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A stereo enhancement system processes the difference signal component generated from a pair of left and right input signals to create a broadened stereo image reproduced through a pair of speakers or through a surround sound system. Processing of the difference signal component occurs through equalization characterized by amplification of the low and high range of auditory frequencies. The processed difference signal is combined with a sum signal, generated from the left and right input signals, and the original left and right input signals to create enhanced left and right output signals.
1. An audio enhancement system uniquely adapted for use in a near-field audio reproduction system such as a portable stereo system or a multimedia computer system, said audio reproduction system having a relatively low-power capability and having speakers placed in front of and nearby a listener, comprising:
a first summing network inputting left and right input signals supplied by said audio reproduction system to generate a difference signal and a sum signal, whereby the amount of stereo information present in the left and right input signals is represented by said difference signal, and whereby the sum of said left and right signals is denoted as said sum signal;
an equalizer connected to said first summing network, said equalizer modifying the frequency response of said difference signal to create a processed difference signal having a level of equalization varying with respect to the frequency component of said processed difference signal, wherein the level of equalization is adapted to exploit the acoustics of a human ear and especially those unique to a near-field audio system, said level of equalization characterized by:
a maximum gain occurring at a maximum-gain frequency of approximately 100 to 150 Hz, a minimum gain occurring at a minimum-gain frequency of approximately 1680 to 2520 Hz, and a mid-gain of approximately one-half the difference between said maximum gain and said minimum gain occurring at a mid-gain frequency of approximately 5600 to 8400 Hz;
bass attenuation of said difference signal relative to said maximum gain, said bass attenuation occurring below said maximum-gain frequency and increasing with a reduction in difference-signal frequency to prevent overamplification of said speakers;
mid-range attenuation of said difference signal relative to said maximum gain, said mid-range attenuation occurring above said maximum gain frequency and increasing with a corresponding increase in difference-signal frequency up to said minimum-gain frequency, said mid-range attenuation decreasing above said minimum-gain frequency with an increase in difference-signal frequency up to said mid-gain frequency; and
a second summing network receiving said processed difference signal and combining said processed difference signal with said sum signal and said left input signal to create an enhanced left output signal, said second summing network also combining said processed difference signal with said sum signal and said right input signal to create an enhanced right output signal, said left and right enhanced output signals provided to said speakers by said audio reproduction device.
2. The audio enhancement system of claim 1 wherein said first summing network comprises a first amplifier receiving said left and right input signals and generating a sum signal, and comprises a second amplifier receiving said sum signal and said left input signal for generating a difference signal.
3. The audio enhancement system of claim 2 wherein said first and second amplifiers are configured as inverting summing amplifiers, said first amplifier having an inverting input receiving the left and right input signals and a non-inverting input connected to ground, said second amplifier having an inverting input receiving said sum signal and the left input signal and a non-inverting input connected to ground.
4. The audio enhancement system of claim 1 wherein said first summing network comprises a first amplifier receiving said left and right input signals and generating a sum signal, and comprises a second amplifier receiving said left and right input signals and generating a difference signal.
5. The audio enhancement system of claim 1 wherein said equalizer comprises at least one high-pass filter and at least one low-pass filter, said high-pass and low-pass filters constructed with passive components.
6. The audio enhancement system of claim 1 wherein said equalizer is implemented by a digital signal processor.
7. The audio enhancement system of claim 1 wherein said bass attenuation is increasing at a rate of approximately 6 decibels per octave, said mid-range attenuation is increasing below said minimum-gain frequency at a rate of approximately 6 decibels per octave, and said mid-range attenuation is decreasing above said minimum-gain frequency at a rate of approximately 6 decibels per octave.
8. An apparatus for creating a broadened stereo image from left and right stereo input signals played through a pair of speakers comprising:
a first electronic adder for generating a difference signal from said left and right stereo signals, said difference signal representing the amount of stereo information contained in said left and right signals;
a second electronic adder for generating a sum signal from said left and right stereo signals, said sum signal representing the amount of center stage information contained in said left and right signals;
an equalizer for altering the frequency response of said difference signal to create a processed difference signal by applying a perspective curve to said difference signal, said perspective curve characterized by a maximum gain within a first frequency range of 100 to 150 hertz and said curve characterized by a minimum gain within a second frequency range of 1680 to 2520 kHz wherein said curve decreases at a rate of approximately 6 decibels per octave below the first frequency range and above the first frequency range towards the second frequency range, said curve further increasing at a rate of approximately 6 decibels per octave above the second frequency range;
a third electronic adder for combining said processed difference signal with said sum signal and said left signal to create a left output signal; and
a fourth electronic adder for combining said processed difference signal with said sum signal and said right signal to create a right output signal.
9. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said maximum gain and said minimum gain are separated by approximately 12 decibels.
10. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said apparatus is implemented by a digital signal processor.
11. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said equalizer is passive and said perspective curve is fixed.
12. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said perspective curve is adjustable to raise or lower said maximum and minimum gain frequencies with said maximum gain range and said minimum gain range.
13. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said difference signal combined by said third electronic adder is 180 degrees out of phase with said difference signal combined by said fourth electronic adder.
14. A method of generating enhanced left and right stereo output signals from left and right stereo input signals to create a broadened stereo image when said left and right output signals are played through a pair of speakers, said method comprising the following steps:
filtering said left and right stereo input signals with a high-pass filter to generate conditioned left and right stereo signals having attenuated bass-frequency components;
generating a difference signal representing the difference of said conditioned left and right stereo input signals;
generating a sum signal representing the sum of said left and right stereo input signals;
equalizing said difference signal substantially across the audible frequency spectrum to create a processed difference signal, said processed difference signal having a varying frequency response, said frequency response characterized by a maximum gain within the frequency range of 100 to 150 hz and above 7 khz, and said frequency response characterized by a minimum gain within the frequency range of 1680 to 2520 hz and below 30 hz;
combining said processed difference signal with said sum signal and said left stereo input signal to create said enhanced left output signal; and
combining said processed difference signal with said sum signal and said right stereo input signal to create said enhanced right output signal.
15. The method of generating enhanced left and right stereo output signals of claim 14 wherein separation between said maximum gain and said minimum gain is adjustable between a level of 10 decibels (dB) to 14 dB.
16. The method of generating enhanced left and right stereo output signals of claim 15 wherein separation between said maximum gain and said minimum gain is fixed at approximately 12 dB.
This invention relates generally to audio enhancement systems, and especially those systems and methods designed to improve the realism of stereo sound reproduction. More particularly, this invention relates to apparatus for broadening the sound image created from amplification of stereo signals through a pair of loudspeakers, without introducing unnatural phase-shift or time-delays within the stereo signals.
Those actively involved in audio or audio-visual industries have continually strived to overcome the imperfections of reproduced sound. Presently, with the onslaught of interactive multimedia computer systems, and other audio-visual advances, the concern over audio quality has heightened. Consequently, there are renewed efforts among the audio industry to develop technological improvements in sound recordings and their reproduction.
Imperfections of reproduced sound can result from, among other things, microphones which ineffectively record sound, and speakers which ineffectively reproduce recorded sound. Attempts at sound image enhancement by those in the relevant industries have resulted in methods which record and encode the positional information of a sound's origin along with the sound information itself. Such methods include the multi-channel surround systems which operate using specially encoded audio information, and special decoding systems to interpret the information.
Sound enhancement systems which do not require specially recorded sound are typically less complex and much less expensive. Such systems include those which introduce unnatural time-delays or phase-shifts between left and right signal sources. Many of these systems attempt to compensate for the inability of a microphone to mimic the frequency response of a human ear. These systems may also attempt to compensate for the fact that, because of the location of a speaker, the perceived direction of sound emanating from that speaker may be inconsistent with the original location of the sound. Although the foregoing systems attempt to reproduce sound in a more realistic and life-like manner, use of such methods have resulted in mixed results in the competitive audio enhancement field.
Other sound enhancement techniques operate on what are termed sum and difference signals. The sum and difference signals represent the sum of left and right stereo signals, and the difference between left and right stereo signals, respectively.
It is known that boosting the level of difference signal in a pair of stereo left and right signals can widen a perceived sound image projected from a pair of loudspeakers, or other electroacoustic transducers, placed in front of a listener. The widened sound image results from amplification of ambient or reverberant sounds which are present in the difference signal. This ambient sound is readily perceived in a live sound stage at the appropriate level. In a recorded performance, however, the ambient sounds are masked by the direct sounds, and are not perceived at the same level as a live performance.
There have been many attempts to improve ambient sound information from a recorded performance by indiscriminately increasing the difference signal over a broad frequency spectrum. An indiscriminate increase in the difference signal, however, can undesirably affect a person's sound perception. For example, boosting of the difference signal in the mid-range of audio frequencies can lead to sound perception which is overly sensitive to the position of a listener's head.
A critically-acclaimed sound enhancement technique which processes the sum and difference signals is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,748,669 and 4,866,774 both issued to Arnold Klayman, the same inventor for the invention disclosed in the present application.
As disclosed in both the '669 and the '774 patents, a sound enhancement system provides either dynamic or fixed equalization of the difference signal in selected frequency bands. In such a system, equalization of the difference signal is provided to boost the difference signal components of lower intensity without overemphasizing the stronger difference signal components. The stronger difference signal components are typically found in a mid-range of frequencies of approximately 1 to 4 KHz. These same mid-range of frequencies correspond to those which the human ear has heightened sensitivity. The various embodiments of the systems disclosed in the '669 and '774 patents also equalize the relative amplitudes of the sum signal in specific frequency bands to prevent the sum signal from being overwhelmed by the difference signal. Moreover, the level of difference-signal boost provided by the '669 and '774 enhancement systems is a function of the sum signal itself.
The specific advantages of selectively boosting the sum and difference signals in light of the human auditory response characteristics, is fully disclosed in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 4,748,669 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,866,774.
Even with the foregoing audio enhancement techniques, there is a need for an audio enhancement system that can provide high quality stereo image enhancement and which can meet all of the demands of the burgeoning computer multimedia market, and those of the audio and audio-visual markets in general. The stereo enhancement system disclosed herein fulfills this need.
The apparatus and method disclosed herein for creating a wider sound image is an improvement over the related stereo enhancement systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,738,669 and 4,866,744, both of which are incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein. This improved system has already achieved wide critical acclaim. For example, in the November 1994 issue of Multimedia World, one author describes the present invention as something which "looks like it's going to be the next big thing on the multimedia PC, and for good reason: It works." Moreover, with respect to the same stereo enhancement system, the September 1994 issue of PC Gamer magazine writes: "Of all the various advances in audio technology over the past couple of years, none is as impressive."
The explosion of the computer multimedia market has created a huge class of audio and/or audio-visual systems which are ideally configured for a stereo enhancement system that can broaden a sound field emanating from two speakers. For example, most computer implementations of sound enhancement systems require simplistic circuits which are very inexpensive and which occupy very little space.
Sound generated on multimedia computer systems is typically retrieved as digital information stored on a CD-ROM, or on some other digital storage medium. Unlike analog sound-storage media, digital sound information, and in particular stereo information, is more accurately stored across a broader frequency spectrum. The presence of this information can have a significant impact on methods of stereo enhancement. In addition, amplification or enhancement of such digitally-stored sound may tend to overdrive computer audio amplifiers or computer speakers, which may be relatively "low-power" devices. This concern is particularly relevant in the lower, i.e., bass, frequencies where over-amplification can cause amplifier "clipping," and may severely damage the low-power speakers of computer systems or television sets.
Accordingly, a stereo enhancement system is disclosed which produces a realistic stereo image projected across a larger listening area. The resulting stereo enhancement is particularly effective when applied to a pair of speakers placed in front of a listener. However, the enhancement system disclosed herein may also be used with any of the current surround-sound type systems to help broaden the overall sound image and remove identifiable point sources.
Creating an award-winning stereo sound image which envelopes the listener is accomplished through a surprisingly simplistic circuit structure. In a preferred embodiment, the stereo enhancement system comprises a circuit for generating a set of sum and difference signals from left and right input source signals. The amplitude levels of the generated sum and difference signals may be fixed at a predetermined level or they may be manually adjusted by an operator of the stereo enhancement system. In addition, the left and right input source signals may be actual or synthetically generated stereo signals.
Passive component circuitry is used to spectrally shape, or equalize, the difference signal to enhance the frequency components which are statistically of low-intensity. Equalization of the low-intensity difference signal components occurs without inappropriately boosting the corresponding mid-range frequency components. In sound systems which may be unable to accommodate excessive difference-signal gain among the bass frequencies, a high-pass filter limits the amplification of these frequency components.
Shaping of the difference signal enhances any ambient or reverberant sound effects which may be present in the difference signal but masked by more intense direct-field sounds. The equalized difference signal is recombined with the sum signal and the left and right input signals, respectively, to generate enhanced left and right output signals.
The enhancement system disclosed herein may be readily implemented by a digital signal processor, with discrete circuit components, or as a hybrid circuit structure. Because of its unique circuit structure and accommodation of low-power audio devices, the enhancement system is particularly desirable in audio systems which are inexpensive, those which operate with relatively low-power output signals, and those which have limited space for incorporating an enhancement system.
The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following particular description thereof presented in conjunction with the following drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a stereo enhancement system for generating a broadened stereo image from a pair of input stereo signals.
FIG. 2 is a graphical display of the frequency response of a perspective enhancement curve applied to the difference signal stereo component.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of a stereo enhancement system for generating a broadened stereo image from a pair of input stereo signals.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of an alternative embodiment of a stereo enhancement system for generating a broadened stereo image from a pair of input stereo signals.
Referring initially to FIG. 1, a functional block diagram is shown depicting a preferred embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 1, a stereo enhancement system 10 inputs a left stereo signal 12 and a right stereo signal 14. The left and right stereo signals 12 and 14 are fed to a first summing device 16, e.g., an electronic adder, along paths 18 and 20, respectively. A sum signal, representing the sum of the left and right stereo signals 12 and 14, is generated by the summing device 16 at its output 22.
The left stereo signal 12 is connected along a path 24 to an audio filter 28, while the right stereo signal 14 is connected along a path 26 to an audio filter 30. The outputs of the filters 28 and 30 are fed to a second summing device 32. The summing device 32 generates a difference signal at an output 34 which represents the difference of the filtered left and right input signals. The filters 28 and 30 are pre-conditioning high-pass filters which are designed to reduce the bass components present in the difference signal. A reduction in difference-signal bass components is performed in accordance with a preferred embodiment for reasons set forth below.
The summing device 16 and the summing device 32 form a summing network having output signals individually fed to separate level-adjusting devices 36 and 38. The devices 36 and 38 are ideally potentiometers or similar variable-impedance devices. Adjustment of the devices 36 and 38 is typically performed manually by a user to control the base level of sum and difference signal present in the output signals. This allows a user to tailor the level and aspect of stereo enhancement according to the type of sound reproduced, and depending on the user's personal preferences. An increase in the level of the sum signal emphasizes the audio signals appearing at a center stage positioned between a pair of speakers. Conversely, an increase in the level of difference signal emphasizes the ambient sound information creating the perception of a wider sound image. In some audio arrangements where the parameters of music type and system configuration are known, or where manual adjustment is not practical, the adjustment devices 36 and 38 may be eliminated and the sum and difference-signal levels fixed at a predetermined value.
The output of the device 38 is fed into an equalizer 40 at an input 42. The equalizer 40 spectrally shapes the difference signal appearing at input 42 by separately applying a low-pass audio filter 44, a high-pass audio filter 48, and an attenuation circuit 46 to the difference signal as shown. Output signals from the filters 44, 48, and the circuit 46 exit the equalizer 40 along paths 50, 54, and 52, respectively.
The modified difference signals transferred along paths 50, 52, and 54 make up the components of a processed difference signal, (L-R)p. These components are fed into a summing network comprising a summing device 56 and a summing device 58. The summing device 56 also receives the sum signal output from the device 36, as well as the original left stereo signal 12. All five of these signals are added within the summing device 58 to produce an enhanced left output signal 60.
Similarly, the modified difference signals from the equalizer 40, the sum signal, and the original right stereo signal 14 are combined within the summing device 56 to produce an enhanced right output signal 62. The components of the difference signal originating along paths 50, 52, and 54 are inverted by the summing device 56 to produce a difference signal for the right speaker, (R-L)p, which is 180 degrees out-of-phase from that of the left speaker.
The overall spectral shaping, i.e., normalization, of the difference signal occurs as the summing devices 56 and 58 combine the filtered and attenuated components of the difference signal to create the left and right output signals 60 and 62. Accordingly, the enhanced left and right output signals 60 and 62 produce a much improved audio effect because ambient sounds are selectively emphasized to fully encompass a listener within a reproduced sound stage. The left and right output signals 60 and 62 are represented by the following mathematical formulas:
Lout =Lin +K1 (L+R)+K2 (L-R)p (1)
Rout =Rin +K1 (L+R)-K2 (L-R)p (2)
