text:
|Metropolitan city
Gurgaon viewed from NH8
|Nickname(s): Millennium City
|Coordinates: 28°27′22″N 77°01′44″E / 28.456°N 77.029°ECoordinates: 28°27′22″N 77°01′44″E / 28.456°N 77.029°E
|Gurgaon district
|• Body
|Municipal Corporation of Gurgaon
|• Mayor
|Vimal Yadav
|• Lok Sabha constituency
|Gurgaon Lok Sabha Constituency
|• Vidhan Sabha constituency
|Gurgaon City
|• Planning agency
|Haryana Urban Development Authority
|• Total
|282.7 sq mi (732 km2)
|711.9 ft (217 m)
|• Metro
|Time zone
|Area code(s)
|Vehicle registration
|HR-26 (North)
HR-55 (commercial)
HR-72 (South)
Gurgaon (/ˈgʊrgaʊŋ/) is a financial and industrial city situated in the National Capital Region near the Indian capital New Delhi in the state of Haryana. Located 19.9 miles (32 km) south-west of New Delhi, Gurgaon has a population of 1,514,432.[1] Witnessing rapid urbanization, Gurgaon has become the city with the third highest per capita income in India.[2] Historically known as Guru Gram, the city's economic growth story started when the leading Indian automobile manufacturer Maruti Suzuki established a manufacturing plant in Gurgaon in the 1970s.[3] Gurgaon has offices of more than 250 Fortune 500 companies.[4]
- 1 Etymology
- 2 History
- 3 Geography
- 4 Demographics
- 5 Cityscape
- 6 Culture
- 7 Economy
- 8 Administration
- 9 Education
- 10 Transportation
- 11 Services
- 12 Healthcare
- 13 Telecommunications
- 14 See also
- 15 References
- 16 Further reading
- 17 External links
The origin of the city's name can be traced back to ancient Hindu scriptures. It is believed that this land was owned by the legendary rulers Pandavas and Kauravas, who presented it to Guru Dronacharaya, their royal guru as a token of gratitude. The land came to be known as Guru Gram, which literally translated means "Village of the Guru", which in due course of time got distorted to the name Gurgaon. The village still exists within the modern day city.[5]
Gurgaon was historically inhabited by the Hindu people and in early times, it formed a part of an extensive kingdom ruled over by Rajputs of Yaduvansi or Jadaun tribe. The Rajputs were defeated by Muhammad of Ghor in 1196, but for two centuries they sturdily resisted the Muhammadian domination and they were subjected to punitive expedition. Under the rule of Feroz Shah Tughlaq, several were converted to Islam. This was followed by the invasion of Timur and the land was ruled by Khanzadas. It was then annexed by Babur.[6] During Akbar's reign, Gurgaon fell within the governing regions of Delhi and Agra. As the Mughal Empire started to decline, the place was torn between contending powers. By 1803 most of it came under the British rule through the treaty of Surji Arjungaon with Sindhia. The town was first occupied by the cavalry unit posted to watch the army of Begum Samru of Sirdhana. It became a part of the district, which was divided into units called parganas. These units were given to petty chiefs for the military service rendered by them. The units were governed by the rules that British kept on changing and eventually these units came under direct control of the British, with the last major change in 1836. Nothing much changed in Gurgaon until the Revolt of 1857. In 1858, it was transferred from the North-Western Provinces to Punjab Province. In 1861, the district, of which Gurgaon was a part of, was rearranged into five tehsils Gurgaon, Ferozepur Jhirka, Nuh, Palwal and Rewari[7] and the modern day city came under the control of Gurgaon teshil. In 1947, Gurgaon became a part of independent India and fell under the Indian state of Punjab. In 1966, the city came under the administration of Haryana with the creation of the new state.
Gurgaon is located in Gurgaon district in the Indian state of Haryana and is situated in the south eastern part of the state, and northern part of the country. The city is located on the border with Delhi with New Delhi to its north east. The city has a total area of 282.7 square miles (738.8 km²)[8]
The average land elevation is 711.9 ft (217 m) above sea level.[9]
Under the Köppen climate classification, Gurgaon experiences a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa).[10] The city experiences four distinct seasons - spring (February - March), summer (April - August), fall/autumn (September - October) and winter (November - January), along with the monsoon season setting in towards the later half of the summer. Summers, from early April to mid October, are typically very hot and humid, with an average daily June high temperature of 104 °F (40 °C). The season experiences heat indices easily breaking 110 °F (43 °C). Winters are very cold and foggy with few sunny days, and with a December daytime average of 37.4 °F (3 °C). The Western Disturbance brings some rain in winters that further adds to the chill. Spring and autumn are mild and pleasant seasons with low humidity. The monsoon season usually starts in the first week of July and continues till August. Thunderstorms are not uncommon during the Monsoon. The average annual rainfall is approximately 28.1 inches (714 mm).[10]
|Climate data for Gurgaon
|Average high °F (°C)
|Average low °F (°C)
|Average rainfall inches (mm)
|Avg. rainy days
|Mean monthly sunshine hours
|[citation needed]
Gurgaon has an estimated population of 1,514,432[1] as per 2011 India census, of which 816,690 or 53.93% are males and 697,742 or 46.07% females. The population under the age of six is 202,602, with 110,705 males and 91,897 females. The number of literates are 1,111,116 with 638,666 males and 472,450 females. The effective literacy rate of population aged 7+ is 84.70% of which the male rate is 90.46% and the female rate 77.98%.[1]
Gurgaon has buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time period. Gurgaon's skyline is home to several tall buildings and has an estimated 1,100 residential skyscrapers.[11] The average cost of a 1,000 square feet two-bedroom apartment at a decent condominium in Gurgaon is at least $160,130 (₹10,000,000).[11] The poor urban planning and lack of urban infrastructure to cope with the rapid expansion of Gurgaon often results in traffic jams.[12]
The initial settlements in Gurgaon started in the area east to National Highway 8, a part of which shows urban planning. Gurgaon is divided into 36 wards, with each ward further divided into blocks. The housing type in the city consists largely of attached housing, though a large number of attached multi-dwelling units, including apartments, condominiums and high rise residential towers are getting popular. The top five condominiums in the city, as rated by The Times of India, are: Aralias, Hamilton Court, The World Spa, Gurgaon One and Raheja Atlantis.[13] Some inhabitants in the city live in slums in shanty houses lacking proper sanitation, safe water supply, electricity, hygienic streets, or other basic human necessities.
Gurgaon has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the Haryana Urban Development Authority. The key parks are the Leisure Valley Park in Sector 29, which is spread over 36 acres; Tau Devi Lal Biodiversity Botanical Garden in Sector 52; Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Park in Sector 14, popularly known as HUDA Garden; and Tau Devi Lal park in Sector 23. However, most of the parks in Gurgaon are small and ill-maintained.[14]
Historically occupied by distinct ethnic groups and traditionally engaged in farming, Gurgaon has seen a change of culture over the years. The city now has significant migrant population from almost all parts of India, who come to work in the city and have enriched the local culture, adding a variety to arts, music, cuisine and festivals.
