text:
Doomtree premier new single
Lyrically good. A lot of production though. Not sure if I like that, but otherwise the song is pretty good.
Not really like that beat and I agree this seems a bit overproduced. If the whole album won't be like that it won't bother me though.
listened to this a couple of times today, it's good but definitely a little too slick/produced.
was hoping they'd go more in the direction of P.O.S.'s last album with this
"was hoping they'd go more in the direction of P.O.S.'s last album with this"
Here's still hoping they might do something like that on some of the other tracks.
Like they're so different. *facepalm*
Beatwise/productionswise, not completely. Duh.
thought this band was metal or something until I saw they were hip-hop
"didn't say completely different. but they have quite different vibes. i don't know whats weasling its way up your ass today wolfehorde."
NO SERIOUSLY, Captain Obvious. Obviously they are somewhat, but also obviously they have a somewhat similar flair with mostly the same crew working on similar things. Is that that hard to understand?
where the fuck is P.O.S.'s new album??
the song is great :> love cecil otter verse
"where the fuck is P.O.S.'s new album??"
coming out next year.
also, what blake said
"where the fuck is P.O.S.'s new album??"
coming out next year."
yeah man, talked to him after a block party he had performed at on Lyndale, gave me the scoop
actually no just said next year and that its gonna be crazy but that workkkkssss
It's not like Audition wasn't already kinda crazy (half-cocked concepts, yeah right) and that there were still some hints of craziness on NB. Hope the beats stay that creative. Really loved the ones on his albums.
P.O.S. is a personal favorite. It was definitely kinda poppy, but I loved the song anyway.
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Beatdown After The Bell: UFC on FX 3
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TJ De Santis and Sam Genovese returned to The Sherdog Radio Network Friday night for another edition of "Beatdown After The Bell."
Demetrious Johnson defeated Ian McCall Friday night in Sunrise, Florida in the main event. "Mighty Mouse" moves on now to face Joseph Benavidez for the UFC's 125 pound title. De Santis and Genovese breakdown the upcoming match up and what the flyweight division will look like going forward.
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iinited States Patent 3 346,862 10/]967 Raudsepnu...
x e T. 5' h m D i 0 m mm 8.5 W 0 .mn Mu m 0 i n e V m U 7 Primary Examiner-R0dney D. Bennett, Jr. Assistant Examiner-Joseph G. Baxter Samuel M Mim Jr..Jame D. Dixon. Andrew eLJohn E. andigrifi. Harold Levine and Richards.
n um
temh opm m N mm P ei AFPA
Continuation of application Ser. No.
408,121, Nov. 2, 1964, now abandoned.
in n 8 In TM a. U M m N m ml fl G C 84 U M .H 0 Us 50 Field U the order of the record time of the primary reflection from the X is the auto-correlation coefficient References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 11/1966 Burb et al.
first multiple generator,
function of the trace and Y is the function designating filter "PATENTEU JUN22 I971 sum 1 0F 2 INVENTORS. MILO M. BACKUS EARL c. WISLER FI.I
SHEET 2 OF 2 K 87 2 H0 11/ H2 114 COMPUTER STORAGE CONTROL F] G 3 SQUARE 66 1 I93 CUBE l l I I83 I841 SOUAR I Y I 75 I82 SQUARE I a '65 I96 :33 I34 I3 o FIG 4 g 5 SECTION MULTIPLE ATTENUATOR This application is a continuation of applicants application Ser. No. 408,121, filed Nov. 2, 1964 for Section Multiple Attenuator, now abandoned.
This invention relates to seismic exploration, and more par ticularly, to the removal of multiple reflections from seismic signals by cross-equalization filtering.
Geophysical prospecting is concerned primarily with the problem of locating and determining the nature of geological structures which are buried far below the surface of the earth. Geophysical prospecting methods are concerned with the measurement of various physical properties of the earth and the interpretation of such measurements.
Seismic prospecting is a primary method employed in geophysical exploration. As practiced, it consists essentially of the steps of initiating a disturbance in the earth's crust, and recording the resultant earth motion sensed at a number of spaced detector stations. The resultant recording or seismogram traditionally has taken the form of a plurality of galvanometer traces positioned side by side on a strip of photographic paper; and often is referred to as a wiggle trace recording. Such a record is readily examined visually. A particular seismic event on the record can be identified as a reflection from the subsurface beds by reason of time coincidence of high amplitude similar waveforms. If the seismic velocity of the subsurface material is known, it becomes a relatively straightforward problem in geometry to calculate the depth of the reflecting interface and its angle of dip.
Most of the problems associated with seismic prospecting are not related to the latter calculations but are concerned with the identification on the seismogram of the seismic events to which the computations may properly be applied; Generally, the seismic impulse generated in the earth's crust is not a simple function. On the contrary, the seismic disturbance generally employed is of great complexity. Energy 1 is radiated in all directions from the source. A fraction of the energy travels downwardly along a given ray path to a reflection point from which it returns back to the earth's surface where it is detected. The medium through which the waves travel is a complex layered structure which acts to render the resultant recordings difficult to interpret.
Seismic energy reflected upwardly from subsurface interfaces upon arrival at the earth-air boundary is also reflected downwardly, thus giving rise to multiple reflections which may have arrival times coinciding with later or deeper primary reflections. These additional -reflections are frequently referred to as surface multiples, in that each undergoes reflection at the earth-air boundary or at the base of the near-surface weathered zone.
Multiples due to a single reflection at a near-surface bed of high velocity-density contrast, as at the earth-air boundary itself, have an amplitude of a greater order than internal multiples, i.e., those which do not include the reflection from the almost perfect reflector at the near-surface interface. When there are three bounces, one of which occurs at the surface or near-surface interface, the resultant reflection signal is a first multiple.
Multiple reflections are often encountered. The problem to which the present invention is directed is to identify and remove the unwanted multiple energy from a seismogram.
At the present stage of development of seismic exploration, seismic signals are recorded in phonographically reproducible form, as on magnetic tape, in which case the signals may be reproduced as electrical signals or traces and processed in accordance with various criteria to render less difficult the proper interpretation of the data. One of the methods of processing seismic data for improving the reliability of interpretation has been to apply cross-correlation and auto-correlation techniques in order to identify the coherent reflection signal properties therein.
The present invention is directed to eliminating section multiples, and employs a cross-equalization filter produced by cross-correlating and auto-correlating the seismic-signal trace to define the properties of the cross-equalization filter. The seismic signal trace is then filtered by the cross-equalization filter to produce an output signal trace free from the multiple from which the cross-equalization filter was synthesized.
In accordance with the invention, multiples are removed where seismic waves are generated and detected to produce an information signal which includes a primary reflection and a multiple reflection. An auto-correlation function X of the information signal is generated for a plurality of delay intervals. A cross-correlation function Z is generated for a like plurality of delay intervals where the cross-correlation is between the seismic infonnation signal undelayed on one hand and on the other hand delayed a time interval of the order of the record time of the primary reflection from the first multiple generator, and over a time gate which excludes the primary reflection in the undelayed information signal. The information signal is time-domain filtered with relative amplitudes (Y,,,) as in the matrix relationships X 1,,,=Z.
For a more complete understanding of the present invention and for further objects and advantages thereof, reference may now be had to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of a system embodying the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a time plot of a signal from one of the detectors of FIG. 1 illustrating the initial displacement for correlation processing;
FIG. 3 illustrates a digital filter process; and
FIG. 4 illustrates one form of the analog computer of FIG. 1.
Referring now to FIG. I, the problem to which the invention is directed is illustrated by considering travel of energy from an explosive 10 detected by a seismic detector 11. In usual practice, a charge of dynamite 10 is detonated in a borehole 12 by actuation of a blaster 13 to initiate seismic waves which travel in all directions from the source. The ray paths 14 and 15 represent the primary reflection from a subsurface reflector 16 and a first multiple of the primary reflections, respectively. Multiple energy travels to the reflector l6 and then back to the earth's surface as along the ray path 15a, where it is reflected downward. The energy then travels back to the reflector 16 by way of the ray path 15b, and again back to the surface by way of ray path 15c.
For the purpose of the present description, the relatively simple physical problem thus presented will be employed, and the signal output from the single detector 11 will be treated in detail. It should be kept in mind, however, that ordinarily, a seismic spread includes many detectors, such as detectors 21-25. A multielement spread is employed so that a suite of seismic signals will be produced to determine the presence of energy reflected from various depths.