It should be noted that input signals Lin and Rin in the equations above are typically stereo source signals, but may also be synthetically generated from a monophonic source. One such method of stereo synthesis which may be used with the present invention is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,841,572, also issued to Arnold Klayman and incorporated herein by reference. Moreover, as discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,748,669, the enhanced left and right output signals represented above may be magnetically or electronically stored on various recording media, such as vinyl records, compact discs, digital or analog audio tape, or computer data storage media. Enhanced left and right output signals which have been stored may then be reproduced by a conventional stereo reproduction system to achieve the same level of stereo image enhancement.
The signal (L-R)p in the equations above represents the processed difference signal which has been spectrally shaped according to the present invention. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, modification of the difference signal is represented by the frequency response depicted in FIG. 2, which is labeled the enhancement perspective, or normalization, curve 70.
The perspective curve 70 is displayed as a function of gain, measured in decibels, against audible frequencies displayed in log format. According to a preferred embodiment, the perspective curve 70 has a peak gain of approximately 10 dB at a point A located at approximately 125 Hz. The gain of the perspective curve 70 decreases above and below 125 Hz at a rate of approximately 6 dB per octave. The perspective curve 70 applies a minimum gain of -2 dB to the difference signal at a point B of approximately 2.1 Khz. The gain increases above 2.1 Khz at a rate of 6 dB per octave up to a point C at approximately 7 Khz, and then continues to increase up to approximately 20 Khz, i.e., approximately the highest frequency audible to the human ear. Although the overall equalization of the perspective curve 70 is accomplished using high-pass and low-pass filters, it is possible to also use a band-rejection filter, having a minimum gain at point B, in conjunction with a high-pass filter to obtain a similar perspective curve.
In a preferred embodiment, the gain separation between points A and B of the perspective curve 70 is ideally designed to be 12 dB, and the gain separation between points B and C should be approximately 6 dB. These figures are design constraints and the actual figures will likely vary from circuit to circuit depending on the actual value of components used. If the signal level devices 36 and 38 are fixed, then the perspective curve 70 will remain constant. However, adjustment of the device 38 will slightly vary the gain separation between points A and B, and points B and C. If the maximum gain separation is significantly less than 12 dB, the resulting effect is an increase in the mid-range amplification which can create an uncomfortable listening experience. Conversely, a gain separation much larger than 12 dB tends to reduce a listener's perception of mid-range definition.
Implementation of the perspective curve by a digital signal processor will, in most cases, more accurately reflect the design constraints discussed above. For an analog implementation, it is acceptable if the frequencies corresponding to points A, B, and C, and the constraints on gain separation, vary by plus or minus 20 percent. Such a deviation from the ideal specifications will still produce the desired stereo enhancement effect, although with less than optimum results.
As can be seen in FIG. 2, difference signal frequencies below 125 Hz receive a decreased amount of boost, if any, through the application of the perspective curve 70. This decrease is intended to avoid over-amplification of very low, i.e., bass, frequencies. With many audio reproduction systems, amplifying an audio difference signal in this low-frequency range can create an unpleasurable and unrealistic sound image having too much bass response. These audio reproduction systems include near-field or low-power audio systems, such as multimedia computer systems, as well as home stereo systems.
The stereo enhancement provided by the present invention is uniquely adapted to take advantage of high-quality stereo recordings. Specifically, unlike previous analog tape or vinyl album recordings, today's digitally stored sound recordings contain difference signal, i.e. stereo, information throughout a broader frequency spectrum, including the bass frequencies. Excessive amplification of the difference signal within these frequencies is therefore not required to obtain adequate bass response.
Currently, there is a rapidly-increasing number of interactive multimedia computer systems owned by the ordinary consumer and those in business alike. These systems often contain integrated audio processors or peripheral sound devices, such as sound cards, to enhance their audio-visual effect. Sound produced by multimedia computers, and other near-field audio systems such as portable stereo systems, can be of relatively low quality because of power limitations, speaker-placement limitations, and listening-position limitations imposed by such systems. Although these limitations make near-field systems viable candidates for sound image enhancement, they also impose unique problems which must be overcome by any stereo enhancement system.
Specifically, a large draw of power in these systems may cause amplifier "clipping" during periods of high boost, or it may damage components of the audio circuit including the speakers. Limiting the bass response of the difference signal also helps avoid these problems in most near-field audio enhancement applications.
Because the bass frequencies of the difference signal are not highly boosted in accordance with a preferred embodiment, audio information in the very low frequencies will also be provided by the sum signal, L+R, which is of course monophonic. In near-field systems this is of no concern because bass information applied to a pair of speakers as a sum signal will create an acoustic image in between the two speakers--precisely where the listener is expected to be. Nevertheless, the left and right signals do supply bass information and provide bass directional cues in the near-field through their corresponding amplitude levels.
Even if an audio system is not a near-field system, i.e, it has widely separated speakers and a large listening area, the perspective curve depicted in FIG. 2 will still provide adequate low-frequency image enhancement. Specifically, bass frequencies have very large wavelengths which require a large listening area to effectively perceive a broadened bass sound image. For example, a frequency of 30 Hz has a wavelength of approximately 39 feet. A listener attempting to perceive direction in such bass frequencies would require a listening area of the same order. Consequently, stereo enhancement accomplished with the perspective curve of FIG. 2 is also suitable for home stereo and other far-field applications.
In the absence of sum-signal equalization, stereo enhancement can be achieved, in accordance with the acoustic principles discussed herein, with a minimum of components given the proper circuit design. The present invention, therefore, can be readily and inexpensively implemented in numerous applications including those having limited available space for housing a stereo enhancement circuit.
FIG. 3 depicts a circuit for creating a broadened stereo sound image in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The stereo enhancement circuit 80 corresponds to the system 10 shown in FIG. 1. In FIG. 3, the left input signal 12 is fed to a resistor 82, a resistor 84, and a capacitor 86. The right input signal 14 is fed to a capacitor 88 and resistors 90 and 92.
The resistor 82 is in turn connected to an inverting terminal 94 of an amplifier 96. The same inverting terminal 94 is also connected to the resistor 92 and a resistor 98. The amplifier 96 is configured as a summing amplifier with the positive terminal 100 connected to ground via a resistor 102. An output 104 of the amplifier 96 is connected to the positive input 100 via a feedback resistor 106. A sum signal (L+R), representing the sum of the left and right input signals, is generated at the output 104 and fed to one end of a variable resistor 110 which is grounded at an opposite end. For proper summing of the left and right input signals by the amplifier 96, the values of resistors 82, 92, 98, and 106 in a preferred embodiment are 33.2 kohms while resistor 98 is preferably 16.5 kohms.
A second amplifier 112 is configured as a "difference" amplifier. The amplifier 112 has an inverting terminal 114 connected to a resistor 116 which is in turn connected in series to the capacitor 86. Similarly, a positive terminal 118 of the amplifier 112 receives the right input signal through the series connection of a resistor 120 and the capacitor 88. The terminal 118 is also connected to ground via a resistor 128. An output terminal 122 of the amplifier 112 is connected to the inverting terminal through a feedback resistor 124. The output 122 is also connected to a variable resistor 126 which is in turn connected to ground. Although the amplifier 112 is configured as a "difference" amplifier, its function may be characterized as the summing of the right input signal with the negative left input signal. Accordingly, the amplifiers 96 and 112 form a summing network for generating a sum signal and a difference signal, respectively.
The two series connected RC networks comprising elements 86/116 and 88/118, respectively, operate as high-pass filters which attenuate the very low, or bass, frequencies of the left and right input signals. To obtain the proper frequency response for the perspective curve 70 of FIG. 2, the cutoff frequency, wc, or -3 dB frequency, for the high-pass filters should be approximately 100 Hz. Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the capacitors 86 and 88 will have a capacitance of 0.1 micro-farad and the resistors 116, 120 will have an impedance of approximately 33.2 kohms. Then, by choosing values for the feedback resistor 124 and the attenuating resistor 128 such that: R120 /R128 =R116 /R124
the output 122 will represent the right difference signal, (R-L), amplified by a gain of two. As a result of the high-pass filtering of the inputs, the difference signal at the output 122 will have attenuated low-frequency components below approximately 125 Hz decreasing at a rate of 6 dB per octave. It is possible to filter the low frequency components of the difference signal within the equalizer 40, instead of using the filters 28 and 30 (shown in FIG. 1), to separately filter the left and right input signals. However, because the filtering capacitors at low frequencies must be fairly large, it is preferable to perform this filtering at the input stage to avoid loading of the preceding circuit.
It should be noted that the difference signal refers to an audio signal containing information which is present in one input channel, i.e., either left or right, but which is not present in the other channel. The particular phase of the difference signal is relevant when determining the final makeup of the output signal. Thus, in a general sense, the difference signal signifies both L-R and R-L, which are merely 180 degrees out-of-phase. Accordingly, as can be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art, the amplifier 112 could be configured so that the difference signal for the left output (L-R) appears at the output 122, instead of (R-L), as long as the difference signals at the left and right outputs are out-of-phase with respect to each other.
The variable resistors 110 and 126, which may be simple potentiometers, are adjusted by placement of wiper contacts 130 and 132, respectively. The level of difference signal present in the enhanced output signals may be controlled by manual, remote, or automatic adjustment of the wiper contact 132. Similarly, the level of sum signal present in the enhanced output signals is determined in part by the position of the wiper contact 130.
The sum signal present at the wiper contact 130 is fed to an inverting input 134 of a third amplifier 136 through a series-connected resistor 138. The same sum signal at the wiper contact 130 is also fed to an inverting input 140 of a fourth amplifier 142 through a separate series-connected resistor 144. The amplifier 136 is configured as a difference amplifier with the inverting terminal 134 connected to ground through a resistor 146. An output 148 of the amplifier 136 is also connected to the inverting terminal 134 via a feedback resistor 150.
A positive terminal 152 of the amplifier 136 provides a common node which is connected to a group of summing resistors 156 and is also connected to ground via a resistor 154. The level-adjusted difference signal from the wiper contact 132 is transferred to the group of summing resistors 156 through paths 160, 162, and 164. This results in three separately-conditioned difference signals appearing at points A, B, and C, respectively. These conditioned difference signals are then connected to the positive terminal 152 via resistors 166, 168, and 170 as shown.
At point A along the path 160, the level-adjusted difference signal from wiper contact 132 is transferred to the resistor 166 without any frequency-response modification. Accordingly, the signal at point A is merely attenuated by the voltage division between the resistor 166 and the resistor 154. Ideally, the level of attenuation at node A will be -12 db relative to a 0 dB reference appearing at node B. This level of attenuation is implemented by the resistor 166 having an impedance of 100 kohms and the resistor 154 having an impedance of 27.4 kohms. The signal at node B represents a filtered version of the level-adjusted difference signal appearing across a capacitor 172 which is connected to ground. The RC network of the capacitor 172 and a resistor 178 operate as a low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency determined by the time constant of the network. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, the cutoff frequency, or -3 dB frequency, of this low-pass filter is approximately 200 Hz. Accordingly, the resistor 178 is preferably 1.5 kohms and the capacitor 172 is 0.47 microfarads, and the drive resistor 168 is 20 kohms.
At node C, a high-pass filtered difference signal is fed through the drive resistor 170 to the inverting terminal 152 of the amplifier 136. The high-pass filter is designed with a cutoff frequency of approximately 7 Khz and a relative gain to node B of -6 dB. Specifically, the capacitor 174 connected between node C and the wiper contact 132 has a value of 4700 picofarads, and the resistor 180 connected between node C and ground has a value of 3.74 kohms.
The modified difference signals present at circuit locations A, B, and C are also fed into the inverting terminal 140 of the amplifier 142 through resistors 182, 184 and 186, respectively. The three modified difference signals, the sum signal and the right input signal are provided to a group of summing resistors 188 which are in turn connected to the amplifier 142. The amplifier 142 is configured as an inverting amplifier having a positive terminal 190 connected to ground and a feedback resistor 192 connected between the terminal 140 and an output 194. To achieve proper summing of the signals by the inverting amplifier 142, the resistor 182 has an impedance of 100 kohms, the resistor 184 has an impedance of 20 kohms, and the resistor 186 has an impedance of 44.2 kohms. The exact values of the resistors and capacitors in the stereo enhancement system may be altered as long as the proper ratios are maintained to achieve the correct level of enhancement. Other factors which may affect the value of the passive components are the power requirements of the enhancement system 80 and the characteristics of the amplifiers 104, 122, 136, and 142.
In operation, the modified difference signals are recombined to generate output signals comprised of a processed difference signal. Specifically, difference signal components found at points A, B, and C are recombined at the terminal 152 of the difference amplifier 136, and at the terminal 140 of the amplifier 142, to form a processed difference signal (L-R)p. The signal (L-R)p represents the difference signal which has been equalized through application of the perspective curve of FIG. 2. Ideally then, the perspective curve is characterized by a gain of 4 db at 7 Khz, a gain of 10 dB at 125 Hz, and a gain of -2 dB at 2100 Hz.
The amplifiers 136 and 142 operate as mixing amplifiers which combine the processed difference signal with the sum signal and either the left or right input signal. The signal at the output 148 of the amplifier 136 is fed through a drive resistor 196 to produce the enhanced left output signal 60. Similarly, the signal at the output 194 of the amplifier 142 travels through a drive resistor 198 to produce the enhanced right output signal 62. The drive resistors will typically have an impedance on the order of 200 ohms. The enhanced left and right output signals can be expressed by the mathematical equations (1) and (2) recited above. The value of K1 in equations (1) and (2) is controlled by the position of the wiper contact 130 and the value of K2 is controlled by the position of the wiper contact 132.
All of the individual circuit components depicted in FIG. 3 may be implemented digitally through software run on a microprocessor, or through a digital signal processor. Accordingly, an individual amplifier, an equalizer, etc., may be realized by a corresponding portion of software or firmware.
An alternative embodiment of the stereo enhancement circuit 80 is depicted in FIG. 4. The circuit of FIG. 4 is similar to that of FIG. 3 and represents another method for applying the perspective curve 70 (shown in FIG. 2) to a pair of stereo audio signals. The stereo enhancement system 200 utilizes an alternative summing network configuration for generating a sum and difference signal.
In the alternative embodiment 200, the left and right input signals 12 and 14 are still ultimately fed into the negative input of mixing amplifiers 204 and 226. To generate the sum and difference signals, however, the left and right signals 12 and 14 are first fed through resistors 208 and 210, respectively, and into the inverting terminal 212 of a first amplifier 214. The amplifier 214 is configured as an inverting amplifier with a grounded input 216 and a feedback resistor 218. The sum signal, or in this case the inverted sum signal -(L+R), is generated at the output 220. The sum signal component is then fed to the remaining circuitry after being level-adjusted by the variable resistor 222. Because the sum signal in the alternative embodiment is now inverted, it is fed to a non-inverting input 224 of the amplifier 226. Accordingly, the amplifier 226 now requires a current-balancing resistor 228 placed between the non-inverting input 224 and ground potential. Similarly, a current-balancing resistor 230 is placed between an inverting input 232 and ground potential. These slight modifications to the amplifier 226 in the alternative embodiment are necessary to achieve correct summing to generate the right output signal 62.
To generate a difference signal, an inverting summing amplifier 236 receives the left input signal and the sum signal at an inverting input 238. More specifically, the left input signal 12 is passed through a capacitor 240 and a resistor 242 before arriving at the input 238. Similarly, the inverted sum signal at the output 220 is passed through a capacitor 244 and a resistor 246. The RC networks created by components 240/242 and components 244/246 provide the bass frequency filtering of the audio signal as described in conjunction with a preferred embodiment.
The amplifier 236 has a grounded non-inverting input 228 and a feedback resistor 250. A difference signal, R-L, is generated at an output 252 with impedance values of 100 kohm for the resistors 208, 210, 218, and 242, impedance values of 200 kohm for the resistors 246 and 250, a capacitance of 0.15 micro-farads for the capacitor 244, and a capacitance of 0.33 micro-farads for the capacitor 240. The difference signal is then adjusted by the variable resistor 254 and fed into the remaining circuitry. Except as described above, the remaining circuitry of FIG. 4 is the same as that of a preferred embodiment disclosed in FIG. 3.
The entire stereo enhancement system 80 of FIG. 3 uses a minimum of components to implement acoustic principles and generate award-winning stereo sound. The system 80 may be constructed with only four active components, typically operational amplifiers corresponding to amplifiers 104, 112, 136, and 142. These amplifiers are readily available as a quad package on a single semiconductor chip. Additional components needed to complete the stereo enhancement system 80 include only 29 resistors and 4 capacitors. The system 200 can also be manufactured with a quad amplifier, 4 capacitors, and only 29 resistors, including the potentiometers and output resistors. Because of its unique design, the enhancement systems 80 and 200 can be produced at minimal cost utilizing minimal component space and still provide unbelievable broadening of an existing stereo image. In fact, the entire system 80 can be formed as a single semiconductor substrate, or integrated circuit.
Apart from the embodiments depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4, there are conceivably additional ways to interconnect the same components obtain perspective enhancement of stereo signals. For example, a pair of amplifiers configured as difference amplifiers may receive the left and right signals, respectively, and may also each receive the sum signal. In this manner, the amplifiers would generate a left difference signal, L-R, and a right difference signal, R-L, respectively.
The perspective modification of the difference signal resulting from the enhancement systems 80 and 200 has been carefully engineered to achieve optimum results for a wide variety of applications and inputted audio signals. Adjustments by a user currently include only the level of sum and difference signals applied to the conditioning circuitry. However, it is conceivable that potentiometers could be used in place of resistors 178 and 180 to allow for adaptive equalization of the difference signal.
Through the foregoing description and accompanying drawings, the present invention has been shown to have important advantages over current stereo enhancement systems. While the above detailed description has shown, described, and pointed out the fundamental novel features of the invention, it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the form and details of the device illustrated may be made by those skilled in the art, without departing from the spirit of the invention. Therefore, the invention should be limited in its scope only by the following claims.
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100% Authentic Brands
Product Covered Under Trustpay
TrustPay protects customers with a 100% moneyback guarantee if there is an issue with product quality, size or delivery
Seller Endorsed by brand for trusted and genuine product always
The issue with any writable media is the life that it has got as opposed to read media because of the lack of a protective layer on the writing surface that protects the tracks and grooves from depletion under natural forces effect. The Verbatim pack of BluRay 50GB 5 pieces allows users to store high definition movies easily within it that can be later played back by BluRay players. The writing speeds can max out at 2X which is sufficient to create data backups of machines as 50GB should suffice for such works.
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text:
And in these early days we are seeing some distinctly political characters jump on the bandwagon.
Not as any kind of bandwagon, but just as a kind of natural evolution.
Silicon Valley will be the next to jump on the bandwagon, with thousands of promising tech startups competing for your dollar.
also band-wagon, 1855, American English, from band (n.2) + wagon, originally a large wagon used to carry the band in a circus procession; as these also figured in celebrations of successful political campaigns, being on the bandwagon came to represent "attaching oneself to anything that looks likely to succeed," a usage first attested 1899 in writings of Theodore Roosevelt.


