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Clean Air Excellence Awards
Past Award Recipients
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Community Action Award Recipients
Clean Air Partners Program
CLEAN AIR Force of Central Texas
The CLEAN AIR Force of Central Texas developed the Clean Air Partners Program in 2001 after learning most pollutants that create harmful ground-level ozone come from on-road vehicles. The CLEAN AIR Force recruited six major employers to charter the program and develop strategies to reduce emissions. The program is open to all employers in the 5-county Central Texas region, and is open to any type of employer. Partners include corporations, nonprofits and governments. Today, there are 40 Partners representing 100,000 employees. The Clean Air Partners Program assists employers in reducing ozone-forming emissions with a flexible menu of options. By becoming a Partner, employers volunteer to implement clean business practices and reduce emissions that contribute to unhealthy air. Strategies include employee education, alternative commutes (public transit, vanpooling, carpooling, teleworking, biking, flexible work schedules, etc.), use of cleaner fleets, clean energy practices (conservation, green power sources), low-emission construction and landscaping activities, water conservation and other proactive measures that contribute to cleaner air. Becoming a Partner makes good business sense, as many of the strategies used also save employers and employees time and money. One of the program goals is to reduce Partners' commuting employees from Central Texas roads by 10%. The program is currently reducing approximately 10,000 commuters from our roads today, leading to less traffic and less air pollution. The program empowers businesses and organizations to take responsibility at the employer/employee level to improve public health as well as the health of our economy through improved air quality.
Club Ride Commuter Services
Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada
Club Ride is a free program of the Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada designed to improve air quality and encourage commute alternatives, such as riding transit, carpooling, vanpooling, walking, bicycling, working compressed work weeks and telecommuting. Club Ride partners with nearly 300 employers and more than 24,000 registered commuters in Clark County to meet these goals. Club Ride's efforts yield significant improvements in air quality and overall quality of life. Approximately 38% of our members list 'helping the environment' as their biggest motivation for reporting their alternative commutes. Club Ride's 2014 highlights include: 59 tons of carbon monoxide emissions reduced; 2,324 tons of greenhouse gases reduced; over 1 million clean commute trips reported; 5.9 million miles removed from the road; and $1,616,931 in commuter cost savings. Our community outreach program is designed to reach the largest number of commuters, thereby making the greatest impact on clean air. While we promote Club Ride through press releases, social media, marketing materials and advertising in English and Spanish), our employer outreach program is our most significant method of increasing membership. We make special accommodations for the unique 24-hour workforce in Clark County and tailor the turn-key program to meet the needs of each employer. We make reporting commutes easy, with a free mobile app, 86 worksite-based touchscreen kiosks, worksite VeriFones and an interactive online commute calendar. Commuters can also text or call us to report their commutes. Our outreach coordinators conduct over 650 worksite and community events every year, including health fairs, orientations, and special events such as Bike Week and Earth Day. In 2014, Club Ride welcomed 10,287 new commuters to the program.
Regional 8-Hour Ozone Flex Planning
Central Texas Clean Air Coalition
The Central Texas Clean Air Coalition (CAC) of the Capital Area Council of Governments (CAPCOG) is a regional collaboration of local governments in Central Texas, consisting of elected officials appointed by city and county governments from the Austin- Round Rock Metropolitan Statistical Area. The CAC has successfully implemented a voluntary, regional 8-Hour Ozone Flex Plan (8-O3 Flex) and continues its positive impact on the community through ongoing air quality planning efforts. Through the 8-O3 Flex, the region has successfully stayed in attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for ozone despite a population growth rate that far exceeds the state and national averages. The plan was developed through an innovative partnership of a diverse group of 69 stakeholders in the Austin-Round Rock area, including governmental, business and non-profit entities. The participants, led by the CAC, implemented more than 95 measures, with a focus on keeping the area in attainment of federal ozone standards. Many of these measures, such as energy efficiency and resource conservation, have also resulted in reductions in other criteria pollutants, air toxics and greenhouse gases. The CAC adopted the 8-O3 Flex in 2008 to replace the CAC's Early Action Compact (2004), which in turn replaced the 1-Hour Ozone Flex Plan (2002). The group has now adopted a new air quality plan under the Ozone Advance Program that will continue the region's voluntary ozone planning efforts through 2018. The new plan includes 491 emission reduction commitments from five county governments, 13 city governments and 11 other governmental, nonprofit and business entities from the region.
