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The present invention pertains, among other things, to polymers having one or more lipophilic hydrocarbon segments and one or more biodegradable polymeric segments, to methods of making such polymers and to products formed using such polymers.
1. A polymer comprising a lipophilic hydrocarbon segment and a biodegradable polymeric segment.
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13. A biodegradable adhesive comprising the polymer of
14. An article of manufacture comprising a polymeric region that comprises the polymer of
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This application claims priority from U.S. provisional application 61/233,779, filed Aug. 13, 2009, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The present invention relates, among other things, to polymers having lipophilic hydrocarbon and biodegradable polymeric segments, to methods of making such polymers, and to articles formed using such polymers.
Polymers are an important class of molecules that have numerous commercial applications. Biodegradable polymers are a particularly desirable group of polymers which have been used in a wide range of medical and non-medical applications.
The present invention pertains, among other things, to polymers having one or more lipophilic hydrocarbon segments and one or more biodegradable polymeric segments, to methods of making such polymers and to products formed using such polymers.
These and other aspects and embodiments as well as various advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon review of the Detailed Description and Claims to follow.
A more complete understanding of the present invention is available by reference to the following detailed description of numerous aspects and embodiments of the invention. The detailed description of the invention which follows is intended to illustrate but not limit the invention.
As is well known, "polymers" are molecules that contain multiple copies (e.g., from 2 to 5 to 10 to 25 to 50 to 100 to 250 to 500 to 1000 or more copies) of one or more constitutional units, commonly referred to as monomers. As used herein, the term "monomers" may refer to free monomers and to those that have been incorporated into polymers, with the distinction being clear from the context in which the term is used.
Polymers may take on a number of configurations, including linear, cyclic and branched configurations, among others. Branched configurations include star-shaped configurations (e.g., configurations in which three or more chains emanate from a hub region), comb configurations (e.g., configurations having a main chain and a plurality of side chains, also referred to as "graft" configurations) and dendritic configurations (e.g., arborescent and hyperbranched polymers), among various others.
Polymers include homopolymers and copolymers. As used herein, "homopolymers" are polymers that contain multiple copies of a single constitutional unit (i.e., monomer), whereas "copolymers" are polymers that contain multiple copies of at least two dissimilar constitutional units.
Polymers in accordance with the present disclosure comprise one or more lipophilic hydrocarbon segments and one or more biodegradable polymeric segments. As used herein, a "segment" is a portion of a molecule. In certain embodiments, the polymers of the present disclosure are fully biodegradable and metabolizable.
The biodegradable polymeric segments are polymeric in nature and contain multiple copies (e.g., from 2 to 5 to 10 to 25 to 50 to 100 or more copies) of a single type of constitutional unit (also referred to herein as a "homopolymeric segment") or multiple copies of each of two or more types of constitutional units (also referred to herein as "copolymeric segments") which may be present, for example, in a random, statistical, gradient, or periodic (e.g., alternating) distribution, among others.
The biodegradable polymeric segments of the present disclosure are preferably polyester, polycarbonate and/or poly(ester-co-carbonate) segments, more preferably those comprising one or more of the following monomers: lactide, glycolide, epsilon-caprolactone, and trimethylene carbonate among others.
Polymers in accordance with the present disclosure can have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more biodegradable polymeric segments. Biodegradable polymeric segment length can vary widely and can range, for example, from 2 to 1000 monomers in length, for example, from 2 to 5 to 10 to 15 to 20 to 25 to 50 to 100 to 250 to 500 to 1000 monomers in length.
As defined herein a "hydrocarbon" segment is a segment that contains hydrogen and carbon atoms, and in some cases only hydrogen and carbon atoms. As defined herein, a "lipophilic" hydrocarbon segment is a hydrocarbon segment that contains five or more carbon atoms, typically ten or more carbon atoms. For example, the lipophilic hydrocarbon segments in the polymers of the present disclosure may contain 5 or more carbon atoms, typically 10 or more (e.g., 10 to 15 to 20 to 25 to 30 to 40 or more) carbon atoms. The lipophilic hydrocarbon segments may be, for example, linear, branched (e.g., containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10 or more branch points) or cyclic (including polycyclic), and they may be saturated or unsaturated (i.e., containing one or more carbon-carbon double and/or triple bonds). Polymers in accordance with the present disclosure may have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more lipophilic hydrocarbon segments.
In some aspects, polymers in accordance with the present disclosure may be synthesized from species comprising one or more lipophilic hydrocarbon segments, for example, from species comprising one or more lipophilic hydrocarbon segments and one or more groups that act as initiation sites for the biodegradable polymeric segment(s).
For instance, species comprising one or more lipophilic hydrocarbon segments and one or more hydroxyl groups may be employed, wherein the one or more hydroxyl groups act as initiation sites for the ring opening polymerization of one or more cyclic monomers, typically in the presence of a suitable ring opening catalyst, for example, a tin compound such as stannous chloride (SnCl2), stannous octoate (also known as tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate), or a variety of organic catalysts such as amino thiocarbonyls or diamines.
Examples of cyclic monomers that can be used in such ring opening polymerization reactions include those formed from lactic acid (e.g., lactide, a cyclic ester dimer formed from two lactic acid monomers), functional lactides such as 3,6-bis(benzyloxymethyl)-1,4-dioxane-2,5-dione, glycolic acid (e.g., glycolide, a cyclic ester dimer formed from two glycolic acid monomers), epsilon-caprolactone (a six carbon ester monomer) and trimethylene carbonate (a four carbon carbonate monomer). Further examples of monomers include cyclic dimers, trimers, etc. containing two or more of the forgoing (e.g., cyclic lactic acid-glycolide acid, cyclic lactic acid-epsilon caprolactone, cyclic lactic acid-trimethylene carbonate, cyclic glycolic acid-epsilon caprolactone, cyclic glycolic acid-trimethylene carbonate, cyclic epsilon caprolactone-trimethylene carbonate, cyclic lactic acid-glycolide acid-epsilon caprolactone, cyclic lactic acid-glycolic acid-trimethylene carbonate, etc.).
In embodiments where a species comprising one or more lipophilic hydrocarbon segments and one or more hydroxyl groups is used as an initiator in a ring opening synthesis scheme, the resulting polymers will comprise a residue of such a species. For example, the polymers may comprise a residue of a hydroxyl containing species selected from fatty alcohols, sterols and mono- and di-glycerides, among others.
Typical examples of fatty alcohols include C10 to C50 (e.g., C10 to C15 to C20 to C25 to C30 to C40 to C50) fatty alcohols, which may be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, monofunctional or multifunctional.
Specific examples of fatty alcohols include linear saturated fatty alcohols, for example, C10 to C34 saturated fatty alcohols such as those to follow, among others: 1-decanol (capric alcohol), 1-undecanol, 1-dodecanol (lauryl alcohol), 1-tridecanol, 1-tetradecanol (myristyl alcohol), 1-pentadecanol, 1-hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol), 1-heptadecanol (margaryl alcohol), 1-octadecanol (stearyl alcohol), 1-nonadecanol, 1-eicosanol (arachidyl alcohol), 1-heneicosanol, 1-docosanol (behenyl alcohol), 1-tricosanol, 1-tetracosanol (lignoceryl alcohol), 1-pentacosanol, 1-hexacosanol (ceryl alcohol), 1-heptacosanol, 1-octasanol (montanyl alcohol), 1-nonacosanol, 1-tricontanol (myricyl alcohol), 1-hentriacontanol (melissyl alcohol), 1-dotriacontanol (lacceryl alcohol), 1-tritriacontanol and 1-tetratriacontanol (geddyl alcohol).
Specific examples of fatty alcohols further include linear unsaturated fatty alcohols such as C10 to C30 unsaturated fatty alcohols, for instance, selected from the following, among others: 10-undecen-1-ol, (Z)-9-octadecen-1-ol (oleyl alcohol), (E)-9-octadecen-1-ol (elaidyl alcohol), (Z,Z)-9,12-octadecadien-1-ol (linoleyl alcohol), (Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrien-1-ol (linolenyl alcohol), (Z)-13-docosen-1-ol erucyl alcohol, (E)-13-docosen-1-ol brassidyl alcohol.
Further specific examples of fatty alcohols include branched alcohols (which may be saturated or may contain unsaturation), for example, C10-C45 branched fatty alcohols such as those selected from the following, among others: 2-propyl-heptanol, 2-butyl-1-octanol, 2-pentyl-1-nonanol, 2-hexyl-1-decanol, 2-heptyl-1-undecanol, 2-octyl-1-dodecanol, 2-nonyl-1-tridecanol, 2-decyl-tetradecanol, 2-undecyl-1-pentadecanol, 2-dodecyl-hexadecanol, 2-tridecyl-heptadecanol, 2-tetradecyl-1-octadecanol, 2-pentadecyl-1-nonadecanol, 2-hexadecyl-1-eicosanol, 2-heptadecyl-1-heneicosanol, 2-octadecyl-1-docosanol, 2-nonadecyl-1-tricosanol, 2-eicosyl-tetracosanol.
