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1. H. Jo et al.: FAB: Flash-Aware Buffer Management Policy for Portable Media Players 485 FAB: Flash-Aware Buffer Management Policy for Portable Media Players Heeseung Jo, Jeong-Uk Kang, Seon-Yeong Park, Jin-Soo Kim, and Joonwon Lee Abstract — This paper presents a novel buffer Modern operating system (OS) supports a buffer mechanism management scheme for portable media players equipped with to enhance the performance that is otherwise limited by slow flash memory. Though flash memory has various advantages operations of the secondary storage. Even for embedded OS over magnetic disks such as small and lightweight form factor, that does not support the buffer mechanism, a proprietary solid-state reliability, low power consumption, and shock buffering scheme is usually employed for the device. Because resistance, its physical characteristics imposes several it is relatively slow to read from the storage, OS copies the limitations. Most notably, it takes relatively long time to write data from storage to the buffer area and serves the next read data in flash memory and the data cannot be overwritten operations from the faster main memory. before being erased first. Since an erase operation is The buffer mechanism is also helpful for PMPs. For performed as a unit of larger block, the employed strategy for example, an MP3 player has a 32Mbytes DRAM buffer [2] mapping logical blocks onto physical pages affects real with several Gbytes of flash memory for the media storage. It performance of flash memory. This article suggests a flash- reads or writes several whole MP3 files to the buffer at a aware buffer management scheme that reduces the number of stretch, because DRAM buffer accesses are much faster than erase operations by selecting a victim based on its page flash memory especially in write operation. In case that storage utilization rather than based on the traditional LRU policy. Our scheme effectively minimizes the number of write and medium is hard disk, it can also minimize the energy erase operations in flash memory, reducing the total execution consumption by turning off hard disk. For digital cameras, time by 17% compared to the LRU policy1. buffering a picture in RAM prior to actual writing on flash memory significantly reduces response time that is one of the Index Terms — flash memory, buffer, replacement most important performance metric for digital cameras. In this paper, we propose a novel Flash-Aware Buffer I. INTRODUCTION (FAB) management scheme for PMPs. FAB suppose a PMP Portable Media Player (PMP) is a device that stores or plays which has a DRAM buffer and a NAND flash storage. Since multimedia contents. We use the term rather loosely in this FAB is well aware of the characteristics of NAND flash paper, encompassing a wide range of consumer electronics memory and the mechanism of flash controller, it assists the devices which share the similar characteristics, such as MP3 flash controller to increase the performance of flash memory. players, portable DVD players, digital cameras, PDAs, and The basic idea of FAB is to select a victim carefully when even cellular phones. Generally, it consists of a processing unit, some of data in the DRAM buffer need to be evicted to the main memory, and storage for storing media data with its NAND flash memory. Our FAB scheme effectively minimizes capacity ranging from several Mbytes to Gbytes. The medium the number of write and erase operations to the flash memory, for this storage has been hard disks, but due to its fragility and reducing the total execution time by 17% compared to the high power consumption they have been replaced with flash traditional scheme which relies on the LRU buffer memory. management policy. Though flash memory is still more expensive than magnetic The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 disk yet, it has distinctive advantages such as small and presents the background and related work to understand FAB. lightweight form factor, solid-state reliability, low power Section 3 describes the overview of FAB scheme and Section consumption, and shock resistance [1]. These characteristics 4 presents the implementation details and the data structures of are especially well suited to the requirements of mobile PMPs. FAB. Section 5 describes the experimental results. Finally we Therefore, many vendors adopt flash memory for the non- conclude in section 6. volatile storage and this trend will remain for the foreseeable future. II. BACKGROUND AND RELATED WORK This section introduces the hardware characteristics and the 1 This research was supported by the MIC(Ministry of Information and internal mechanism of flash memory along with a software Communication), Korea, under the ITRC(Information Technology Research layer that provides the block device interface of flash memory, Center) support program supervised by the IITA(Institute of Information Technology Assessment) (IITA-2005-C1090-0502-0031) which motivate us to devise the proposed buffering scheme. Heeseung Jo, Jeong-Uk Kang, Seon-Yeong Park, Jin-Soo Kim, and A. Flash Memory Joonwon Lee are with the Computer Science Division, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (e-mail: Flash memory is divided into two types, i.e., NOR and firstname.lastname@example.com, email@example.com, email@example.com, NAND. NOR flash memory supports the byte unit I/O and firstname.lastname@example.com, and firstname.lastname@example.com). Contributed Paper Manuscript received April 15, 2006 0098 3063/06/$20.00 © 2006 IEEE
486 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 52, No. 2, MAY 2006 shows shorter read time and longer write time compared to information from the logical sector number to the physical NAND flash memory [3]. It is mainly used as storage for location. program codes since it can be accessed by a byte unit. For The mapping schemes of FTL are classified either into a such a trait, the BIOS of a computer system is usually stored page-level mapping scheme [6] or into a block-level mapping on NOR flash memory. On the other side, NAND flash scheme [7]. Page-level mapping is a fine-grained translation memory supports the page unit I/O with slower read time and from a logical sector number to a physical sector number. For faster write time. NAND flash memory is mainly used for data this scheme, the size of the mapping table is relatively large, storage and it is regarded as a replacement of hard disk [4]. and thus it needs large SRAM. Block-level mapping schemes There are three basic operations in NAND flash memory: translate a logical sector number to a physical block number read, write, and erase. The read operation fetches data from a and offset. Since the mapping table for this scheme is to find a target page, while the write operation writes data to a target block number rather than a sector number, its size is smaller. page. The erase operation resets all values of a target block to The offset helps to find the wanted page within a block. In 1. In flash memory, once a page is written, it should be erased block-level mapping schemes, a set of consecutive sectors before it is written again, and this limitation is usually called usually stored in a single block. Once a new page cannot be erase-before-write. The read and write operations are accommodated in the assigned block, the block is erased after performed by a page unit (512 Bytes or 2 Kbytes) and the copying valid pages into a clean block. erase operation is performed by a block unit (16 Kbytes or 128 Many FTL schemes are proposed to reduce the number of Kbytes). A block consists of a fixed number of pages and a block erase and valid page copying in block-level mapping. page holds a fixed number of sectors. Sector is the basic unit Kim et al. suggest an FTL scheme that uses some fixed number that can be seen by OS or other software. of blocks as logging blocks [5]. If there is a write request, this Although flash memory has various advantages over hard scheme writes the data on a log block and maps the physical disk, it also has some limitations as storage. Among them, the location of the page to the page in the log block. In this way, it followings are the important concerns in designing our logs the changes of the data until the log block becomes full. buffering scheme. When all the log blocks are used, then some log blocks are • No in-place-update: The previous data should be erased merged into a new block to prepare clean log blocks. This first in order to overwrite another data in the same scheme may need a large number of log blocks since each physical area. The worse problem is that the erase block needs the corresponding log block when one of its pages operation cannot be performed on the particular data is updated. When free log blocks are not sufficient, the merge selectively, but on the whole block containing the operation called garbage collection will happen too frequently. original data. Apparently, it is not efficient to perform Also, the utilization of the log block is low since even a single costly erase operation on every data write and more page update of a block necessitates a whole log block. sophisticated handling of write operation is required. The Fully Associative Sector Translation (FAST) FTL • Asymmetric operation latencies: For NAND flash scheme is suggested to overcome the limitations of the log memory, read time is faster about 8 times than write time. block scheme [8]. In the FAST scheme, the overwrite requests Because a write operation sometimes involves an erase of a block is spread on all of the log blocks. It means the operation, it may entail non-deterministic long delay. For merge operation is delayed much longer and the total number this reason, it is important to reduce the number of write of erase operations becomes smaller than that of the previous operations. log block scheme. • Uneven wear-out: Each block can be erased only for a Both of the log block scheme and the FAST scheme support limited number of times, usually several hundreds of the switch merge. If a log block holds all pages of an old data thousands times. Once the number is reached, the block block, it switches the log block with the old data block. The cannot be used any more. Therefore it is necessary to switch merge is an optimal case of garbage collection because distribute erase operations evenly over the whole blocks. there is no overhead incurred for copying valid pages. B. Flash Translation Layer C. Related Work Since most operating systems expect a block device Many efforts have been made to address the aforementioned interface for the secondary storage even though flash memory limitations of flash memory. Kawaguchi et al. [9] proposed a does not support it, a thin software layer called FTL (Flash translation layer for flash file systems based on an analysis of Translation Layer) is usually employed between OS and flash cost-benefit for garbage collection. Chiang et al. [10] memory. The main role of FTL is to emulate the functionality investigated a Dynamic dAta Clustering (DAC) method to of block device with flash memory, hiding the latency of erase cluster data during data update to reduce the number of block operation as much as possible. FTL achieves this by erase. On the other hand, Wu et al. [11] proposed a large non- redirecting each write request from OS to an empty location in volatile main memory storage system with write buffering in flash memory that has been erased in advance, and by battery-backed SDRAM to hide write latency. Lee et al. [12] maintaining an internal mapping table to record the mapping examined a NAND-type flash memory package with a smart buffer cache to raise the hit ratio. Recently, Park et al. [13]
H. Jo et al.: FAB: Flash-Aware Buffer Management Policy for Portable Media Players 487 proposed a replacement algorithm called Clean First LRU erase operations in flash memory since they are most (CFLRU) to minimize the number of write requests from the prominent sources for the latencies. Second, the mechanism virtual memory system. Our work is primarily differs with should help the storage controller to utilize the switch merge these previous work in that we focus on exploiting the buffer since it reduces the number of valid page copying during the management policy by considering the physical characteristics merge operation. The third one is to maximize overwrite of hot of flash memory without any modification to FTL or pages since repetitive writes on hot pages cause a large underlying hardware. number of log blocks on the flash storage resulting in frequent garbage collections. The last one is to minimize the search III. FLASH-AWARE BUFFER MANAGEMENT time to find the requested data in the buffer. If the buffer is full, FAB selects a block as a victim and then A. System Overview flushes all of the pages that belong to the selected block. The Fig. 1 shows the overall block diagram of a typical PMP victim block is a block that has the maximum number of pages system. All requests issued from CPU pass through the DRAM in the buffer. FAB also employs a block-level LRU policy to buffer which serves both read and write requests. If the avoid the problem of page-level LRU policy described in the requested data is not in the buffer, it should be serviced by the previous example. At the same time, when a write of long NAND flash storage. We assume that the NAND flash storage contiguous data fills up the buffer, FAB selects these pages as has its own storage controller for running FTL. Since other victims to maximize the chance of switch merge in flash parts in the diagram are irrelevant to our discussion, their memory. This also increases the number of buffer hit of hot details are elided for brevity. pages because the pages of short writes can be stayed longer in the buffer. If FAB receives a write request, it searches the buffer first. On a hit, the data is overwritten in the buffer. Otherwise, a new slot is allocated in the buffer and the requested sector is written to the slot. Since all write requests are buffered, the actual data write on flash memory is occurred only when a block is replaced FAB_Write (block, page, data) { if ((bufloc = Search_Buffer (block, page)) != null) { Write_Page (bufloc, data); } else { if (Buffer_Full ()) { victim = Select_Victim_Block (); Fig. 1. The overall block diagram of PMP system Flush_Victim_Block (victim); } bufloc = Allocate_New_Page (); B. Flash-Aware Buffer Management Policy Write_Page (bufloc, data); } The buffer is fully occupied with cached media data pretty Rearrange_Blocklist_For_LRU (block); soon after the boot time. To secure a buffer entry for a new data, a victim entry should be selected to be evicted from the } buffer. The most common policy for selecting a victim is Least Fig. 2. Handling a write request in FAB Recently Used (LRU) [14]. LRU is based on the theory that if a memory location is accessed recently, the location will be In the case that the buffer is full, a victim page to be accessed again in the near future. Though LRU shows replaced should be selected, and the victim page is written satisfactory performance for most memory systems, the back to the flash storage if the page is dirty. As mentioned characteristics of NAND flash memory prohibits it from being before, our replacement scheme replaces a whole block rather the best solution. For example, a typical file access pattern for than an individual page. A victim block is the one who has PMP consists of a long sequential access for media data and most pages in the buffer, and all the pages that belong to this several short accesses for metadata of the file. In this case, victim block are evicted from the buffer. When several blocks LRU policy can not hold the data for short accesses in the tie, recency is considered as in the LRU policy. This policy buffer because the long sequential access pushes them away reduces the number of page copies in the flash storage when from the buffer. blocks are merged. Since most PMP data are contiguous Our FAB policy is designed to achieve the following multimedia, most flash memory blocks are either full of valid purposes. First, it should minimize the number of write and pages or empty. However, in those blocks used by file
488 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 52, No. 2, MAY 2006 metadata, it is very probable that only several pages are scheme, hot pages are serviced in the buffer, and thus they updated frequently and some valid and invalid pages are mixed do not impose any stress on the flash storage. together. By choosing a full block as a victim, our policy favors metadata over media data, which is a very desirable IV. THE IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS OF FAB feature for multimedia buffering. Fig. 2 shows how the write operation is handled in our scheme. A. Data Structures for FAB For a read request, FAB works similarly. If it is a hit in the To realize the buffering scheme explained in the previous buffer, FAB immediately returns the data to CPU. If FAB section several data structures along with proper algorithms cannot find the sector in the buffer, it reads the data from flash need to be devised. In our implementation, they are storage to the buffer and returns the data. When there is not implemented with two issues in mind; time efficiency and enough space for the requested data, FAB selects a victim space efficiency. The former issue is mainly related to the block and flushes pages that belong to the block into flash algorithm for searching the buffer while the later is about the storage. Fig. 3 shows an algorithm for this read operation. memory space needed for storing tables and linking pointers. FAB frequently searches the buffer because all the storage requests from CPU pass through the buffer. For each request, FAB_Read (block, page, data) { FAB has to decide whether the requested sector is in the buffer if ((bufloc = Search_Buffer (block, page)) != null) { or not. To minimize the time to search the buffer, we contrived Rearrange_Blocklist_For_LRU (block); a data structure as shown in Fig. 4. The block node list is a Read_Page (bufloc, data); linked list of blocks sorted by their recency. The page node list } else { is a list of pages that belong to the corresponding block. if (Buffer_Full ()) { victim = Select_Victim_Block (); Flush_Victim_Block (victim); } bufloc = Allocate_New_Page (); Read_From_Flash (bufloc, block, page); Read_Page (bufloc, data); } Rearrange_Blocklist_For_LRU (block); } Fig. 3. Handling a read request in FAB Our FAB policy has three major advantages as follows. • Reduced write and erase operations: Repetitive writes on Fig. 4. The main data structures of FAB. Horizontally, the block nodes are linked as a linked list. Vertically, the page nodes are listed for each the same page induce tremendous overhead for the flash block node. storage since each version of write may generate a separate log block resulting in many sparse blocks necessitating A block node has a block number, a page counter, a pointer frequent garbage collections. Our buffering scheme for the next block node, and a pointer for its page node list. eliminates such a pathological case. Also, even though The block number field identifies a unique block in flash pages that belong to the same block are updated memory. The block node list pointer is for the horizontal individually at different times, FAB allows flushing those linked list where all the block nodes are sorted by recency that pages at once when the block is replaced. This increases is to be used for the block-level LRU policy. The page counter the chance of switch merge in flash storage, which denotes the number of pages allocated in this block, and it is otherwise would not be possible. the primary metric to decide when selecting a victim. There is • Response time: Like other caching schemes, our buffering a pointer for each block node to point to the list of page nodes scheme reduces response times experienced by PMP users. that belong to the block. Page node list has the page data Even when it is a miss, writing multimedia data on the associated with the page number. The size of a block node is buffer rather than on flash memory will reduce response 16 Bytes and the block node list is the only additional memory time significantly. A smart data structure explained below overhead of FAB. A data structure similar to the page node list also reduces the time taken for searching a page in the is also required for the traditional page-level LRU policy. buffer. B. Search Operation • Hot page filtering: Hot pages are those that are written repetitively within a short time range. When such pages are A request from CPU consists of a sector number and the scattered, they generate enormous number of log blocks on type of operation. The block that contains the wanted the flash storage. Clustering them onto a few blocks page(sector) can be identified by dividing the sector number reduces garbage collection cost, but it needs bookkeeping by the block size. After the block number is identified, FAB to discern hot pages from cold pages. With our buffering searches the corresponding block node in the block node list.