Entertainment and performing arts[edit]
Gurgaon is home to a few arts venues, both existing and proposed. Notable venues in the city include Epicentre in Sector 44, Nautanki Mehal at the Kingdom of Dreams near IFFCO Chowk and Shiamak Davar's Institute for the Performing Arts. Gurgaon has about 43 malls with multiplexes catering to cinema audience. Urusvati museum of Folklore in Shikhopur near Gurgaon and is also known for its Jain temples. Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary is a favorite spot of bird watchers during winter months.
The city's food culture includes a variety of cuisines with regional specialities. A large number of restaurants serve a range of items including traditional north Indian recipes, including dal makhani, shahi paneer and kebab. Samosa, golgappa, dahi bhalla, aloo tikki, bread pakora, pav bhaji and chaat are cheap fast-selling items here, that are sold by both unlicensed and licensed mobile food vendors, though the hygiene of the food is sometimes questionable. Burgers have managed to creep in as a cheap street fare. Popular food eaten for breakfast includes aloo paratha and chole bhature. Wheat, in the form of roti, and rice form an essential part of the food intake. Gurgaon also have eateries serving South Indian, Chinese and Nepalese momos. The city also houses global food chains like McDonald's, KFC, Pizza Hut, Domino's Pizza, Subway, Burger King, Starbucks and Costa Coffee frequented by people with significant disposable income. The city is also home to several fine dining restaurants and buffets.
Languages and dialect[edit]
The main language spoken in Gurgaon is Hindi, English and Haryanvi (with Rajasthani touch, the main language of native people). The dialect used in Hindi is similar to that of Delhi, and is considered neutral, though the regional influences from the states of Haryana, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Punjab adds an accent to the language. English is spoken with an Indian accent, with a primarily North Indian influence. Since Gurgaon has a large number of international call centres, the employees are usually given formal training in neutral pronunciation in order to be understandable to native English speakers. Haryanvi and Punjabi are another popular languages spoken in the city. The other regional languages include Mewati and Braj Bhasha.[15][16]
Hinduism is a predominant religion among the city's population. Gurgaon also includes adherents of Sikhism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity and the Bahá'í, among others. There are several places of worship for major religions in Gurgaon, including Hindu temples, gurdwaras, Masjids and churches.
The city has two major sports stadiums: Tau Devi Lal Stadium in Sector 38, which has facilities for cricket, football, basketball and athletics as well as a sports hostel, and Nehru Stadium which is designed for football and athletics. Amity United FC is a tenant of Tau Devi Lal Stadium. Gurgaon district has a presence of nine golf courses, and is described as the "heart of India's golfing country".[17]
Gurgaon organizes a weekly event called Raahigiri day every Sunday morning. The event is an adaption of Ciclovia, an event originally developed in Bogotá, Colombia in 1976 where a segment of roads are closed for motor vehicles and are opened to people for walking, jogging, running, cycling, skating, and other leisure activities. This concept is adopted by several cities across the world. Launched in November 2013, Gurgaon became the first city in India to hold this event, followed by New Delhi.[18][19] The current police commissioner of Gurgaon, Navdeep Singh Virk has also shown his support for Raahgiri.[20]
Gurgaon contributes to more than 50% service tax in the state of Haryana.Gurgaon has the third highest per capita income in India.[2] Popularly known as Millennium City,[21] Gurgaon has the presence of about 250 Fortune 500 companies due to its proximity to Delhi. Maruti Suzuki was the first company that set up a manufacturing unit in the city in 1970s making cars.[3] Eventually, DLF Limited, a real estate company acquired vast stretches of land in the city. The first major American brand to set up a unit in Gurgaon was General Electric in 1997 and is regarded as the first foreign company in India that was established for outsourcing software work.[22] Gurgaon has emerged as one of the most important off shoring centers in the world,[22] providing outsourcing solutions in software, IT, service and sales through delivery facilities and call centers. Apart from Business process outsourcing and IT sectors, the city is home to several other companies that specialize in domain expertise. Various international companies including Coca-Cola, Pepsi, IBM, American Express, Agilent Technologies, Microsoft and Bank of America have chosen Gurgaon to be their Indian corporate headquarters.[22] Retail is an important industry in Gurgaon, with the presence of 43 shopping malls.[23] The major malls include Ambience Mall and Sahara Mall.
Gurgaon is administered by a Municipal corporation, where Mayor acts as the head of the city. In June 2011, Vimal Yadav became the first Mayor of Gurgaon Municipal Corporation.[24] The police department in Gurgaon is headed by the Commissioner of Police - Gurgaon Police, which forms a part of the Haryana Police.[25] and reports to the Hayrana state government. Navdeep Singh Virk, IPS is the Commissioner of Police in Gurgaon. Gurgaon Police has a separate traffic police department headquartered in sector 51.[26] Fire protection within the city limits is provided by Municipal Corporation of Gurgaon through four fire stations, located in sector 29, sector 37, Udyog Vihar and Bhim Nagar.[27]
The city reported 89 homicides in 2012. The total vehicle thefts registered by the police in Gurgaon in 2014 was 3,638.[28] Gurgaon is experiencing high rates of robbery, drug abuse, violence against women and prostitution with several organized cartels and street gangs operating in the city.[29]
The city's public school system, managed by the Government of Haryana, is administered by Haryana Board of School Education. The city also has a large number of private schools, where education is often expensive. Schools like The Shri Ram School - Aravali, The Heritage School and DAV Public School are among the top 10 schools in the city, according to the 2013 Hindustan Times - C fore Top Schools Survey,[30]
There are several universities and institutes located in Gurgaon and its nearby areas, that form a part of Gurgaon district including Ansal Institute of Technology, ITM University, GD Goenka University, KR Mangalam University, Amity University, Apeejay Stya University, BML Munjal University, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University[31] and National Brain Research Centre. Gurgaon is also home to the premium b-school Management Development Institute. Naveen Rathee and Deepak Madan have set up NGO LIONS CLUB[32] for poor children.
The major highway that links Gurgaon is National Highway 8 connecting Mumbai with New Delhi. The 27.7 km Delhi Gurgaon Expressway is six to eight lane expressway that connects Gurgaon to New Delhi.[33]
Transit systems[edit]
Public transit[edit]
Public transit in Gurgaon is provided by Delhi Metro, government buses and Rapid Metro. Private buses, vans and auto rickshaws also ply in the city. There are ten metro stations in Gurgaon of which five - HUDA City Center, IFFCO Chowk, MG Road, Sikanderpur and Guru Droncharya are managed by Delhi Metro and six stations are operated by Rapid Metro: Sikanderpur, DLF Phase II, Belvedere Towers, Cyber City, Moulsari Avenue and DLF Phase III. On 21 June 2010, Yellow Line of Delhi Metro opened connecting HUDA City Center to Qutub Minar which was later connected to Central Secretariat on 3 September 2010. The first phase of Rapid Metro became operational in November 2013 and covers a distance of 3.3 mi.[34] Two more phases of the project are in the pipeline and would take the total number of stations in Gurgaon to 16. An estimated 33,000 people ride Rapid Metro everyday.[35] Gurgaon lacks in public road transport with a limited number of public buses operated by Haryana Roadways and DTC.[36]
Intercity rail[edit]
Operated by Indian Railways, the city has a rail station that forms a part of the larger Indian railways network, where trains connect Gurgaon to Delhi and other cities including Mumbai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad and Jaipur.