Reflected energy may be identified by reason of the coincidence in the time occurrence of like high amplitude signals. Output signals from the spread detectors 11 and 2125. are applied to an amplifier system 27 and then are stored for processing. The output signal from the detector 11 will now be considered in detail with the understanding that signals from the remaining detectors will similarly be processed. The output signal from detector 11 is applied by way of conductor 28 to a processing system which, in the form illustrated, includes four drum storage units 31-34.
An analog process is employed in the system of FIG. 1. The signal from detector 11 may be of the type illustrated by signal 36, FIG. 2. The instant of generation of the seismic pulse, which is the instant of the detonation of the explosive charge 10, is represented by the time break pulse 37. The primary energy traveling along path 14 is represented by the reflection 38. The first multiple of the reflection 38 is represented by the pulse 39. The second multiple is represented by the pulse 40. The signal 36 is stored on the drums 3I33.- The same signal 36 may also be stored on drum 34.
The signals stored on drums 31-33 are employed for the purpose of synthesizing a filter which will selectively attenuate the multiple 39 with minimum attenuation of the primary reflection 38. Synthesis of a proper cross-equalization filter involves the auto-correlation of the signal 36 and the cross-correlation thereof with the same signal shifted by a time interval roughly equal to the time interval between the time break pulse 37 and the primary reflection 38. Such a shift has been illustrated in FIG. 2 with the signal 36' being shown displaced in time relative to signal 36 such that the time break pulse 37 is in approximate alignment with the primary reflection 38. The signal 36' is shifted on both drums 31 and 32.
It should be kept in mind that the signal illustrated in FIG. 2 is highly simplified for the purpose of the present description. In practice, the primary reflection as well as the first, second and high order multiples are combined with other signal compliments so that in general they do not appear on a seismogram as distinctive as shown in FIG. 2. It is often the case that the first multiple occurs at a record time which is substantially coincident with a primary reflection from a substantially deeper reflecting horizon. The elimination of the multiple energy then permits the deeper reflection to be displayed free or unmasked by the unwanted noise which, in this example, is in the form of multiple energy.
The cross-correlation function for signals 36 and 36 is produced at the output of multiplier-integrator 45 and the resultant cross-correlation function 46 is stored on a drum 47. The auto-correlation function 49 of signal 36' is produced from signals stored on both drums 31 and 32. Function 49 is produced at the output of multiplier 48 and is stored on drum 47. The cross-correlation and auto-correlation operations for producing the functions 46 and 49 are carried out over the interval or window w, FIG. 2, for the time delays -r to +1: Window w roughly is equal to the duration, in the signal 36, of the multiple waveform to be eliminated.
Cross-correlation and auto-correlation operations in general are well known in the treatment of seismic signals and, for this reason, the systems have been shown in block form. The systems may be of the analog type represented in FIG. 1 with a more general description being found in U.S. Pat. No. 2,927,656, columns 5 and 6, and in U.S. Pat. No. 3,131,375. The present invention involves the use of the correlation operations for locating, characterizing and eliminating the multiple energy.
In general, the multiple 39 will persist longer than the primary reflection 38. This is by reason of the fact that some of the downwardly traveling energy along the ray path also travels to other reflecting surfaces, such as the bottom of the reflector 16 forming the interface 50. Furthermore, some of the upwardly traveling energy in the ray path 15a, is reflected downwardly at the base of the weathering 51. Thus, the multiple 39 is a more complex pulse than the primary reflection 38.
Primarily because of this difference, special filters are required to eliminate the multiples from the signal 36. Crosscorrelation functions and auto-correlation functions are employed to synthesize the filter. The correlation functions are fed into a computer 60 which sets the values, for example, of resistances 68-74 in the output lines 61-67 leading from the storage drum 34 which serves as an element of a time-domain filter.
With the signal 36 stored on the drum 34 for playback purposes, the computer 60 detennines the weights of the signals to be summed in an output unit 75. The output from unit 75 may then be either stored in reproducible form on a storage drum 81, or recorded as a wiggle trace or other visible recording produced by recorder 82.
As described thus far, only the signal from detector 11 has been referred to. As above noted, l2-trace and 24-trace recordings are conventionally employed. In the present case, the drums 31-34 may be multiple channel drums so that signals from detectors 21-2-5 may be treated. The computer 60 would be employed successively to evaluate and synthesize the filters in the additional channels (not shown) leading from the delay line drum 34 to the summing units 76-80. The outputs of summing units 76-80 are applied to the storage unit 81 and to the recorder 82 by way of channels 76a80a. It is to be understood that the drums 31-34, 47 and 81 have been included in order to illustrate the functions involved. Some of the functions of FIG. 1 may be combined on or carried out in connection with use of a single drum without departing from the teachings of the present invention. Furthermore, while an analog system has been described, it is to be understood that the signals may be stored in registers in digital computer storage systems rather than on drums 31-34.
The generation of the seismic waves, as by detonation of the explosive charge 10 under the control of blaster 13, may be taken illustrative of well-known techniques. The generation of the seismic waves may be under the supervisory control of a unit 100 which controls the operations of the storage drums 31-34, computer 60 and the drums 47, 81 and recorder 82. By this means the signals (traces) may be recorded in predetermined relation to the shot instant. Such control systems are well known, a suitable system being described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,039,558 to Romberg.
Spread corrections may be introduced into the recording operation prior to the correlation operations. Spread corrections wherein both static and dynamic variables are compensated are made in accordance with well-known procedures. Such corrections are described in Geophysics, Vol. XV, Apr. 1950, page 227 et seq. in a paper entitled Compensation Charts for Linear Increase of Velocity with Depth by W. B. Agocs. A mechanism for applying spread corrections is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,092,805 to Koeijmans and in U. 8. Pat. No. 2,948,880 to Thatcher. Since control and correction operations are generally well known, they are not described in detail herein.
As shown in FIG. 1, the control unit 100 is connected as to energize the motor 101 which may produce uniform rotation of the drums 31-34 and 81. The control unit 100 is coupled by way of linkage 102a to time shifting units 83 and 84 and to the drive for the drum 47. The linkage 102a is a stepping linkage to shift drum 32 relative to drum 33 an increment 'r at the beginning of each playback cycle. Drum 31 is shifted relative to drum 32 by a similar increment. By this means, the points on the correlation functions 46 and 49 may be stored on drum 47 which is stepped synchronously with the shifting units 83 and 84.
The linkage 103 leading to drum 81 and recorder 82 may be actuated only when the time domain filter operation is to be carried out following the synthesis of the time domain filters. However, the linkage has been shown unbroken merely for the purpose of indicating the coordination between the several drums involved. The linkage 104 couples control unit 1110 to the computer 60 for coordination of the synthesis of the filter weights.
In producing the correlation functions 46 and 49, the signals from detector 11 initially are recorded on drums 31-34. The drums 31 and 32 are then both shifted in their time axis relative to drum 34 as by operation of the shifting unit 83. Thereafter, the signals 36 and 36 are cyclically reproduced. During a first cycle, the signals appearing on the output lines 85 and 86 are multiplied and the product is integrated in unit 45 over the length of the time gate 87, FIG. 2, to produce one point on the cross-correlation function 46. Similarly, signals on the lines 86 and 87 are multiplied and integrated in the unit 48 to produce one point on the auto-correlation function 49. Prior to the second cycle, the shifting units 83 and 84 are actuated to shift the drums by a time increment 1'. During the second cycle, a second point on the cross-correlation function 46 and a second point on the auto-correlation function 49 are determined. The drums are then successively shifted by increments ofr to cover the entire window w. The time increment 1' may be within the range of from 1 to 5 milliseconds and preferably is of the order of about 2 milliseconds but may vary depending upon the frequency band width desired.
ln general, the signal channels leading from the drum 34 will be in number equal to one-half the number ofincrements ofr in window w plus one. The computer 60 will evaluate, for each of the delay intervals, the weight for one of the signals to be included in the input to the summing unit 75. The signal on the channel 61 will be of a first polarity. The signals on channels 62-67 will be of reverse polarity so that there will be subtracted from the signal on trace 36 functions representative of the multiple 39. Substantial reduction in multiple 40 will also be accomplished. The resultant signal then appears on output channel 750 leading to units 81 and 82.