H. Jo et al.: FAB: Flash-Aware Buffer Management Policy for Portable Media Players 489 Although it is implemented with a sequential search algorithm which has an O(n) complexity, the actual cost is not so high since the number of block nodes that can be in the linked list is #define BlockPerPageNum 64 small and limited by the buffer size. More complicated data Select_Victim_Block () structures such as hash tables and balanced trees could be { adopted for faster search, but they make it difficult to VictimBlock = -1; MaxPageNum = 0; implement the LRU mechanism without building an additional For each BlockNode from BlockNodeListTail to LRU list. Our experimental results in Section 5 confirm that BlockNodeListHead this simple linear search does not cause any noticeable { overhead. if (BlockNode.PageCount == BlockPerPageNum) return BlockNode.BlockNum; If the wanted is not found in the block node list, FAB if (BlockNode.PageCount > MaxPageNum) immediately terminates the search since it is a miss in the { buffer. If the block is found, it continues to search the page MaxPageNum = BlockNode.PageCount; node list. The page node list is structured as a search tree for VictimBlock = BlockNode.BlockNum; } efficient search operation. After finding the associated page } node, FAB rearranges the LRU list by moving the block node return VictimBlock; to the head of the block node list. } C. Insert Operation Fig. 5. Selecting a victim block in FAB When the wanted page is not found in the buffer, a new Our scheme replaces a whole block and most blocks are full page is allocated and attached to the page list of the of valid pages. Therefore, when a block is written back to flash corresponding block node. The page counter of this node is memory, it just needs to switch the new block with old one if incremented by one. If the block node does not exist, a new any, eliminating the need for copying valid pages from the old block node should be added at the head of the block node list, block. This switch merge is an optimal case because FTL can and its page counter is set to one. switch the log block with the old data block [5]. If the miss comes from a read request, the wanted page is retrieved from the flash storage and stored in the newly V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS allocated page in the buffer. If it is from a write request, the data is written only in the new page, leaving the old page in the A. Evaluation Methodology flash storage untouched. Since further requests to the page will We implemented our FAB policy on a simulator which be serviced in the buffer, the old copy of the page in the flash mainly consists of NAND flash storage and a DRAM buffer. storage does not cause any problem. The simulator models known parameters related to current D. Replace Operation technologies as exactly as possible. The traces are extracted When the buffer is full and cannot accommodate a new page from disk access logs of real user activities on FAT32 file data, the buffer should evict a number of pages from the buffer. system. The workload is chosen to reflect representative PMP If the evicted page is dirty, i.e., modified while being in the usage as shown in Table I. buffer, it is written back to flash memory while unmodified pages are claimed immediately. Being a block-level LRU TABLE I TRACES USED FOR SIMULATION scheme, FAB selects a victim block, and flushes all the pages The size of The number of that belong to the block. FAB selects a victim block by the Trace Description flash storage sectors written following rules in order. 512 MB 868,154 The traces of digital 1. The block which has the largest number of pages is Pic camera. Picture files are 1024 MB 1,803,561 selected. If a block has all of pages in the buffer, FAB about 1Mbytes. 2048 MB 4,335,023 will pick out the block first and it is an optimal selection. 512 MB 1,146,234 The traces of MP3 player. 2. If multiple blocks are selected by the above rule because MP3 MP3 files are about 4- 1024 MB 1,935,572 all of them have the same number of pages in the buffer, 5Mbytes. 2048 MB 5,602,743 then the block at the tail of the list is selected since it has The traces of movie 512 MB 1,067,905 not been accessed for the longest time. Mov player. Movie files are about 1024 MB 2,296,341 To find a victim block, FAB starts searching from the tail of 15-30Mbytes. 2048 MB 7,196,759 the block node list and if a block which is full of pages is found, it becomes the victim. Considering the characteristics of The main performance metrics are the number of write and the files used for PMP devices, the block node list is supposed erase operations since they are the major factors limiting the to contain many such block nodes. Fig. 5 shows a victim block performance of flash memory-based system. The sizes of flash selection algorithm. memory experimented are 512 Mbytes, 1 Gbytes, and 2
490 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 52, No. 2, MAY 2006 512M FLASH 1024M FLASH 2048M FLASH 100 100 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 Normalized Erase Normalized Erase Normalized Erase 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 PLAIN pic mp3 mov pic mp3 mov pic mp3 mov BUF_LRU BUF_FAB Traces Traces Traces (a) 512 Mbytes (c) 1024 Mbytes (d) 2048 Mbytes 512M FLASH 1024M FLASH 2048M FLASH 100 100 100 90 90 90 Normalized GC Write Normalized GC Write Normalized GC Write 80 80 80 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 pic mp3 mov pic mp3 mov pic mp3 mov Traces Traces Traces (b) 512 Mbytes (d) 1024 Mbytes (f) 2048 Mbytes Fig. 6. The normalized number of write and erase operations of FAST, FAST+LRU buffer scheme, and FAST+FAB buffer scheme Gbytes. The size of a sector is 512 Bytes and a page can hold B. Performance Evaluation 4 sectors. The number of pages that are accommodated in a Fig. 6 a), b) are the results with a 512 Mbytes flash storage. block is 64 and, therefore, the size of a block is 128 Kbytes. There are 3 bars for each PMP type. The first bar (PLAIN) is for We adopted FAST as an FTL scheme of flash memory the FAST scheme without the intermediate buffer. The second bar because its performance is known to be better than the log (BUF_LRU) presents the FAST scheme with a buffer managed by block scheme [8]. Though it appears that FAST would perform a page-level LRU policy. The last bar (BUF_FAB) is for our FAB better for a larger number of log blocks, there exists a certain scheme. Fig. 6 a) shows normalized erase numbers for each number beyond that the performance decreases since the scheme and Fig. 6 b) presents normalized write numbers needed overhead for managing log blocks increases and the benefit of for garbage collection. Because the total number of write count of additional log block gets diluted. Our experiments show that pure data is same for all schemes, we only counted the number of FAST performs best when the size of log blocks is 8 for our write operations performed during garbage collection. Those simulation conditions. writes are generated during garbage collection to copy valid pages The access times for DRAM and NAND flash memory are to another clean block before the block is erased. The rest of summarized in Table II. These parameters are used to graphs in Fig. 6 show the results for other sizes of flash storage, calculate the total execution time and are set to be the same as 1024 Mbytes and 2048 Mbytes. We can see that varying the size those used in the previous research for a fair comparison [8]. of the flash storage does not change the trend of overall performance gap. TABLE II All the results in Fig. 6 show that a pure LRU (BUF_LRU bars) ACCESS TIMES OF DRAM AND NAND FLASH MEMORY scheme for the buffer management does not affect the performance Operation Access time of flash memory. This result was expected considering how DRAM Buffer access time (ns/512 Bytes) 2,560 multimedia files are accesses on PMPs. Most multimedia files are NAND Flash read time (ns/512 Bytes) 36,000, accessed sequentially and they are rarely accessed again within a NAND Flash write time (ns/512 Bytes) 266,000 short time interval. Buffering such a file is harmful rather than NAND Flash erase time (ns/128 Kbytes) 2,000,000 being a help since such large files would evict small files from the buffer even though most of them contain metadata that are
H. Jo et al.: FAB: Flash-Aware Buffer Management Policy for Portable Media Players 491 accessed repetitively. 1024M FLASH FAB reduces the number of writes and erases by 29% and 100 19%, respectively, compared to the other schemes. This performance gains can be explained by the fact that evicting 80 Normalized buffer hit multimedia data first from the buffer helps retaining those 60 metadata that are frequently accessed. Fig. 7 shows the execution time breakdown taken for MP3 40 player trace with a 1024 Mbytes flash storage. GCREAD 20 denotes the consumed flash read time during garbage collection including the time to identify whether the data is 0 valid or invalid. GCWRITE presents the time taken to write BUF_LRU pic mp3 mov valid pages during garbage collection. ERASE means the time BUF_FAB Traces to erase blocks and DATAWRITE is the time to write the Fig. 8. The normalized number of buffer hits. requested data in flash memory. In the case of our FAB scheme (BUF_FAB), since the number of garbage collection is smaller, the all the times for C. The Effects of Buffer Size GCREAD, GCWRITE, and ERASE are smaller than others. The results presented in Fig. 9 show the effects of buffer While the overhead to search the buffer in BUF_FAB is size. Because the DRAM buffer is an expensive resource for measured only less than 0.1% of the total time, the PMPs in terms of cost and power, it is necessary to make corresponding overhead in BUF_LRU is about 33% of the trade-off with performance. Fig. 9 shows the number of erase total time, because the latter needs to search for a page in the operations performed for the given buffer size during the longer page-level LRU list. Since the buffer access time simulation of digital camera trace. The buffer size is varied heavily depends on the actual implementation of LRU from 1 Mbytes to 32 Mbytes. algorithm, we have omitted the buffer access time in the results As the number of sectors written increases according to the in Fig. 7 for a fair comparison. However, the fact that a flash storage size (cf. Table I), it is obvious that the larger significant amount of time is spent on searching the buffer in flash storage size induces the larger number of erase BUF_LRU suggests that the data structure and mechanism of operations. However, they all show a drop when the buffer size FAB is simple, yet very efficient. Overall, BUF_FAB becomes 8 Mbytes, and this trend is similar for other traces as improves the execution time by 17% compared to BUF_LRU well. Actually, the optimal DRAM buffer size tends to be and PLAIN. related to the working set size and other characteristics of the GCREAD workload. However, we would like to note that, for evaluated GCWRITE traces and environments, the use of DRAM buffer whose 3500 ERASE 3000 DATAWRITE capacity is less than 0.8% of the flash storage (e.g., 8 Mbytes 2500 DRAM buffer for 1 Gbytes flash storage) is quite effective in reducing the number of erase operations in flash memory. Time (sec) 2000 1500 1000 500 120000 Num. of Erase operation 0 100000 PLAIN BUF_LRU BUF_FAB 80000 Scheme 60000 Fig. 7. The execution time breakdown for MP3 player trace with a 1024 40000 Mbytes flash storage. 20000 0 Fig. 8 presents the normalized number of buffer hits. The 512M buffer hit means the case when the requested data is already in 1 2 4 8 16 32 1024M the buffer and serviced immediately from the buffer. As the 2048M DRAM Buffer Size (Mby tes) file size manipulated by the application becomes larger from Fig. 9. The number of erase operations varying the DRAM buffer size. PIC to MP3 and MOV, the gaps between FAB and pure LRU get bigger and bigger. This result was expected and explained before in this section. D. Memory Overhead We also evaluated the memory space overhead required for FAB. Table III shows the number of block nodes for various
492 IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol. 52, No. 2, MAY 2006 DRAM buffer sizes and the corresponding memory size during REFERENCES the simulation of MP3 trace on 1 Gbytes flash storage. Since [1] F. Douglis, R. Caceres, M. Kaashoek, P. Krishnan, K. Li, B. Marsh, and the number of block nodes changes according to the execution J. Tauber, "Storage Alternatives for Mobile Computers," Proceedings of the First Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation of the trace at run time, the number in Table III represents the (OSDI-1), 1994, pp. 25-37. largest number of block nodes stored on memory. Recall that [2] http://www.apple.com/ipodnano the block node data structure which takes 16 Bytes of memory [3] Intel Corporation, "3 Volt Synchronous Intel StrataFlash Memory," is the only memory overhead of FAB. http://www.intel.com/ [4] M. Slocombe, "Samsung CEO: NAND Flash Will Replace Hard We can see that for small buffer size, the buffer is Drives," http://digital-lifestyles.info/display_page.asp?section=plat- fragmented and occupied by many pages that belong to forms&id=2573, Sep. 2005. different blocks. This is because the buffer size is not big [5] J. Kim, J. M. Kim, S. H. Hoh, S. L. Min, and Y. Cho, "A Space- efficient Flash Translation Layer for CompactFlash Systems," IEEE enough to hold all the blocks touched by the application. Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 366-375, May 2002. However, once the buffer size becomes larger than 4 Mbytes, [6] CompactFlash Association, http://www.compactflash.org/. the maximum number of block nodes is significantly reduced, [7] A. Ban, "Flash file system," United States Patent, no. 5,404,485, April 1995. although it slightly fluctuates according to the buffer size. The [8] S.-W. Lee, D.-J. Park, T.-S. Chung, D.-H. Lee, S.-W. Park, and H.-J. results for other traces were also similar. As shown in Table III, Song, "FAST: An FTL Scheme with Fully Associative Sector the memory overhead is very trivial compared to the general Translations," UKC 2005, August 2005 DRAM size used by PMPs. [9] A. Kawaguchi, S. Nishioka, and H. Motoda, "A Flash-memory based File System," Proceedings of the USENIX Winter Technical Conference, 1995, pp. 155-164. TABLE III [10] M. L. Chiang, P. C. H. Lee, and R. C. Chang, "Using Data Clustering to MEMORY OVERHEAD FOR FAB (MP3 TRACE ON 1 GBYTES FLASH) Improve Cleaning Performance for Flash Memory," Software-Practice Memory Memory and Experience, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 267-290, 1999. Buffer size The largest number [11] M. Wu and W. Zwaenepoel, "eNVy: A Non-volatile, Main Memory overhead overhead (Mbytes) of block nodes Storage System," Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on (Bytes) (%) Architectural Support for Programming Languages and Operating 2 660 10,560 0.5% Systems (ASPLOS-6), 1994, pp. 86-97. 4 116 1,856 0.04% [12] J. H. Lee, G. H. Park, and S. D. Kim, "A New NAND-type Flash 8 107 1,712 0.02% Memory Package with Smart Buffer System for Spatial and Temporal 16 158 2,528 0.015% Localities," Journal of Systems Architecture, Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 111- 123, Feb. 2005. [13] C. Park, J. Kang, S. Y. Park, and J. Kim, "Energy-Aware Demand Paging on NAND Flash-based Embedded Storages," Proceedings of the 2004 International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design VI. CONCLUSION (ISLPED'04), 2004, pp. 338-343. Flash memory is rapidly replacing hard disks for most [14] A. Dan and D. Towsley, "An Approximate Analysis of the LRU and consumer electronics devices. Most software and governing FIFO Buffer Replacement Schemes," Proceedings of the 1990 ACM SIGMETRICS conference on Measurement and modeling of computer algorithms, however, are still based on hard disks even though systems, 1990, pp 143-152. flash memory exhibits quite different operational behaviors. From this observation, we proposed a novel flash-aware buffer Heeseung Jo received the BS degree in computer science from Sogang University, Korea, in 2000, and the management policy which selects a victim block to be replaced MS degree in computer science from Korea Advanced from the buffer based on the ratio of valid pages in the block Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Korea, in rather than based on its recency. Though this idea was 2006. He worked as an engineer at the mobile platform service team of KTF, Korea, from 2001 to 2004. He is a proposed to reduce the number of page copies and erase PhD candidate of KAIST. His research interests include operations, it turns out to help small metadata files to outlive Flash memory, file system, embedded system, fast boot, and low power. long multimedia files in the buffer. Since metadata is usually accessed repetitively while multimedia file is accessed once in Jeong-Uk Kang received his B.S., and M.S. degrees in Computer Science Division, Dept. of EECS from Korea a while, our scheme also increases the hit ratio which is the Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) most important metric for a buffering scheme. in 1998, and 2000, respectively. Currently, he is enrolled Simulation studies show that our scheme reduces the in the PhD program in Computer Science Divison, KAIST. His research interests include operating systems number of write operations on flash memory by 29 % and the and storage systems. number of erase operations by 19 %. Boosted by these gains, the execution time is also reduced by 17 % compared with a Seon-Yeong Park received the BS degree in computer engineering from Chungnam National University, Korea, general LRU buffer management policy. in 1999, and the MS degree in computer science from We plan to implement FAB in the real platform and to Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology evaluate it with various workloads used in PMPs. (KAIST), Korea, in 2001. She worked as a research member at the computer and software lab of Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), Korea, from 2001 to 2003. She is a PhD candidate of KAIST. Her research interests include flash memory, file system, and cache management.
H. Jo et al.: FAB: Flash-Aware Buffer Management Policy for Portable Media Players 493 Jin-Soo Kim received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees Joonwon Lee received the B.S. degree from Seoul in Computer Engineering from Seoul National University, National University, in 1983 and the M.S. and Ph.D. Korea, in 1991, 1993, and 1999, respectively. He was degrees from the College of Computing, Georgia Institute with the IBM T. J. Watson Research Center as an of Technology, in 1990 and 1991, respectively. From academic visitor from 1998 to 1999. He is currently an 1991 to 1992, he was with IBM T. J. Watson Research assistant professor of the department of electrical Center where he was involved in developing scalable- engineering and computer science at Korea Advanced shared memory multiprocessors. He is currently a faculty Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST). Before joining KAIST, he was member at KAIST. His research interests include operating systems, computer a senior member of research staff at Electronics and Telecommunications architectures, and low power embedded software. Research Institute (ETRI) from 1999 to 2002. His research interests include flash memory-based storage and operating systems.