Intercity buses[edit]
Gurgaon bus terminal, managed by Haryana Roadways, is the primary bus station in the city that provides inter city bus connectivity, both private and government, to other cities in Haryana and neighboring states like Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab and Chandigarh.
Gurgaon is served by Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport which is located just outside the city along National Highway 8 within the jurisdiction of Delhi. The airport is one of the busiest airports in India and provides domestic and international air connectivity.
Pedestrians and bicycles[edit]
The city lacks facilities for pedestrians with almost no proper sidewalks. There are no proper routes for bicycles, though a large part of the population in the city use bicycles for commuting. With no designated bicycle lanes in Gurgaon, riding a bicycle could be dangerous due to uncontrolled driving of cars and lack of infrastructure.[37] The number of bicycles in Gurgaon is 76,984, as compared to 83,757 cars and 98,983 motorcycles and scooters.[38]
Electricity in Gurgaon is provided by government owned Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam. Gurgaon has power consumer base of 360,000 with average power load of 700-800 MW.[39] There are frequent power outages in the city, especially during the peak consumption season of summer. Apart from the power deficit, the equipment used by the power department like transformers, panels and transmission lines is either old or overburdened.[40] Power fluctuations are not uncommon in Gurgaon. Several areas in the city face shortage of water supply.[41]
Gurgaon has many hospitals and a number of medical research facilities within its city limits. Leading health care provider institutes include Fortis Hospital, Medanta and Max Hospital. Gurgaon has become a popular destination for medical tourism.
For cellular voice module, most of the mobile network operators in Gurgaon use GSM technology, though a few carriers employ the CDMA platform. The mobile data service is offered through GPRS, CDMA, EDGE, UMTS/HSPA, WiMAX and LTE. Nine mobile phone service providers operate in Gurgaon - Airtel, Vodafone, Idea, Reliance, Tata Indicom, Aircel, MTS, Virgin Mobile and BSNL. All these carriers offer voice and data service in pay-as-you-go (prepaid) and on a monthly rental with plan (post paid) basis. Other dedicated Wireless Internet service providers operating in Gurgaon are Tikona, You Broadband and Nextra and Touch Net. Fixed line phone service in Gurgaon is provided by Airtel, Reliance, Tata Walky and BSNL, providing both voice and broadband services.
See also[edit]
- ^ a b c d "Census 2011, Gurgaon". Government of India. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
- ^ a b Julka, Harsimran (30 September 2011). "IT firms looking beyond Gurgaon, Noida, Greater Noida to other cities in north India". The Economic Times. ET Bureau. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ a b Kumar, K.P. Narayana. "Gurgaon: How not to Build a City". Forbesindia.com. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ "Crime graph up, Gurgaon police get act together". Hindustan Times. 20 May 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ "Historical Background" (PDF). District Administration, Gurgaon. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ "Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 12, p. 403.". Digital South Asia Library. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ "History of Gurgaon". Municipal Corporation, Gurgaon. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ "Demographics". Municipal Corporation, Gurgaon.
- ^ "GGN/Gurgaon(3)". India Rail Info. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ a b "Travel Info". The Metropolitan Hotel and Spa New Delhi. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ a b Anand, Deevakar (10 May 2013). "Gurgaon's better than Delhi, but way behind Shanghai". Retrieved 3 October 2013.
- ^ "Gurgaon traffic police identify five accident-prone area". Hindustan Times. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
- ^ "Home is where the heart is". TNN. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
- ^ "How green was Gurgaon's parks". The Times of India. TNN. 30 December 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
- ^ "Culture and Language of Gurgaon". Stay IN Gurgaon.com. Stay IN Gurgaon.com. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- ^ "Gurgaon Travelinfo". Hotel Sun Villa. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- ^ Singh, Prabhdev. "Gurgaon's Golf Courses". HT Media. Live Mint. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
- ^ "New area in Gurgaon to have 'Raahgiri Day'". Business Standard. IANS. 27 February 2014. Retrieved 17 March 2014.
- ^ fwire (Feb 27, 2014). "New area in Gurgaon to have 'Raahgiri Day'". Firstpost. IANS. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
- ^ "New Gurgaon police chief to strengthen Raahgiri". Times of India. 23 November 2014.
- ^ "UK minister inaugurates business centre in Gurgaon". The Times of India. TNN. 20 September 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
- ^ a b c Kannan, Shilpa. "Gurgaon: From fields to global tech hub". BBC. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
- ^ "Gurgaon as IT outsourcing hub". Amit Arun and Associates. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
- ^ Joseph, Joel (22 June 2011). "Gurgaon gets first mayor after month's wait". The Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 5 October 2013.
- ^ "Gurgaon Police". Gurgaon Police, Govt. of Haryana. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ^ "Gurgaon police". Gurgaon Police, Govt. of Haryana.
- ^ "Gurgaon's fourth fire station opens in Udyog Vihar". Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. TNN. 16 April 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
- ^ Behl, Abhishek (20–26 February 2015). "Your car could be next" (Guragaon). 'Friday Gurgaon. FG. Retrieved 26 February 2015.
- ^ "Gurgaon police indiferrent to burglary, chain snatching incidents". Indiatoday.in. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
- ^ "Top Schools in Gurgaon". Hindustan Times. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2014.
- ^ "Universities & Colleges". University Grants Commission. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
- ^ Dash, Dipak Kumar (7 December 2012). "NH8 stretch on Delhi-Gurgaon border is India's deadliest road". The Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 11 October 2013.
- ^ Joseph, Joel (13 November 2013). "From tomorrow, Gurgaon will finally have its Rapid Metro". The Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
- ^ ASHOK, SOWMIYA (16 June 2014). "Are Gurgaon residents game for a smooth ride on the Rapid Metro?". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- ^ "Meet for roadmap to improve bus service". Times of India. 14 April 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2015.
- ^ Gill, Vineet (22 October 2013). "Why doesn't Gurgaon have cycling lanes?". TNN. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
- ^ "Raahgiri Day: Let's start a revolution 'on two wheels'". The Times of India. TNN. 12 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
- ^ "Essar withdraws application for distribution licence in Gurgaon". PTI. 22 October 2013. Retrieved 25 October 2013.