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Keyboard Assignment 4
You will be required to perform three (3) tasks:
In C-major and A-minor, use and applied chord to each diatonic triad then lead it to a cadence in the home key. Play 3 of 6.
Play the two seqential patterns in class as directed. Play 1 of 2.
Realize the harmonic progressions given in class using the Neapolitan 6th chord. Play 2 of 3.
Your keyboard should sound something like this--
Task 1 (Secondary Dominants)
I-applied chord-II etc.
(major key only)
I-applied chord-III etc.
I-applied chord-IV etc.
I-applied chord-V etc.
I-applied chord-VI etc.
I-applied chord-VII etc.
(minor key only)
Task 2 (Sequences using Secondary Dominants)
Sequences (a) and (b)
Task 3 (Neapolitan)
Progression 1
Progression 2
Progression 3
Updated 04.06.99


text:
Book Search
Postcolonial Ecocriticism
Literature, Animals, Environment, 2nd Edition
This second edition of Postcolonial Ecocriticism, a book foundational for its field, has been updated to consider recent developments in the area such as environmental humanities and animal studies. Graham Huggan and Helen Tiffin examine transverse relations between humans, animals and the...
Published April 27th 2015 by Routledge
Nature's Saviours
Celebrity Conservationists in the Television Age
Today's celebrity conservationists, many of whom made their reputations through television and other visual media, play a major role in drawing public attention to an increasingly threatened world. This book, one of the first to address this contribution, focuses on five key figures: the English...
Published August 13th 2013 by Routledge
The Postcolonial Exotic
Marketing the Margins
Travel writing, it has been said, helped produce the rest of the world for a Western audience. Could the same be said more recently of postcolonial writing? In The Postcolonial Exotic, Graham Huggan examines some of the processes by which value is attributed to postcolonial works within their...
Published March 15th 2001 by Routledge