text:
"Falling into Winter 2013"
Description from N Taylor: Winter is coming...better get ready and stock up on ideas. Having spent the summer outdoors, at shows and museums; I have seen some amazing design. It is time to get ready and fall gracefully into winter. Happy is as happy does.
- "July Heat": on
"Fave for me too, we see so few yellow picks, and this reminds me of the…" read »
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"Don't know how I missed this, I love the monarchs and their migration to Mexico. Congrats…" read »
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"Nice! The Burma Jade IS gorgeous! …" read »
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"I know, isn't the Burma jade gorgeous!…" read »
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"ooh, I hadn't seen the Burma jade. Pretty!…" read »
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"Love this combo - - ditto everyone's comments, too !…" read »
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"Oh yum! Love these colors for a bee theme …" read »
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"I had to leave 'the' out of the title because there were too many characters!…" read »
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"Ditto to everyone else's comments-immediately into my favs!…" read »
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"Donnaleigh, what a gorgeous pick! You do feel the heat in this one. I…" read »
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"Hot Summer sun! Wonderful golden combo!…" read »
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"thank you very much, glad you all like this one - tried to use some different…" read »
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"Donna, it is yummy! …" read »
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"Clever and beautiful-the Czech Split Pea daisies are perfect in this color combination. Into my favs,…" read »
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"What a beautiful combination! The Labradorite with the pinks and greens is perfect-into my FAVS!…" read »
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Really like the color mix of your fall palette!
Fabulous pick!! Someone is going to make some very wonderful designs with these!
I'm so not ready for winter. Let alone me being ready for fall. I'm hanging on to summer to the very end.
I like the leather. I'm still trying to figure out how to use leather and keep it soft and feminine.
Fab pick, waiting for your finished pieces
Love your color palette!
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text:
Terre Haute North Little League: Welcome
2015 Spring Little League
12 and 10 year old all-star teams are in action 7/6-7/10. Games start at 6pm nightly.
District Schedule
Monday, July 6th
6pm THN 10/9 v Clinton (THNLL North Field)
8pm THN 12/11 v Clinton (THNLL South Field)
Tuesday, July 7th
6pm THN 10/9 v WTH (THNLL North Field)
8pm THN 12/11 v WTH (Clinton Major Field)
Wednesday, July 8th
6pm THN 12/11 v N. Mont. (THNLL South Field)
8pm THN 10/9 v N. Mont. (THNLL North Field)
Thursday, July 9th
6pm & 8pm Semifinals at THNLL (North and South Field)
Friday, July 10th
6pm 10/9 Championship (THNLL North Field)
8pm 12/11 Championship (THNLL South Field)
2015 All-Star Teams
12/11 year old team -- Manager Travis Mason Asst: Jay Knott Asst: Scott Moore
Pierson Barnes, Cody Bunch, Will Egger, Matt Gauer, Logan Harrison, BJ Hopton, Ethan Knott, Case Lautenschlager, Caden Mason, Cade Moore, Caleb Morris, Jace Ross, Seth Tetidrick
11/10 year old team -- Manager Rick Robins Asst: Nick Blevins Asst: Richard King
Jerome Blevins, Reece Bradley, Peyton Clerk, Mark Hankins, Austin Hobson, Christian Johnson, Noble Johnson, Dalton King, Dilun King, Braylon Reedy, Peyton Robins, Colton Steveson, Landon Thome
10/9 year old team -- Manager David Bray Asst: Mike Glotzbach Asst: Trent Brown
Noah Bray, Joelin Brown, Bryson Carpenter, Dallas Coleman, Sam Glotzbach, Dylan Halleck, Lucas Mann, Josiah McBride, Nathan Prose, Jacob Purdy, Alex Ross, Isaac Ross, Brady Stepp
Subscribe to this site