One example of a preferred branched fatty alcohol is Iso-Stearyl Alcohol FO-180 a C18 biocompatible branched fatty alcohol available from Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd. For example, the following is an illustration of a novel reaction scheme in accordance with the present disclosure (where n is an integer) in which the hydroxyl group of iso-stearyl alcohol FO-180 is used as initiation sites for ring opening polymerization of lactide:
The resulting polymer comprises a fatty alcohol reside (i.e., the original alcohol minus the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group), which is designated by the polygonal dashed line. The lipophilic hydrocarbon segment of the polymer (containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms) corresponds to the fatty alcohol residue minus the oxygen atom. The polymer also comprises a biodegradable polymeric segment which is designated by the oval dashed line. Note that the FO-180 contains 8 pendant methyl groups and is relatively highly branched with five branch points. Fatty alcohols containing 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 10 or more branch points may be employed in the present disclosure.
Further specific examples of fatty alcohols include C10 to C30 (e.g., C10 to C15 to C20 to C25 to C30) multifunctional alcohols (which may be saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched), for example, selected from the following C10-C25 diols, among others: 1,10-decanediol, 1,11-undecanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, 1,13-tridecanediol, 1,14-tetradecanediol, 1,15-pentadecanediol, 1,16-hexadecanediol, 1,17-heptadecanediol, 1,18-octadecanediol, 1,19-nonadecanediol, 1,20-eicosanediol, 1,21-heneicosanediol, 1,22-docosanediol, 1,23-tricosanediol, 1,24-tetracosanediol, 1,25-pentacosanediol and (Z)-9-octadecene.
Examples of sterols include various phytosterols and zoosterols, for example, cholesterol, 7-dehydrocholesterol, ergosterol, campesterol, lanosterol, desmosterol, lumisterol, tachysterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, asterosterol, aplysterol, avenasterol, brassicasterol, verongulasterol and gorgosterol, and sterol glycosides (e.g., glucosides of β-sitosterol) including acylated sterol glycosides and sulfated sterol glycosides.
Other examples of hydroxyl containing species which can be employed as initiators (and whose residues may thus be found in the polymers of the present disclosure) include reaction products of a polyol and one or more fatty acids.
Examples of polyols from which such hydroxyl containing species can be formed include polyols having two, three, four, five, six or more carbon atoms and two, three, four, five, six or more hydroxyl groups, specific examples of which include glycerol, sorbitol, maltitol, mannitol, xylitol, erythritol, isomalt, lactitol and cyclodextrins, among others.
Typical examples of fatty acids from which such hydroxyl containing species can be formed include C10 to C30 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, which may and linear or branched. Specific examples include the following C12-C24 saturated fatty acids, among others: lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, lignoceric acid. Examples of fatty acids further include the following C14-C26 unsaturated fatty acids, among others: myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, docosahexaenoic acid.
In some embodiments, mono- and di-glycerides of one or more of the foregoing fatty acids are preferred as initiators. In these embodiments, the resulting polymer will either contain one lipophilic hydrocarbon segment and two biodegradable polymeric segments (with a monoglyceride) or two lipophilic hydrocarbon segments and one biodegradable polymeric segment (with a diglyceride). As noted below, the size and relative number (2:1 or 1:2 in the case of mono- and di-glyerides) of the lipophilic hydrocarbon segments and biodegradable polymeric segments can be varied to tune biodegradation and other properties for these polymers.
The following is an illustration of a novel reaction scheme in accordance with the present disclosure in which the two hydroxyl groups of a monoglyceride (glycerol α-monopalmitate) are used as initiation sites for ring opening polymerization of lactide:
The smaller oval dashed line designates a lipophilic hydrocarbon segment of the polymer (containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms), the larger oval dashed line designates a fatty acid residue (the fatty acid residue corresponds to the original fatty acid minus the terminal —OH of the carboxyl group), the central dashed pentagon designates a glycerol residue (the original alcohol minus the hydrogen atoms associated with the hydroxyl groups), and the remaining two dashed polygons designate biodegradable polymeric segments. The biodegradation products of the preceding polymer are fatty acid (in this case, palmitic acid, one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals and plants), polyol (in this case, glycerol, which can be converted in the liver into glucose via dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by way of gluconeogenesis) and monomer (in this case, lactic acid, which can be removed, for example, by oxidation to pyruvate and directly used to fuel the citric acid cycle or converted to glucose via the Cori cycle in the liver through the process of gluconeogenesis).
From the foregoing, it can be seen that polymers in accordance with the present disclosure are capable of being broken down into (a) one or more monomers (e.g., lactic acid, glycolic acid, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid, etc.), (b) one or more species that comprise a lipophilic hydrocarbon segment (e.g., fatty alcohols, which may be saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, monofunctional or multifunctional, sterols, sterol glycosides, sulfated sterol glycosides, fatty acids, which may be saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, for example, palmitic acid, etc.) and (c) in some cases; one or more additional species such as a polyol having two, three, four, five, six or more carbon atoms and two, three, four, five, six or more hydroxyl groups (e.g., glycerol, sorbitol, maltitol, mannitol, xylitol, erythritol, isomalt, lactitol, etc.).
As another example; the following is an illustration of a novel reaction scheme in accordance with the present disclosure in which the one hydroxyl group of a diglyceride (glycerol dipalminate) is used as an initiation site for ring opening polymerization of lactide:
Typically, polymers in accordance with the present disclosure comprise from 5 to 95 wt % lipophilic hydrocarbon segments (e.g., from 5 to 10 to 20 to 30 to 40 to 50 to 60 to 70 to 80 to 90 to 95 wt % lipophilic hydrocarbon segments) and from 95 to 5 wt % biodegradable polymeric segments (e.g., from 95 to 90 to 80 to 70 to 60 to 50 to 40 to 30 to 20 to 10 to 5 wt % biodegradable polymeric segments).
One motivation for providing the polymers of the present disclosure with one or more lipophilic hydrocarbon segments is to increase the hydrophobicity of the polymer, relative to the hydrophobicity that the biodegradable polymeric segment(s) would have in the absence of the lipophilic hydrocarbon segments. Among other effects, this increase in hydrophobicity may slow the degradation rate of the biodegradable polymer.
In this regard, the novel polymers of the present disclosure can be tuned to have differing degrees of hydrophobicity, for example, (a) by altering the number of lipophilic hydrocarbon segments in the polymer, (b) by altering the number of carbons in the lipophilic hydrocarbon segment(s), (c) by altering the number of biodegradable polymeric segments in the polymer, and/or (d) by altering the number of monomer units in the biodegradable polymeric segment(s).
For example, the time required to degrade polymers in accordance with the present disclosure can be increased by increasing the hydrophobicity of the polymer, for instance, (a) by increasing the number of lipophilic hydrocarbon segments in the polymer, (b) by increasing the number of carbons in the lipophilic hydrocarbon segment(s), (c) by decreasing the number of biodegradable polymeric segments in the polymer, and/or (d) by decreasing the number of monomer units in the biodegradable polymeric segment(s). Conversely, the time required to degrade the polymers in accordance with the present disclosure can be decreased by decreasing the hydrophobicity of the polymer, for instance, (a) by decreasing the number of lipophilic hydrocarbon segments in the polymer, (b) by decreasing the number of carbons in the lipophilic hydrocarbon segment(s), (c) by increasing the number of biodegradable polymeric segments in the polymer, and/or (d) by increasing the number of monomer units in the biodegradable polymeric segment(s).
One example, among many others, of an application where an increase in hydrophobicity would be useful is in the formation of a conformal coating for saccharide (e.g., mono, di, and polysaccharide) based vascular sealing anchors. Certain saccharide based anchors tend to dissolve more quickly than is ideal. To address this issue, it has been proposed to provide the anchors with a coating of polylactide. This, however, has been shown to actually result in a slight acceleration in the dissolution process. By utilizing hydrophobically modified polylactide (e.g., by employing polymers in accordance with the present disclosure), the dissolution rate may be substantially slowed. Thus, polymers in accordance with the present disclosure can be used as a coating for the anchor to prevent premature biodegradation or dissolution. The coatings may also serve as an adhesive to "bond" the anchor to a vessel wall.
In some embodiments, the polymers of the present disclosure are employed as drug releasing materials. In this regard, the drug release rate may be decreased by increasing the hydrophobicity of the polymers, while the release rate may be increased by decreasing the hydrophobicity of the polymers. A few specific examples of medical applications that may benefit from the use of polymers of the present disclosure as drug releasing materials include drug releasing coatings for stents, drug eluting balloon coatings and balloon deployable drug delivery sleeves, among many others. Further applications are discussed below.
Surprisingly, in some embodiments, the polymers of the present disclosure are able to act as contact adhesives. In this regard, it has been postulated that the contact adhesive properties of the polymers can be increased by increasing the relative amount of the lipophilic hydrocarbon segment(s) relative to the biodegradable polymeric segment(s), for example, by increasing the number of lipophilic hydrocarbon segments on the initiator molecule (e.g., diglyceride vs. monoglyceride), by increasing the number of carbon atoms of the lipophilic hydrocarbon segment(s), by decreasing the number of the biodegradable polymeric segment(s) and/or by decreasing the length of the biodegradable polymeric segment(s).