Mathematically, the synthesis and filter operations may be described as follows. The information signal, p(t), additive incoherent noise, n(t) and feedback interference, m(t), are functions wh'ch define the character of signal 36. The multiple or feedback interference has the following character:
where h"(t)abh(t) characterizes the earth filter and is convolved with itself k times. The received signal trace 36 is flt) where:
fl FP( )+n(l) The optimum linear filter of the present invention will attenuate (in least-mcan-square error sense) the interfering signal mm in the interval T I 2T where T is the shift between signals36and 36'.FlG 2. r
The interfering signal, m(t), in the interval T iUFM YMU- r The function h(r) is determined by computing the crossequalization filter which transforms flt) (reflection 38) into f(2-T) (multiple 39) by correlating a gated interval w from f(t) with a second, delayed gate from f(t-T) and treating the result as a cross-correlation function 46. The cross-correlation 7 function 46 and the auto-correlation function 49 obtained from the window w are then used as inputs to the'crossequalization filter synthesizer to obtain filter g(r) which is an optimum estimate of Hz) in the least-mean-square error O r denoting the estimate ofmml gives:
approximation for h(t) when the filtering effect of lz(t) has been obscured by additive incoherent noise. The filter, g(!), is determined from truncated (w) auto-correlation and crosscorrelation functions. For any truncated correlation width of window w, g( t) is the optimum filter for attenuating m (t).
remains relatively constant in the gated interval. Actual data The filter, gtt), when convolved with ftt) over the interval This process has been applied to data processing of seismic records. The problem solved by the invention is attenuation of I indicates that attenuation drops to 6 db. at an offset distance of 2,200 feet. The process is optimum where there is a strong multiple reflection generator such as the boundary 16 and in an area where there is a favorable signal-to-noise ratio in the seismic signal frequency band of from 20 to c.p.s.
Where the two time series '36 and 36' may be designated as u(t) and v(t), the following expressions are applicable to the problem ofsynthesizing the filter g(t):
and g(!)-(t)"h(t),where (10) nh) and n'(t) are incoherent noise functions. From this, the optimum linear filter for transforming u(t) into v(r), or equivalently, for transforming fl!) into g(t) in the presence of noise, may be synthesized.
More particularly, the optimum linear filter for obtaining a solution to Equation 7 is the cross-equalization filter, which is a time-domain filter corresponding with the solution to the 0 equation 2] xxy z (l 1) a set of filter weights, Y,,,. The filter weights in, satisfy the above equation (in the least-mean-square error sense) for all values of r where X is the auto-correlation matrix for function 49, Y is the matrix for the filter function g(t) and Z is the matrix for the cross-correlation function 46.
The filtering operation'illustrated in FIG. 1 involves a timedomain filter unit including driim 34 in which the amplitude of the signal from each of the pickup points on the storage drum is selectively attenuated by units 68-74, following which the signals are summed in unit 67. A servo system in computer 60 may be employed to adjust units 68-74, such as in the magnetic delay line filter described by Hal J. Jones et al. in a paper entitled Magnetic Delay Line Filtering in Geophysics, Vol. XX, Oct. 1955, page 745 et seq. 1n the latter case, the components of the signal are controlled in amplitude by a variable resistance in each signal line. Alternatively, an amplifier may be substituted for variable resistors 68-74 and the gains of the amplifiers maybe controlled by gain control voltages generated in the computer 60. Such gain control voltages from the computer 60 produced from treatment of the cross-correlation and auto-correlation functions may thus be used to control the weights of signals on channels 61-68.
The computer 60 and its mode of operation may best be understood by referring to the relationships expressed in Equation 11 which indicated that the auto-correlation signal X, when treated by a filter Y,,,, will result in a cross-correlation signal 2. Computer 60 inverts the matrix X and solves the resulting expression for the seven values or weights to be given the'signals applied to the summing unit 75. By way .of example, Equation 11 in matrix form for a 7-point operator or filter Y,, may be written:
where: X0, X(l X(2), X(3), X(4), X(-5), X(6), X1,
X2, X3, X4, X5, and X6 are the numerical values of the auto-correlation function 49 at a time delay 1'=0, 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, l, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Z0, Z(l Z(2), Z(3), Z1, Z2, and Z3 are the numerical values of the cross-correlation function 46 at time delays 'r =0, 1,-2, 3 1,2, and 3,respectively. m As to the remaining elements of the matrix Y( 1), Y(2), Y(3). Y0. Y1. Y2. and Y3 are the filter weights of the elements in lines 61. 62. 63,6 1, 65. 66. and 67. respectively. in order to solve Equation 12 for the values of the filter points at the delay intervals r=(-3), (*2), (l O, 1, 2, and 3,
the X matrix of Equation 12 is inverted and the solution is then formulated for each of the seven filter points. The operation mathematically is indicated in Equation 13 The inversion of Equation 12 to Equation 13 may be undertaken in accordance with any one of several well-known techniques, of which the Crout reduction technique is exemplary. By this means, the unknown 1', quantities may be evaluated for each delay interval of interest. More particularly, signals are produced, one for each delay interval, and are applied to unit 75, FIG. 1, to control the amplitudes of the signals from delay line drum 34 prior to addition in unit 75. Where a delay interval 'r=0.002 seconds is employed in the production of the cross-correlation function 46 and the autocorrelation function 49, the spacing of detector heads on drum 34 will be equal to 0.002 seconds record time.
Operations generally involve 12 and 24-trace recordings, and time delay filters having as many as 25 or more delay intervals or points are required. It will be apparent that, for such operations, the matrix of Equation 12 becomes very large. Such large matrices are most expeditiously evaluated and filter point signals produced in digital computers having large data-handling capacity. In FIG. 3, multitrace seismic data is stored on drum 110 and is reproduced and applied by way of channels 111 to computer 112. The computer 112 is programmed under the control of a unit 113 to determine, adjust or fix the filter corresponding with the solution to Equation 11. The computer 112 will then produce on output channels 114 the filtered seismic signals. The latter signals are then applied to a storage unit 115 shown in the form of a magnetic drum storage unit. Storage may be temporary electronic storage, or alternative forms of readout may be employed, including the production of a visible or wiggle trace seismogram.
The operation may be carried out in the system of FIG. 3 in accordance with well-known systems and methods of operating the same but guided by the requirements of the method set forth herein. Digital filtering, in general, is well known as indicated in Principles of Digital Filtering" by Robinson and Treitel, Geophysics, Vol. XXIX, No. 3, June 1964, pp. 395- 404. Thus, the control unit 113 of FIG. 3 may readily be programmed to carry out the operation indicated in Equation 1 1.
While the analog filtering operation illustrated in FIG. 1 may be employed, when large sets of data and the multipoint filters are involved, a digital computer operation will be preferred.
In order to further illustrate the operation of the computer of FIG. 3, as well as to further explain the invention, the analog computer operation is further developed in FIG. 4. The computer 60 of FIG. 1 may take the form illustrated in FIG. 4 for a simplified 3-point filter. The same principles illustrated in FIG. 4 would be involved for the 7-point filter of FIG. 1 or for more complex filters.
The cross-correlation function 46 and the auto-correlation function 49 are stored on drum 47. For the purpose of the present description, representations of the cross-correlation function 46 and the auto-correlation function 49 have been illustrated together with pickup devices for reproducing the data stored on the drum 47. The pickup 120 produces a signal representative of the cross-correlation function at time -r= for the function Z0 of Equation 12. The signals from pickups 121 and 122 correspond with the elements Z1 and 22 of Equation 12. Signals from pickups 123, 124 and 125 correspond with the elements X0, X1 and X2 of Equation 12.
Since the autocorrelation function 49 is symmetrical, the values X1 and X2 correspond with the values X(1) and X(2), respectively. Thus, for a solution to Equation 12, but limited to a 3-point filter, the necessary correlation signal data appears on the readout busses 130-132 and 133-135.
The system of FIG. 4 serves to solve Equation 12. The solution to Equation 12, limited to a 3-point filter, is indicated in Equations 14, 15 and 16. Equation 14 defines the magnitude of the signal to be applied from channel 62, FIG. 1, to summing unit 75. Equation 15 represents the magnitude of the signal to be applied by way of channel 61, and Equation 16 represents the relative magnitude of the signal to be applied by way ofchannel65.