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Latest Updates
Tuesday, September 16th 2014
2048 with Boobs!
Unless you live under a rock, you've probably heard of the game 2048. Well now forget boring numbers and play with naked girls instead. Let us know what your best score is!
Monday, February 28th 2011
Introducing BoneTown: The Most Explicit Adults Only Game Ever
The title speaks the truth. This is only a (fairly) tame trailer for what's inside: sex, drugs and debauchery. Use this S&F only link for $5 off.
Tuesday, June 1st 2010
Porn Pong!
Not quite pong, more like the old 'Breakout' games that were popular a long time ago.. Whatever you call it, it's a fun game. See how you go, I couldn't get passed level 3!
Friday, September 12th 2008
Beer Goggles and You
This flash "game" shows the effect drinking beer has on your perception of the ladies. Ever so slightly exaggerated, of course.
Friday, July 25th 2008
Resist Temptation
A game by MTV promoting their new show 'Totally Calum'. The challenge is to resist paying attention to the babe hitting on you, it's actually pretty damn hard.
Thursday, March 6th 2008
Sexy Jigsaw Puzzle
Three different girls to choose from, see if you can do it in less than 5 minutes! Made by our very own forum member WJ.
Wednesday, October 31st 2007
Demon Girl
Help Demon Girl escape the underworld by getting past a whole lot of creepy things trying to penetrate her. Hentai ftw.
Saturday, September 1st 2007
Look But Don't Touch!
A not so new game but fun for a few minutes if you haven't seen it before. Best I could do was "player".
Sunday, August 26th 2007
Fruits de la Passion
Shark is back with a brand new game where the point (as usual) is to strip the girl. I wish he called it Casino Shark.. but instead he went with a fancy title.
Debbie Doll Dress Up
Sharkie delivers with a new game, dress and undress Debbie any way you like. This one is pretty simple compared to his last one.
A whole bunch of hotties get their bikinis off to party with LMFAO at the Playboy Beach House. The song is called 'Get Crazy' and these girls don't need to be told twice!