text:
Economy & Business
China Real Time
China's Global Ranking:
Nominal GDP (2)
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External Assets (5)
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• Base Metals:
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• Precious Metals:
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Natural Gas consumption (4)
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• Agriculture:
Rice production (1)
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Corn consumption (2)
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Meat consumption (1)
Because HTC is Taiwanese. We Chinese are so jealous of Taiwanese. They are free. we are in chains. They chew with their mouths closed when eating, we cant. They are courteous drivers, they actually stop and allow pedestrians to cross - can you believe that! Thats insane!
So. we dont buy HTC. We must buy Huawei and ZTE. Thats what our masters tell us to buy.
Americans are so full of excrement, no wonder they need so many drugs to function.
Huawei sucks!
EVO Rocks
Why do Chinese officials commit corruption? Expert contributor Russ Moses examines some examples given by the People's Daily newspaper.
Xi Jinping's renewed attention to county leaders shows that he's relying on local officials to play a pivotal role in implementing his program.
In the midst of the stock market turmoil, the risk of Chinese money laundering is greater than ever, writes expert contributor Stanley Lubman.
Is China's economic reform dead? Daniel H. Rosen argues that such proclamations are premature -- and that Xi Jinping has no choice but to push forward.
China's continued stock market instability might not turn out to be dreadful news for President Xi Jinping's chosen agenda
China Real Time Report is a vital resource for an expanding global community trying to keep up with a country changing minute by minute. The site offers quick insight and sharp analysis from the wide network of Dow Jones reporters across Greater China, including Dow Jones Newswires' specialists and The Wall Street Journal's award-winning team. It also draws on the insights of commentators close to the hot topic of the day in law, policy, economics and culture. Its editors can be reached at email@example.com.