Z(1) X1 X2 Z0 X0 X1 Z1 X1 X0 The operations illustrated in FIG. 4 may readily be performed for an inverted matrix by analog means so long as accuracy is maintained. Only addition, multiplication and division of voltages are involved in the operation of the computer of FIG. 4. The solutions to the Equations l4l6 are expressed in Equations 1719 which should be considered along with FIG. 4. The portion of the computer of FIG. 4 for computing the value of the filter point Y(1) has been illustrated in detail in the channel 140 of FIG. 4. Channels 141 and 142 are employed for obtaining the values for the filter points Y0 and Y 1.
Channel 140 involves nine multipliers, 151l59. The units 151156 and the associated circuits are employed to provide the solution to the numerator of Equation 17. The multipliers 157-159 are employed to provide a solution to the denominator of Equation 17.
A squaring unit 161 is connected to one input of the multiplier 151. A squaring unit 162 is connected to one input of the multiplier 152. A squaring unit 163 supplies one input of multiplier 156. A squaring unit 164 supplies one input of multiplier 157, and a squaring unit 165 supplies one input of multiplier 159. A unit 166 produces an output which is the cube of the input signal applied thereto.
In a similar manner, the output on line 173 is produced representing the third element of the numerator of Equation 17, namely the quantity X1X2Z0. The voltage on line 174 is produced representative of the fourth element of the numerator of Equation 17, namely the quantity ZIXOXZ. The voltage on line 175 is representative of the fifth element of the numerator of Equation 17. namely the quantity XlXOZO. The signal on line 176 is representative of the sixth or last element of the numerator of Equation l7. namely the quantity Z( -l )Xb[2.
it will be noted that the v tages on lines 174, 175 and 176 are applied to a summing unit 180 with a polarity which is opposite that of the voltages on lines 171-473. Thus. the output from the summing unit 180 appearing on the channel 181 is representative ofthe numerator of Equation l7.
Voltages are applied from the cube unit 166 and the multipliers 157, 158 and 159 to a summing unit 182. The output voltage from the summing unit 182 appearing on channel 183 represents the denominator of Equation 17. The signals on channels 181 and 183 are applied to a dividing unit 184. Thus. the output of the unit 184, as appearing on output channel 185, represents the solution to Equation 17.
The solution to Equation 18 is represented by a voltage appearing on the output channel 186 of the computer channel 141. A voltage representing the solution to Equation 19 appears on output channel 187 of the computer channel 142.
The channel 185 is connected by way of a switch 191 to a storage capacitor 192 which is connected to ground and, by way of a conductor 193, to a gain control input terminal 194 of an amplifier 195. In this system, an amplifier 195 in line 62 replaces the variable resistance 69 of FIG. 1 so that the signal from the delay drum 34 of HO. 1 will be amplified in proportion to the gain control voltage stored on capacitor 192 upon closure of switch 191. In a similar manner, control voltages are applied to amplifiers 196 and 197 representing the values of the solutions to Equations 18 and 19. Amplifier 196 may be considered as substituted for the impedance 68 of FIG. 1 and channel 61. The amplifier 197 may be considered as substituted for the resistance 72 in line 65 of FIG. 1. Thus, the output signals from amplifiers 195, 196 and 197 are applied to the inputs of the summing unit 75 of FIG. 1 with the instantaneous polarities of the voltages from amplifiers 195 and 197 opposite the polarity of the output voltage from amplifier 196.
Having described the invention in connection with certain specific embodiments thereof, it is to be understood that further modifications may now suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and it is intended to cover such modifications as fall within the scope of the appended claims.
What we claim is:
l. A method of suppressing multiple reflection energy in an electrical seismic trace comprising the steps of:
a. generating an electrical seismic trace representing the resultant seismic waves detected at a receiving location in response to a seismic disturbance created at a sending location, and
. causing an automatically operable-system to perform the steps of:
i. generating an electrical auto-correlation function of said electrical seismic trace,
ii. generating an electrical cross-correlation function of said electrical seismic trace and said electrical seismic trace delayed a time interval of the order of the record time of the primary reflection energy and over a time gate which excludes the primary reflection energy in said electrical seismic trace,
iii. generating control signals responsive to said electrical auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions proportional to said electrical cross-correlation function divided by said electrical auto-correlation function,
iv. successively time shifting said electrical seismic trace to produce a plurality of electrical traces and relatively modifying the electrical traces in response to said control signals, and
v. summing the time shifted and modified electrical traces to produce a composite electrical output trace. 2. A method of suppressing multiple reflection energy in an electrical seismic trace, comprising the steps of:
a. creating a seismic disturbance,
b. detecting the resultant seismic waves and producing an electrical seismic signal representative thereof, and
c. causing an automatically operable system to perform the steps of:
i. generating an electrical auto-correlation function of said electrical seismic trace,
ii. generating an electrical cross-correlation function of said electrical seismic trace and said electrical seismic trace delayed a time interval of the order of the record time interval of the primary reflection energy and over a time gate which excludes the primary reflection energy in said electrical seismic trace,
iii. generating control signals responsive to said electrical auto-correlation and cross-correlation functions proportional to said electrical cross-correlation function divided by said electrical auto-correlation function, iv. applying said electrical seismic trace to an uneven number of channels,
v. successively time shifting the electrical traces in some of said channels in a positive direction with respect to the electrical trace in one of said channels,
vi. successively time shifting the electrical traces in the other of said channels in a negative direction with respect to the electrical trace in said one of said channels,
vii. relatively modifying the electrical traces in said channels in accordance with said control signals, and
viii. summing the time shifted and modified electrical traces from said channels with the polarity of the electrical signal in said one of said channels reversed.
3. A method of suppressing multiple reflectionen ergy i555 electrical seismic trace comprising the steps of:
a. creating a seismic disturbance and detecting the resultant seismic waves to produce an electrical seismic trace representative thereof, and
. causing an automatically operable system to perform the i. storing said electrical seismic trace in at least two independently reproducible forms,
ii. cyclically reproducing the stored electrical seismic traces with successive changing time delays 035 'r to produce an electricalauto-correlation function of said electrical seismic trace,
iii. cyclically reproducing the stored electrical seismic traces with successively changing time delays Ti'r to produce an electrical cross-correlation function, where T is a time shift between the electrical seismic traces of the order of the record time producing primary reflection energy and any multiple thereof at a record time of iv. generating control signals responsive to said electrical cross-correlation and auto-correlation functions proportional to said electrical cross-correlation function divided by said electrical auto-correlation function,
v. reproducing one of said stored electrical seismic traces,
vi. successively time shifting the reproduced electrical seismic trace to produce a plurality of time shifted electrical traces, modifying said plurality of time shifted electrical traces in accordance with said control signals, and
vii. summing said time shifted and modified electrical traces to produce a composite electrical output trace.
4. The method of multiple suppression in seismic exploration which comprises:
a. generating and detecting seismic waves to produce a seismic signal trace which includes a primary reflection, and
. causing an automatically operable system to perform the steps of:
i. generating an auto-correlation function X of said signal trace for a plurality of delay intervals,
ii. generating a cross-correlation function Z for said plurality of delay intervals between (I) said signal trace undelayed and (2) said signal trace delayed a time interval of the order of the recordtime of the primary reflection and over a time gate which excludes the primary reflection in the undelayed signal trace, and
iii. time domain filtering said signal with relative amplitudes proportional to (Y,,,) .in the matrix (Y,,,) X=Z to suppress any multiple of said primary reflection in said signal trace at a record time of the order of twice the time of said primary reflection.
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I was so tired so I put my lo to sleep around 9:30. As soon as I put him down and got everything settled I been wide awake. It's now 12:15 and I'm still not tired... I bet you as soon as I go to sleep he's gonna wake up to eat. Lol usually I'm only on here before I go to bed so ima have to start making friends with you late nighters! Any takers??
grr why does this always happen!!
Posted 12/09/2012
Oh so another story /vent about step mom.... Everyone complains about mil but my step mom is just ridiculous some times... I really wanna punch her on occasions. So I had one rule during my pushing. No taking pics of my va jay jay. That's simple enough right? Well guess who gets all up in my junk and takes pics up close the whole Friggin time?? And when I asked to see the pics she avoided me and left with all these pics of that! I told her there better not be pics of that on there. She was lucky I had an epidural cuz I was trying to get out and attack her lol
Posted 12/09/2012
Jazmin I'm also sahm but sometimes going to the store for groceries is so much faster and easier alone
Posted 12/09/2012
And I understand I am a stay at home mom too and I don't have anyone I can trust able to watch him unless I wanna drive a half hr out so I do everything with him. Luckily he is a very content baby
Posted 12/09/2012
Wow. How dare she take pics down there??? I might have kicked her can out if her had with my feet as I "pushed" that is so disrespectful! Why didn't you ask her to leave?