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185.19 + VDPAU blit path == stall
View Single Post
Registered User
Join Date: Apr 2004
Posts: 3
Re: 185.19 + VDPAU blit path == stall
Unfortunately, yes, the issue is still here. After 2 minutes of H.264 video I had another stall of about 3 seconds... quite annoying
A beta NVIDIA driver that I was running a couple of months ago did not have any stalls whatsoever, but libxine has been updated several times in the meantime as well, so I am not sure what to make of that.
My system is a Core2Quad Q9450 at 3.2GHz running Debian AMD64 (testing) with KDE4.2 with compositing enabled, powered by a GTX280. The following may sound a bit incoherent, but I will post my findings for the sake of completeness anyway.
nvidia-settings reported the video card in the highest performance level (for whatever reason) before starting the video. nvidia-settings still reported this after the stall occured. Starting a second video file and running glxgears alongside the (fullscreen) video introduced some noticeable tearing. And then another stall. When I paused the video to reply to this topic, I closed glxgears and saw the performance level had dropped to the lowest level. When I hit space to resume xine, the whole video window went haywire and I had to send a SIGTERM to close it.
A second attempt showed the GPU in the lowest performance level (no clue why this had suddenly lowered). This did not change after starting the video, which did not seem to 'suffer' at all from the lower clock speeds, but I guess the GTX280 is a powerful GPU
I restarted nvidia-settings a couple of times to verify the lower peformance setting.
View Public Profile
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According to the ancient spiritual teachings Self Knowledge, or self awareness, is the highest form of knowledge. It is the knowledge of what I truly am. Direct realisation of the truth about myself is called spiritual enlightenment or spiritual awakening.
People everywhere seek peace, happiness and fullness of life, the very essence of human existence, unaware that what they seek is already deep within themselves.
Discovery of that eternal source - beyond the body and its activity, beyond the mind and its fleeting thoughts, beyond the heart and its ever-changing feelings – is a spiritual awakening and it reveals a deep understanding of human existence and the world in which we live.
Self Knowledge is of foremost importance, for our values, thinking, speech and actions depend on the understanding we have of our True Self - who we truly are.
From time to time people may feel that something is missing in life, that life seems incomplete, lacking aim and real purpose. Some may seek for a greater happiness, a greater fullness of life; others may wonder what life is and what it means – what lies beyond the surface appearance of things.
The great teachings given in the world's ancient traditions point the way towards attainment of spiritual awakening, to that ever-present Reality which lies hidden, deep within every person. There lies knowledge of my True Self whose nature is peace, constancy and enduring happiness.
The School for Self Knowledge provides the means by which people may discover and experience this spiritual awakening within themselves.
The School has provided self awareness courses and mindfulness practices for some 25 years in Sydney and Canberra. A nine-week introductory course offers informed discussions of the ancient master teachings and how they may be applied in practice.
The course establishes a firm basis for clear thought and effective action in daily life, and cultivates the art of joyful living so that students may discover for themselves increasing inner peace, fullness of life and enduring happiness.
The development of mindfulness, self awareness and wisdom ultimately leads to spiritual awakening whereby the supreme goal of all human endeavour may be attained.
Marsilio Ficino
"There are three guides for the life of man.
First is principle, which has been long and carefully tested;
the second is experience, strengthened by long practice;
and third, the authority of those ancients who could not have
been easily deceived by anyone, and who appear not to have
wished to deceive others."
Roger Penrose (1931)
British Mathematician and Physicist
"Consciousness is the phenomenon whereby
the universe's very existence is made known."
"If we could see the miracle of a single flower clearly,
our whole life would change."


text:
Abbe Raven is Chairman of A&E Networks, encompassing A&E, Lifetime, HISTORY, LMN, bio., H2, HISTORY en Español, Crime & Investigation Network, Military HISTORY, LRW, as well as A&E IndieFilms, A&E Networks International, A&E Networks Digital and A&E Networks Consumer Products. In 2012, Ms. Raven was again named one of the 50 Most Powerful Women in Business by Fortune. Over the last 10 years, she has been included in The Hollywood Reporter's Women in Entertainment Power 100 list, and as one of the Top 5 Most Powerful Women in Entertainment. In 2005, she received the Vanguard Award for Distinguished Leadership from the National Cable Television Association. Ms. Raven accepted the Preserve America Presidential Award from first lady Laura Bush for HISTORY's longstanding commitment to historic preservation and was inducted into the Broadcasting and Cable Hall of Fame. In 2011, she was the recipient of the prestigious New York Women in Communications Matrix Award.
Ms. Raven serves as vice chairman on the board of directors of the NCTA and is on the boards of the NAMIC Foundation and the CTAM Educational Foundation. In 2010, she was the recipient of a New York Women in Film & Television MUSE Award, and in2007, was selected as an honoree of The Paley Center's "She Made It" in recognition of her leadership and achievements in the world of cable television.
Ms. Raven is also a Director of the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences. She resides in New York City.


text:
Very scarce Victorian Edwardian (transitional circa 1900-1910) sterling silver genuine tortoise shell, genuine ivory, and marcasite cameo, carving in very high relief. Very ornate mounting with raised grape leaf prongs, repousse floral accents, marcasite bezel. Genuine tortoise shell back ground shows pronounced classic mottling and graining when held to the light. Genuine ivory carved high relief profile of a woman with ringlet curls. A large piece, the mounting measures 1-7/8" x 1-3/8". The tortoise shell back ground measures 1-9/16" x 1-3/16". The ivory carving measures 1" x 5/8" x 1/2" in profile. The ivory carving is attached to the tortoise background by two brass rivets, securing it firmly, (completely original) which can be seen in the back view image. Has not been cleaned and retains its original age tarnished patina. Completely original, no missing marcasites, no damage to the ivory carving. In excellent extremely well babied condition. BOOK PIECE- this exact cameo (not one just like it) was featured on page 238 of Answers to Questions About Old Jewelry 7th Edition by C. Jeanenne Bell.
5 other shoppers have this item in their Cart or Wish List.
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text:
Pumpkin Ravioli
|All purpose flour
|2 Cup (32 tbs)
|Non fat liquid egg substitute
|2⁄3 Cup (10.67 tbs)
|Pumpkin puree
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Non fat liquid egg substitute
|1 Tablespoon
|Ground cumin
|1 Teaspoon
To make the dough, put the flour into the bowl of a food processor and pulse while adding the egg substitute.
This will produce bits of dough about the size of large peas.
Turn out onto a floured board and knead the dough into a single ball that is glossy and elastic.
Enclose in plastic wrap and set aside for 30 minutes.
While the dough is resting, mix all the filling ingredients together well.
Set aside.
Flour the rollers of a pasta machine.
Cut the dough in half, flour all over, and flatten.
Put the first piece of dough through the largest opening on the pasta machine 3 times, folding it in half after each time through.
Then put it through each successively smaller opening, until it has gone through the smallest.
Repeat with the second piece of dough.
From each thin piece of dough, cut twelve 3 inch circles.
Put 1 teaspoon of filling in the center of each circle.
Paint the exposed dough with egg substitute (1 tablespoon should suffice to paint all 24 circles).
Fold each circle in half to form a crescent shaped ravioli and crimp the edges together to seal.
For the sauce, run the apples and carrots through a juice extractor.
You should have about 1 cup of juice.
In a small bowl, combine the cornstarch and water.
Put the juice in a small saucepan and cook over medium heat just until the liquid begins to give off steam, about 2 minutes.
Remove from the heat, whisk in the cornstarch mixture, return to heat, and cook for 2 minutes more.
Reduce the heat to very low to keep warm while the ravioli cook.
Bring a large saucepan of water to a boil.
Drop in the ravioli and cook over medium heat for about 5 minutes.
When the ravioli rise to the surface of the boiling water, they are done.
Serve 3 ravioli per portion, topped with some of the apple carrot sauce and a sprinkling of parsley.