text:
The Department of Development Sociology is now accepting applications for a Postdoctoral Research/Teaching Fellowship position. Questions and application materials should be sent to Professor Wendy Wolford at firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Department of Development Sociology offers a unique program profile unmatched by any other department of sociology in the nation.
We conduct theoretical and applied research, teaching, and outreach on the causes, dynamics, and consequences of social, cultural, political and economic change.
The department offers degree programs for undergraduate and graduate studies. The department also houses several outreach and extension programs and institutes that link the department to the Cornell community and off-campus organizations engaged in rural, community and international development. Learn more


text:
'Offering a 30x optical zoom in a pocketable package, the SX700HS might just be the perfect compact for travellers'
'Easily pack 30x worth of optical zoom in your pocket'
'Pocket-friendly it may not be, but what you get in the Canon PowerShot SX700 HS is a strong compact camera with a terrific long lens that produces great images and videos.'
'30x travel zoom overflows with features'
'42x optical zoom available with Digic 4+ processor'
'Big, easy-to-press controls'
'Image quality is great'
'Wide-ranging zoom, affordable, manual modes'
'Good colour and white balance performance'
'The battery life is short and the overall design could use some help.'
'great feature rich compact camera'
'*GPS feature generally works well, photo locations show fine in Apple Aperture. '
'weak little batteries'
ReviewGist helps you find the best products to buy by making sense of online reviews.
We are currently aggregating 369,364 reviews
covering over 29,122 products. See what the press says about ReviewGist here.
© 2007-15 ReviewGist.com. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Win a free Bucks ticket just by reading! The Milwaukee Bucks Reading Challenge has begun. Grades 3-10 can earn points by reading books, magazines, and newspapers. It's easy, and free. Sign up today in the Youth Room at the St. Francis Library, and finish reading by February 27. Bring in your reading record to receive a voucher good for a free ticket to a Milwaukee Bucks basketball game! The St. Francis Library is located at 4230 S. Nicholson Avenue. Please call (414)481-7323 for more information.
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text:
25-Pk. of 12" Bull's Eye Reactive Targets
Item # WX2-215610
- Google+
- Details & Specs
Reactive Targets.
When the shot hits the Target, it explodes in a ring of color visible to the naked eye. Easy-application adhesive back. Self-storing package protects Targets. For long-range shooting, slugs and muzzleloaders. 25-Pk. of 12" targets.
- Reviews
25-Pk. of 12 Bull's Eye Reactive Targets is rated out of 5 by 117.Rated 5 out of 5 by wayne from reactive targets I enjoy shooting at these targets at my local range they are easy to see where I hit from a distance so I do not have to waste time bringing the target back so I can see where I hit.Date published: 2015-07-28Rated 5 out of 5 by joe9 from Fun These are great to sharpen your skills. Notice the dots in the corners. They can be used to cover the holes for reuse. They are usually around $1.50 each at the local range. Here they are only about 75 cents. Great deal and fun! Go bigger if you are shooting over 75ft.Date published: 2015-07-20Rated 5 out of 5 by wilekal from good deal No trouble seeing hits from 100 yards with my .22 cal.Date published: 2015-04-30Rated 5 out of 5 by John from Perfect for our needs I bought the 25-Pk 12 inch reactive targets for sighting in at 100 yards. My cousin and I each bought a new rifle in January. These targets were perfect for our sight in. The guns are zeroed at 100 yards. The green splashes were easy to see and made our task much easier. ThanksDate published: 2015-04-13Rated 5 out of 5 by Zuke from Great targets you can reuse These targets make it easy to see your hits from up to 50 yards away. No need to use a spotting scope. The extra dots included allow you to paste up bullet holes and reuse the target multiple times. So, even though the targets are a little pricey initially, reusing them multiple times brings the cost down closer to regular cheap paper targets that don't give you all the hi-vis advantages. You can either staple these targets onto a target stand, or peel the circle off the backing and paste it onto whatever surface you choose. Whenever I shoot at the range, I usually have at least one person ask me where I got the targets. These targets are great!Date published: 2015-04-07Rated 5 out of 5 by Alex from Great!!! The targets are awesome and they really helped me improve my shooting. I wish they were a little less expensive.Date published: 2015-03-03Rated 5 out of 5 by joe t from good price, fast delivery, can see hits out to 150 ydsDate published: 2014-12-23Rated 5 out of 5 by RICHARD from As stated on the other targets a lot of "bang" for the buck.Date published: 2014-06-19

 does it mark the shot

Asked by: bob1

 When the shot hits the Target, it explodes in a ring of color visible to the naked eye.
Answered by: Customer Service