Posted 12/09/2012
I wish my LO would refuse a bottle! :( We are having such a hard time nursing right now it's so stressful!
Omg Jasmine, my mom took a picture of the placenta.... just casually mixed in with pictures of my newborn haha
Posted 12/09/2012
I would have kicked her camera out of her hands with your foot while she was taking pictures down there*.
* fixed
* fixed
Posted 12/09/2012
Wow wtf? I would be so mad if my mom or anyone took pictures of my va jay jay. Like cant you just be happy that you got to see it in person, you gotta go and freeze it in time lol
Sophia - 9/2012
Baby #2 EDD- 1/2016
Posted 12/09/2012
Kamille I have heard that stress can cause lower milk supply.. But I know that's not the problem you are having..
Posted 12/09/2012
Right?? And I didn't know cuz I was too busy pushing and it burned and all I could do was look at my doctor and breathe and when my mom told me what my step mom did I flipped so she left and wouldn't get near me. I wouldnt let her see the baby the whole first month after he came out. Then she apologized and deleted the pics and whatever. But I still don't like her. And I don't think he likes her either. He always wants to be in my arms when she's there. But he loves my dad so I can't tell him he can't see the baby... Worst part about an evil step mom I guess.
Posted 12/09/2012
Hey ladies do you girls want to keep this thread going so we can talk to each other through out the day...?
What's on your mind?Create a new post
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Every film that has ever been nominated for an Academy Award in any category. Enjoy!
Walk the Line
2005 Directed by James Mangold
Love is a burning thing.
A chronicle of country music legend Johnny Cash's life, from his early days on an Arkansas cotton farm to his rise to fame with Sun Records in Memphis, where he recorded alongside Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis and Carl Perkins.
Art Direction
Popular reviewsMore
Based on several books written by the musician himself, Walk the Line tells the story of the famous influential singer Johnny Cash, focusing on his relationship with one of his wives, June Carter. Instead of depicting his entire career as a musician, the director decided to deepen the personal life of the Country singer.
Even though I am not particularly a big fan Country music, I've always liked and admired the famous Johnny Cash, so, watching this film was rather interesting as I got to know a little bit more about his less famous facade, such as his difficult relationship with his father, first wife and his famous partner, June Carter - which is basically the central point of the…
I ignored country music while I was growing up. In the 1960s, I was more tuned in to the "Age of Aquarius" and psychedelics than "Folsom Prison Blues" and amphetamines. It wasn't until I reached 30-something that I started to appreciate the soulfulness of Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings and, of course, "the man in black," Johnny Cash. So the time period of this biopic, from Cash's youth in Arkansas during WWII to his marriage to June Carter in 1968, covered new ground for me, including his first marriage, his touring with Jerry Lee Lewis and Roy Orbison, and his severe addiction to prescription drugs.
Joaquin Phoenix put in an Academy Award level performance as Cash, but it was Reese Witherspoon…
Biopics are one of my favorite genres of films. However unless you get just the right actor to play the person, it can be dead in the water before it even gets going. James Mangold did exactly that when he handed Joaquin Phoenix the role of a lifetime as legendary singer Johnnie Cash.
This musical biopic of one of country musics most enduring performers begins with the story of a young boy who grows into a man full of guilt, anger, and sorrow, before his redemption and the love of his life leads him to greatness. Cash's early life of hardship in Arkansas and his strained relationship with his father seem to have damaged his psyche and self esteem. Constantly…
Performances : 8.1/10
Story : 7.2/10
Production : 6.8/10
Overall : 7.37/10
Solid cast. Every character was well acted, even the smaller roles. It's definitely one of those films that feels longer than it really is, but there were no low points, it was very well paced.
There's nothing groundbreaking going on but it's a fun film, especially for fans of Cash.
Walk the Line is a pretty standard, by-the-numbers but still entertaining biopic that's mainly saved by two outstanding lead performances. I've been on a bit of a Joaquin Phoenix marathon recently, and his take on Johnny Cash is pretty remarkable. He didn't look much like Cash but you barely notice because of how good he is. Reese Witherspoon is also great. The music is another highlight, especially considering Phoenix didn't know how to play guitar before the film. The film's length is a problem, I watched the theatrical cut and still thought it was too long.
Thanks for 100 followers (finally)! As for the movie, it's really good.
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filed under why do I watch movies that make me cry my eyes out hm ok fine??? I'M ALRIGHT
Thanks for 100 followers (finally)! As for the movie, it's really good.
Version extendida.
La recordaba mejor, quizás es la versión extendida que se me ha hecho larga.
Unas actuaciones impecables y un guión que le ha faltado emoción.
Super Film!
"Hotter than a pepper sprout..."
With a backbone of old-timey music and cinematography that oozes style, Walk the Line had an unfair advantage in my book. But what it's more than that, a lot more.
The performances from Reese With-a-Spoon and Wha-Keen Phoenix demonstrate the difference between actors and movie stars. That's not to say they cant act; in WtL they create characters with depth and nuance in their performances that really draws you in. What makes the difference in this case is screen presence. They have that inditerminate quality that makes their presence on the big screen feel both natural and etherial.
This aspect of their performance is especially important given that Mr phoenix is playing Jonny Cash (an…
I doubt anyone else bar Phoenix could have really done this convincing and close a performance to a legitimate Johnny Cash. A testament to and another large footnote in his resume of intense performances.
Had a surprisingly good on-screen chemistry with Witherspoon who also throws in a surprisingly buoyant performance opposite to Phoenix.
#71 in my collection rewatch.
My comment on this film:
"A powerful and excellently directed biopic of one of my favorite singers and in fact quite possibly the closest I'll get to liking country music. Walk the Line features an amazing performance from one of my favorite actors, Joaquin Phoenix, who imitates Cash brilliantly."
When it comes to music biopics one of two things can happen. The first is that you get great performances by the actors but the story overall you don't care to revisit or you get great performances and a great story as well. Thankfully walk the line falls on the latter half. Joaquin Phoenix and Reese Witherspoon deliver fantastic performances. It is interesting seeing where Johnny Cash started to where he is by the end.
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Poster Art
Some posters I like.
A List of My Favourite Lists (By Others) On Letterboxd
Because my love of lists is pretty well-documented, I thought I'd be awfully meta about it make a list of…


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A metal-resin composite material consisting of a continuous metal matrix and a continuous resin matrix fabricated by hot-pressing a mixture of precursors, the precursors for the metal matrix including an elemental metal having a melting point below 450° C, the metal matrix including an intermetallic compound or alloy having a melting point above 500° C, and the continuous resin matrix being fabricable at a temperature above 250° C. Such composite materials have particular utility as a bonding matrix for premium abrasives such as diamond and boron nitride, to form grinding tools.
1. A method of making grinding wheels containing premium abrasives selected from the group consisting of diamond and abrasive boron nitride having a bond matrix consisting of two interlocked continuous phases, one of metal and one of an organic polymer which remains solid at 250° C and below, said metal matrix consisting of a least two metals at least one selected from the group consisting of tin, bismuth, and indium and at least one selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, tantalum, manganese, nickel, titanium, silver, and copper and including a phase melting above 250° C, comprising mixing powdered metal, including at least one metal melting below the temperature stability limit of the resin, with abrasive grits, and with an organic resin or resin precursor in powdered form, subjecting such mixture to heat and pressure in a mold such that the metal and resin individually coalesce to form continuous separate interlocked phases throughout which the abrasive particles are uniformly distributed.
2. A method as in claim 1 in which the resin employed is a polyimide powder.
3. A method as in claim 1 in which the volume ratio of resin to metal is 90/10 to 30/70.
4. A method as in claim 3 in which the abrasive grits are present in an amount of from 10 to 30 volume percent of the total bond plus abrasive volume, the resin is selected from the group consisting of phenol-formaldehyde and polyimide resins, the metal powders are copper and tin in a weight ratio of copper to tin of from 50/50 to 70/30, and the abrasive is copper clad diamond.
5. A method as in claim 3 in which the abrasive is nickel clad cubic boron nitride and the bond is phenol-formaldehyde resin.
6. A method as in claim 3 in which the premium abrasive containing matrix is mounted on a core of the same composition except that silicon carbide is substituted for the diamond.