- ^ "Night-long outage in Old Gurgaon as transformer trips on demand". The Times of India. TNN. 24 May 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
- ^ "Wish to set up a university in Gurgaon: Inderjit". The Times of India. TNN. 18 May 2014. Retrieved 10 June 2014.
Further reading[edit]
- Basi, J.K. Tina (2009), Women, Identity and India's Call Centre Industry, Oxford: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-88379-2, retrieved 12 November 2013
- Gururani, Shiva (1 March 2013), "Flexible Planning: The Making of India's 'Millennium City', Gurgaon", in Anne M. Rademacher, Ecologies of Urbanism in India: Metropolitan Civility and Sustainability, K. Sivaramakrshnan, Hong Kong University Press, pp. 119–, ISBN 978-988-8139-77-4
- Narain, Vishal (2009), "Growing city, shrinking hinterland: land acquisition, transition and conflict in peri-urban Gurgaon, India", Environment and Urbanization 21 (2): 501–512, doi:10.1177/0956247809339660
- Pagnamenta, Robin (6 July 2012), "Indians riot over water shortages and power cuts", The Times (London), retrieved 12 November 2013 (requires subscription)
- Apartment for rent in Gurgaon
- Rich, Nathan (2013), "Globally integrated/locally fractured: the extraordinary development of Gurgaon, India", in Peggy Deamer, Architecture and Capitalism: 1845 to the Present, London: Routledge, pp. 172–188, ISBN 978-1-135-04954-6, retrieved 12 November 2013
- Yardley, Jim (6 September 2011), "In Gurgaon, India, Dynamism Wrestles With Dysfunction", The New York Times, retrieved 12 November 2013 (requires subscription)
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gurgaon.
- "Gurgaon: Model City and Cautionary Tale, Slide Show", The New York Times, retrieved 12 November 2013
- "India Rising, Off-the-Grid: Video", The New York Times, retrieved 12 November 2013


text:
A catalyst composition for the polymerization, including oligomerization and codimerization, of olefins is provided by combining (A) zirconium, (B) a monophosphine electron donor ligand, and (C) a Lewis acid-reducing agent, in molar ratios of (B) to (A) of about 1 to 10:1 and (C) to (A) of about 1 to 40:1. Preferred catalyst components are zirconium acetylacetonate, triphenylphosphine or tri-n-butylphosphine and ethylaluminum sesquichloride. The catalyst composition of this invention may be employed in the dimerization of olefins such as propylene as well as in codimerization reactions, such as the preparation of heptenes from propylene and butenes.
1. A catalyst comprising a complex of
(A) zirconium acetylacetonate;
(B) an electron donor ligand phosphine of the formula R3 P wherein each R is a hydrocarbon of up to 20 carbon atoms, with
(C) a combination of a reducing agent capable of reducing zirconium acetylacetonate to an oxidation state of less than 4 and a non-protonic Lewis acid capable of forming a coordination bond with zirconium selected from a compound represented by the formula
R'.sub.(n'-y) MXY
R' is alkyl of 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, X is chlorine, M is a metallic element of coordination number n' whose halides are Lewis acids selected from aluminum magnesium, beryllium, lead, zinc and tin and y is a number having a value of greater than 0:
the molar ratio of (B) to (A) being about 2 to 7:1 and the molar ratio of (C) to (A) being about 10 to 20:1, said components (C) and (A) being combined to reduce zirconium represented by (A) to an oxidation state of less than 4, and form a coordination bond with (A).
2. A catalyst of claim 1 wherein M is aluminum.
3. A catalyst of claim 1 wherein each R is selected from alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl and cycloalkyl.
4. A catalyst of claim 2 wherein each R is selected from alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl and cycloalkyl.
5. A catalyst of claim 1 wherein each R is selected from alkyl, aryl and cycloalkyl of 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.
6. A catalyst of claim 2 wherein each R is selected from alkyl, aryl and cycloalkyl of 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.
7. A catalyst of claim 4 wherein each R is selected from alkyl, aryl and cycloalkyl of 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.
8. A catalyst of claim 5 wherein R is selected from alkyl and phenyl.
9. A catalyst of claim 7 wherein R is selected from alkyl and phenyl.
This is a division, of application Ser. No. 820,302, filed Apr. 29, 1969 now U.S. Pat. No. 3,855,341.
This invention relates to a catalyst composition and its use in the polymerization, including codimerization and oligomerization, of olefins. In particular aspects, the invention relates to a process for the formation of hexenes by dimerization of propylene and to a catalyst therefor. In addition, the catalyst of this invention may be employed in codimerization reactions, such as the preparation of heptenes from propylene and butenes. The catalyst may be unsupported or carried by a suitable base.
Numerous catalysts have been disclosed in the prior art as suitable for the preparation of polymeric products of olefins, particularly to form low molecular weight dimers, trimers, tetramers, etc. of such olefins. Normally gaseous olefins such as propylene have, for example, been effectively dimerized using these catalyst systems to produce hexene fractions of varying compositions. The polymeric and oligomeric products produced in such reactions are often valuable in either the petrochemical field or the fuel industry or both. One of the major fractions of dimeric propylenes, 2-methylpentenes, can be utilized, for instance, for the synthesis of isoprene. Another propylene dimerization product, 2,3-dimethylbutene, is useful as a feed for the production of 2,3-dimethylbutadiene which in turn can be used in a multi-step synthesis of pyromellitic anhydride, or can be hydrogenated to yield 2,3-dimethylbutane, useful as an octane-enhancing ingredient in gasoline. The latter compound, for example, has the highest research octane number (103.5) of those paraffins having boiling points up to 140� F.
It has now been found that complexes of zirconium with an organomonophosphine electron donor ligand, when combined with a non-protonic Lewis acid capable of forming a coordination bond with zirconium, and a reducing agent capable of reducing zirconium acetylacetonate to an oxidation state of less than 4 and even to 0, provide a catalyst composition having highly desirable physical and chemical characteristics and, particularly, excellent catalytic activity and selectivity for the polymerization, including codimerization and oligomerization, of low molecular weight olefins. To obtain such compositions, the catalyst-forming reactants can be combined in a molar ratio of electron donor ligand to zirconium of about 1 to 10:1, preferably about 2 to 7:1; and a Lewis acid-reducing agent to zirconium molar ratio of about 1 to 40:1, preferably about 10 to 20:1.