For example, in Example 1 below, the presence of glycerol α-monopalmitate was found to give the polymer contact adhesive properties where the two lactide arms were of lower molecular weight (approximately 10 lactic acid units in length), but not where the two lactide arms were of higher molecular weight (approximately 40 lactic acid units in length). Pure polylactide is rigid and nonadhesive in nature.
Moreover, it has been postulated that the adhesive properties of the polymers of the present disclosure may be increased by increasing the branching associated with the lipophilic hydrocarbon segments.
Specific examples of applications for such biodegradable contact adhesives include adhesives for biodegradable packaging materials (e.g., trash bags, containers for food and other products, pressure sensitive films such as food wraps, etc.), personal products (e.g., adhesives for biodegradable sanitary napkins, biodegradable diapers, etc.), biodegradable adhesive tape, biodegradable medical articles (e.g., wraps, bandages, etc.), adhesives that promote adhesion between a drug delivery matrix and a delivery device (e.g., a coated balloon, stent, etc.), adhesives that promote adhesion between bodily tissue (e.g., a body lumen such as a blood vessel, GI tract, ureter, urethra, etc.) and a drug delivery matrix (e.g., a balloon-deliverable drug delivery matrix, where the drug delivery matrix engages and adheres to a body lumen upon balloon expansion and remains in the body upon removal of the balloon), and so forth.
In certain embodiments, a hard biodegradable polymeric segment (e.g., a polylactide segment, among others) is employed in the polymers of the present disclosure, in which case the presence of the lipophilic hydrocarbon segment may be advantageous in improving the flexibility of the polymer. One specific example of an article where such a polymer may be employed, among many others, is a metallic vascular stent with a polymeric coating, in which case it is desirable to expand the stent without cracking the coating.
In further embodiments, the polymers of the present disclosure maybe used, for example, as tie layers for medical devices (e.g., as tie layers for drug eluting stents), for example, where a coating does not have sufficient adhesive strength, and as hemostatic patch adhesives wherein the polymers are used to bond a backing material to a hemostatic patch.
As is apparent from the foregoing, a wide variety of medical and non-medical articles may be formed using polymers in accordance with the present disclosure. For example, such articles may contain one or more polymeric regions that contain one or more polymers in accordance with the present disclosure as described above. As used herein, a "polymeric region" is a region (e.g., an entire article, an article component, an article coating layer, etc.) that contains polymers, for example, from 50 wt % or less to 75 wt % to 90 wt % to 95 wt % to 97.5 wt % to 99 wt % or more polymers. Layers can be provided over an underlying article at a variety of locations and in a variety of shapes (e.g., in the form of a series of rectangles, stripes, or any other continuous or non-continuous pattern). As used herein a "layer" of a given material is a region of that material whose thickness is small compared to both its length and width. As used herein a layer need not be planar, for example, taking on the contours of an underlying substrate. Layers can be discontinuous (e.g., patterned).
In addition to one or more polymers in accordance with the present disclosure as described above, polymeric regions may optionally contain one or more supplemental materials. Typical amounts of such supplemental materials may constitute, independently, for example, from 1 wt % or less to 2 wt % to 5 wt % to 10 wt % to 25 wt % to 50% or more of the polymeric regions. For example, in some embodiments, one or more polymers in accordance with the present disclosure may be combined with one or more supplemental materials, for example, one or more supplemental biodegradable polymers, one or more plasticizers, one or more therapeutic agents, and so forth.
Examples of supplemental biodegradable polymers for use in the present disclosure may be selected from suitable members of the following, among others: (a) biodegradable polyesters, including homopolymer and copolymers comprising one or more monomers selected from hydroxyacids (e.g., glycolic acid, D-lactic acid, L-lactic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, beta-hydroxyvaleric acid, beta-malic acid, D-gluconic acid, L-gluconic acid, etc.), lactones (e.g., epsilon-caprolactone, delta-valerolactone, etc.), p-dioxanones (resulting in the formation of polyether esters), for example, selected from the following: polyglycolide, poly-L-lactide (PLLA), poly-D-lactide, poly-D,L-lactide, poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate), poly-D-gluconate, poly-L-gluconate, poly-D,L-gluconate, poly(epsilon-caprolactone), poly(delta-valerolactone), poly(p-dioxanone), poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly(lactide-co-delta-valerolactone), poly(lactide-co-epsilon-caprolactone), poly(lactide-co-beta-malic acid), and poly(beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-beta-hydroxyvalerate), among others, (b) biodegradable polycarbonates, including homopolymers and copolymers comprising one or more carbonate monomers selected from trimethylene carbonate, tetramethylene carbonate, 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate, etc., for example, selected from the following: poly(trimethylene carbonate), poly(tetramethylene carbonate), poly(2,2-dimethyltrimethylene carbonate), poly(lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) and poly(glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate), among others, (c) polyorthoesters, (d) polyanhydrides, (e) poly(phosphazine)s, and (f) poly(amino acid)s, including homopolymer and copolymers comprising naturally occurring amino acids as well as synthetic amino acid sequences, for example, polymers comprising dimers based on a deaminated hydroxyl amino acid and an alkyl or aromatic ester of a hydroxyl amino acid, particularly desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine alkyl and aromatic esters, among other possibilities.
To improve association between polymers, in certain embodiments, it is preferred in some embodiments to match the monomers of the supplemental biodegradable polymer with the monomers of the biodegradable polymeric segment(s) of the polymer of the present disclosure. For instance, where the polymer of the present disclosure is provided with one or more biodegradable polylactide segments, it may be desirable to select polylactide as a supplemental biodegradable polymer or where the polymer of the present disclosure is provided with one or more biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) segments, it may be desirable to select poly(lactide-co-glycolide) as a supplemental biodegradable polymer. Blending such supplemental biodegradable polymers provides, for example, further control over the hydrophobicity of the polymeric regions that contain the same.
Examples of plasticizers include, for example, glycerol, triacetyl glycerin, ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyalkylene oxides (e.g., polyethylene oxide and copolymers of polyethylene oxide and polypropylene oxide), citric acid esters, sebacic acid esters, phthalic acid esters, and silicone fluid.
"Drugs," "therapeutic agents," "pharmaceutically active agents," "pharmaceutically active materials," and other related terms may be used interchangeably herein. A wide variety of therapeutic agents can be employed in conjunction with the present disclosure including those used for the treatment of a wide variety of diseases and conditions (i.e., the prevention of a disease or condition, the reduction or elimination of symptoms associated with a disease or condition, or the substantial or complete elimination of a disease or condition).
Exemplary therapeutic agents for use in conjunction with the present disclosure include the following: (a) anti-thrombotic agents such as heparin, heparin derivatives, urokinase, clopidogrel, and PPack (dextrophenylalanine proline arginine chloromethylketone); (b) anti-inflammatory agents such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, corticosterone, budesonide, estrogen, sulfasalazine and mesalamine; (c) antineoplastic/antiproliferative/anti-miotic agents such as paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, vinblastine, vincristine, epothilones, endostatin, angiostatin, angiopeptin, monoclonal antibodies capable of blocking smooth muscle cell proliferation, and thymidine kinase inhibitors; (d) anesthetic agents such as lidocaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine; (e) anti-coagulants such as D-Phe-Pro-Arg chloromethyl ketone, an RGD peptide-containing compound, heparin, hirudin, antithrombin compounds, platelet receptor antagonists, anti-thrombin antibodies, anti-platelet receptor antibodies, aspirin, prostaglandin inhibitors, platelet inhibitors and tick antiplatelet peptides; (f) vascular cell growth promoters such as growth factors, transcriptional activators, and translational promotors; (g) vascular cell growth inhibitors such as growth factor inhibitors, growth factor receptor antagonists, transcriptional repressors, translational repressors, replication inhibitors, inhibitory antibodies, antibodies directed against growth factors, bifunctional molecules consisting of a growth factor and a cytotoxin, bifunctional molecules consisting of an antibody and a cytotoxin; (h) protein kinase and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g., tyrphostins, genistein, quinoxalines); (i) prostacyclin analogs; (j) cholesterol-lowering agents; (k) angiopoietins; (l) antimicrobial agents such as triclosan, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and nitrofurantoin; (m) cytotoxic agents, cytostatic agents and cell proliferation affectors; (n) vasodilating agents; (o) agents that interfere with endogenous vasoactive mechanisms; (p) inhibitors of leukocyte recruitment, such as monoclonal antibodies; (q) cytokines; (r) hormones; (s) inhibitors of HSP 90 protein (i.e., Heat Shock Protein, which is a molecular chaperone or housekeeping protein and is needed for the stability and function of other client proteins/signal transduction proteins responsible for growth and survival of cells) including geldanamycin, (t) alpha receptor antagonist (such as doxazosin, Tamsulosin) and beta receptor agonists (such as dobutamine, salmeterol), beta receptor antagonist (such as atenolol, metaprolol, butoxamine), angiotensin-II receptor antagonists (such as losartan, valsartan, irbesartan, candesartan and telmisartan), and antispasmodic drugs (such as oxybutynin chloride, flavoxate, tolterodine, hyoscyamine sulfate, diclomine) (u) bARKct inhibitors, (v) phospholamban inhibitors, (w) Serca 2 gene/protein, (x) immune response modifiers including aminoquizolines, for instance, imidazoquinolines such as resiquimod and imiquimod, (y) human apolioproteins (e.g., AI, AII, AIII, AIV, AV, etc.), (z) selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) such as raloxifene, lasofoxifene, arzoxifene, miproxifene, ospemifene, PKS 3741, MF 101 and SR 16234, (aa) PPAR agonists, including PPAR-alpha, gamma and delta agonists, such as rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, netoglitazone, fenofibrate, bexaotene, metaglidasen, rivoglitazone and tesaglitazar, (bb) prostaglandin E agonists, including PGE2 agonists, such as alprostadil or ONO 8815Ly, (cc) thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP), (dd) vasopeptidase inhibitors including benazepril, fosinopril, lisinopril, quinapril, ramipril, imidapril, delapril, moexipril and spirapril, (ee) thymosin beta 4, (ff) phosphohydrocarbons including phosphorylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine, (gg) VLA-4 antagonists and VCAM-1 antagonists, (hh) non-fouling, protein resistant agents such as polyethyelene glycol and (ii) prohealing agents.