Date published: 2015-05-11

2015-08-01T12:20CST

bvseo_cps, prod_bvqa, vn_cps_3.1.5

cp_1, bvpage1

co_hasquestionsanswers, tq_1

loc_en_US, sid_215610, PRD, sort_recentAnswersFirst

clientName_sportmansguide

- Articles & Tips
Don't Forget
Guide Gear Stereo Hearing Protection EarmuffsNon-Member $19.99 Buyer's Club $17.99
2-Prs. of Outfitters Overtop Polycarbonate Glasses, YellowNon-Member $29.99 Buyer's Club $26.99
Caldwell Shooting GlovesNon-Member $24.99 Buyer's Club $22.49
You May Also Like
50-Pk. of 8" Bullseye Reactive TargetsNon-Member $19.99 Buyer's Club $17.99
100-Pk. of 6" Bull's Eye Reactive TargetsNon-Member $19.99 Buyer's Club $17.99
12" Birchwood Casey® Shoot - N - C® Self - Adhesive TargetsNon-Member $7.99 Buyer's Club $7.19


text:
The Biggest Upset in the History of March Madness …
... ain't gonna happen tonight in Little Rock, Arkansas. But that won't stop lil' UT-Arlington from showing up as blowout fodder for the No. 1-seeded Memphis Tigers in the NCAA Tournament first-round game. After waiting 49 years for their debut, the Movin' Mavs are the prototypical "just happy to be here" team.
T-shirts have been printed (hey, doesn't UTA's horsey look like it shares a stable with the Denver Broncos' horsey?) A pep rally sent off the team's bus – that's right, I said its bus -- in style. There's even a watch party tonight at Fox & Hound on North Collins. But now, the reality.
In 24 years No. 16 seeds are 0-94 against No. 1 seeds, including losses by 24 and 41 points Thursday. According to their seeding, Memphis is the tourney's second-best team; UTA the third-worst. And the Southland Conference all-time in March Madness is an ugly 4-27.
Add it all up, and it's Memphis favored by 25. No, wait! Latest line is down to 24½. The Mavs' Cinderella story could be gaining momentum. Nonetheless, I say Memphis covers. By halftime.
But what do I know? I only went a mediocre 12-4 on Thursday to land me in 1,701,497th place in ESPN's bracket contest. --Richie Whitt
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text:
I'm trying to deploy a multi node openstack configuration using three physical nodes running SUSE Enterprise 11 SP3.(Controller, compute-1 and compute-2). I created a private network (192.168.124.0/24) using a basic home-grade router(TP-LINK Model no:TL-WR740N) connecting these nodes. Will I have any issue running openstack network on this router ?
Will I have any issues in neutron networking ? i.e VLANs and GRE tunneling issues etc with this router.
Does GRE tunneling require VLAN support on the physical router ?


text:
Vai's View: NFL Draft day memories
Millions watched. Cheered. A royal procession. Limousines. Wealth. Prestige. Tears of joy.
No, not William and Kate. I'm talking about the NFL Draft.
Will Cam Newton live up to his promise? Will Carolina regret its choice?
Each year, the NFL Draft holds the future of so many young men and their families in its palm.
Hard to believe, but this is the 25th anniversary of my draft class — 1986.
Ironically, the first pick that year was also a Heisman Trophy winner from Auburn, Bo Jackson, taken by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. He never suited up in those cream-sickle uniforms because he had the leverage of being a power-hitting outfielder. He became a Kansas City Royal.
I was taken 253 picks later by the St. Louis Cardinals, who used one of two 10th-round picks to select me, back when there were 12 rounds. Unlike Bo, I didn't have a baseball career to fall back on, nor even a college degree. That came later.
But like so many things in my life, the NFL Draft was a seminal event that came unexpectedly. I mean, completely out of the blue.
I started a total of two games in my BYU career — both in my senior year. I was a solid return man, but did it with guile, vision, quickness and fearlessness — but entirely without speed, the hottest commodity in the NFL.
I ended my BYU career with three fumbles in the Citrus Bowl against Ohio State — two of them inside the 10; one as I was about to cross the end zone. We lost 10-7. When we left Orlando after the game, I believed it would be the last time I'd ever wear a football uniform. That premonition was only confirmed when I wasn't invited to the NFL Combine in February.
When NFL scouts gathered for Robbie Bosco, Kurt Gouveia, Leon White and Glen Kozlowski's pro day, I wasn't even asked to come catch footballs during drills for those marquee stars. So, I prepared to enroll for fall classes. After finals in April, my wife, Keala, and I drove with our newborn son to Mesa, Ariz., to spend a week or two with my parents, who were anxious to see their grandson.
I had even forgotten the draft was held our first weekend in Mesa. The first three rounds were televised on ESPN on Saturday, followed by rounds four through seven on Sunday. Rounds eight to 12 weren't televised but they had regular updates throughout the day.
We had returned from my parents' LDS ward on Sunday, had dinner, and were preparing to take our son to visit friends who hadn't seen him when the phone rang and my mother answered. She cupped the phone and told me it was a long distance call for me from New York. I didn't' know anyone in New York, so I asked her to take a message while I turned on the TV to see if any of my teammates had been drafted.
There was a full-screen chyron of the Green Bay Packers' choices and I saw they had taken Robbie in the third round. I glanced up to see if the phone was free so I could call Robbie to congratulate him only to see Mom still on the phone but waving me over. Annoyed now, I said, "Mom, can you get this guy off so I can use the phone?" She cut me off, "Son, this man won't hang up until he talks to you."
"Hello, this is Vai."
"Vai, this is Larry Wilson. I'm the general manager of the St. Louis Cardinals. I'm calling you from New York to tell you we are about to take you with our next pick."
"Next pick? What are you talking about?" I asked.
"Are you watching ESPN?" the voice replied.
"Yeah," I said. "It's on." We were talking in questions. "You talking about the NFL Draft?"
"Keep your eye on the screen."
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text:
Southbound I-25 Closed: Semi Collides with Car
News is coming out that Interstate 25 is closed to southbound traffic due to a semi-tractor trailer accident.
News is coming out that Interstate 25 is closed to southbound traffic due to a semi-tractor trailer accident.
The Poudre Fire Authority is working over-time this summer, there's no doubt about that. This morning they were called to a Fort Collins dental office with reports of a possible explosion.
The fire on Tuesday night that damaged the Ward Construction office and several other businesses in Loveland is believed to be accidental, but the cause is still under investigation.
God bless our firefighters. They put themselves in very dangerous situations to keep us safe and I am grateful for that. The firefighter injured in the July 7th, apartment fire in Fort Collins has been identified. Firefighter Chris Hill suffered 2nd degree burns to his forehead and a 1st degree burn to his back. He was transported to Poudre Valley Hospital, treated and released the same night. Hill will be off work until next week.
Scary news out of Evans today. The Greeley Tribune is reporting that 49th Street from 47th Ave to 65th Ave in Evans is closed because of a grass fire that is threatening structures. They say some residents in area have been evacuated and those trying to check on their homes are being turned away by authorities.
As wildfires continue to ravage Colorado during the summer of 2013, the Larimer County Commissioners passed some fire bans today, but did not ban the sale of fireworks in Larimer County.
There is talk that the ban would affect all open fires with few exceptions, and yes that would mean no FIREWORKS!
Reports are coming in from many sources that there has been an explosion in Westminster.
We can see a big nasty plume of smoke coming from the mountains west of Fort Collins and Loveland. It appears to be in the vicinity of Rocky Mountain National Park.
The Windsor-Severance Fire Rescue Community Open House is Saturday, June 8th from 10:00 am – 2:00 pm. at Station #1; 100 7th St., Windsor, CO. The event is free and open to the public.
Firefighters in Longmont are battling a structure fire in the 400 block of Coffman Street that has been burning since 1:22 this morning. Howe Mortuary and Cremation Services is in the Downtown Longmont District. The roof reportedly collapsed on the building at 4 this morning.
In a little over a week, the Loveland Fire Rescue Authority has responded to three different fires at the Arc Thrift Store. All three fires were extinguished quickly and did not result in any injuries. However, all three cases are believed to be arson and police could use some help in finding out who is starting them.