Ducktown 28-Kilowatt Solar Array
City of Ducktown, TN
Located in southeast Tennessee, the City of Ducktown is a small rural community of 475 citizens. After years of environmental devastation caused by ore mining and its processing through open pit roasting, the community has undergone a complete transformation. Over the past five decades, the area has been rejuvenated through reclamation and reforestation provided by public and private partnerships. More than 500,000 visitors from nearby metropolitan areas now come to enjoy the natural amenities annually. Building on these environmental improvements and continuing to invest in economic development, city leaders chose to pursue renewable energy projects. In partnership with the Tennessee Renewable Energy & Economic Development Council (TREEDC), city leaders have attended multiple classes and conferences, learning about renewable energy sources and alternative fuels. In 2010, Ducktown constructed its first solar project: a 28-kilowatt solar photovoltaic system, through a federal grant received from the Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development and local funds. With a total project cost of $108,000, the city should only have been able to build a 14-kilowatt system, but by thinking out of the box, providing training for staff and completing construction themselves, the city was able to double the size of the system. In the first year of operation, the 28-kilowatt system created $9,000 in revenues, offsetting approximately 45 percent of the energy cost. To date, this project has avoided more than 35 tons of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. Ducktown has also partnered with other private businesses and installed an additional 60 kilowatts of solar capacity, offsetting the total energy cost by 65 percent to date.
Frazier Courtyard Homes
Dallas Area Habitat for Humanity
As part of the Fair Park Partnership with Inner-city Community Development Corporation, Dallas Area Habitat for Humanity worked in conjunction with the Dallas Housing Authority, the City of Dallas, the Dallas Sustainable Skyline Initiative, and many other public and private partners to redevelop 55 acres of public housing into a sustainable, healthy community. Forty affordable single-family homes now stand where there was once a crime-ridden, decayed public housing project. These forty homes, all certified as LEEDTM Silver and purchased by low-income homeowners, are part of a larger effort to build sustainable neighborhoods that improve the community's quality of life.
These collaborative and visionary efforts paid off. A Texas A&M University study found that the average energy savings of a three-bedroom Habitat home in Frazier Courtyards is 10 -12 percent and from 21 -22 percent for two-bedroom homes, when compared to the standard building code in effect at the time of construction. This translates into a savings of approximately 1 ton of carbon dioxide air pollution per year, per home.
Because of its experience at Frazier Courtyard Homes, since 2010, Dallas Habitat has built all of its new homes to LEED standards. As the largest builder of single-family homes in the City of Dallas, and the largest builder of LEED-certified homes in Dallas, the commitment to green building drastically improves the air quality not only for homeowners, but for the surrounding community as well.
Electric Vehicle Ecosystem Pilot Project
City and County of Greenville, South Carolina
The Electric Vehicle (EV) Ecosystem Pilot Project was created to provide area companies and residents with access to electric vehicles and charging stations throughout the region. With the help of Enterprise Rental Car, Duke Energy, General Electric, and other partners, the City and County of Greenville were able to implement the EV Ecosystem Program. The program also seeks to improve the quality of life and air quality by cutting fuel use and tailpipe emissions. The goal is being accomplished by combining two models to access EVs: public pods and dedicated use. There are two public pods, one at the GSP Airport and another one in Downtown Greenville. Both pods have EVs available for rent. At the airport, people may rent EVs from Enterprise through its regular car rental program. Enterprise launched its car sharing WeCar Program with EVs, which allows people to use alternative fuel vehicles while reducing emissions and the number of vehicles on the road. Members of the WeCar Program pay for the hours they use the EVs (the rate includes all maintenance and insurance). There are WeCar EVs conveniently available at a public parking garage just across the GreenLink and Greyhound bus terminal in Downtown Greenville. The dedicated use model allows private businesses to have EVs as company vehicles thru a six-month lease with Enterprise. Companies have an option to extend the lease on a monthly basis or leasing them longer. There are more than 45 charging stations for public and private use in the Greenville area. The program has made Greenville one of the most EV friendly areas in the world.
Free Zoo & Trolley Too!