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36 year old man | Las Vegas, NV, USA | Seeking women 27-36 within 75 miles of Henderson, NV
If you can talk you can sing, if you can walk you can dance.
Okay, what to write. ... Here goes. My name is Greg, I am 33 year old single guy living in Las Vegas for the past 20 years. I live alone in Green Valley and work as a programmer by day. At night I have been know to go out to eat, hit UNLV basketball games, cook dinner for two or hit the movies. ( We need a more independent theater in Vegas). I like to make people laugh, try new restaurants, check out new bands in town, bring my laptop to 24-hour Starbucks,. However, some of the best nights are spent at home listening to music and enjoying downtime. I like to live a full and busy lifestyle. I love outdoor activities, hiking at Red Rock, Mt Charleston, or Zion. Snowboarding is one of my all time favorite weekend getaways. Recently, I have gotten into biking, both road biking and mountain biking. There are a ton of great spot in the southwest to see and experience. I have tried surfing a time or two, and I'd love to go again. Who doesn't love a day at the beach. After 40 hours on a computer programming, I need to get outside on the weekends whenever possible. I like to stay in good shape and sometimes the best stress relief is hour bike ride or hitting up the gym to decompress from e-mails and appointments that never end. A few friends of mine have gotten me to try Yoga in the past 6 months, and although I am fairly new. I can at least touch my toes these days!! I would like to find a match who enjoys being active and fit. Is willing to camp out a night or two. I will be ready for a hotel and room service after a night in a sleeping bag I promise. I do not drink or smoke so I don't spend too much time at bars. I am okay with a woman who does, as long as it is not the prime focus of her social life. As for dating, I want to meet someone who I enjoy spending time with. An individual who I share interests with, but also has an identity of her own. I want someone to spoil, cook breakfast for, check out new movies ad have DVR dates ready through out the week. A person who can do simple and easy and also lives for excitement, laughs and new experiences. I have done some traveling in my life, but I am at a point in my career where I can explore destinations and start crossing off that "places to go list" I have. I go to church about 2-3 a month. I do not necessarily believe I must share the same faith as a partner, but someone who believes in a higher power and the best way to feel good about yourself is by helping others, is important to me, Basically, I enjoy my life and I am looking for someone to share it with. I am not looking for a superficial person or relationship. I do not seek drama, jealousy or selfishness. If your looking for a guy to spend the night out at the clubs, I do not feel like I am your match. I know there are real genuine people in this town, and I looking to meet them.
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Exploring new areas , Playing sports , Political interests , Watching sports
Basketball, Cycling, Hockey, Skiing, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Dogs
I love animals. It makes coming to your house feel like home.
Middle of the Road
Lake Tahoe, San Diego and Montana. Lake Powell, Zion and Redrock. Fireflies, Archi's and Carlitos Burritos. Town Square and the District.
University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV
Favorite Shows: The Soup, Sportscenter, The Office, Breaking Bad, The Wire, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Girls, Game of Thrones. Favorite Food: Thai and Indian Food, Sushi, Steak and Potatoes. Whole Foods and Trader Joe's. Greens and Proteins.
Meeting new people. Dinning out or eating in. Live sporting events and concerts. Indie movies or filling up my netflix queue. Snowboarding, cycling and hiking. Road trips to the beach. Shopping. Sometimes the best nights are the most simple.
Blink by Malcom Gladwell The Tao of Inner Peace by Diane Dreher. California Wine for Dummies.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'2" (187cms)
|5'2" (157cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Never, Social Drinker
|Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering
|No preference
Software Developer by day..
|$75,001 to $100,000
|$25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
I have family in Montana and Iowa, but grew up as a military brat. We lived here in Vegas, Virginia, and 5 years in Madrid Spain. So I have seen a small piece of the world and look forward to experiencing more.
|Christian / Other
|No preference
The world is a kind of spiritual kindergarten where millions of bewildered infants are trying to spell "God" with the wrong blocks.
|English, Spanish
|Bachelors degree
|Some college, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
Computer Science degree at UNLV


text:
Complete the information below to connect with a GTM Customer Service Representative.
Monday - Friday 7AM - 10PM CT
Saturday 8AM - 1PM CT
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Introducing new gear that will set your team apart this season.
Alliance Warm-up
1/4 Zip Fleece Pullover
UltraFuse™ Torque Basketball Uniform
UltraFuse™ 1/2 Zip Pullover
Learn More
Train like a champion and out perform the competition in GTM basketball apparel and gear. Shop our range of accessories, shorts and customizable team uniforms!


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29 year old woman | Boston, MA, USA | Seeking men 28-35
Easy going & fun chick who loves sports & managed to survive college not liking beer!
I am a hard working and motivated person. I have a great sense of humor and believe laughter is extremely important in a relationship. I enjoy smart wit but think everyone should be able to act like a five year old now and then. I like to travel and am eager to further explore other countries and visit more states. I love being with my friends but also need my alone time. I am looking for someone who has a positive outlook on life and is up for trying new things and sharing the things they enjoy with me. I am looking for someone who is motivated and driven but doesn't necessarily have to have it all figured out yet.
Dining out , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Baseball, Basketball, Football, Hockey, Running, Skiing, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I have Dogs
Middle of the Road
Seaport Area, Kings, any place that makes a good cocktail and has a good atmosphere.
Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA
I love sports, both playing and watching them. My favorite TV shows are Homeland and The League.
I love sports and being active. I have been playing tennis and still play as much as I can, currently on a women's and mixed doubles team. I also enjoy outdoor activities like hiking or running. A relaxing evening with some TV and pizza also is great
I just finished Gone Girl - which was an interesting book. Prior to that I read Killing Lincoln and Killing Kennedy.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'7" (170cms)
|5'10" (177cms) to 6'5" (195cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Light brown
|Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Sales / Marketing
|No preference
|$50,001 to $75,000
|$50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure, Probably not
|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
I am not a religious person.
|Bachelors degree
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
Attended Dickinson College in Carlisle, PA.