In the preparation of the catalyst composition of the present invention, the zirconium source is provided by compounds of the metal which are at least slightly soluble in some solvent wherein the zirconium-phosphine ligand complex can be formed. Preferred are the weak field ligand complexes, the ligands of which readily serve in solution as transfer agents. Suitable sources of the zirconium can include, for example, halides, e.g. ZrCl4, ZrBr4, ZrI4 ; zirconium sulfate; alkoxy derivatives, i.e. Zr(OR)4, where R represents alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, and the like groups; alkoxy zirconium carboxylate, i.e., (RO)4 ZrOOCR' where R and R' are as defined above as R; phosphine complexes, e.g. Zr[(C6 H5)2 PC2 H4 P(C6 H5)2 ]X4, where X is a halide. Also available as zirconium sources are chelates formed by the zirconium and weak field ligands, such as β-diketones or β-ketocarboxylic acid esters and salts of carboxylic acids. Examples of these types of zirconium sources include β-diketonato zirconium (IV), acetylacetonato zirconium (IV), propylacetonato zirconium (IV), benzoylacetonato zirconium; chelates from β-ketocarboxylic acid esters; salts of saturated monocarboxylic acids, e.g. zirconium formate, zirconium propionate, and the like; salts of corresponding unsaturated monocarboxylic acids, e.g. zirconium acrylate, zirconium vinyl acetate and the like; salts of saturated dicarboxylic acids, e.g. zirconium adipate and the like; salts of corresponding unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, e.g. zirconium muconate and the like; salts of cyclic and aromatic carboxylic acids, e.g. zirconium cyclohexane carboxylate, zirconium phenyl acetate, zirconium benzoate, zirconium phthalates, and the like; and alkoxycarboxylates, e.g. zirconium methoxyacetate and the like. Preferred as a source of zirconium is zirconium acetylacetonate.
The electron donor ligand component employed in preparing the zirconium complex component of the catalyst of the present invention is preferably a triorganophosphine corresponding to the general formula R3 P wherein R is a hydrocarbon radical, e.g. alkyl, aryl, alkaryl, aralkyl and cycloalkyl of from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to about 6 carbon atoms, and preferably devoid of olefinic or acetylenic unsaturation; different R groups may, of course, be present in the same phosphine molecule. When the phosphine component contains aromatic groups it is generally preferred that these have mono-cyclic structures, e.g. that the groups be selected from phenyl, alkylphenyl, or phenylalkyl radicals.
The presence of the electron donor ligand component, preferably a triorganophosphine, which apparently can enter into a complex-forming reaction with the zirconium compound, makes for a more active catalyst composition. The phosphine component is monodentate or unidentate, i.e., unifunctional, as regards the phosphorus atom. Use of multifunctional phosphines such as bis (diphenylphosphino) ethane in place of the unidentate phosphine in the catalyst composition of the present invention has been found, for example, to result in a composition showing no catalytic activity for the dimerization of propylene. Examples of suitable phosphines for the composition of the present invention are triphenylphosphine, trimethylphosphine, tricyclohexylphosphine, tri-n-butylphosphine, tri-n-decylphosphine, tribenzylphosphine, tri-(4-n-butylphenyl) phosphine, and the like. The selection of a particular triorganophosphine may depend upon the polymerization product desired. In the preparation of hexenes by the dimerization of propylene, for example, use of tri-n-butylphosphine normally produces a maximum of dimethylbutenes. Such products would be particularly desired if the hexene fraction were to be used in gasoline, since 2,3-dimethylbutenes possess high octane numbers.
The Lewis acid and the reducing agent functions of our catalyst are preferably supplied in a single compound. As examples of such compounds, there may be mentioned the acidic metal halides which correspond to the general formula:
R'.sub.(n-y) MXY
wherein M is a metallic element of coordination number n whose halides are Lewis acids, X is a halogen having an atomic number of 9 to 53, i.e. fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, R' is hydrocarbyl, e.g. alkyl, of 2 to about 6 carbon atoms any y is a number having a value from greater than o to n. Preferred metallic elements in the above compound include aluminum, magnesium, beryllium, lead, zinc and tin. Examples of suitable such acidic metal halides include alkylaluminum halides including mono-, sesqui-, and dihalides, aluminum trichloride, zinc chloride and stannic chloride. Specific examples of suitable alkylaluminum halides are diethylaluminum chloride, fluoride, iodide, and bromide; ethylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum sesquichloride, etc.
Where the particular reducing agent employed in the composition does not also perform as a Lewis acid, it is necessary to separately supply the Lewis acid to the catalyst composition. Examples of reducing agents which are suitable in the preparation of the catalyst composition but which do not perform as Lewis acids therein include trialkylaluminum, monoalkoxydialkylaluminum and dialkylaluminum hydrides wherein the alkyl and alkoxy groups contain up to about 6 carbon atoms. Other examples are Grignard reagents, allyl and alkyl tin complexes, and the like. The reducing agent must be compatible with the Lewis acid and be capable of reducing zirconium acetylacetonate, preferably to an oxidation state lower than 4 and even to 0.
Where the reducing agent does not also function as a Lewis acid, an additional Lewis acid component can be supplied by a compound which is other than a protonic or hydrogen acid and which is capable of receiving one or more pairs of electrons to form a coordination bond. Lewis acids are well known to the art and are fully defined for example by Noller Chemistry of Organic Compounds, W. B. Saunders, 1951, at pages 233-235, by Stone Chemical Review (1958) at page 101, and by G. N. Lewis, Journal of the Franklin Institute (1938), pages 226-293. Examples of Lewis acids which are not included as a component of a compound which also serves as a reducing agent include boron-trifluoride, boron-trifluoride etherates, e.g. diethyletherate, aluminum trihalides, zinc halides and stannic halides.
The preparation of the overall catalyst composition is preferably conducted by first forming the complex of the electron donor ligand and the zirconium source and then adding to a solution or suspension of that complex, in a suitable organic solvent, the reducing agent and the Lewis acid. Suitable organic solvents for the final catalyst composition are those which are inert to the catalyst and which will not significantly enter into, or deleteriously affect, the eventual polymerization reaction. A specific examples thereof may be mentioned aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons and their halogenated, e.g. chlorinated, derivatives. Oxygen-containing solvents are generally to be avoided for this purpose.
Formation of the ligand-zirconium complex may be effected by simply mixing the two reactants in the presence of a suitable solvent for the complexing reaction. The mixing may be done at room temperature or at temperatures as high as about 300� F. The complex usually forms within about 20 to 40 minutes after mixing at elevated temperatures. Suitable solvents for the complex-forming reaction include the same solvents which are suitable for use in the final catalyst composition. A mixture of solvents may also be employed. For example, the ligand-zirconium complex may be formed in chlorobenzene and the Lewis acid-reducing agent added in the form of a solution in toluene. If desired, the complexing may be accomplished in a solvent which is unsuitable for use in the final composition; in this case the resultant complex will first be isolated from the reaction mixture and redissolved, or re-suspended, in a proper solvent which is inert to the final catalyst composition.
Thus, for example, one method of preparing a phosphine-zirconium complex can involve stirring, preferably at room temperature, a mixture of triphenylphosphine, zirconium acetylacetonate and chlorobenzene. After the resulting complex has been formed, ethylaluminum sesquichloride in toluene may then be added directly to the reactant mixture.
The addition to the complex solution of the reducing agent and Lewis acid is preferably conducted in a dry, inert atmosphere, out of the presence of air, for instance in an autoclave. Within a relatively short period of time after the admixing of the components, e.g. about 5 to 15 minutes, an active catalyst composition is formed which may be used to catalyze the polymerization of low molecular weight olefins.