Numerous therapeutic agents, not necessarily exclusive of those listed above, have been identified as candidates for vascular treatment regimens, for example, as agents targeting restenosis (antirestenotics). Such agents are useful for the practice of the present disclosure and include one or more of the following: (a) Ca-channel blockers including benzothiazapines such as diltiazem and clentiazem, dihydropyridines such as nifedipine, amlodipine and nicardapine, and phenylalkylamines such as verapamil, (b) serotonin pathway modulators including: 5-HT antagonists such as ketanserin and naftidrofuryl, as well as 5-HT uptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine, (c) cyclic nucleotide pathway agents including phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as cilostazole and dipyridamole, adenylate/Guanylate cyclase stimulants such as forskolin, as well as adenosine analogs, (d) catecholamine modulators including α-antagonists such as prazosin and bunazosine, β-antagonists such as propranolol and α/β-antagonists such as labetalol and carvedilol, (e) endothelin receptor antagonists such as bosentan, sitaxsentan sodium, atrasentan, endonentan, (f) nitric oxide donors/releasing molecules including organic nitrates/nitrites such as nitroglycerin, isosorbide dinitrate and amyl nitrite, inorganic nitroso compounds such as sodium nitroprusside, sydnonimines such as molsidomine and linsidomine, nonoates such as diazenium diolates and NO adducts of alkanediamines, S-nitroso compounds including low molecular weight compounds (e.g., S-nitroso derivatives of captopril, glutathione and N-acetyl penicillamine) and high molecular weight compounds (e.g., S-nitroso derivatives of proteins, peptides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, synthetic polymers/oligomers and natural polymers/oligomers), as well as C-nitroso-compounds, O-nitroso-compounds, N-nitroso-compounds and L-arginine, (g) Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors such as cilazapril, fosinopril and enalapril, (h) ATII-receptor antagonists such as saralasin and losartin, (i) platelet adhesion inhibitors such as albumin and polyethylene oxide, (j) platelet aggregation inhibitors including cilostazole, aspirin and thienopyridine (ticlopidine, clopidogrel) and GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors such as abciximab, epitifibatide and tirofiban, (k) coagulation pathway modulators including heparinoids such as heparin, low molecular weight heparin, dextran sulfate and β-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate, thrombin inhibitors such as hirudin, hirulog, PPACK(D-phe-L-propyl-L-arg-chloromethylketone) and argatroban, FXa inhibitors such as antistatin and TAP (tick anticoagulant peptide), Vitamin K inhibitors such as warfarin, as well as activated protein C, (l) cyclooxygenase pathway inhibitors such as aspirin, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, indomethacin and sulfinpyrazone, (m) natural and synthetic corticosteroids such as dexamethasone, prednisolone, methprednisolone and hydrocortisone, (n) lipoxygenase pathway inhibitors such as nordihydroguairetic acid and caffeic acid, (o) leukotriene receptor antagonists, (p) antagonists of E- and P-selectins, (q) inhibitors of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 interactions, (r) prostaglandins and analogs thereof including prostaglandins such as PGE1 and PGI2 and prostacyclin analogs such as ciprostene, epoprostenol, carbacyclin, iloprost and beraprost, (s) macrophage activation preventers including bisphosphonates, (t) HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors such as lovastatin, pravastatin, atorvastatin, fluvastatin, simvastatin and cerivastatin, (u) fish oils and omega-3-fatty acids, (v) free-radical scavengers/antioxidants such as probucol, vitamins C and E, ebselen, trans-retinoic acid SOD (orgotein) and SOD mimics, verteporfin, rostaporfin, AGI 1067, and M40419, (w) agents affecting various growth factors including FGF pathway agents such as bFGF antibodies and chimeric fusion proteins, PDGF receptor antagonists such as trapidil, IGF pathway agents including somatostatin analogs such as angiopeptin and ocreotide, TGF-β pathway agents such as polyanionic agents (heparin, fucoidin), decorin, and TGF-β antibodies, EGF pathway agents such as EGF antibodies, receptor antagonists and chimeric fusion proteins, TNF-α pathway agents such as thalidomide and analogs thereof, Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) pathway modulators such as sulotroban, vapiprost, dazoxiben and ridogrel, as well as protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as tyrphostin, genistein and quinoxaline derivatives, (x) matrix metalloprotease (MMP) pathway inhibitors such as marimastat, ilomastat, metastat, batimastat, pentosan polysulfate, rebimastat, incyclinide, apratastat, PG 116800, RO 1130830 or ABT 518, (y) cell motility inhibitors such as cytochalasin B, (z) antiproliferative/antineoplastic agents including antimetabolites such as purine analogs (e.g., 6-mercaptopurine or cladribine, which is a chlorinated purine nucleoside analog), pyrimidine analogs (e.g., cytarabine and 5-fluorouracil) and methotrexate, nitrogen mustards, alkyl sulfonates, ethylenimines, antibiotics (e.g., daunorubicin, doxorubicin), nitrosoureas, cisplatin, agents affecting microtubule dynamics (e.g., vinblastine, vincristine, colchicine, Epo D, paclitaxel and epothilone), caspase activators, proteasome inhibitors, angiogenesis inhibitors (e.g., endostatin, angiostatin and squalamine), olimus family drugs (e.g., sirolimus, everolimus, biolimus, tacrolimus, zotarolimus, etc.), cerivastatin, flavopiridol and suramin, (aa) matrix deposition/organization pathway inhibitors such as halofuginone or other quinazolinone derivatives, pirfenidone and tranilast, (bb) endothelialization facilitators such as VEGF and RGD peptide, (cc) blood rheology modulators such as pentoxifylline and (dd) glucose cross-link breakers such as alagebrium chloride (ALT-711).
As an alternative to (or in addition to) blending, one or more therapeutic agents may be included beneath polymeric regions in accordance with the present disclosure (in which case the polymeric regions may function as barrier layers to slow release) or attached to (e.g., covalently or non-covalently bound to) such polymeric regions.
Polymers in accordance with the present disclosure may be used in the formation of a variety of medical and non-medical articles, several of which are described above.
Examples of medical articles include pharmaceutical compositions, for example, transdermal drug delivery patches, bandages, wound dressings, powders, granules, solutions, dispersions, emulsions, sprays, aerosols, ointments, gels, creams, drops, tablets, pills, capsules, and so forth.