text:
Passing, Rushing, and Receiving Stats Back to 1977
Today I'm happy to announce a major addition to College Football at Sports-Reference.com. We now have passing, rushing, and receiving stats for all FBS (nee Division I-A) schools dating back to the 1977 season, and for schools from prominent conferences (ACC, Big 8/Big 7, Big Ten, Pac-12/Pac-10/Pac-8/AAWU/PCC, SEC, and SWC) we have passing, rushing, and receiving stats dating back to the 1956 season.
For more information about our data coverage, please see this summary. And if you have any questions or comments regarding these changes, please let us know.
Comments Off on Passing, Rushing, and Receiving Stats Back to 1977 | Posted in Announcement, CFB at Sports Reference, Pro-Football-Reference.com
Best NBA Scoring Duos in One Game (Mailbag)
We get asked this question a lot, and unfortunately it's not currently possible to find the answer via the Play Index, so I decided to put up a leaderboard once and for all. The most recent version of the question comes from BBR user Reggie:
I've seen references on here to games where two teammates scored 40 or more in the same game. But which teammates combined to score the most points in any game? [...]
One game that I remember very well as a Mavericks fan, which is often overlooked, was the overtime game they won at Chicago on November 13, 1994. That was the game where Jamal Mashburn hit for 50 and Jim Jackson went for 38, the two scoring 88 of the 124 points that night in the four point Mavs victory.
Since we have complete box scores (1985-86), here are the 200 most potent scoring duos in a single NBA game:
5 Comments | Posted in Announcement, Basketball-Reference.com, FAQ, Leaders, Trivia
Added Box Scores Back to NBA/ABA Merger
A little over a year ago we announced that we had posted copies of every box score in NBA history. However, since these box scores were scans we could not create player game logs, compute player splits, etc. As we said in that post, it is our goal to one day have all of these games in a database-friendly format.
On that note, I'm happy to announce that the work for the 1976-77 to 1979-80 seasons has been completed. Please take some time to check out the box scores, player and team game logs, and player and team splits for the 1976-77, 1977-78, 1978-79, and 1979-80 NBA seasons. Keep in mind that almost all of the scanned box scores are abbreviated (i.e., they only contain field goals, free throws, and points for the players), so there will be many missing values for each game.
3 Comments | Posted in Announcement, Basketball-Reference.com
Team & Player Salary Numbers
Thanks to the wonderful folks at Capgeek we now have individual player salary/contract status for the 2013 season listed in their bio section, as well as current team salary cap numbers that we will keep updated throughout the season.
1 Comment | Posted in Announcement, Hockey-Reference.com
Approximate Value and Hall of Fame Standards
PFR user Oscar asked today about whether we had a football version of Baseball-Reference's Hall of Fame standards using Weighted Career Approximate Value. To that end, I analyzed weighted career AV data on retired players who started their careers in 1950 or later. Here was a breakdown of all Hall of Famers in that group:
|90th percentile
|75th percentile
|25th percentile
|10th percentile
|Minimum (non-kickers)
Using a regression formula, we can also say what your odds of making the Hall are at any given Weighted Career AV threshold:
|Wgtd Career AV
2 Comments | Posted in Announcement, Pro-Football-Reference.com, Stat Questions
Hockey Team Game Finder
We've added a Team Game Finder for hockey to find single games (Which game had the most penalty minutes?), cumulative season stats (Which team led the league in power play goals in the 1995-1996 season?), cumulative multi-season stats (Which team has the most losses when scoring 5+ goals since 1980?) and many more.
The search features basic game stats since 1917 and more specific stats (shots, power play goals, short handed goals, etc.) since 1987, so you can create custom searches to your heart's content. Let us know if you have any issues, comments, or questions.
3 Comments | Posted in Announcement, Hockey-Reference.com
2013 Spring Training Stats W/ Quality of Opposition Measure
We've never included Spring Training stats on the site before, but decided to add our own take this year, so we now have spring training stats on the player and team pages and on a league register page, so you can see every player in camp on one page.
One hard thing about spring training is that you've got a very wide variety of players in camp. Veteran major leaguers, AAA, AA, and even low-A ball players. A player hitting .400/.500/.600 against A-ball competition is a lot different than one who does that against MLBers (though truth be told the sample sizes are so small as to not tell us much definitively). To give you a feel for the level of competition we've provided an OppQual column that is 1-10. Each opponent for each PA for that batter or pitcher is graded between 1 and 10 based on the level or average level (weighted by IP or PA) they played at last year.
- 5 - High A (Cali or Carolina)
- 4 - Full-Season A (Midwest and SALLY)
- 1.5 to 3 - Rookie or Short-season
- 1 - for pitchers if the opposing batter is a pitcher
So a player over 9 is facing mostly MLB guys while someone under 9 is facing mostly minor leaguers. Players like John Lackey in 2012 or Yu Darvish in 2011 who did not play in an MLB affiliated league are simply excluded from the rating.
Player Pages - Spring Training Stats appear at the top of major and minor league player pages.
Team Stats: 2013 Atlanta Braves Spring Training, these are all linked from the site front page.
League-wide Stats: Batting Register and Pitching Register. These tables are sortable, so you can look up current leaders if you like.
10 Comments | Posted in Advanced Stats, Announcement, Baseball-Reference.com
PFR Uniform Number Finder
Here's a neat tool that lets you find every player in NFL history (since 1950) to wear a certain number... It can even allow you search by team.
1 Comment | Posted in Announcement, Play Index, Pro-Football-Reference.com
Player Twitter Accounts – Baseball-Reference.com
Player Twitter Accounts - Baseball-Reference.com
We just launched a set of team-centered twitter pages. These summarize all of the twitter feeds we have for players by their membership on the 40-man roster. Clicking on subscribe will allow to follow all of the players with one click, and we'll do the updating for you.
1 Comment | Posted in Announcement, Baseball-Reference.com, Features
New Expanded Assists Totals
Player pages now have expanded assists totals going back to the 1967-68 season, located in the NHL Standard stats section of each page. Compiled from Hockey Summary Project boxscore data, the data breaks out short-handed, power play, and even strength assists, so you can learn that Wayne Gretzky had 15 short-handed assists in 1985-86.
1 Comment | Posted in Announcement, Hockey-Reference.com


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Marik Ishtar - Action Figure Gallery
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WASHINGTON—The Federal Aviation Administration is allowing private planes to be moved from airports in the New York and Washington areas, where they have been grounded since the Sept. 11 attacks.
The FAA has also reduced the 28-mile no-fly zone over both cities to 20 miles. The decision will enable some private planes to use two facilities near Washington--Dulles Airport and the Airpark in Montgomery County, Md. It also affects Teterboro and Linden airports in New Jersey as well as Republic Airport on Long Island in New York.
The only exceptions are training flights in single-engine planes weighing 4,000 pounds or less, the FAA said.
The FAA has allowed news helicopters and blimps back in the skies in some areas, except above 28 urban areas, including New York and Washington.
Private planes remain banned from Reagan National Airport outside Washington and the three major New York-area airports.


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NEW YORK – Jan. 24, 2013 – The New York Stock Exchange ("NYSE") announced today that the staff of NYSE Regulation, Inc. ("NYSE Regulation") has determined to commence proceedings to delist the units of Torch Energy Royalty Trust (the "Trust")—ticker symbol TRU—from the NYSE. Trading in the Trust's common stock will be suspended prior to the opening on Wednesday, January 30, 2013. The Trust expects to commence trading on the Pink Sheets on that same day under a symbol yet to be determined.
NYSE Regulation reached its decision in view of the fact that the Trust is a late filer and was under review by NYSE Regulation in light of the delay in filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission its December 31, 2011 Form 10-K ("Annual Report") and certain of its fiscal 2012 Form 10-Q filings. As provided by Section 802.01E of the NYSE's Listed Company Manual ("LCM"), the Trust was given an initial six-month period after the extended filing due date for its Annual Report to regain compliance. The Trust was unable to file its Annual Report by the October 16, 2012 initial six-month deadline, and at the Trust's request, it was granted an additional three-month extension of time to January 16, 2013 to regain compliance, pursuant to NYSE Regulation's discretionary authority under Section 802.01E of the LCM to grant an additional compliance period not to exceed six months. The Trust did not meet this filing deadline. In light of the continued uncertainty with respect to the timing of the Trust's filing of its Annual Report, NYSE Regulation declined the Trust's second request for an additional trading period and NYSE Regulation decided to initiate delisting proceedings.
NYSE Regulation noted that the Trust had previously fallen below the NYSE's continued listing minimum share price standard, as the average closing price of its unit is less than $1.00 over a consecutive 30 trading day period.
NYSE Regulation notes that it may make an appraisal of, and determine on an individual basis, the suitability for continued listing of an issue in light of all pertinent facts and circumstances whenever it deems such action appropriate. In addition, NYSE Regulation may, at any time, suspend a security if it believes that continued dealings in or listing of the security on the NYSE are not advisable.
The Trust has a right to a review of this determination by a Committee of the Board of Directors of NYSE Regulation. Application to the Securities and Exchange Commission to delist the issue is pending the completion of applicable procedures, including any appeal by the Trust of the NYSE Regulation staff's decision.
Trust contact:
See Section 802.00 of the NYSE Listed Company Manual for continued listing criteria and procedure for delisting


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Love the details.
My name is Mikkel, better know on the internet as Nilghai. I'm a game developer, and I have been working with game developing the last 4 years. I got my big focus on 3D graphic and 2D textures. I do 3D models for company commercials.
Love the details.
Cool model!, really nice use of the polycount.
Pretty cool, when you both made the texture and the model, you might just want to go with : made by Rohail ;)
And whats up with the white outline ?
Beautiful, just like its supposed to look :D
Very good, really like the style especially in the first two tracks
Well, would be funny somehow. But it's just not how it works sorry ;)
Then we will have to fight about her! Winner gets her!
It is glassy, you just can't see it because the camera is to far away from it ^^
Cool model, if the textures gets good, it will become so awesome! what program is this? ^^
nice and simple, and ya really suits hl2 style
SICK! :O Thanks for this!
What is it specifik about they eyes that need some work ? ^^
Wow, just wow
cool, but there might be slightly to much bump in the floor texture
cool modeling, work on unw ^^
Cool :p
awesome xD
Epic style, Epic Suit, Epic MODEL! :D
Best way to make a simple render :P
cool model :D
LOVE the feets :p
Always doing normal maps in Zbrush anyway ^^
Cool scene, might add some other style of floor ? :p
When you do such a model, you should get some good reference pictures to work from :)
Badass gun man xD
The main piece will be wood right?


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Video of the Week.
About Legacy
Quad has revamped its name to Legacy. This venue has become apart of the EDM legacy in Atlanta, and we want to stay that way!!!
We have hosted acts like Skrillex, Cookie Monsta, Liquid Stranger, Crizzly, Dieselboy, Getter, Andy C, Datsik, Bro Safari, and more recently Trollphace, Dubloadz, Grandtheft, Keys N Krates, Truth, Riot Ten, Figure, Darude, BT, and Styles and Complete. This is your underground. Come and play.
Legacy is Atlanta's largest club dedicated to electronic dance music. With 18,000 sq ft, multiple stages, dance areas and bars, a private VIP section and a large outdoor patio, Legacy has it all for fans ages 18+.
Legacy is also the largest venue in EDM Events LLC, which offers 30,000 sf of venue space, much of which is available for private and public events.
For more information, go to the ABOUT page.
If you love Legacy and are interested in joining the Legacy Promotional Team, use the subject "promo team" and email firstname.lastname@example.com.