Rhode Island Public Transit Authority
The Rhode Island Public Transit Authority (RIPTA) offered Rhode Islanders a free and environmentally-friendly way to travel to the local Roger Williams Park Zoo. From May to September 2011, the "Free Zoo and Trolley Too!" program offered passengers a complimentary bus ride on the Route 6 (Prairie/R. W. Zoo) line every first Saturday of the month to the Roger Williams Park Zoo in Providence, RI on a new hybrid/diesel red trolley. These new vehicles run quieter and cleaner and are expected to help RIPTA save approximately 20 percent on fuel costs. This partnership with the Roger Williams Park Zoo encouraged city residents to leave their cars at home and try transit at no cost. Astonishingly, ridership doubled on the first day of this promotion. Other forms of encouragement were flyers that were distributed throughout the local Providence school system and at local community events. In addition to online advertising, bus shelters ads, in both English and Spanish, were utilized to spread the message. "Free Zoo and Trolley Too!" is an innovative program which provided passengers with a positive transit experience-all while reducing air pollution.
Forest Resource Sustainability in Placer County, California
Placer County Air Pollution Control District
With over half of Placer County comprised of forested land, County leaders understand the risk and consequences of catastrophic wildfires. In response, the Placer County Air Pollution Control District and Placer County have teamed with public and private partners - including the U.S. Forest Service and Sierra Pacific Industries - to implement projects to cost effectively manage portions of the 550,000 acres of forest that are at severe risk for wildfire in the Lake Tahoe region and on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Efforts are aimed at reducing wildfire risk, protecting forest resources, improving air and watershed quality, lowering firefighting costs, and reducing the use of fossil fuels for energy in the region. Forest management operations for harvesting commercial products or for reducing wildfire hazards produce excess woody biomass in the form of limbs, tops, and brush. This biomass material usually has no commercial value and is disposed through mastication, or open burning which produces significant amounts of air pollutants. In the past four years, projects have been initiated focusing on waste that was otherwise destined for open burning. The project has processed and transported 15,000 tons of wastes to biomass energy facilities to fuel the generation of 15,000 megawatt hours of renewable electricity, enough to power more than 1,500 homes for one year. The projects, which are continuing, achieved emission reductions of 90 tons of fine particulate, 23 tons of nitrogen oxides, 70 tons of volatile organics, 900 tons of carbon monoxide, and over 6,000 tons of greenhouse gases. Additional impacts include reducing wildfire intensity, and preserving water, wildlife habitat, and soil productivity.
NYU Climate Action Plan
New York University
New York University's Climate Action Plan (CAP) addresses NYU's recent participation in NYC Mayor Bloomberg's PlaNYC Challenge to Universities regarding sustainability. The CAP encapsulates NYU's initiatives that are reducing campus-wide greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria air pollutant emissions. NYU achieved cuts of more than 20% between 2006 and 2010 through building retrofits, efficiency, and conservation from behavioral change. Greater progress is achieved in 2011 with the completion of an expanded on-campus cogeneration (CHP) power plant that provides twice the power of NYU's old facility and avoids the combustion of 500,000 gallons of fuel oil and 280,000 therms of natural gas per year. This new plant yields an additional 23 percent decrease in GHG emissions and a 68 percent decrease in criteria air pollutants. NYU has also reduced air pollution by cutting electricity demand through its successful inter-residence hall competition called NYU unplugged. This month-long competition generated an 8 percent energy savings across more than a dozen dorms. NYU has also created a Sustainability Task Force that has made over 100 recommendations to improve environmental performance and foster a campus culture of sustainability. The university is currently implementing one of these recommendations by upgrading the efficiency of NYU's shuttle bus fleet route changes helped to cut diesel fuel use by 16 percent in 2010, and the university's new contract will replace existing buses with efficient hybrid-electric equivalent buses at a rate of one per year. These and other projects combine to form a comprehensive strategy to reduce emissions, moving NYU closer to its long-term commitment to carbon neutrality by the year 2040.
Santa Barbara Car Free Project — Santa Barbara Air Pollution Control District
Santa Barbara Car Free is a community project founded and led by Santa Barbara County Air Pollution Control District to encourage car free travel to and around Santa Barbara. More than 100 businesses, organizations, and individuals participate. The website (SantaBarbaraCarFree.org ), how to be Car Free and Care Free map and publications, Amtrak specials, year-long discount packages with more than 40 partners (hotels, attractions, activities, restaurants), publicity efforts, and community outreach, all reduce pollution and establish Santa Barbara as a sustainable tourist destination and community. The project started in 1998 to address the peaking ozone levels during visitor season after the county was designated a "serious" ozone nonattainment area. In 2008, the website had more than 1.5 million hits; up to 25 percent of website visitors are from outside the US. More that 65,000 maps and brochures are distributed every year. The project is one of the few organizations in the country that has its own savings code with Amtrak. They launched a new promotion in 2008, "Take a Vacation from the Gas Pump", when gas prices were high. Other regions are looking to models their success.