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Ch. 3 Your Changing Personality Test Review The period of growth from the beginning of puberty to full maturity is called? Adolescence ________ refers to biological, social, and physical traits associated with being female Femininity _______ are groups of people who are similar in age, and stage of life. Peer Groups Roles assigned by society to people of each gender are called Gender Roles ______ are urgent wants for necessary things. Needs A technique called _____ involves mentally viewing an image of one' self as successful. Positive Imaging _______ are fixed pictures. Stereotypes A ______ is a ranking system in which each thing is placed above or below others. Hierarchy Outside the normal system. Deviant The characteristics of a person that are apparent to others. Personality Classification of being male or female. Gender The value a person attaches to himself or herself. Self-Image They way a person thinks his or her body looks, which may or may not be the way it actually does look. Body Image
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Hello. I apologize if these issues should be discussed on my language's specific translation group or sub-forum. Unfortunately, I lost access to it. Need some troubleshooting and have a few questions.
Troubleshooting: I had access to the Portuguese translation interface during the last days (I never got to use it due to a few indefinitions which I'll address in a moment). Today, I changed the language in my account settings back to English, but now I can't switch back to Portuguese and I don't have access to the translation interface anymore... Is there a way to regain access to the Portuguese interface? (I tried to post this message on my language's translation group sub-forum, but there is some quirk that does not allow me to do so... probably because I'm not a "translator" anymore?)
An observation: The majority of what has already been translated to Portuguese looks like an awkward mix between Brazilian Portuguese and Google translator. There doesn't seem to be much organization underlying the process beyond a democratic voting system that only applicants have access to.
It's great that I can contribute with my own translations/transcreations if I choose to (if I regain access to my language's interface), but I can only contribute with European Portuguese. Given the dialect indefinition on Chess.com part (I'm addressing this below), and the abundance of Brazilian dialect in the translations, I don't know if I should.
I'm also not sure whether this is an effectively paid position? If so, how and when are translators paid? What are the terms?
Indefinitions: I wish chess.com would clarify on whether it aims for Brazilian or European Portuguese. There seems to be some confusion or lack of insight in this department.
The ideal, in my opinion, would be to enable both Brazilian and European Portuguese translations as two distinct dialects on chess.com. That's how Portuguese translation on any global website should be done because, although speakers of both dialects can reasonably understand each other, there are many aspects in the written form that aren't particularly easy to decipher for natives of the opposite dialect. A full Brazilian Portuguese translation will look awkward to a Portuguese and that a full European Portuguese translation will look awkward to a Brazilian.
This is particularly important to point out on Chess.com because a significant portion of the text imbebed in the interface of the website seems to be gauging for an informal and friendly tone. This can dramatically exarcebate the contrast between European and Brazilian Portuguese if chess.com expects an accurate translation or transcreation: differences concerning not only "slang" vocabulary, but also sentence structure - it's a much deeper contrast than the contrast between the most common English dialects.
Aiming for a compromisse between both dialects is likely to provide poor reading results; there are too many differences. So chess.com should identify which, if only one Portuguese interface theme can be pursued: Brazilian or European? Otherwise, chess.com should enable distinct translation interfaces for each dialect. What is chess.com position here?
I wish Chess.com would be clearer about the issues I raised here. My apologies if these indefinitions have already been addressed.
EDIT: Oh, nevermind about troubleshooting my issue with the translation interface. I managed to regain access to it.
Could one propose Esperanto?
I would like to translate chess.com app to Turkish
P.s.: Native Turkish speaker
Kompreneble, sed kiel rapide?
Ne rapide, mi pensas.
Russian translation of this site takes some balls, really it's laughableHow could anyone came up with idea to translate Live Chess as "Живые шахматы" first what does to mind is "do they talk, eat, sleep, goes to work and pee?"
Openings >>>Show All Friends??<<<I dont know, you may write something like "List everything" "Показать вcе" or "Show full list" "Показать весь список" but please get this out of my eyes!
I hope someone can translate Traditional Chinese, requested the experts to assist.
I can translate Korean and Japanese and and already submitted the google text for translation but there's no answer...-.- If you are concerned about payment i am very willing to consider. I'm korean and I am very fluent with Japanese too!!!
Chess sexism is ok, chess racism isn't
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©2008-2014 Pointless Inventions. All rights reserved.
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text: Money MoneyLivingGlobal EconomyAmericasUnited States on Nov 20, 2012 @ 5:26 PMNov 20, 2012 @ 5:26 PM PublishedConsumers are winning the tug-of-war over free shippingPeople wait on line to mail packages ahead of the Christmas holiday at the James A. Farley Post Office in Manhattan.Consumers and online retailers have long been engaged in a tug-of-war over free shipping.Shoppers expect to get their goods delivered for free because sites like Amazon offer it, but businesses say their profits take a hit when they have to pay for postage.But many retailers are realizing that in order to be competitive, they have to put free shipping on the table, according to Chad White, research director for marketing software company Responsys.About 65 percent of retailers will offer free shipping with some conditions, compared with 55 percent last year, White said.While many retailers used to offer free shipping with a certain minimum as an incentive for shoppers, they're now having to take away the minimum altogether.More than 44 percent of businesses will offer free shipping with no conditions on Cyber Monday, up from 12.5 percent last year, according to a Shop.org survey.The same survey shows that 55 percent of online shoppers expect free shipping."During the holiday season, free shipping with a minimum has become an expectation, not an incentive," White said.The question is whether retailers will be be able to continue to afford free shipping. Many have said they build the cost back into products in order to make money.More from our partner, Business Insider:Business Insider: Here's How Mercedes-Benz Tested Its New Self-Driving CarBusiness Insider: 5 Essays That Got People Into Harvard Business School — And Why They WorkedBusiness Insider: Half Of All Black Friday Shoppers Won't Set Foot In An Actual StoreBusiness Insider: HP's CFO Tried To Stop The Company From Spending $11 Billion On AutonomyBusiness Insider: 6 Scientific Facts That Every Republican Politician Should Know


text: Mashup: DocuSign Conga Composer Share via FacebookShare via TwitterShare via LinkedinShare via Google+Share via RedditShare via Mail Conga Composer is the most popular document generation and reporting solution for Salesforce CRM and the Force.com platform. Track this Mashup Submit a mashup Summary Comments Followers Comments (0) Comment * Leave this field blank Post Comment Followers (0) Track this Mashup Specs Related APIs DocuSign Enterprise Tags Electronic Signature, Electronic Signature, Electronic Signature URL http://appexchange.salesforce.com/listingDetail Mashups using the same API (97) /View all Bizodo & DocuSign Integration Bizodo is the easiest way online to create forms, share docs and contacts... Brainsell-Technologies + DocuSign BrainSell is a business solutions company that is dedicated to helping businesses grow, create a delighted customer base and achieve great success. BrainSell provides comprehensive ERP, CRM, and... DocuSign & BlueWolf Consulting + IT Talent + Managed Services + Training Bluewolf makes enterprises agile, and unite IT and the business under one mission - Innovation. As a global agile consultancy, Bluewolf provides... Add Mashup Related Articles /View all EchoSign Adds New Digital Signatures APIs EchoSign Adds New Digital Signatures APIs Adobe has released a new version of its e-signature solution, EchoSign, which includes Microsoft 365 integration and a set of new APIs. News Patricio Robles Electronic Signature 01-28-2015 EchoSign Adds New Digital Signatures APIs Adobe Announces Document Cloud Service and APIs Adobe Announces Document Cloud Service and APIs Adobe has announced the upcoming launch of Adobe Document Cloud which features the All-New Acrobat DC, eSign Services, and web services APIs. News Janet Wagner Documents, Electronic Signature 03-17-2015 Adobe Announces Document Cloud Service and APIs The Signinghub API: Ink the Deal With Secure Digital Signatures The Signinghub API: Ink the Deal With Secure Digital Signatures The Signinghub API helps accomplish something that looks simple (see image below) but is tricky to do securely: digitally sign a document. The API, using REST-based web services with XML responses,... News Greg Bates Security, API, Tools 12-13-2012 The Signinghub API: Ink the Deal With Secure Digital Signatures RELATED APIs Promoted /View all API Name Description Category Date Background Check The Background Check API allows developers to add background check services to their applications. These services includes county-level searches, verifications, DMV info, motor vehicle records,... Background 04.18.2015 Action Network ActionNetwork.org is an online organizing resource that groups can use to promote campaigns and petition for progressive causes. Users can create petitions to collect signatures, create forms to... Events 10.21.2014 PandaDoc PandaDoc is an all in one service that allows you to track, negotiate and sign contracts. This is a flexible and affordable API that allows users to build apps using on their own document templates.... Documents 10.10.2014 DigiCert Retail DigiCert is a service that grants SSL certificates and hosts SSL management tools for web authentication, encryption, and digital trust. Using the RESTful DigiCert Retail API, developers can make... Authentication 08.15.2014 Signaturit Signaturit provides a secure electronic signature service for pdf documents. The exchange takes place through e-mail, so there is no software or application to download. Signaturit is compatible with... Electronic Signature 06.23.2014