The catalyst compositions of this invention may be used to catalyze the production of liquid polymers, including dimers and oligomers, of mono-ethylenically unsaturated olefinic hydrocarbons of 2 to about 6, or even up to about 8, carbon atoms, as well as monophenyl-or-diphenyl derivatives thereof. By the terms "polymerization" and "polymer" it is meant to include herein copolymerization and copolymers as well as homopolymerization and homopolymers, and oligomerization and oligomers, e.g. dimerization and dimers, trimerization and trimers, etc., as well as cross- or co-oligomerization e.g., cross- or co-dimerization, etc. For example, by cross-dimerization, used here as being synonymous with co-dimerization, is meant the addition reaction combining one mole of a first olefin, for instance propylene, with one mole of a second olefin, for instance, butene, to form one mole of a cross-dimer, for instance heptene. By dimerization, on the other hand, is meant the addition reaction which simply combines two moles of a single olefin, for instance propylene, to form the respective dimer, for instance hexene. Polymerization and polymers are the terms here used to embrace all of these reactions and reaction products.
Thus, suitable feeds include, for instance, monoethylenically unsaturated olefins, such as internal- and alpha-olefins, such as ethylene, propylene and butenes; and phenyl-substituted derivatives of the foregoing olefins, such as styrene and 1-phenylbutene-2. The polymers produced by the action of this present catalyst composition will often be of 2 to about 4 monomer units per molecule, i.e. will often range from dimers to tetramers. The catalyst composition has been found, for example, to be especially suitable for the production of hexene fractions by the dimerization of propylene.
Polymerization can be effected by contacting the olefinically-unsaturated feed at an elevated temperature of, for instance, about 100� to 300� F., preferably about 140� to 160� F., which can be maintained by an external heating means. A pressure of about 0 to 600 or more psig, preferably about 250 to 600 psig, is suitable with the catalyst composition of the present invention. Generally, higher pressures and temperatures are favorable for the reaction. The amount of catalyst composition used in the reaction is that sufficient to effect polymerization of the feed, and often is about 0.05 to 5 weight percent, preferably about 0.1 to 1%, of catalyst composition (not including the solvent therefor) based on the weight of olefinic hydrocarbon feed.
The preparation and utilization of the catalyst of the present invention are illustrated by the following examples. Details of reaction conditions, catalyst compositions, and product distribution for these examples are listed in Tables I and II.
A stainless steel autoclave was used as a reactor. Zirconium acetylacetonate in the amount of 2.0 m. moles (millimoles) and triphenylphosphine in the amount of 10.0 m. moles were weighed into the reactor together with 15 ml. of chlorobenzene. The reactor was purged thoroughly with nitrogen and the contents were stirred vigorously for 15 minutes. Ethylaluminum sesquichloride (Et3 Al2 Cl3) in the amount of 25 m. moles was then added through a septum in the form of a 25 percent solution in toluene. A small amount of toluene (5ml.) was used to wash the Et3 Al2 Cl3 through the delivery line into the reactor. After heating the contents to 125� F. for 15 minutes, 240 ml. of propylene was introduced into the reactor. The temperature of the contents was adjusted to 155� F. A rapid pressure drop (approximately 10 psig/min.) persisted for 45 minutes. The reaction was terminated by cooling the contents to 90� F. and discharging the yellow reaction mixture into a chilled flask. The products were distilled and identified by gas liquid chromatography. Tables I and II list the reaction conditions, catalyst composition and products obtained. The autoclave was immediately recharged with 260 ml. of propylene and the reaction scheme repeated. The results of this recharge and one additional recharge are listed in Table II.
A subsequent set of reactions was run in the manner as in Example I, but tri-n-butylphosphine was substituted for triphenylphosphine. The amounts of the components were the same as the amounts employed in Example I. The reaction conditions, catalyst composition and products of the reactions are listed in Tables I and II.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Catalyst Composition and Reaction Conditions Catalyst Composition Reaction ConditionsExampleRun Feed Zr(acac)4 R3 P R in Et3 Al2 Cl3 Solvent.sup.(1) Pressure Temp. TimeNo. No. C3 =, q m mole m mole R3 P m mole g. psig �F. Hrs.__________________________________________________________________________A 125 2.0 10.0 φ 25 33 150-450 155 3/4I B 135 2.0 10.0 φ 25 33 300-600 150 11/4C 135 2.0 10.0 φ 25 33 150-180 155 11/4A 131 2.0 10.0 n-Bu 25 38 80-600 150 11/2II B 137 2.0 10.0 n-Bu 25 38 130-600 153 11/4__________________________________________________________________________Note: .sup.(1) A mixture of chlorobenzene and toluene.
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White Line Fever: Lemmy - The AutobiographyPaperback
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- Publisher: POCKET BOOKS
- Format: Paperback | 320 pages
- Dimensions: 112mm x 170mm x 26mm | 200g
- Publication date: 2 June 2003
- Publication City/Country: New York
- Edition: New edition
- Edition statement: New edition
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Told with Lemmy's indomitable charisma and humour, this is the autobiography of a rock icon who over the past thirty years in the industry, has stayed true to his music, his fans and his pleasures. Lemmy was born Ian Fraser Kilmister in 1945, the son of a vicar who walked out on his mother when Lemmy was just three months old. Having been inspired to play the guitar by Chicks, Little Richard and Buddy Holly, Lemmy formed what would become the ultimate metal group in 1975 and christened them Motorhead. The group went on to embrace a rock-and-roll lifestyle fuelled by drink, drugs and women, and in the process released twenty-one albums and attracted a huge following. WHITE LINE FEVER is a truly headbanging tour through the last few decades of speedmetal, offering a sometimes hilarious, often outrageous, but highly entertaining trip with the frontman of the loudest rock band in the world.
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Born Ian Fraser Kilmister in Stoke-on-Trent in 1945, Lemmy formed Motorhead in 1975. Fronting the band through the highs and lows of superstardom, Lemmy has recorded twenty albums with Motorhead who remain at the top of their profession after twenty-seven years.
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A real page-turner. Read it in 2 days. Highly recommended.


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Several PhD positions are available in the laboratory of Dr. Davide Bonifazi at the University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur Advanced Research College (NARC), Belgium. The Bonifazi's group is specialized in the creation of functional organic molecular architectures characterized by targeted organic synthesis for preparing pi-extended chromophoric modules, self-assembly of hybrid architectures in solution and on surfaces by means of H-bonding and/or coordination interactions, physical-organic studies, ...
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ADMISSIONS COUNSELOR (Class #9351AC)
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POSITION: Full-time, 12-month position starting August 17, 2015, or as soon as possible thereafter.