Examples of medical articles further include implantable or insertable medical devices, for example, stents (including coronary vascular stents, peripheral vascular stents, cerebral, urethral, ureteral, biliary, tracheal, gastrointestinal and esophageal stents), stent coverings, stent grafts, vascular grafts, abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) devices (e.g., AAA stents, AAA grafts, etc.), vascular access ports, dialysis ports, catheters (e.g., urological catheters or vascular catheters such as balloon catheters and various central venous catheters), guide wires, balloons, filters (e.g., vena cava filters and mesh filters for distal protection devices), embolization devices including cerebral aneurysm filler coils (including Guglielmi detachable coils and metal coils), embolic agents, tissue bulking devices, septal defect closure devices, drug depots that are adapted for placement in an artery for treatment of the portion of the artery distal to the device, myocardial plugs, patches, leads including pacemaker leads, defibrillation leads and coils; neurostimulation leads such as spinal cord stimulation leads, deep brain stimulation leads, peripheral nerve stimulation leads, cochlear implant leads and retinal implant leads, pulse generators, ventricular assist devices including left ventricular assist hearts and pumps, total artificial hearts, shunts, valves including heart valves and vascular valves, anastomosis clips and rings, hemostatic devices including vascular sealing anchors, cochlear implants, tympanostomy tubes, thoracic drainage tubes, nephrostomy tubes, and tissue engineering scaffolds for cartilage, bone, skin, nerve (e.g., for neural pathway regeneration, including the spinal cord,), and other in vivo tissue regeneration, sutures, suture anchors, tissue staples and ligating clips at surgical sites, cannulae, metal wire ligatures, urethral slings, hernia "meshes", artificial ligaments, tacks for ligament attachment and meniscal repair, joint prostheses, spinal discs and nuclei, orthopedic prosthesis such as bone grafts, bone plates, fins and fusion devices, orthopedic fixation devices such as interference screws in the ankle, knee, and hand areas, rods and pins for fracture fixation, screws and plates for craniomaxillofacial repair, dental implants, contact lenses, interocular lenses, punctum plugs, glaucoma shunts, or other devices that are implanted or inserted into the body. As previously indicated, in some embodiments, the polymeric regions of the present disclosure correspond to an entire medical device. In other embodiments, the polymeric regions correspond to one or more portions of a medical device. For instance, the polymeric regions can be in the form of medical device components, in the form of one or more fibers which are incorporated into or onto a medical device, in the form of one or more polymeric layers formed over all or only a portion of an underlying substrate, and so forth. Materials for use as underlying medical device substrates include ceramic, metallic and polymeric substrates, which may be biodegradable or biostable.
Numerous techniques are available for forming polymeric regions in accordance with the present disclosure.
For example, where the polymers of the present disclosure have thermoplastic characteristics, a variety of thermoplastic processing techniques may be used to form polymeric regions from the same. Using these techniques, a polymeric region can be formed, for instance, by (a) first providing a melt that contains polymer(s) and any optional supplemental materials (e.g., one or more supplemental biodegradable polymers, plasticizers, therapeutic agents, etc.) and (b) subsequently cooling the melt. Examples of thermoplastic processing techniques include compression molding, injection molding, blow molding, spraying, vacuum forming and calendaring, extrusion into sheets, fibers, rods, tubes and other cross-sectional profiles of various lengths, and combinations of these processes. Using these and other thermoplastic processing techniques, entire articles or portions thereof can be made.
Other processing techniques besides thermoplastic processing techniques may also be used to form polymeric regions in accordance with the present disclosure, including solvent-based techniques. Using these techniques, polymeric regions can be formed, for instance, by (a) first providing a solution or dispersion that contains polymer(s) and any optional supplemental materials and (b) subsequently removing the solvent. The solvent that is ultimately selected will contain one or more solvent species, which are generally selected based on their ability to dissolve the polymer(s) that form the polymeric region, in addition to other factors, including drying rate, surface tension, etc. In certain embodiments, the solvent is selected based on its ability to dissolve or disperse optional supplemental materials, if any. Preferred solvent-based techniques include, but are not limited to, solvent casting techniques, spin coating techniques, web coating techniques, spraying techniques, dipping techniques, techniques involving coating via mechanical suspension including air suspension, ink jet techniques, electrostatic techniques, and combinations of these processes.
In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a polymer containing solution (where solvent-based processing is employed) or a polymer containing melt (where thermoplastic processing is employed) is applied to a substrate to form a polymeric region. For example, the substrate can correspond to all or a portion of a medical or non-medical article to which a polymeric coating is applied, for example, by spraying, extrusion, and so forth. The substrate can also be, for example, a template, such as a mold, from which the polymeric region is removed after solidification. In other embodiments, for example, extrusion and co-extrusion techniques, one or more polymeric regions are formed without the aid of a substrate. In a specific example, an entire article is extruded. In another example, a polymeric coating layer is co-extruded along with and underlying article body. In another example, a polymeric region is extruded which is then assembled over an article body.
In one specific embodiment, polymeric regions in accordance with the present disclosure can be in the form of spun nanofibers (diameter less than 1000 nm) or microfibers (diameter ranging from 1 μm to 100 μm). Such fibers may be formed, for example, via thermoplastic (e.g., melt spinning) processing or via solvent-based (e.g., dry spinning) processes. Such fibers may, serve, for example, as a stent coating, as a component of a stent-less delivery device (e.g., a balloon-deliverable fibrous sleeve) or a vascular scaffolding device component, among others.
Below are examples of specific embodiments for carrying out the present disclosure. The examples are offered for illustrative purposes only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way.
Reagents used in this procedure are set forth in Table 1 below.
To a flame-dried 100 mL conical round bottom flask was added 5.0 g glycerol α-monopalmitate and 10.9 g lactide. The two solids were mixed well by adding 50 mL tetrahydrofuran (THF) to dissolve them. 245 μL of tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate were then added to the flask via syringe and the THF was then removed by rotary evaporation, giving a homogeneous mixture and ensuring a homogeneous polymerization from the melt. The round bottom flask was capped with a rubber septum and put under N2 pressure (1-5 atm), specifically, a firestone valve was used to purge the air out and back fill with N2. The flask was heated to 140� C. for ˜6 hrs in an oil bath using a temperature probe (J-KEM Scientific). After 6 hours the heat was removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature overnight.
The cooled reaction mixture was a homogeneous white solid. The white solid was washed with ˜25 mL of diethyl ether. The solution became cloudy and was filtered by suction on a size D fritted funnel. (Note: The diethyl ether wash tends to clog the fritted funnel. Because the usable solid obtained from filtering came from the filtrate, however, the ether washes may be dripped directly into cold petroleum ether in the future, rather than filtered, if desired.) The remaining solid was scraped out and washed with another 25 mL of ether. (Note: The homogeneous white solid is very difficult to break up and scrape out of the flask. In fact, the round bottom ended up breaking. To avoid this, the reaction may be carried out in a vial. After the solid has formed, the vial may be dipped into liquid N2 contracting the polymer and pulling it off the glass. The vial may then be broken and the solid worked up. See J. Organometallic Chem. 690 (2005) 5881-5891.) The undissolved solid, which was relatively rigid in character, was dried over suction and massed (6.3 g). The diethyl ether filtrate was then slowly dripped into ˜400 mL of ice-cold petroleum ether. A white solid precipitated out of solution and was allowed to settle to the bottom. The petroleum ether was decanted away and the residual solvent was evaporated with a stream of N2. The remaining opaque, sticky solid (this solid is non-adhesive until pressure is applied at which point it becomes sticky) was massed (3.5 g). Theoretical yield was 15.9 g. Actual yield was 9.8 g (6.3 g+3.5 g) or 62%.
The more rigid solid was analyzed using 1H- and 13C-NMR. Integration of proton NMR peaks suggested a polymer with a MW around 7,000 (corresponding to biodegradable polymeric segments of approximately 70 lactic acid units in length). The sticky solid was also analyzed using 1H- and 13C-NMR. Integration of proton NMR peaks suggested a polymer with a MW around 1000 corresponding to biodegradable polymeric segments of approximately 10 lactic acid units in length. These findings were also supported by GPC. A calibration curve was developed on the GPC using six low molecular weight polystyrene standards. The two polymers were then run and fit to this curve. By GPC the rigid polymer was ˜7,000 and the sticky polymer was ˜1,500.
Reagents used in this procedure are set forth in Table 2 below.
To a 250 ml round bottom flask was added 8.0 g of glycerol α,α-dilaurate, 12.6 g of lactide and ˜150 ml of THF. The flask was swirled until all solids dissolved and then rotovapped to yield a homogeneous mixture of the two solids. Solids were transferred to a glass vial and 284 μL (355 mg) of tin(II)-2-ethylhexanoate were added. The vial was capped with a screw top and placed in an oil bath @ 140� C. for ˜5 hours. The heat was then removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to sit over the weekend.
A sticky amber product was dissolved in diethyl ether and poured into ˜450 ml of cold petroleum ether. A white precipitate formed and settled to the bottom. Solvent was decanted away and dried with a stream of compressed air, then left overnight to dry. NMR spectra showed a polymer of approximately 10 lactide units in length (MW˜1000).
Reagents used in this procedure are set forth in Table 3 below.
To a flame-dried 250 mL round bottom flask was added the FO-180 and the lactide. The two solids were mixed well by adding 125 mL tetrahydrofuran (THF) to dissolve them. Then the tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate was added to the flask via syringe and the THF was then removed by rotary evaporation, giving a homogeneous mixture and ensuring a homogeneous polymerization from the melt. The round bottom flask was purged with N2, capped with a rubber septum, and heated to 140� C. for ˜2 hrs in an oil bath using a temperature probe. The heat was then removed and the reaction mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature overnight.
After cooling, diethyl ether was added to the flask in an attempt to dissolve the starting materials. The solution was very thick, however, and only the material on the surface dissolved into the diethyl ether. This solution was poured into cold pet ether. After settling, a white cloudy precipitate formed on the bottom. This material was filtered overnight.
A sticky material remained in the round bottom flask after the above procedure, which was scraped out and dried.
