions. To be more specific, the third premise of the classical law and economics movement (see Part I) has not yet been replaced by rigorously developed lines of argumentation from the appropriate cognate fields—as has happened with the first two premises.
In saying this, I do not mean to suggest that rigorous argumentation on these topics is lacking. I mean to highlight a sociological fact about the current legal academy. I believe that the right lines of argument have not yet been sufficiently absorbed by contract law scholars who work in and around the law and economics paradigm. Because of the predominance and recent expansions of this paradigm within the study of contract law, this third premise is increasingly assumed or tacitly accepted by many other contract law scholars. This includes many scholars who do work predominantly in law and psychology or engage in straightforward empirical legal research.
In More Than You Wanted to Know, Ben-Shahar and Schneider are, for example, apparently willing to accept that the primary purpose of consumer protection law is to help consumers make better decisions. This is why they recommend better advice instead of more disclosure. But interestingly enough, almost all of the people who have responded critically in this symposium appear to accept—either explicitly or tacitly—either the same normative proposition or the alternative view that consumer protection laws should be set up to promote social welfare more generally. (The most notable exception is Aditi Bagchi's response—though Steven Burton's plea that the authors spend more time thinking about obligation may represent a similar thought.)
Hence, there is a normative assumption running through many of the current debates. The assumption is that consumer protection laws should be shaped to promote either better subjective choice or human welfare more generally. But is this normative premise true? And before we even get to that question: how might we determine whether it is true?
After the jump, I will pursue these questions. I will suggest that we cannot get clearer about the appropriate shape of consumer protection law, however, until we ask the right normative questions. And I will suggest that we are not yet doing that in major areas of contract law studies.
October 10, 2014 in Books, Commentary, Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Thursday, October 9, 2014
Guest Post: Robin Kar, The Emerging New Life of Contract Law Studies, Part III
This is the third in a four-part post by Robin Kar that serves as a sort of coda to our virtual symposium on the new book by Omri Ben-Shahar and Carl E. Schneider, More Than You Wanted to Know: The Failure of Mandated Disclosure.
Part I, The Proverbial "Egg," can be found here.
Part II, Breaking Out of the Shell, can be found here.
Part III: What IsThis Emerging New Life?
In Part II, I described how More Than You Wanted to Know seeks to answer psychological and empirical questions relevant to consumer protection law based not on ungrounded psychological premises or the kind of abstract theoretical reasoning that is typically associated with the classical law and economics paradigm but rather on actual psychological and empirical research. I suggested that these methodological moves explain the power of the book to take us much closer to the truth about use and sufficiency of mandatory disclosure regimes to cure a host of problems in consumer contracting.
As someone interested in methodology and the sociology of knowledge production in the legal academy, I find developments like these incredibly interesting. I am fascinated by the fact that they are often viewed as developments internal to the law and economics movement—even though they essentially dispense with some of its early guiding premises and draw on methodologies from other cognate fields.
The movement to replace classical economic assumptions about human decision-making with psychological facts is, for example, sometimes called "behavioral economics". But what is really happening is that classical economic assumptions about human psychology are being replaced with direct psychological research into the relevant facts. Similarly, the move to replace economic modeling with rigorous empirical research is sometimes called "econometrics". But what is really happening—at least within the legal academy—is that fewer law and economics scholars are making predictions about legal rules based merely on theoretical modeling and more are engaging in genuine empirical research. When they do this, they typically use statistical and other methods developed in the social sciences more generally—and not methods specific to the field of economics.
In my view, one of the greatest virtues of some parts of the law and economics movement is that it has been willing to revise many of its early premises and adopt methodologies from other fields when necessary to make its scholarship better track the truth. This willingness is also one of its greatest sources of continuing strength. Because of this willingness, the field has essentially been able to absorb a broad range of criticisms, while continuing to broaden in influence and produce scholarship that better tracks the truth. More Than What You Wanted to Know is a wonderful example of this development—at least when it come to curing distortions caused by the first two premises of the classical law and economics paradigm. (For a description of these 3 premises, see here.)