This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Ser. No. 460,827, filed Apr. 15, 1974, and now abandoned.
This invention relates to a resin-metal composite material for use in fabricating articles for applications where heat stability, heat conductivity, strength, and frictional properties are important. The invention also relates to grinding wheels formed by bonding premium abrasives with the described resin-metal composite material to provide good wear resistance and abrasive retention.
British Pat. No. 1,279,413, published June 28, 1972, discloses a process for making abrasive tools, such as grinding wheels, wherein diamond abrasive grits are uniformly dispersed throughout a porous metal matrix, which matrix is then impregnated with a liquid resin, either a thermosetting pre-polymer, or a molten thermoplastic. The liquid resin fills all accessible pores in the metal matrix and is then cured or cooled to a solid condition. Such construction is intended to retain the advantages of the strength and heat conductivity of a metal bond, with the controlled wear properties of a resin bond, particularly in the dry grinding of cemented carbide tools.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,258,774 to Kuzmick, discloses forming diamond wheels by mixing the abrasive with a low melting metal powder composition and a powdered pre-polymer of a thermosetting resin, and molding tools by the application of pressure and heat to the mixture contained in a mold of the desired shape. The metal is selected to have a melting point between 55° C. and 327° C., said to be equal to or lower than the temperature developed in the wheel during the grinding operations. As a result, the metal melts during grinding so as to provide a lubricating action.
Although related in structure to the composite matrices of the British patent and of Kuzmick, the composite material of this invention is intended for different grinding applications than either prior art reference and thus differs materially in its physical properties and composition. In particular, it is designed for the wet grinding of cemented carbide although it also gives improved results in dry grinding.
Sears U.S. Pat. No. 3,523,773 discloses a composite glass-resin bond.
Applicant has discovered that grinding wheels which are particularly effective for the wet grinding of cemented carbide tools can be made by employing diamond grit bonded in a composite matrix of resin and metal so fabricated that all of the powder particles (both resin and metal) have been coalesced into solid continuous, or essentially continuous, phases. Neither the resin nor the metal then is a "filler" in the other, in the sense of a particulate powder, the powders having lost their identity as such in the application of heat and pressure.
In order to achieve the above-described result, it has been found necessary to employ, as the metal part of the system, a combination of metal powders which are fabricable below 450° C., but which, after fabrication, result in an intermetallic compound or an alloy which melts above 500° C. The limit of 450° C. is established by the recently available high temperature resins, none of which are sufficiently heat stable to be fabricated at temperatures above 450° C. It will be possible to increase this limit as resins of increasingly greater thermal stability are developed.
Of the possible metal systems, many are eliminated because of expense, toxicity, or chemical instability. The preferred systems require the presence of at least one elemental metal powder in the mix to be fabricated, selected from the group consisting of tin, bismuth, and indium. Tin will form intermetallic compounds (melting above 500° C.) with silver, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, nickel, tantalum, and titanium. Bismuth will form suitable intermetallics with manganese, nickel, and titanium, and indium will form suitable intermetallics with silver, cpper, manganese and nickel. Bonds may also be formed by combinations of the above systems, the only requirement being that the mix to be fabricated include a metal powder which will melt during fabrication and react with other metal present to form a metal phase having a melting point above 500° C.
Under processing conditions employed in this invention, it has been found that the elemental metals do not completely react with each other. Thus, when a copper-tin system is employed, the resulting product will include elemental tin, elemental copper, and the intermetallic Cu3 Sn and a lesser amount of other Cu-Sn intermetallics. The metal matrix in such a case is thus composed of three individual phases which form a single mechanically interconnecting or continuous matrix. A preferred embodiment of the invention employs resin bond type copper clad diamond, with a mixture of copper and tin powders as the precursor of the metal matrix. In this preferred embodiment, a portion of the elemental tin reacts with the copper cladding of the diamond to make the cladding a mechanically continuous part of the metal matrix of the bonding matrix. In cases where borazon (cubic boron nitride) is employed as the abrasive, in coated form, a nickel coated abrasive grain is preferred.
The resin phase of the matrix may be any bonding resin which is infusible in its final form. Thus the precursor for the resin phase of the bond may be a thermosetting pre-polymer such as a "B" stage phenolic powder, or may be a coalescible powder of an infusible polymer such as a polyimide as taught in U.S. Pat. No 3,523,773. By infusible, we mean a resin which does not melt upon heating to 250° C. This term thus includes thermosetting resins and high temperature essentially noncross-linked polymers such as the polyimides and polyphenylene sulfides, which can be molded by application of heat and pressure to the resin in a powdered form.
The bond of this invention may also include conventional finely divided particulate fillers heretofore employed in grinding wheels such as aluminum oxide, silicon carbide, and boron carbide as abrasive fillers, MoS2, polytetrafluoroethylene, graphite, hexagonal boron nitride, as lubricating fillers, and metal fillers that do not melt or coalesce to become part of the continuous metal matrix. Among these fillers, silicon carbide and graphite are preferred.
The operative ratio of metal to resin, by volume, for improved results against a standard commercial phenolic bonded diamond wheel of the same diamond content, is from 5/95 to 95/5, the preferred range is from 15/85 to 85/15, and the optimum range is from 55/45 to 75/25. The abrasive content can be as high as 65 volume percent, the preferred range is from 5 to 50% by volume, the optimum is from 10 to 30% by volume.
The metal powder, for forming the metal matrix of the bond, may contain from 10 to 80%, by weight of the low melting metal, preferably from 30 to 50% by weight, of the metal powders.
It is conventional in the art of making premium abrasive grinding wheels to fabricate wheels in which only the outer rim is fabricated with included premium abrasive grains. The core of the wheel to which the abrasive rim is attached can be prepared of the same or similar composition, exclusive of the premium abrasive (diamond or cubic boron nitride), as the abrasive rim, so as to match thermal expansion with, and enhance adhesion to, the grinding section. Silicon carbide may be substituted for diamond or boron nitride in the core material. For thin wheels (less than 3/32 inch or 2.5 mm) steel cores are preferred. Thick wheels (over 1/4 inch) may be cemented to filled phenolic cores.
When the work to be ground are tools of high speed steels or tool steels, cubic boron nitride abrasive is employed instead of diamond. In such cases, the preferred abrasive is cubic boron nitride having a nickel coating. For grinding T15 steel, phenol-formaldehyde resin is preferred over a polyimide, while for grinding 52100 steel, an infusible polyimide is preferred.
Whether diamond or boron nitride is the abrasive, the particular field of use of the wheels of this invention is in the shaping and sharpening by wet grinding of tools such as drills, rotating burrs and indexable inserts.
Metal powder, resin powder and diamond of the following kinds and amounts were homogeneously mixed:
______________________________________ Wt. (gm) Vol. %______________________________________Toray KC 5000 polyimide resin powder 1.65 18.4available from Toray IndustriesInc., Tokyo, JapanCopper Powder 16.81 27.4Tin Powder 13.81 27.4Diamond, 140/170 mesh, copper 4.54 18.7clad, resin bond typeCopper (as Coat on diamond) 4.54 8.1______________________________________
The mixture was placed in a ring mold and molded at 5 tons per square inch to a temperature of 350° C. (20 minutes to heat to 350°, then cooled to 100° C. and removed from mold). The ring was cemented to an aluminum filled phenolic resin core with epoxy cement to produce a 5 inch diameter, 3/16 inch thick grinding wheel with a 11/4 inch center hole. Grinding tests against a standard commercial phenolic bonded wheel, containing silicon carbide filler, and the same amount of diamond as the test wheel, showed an increase of better than 100% and up to 298% in efficiency in wet grinding cemented tungsten carbide. The test employed a surface grinder to grind a 22.64 square inch surface of Kennametal K3H cemented tungsten carbide; the conditions were:
Wheel speed: 4100-5300 surface feet per minute
Table traverse: 50 feet per minute
Unit cross-feed: 50 mils (.050 inches) per pass
Downfeed: 1 mil per pass for a total of 30 passes
Coolant: Standard commercial coolant diluted 40 to 1 with water (Norton Wheelmate 203)
In this application when reference is made to "abrasive boron nitride" we mean to refer to boron nitride in one of the crystal forms in which it is harder than aluminum oxide. One such form is cubic boron nitride, the other is the hexagonal (wurtzite structure) form. The other hexagonal form, analagous to graphite, is soft and not considered to be an abrasive.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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...Even at 25, I have a great deal of tutoring experience with a wide range of grade levels. Being younger, I am able to relate better to students, and often am able to connect with them on a personal level to get them to feel more comfortable, and subsequently comprehend more! Having also been in school more recently, I am more in tune with current teaching methods and concepts.