More diethyl ether was added to the original round bottom flask and left overnight for dissolution. The flask contents which contained dissolved and undissolved material were filtered in vacuo, leaving behind a white sticky material which was collected analyzed under 1H-NMR, which showed a polymer of approximately 8 lactide units in length. This fraction was tested in Example 4 below.
The remaining filtrate from the above step was filtered with fluted filter paper overnight. Sticky residue was collected.
10 wt % solution in THF of each of the following was knife coated (5 mil gap) onto stainless steel foil and dried at 100� C. in a convection oven for 30 minutes to form a primer layer: (a) the sticky solid from the glycerol α-monopalmitate based polymer in Example 1, (b) the sticky solid from the glycerol dilaurate based polymer in Example 2, and (c) the sticky solid from the FO-180 based polymer in Example 3.
A 30 wt % solution of PLGA 85/15 (Lakeshore Biomaterials) in 1:1 (wt:wt) THF:DMF was knifed coated (15 mil gap) onto each of the preceding primer layers and dried at 100� C. in a convection oven for 60 minutes, followed by drying overnight at 70� C. under vacuum. A control was also performed with no primer layer.
Adhesion was determined by peeling the coating from the foil (180� peel angle) utilizing a tensile tester. The PLGA is coated beyond the primer layer, so that at least a portion of the PLGA coating is deposited directly onto the stainless steel, to which it has poor adhesion. This allows one to start the peel process from the stainless steel. During the peel test, the peel front reaches the primer layer, at which point one measures the adhesion-promoting capability of the layer.
Peel adhesion as measured by the tensile tester is shown in the following Table 4.
Although various embodiments are specifically illustrated and described herein, it will be appreciated that modifications and variations of the present disclosure are covered by the above teachings and are within the purview of the appended claims without departing from the spirit and intended scope of the present disclosure.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Kalmar Forklift
Hunting the web for Kalmar Forklift web pages? The goal of this place is to present you guys and gals the out-and-out history and run down on forklift and Kalmar Forklift related info.
I've enjoyed the big equipment and fork lifts rebuilding business for longer than I care to admit and have fixed up many types and makes of forklifts. I have the real scoop, the good the bad and the ugly about Kalmar Forklift reports and I show it all right here for you ladies and gents with the most relevant inside info I can present.
The forklift is a big workhorse of today's industry. Warehouses, distribution centers, manufacturing plants, and many other commercial applications depend on forklifts of many different types and sizes to keep the daily work running easily. Other businesses only need a forklift to unload deliveries for a couple of hours a day. Either way, having a forklift that can perform well for your specific needs is an important component.
Click... Kalmar Forklift to get to the main page and find more related, detailed subject matter.
Forklifts sometimes named for the L-shaped forks
typically used to lift shipping pallets, but they can be
outfitted with different accessories for picking up spools, drums, or other specific loads
too. Also called lift trucks they are available for both indoor and outdoor
applications and can carry loads of 3,000 lbs
Obtaining a forklift is a huge investment for small businesses, and you need to make sure you get one that can handle your job without wiping out your budget.
Until you're looking at forklifts or chatting with dealers, you need to determine exactly what you need the forklifts to do. These would be important questions to ask before you start comparison shopping:
Important Forklift Facts:
Kalmar Forklift
The Major Parts of a Forklift:
Important Tips To Remember:
Be up to date with training.
Wednesday, 29-Jul-2015 06:28:31 CDT
|Forklift Exam AnswersForklift Regulations VictoriaForklifts N More Shipman Il
Kalmar Forklift

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Justin Jones
Choreographer Justin Jones doesn't need much in the way of props or costumes to travel back in time. His show Pinhead Sings Hello Life, presented in June by the Red Eye Theater's Isolated Acts series, was inspired by an idyllic suburban childhood, yet there were no split-levels or station wagons in sight. Although the theatrical space was spare, it still reverberated with memories, most of them unique to Jones, others shared perhaps by fellow performers Sarah Baumert, Anna Marie Shogren, and Dylan Skybrook. This sense was best illustrated in the opening moments when the dancers, hidden by a wall, could only be seen moving with the help of strategically placed mirrors. It was a simple enough trick to summon up fragmented experiences from the past, but its savvy simplicity set the tone for a work that continuously surprised with revelations both big and small.
This ability to dismantle expectations is part of Jones's skill as a dual-threat artist who can turn a dance phrase and also create an original sound score to back it up. He's a lanky guy who moves with the sort of elastic grace that leaves plenty of room for a specific awkwardness, dry wit, and physical intensity. Jones also has a jazz background, so during Pinhead the dancers broke into an impromptu Broadway number, but overall he's evolved into the sort of interesting mover who defies categorization—each new effort demonstrates an intellectual and kinesthetic curiosity working in balance.
Jones has created several other pieces aside from Pinhead, most notably the SCREEN/the THING in the Walker Art Center's Momentum series last year. That work built on an underlying relationship to physics, but it was less a technical treatise than an abstract poem about extremely committed bodies in motion. Still, it's a kind of mad science to conjure up so much to talk about in the spaces between people who move, and Jones is quickly mastering it.
Caroline Palmer is a Minneapolis attorney, dance critic, and frequent contributor to City Pages.
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Figaro's rose-boiling photo of Yip and Gale's Smokehouse
Nobody can figure out what the appeal of Yip and Gale's Smokehouse is. It once had an awesome slide, but a union representing particularly fragile children had it taken away to further inflate their egos.
Shun Princess Mode
© copyright 2011–2015
A Pants Aflame production


text:
November 9, 2012
BY Advocate.com Editors
December 14 2012 7:00 AM ET
11:05 a.m., Roanoke Rapids, N.C: Rocco Katastrophe and Harvey Katz (Athens Boys Choir). "We are currently touring on the East Coast. This photo was snapped moments ago, after our car broke down. Wish us luck with the carless rest of the tour."
11:06 a.m., Patagonia, Argentina: Advocate columnist and Broadway hoofer John Carroll hikes the Perito Moreno Glacier.
11:10 a.m., Lincoln, Neb.: Lt. Col. Philip L. "Flip" Fields, instructor pilot and commander C Flight, 173rd Air Refueling Squadron, goes over his preflight checklist on the KC-135 Stratotanker in Lincoln. Fields came out to his military family after 20 years of serving in the closet after marrying his partner of seven years in October. Fields says he hopes his rank and time in service will inspire others military members to come out of the closet.
11:15 a.m., Los Angeles: GLAAD president Herndon Graddick and actor and new staffer Wilson Cruz monitor the media, apparently on Herndon's iPhone.
11:15 a.m.: Los Angeles: Katie Simms tells us, "I work as a midwife at UCLA, where I care for women during their pregnancies, as well as during their labor and birth. It's an incredibly rewarding job; I spend my days in the only part of the hospital where patients are happy and healthy. My beautiful, strong cousin, Laura, has been battling leukemia for nearly eight months and has been receiving amazing care here at UCLA. She has been in and out of the hospital in that time, and despite the horrible disease that is cancer, we have grown very close and have spent a lot of downtime together when I have slow days at work. It has been a blessing to get to spend this time with her and to watch her as she continues to win her battle. Contrary to popular belief, hospitals are inspiring places of health, healing, and family."
11:30 A.M., New Haven, Conn: Storm Miguel Florez tells us, "My wyfe, Annalise Ophelian and I leaving our hotel after speaking/performing at Yale's Trans Week."
- World Record Bodybuilder Comes Out as Trans
- The Top 175 Essential Films of All Time for LGBT Viewers
- I Am Jazz: 14, Transgender, and the Star of My Own Docu-series
- WATCH: CIA Contractor Details Antigay Harassment by Colleagues in War Zone
- The 13 Biggest Trolls in Media
- Members of Congress to Antigay Nations' Diplomats: Leave Your Spouse Home


text: Related all All News Articles Media Reviews 430° PS4 ad says Final Fantasy VII Remake, Persona 5 & Dreams release in 2016, No Man's Sky 'TBA' 1d 9h ago - Final Fantasy VII Remake, Persona 5 and Media Molecule's Dreams are to release on PS4 in 2016, ac... | PS4 Comments (83) DPAD Dave Source 340° Final Fantasy 7 Remake 'bringing dramatic changes' to combat, but will still be 'recognisable' 1d 11h ago - Square Enix's Tetsuya Nomura teases that the upcoming remake of Final Fantasy 7 will contain nume... | PS4 Comments (105) jonnyvito Source Ad VII Things That Final Fantasy VII Cannot Lose! Now - We're going to see a lot of changes before the upcoming FFVII - Remake sees the light of day and we should be okay with that. But here is our list... | Promoted post Read More SiteBot 110° Top 16 Video Game Villains 3d ago - A well thought out villain can take an alright game and turn it into a great game. When it comes... | PC Comments (3) emcee123 Source 40° Remembering and Remaking Final Fantasy 7 4d ago - Nik Gaydon from We Know Gamers looks at the history of Final Fantasy 7 as well as its upcoming re... | PS4 Comments (2) liban-ali Source 40° 17 Secret Video Game Bosses You Need To Beat Before You Die 7d ago - WC Contrary to what the mobile market might want everyone to believe with their 'casual' offer... | Culture Comments (1) WizzroSupreme Source


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Who Will Jump on the Fracking Bandwagon Next?