Still, as far as I know, there is not yet any name for the move to replace ungrounded economic assumptions about how to assess normative arguments (i.e., premise 3 from Part I) with rigorous thought developed by experts in the appropriate cognate fields. These are the fields of moral, legal and political philosophy, along with the field of meta-ethics. Corresponding to this fact, there is not yet as robust an acknowledgment of the need for this move within many influential contract law circles.
When I say I believe significant new life may be emerging in the study of contract law, I am nevertheless referring to the possibility that all three of the classical law and economics premises be replaced with rigorous lines of evidence and argumentation drawn from the correct cognate fields. I am referring to a highly interdisciplinary research program that draws on (1) our best contemporary psychological findings into decision-making and how humans operate with legal rules when asking psychological questions relevant to contract law, (2) rigorous empirical research into the consequences of different legal rules when adopted by groups with real human psychologies, and (3) philosophically well-grounded argumentation and debate over the normative propositions that are most relevant to contract law.
I am describing a hope, not an expectation—because it is we, as a field, who will decide whether this new life fully emerges.
For a range of historically contingent reasons, the classical law and economics movement may just end up serving as the early vehicle (or the proverbial "egg") for this transition within the legal academy. I believe that would be an incredibly good thing for the study of contract law because it would essentially allow the legal academy to adapt a ready-made set of social and academic networks that are already studying this subject matter intensively and in highly influential manners. But this would also require a much greater appreciation by scholars who work within this paradigm of the need for more rigorous philosophical input on normative questions.
The result would, moreover, not just be an expanded sub-field of law and economics. It would be better described as a fully informed search for the truth. The proverbial "egg" will have given birth to something much, much better.
But we are not yet there yet. There is still too large a disconnect between moral and political philosophers and economists within the legal academy. Hence, a great deal of highly influential work on contract law still risks producing distortion. In Part IV, I will show how this problem still affects many discussions of consumer protection law. I will also make a plea that we work together to breath the right new life into contract law studies going forward.
October 9, 2014 in Books, Commentary, Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)
Guest Post: Robin Kar, The Emerging New Life of Contract Law Studies, Part II
This is the second in a four-part post by Robin Kar that serves as a sort of coda to our virtual symposium on the new book by Omri Ben-Shahar and Carl E. Schneider, More Than You Wanted to Know: The Failure of Mandated Disclosure.
Part I, The Proverbial "Egg," can be found here.
Part II: Breaking Out of the Shell
As we all know, the law and economics movement has proven a formidable force within the legal academy, especially in relation to subjects like contract law. As recently as 2012, even Charles Fried, the author of Contract as Promise, was forced to acknowledge that "the economic analysis of law may today be the dominant intellectual approach to legal institutions generally and contract law in particular."
Because of Omri Ben-Shahar's training and intellectual ties, many will view More Than What You Wanted to Know as a work that is partly internal to the law and economics movement. This affiliation should help the book because it will allow the book to speak credibly to a wide range of influential contract law scholars who currently share this affiliation. The book ultimately challenges one of the early dogmas of the classical law and economics paradigm, as described in my prior post, but—because of the book's intellectual affiliations—the book can pose this challenge in an especially effective manner.
It should nevertheless be noted that the central insights in the book arise not from anything specific to the field of law and economics but rather from rejection of the field's first two classical premises. With respect to human psychology (see premise 1 in Part I), Ben-Shahar and Schneider do not simply assume that consumers make more rational decisions whenever more facts are disclosed to them. Instead, they canvass a wealth of psychological evidence to the contrary. This evidence shows that consumers are especially likely to make poorer decisions as their choices become more complex and unfamiliar and when those terms are dictated by sophisticated contracting parties.
When determining the likely consequences of legal rules (see premise 2 in Part I), the authors similarly avoid abstract economic modeling and turn instead to direct empirical data. They draw this empirical data from a broad range of sources, and the facts suggest that mandatory disclosure regimes have increasingly begun to harm consumers in many contexts.