City of Aspen ZGreen Certification Program — City of Aspen
The City of Aspen ZGreen program recognizes businesses and citizens for their environmental efforts through a credible third-party certification. Started in 2007, the program is a collaborative effort between the City of Aspen Environmental Health Department and the Canary Initiative. To become ZGreen certified, businesses and citizens must make changes to their operations or lifestyles in a variety of ways, including taking actions to improve air quality. Citizens must commit to five new actions out of a possible 100 and then they receive a summary of how selected actions will shrink their carbon footprint, conserve energy, and reduce PM-10 emissions, one of Aspen's priority air quality concerns. The business certification requires businesses to get at least 50 points out of a possible 140 on the checklist (five specific items are required of every ZGreen business). Each business must complete an Energy Tracker, which records its gas, electricity, and water use, and calculates its yearly carbon footprint and air emissions. The ZGreen program indirectly reduces air pollution and emissions by rewarding businesses and citizens for using alternative transportation, using low-emission vehicles, prohibiting vehicle idling for more than five minutes, and encouraging energy-efficiency measures. The program now has 18 certified ZGreen businesses, more than 200 certified citizens, 130 have agreed to make a change to reduce air pollution, and their commitment will reduce PM-10 levels in Aspen by an average of 173,435 grams over 2 years.
Greater Boston Breathes Better — The Consensus Building Institute, Cambridge, Mass.
The Greater Boston Breathes Better (GB3) partnership is a multi-stakeholder partnership dedicated to improving air quality and reducing emissions from transportation and construction. GB3 provides a forum for sharing experiences, concerns, and lessons learned, while offering funding opportunities and technical resources. Through voluntary partnerships, expanding networks, and increasing collaboration among the area's diverse sectors, GB3 is able to educate the public and apply innovative technologies to reduce emissions from transportation and construction sources in the City of Boston.
Partner projects have significantly reduced the local impact of diesel emissions, including: training over 1,000 school bus drivers in anti-idling procedures; the adoption of construction contract language requiring retrofits and cleaner fuels at several significant construction projects; the use of biodiesel in Harvard University's vehicles; and retrofitting the Medical Academic and Scientific Community Organization's 17 shuttle buses and Boston's 600 diesel school buses with advanced pollution control technology.
GB3 hosted sector-based workshops providing technical assistance and facilitating discussion on emission control strategies. These workshops educated a large community of stakeholders beyond GB3's members and resulted in quantifiable emission reductions. GB3's partners include Boston area academic institutions, federal, state, and municipal government representatives, hospitals, technology and energy vendors, construction firms, environmental non-profits, and community organizations.
The GB3 partnership is a successful model for fostering collaborative actions to address local environmental issues. The partnership has begun to share experiences, resources, and tools with communities beyond Greater Boston and has promoted similar partnerships in Manchester, New Hampshire and Providence, Rhode Island.
Project Green Fleet — Minnesota Environmental Initiative
Project Green Fleet (PGF) is a voluntary collaborative effort of the Minnesota Environmental Initiative, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, the Minnesota Chamber of Commerce, the Minnesota Center for Environmental Advocacy, businesses, state government agencies, and nonprofits. The project reduces emissions and children's exposure to exhaust through idle reduction and by installing EPA-verified pollution control equipment on school buses. The project is unique because Minnesota is already in attainment for all pollutants under the Clean Air Act; even so, it has funded more than $3.6 million worth of diesel emission reduction projects through a combination of partner and government funding.
PGF has exceeded a two-year goal to retrofit 500 school buses with pollution control equipment in the State of Minnesota by 2008. Recognizing the importance of this work, Minnesota's legislature recently appropriated $2.4 million to support retrofitting school buses statewide. This increased state funding will allow PGF to develop and implement plans to retrofit all of Minnesota's 4,000 eligible school buses in four years.
These early PGF efforts will directly reduce emissions exposure for approximately 30,000 children statewide. Project Green Fleet will continue to track the emissions and exposure reductions for at least five years.
The foresight of establishing Project Green Fleet has allowed Minnesota to address air quality problems before they become more serious environmental and health threats.