What's the hottest trend in energy that's causing some countries to jump on the bandwagon? Fracking. The process of shooting a water-sand-chemical mix into shale formations in order to release natural gas or oil is quickly spreading across the globe. Despite its controversial technique, countries like South Africa, China, and Argentina are beginning to follow in America's fracking footsteps.
Hydraulic fracturing, commonly referred to as fracking, has been implemented in the U.S. for over 60 years. With over one million wells drilled, and in the midst of an...
Source: The Energy Collective
26 March 2013
26 March 2013
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Need a way to wing it?
Source: vk.com
7:30 - And ready to travel.
staying hydrated on a sunny ☀day ☁💦
There is enough DNA in an average person's body to stretch from the Sun to Pluto and back, 17 times.
The human genome, the genetic code in each human cell, contains 23 DNA molecules each containing from 500 thousand to 2.5 million nucleotide pairs. DNA molecules of this size are 1.7 to 8.5 cm long when uncoiled, or about 5 cm on average. There are about 37 trillion cells in the human body and if you'd uncoil all of the DNA encased in each cell and put them end to end, then these would sum to a total length of 2×1014 meters or enough for 17 Pluto roundtrips (1.2×1013 meters/Pluto roundtrip).
Source: pica4u.ru
We Heart It - http://weheartit.com/s/OAJ13SRk
Signs of the sun's power are found throughout South Asian Art; in images of the Great Goddess, Surya's lotus blossoms, elephant headdresses, and royal standards. This More Art Monday we invite you to bask in the light of these South Asian suns.
"Bharakali within the Rising Sun," c. 1600–70, India
"Surya, the Sun God," c. 12th century, India or Bangladesh
Design for an Elephant Textile, late 16th–early 17th century, India
"Sun," 18th–19th century, India
More Art Monday is brought to you by Art 24/7.
(3) Tumblr on We Heart It - http://weheartit.com/s/BCz1fIwP
Source: vk.com
Summer on We Heart It - http://weheartit.com/s/gCaofuLP
feelin shady
Oh Mighty Sun
Made by zoidberg656
Sketch idea from afreakingsimpleton
Very sorry. I forgot your idea said "anthro". Heh. Hope you enjoy it! :p


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Marriott Continues to Refresh Business Travel
Popular Courtyard by Marriott hotel opens in Cologne.
London – March 26, 2014 – Marriott International's respected Courtyard by Marriott brand is opening its second new-look hotel in Cologne, Germany, on 31 March 2014, taking the brand to 45 hotels throughout Europe. Delivering a whole new hotel experience for business travellers, Courtyard's new European design, introduced at Courtyard Aberdeen Airport Hotel in 2013, is designed to enhance productivity with a greater focus on technology and style.
The opening of the 236-room Courtyard Cologne takes the brand one step closer to reaching its 1000th hotel worldwide this year. In the past few years, the brand has embarked on a journey to refresh business travel, with a lobby transformation in the United States and a customised product for four different regions including Europe, which has exceeded performance expectations since launching in Aberdeen.
The Courtyard Cologne is prominently located in the heart of the Kunibertsviertel neighbourhood on the former Afri-Cola® grounds, with Cologne Cathedral, the RhineRiver and a range of shops and restaurants nearby. Its spacious guest rooms include multiple, accessible power outlets making plugging in easy whilst the design of the hotel is fresh and contemporary with locally inspired furnishings.
The dynamic lobby space features free Wi-Fi, flexible seating for working, meeting or socialising and an interactive GoBoard® screen with the latest news, weather and local information. A 24-hour market and "Eat.Drink.Connect" Bistro offer a range of meals, snacks and drinks.
"We are excited to introduce a new Courtyard hotel to Cologne, demonstrating our commitment to offering guests a relevant and refreshed hotel experience," said Amy McPherson, President and Managing Director, Marriott International, Europe. "We have a strong pipeline for the brand with openings planned forPoland, The Netherlands and Russia in the next couple of years."
Mr Alexander Flach, Owner and Director of Blumhoffer Hotelbesitz Dagobertstrasse GmbH & Co KG added: "The Courtyard Cologne is our first hotel investment and our pride and joy, situated at this historic location right at the heart of Cologne. We are excited to be working with such an experienced and well-established company as Marriott International and are looking forward to a successful future together."
After recently celebrating its 30th anniversary and now with almost 1000 hotels, Courtyard by Marriott is the 12th largest global hotel brand*. This year saw the high profile and much acclaimed launch of Courtyard and Residence Inn by Marriott New York Manhattan/Central Park - the tallest hotel in North America. For more information, visit www.courtyard.com
*source MKG Hospitality
Visit Marriott International, Inc. (NASDAQ: MAR) for company information. For more information or reservations, please visit our website at www.marriott.com, and for the latest company news, visit www.marriottnewscenter.com.
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Lynn Anderson, singer of 'Rose Garden,' dies in Nashville
NASHVILLE, Tenn. (AP) — Lynn Anderson, whose strong, husky voice carried her to the top of the charts with "(I Never Promised You a) Rose Garden," has died. She was 67.Associated Press
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Amazon Acoustics channels 'MTV Unplugged' for Prime Music
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Mixers, turntables, and the best of DJ gear
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Jack Beatty has taken a hard look at the "inevitability" of World War One, and deftly refuted the argument. Read morePublished 1 month ago by Alphonse
Way too many 5 syllable words. Spent lots of time with Websters.Published 10 months ago by annabelle
Jack Beatty has subtitled his book as `How the Great War Was Not Inevitable'. Not so sure that is right - it does seem most probable that while Germany was ruled by a weak-willed,... Read morePublished 10 months ago by Harry
The writer is a journalist and this work makes for an excellent complement to any of the more scholarly (Geoffrey Wawro, Max Hastings) or deeper (Hew Strachan) books on the... Read morePublished 12 months ago by Tyrus07
The author is well acquainted with the facts leading up to WWI. What makes this book compelling is the presentation of what could have happened. Read morePublished 15 months ago by Jeremy D. Booty
I really liked this book. It contained so much information about each of the major players in WWI. It makes you really wonder if the war was "destined" to happen or if... Read morePublished 16 months ago by Lindan Quetelard
This was a very unique presentation of the various stories that made up the history of WWI. Strongly recommend to all.Published 18 months ago by Patrick B. STarke


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AC Milan v Manchester City: Watch a Live Stream of the pre-season friendly
- July 27, 2014
- Comments0
Watch AC Milan v Manchester City on our live football online video streaming service via Bet365.
Manchester City take on AC Milan in Pennsylvania on Sunday (July 27, 2014) evening, in the International Champions Cup, kick off: 21:00 UK time.
Bet365 are showing AC Milan v Manchester City live, legal and straight onto your computer via 101 Great Goals.
Simply click on this link and follow the simple step-by-step instructions to watch.
AC Milan v Manchester City is available
NOTE: Please be aware that you will need an active Bet365 account to watch AC Milan v Manchester City.
Premier League champions Manchester City continue to look strong in pre-season despite losing their first match to Dundee.
Manuel Pellegrini's side have won their last two encounters, defeating Hearts 2-1 followed by MLS champions Sporting KC 4-1.
Whilst the World Cup players may not be available, City do have plenty of strength in depth to deal with games such as these.
AC Milan meanwhile are taking their first steps under new coach Pippo Inzaghi but it could be slow and steady process under the former Italy striker.
A couple of early friendly wins against Renate and Monza were followed up by a 3-0 defeat to Olympiakos and they will be keen to prove themselves in upcoming games against City and then Liverpool next Sunday.
Watch AC Milan v Manchester City on our live football online video streaming service via Bet365.
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Suomy TV commercial backstage!
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Man friends victim on Facebook day after robbing her
Woman received a Facebook friend notification and recognized the sender as the man who robbed her
Associated Press
PORT ORCHARD, Wash. — Authorities say that a 28-year-old man suspected of robbing a woman at a Washington ferry terminal friended her on Facebook the next day.
The Kitsap Sun reports Saturday that Riley Allen Mullins was charged Friday in Kitsap District Court with second-degree robbery.
Authorities say a woman was sitting at the Bremerton ferry terminal on Tuesday using her headphones when she was struck on the head from behind. After being struck, a man grabbed her iPod and purse and ran. She didn't recognize the man but noticed a tattoo of a triangle on his neck.
The next day, the woman received a Facebook friend notification and recognized the sender as the man who robbed her.
Investigators confirmed the Facebook account belonged to Mullins, and they noted a profile picture of Mullins showing the triangle neck tattoo.