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Neffs, PAView Tutor
I am a graduate of Drew University with a double major in mathematics and computer science. I have tutored various students on all sorts of math ranging from high school algebra to college level calculus. While attending Drew, I was also a teaching assistant for Calculus I and was responsible for ...
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I earned my Bachelor's in Physics at Kutztown University of Pennsylvania and my PhD. at Lehigh University. While at Kutztown I worked as a tutor in Math, Physics, Economics, and almost tutored Organic Chemistry (I did rather well for the first lesson without even taking the course). I also worked a...
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...In the end, my paradigm as a teacher will always be to make myself progressively unnecessary.An introduction to algebra includes topics such as linear equations, ratios, quadratic equations, special factorizations, complex numbers, graphing linear and quadratic equations, linear and quadratic ine...
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Miss teen usa: beauty pageant, winners and contestants, 2015 miss teen usa pageant streaming live on august 22nd at 8pm et:::. Miss usa: beauty pageant, winners and contestants, The 2015 miss usa® pageant dominated digital stats during and after the telecast on july 12th. the pageant incorporated several different social and digital. Junior miss pageant 1999 | nudism life, Nudism life purenudism, family nudism, world nudism, nude beach, nudists vids, nudist pics, sport , nudist contests, art nudism, nudist only, purenudism siterip.
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i dedicate to you
Jan 2, 2007
Dr Doc, i dedicate to you the music of andy mckee...search him on youtube.. his music beautiful.. in particular the song'for my father' please listen to the songs and hope you feel what i feel... all the best. probably the guy uve helped the most on this forum.. -a dedicator...
Response from Dr. Frascino
Many thanks! I promise to check it out as soon as I get back to my trusty laptop at Hotel Prince de Galles or my desktop computer back in Los Altos. At the moment, I'm in a trendy Parisian cybercafé and want to save my euros for another espresso before heading to Follies Bergère for a French version of "Cabaret."
Happy Holidays.
Dr. Bob
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As part of President Obama's Climate Action Plan to create American jobs, develop domestic clean energy sources and cut carbon pollution, the Interior Department completed the nation's second competitive lease sale for renewable energy in federal waters, garnering $1,600,000 in high bids for 112,799 acres on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore Virginia.
Virginia Electric and Power Company is the provisional winner of the sale, which auctioned a Wind Energy Area approximately 23.5 nautical miles off Virginia Beach that has the potential to support 2,000 megawatts of wind generation – enough energy to power more than 700,000 homes.
The sale follows a July 31 auction of 164,750 acres offshore Rhode Island and Massachusetts for wind energy development that was provisionally won by Deepwater Wind New England, LLC, generating $3.8 million in high bids.
"This year's second offshore wind lease sale is another major milestone in the President's all-of-the-above energy strategy and demonstrates continued momentum behind a robust renewable energy portfolio that will help to keep our nation competitive and expand domestic energy production while cutting carbon pollution," said Secretary of the Interior Sally Jewell. "Today's sale is the result of a great deal of collaboration and planning with the Commonwealth of Virginia, which has been a leader in advancing offshore renewable energy for the Atlantic coast and an enthusiastic partner in this effort."
"Today's renewable energy lease sale offshore Virginia is another significant step forward in the President's call for action to address climate change and the Administration's all-of-the-above energy strategy," said Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Director Tommy Beaudreau. "I congratulate Virginia Electric and Power Company and we look forward to overseeing their development of the Virginia wind energy area, which will create jobs, increase our energy security and provide abundant sources of clean renewable power."
Efforts to spur responsible development of offshore wind energy are part of a series of Obama Administration actions to increase renewable energy both offshore and onshore by improving coordination with state, local and federal partners. The Virginia Renewable Energy Task Force has been a leading agent in intergovernmental collaboration for wind energy development offshore Virginia.
Since 2009, Interior has approved 47 wind, solar and geothermal utility-scale projects on public lands, including associated transmission corridors and infrastructure to connect to established power grids. When built, these projects could provide more than 13,300 megawatts – enough energy to power more than 4.6 million homes and support more than 19,000 construction and operations jobs.
As part of the President's comprehensive Climate Action Plan, he has challenged Interior to re-double efforts on its renewable energy program by approving an additional 10,000 megawatts of renewable energy production on public lands and waters by 2020.
At the same time, under the Administration's all-of-the-above energy strategy, domestic oil and gas production has grown each year President Obama has been in office, with domestic oil production currently higher than at any time in two decades; natural gas production at its highest level ever; and renewable electricity generation from wind, solar, and geothermal sources having doubled. Combined with recent declines in oil consumption, net oil imports in 2012 fell to the lowest level in 20 years."
BOEM auctioned the Wind Energy Area offshore Virginia as a single lease, containing 19 whole Outer Continental Shelf blocks and 13 sub-blocks. For a map of the Wind Energy Area, click here.
The auction lasted 1 day, consisting of 6 rounds before determining the provisional winner. In addition to Virginia Electric and Power Company the following company participated in the auction: Apex Virginia Offshore Wind, LLC. Following the auction, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Federal Trade Commission, will have 30 days in which to complete an antitrust review of the auction.
The lease will have a preliminary term of six months in which to submit a Site Assessment Plan to BOEM for approval. A Site Assessment Plan describes the activities (e.g., installation of meteorological towers and buoys) the lessee plans to perform for the assessment of the wind resources and ocean conditions of its commercial lease.
After a Site Assessment Plan is approved, the lessee will have up to four and a half years in which to submit a Construction and Operations Plan (COP) for approval, which provides a detailed outline for the construction and operation of a wind energy project on the lease. If the COP is approved, the lessee will have an operations term of 33 years.
BOEM is expected to announce additional auctions for Wind Energy Areas offshore Maryland, New Jersey, and Massachusetts later this year and in 2014.
One of the largest Italian tug owners, Fratelli Neri S.p.A, ordered its first Damen tug, an ASD 3212, on 21 July 2015.
The vessel will be the first ASD tug
NOIA President Randall Luthi issued the following statement on the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee's passage of the OPENS Act, which will open new
Shell Oil's icebreaker MSV Fennica weaved through nine remaining protesters hanging from the St. Johns Bridge and made its way toward the Pacific Ocean.
A fire broke out on board USS Mount Whitney (LCC 20) while the ship was in Viktor Lenac Shipyard (Rijeka, Croatia) July 31, 2015.
There were no personnel injuries in the fire,
The Coast Guard is investigating a report made July 29, 2015, by beachgoers of tar balls on the beach in Makaha on Oahu, Hawaii.
Coast Guard Sector Honolulu
Gov. Terry McAuliffe encouraged Virginians to get ready for hurricane season and provided an update on the commonwealth's preparations Friday at a press conference
Optimized Tug-Barge System Designs by Robert Allan Ltd.
by David R. Connand Robert G. Allan, P.Eng.
Some veteran Mississippi pushboats and barges have been
U.S. energy firms added 5 oil rigs this week after putting 21 rigs into service last week, the most in over a year, despite a collapse in U.S. crude prices from recent highs in June,
West African crude oil exports to Asia were expected to fall to 1.84 million barrels per day (bpd) in August, Reuters data and a survey of traders showed.
On July 31, Border Patrol Search Trauma and Rescue (BORSTAR) agents and CBP Office of Air and Marine rescued a man who was reported missing the previous morning.
Thordon Bearings has received an order to supply its COMPAC system to two Alaska Ferry newbuilds under construction at the Vigor Industrial shipyard in Ketchikan, Alaska.


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Gunmen in Egypt kill guard outside Niger embassy (Reuters)
from the article: Israeli 'spy vulture' caught in Sudan, Middle Eastern media report


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I applied through an employee referral. The process took 4+ weeks – interviewed at ADI in April 2010.
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John Morrison Talks About Being Away from WWE, Getting Into Acting, and More
by Amish Patel - August 05, 2012
Big Smoothie from 95X of Syracuse, New York recently interviewed John Morrison, here are some highlights.