Northern Wood Power Project — Public Service of New Hampshire (PSNH)
The Public Service of New Hampshire's (PSNH) Northern Wood Power Project (NWPP) permanently replaced a 50-megawatt coal-burning boiler with a state-of-the-art fluidized-bed wood-burning boiler of the same capacity. The NWPP is one of the largest coal-to-wood repowering conversion projects in the nation.
The NWPP was made possible through extensive collaboration of the NH Timberland Owners Association, the Society for the Protection of New Hampshire Forests, New Hampshire Audubon, and the Office of the Governor. In addition to nurturing a cleaner environment, the program offers economic benefits by creating a demand for 450,000 tons of wood chips annually. The project provides a huge boost to the forest industry's viability and adds approximately $20 million to the regional economy each year.
The Northern Wood Power Project reduces annual coal consumption by more than 130,000 tons and reduces the plant's annual air emissions by thousands of tons. The project decreases emissions across the board; it reduces: NOx emissions by more than 75 percent, SO2 emissions by more than 95 percent, and mercury by more than 90 percent. In addition, instead of generating coal ash that may be landfilled, the project generates wood ash that can be reused as an agricultural product.
By selling Renewable Energy Certificates and avoiding the need to purchase emissions credits, PSNH has found innovative ways to generate renewable energy without increasing the cost to customers. SNH's work demonstrates how a large emission reduction project can benefit a community environmentally and economically.
Cherokee Nation Clean Air Program — Cherokee Nation Environmental Programs, Tahlequah, OK
The Cherokee Nation became active in ambient air quality monitoring in 1996, and since that time has established a network of criteria pollutant monitors in Oklahoma and New Mexico. As the lead agency in the Inter-tribal Environmental Council (ITEC), Cherokee Nation has been the forerunner in protecting health, natural resources, and the environment for the Tribal Community. Primarily, they oversee 5 stationary air monitoring stations and a mobile air monitoring station. This system comprises the largest tribal air monitoring system in the United States and continues to grow and evolve. The Cherokee Nation also offers technical assistance to the 42 tribes that are members of the ITEC consortia. The Cherokee Nation has provided tribes with data they can use to manage and protect air quality within their tribal lands and boundaries and has filled major data gaps by providing baseline information on air quality in rural areas. The leadership of the Cherokee Nation has provided a strong model for improving ambient air quality applicable to tribal communities across the United States.
Strategic Toxic Air Reduction (STAR) Program — Louisville Metro Air Pollution Control District Louisville, KY
Louisville, KY citizens, industries, academia, and members of local, state and federal government were motivated to action by the results of a year long air monitoring program that detected unsafe levels of several chemicals in Louisville's air. A multi-stakeholder group, led by the Louisville Metro Air Pollution Control District, formed the Strategic Toxic Air Reduction (STAR) program, a comprehensive toxics program that addresses decades of public concern about potentially harmful effects from air toxics. In June 2005, STAR was adopted and began its work to establish unique regulatory cumulative risk goals for multiple chemicals. STAR provided the structure for: determining the environmental acceptability of toxic emissions; establishing goals and timetables for large industrial sources; and requiring risk assessment of small industrial, mobile, nonroad mobile, and area sources. This innovative toxics program has the potential to serve as a model at the local, state, and federal level.
Transit Oriented Development Program — Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority
The Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA) is turning a number of its 38 rail stations into live, work, and play communities through its Transit Oriented Development (TOD) program. MARTA planned the TOD program in 1983 to reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality in metropolitan Atlanta. The program utilized surplus land to develop office, retail, and mixed-use residential, hotel, and restaurant space around MARTA rail stations. In 1999, MARTA developed an award-winning, nationally recognized, flagship TOD, Lindbergh City Center, which has become a model for transit systems throughout the nation. Lindbergh City Center is situated on 47 acres around the Lindbergh Center rail station and will ultimately include 4.8 million square feet of office, hotel, and mixed-use residential, retail, and restaurant space. Through these developments, MARTA has grown its operating revenues while improving air quality and reducing congestion in Atlanta.
BikeTown — Bicycling Magazine, Rodale, Inc.
BikeTown, an innovative program created by Bicycling Magazine, has been working to make cities more cycling friendly by giving away bikes and promoting clean transportation in cities throughout the nation. By giving away free bicycles to citizens in different communities chosen by the magazine, the program fosters the development of bicycle use in towns throughout the country. Through a partnership with Shimano and the League of American Bicyclists, BikeTown created ten Bike-to-Work cities. Participants in these cities agreed to use bikes as a replacement for cars during the majority of their transportation and a reduction of 626,048 lbs of greenhouse gas emissions over the course of six months resulted; as well as increased quality of health, community development, and other attributes. Now rapidly expanding throughout the nation and into parts of the world, BikeTown is encouraging biking as an alternative form of transportation, and creating connections within communities while sharing participant's important stories through the magazine.