Copyright 2014 The Associated Press
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Sherlock Holmes John Watson ~ Sherlock BBC. Sherlock: Are you alright? Watson: Yes, of course Im alright.Sherlock: Well, you have just killed a man.Watson:Yes...thats true, isnt it...but he wasnt a very nice man. Sherlock:No... no, he wasnt really, was he? Watson:No, frankly, a bloody awful cabbie.Sherlock:Thats true, he was a bad cabbie.You shouldve seen the route he took us to get here.Start giggling.Watson:Stop it! We cant giggle at a crime sce
BBC's #Sherlock is one of the most famous adaptations of the #Sherlock #Holmes #novels. Discover three impressive quotes from the TV series at: http://impressivemagazine.com/2013/08/17/sherlock-holmes-a-world-of-inspiration/
20 life lessons learned from Sherlock | Radio Times #Sherlock #SherlockHolmes #DrJohnWatson #Watson #John #JohnWatson #221B #BakerSt #Sherlocklives #BenedictCumberbatch #MartinFreeman
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Does anyone else think this is what lTom Riddle would have looked like if he'd have gotten to keep his nose and eye color? And not turned into a racist douche
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Sherlock, gran serie. La representación más fiel al SH original (salvo por el contexto temporal)
Sherlock, last episode for awhile. Here we go.


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Comment Crowdsource (Score 2) 89 89
Crowdsource, I am sure there are many Amateur Radio Operators out there and others who would be interested in supporting your efforts
Is the creation of cyber-security institutes a good thing, or are they attempts to draw more grant money for Universities?"
"increasingly sophisticated hackers have learned to exploit vulnerabilities in, for example, business-to-business deals involving large sums of money".
Thus spake the master programmer: "Time for you to leave." -- Geoffrey James, "The Tao of Programming"


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Work for the Oreos
You've got to move if you want the treats
Garrett Harris 6 p.m., Aug. 3
Imperial Beach, Borderfield State Park. My daughter came down for a visit. You can see the US/Mexico border fence, lighthouse and bullring in the background.
Posted June 5, 2009
How is that road doing to get to Borderfield State Park?? Last time I went down there it was so bad I turned around...was worried of wrecking my suspension oir getting stuck...sweet pic!


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|Reviews for A Thin Line
| Fenris Jin chapter 2 . 5/24
Gale! XD
That was an extremely funny and smutty read. :D
| Fenris Jin chapter 1 . 5/10
Sweet read.. Love the smut! xD
We gotta love UST! :D
| Koshivuh chapter 2 . 5/8
Another great chapter! I just wish there was a third :) Maybe there will be some day!
| Koshivuh chapter 1 . 5/8
Haha, some real love for this story. It was awkward, yet cute and sexy at the same time. Loved this and I can't wait to see what the next chapter has in store.
| NotMyBabies chapter 2 . 1/31
Most realistic first sex scenes ever! Good job of not being overly sentimental! Loved it!
| Sarah chapter 2 . 1/17
i keep coming back to this fic, such amazing chemistry and while the sex is awkward is still really hot. i know its been a while but maybe youd consider doing another chapter and expanding on them in a relationship together now that it's not a secret or something else? in any case just wanted to say i love this fic and it keeps me coming back
| Guest chapter 2 . 1/14
That was strangely adorable.
| SlowlyDivergingAllAtOnce chapter 2 . 12/17/2014
Can you continue this? this is literally the funniest thing I have seen, in a while, and quite frankly, I loved the sassy yet sappy part up there.. about liking him and not correcting him and not hurting her... awww
| Chat1 chapter 1 . 11/2/2014
Loves it!
| eloquent dreams chapter 2 . 9/5/2014
I really enjoyed this story. It was hilarious and I like that you decided to go with a more realistic approach. Everyone knows the first couple times aren't the ridiculous, perfect, "everything I dreamed of and more" that most stories portray. So I definitely applaud you for that. Thanks for sharing and I hope to see more of your work in the future :)
| Guest chapter 2 . 5/9/2014
So good! Please extend this greatness!
| Ginahidesbehindtheglasses chapter 2 . 2/10/2014
Oh my god, I wish we got a follow up
| Aundielen chapter 2 . 1/4/2014
haahahaha this was great. Oh teenage love. LOL
| Aundielen chapter 1 . 1/4/2014
oh awkward teenage sex. tis the best. lol!
| TheNewClassicGirl chapter 2 . 11/9/2013
this makes me laugh so much


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Looks like someone taught this cat some manners. The little guy simply wants some lovin'.
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Friends til the End
Golden Girls
Golden Girls
Three widows and a divorcee sharing a sprawling home in Miami - what could go wrong? The antics of these lovely ladies prove that you're always capable of wild and crazy times. From the hilarity of dating professors in the Witness Protection Program, to addressing more serious issues of parenting in an ever-changing world, these four friends last the test of time in their 4 televised seasons.
Fun Facts: Estelle Getty was younger than her on-screen daughter Bea Arthur. Rue McClanahan and Betty White were originally castt in each others' roles, but switched at the last minute at the suggestion of the show's director.
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10 Prayers For HealingJesus wants you to know that He has both the capacity and the desire to heal...
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Zotob Madness and the Real Cost of Windows vs. Linux
What do CNN, ABC, The New York Times and a lot of Fortune 500 companies all have in common?
Can you say "clueless Windows administrators"? I knew you could.
Zotob variants, today's Windows worm, are running roughshod over Windows 2000-based businesses.
The businesses being smacked by Zotob are a laundry list of some of the world's biggest, best, and, when it comes to IT, dumbest companies.
Why dumb?
First, they're not the brightest bulbs because they're still using Windows 2000.
In case you've been hiding under a rock, Windows 2000 support croaked on June 30.
Despite that, when I talked with some CIOs and CTOs in April, most of them were still using W2K.
Worse still, they had no plans to immediately switch over to XP or any other alternative.
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GNOME Software Package Manager App Updated for GNOME 3.16 to Fix Multiple Bugs
The GNOME Project released earlier today, August 3, the fifth maintenance release of the stable GNOME Software package manager application for the GNOME 3.16 desktop environment, a version that fixes seven issues.
Linux Kernel 4.1.4 LTS Released with Numerous Updated Drivers, ARM64 Improvements
Today, August 3, Greg Kroah-Hartman announced the release and immediate availability for download of the fourth maintenance release of the stable, long-term supported Linux 4.1 kernel.
Open-spec motor control kit runs Linux on Zynq SoC
Avnet's revamped, Linux-based "ZIDK-II" kit for motor control combines its ZedBoard SBC, featuring an ARM/FPGA Zynq SoC, with improved Analog Devices gear. Avnet Electronic Marketing's "Zynq-7000 All Programmable SoC/Analog Devices Intelligent Drives Kit II," or "ZIDK-II," is a major upgrade to a previously released kit of the same name, featuring an enhanced Analog Devices " brushless DC motor control reference design. As before, the system is built around Avnet's community-backed, Ubuntu Linux-based ZedBoard single board computer, which showcases the Xilinx Zynq-7020, a SoC that combines see farther below.
today's leftovers


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One truism of nuclear reactors is that you really don't want to be next to one. Unfortunately, reactor cores need to be inspected and maintained, which means teams of workers going inside the containment vessel. It's an operation that's not only hazardous, but expensive and time consuming. In an effort to make such inspections safer, cheaper, and faster, GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy has developed the Stinger; a free-swimming, remote-controlled robot that replaces humans for cleaning and inspecting reactor vessels.
.. Continue Reading GE atomic swimmer robot keeps tabs on nuclear reactors
Section: Robotics
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- High-Access Survey Robot begins work at TEPCO nuclear plant
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text: TOP 10 Top 10 Better Man Top 10: Underrated Gadgets Of 2008 © Credit: Casio; Gateway; Sony Top 10: Underrated Gadgets Of 2008 Share Tweet 0 Shares Aaron Broverman September 12, 2008 There are many gadgets that have been relegated to the shadows while things like the iPhone get all the press -- gadgets that are in the background diligently winning over the public with their ability, not their hype. It is in this spirit that we present our top 10 underrated gadgets of 2008, products that are often overshadowed by the myths and mystique of their competitors but actually do the job quite well, sometimes better than what came before. Start With #10 TOP 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Tech Gadgets Job technology Gadget Reviews Comments Show Comments More Like This Trending This New Tech Gadget Might Be The Most Useless Product Of All Time Read More Trending This Might Just Be The Most Epic Unboxing Video We've Ever Seen Read More Tech News Discovered: The Best Android Phone You Can't (Easily) Buy Read More Entertainment and Celebrities This Activity Tracker Is Classy Enough To Actually Wear - You Know - Without Looking Like A Clod. Read More Entertainment and Celebrities June Kickstarters: iFind Read More Entertainment and Celebrities June Kickstarters: American Brewed Read More Promoted Around the Web Special Features Special Feature Revealed: The Final Word On Getting & Maintaining The Body You Want Read More Special Feature 100 Ways To Look Better Than You Do Now. Smooth Up, Man. Read More Special Feature Over 100 Ways To Make This The Most Jaw-Dropping Year Of Your Life Read More Special Feature From Dating To Fitness, Over 75 Ways Men Are Winning 2015 Read More ad