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Report: Four-star guard Detrick Mostella headed to Tennessee
May 7, 2014, 11:11 PM EDT
With all members of a 2014 recruiting class signed by former head coach Cuonzo Martin having been released from their National Letter of Intent, Tennessee head coach Donnie Tyndall had his work cut out for him on the recruiting trail in the days after he made the move from Southern Miss.
But this week has turned out to be a good one for Tyndall with Jabari McGhee and Kevin Punter on board, and according to a report by Ben Frederickson of the Knoxville News it's gotten even better.
According to Frederickson the Volunteers have landed four-star combo guard Detrick Mostella, who back in 2012 was an Oklahoma State signee. Tennessee represents the third school that Mostella has committed to, with Pittsburgh receiving a pledge last July. Mostella was originally a member of the Class of 2013 before reclassifying, and he attended Notre Dame Prep this year.
With Mostella having signed an NLI already, he won't be able to sign another with Tennessee. However the grant-in-aid has no such limitation, and as a result Tennessee will be able to make the news official once that process is complete. Mostella is a big addition for Tennessee, which lost three perimeter players from its Sweet 16 team to go along with big men Jarnell Stokes and Jeronne Maymon.
A native of Decatur, Ala., Mostella's been praised by scouts for his athleticism and ability to attack teams off the dribble. Mostella also held offers from programs such as Maryland, Georgetown and Oklahoma State according to 247Sports.
Tracy Abrams suffers second season-ending injury in 10 months
Jul 28, 2015, 1:34 PM EDT
Abrams was projected as the starting point guard for Illinois.
Ben Howland's first non-conference schedule at Mississippi State is unimpressive
Jul 28, 2015, 1:03 PM EDT
The Bulldogs aren't guaranteed to play a top 25 team until SEC play.
Highlights of Bol Bol, 15 year old son of Manute Bol (VIDEO)
Jul 28, 2015, 10:49 AM EDT
He is talented, just don't call him the next Kevin Durant.
Video tour of VCU's new $25 million practice facility
Jul 28, 2015, 10:12 AM EDT
Will Wade will have a beautiful facility to recruit to.
Butler's Roosevelt Jones sinks a no-look, over-the-head, half-court shot (VIDEO)
Jul 27, 2015, 9:28 PM EDT
First career 3-pointer for Jones?
Kansas, Indiana on opposite sides of 2015 Maui Invitational bracket
Jul 27, 2015, 8:12 PM EDT
Potentially four top-25 teams will be in the 2015 field.
Colorado State's Antwan Scott granted sixth year of eligibility
Jul 27, 2015, 5:51 PM EDT
Scott averaged 15.7 points per game for Grambling during the 2013-14 season.
Nik Stauskas trolls Ohio State fans, claims Thad Matta didn't know who he was (PHOTO)
Jul 27, 2015, 5:18 PM EDT
The former Big Ten Player of the Year (inaccurately) trolls Ohio State fans
Top two 2017 recruit Michael Porter Jr. dunks all weekend (VIDEO)
Jul 27, 2015, 3:45 PM EDT
It's pretty obvious why people like Porter.
Highlights of Wenyen Gabriel, who's been offered by Kentucky, Duke (VIDEOS)
Jul 27, 2015, 2:17 PM EDT
Gabriel was the biggest stock riser for the month.
Ron Baker was the best college player for Team USA at Pan-Am Games
Jul 27, 2015, 1:51 PM EDT
Denzel Valentine and Taurean Waller-Prince also played well in stretches.
Ole Miss star guard arrested for DUI over the weekend
Jul 27, 2015, 12:26 PM EDT
Stefan Moody was the leading scorer last season for Ole Miss.
Richmond names court after first coach to win as a No. 15 seed
Jul 27, 2015, 10:50 AM EDT
Dick Tarrant also led Richmond to the 1988 Sweet 16.
Jamal Murray's Pan-Am Games highlights (VIDEO)
Jul 27, 2015, 9:39 AM EDT
The hype surrounding Murray as a prospect has never been higher.
Wichita State forward working hard to improve offensive repertoire
Jul 26, 2015, 7:50 PM EDT
Rashard Kelly averaged just 2.9 points per game last season. With Darius Carter and Tekele Cotton gone, he'll need to do more in 2015-16.
Following acquittal, Rick Brunson discusses son Jalen's recruitment to Villanova
Jul 26, 2015, 6:35 PM EDT
Villanova had been Jalen's favorite for a long time according to his father Rick.
Former Memphis forward Austin Nichols transferring to Virginia
Jul 26, 2015, 2:10 PM EDT
Nichols picked Memphis over Virginia the first time around, and once the Tigers dropped their transfer restrictions many expected him to land in Charlottesville.
Saturday Las Vegas Recap: Zach Norvell goes off, Josh Jackson makes it look easy
Jul 26, 2015, 11:30 AM EDT
Norvell hit a staggering 14 three-pointers…in one game.
Four-star Class of 2016 guard Zach Norvell scores 53 points, drops 14 3-pointers in Las Vegas (VIDEO)
Jul 26, 2015, 10:22 AM EDT
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America supper club to replace Stock restaurant at Trump tower
In a week-long renovation, staid Stock will be transformed into hopping, high-class hangout
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The glitzy Stock restaurant on the 31st floor of Trump tower will be completely revamped and rebranded at the end of the summer, reopening as a high-end supper club dubbed America.
The 110-seat restaurant will undergo a speedy renovation, closing Aug. 20 and reopening a week later on Aug. 28 just in time for the Toronto International Film Festival.
Behind the overhaul are two of Toronto's entertainment kingpins: restaurateurs Oliver & Bonacini and nightclub mogul Charles Khabouth, who've taken over the management of the restaurant from the Trump International Hotel and Tower.
Stock opened in 2012 to middling reviews for its expensive but unexciting dishes which included, at the time, $26 hotdogs and $32 Caesar salads.
Khabouth and Michael Bonacini envision transforming the staid Bay St. dining room into a hopping high-class supper club.
"There's a lack in the city of a mature late-night spot where you can dine, you can party, you can listen to music, you can let loose a little bit," Khabouth said.
Despite the name, America's interior won't be festooned with stars-and-stripes. Large light fixtures will protrude from the ceiling, colourful, oversized artwork will hang on the walls, and relaxed two-seater settees with throw cushions will face some tables.
"I don't think this is a humble homage to America. This is a gutsy, fun, enjoyable, exciting restaurant concept," Bonacini said.
The facelift will do away with Stock's black leather furniture, which Khabouth described as very "manly."
"What we're doing is a lot of velvet, a lot of velures, burgundies, blues and golds," he said. "It needs to be a little more feminine friendly. Everything from the lighting in the bathroom ... to the menu, to the seating, to the comfort of it."
Khabouth, who marked 30 years in business in Toronto this May, is no stranger to the city's entertainment scene. As the head of INK Entertainment, the businessman runs a string of nightclubs across Toronto, including Product, Uniun, Cube, the Guvernment and the Koolhaus.
Unlike those clubs, which predominantly appeal to a younger crowd, America is targeting an older, more sophisticated clientele, Khabouth said.
The other half of the partnership, restaurant powerhouse pair Peter Oliver and Michael Bonacini, operate a number of eateries, including Canoe, Jump, Biff's Bistro and Luma in the TIFF Lightbox.
Bonacini said the positioning of America in the heart of the financial district reflects the vibrancy of Toronto's downtown and the growing demand from a more refined customer base.
"More and more of our guests are seasoned global travellers. They experience dining from L.A. to Dubai to Hong Kong to London, England. And whenever you go to a major city in North America, there's got to be that slice of experience available," he said.
Is it odd to open a flagship restaurant in Canada's largest city with a name synonymous with the country's biggest, brashest neighbour? The duo bats away any such criticism.
"People wouldn't feel weird if we had a restaurant called Japonais and it was Japanese food," Khabouth said.
"Or Auberge du Pommier," Bonacini added, referring to O&B's French restaurant near Yonge St. and York Mills Rd.
And if the name stirs up controversy, well — all the better.
"I love the name, because it's ballsy, it's big, it'll make somebody's head turn and be like, 'What?' " Khabouth said. "No one's going to forget the name, the second it hits the street."
In keeping with the Americana theme, the kitchen, helmed by O&B executive chef Anthony Walsh and chef de cuisine Bill Osborne, will serve up modern American cooking.
"The culinary regionality of the U.S. is more advanced than we have here in Canada because they've been around longer and they've been able to define their regional American cuisine. What we want to do is take a little taste of that regionality and bring it here to the Trump," Bonacini said.
The entire transformation will take place in one week, with two construction crews working around the clock to completely refurnish the restaurant.
Suits, the black-and-gold bar in the lobby of the Trump hotel, will also be reborn as The Calvin.
Khabouth and Bonacini won't say how much the changes will cost, but with all the furnishings being custom built off-site in the months leading up to the renovations, it won't be cheap.
"There's an excess of $100,000 in just fabrics alone," Khabouth said. "That's nothing, it's a small part of it."
"The carpets, the lighting, the paintings — there's nothing that we're buying off the shelf. Every single piece we're doing is custom," he said.
Khabouth recalled sitting down with Donald Trump six weeks ago to discuss the new restaurant.
"He's like, 'You know, I can see two beautiful crystal chandeliers in the dining room,' " Khabouth recalled.
"Our idea was not to do that, because that's expected," Khabouth said. "Because if you go in and even if it looks great, if it's what you expect it to be, I think you're going to let people down."
The rebranding effort also needs to overcome some of the formal connotations of the Trump name.
"People might be afraid of going to the Trump, it might be too much for them," Khabouth said. "For us, it's about making sure that everybody knows it's very approachable, it's very friendly, it's very service oriented. It's fun to be there."
"What you don't want it to be is intimidating," Bonacini added.
"I don't want to feel like I have to sit properly at the lunch table because I'm sitting at the Trump. I want to enjoy it. And if I want to slouch back a little bit, I'll slouch back a little bit," he said.
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