The Cherry Creek Bike Rack — Transportation Solutions & The Nichols Partnership; Colorado
Transportation Solutions and Nichols Partnership joined together to develop The Cherry Creek Bike Rack, the first of its kind "urban transportation center" in the state of Colorado. The Bike Rack, which opened in June 2004 in a 1,000 square foot storefront space, uniquely offers secure, indoor bicycle parking free of charge. It also provides bicycle and other transportation information for employees, residents, and visitors; and serves the needs of the neighborhood's growing bicycle community. The Bike Rack project is estimated to generate a reduction of 6,505 vehicle miles traveled (VMT) daily; a total of over two million VMT saved every year. This VMT savings will correspond to a reduction of 245 pounds of pollution every day, almost 100,000 pounds of pollutants eliminated annually.
Sustainability Project becomes Sustainable Environment for Quality of Life (SEQL) — Centralina Council of Governments and the Catawba Regional Council of Governments; Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill Metropolitan Area, North Carolina
This two-phase effort, which began as the Sustainability Project and evolved into the Sustainable Environment for Quality of Life program is an example of how jurisdictions can work together regionally to address environmental issues. With the leadership of a strong policy team and the support of interested local and state stakeholders, the Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill region has been able to unite the region and adopt compatible environmental measures throughout the area.
IHM Motherhouse Sustainable Renovation — Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary; Monroe, Michigan
The Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, have begun a green building renovation of a large institutional structure on their campus in Monroe, Michigan. This renovation uses comprehensive and sustainable design practices including passive energy systems, renewable energy sources, reduction of water use, habitat restoration, constructed wetlands, and use of green/recyclable materials. The green renovation of the motherhouse balances the current occupants' needs with environmental concerns.
Highlands' Garden Village — Perry Rose, an affiliate of Jonathan Rose Companies, LLC; Denver, Colorado
Located 10 minutes from downtown Denver, the Highlands' Garden Village is a walkable, transit-linked village that is a model for environmentally responsible infill development. Using green buildings and green transportation systems, the village has revitalized an underused site into a network of homes, gardens, plazas, and open spaces. The Village's car-share program provides vehicles fueled by compressed natural gas that can be rented by the half hour.
Playa Vista — Playa Capital Company, LLC; Los Angeles, California.
Playa Vista is creating a community where residents will be able to manage their household needs without getting into their cars. It is doing so by designing a balance of housing, office space, neighborhood services, community uses, and open space throughout the project, and interlinking these land uses with bikepaths and pedestrian friendly sidewalks and paths. This unique community design will be enhanced by a hybrid-powered shuttle system connecting all parts of the community.
Hunts Point Cooperative Truck Stop Electrification Project — Con Edison and Clean Air Communities; Bronx, New York.
The Hunts Point Cooperative Market (The Market) is one of the world's largest produce and meat markets. There are approximately 20,000 diesel truck trips into and out of the Hunts Point neighborhood each week, with hundreds of diesel vehicles idling at The Market each day. The truck stop electrification project will allow trucks to connect to an electrical source that will keep heating and refrigeration units running while the truck is turned off. At full operation, the 32-bay project is expected to eliminate 2,300 tons of air pollutants annually.
Sustainable Development/Affordable Housing Pilot Program. The New Jersey Department of Community Affairs Program seeks to identify innovative and cost-effective approaches to housing design that decrease air pollution and energy costs due to their increased energy efficiency.
If you have any questions about the Clean Air Excellence Awards Program, please contact Catrice Jefferson of EPA's Office of Air and Radiation at (202) 564-1668, or email@example.com.


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Tis the season, and the season really begins with Thanksgiving, especially if you read all the stories about Black Friday. As you sit down to enjoy a Thanksgiving meal with family and friends, this seems an appropriate time to talk about thank you.
Appreciating others and what they do for you is such a simple, positive thing to do, yet people are always asking questions like: Do I have to write a thank-you note? or Is it okay to send an email thanks?
What these questions imply is that saying thank you in any form is a chore I have to do, and if I didnt have to do it perhaps I wouldnt be bothered to do it. To answer these questions take a moment and shift your attitude from thinking of thank-you as an obligation to thinking of it as an opportunity.