JOB SUMMARY: The admissions counselor is responsible for student recruitment, territory planning, outreach activities, and individual office management. The admissions counselor will work to identify, recruit, and enroll qualified high school students, transfer students, and working professionals from specific recruiting territory. This individual will work with enrollment technology to ensure timely documentation of student information. Each admissions team member takes on special projects within the office and this position will oversee the relationships with schools who have College in the High School programs. Collaboration is imperative to this work and is required with both on and off campus constituents.
RESPONSIBILITIES: Recruiting (80%) including counsel student through the college search funnel from prospect to enrolled student; strategize, plan and executing marketing and recruiting activities; represent the campus at a variety of on and off campus events with the intent of recruiting students to attend UMC; plan and host all on campus visit opportunities for students including large open house events, individual campus visits, and overnight campus visits; serve as a UMC contact for the high schools and community colleges throughout the upper Midwest; manage an assigned recruitment territory; coordinate recruitment activities with other/departments areas across the campus; assist with the implementation of new student registration, check-in, and orientation; and supervises work-study and student volunteers in recruitment activities. College in the High School outreach (20%) including serve as the main liaison between UMC Admissions and all other stakeholders involved in College in the High School program (outreach, coordinating campus visits, arranging school visits, and contact with teachers); and additional duties as assigned by the supervisor.
MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS: Bachelor's degree with at least two years of experience; ability to travel and work occasional weeknight and weekends; able to read, write, and understand English; and possess valid drivers license and access to reliable vehicle for off-campus travel. Final offer contingent on successful background check and receipt of official transcripts.
PREFERRED QUALIFICATIONS: Bachelor's degree in marketing, communication, student development or related field; excellent verbal and written communication, customer service, project management, organizational, analytical and interpersonal skills; ability to handle stressful situations in a positive manner and evidence of experience in a contributive team environment; experience working in University environment; demonstrated excellence in collaboration and creating a team oriented and goal focused environment; and ability to function effectively in a complex organizational environment and ability to successfully relate and interact with diverse groups of people.
APPLICATION PROCESS: Review of application materials will begin immediately and continue until the position is filled. Visit https://employment.umn.edu for complete instructions on how to apply electronically.
POSITIONS: The Athletic Department may need coaches or assistant coaches on a short-term or temporary basis during the 2015-2016 academic year in one or more of the following areas: Baseball, Equestrian, Football, Men's Basketball, Men's Golf, Women's Basketball, Women's Fastpitch Softball, Women's Golf, Women's Soccer, Women's Tennis, and Women's Volleyball.
MINIMUM QUALIFICATIONS: A bachelor's degree and prior playing and/or coaching experience in the particular sport. Final job offer contingent upon complete background check and receipt of official transcripts.
APPLICATION PROCESS: Applications must be submitted online. Visit https://www.myu.umn.edu/employment for complete instructions on how to apply electronically using Athletics Job ID #301760. In addition to submitting the requested information, if you have the ability to scan your college transcripts, please do so.


text:
The International Wagon of Death!"yeahiamghos" wins by playing the Comedy Lenin Option card.
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Dreams of saving Art Deco Havanatags: NYT, historic preservation, Art Deco, Havana
HAVANA — Kathleen Murphy Skolnik gasped one recent morning as she gazed up into the stairwell of a 1939 downtown apartment building here and pointed at the chevron pattern in the ironwork, at the unpolished rust-pink marble and a simple alcove on the stairway crowned by a stepped arch.
"It's so beautiful," said Ms. Skolnik, an architectural historian who lives in Chicago. "And it's so run-down."
Ms. Skolnik's words serve as an unofficial motto for the rich, wide-ranging and often neglected buildings that, experts say, make Cuba one of the world's most significant but overlooked troves of Art Deco architecture. As some 250 Cuban and foreign connoisseurs gathered last week in Havana for the World Congress on Art Deco, there was hope the event would foster wider recognition of the island's Art Deco heritage and the urgent need to preserve it. (The gathering, of the World Congress of the International Coalition of Art Deco Societies, ends on Thursday.)...
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#!/usr/bin/env python
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New citizens take oath
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It has taken 14 years but Nicola Makamba can finally celebrate New Year as a New Zealand citizen.
The young mum first came to the country in 1999 as a refugee from her native Zimbabwe.
She and her mother fled the turbulent nation as it was getting "really rough", she says.
More than a decade later she is proud she can officially call New Zealand home.
Miss Makamba was among 300 people becoming citizens at a ceremony at the Vodafone Events Centre in Manukau.
Among them were former citizens of Pakistan, Namibia, Iraq, Tonga, Sri Lanka, Cambodia and Argentina.
Miss Makamba, an Otara resident, says it was an emotional ceremony.
The 24-year-old has had her applications for citizenship denied a number of times.
"Eventually I just gave up. I told my mum: 'I don't want to do it'," she says.
"Then hers came through and I thought I'd try one last time."
Miss Makamba's application was finally granted just before the birth of her son Kristian, who is now 13 weeks old.
"I was so relieved. I had been thinking: 'If I'm not a citizen, what's going to happen to him?' "
Papatoetoe resident Jayshree Sen was also among those pledging their allegiance to the Queen at the ceremony. The 34-year-old is originally from India.
She came to New Zealand in 2001 to marry her Fijian husband Nelesh, who has been here since 1996.
Both work at Fisher & Paykel Healthcare headquarters in Highbrook.
Mrs Sen has waited 12 years to become a citizen but says it was easy when she got around to it.
"I'm just lazy. My whole family got the citizenship and I'm the only one left," she says.
Mr Sen says New Zealand's peaceful nature makes him proud to call it home.
"I always say to my wife: 'I'll never leave this place'."
More than 27,000 people were granted New Zealand citizenship in 2012, Department of Internal Affairs statistics show.
Immigrants from the United Kingdom - 5607 people - topped the list, followed by nearly 3000 each from Samoa and South Africa.