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29802 - Pebble Cottage
from £107 /night help Price for guests, Nights
from £107 /night help Price for guests, Nights
Estimated nightly price based on a weekly stay. Excludes fees (if applicable). Enter your dates to see the total cost.
Villa / 3 bedrooms / sleeps 6
Availability Your dates are available
Villa / 3 bedrooms / sleeps 6
|Key Info
4-room house on 2 levels, comfortable and nice furnishings: living room with cable-TV, digital TV, international TV channels, CD-player, stereo unit and DVD. Kitchen (4 hotplates, oven, dishwasher, micro wave, freezer) with dining table radio and CD-player. Sep. WC. Upper floor: 1 room with 1 french bed and shower/WC. 1 room with 2 beds. 1 room with 2 beds. Bath/shower/WC. Oil heating. Patio, garden, lawn. Terrace furniture. Facilities: washing machine, dryer, cot. Internet (Wireless LAN [WLAN]). Reserved parking by the house. Beds can also be prepared as twins.
Nice cottage "Pebble Cottage", detached. In the centre of Walsingham. Private: garden with lawn. Garden furniture, parking by the house. Shop, bar 400 m, bus stop "School" 90 m. Golf course (9 hole) 10 km, cycling path 100 m. Nearby attractions: Fakenham Racecourse 10 km, Houghton Hall 20 km, Bircham Windmill 21 km.
|Sleeps up to 6, 3 bedrooms
|Family friendly
|Great for children of all ages
|No pets allowed, Yes, smoking allowed
Features and Facilities
|3 bedrooms, 3 bathrooms of which 3 Family bathrooms
|6 Sofa beds
|Suitable for people with restricted mobility, Not suitable for wheelchair users
The East Anglia region
Little Walsingham
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Calendar last updated:30 Jun 2015
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Stock Photo:
Face of curious baby peeping out of board over white background
- Image ID: 30581038
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What does an extension ladder have in common with a Knaack box?
Both are made from metal but the real commonality is this — the country's best-known ladder company recently bought the best-known maker of job boxes. In early September, Emerson Electric sold Knaack LLC to the Werner Company. Knaack makes commercial grade job boxes; Werner makes ladders, staging, and fall-protection equipment. Knaack owns Weather Guard, so Werner got that too.
Emerson is a St. Louis-based conglomerate with multiple connections to the tool industry. They own the Ridgid brand, which includes plumbing and diagnostic tools, shop vacuums, pneumatic tools, and hand-held power tools — which are produced under contract by Techtronic Industries (the parent company of AEG and Milwaukee).
What tradesman isn't fascinated by clever gizmos designed to make it easy to lift heavy...
Tool Boxes and Storage
These handy modular storage boxes have see-through tops, removable bins, and can be...
The Quick Draw entry system allows a pickup truck box to be opened with a wireless...
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This one-of-a-kind leather vest suits its owner's particular needs and will probably...
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When I work on my relaxation through Hypnobabies, I generally switch back and forth between which side I'm laying on (meaning one session, I'll lay on my left side, and then will lay on my right sideĀfor the next session).Ā We all hear about the left side being "the best side" for baby, and that is the side I lay on the most, for Hypnobabies and for sleeping.Ā However, I find deep breathing much easier when I lay on my right side...it'sĀactually pretty difficult on the left.Ā I still am able to relax on the left side, it is just hard to doĀa 4ĀcountĀbreath in, 8 countĀbreath out.ĀShould I choose one side over the other?
Is one side better than the other?
Comments (5)
Don't worry, it's not a big deal at all.┬Ā Breathe in the way that is most comfortable for you in whatever position you choose.┬Ā During your birth you will be following your instincts and moving in the way that feels right for you.
Thanks, Susan!
Well, actually there is a reason why you should lay on your left side preferably, namely the vena cava, providing your baby with oxygen.
When on your back or the right side, the baby may press on this vein and this can lead to hypoxemia.
However, I have heard lots of different opinions on this. Some say it doesn't really matter, cause you would notice when this happens (getting nauseous, having difficulties breathing, light-headed...) and then have enough time to change position (though I wonder what happens if this becomes an issue while I'm asleep). Others say: only laying on your back is a problem while left or right side hardly make a difference. My prenatal yoga instructor says: it doesn't even concern all women, just a few and they know... Last week I had to attend a first-aid course and they said it was very important when dealing with unconscious pregnant women to put them on their left side.
So I personally am really uncertain by now. I have the same problem you have: it's easier to breathe on my right side, also my heart sometimes starts racing when on my left. But I am afraid I might deplete my babys oxygen when on my right side for to long. Baby also seems to like left side better, cause it keeps kicking and boxing me when I'm on my right side, making it really uncomfortable for me^^
The right side creates only slightly less flow through the vena cava than the left, it isn't significant enough to cause a problem for the baby. ┬ĀThat being said, positioning of the baby is also a good reason to prefer your left side for laying on... baby's back is the heaviest part of his body and will gravitate toward whatever part of you is down. ┬ĀLOA being the most favorable position for birth, laying on your left side for the most part is generally better. XD
:- ( o Y o ) -: 32 months and counting! 6 weeks w/ baby #2!
My Blog, Mary Poppins I Ain't: So It Finally Happened...
About sleeping: I choose to trust that my body will wake me if it's becoming an issue.┬Ā
I usually start sleeping on my side (sometimes left, sometimes right...really it depends on how I can get comfortable) but I usually end up flat on my back...so I have to trust that my body was made for this (and for 1000s of years babies were ok with mommies sleeping however).
typh (28)


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Some cats are allergic to humans.
I just got back from a week in the Netherlands (and Belgium and Luxembourg) and my head's still spinning -- from the jet-lag, heavy beers, and dizzying awesomeness of that part of the world.
In Oregon, our House chamber is evenly split between Republicans and Democrats. This 50/50 split has been the topic of some concern, as bipartisanship is now required to pass critical legislation.
• First things first: when did this tradition with the bunny start? Most of the candy imagery we're familiar with today - rabbits, ducks, chicks, etc.
Wednesday Wordplay has arrived, and it's more than happy to be here.
A report on Gabriella Giffords' recovery.
Like the ice cream trucks of yesteryear (I hear they're still around, but not in my neighborhood), food trucks roam around cities bringing delicious goodness right to people.
In 1968, the Senior Class Committee at Harvard University began inviting its own speaker to Class Day.
Whether on a road trip or the daily commute, we're all constantly confronted with a barrage of signs.
The site That can be my next tweet analyzes your previous Twitter activity (assuming your account is public) and gives you back a "next tweet." The site appears to be using a Markov chain p
When celebrities go off the deep end, we'll hear folks say they've "damaged their Q rating." What does that really mean? What is a Q Score in the first place?
As a self-professed comedy nerd I treat my favorite humorists with the reverence typically reserved for superheroes.
Swedish blogger Ulrika Good posted a story about a king and his lion that captured the internet, and turned a Swedish meme into an international sensation.
Here's a Tuesday Test Time to occupy a bit of your time.
Bibliophiles rejoice!
Fifty years ago today, the first human being was launched into space. A new movie named First Orbit will premiere today on YouTube to honor the occasion.


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Every Day we post 10 new Classical CD and DVD reviews. A free weekly summary is available by e-mail. MusicWeb is not a subscription site. To keep it free please purchase discs through our links.
| Emil Gilels
Ludwig van BEETHOVEN (1770-1827)
Piano Concerto No. 1 in C major Op. 15 (1797)
Piano Concerto No. 2 in B flat major Op. 19 (1793 rev. 1794-95)
Piano Concerto No. 3 in C minor Op. 37 (? 1800)
Piano Concerto No. 4 in G major Op. 58 (1805-06)
Piano Concerto No. 5 in E flat major Op. 73 Emperor (1809)
Piano Sonata No. 7 in D major Op. 10/3 (1797-98)
Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor Op13 Pathétique (1798)
Piano Sonata No. 12 in A flat major Op. 26 (1800-01)
Piano Sonata No. 14 in C sharp minor Op. 27 No. 2 Moonlight (1801)
Piano Sonata No. 16 in G Op. 31/1 (1802)
Piano Sonata No. 23 in F minor Op. 57 Appassionata (1804)
Piano Sonata No. 25 in G major Op. 79 (1809)
Piano Sonata No. 26 in E flat major Op. 81a Les Adieux (1809-10)
Piano Sonata No. 27 in E minor Op. 90 (1814)
Piano Sonata No. 29 in B flat major Op. 106 Hammerklavier (1818)
Emil Gilels (piano)
State Symphony orchestra of the USSR/Kurt Masur
Live recordings made between 1961 and 1984
BRILLIANT CLASSICS 92132 [6 CDs: 376.37]
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A shift toward longer wavelengths of the spectral lines emitted by a celestial object that is caused by the object moving away from the earth. In astronomy, the universe is continuously expanding and along with that expansion, galaxies tend to move away from us. Accordingly, the light emanating from these galaxies is "redshifted."
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• "Managing Intellectual Property Portfolios." May 3-4, 2014, Knowledge Management Group, Tbilisi, Georgia.
• "Streaming Music and its Impact on Traditional Radio." January 28, 2014, CBS2 News Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
• "Managing Intellectual Property Portfolios." November 29-30, 2013, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
• "Licensing Your Work." Chicago Music Commission, Chicago, Illinois.
• "Licensing Music for Film and Television." Chicago Music Commission, Chicago, Illinois.