One reason for this is dynamic. Over time, mandatory disclosure regimes tend to lend increasing complexity and unfamiliarity to even the most banal of transactions. In one particularly poignant example, the authors describe the $.99 purchase of an iTunes song—which was accompanied by 32 feet of complex and often incomprehensible boilerplate (when printed out in a tiny font, as illustrated on the left). One of the underappreciated consequences of mandatory disclosure regimes is that they have increasingly begun to flummox consumers in even the simplest of transactions.
In highlighting facts like these, More Than You Wanted to Know takes us much closer to the truth about mandatory disclosure regimes than classical law and economics methodologies can. Speaking from a purely methodological perspective, it is able to do this because it is willing to abandon the first two premises of the classical paradigm and replace them with something better. It seeks to answer psychological and empirical questions relevant to consumer protection law based not on ungrounded premises but rather on actual psychological and empirical research.
This is an example of the emerging new life that I see in contract law studies. It is a better life because it is more likely to track the truth.
In my next post, I will nevertheless reflect more deeply on this new life. I will ask whether we have gone far enough as a field to make it really come to life. Have we—in other words—gone far enough yet to ensure that our collective research best tracks the truth?
October 9, 2014 in Books, Commentary, Recent Scholarship | Permalink | Comments (0) | TrackBack (0)


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Minor lying on the road pleads for help
Minor lying on the road pleads for help
#FTIIMahabharat; Rahul gets FTII photo op
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A 17 year old victim of a brutal murder in Dakshinpuri, Delhi pleads for medical help on Wednesday (August 27) as Delhi Police remained mute spectators. The crowd alleged that Delhi police were busy asking questions to the victim instead of helping the victim.
In a debate moderated by TIMES NOW's Padmaja Joshi, panelists -- Paresh Rawal, Actor & BJP MP; and Vikas Urs, Student, FTII -- discuss the fight between FTII students and Chairman Ggajendra Chauhan turning political with Rahul Gandhi taking aim at the RSS via the students, and whether the students diluted their own case by bringing in Rahul and making the issue political.
A Pakistani woman, who claimed that she wanted to meet Bollywood actor Salman Khan, has been arrested here for allegedly crossing into India through Attari border without valid travel documents. The 27-year-old woman identified as Chanda Khan gave varying reasons for entering India including that she was going to Delhi to pray for her son at a dargah and also that she was looking for her lost uncle. While the security agencies are probing as to why the woman, who hails from Karachi in Pakistan and is married to one Salman Khan, entered India, Chanda said that she wanted to catch a glimpse of "Bajranji Bhaijaan" actor Salman Khan.
Two of the four kidnapped Indians in Libya have been rescued and brought back safely to University of Sirte this evening. Meanwhile, efforts by Ministry of External Affairs officials are on to rescue remaining two Indians who are still in the captivity of the suspected ISIS militants, a ministry statement said.
Swanky roads for VVIPs, but you get roads filled with potholes. Potholes are a regular sight in most metros in the country during the time of monsoons. Mumbaikars suffer due to the civic body's apathy with roads in a bad shape despite the BMC spending crores every year to ensure potholes are repaired. Join the TIMES NOW campaign to fight this civic apathy.
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An historical glimpse of Utah Lake
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A century ago Utah Lake was a destination spot dotted with leisure resorts, a jewel surrounded by mountains. Recreational interests in the lake began to surge in the late 1800s. Utah Lake ranks third in size only behind Lake Tahoe in California and Flathead Lake in Montana for natural freshwater lakes in the Western U.S. Its diverse shoreline and expanse of open water created plenty of space for boaters, fishing and lakeside attractions. The Saratoga resort opened on the north end of the lake in 1884. The Garden City Resort opened near the mouth of the Provo River in 1889. The Geneva Resort opened in 1903 at the site where the Lindon Boat Harbor is today. A history compiled by the June Sucker Recovery Implementation Program says a competitive business arena saw 20 resorts come and go. Take an historical glimpse of Utah Lake by clicking onward, and see how Utah Lake is making a comeback.
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