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text:
Army of Angels
Location: SALT LAKE CITY UT USA
By: Roselia Nevarez
around 3:oo am one morning about a week before the sept 11th tragedies I awoke to use the bathroom, after returning to my bed I started to pray for sleep would not come, when all of a sudden I realized that my bedroom was full of tiny lights like that of fire flies however smaller. curious as I sat up leaning on my pillow I watched as my bedroom became open my room was no longer a room but some wide open space I cannot describe. little by little the tiny lights became larger and starting to form figures. as I watched in awe I realized that the shapes which were forming were actually angels giant like angels beautiful angels, appearing to walk but as I looked down at their feet they were not touching the ground as they moved. I was trying quite hard to grasp everything that I was witnessing I actually believe that my head was going from side to side as I was watched what by now was a great army of angels which I will descibe. and continue my story because it still makes my heart pound as I relive my vision. after the shapes started to form into these incredible beings I imediately noticed the tall beautiful angels with their wings so large up over their shoulders and then again forming perfectly shaped wings going all the way to the ground or floor but not quite touching the bottom. the color white is not a white I have ever seen but almost illuminating white with a transparent like texture the wings themself were thick so soft looking. perfectly outlined each feather on the wings which I don't think are feathers were just perfect like detailed they had long beatuful robes, I tell you now that I feel overwhelmed when I write this and every detail about them was just so beautiful. these angels all looked like each other I can see them all the same however their own beings, they had almost curley hair like yellow but not. I remember they looked as if they were all the color of transparent but very fair. I somehow got a message that the angles are neither male or female although both I don't to this day understand. they were all marching in a line in pairs of two. their left arms were bent close to their chest holding with their hands a gold with siverish shiny sheild, while their right hand were holding tightly a long sword I somehow got the feeling that the sheilds
and the swords were unbreakable in every way. while I was closely absorbing their every detail I know they were marching as I said I looked to the left of me to see where they were marching and I could only see that there was not end to to line ahead. I looked to the right to see where the line was coming from and again I saw that the line was as far as far because all I could see was that the line from begining to end was never ending. I know also that there was a constant druming not like anything I have seen or heard not even the old army movies. but more like a tum,tum, tum, on and on as the march took place. at some point I feel like I came out of a trance of some sort and asked does this mean that I am going to die? as soon as I asked this, one of the angels turned directly at me and I heard with out it's mouth moving, answer do not worry everything has been taken care of you are protected.while this angel was talking to me I saw that it was still marching but somehow still in the same place. the angel went on to tell me that this night others were expeirencing the very same vision as I. that they were solders sent by God and they are marching preparing to protect us all and that everything was for a reason and they were right in the front line. they were very brave and very holy they will win the war in the end it is the big war this angel told me that we should let them fight the war because it is there war not ours. they told me they would protect us to stay behind them to do all that is of God and in the end it will turn out goodl they continued to march and I sat up on my bed untill they march so far that they started to fade into what seemed like a light cloud. untill lone by one they were all gone and all of a sudden my bedroom was once again my bedroom, I sat still for a few moments and my heart wanted to burst it felt as if my chest was on fire I was so overwhelmed by this experience and after I no longer saw them I begin to cry with so much saddness, and the rest of the day went over and over my experience, there are a couple of things from this story that I don't understand. when I cried I told my God that I was not worthy of him allowing me this experienc and I went on ask why me I have not ever understood but I know what I saw I have shared this story with few that know that I am not crazy.
This happened to me one early morning and I have relived it over many times the angels also told me that I must share this story to many. and some will understand the marching the truth,
Some may never see with earthly eyes these heavenly beings or know that they exist. Many are unaware of the numerous ways they have protected and guided us. We would like to share with you the stories of people who take pleasure in expressing how real angels are.
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Patron Saints by Alphabet
St. John Vianney
St. John Vianney, Priest (Patron of priests) Feast day - August 4 Universally known as the "Cure of Ars)," St. John Mary Vianney was ordained a priest in 1815. Three years later he was made parish priest of Ars, a remote French hamlet, where his reputation as a confessor and director of souls made him known throughout the Christian world. His life was ... continue reading
Future Dates
St. John Bosco
What do dreams have to with prayer? Aren't they just random images of our mind? In 1867 Pope Pius IX was upset with John Bosco because he wouldn't take his dreams seriously enough. Nine years earlier when Pope Pius IX met with the future saint who worked with neglected boys, he learned of the dreams that John had been having since the age of nine, dreams that ... continue reading
St. Catherine of Alexandria
St. Catherine of Alexandria, Virgin and Martyr whose feast day is November 25th. She is the patroness of philosophers and preachers. St. Catherine is believed to have been born in Alexandria of a noble family. Converted to Christianity through a vision, she denounced Maxentius for persecuting Christians. Fifty of her converts were then burned to death by ... continue reading
More Female Saints
St. Gabriel, the Archangel
The name Gabriel means "man of God," or "God has shown himself mighty." It appears first in the prophesies of Daniel in the Old Testament. The angel announced to Daniel the prophecy of the seventy weeks. His name also occurs in the apocryphal book of Henoch. He was the angel who appeared to Zachariah to announce the birth of St. John the Baptizer. Finally, he ... continue reading
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Catholic Online has updated its Saints page with thousands of new entries and updates! An ideal place to find everything you want to know about the saints. Whether you have a special devotion, an academic interest, or even just casual curiosity, this page is all you need.
A Patron Saint for California
During his visit to the United States this coming September, Pope Francis will canonize Blessed Junipero Serra, the heroic 'Apostle of ... continue reading
Lessons From Saint Joseph The Carpenter
Every carpenter must practice patience. We can learn important lessons from the wood shop in Nazareth from the humble Saint Joseph. I have ... continue reading
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Reading 1, Numbers 12:1-13
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St. John Vianney
August 4: St. John Vianney, Priest (Patron of priests) Feast day - August ... Read More
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text:
Judge Allows Evidence From James Holmes' Wallet
DENVER (AP) – Evidence from Colorado theater shooting defendant James Holmes' wallet can be used at his trial, the judge ruled Friday, a victory for prosecutors that could aid their attempts to undermine Holmes' insanity plea.
The driver's license found in the wallet would help prosecutors link Holmes to his booby-trapped apartment, part of a range of evidence they might use to argue Holmes was sane.
Arapahoe County District Judge Carlos Samour Jr. sided with the defense in a separate ruling, saying a police officer won't be allowed to testify at the trial that Holmes smirked at him when he asked if he had accomplices.
Holmes pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity to charges of killing 12 people and injuring 70 in a theater in the Denver suburb of Aurora in July 2012. Prosecutors are seeking the death penalty, but they must first convince jurors that Holmes was sane.
At pretrial hearings, police testified Holmes' driver's license led them to his apartment, where they found potentially deadly homemade bombs. Holmes told the officers the bombs were there, police have testified.
The bombs did not go off.
Officers have said the bombs were meant to divert first-responders from the theater – something prosecutors could use to argue that Holmes knew the shootings were wrong and thus could not be insane under Colorado law.
Defense lawyers have acknowledged Holmes was the shooter but said he was "in the throes of a psychotic episode."
The defense argued the wallet search was illegal because police didn't have a warrant. The judge agreed with prosecutors that no warrant was needed because the wallet was seized during a legal arrest. Holmes was taken into custody moments after the shooting.
Aurora Police officer Justin Grizzle testified at a pretrial hearing that when he asked Holmes about accomplices, Holmes responded with "a self-satisfying offensive smirk." Holmes said nothing, Grizzle testified.
Samour ruled the alleged smirk was not a form of communication and cannot be used as a statement. Samour said testimony about the expression would be of little use to jurors but could unfairly prejudice them against Holmes.
– By Dan Elliott, AP Writer
(© Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
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- James Holmes & His Father Exchange Smiles During Testimony


text: We had taken our son with us to SXM this time. Of course Mama Pizza was his favorite place so we went there for dinner twice in one week. The pizza is fresh and has great crust. There are many types of pizza to choose from. Dessert is good as well, the key lime pie is terrific! The view and... read more