What he enjoys most about being away from WWE: "It's nice to be in charge of my own destiny. That WWE express train pretty much monopolizes your own time. You're doing shows around the world non-stop, over 200 shows a year. You don't have time to pursue your own projects, or have many creative thoughts of your own. So, to be able to enjoy my family and friends, go surfing more, and work on some acting stuff, some stunt fighting, things that I've been wanting to do for a long time that I didn't have time to do recently has been pretty cool."
Trying to get more acting gigs: "If you are going to try to get into acting, there are more opportunities in Los Angeles, where I happen to live so I'm pretty fortunate."
Input for his character on the independent circuit: "The best thing that I get… what I wanted while I was there was autonomy; Autonomy to have my own ideas to have my own platform to do what I want to do and see that come to fruition, which is really cool. Basically, having that blank canvas, being able to do what I want makes is what will happen tonight."
The Hottest WWE news, photos and videos delivered to your inbox in one convenient newsletter. Sign up now and give it a try!
|Hulk Hogan Makes Gay Slurs In Leaked Sex Tape - Read His Comments Here
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|Update On WWE Diva Suffering A Concussion During Monday's Episode Of RAW


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The following tags matches your search terms: SilkAir
There are at least 3 ongoing events matching your search
We found 44 results in our internal search. The following list displays all posts that have prices, sales, events or other happenings related to Silkair in Singapore, with the latest (July 2015) first.
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Events for August 2015
National Theatre Live: Othello
When: 09/26/2013
Shakespeare enthusiasts should head over to NYU Skirball Center for the Performing Arts to enjoy National Theatre LiveŌĆÖs presentation of Othello. This modern presentation of a ShakespeareŌĆÖs classic tells the story of Othello, a recently married solider, who is promoted to being a leader of a military operation over another jealous soldier, Iago. Viewers will have to watch to see how IagoŌĆÖs revenge unfolds.┬Ā
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A fusion of rich and raw materials in our lobby to create the perfect Urban Zen #GuestPhotoOfTheWeek @thegodsofwomen http://t.co/R7wMWb6PQNRead More
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Bright city lights and a spectacular uptown NYC view. Thank you for sharing,@ncldsl. It's our guest ...Read More
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Many Yazidis Remain In ISIS Captivity
Kurdish authorities have revealed that thousands of Yazidis still remain missing and are believed to be held by ISIS militants.
'It's Not The English Channel That Will Scare Them'
Roughly 137,000 North African and Middle Eastern migrants have arrived in Greece, Italy, Hungary and other parts of Europe since January 2015.
Allure Bashed For White Woman's Guide To Afros
In the wake of its afro tutorial, Allure is the latest beauty mag to be accused of cultural appropriation.
Foreign Drug Companies Leverage Lower Tax Rates In Pharma Deals
U.S. regulators have cracked down on tax inversions, so companies have begun striking a new kind of deal.
Obama's Climate Plan Under Attack
Legal challenges by coal states and industry groups could not only dismantle the president's clean power proposal but hamstring future policies.
Snapchat Will Launch 'Live Story' For GOP Debate
The disappearing-messaging app will take viewers behind the scenes of Thursday's Republican debate on Fox News.
Cyberattacks: Why We're So Vulnerable
"There's no doubt that over the past few years the capabilities of everyone have increased," says former U.S. Army Cyber Command chief.
Latest News
- IMF Review Recommends Delaying Currency Basket Adoption Of Yuan
- Police In California Try To Block Video Of Raid On Pot Dispensary
- 'I Will Not Apologize For Being Racist As I Am NOT'
- Kravitz's Manhood Wanted To 'Fly Away' Amid Wardrobe Malfunction
- Putin Spokesman Wears Reported $620,000 Watch
- Massive Sinkhole Emerges In Brooklyn
- Japanese Bill Would Outlaw Discrimination Against Koreans
- Congressional Black Caucus Slams Tech's Lack Of Diversity


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Middle East Peace
President Clinton talked about the Wye River Peace Accords and about the Palestinian people's needs for improvement in health care,… read more
President Clinton talked about the Wye River Peace Accords and about the Palestinian people's needs for improvement in health care, living conditions, education and other areas. He stated that the United States and others need to give economic assistance to Israel and the Palestinians. close
*The transcript for this program was compiled from uncorrected Closed Captioning.
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Comments about 'In Mass. Senate race, GOP's Brown embracing Obama'
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Salt Lake City, UT
'While many Republican lawmakers have used Obama as the ultimate campaign foil,
Brown has touted his bipartisanship as a key asset in his re-election bid as he
hopes to fend off a challenge from his chief Democratic rival Elizabeth Warren.'
- article
My friends have told me a lot of good things about Elizabeth Warren.
However, to be fair, I have not done enough research on Scott Brown.
it is nice to see some BIPARTISAN work being done.
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6 Teensy Tiny Dwellings
By "tiny," we don't mean cramped cottages or starter apartments. We mean houses the size of parking spots. These six dwellings are on the cutting-edge of the micro-housing movement.written by: Luke Hopping03.03.15
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7 Stunning Waterfront Structures
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8 Companies That Are Revolutionizing Kit Homes
With seemingly limitless plans, styles, and sizes, kit homes are an intriguing alternative for homebuyers. We've rounded up eight innovative companies whose products range from disaster relief...written by: Emily Shapiro03.01.15
A Renovation Reconnects a House to its Louisiana Landscape
A modern makeover puts a Baton Rouge home in touch with its picturesque surroundings.written by: Zachary Edelsonphotos by: Kevin Duffy03.01.15
A Dramatic Cliffside Kitchen Gets a Sharp and Sculptural Update
In North Vancouver, D'Arcy Jones Architecture undertook a methodical kitchen renovation on behalf of a creative couple.written by: Zachary Edelsonphotos by: Sama Jim Canzian03.01.15
A Bright Office Addition in Cape Cod
An East Falmouth couple reached out to New York-based firm Present Architecture to create a bright home office in tune with their existing home and garden.written by: Emily Shapirophotos by: Robert Deitchler03.01.15
5 Stunning Kitchens With Skylights
The skylights in these modern kitchens throw daylight—and moonlight—onto cooking surfaces at meal times.02.27.15
6 Space-Savvy San Francisco Renovations
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In Montreal, a Modern Addition Captures Views of the Horizon
A young firm updates a midcentury house with a contemporary two-story expansion.photos by: Charles Lanteigne02.25.15
New Addition Yanks a New England Home into the 21st-Century
A pavilion adds modern edge to a Dutch Colonial–style house in Rhode Island.written by: Dora Sapunarphotos by: John Horner02.24.15
5 Pretty Sitting Rooms
These living rooms are as nice to look at as they are to lounge in.02.24.15
A Sophisticated Renovation of a 19th Century Manhattan Town House
Historic details and modern interventions commune in two bathrooms in a renovated West Village town house.written by: Diana Buddsphotos by: Chris Cooper02.24.15
House of the Week: Historic Hybrid in Phoenix
Every week, we highlight one amazing Dwell home that went viral on Pinterest. Follow Dwell's Pinterest account for more daily design inspiration.02.24.15
Light-Filled Renovation Brings Cohesion to a San Francisco Home
A couple bring cohesion to an architectural mishmash in San Francisco.written by: Erika Heetphotos by: Grant Harder02.24.15
Who Knew a Relaxed Tropical Retreat Could Be Made of Shipping Containers
This modern residence and gallery near San Jose, Costa Rica uses metal boxes like puzzle pieces to create a photographer's dream home.written by: Patrick Sisson02.23.15
1830 Schoolhouse Salvaged as a Cozy Cabin
Joining Shobac—a historic farm in Nova Scotia now filled with cabins available for rent—is a 1830 schoolhouse converted into a two-bedroom cottage. Rehabilitated by Brian MacKay-Lyons of MacKay...02.23.15
Vacation Home in the California Desert is a Modernist Oasis
A Canadian family's getaway in the California desert.written by: Margot Doughertyphotos by: Noah Webb02.22.15
A Family Ski Retreat That's a World Away from Cars and Cares
San Francisco–based designer Maca Huneeus created her family's weekend retreat near Lake Tahoe with a relaxed, sophisticated sensibility.written by: Dwell Staffphotos by: Matthew Williams02.22.15
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A Modern Family Home in Ecuador
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A Plugged-In Home Rises in Prague
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In China, a Library Doubles as an Earthquake Memorial
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Amazing House is Half Historic and Half Modern
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Prefab Spotlight: Turkel Design
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