As an obligation, thanking someone is something we have to do. And when we have to do something, we tend to put it off in favor of things we like to do. So the likelihood of the thank you being done diminishes the more it feels like an obligation. However, when thanking someone is seen as an opportunity, it becomes something we want to do. And when we want to do something, we are more likely to make the effort to do it.
Any manner in etiquette should have a reason behind it. Saying "thank you" for the meal you just enjoyed or the gift you just received, especially at this holiday time, acknowledges the effort a person has made on your behalf. People like to be appreciated. They are more likely to want to make that effort for you again if they are appreciated rather than ignored. So its to your benefit to thank them.
How can you be sure your thank you demonstrates your appreciation? Of course you can thank them as you leave the meal or when they put a gift in your hands. The heartfelt thank you, the one they will remember, is the second thank you made the next day. You pick up your phone and call or write an email or best yet, with pen in hand, write a thank-you note. When they receive that hand-written note, they read it and then enjoy it time and again when they see it on their refrigerator or lying on their counter or desk. However you choose to do it, thank them that second time because you want to, because you view it as an opportunity to be appreciative of the effort they have made for you. Thats giving thanks and thats Thanksgiving, the start of the holiday season.
Thank you.
More from this blog on: Etiquette at Work , Office Issues

subset: commoncrawl


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Part 1: Setting some goals.
Lately, I've found myself wanting something more than anything else. I want (need, I suppose) a new desktop computer. My current laptop is fantastic for writing articles and browsing the web, but it's useless for anything more advanced than that. Like, for example, making games (or playing them for that matter). I had to rent a laptop for my Computer Graphics class in university because my laptop cannot handly any graphics more advanced than 2d sprites.
So I resolved to construct my own PC. A desktop preferably, I can sacrifice the mobility afforded by a laptop in exchange for saving a few hundred dollars. Desktops are easier to upgrade as well, and I can save a lot of money by building my own instead of buying a pre-built ship.
Unfortunately, I'm a student which means I don't have a lot of spare time on my hands. I'm also unemployed, a factor which is exarcebated by not having time for a job, and also the dreadful economic climate my home country find itself in. There's just not enough jobs to go around. So I need to think of other ways to raise the money for my desktop. That's where my online empire comes in (not much of an Empire but still…). Through goal setting, and using Triond readers to hold me accountable to those goals, I hope to have funded a complete desktop build to the tune of some $800 within the next few months.
That about does it for goals for now. I fully intend to add new goals to the list as time goes by, adding to my reserves of income. As it stands, this should be enough to get me started. I hope to achieve all of these by the end of February (even allowing for my birthday). So let's get started.
If you have any other ideas, any ways I can raise money for my new computer, please let me know in the comments below. Follow me on Twitter for constant updates as to how I'm doing, and for when new articles in this series are completed. Message me, leave a comment, or send me a tweet if you want to help somehow (become a referral, give me ideas and so on). And, of course…
Very good article. Thanks for sharing


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1957 Maserati 450S
The Rolex Monterey Motorsports Reunion is a rare opportunity for vintage racing fans to see classic race cars compete against each other on one of the most celebrated race tracks in America. Hosted at Laguna Seca, over 500 cars take to the sprawling circuit's challenging corners - including the corkscrew - showing off everything from open-wheel Formula cars from the turn of the century all the way up to early-90s high tech hardware. Each of the cars that attend the Motorsports Reunion is a unique piece of history in motion, being put through its paces in celebration of the original intent of its builders.
This 1957 Maserati 450S is owned by Rick Hall and competed in group 7A. Designed as an endurance racer, the car features a 4.5-liter V-8 engine. The 450S was a successful model, winning 31 races between 1956 and 1962, including the 12 Hours at Sebring.
1970 AMC Javelin Trans-Am Race Car
This 1970 AMC Javelin Trans-Am race car was a re-skinned 1969 model that was used as a test car prior to 1970 models making it to the circuit.
1968 Chevrolet Camaro SS/RS Trans-AM Race Car
This 1968 Chevrolet Camaro SS/RS Trans-AM race car features a 5.0-liter V-8 engine and a lengthy Trans-Am racing pedigree.
1961 Ol'Yaller VIII
Built in 1961, this Ol'Yaller VIII was built by Max Balchowsky in California as a mid-engine race car, based on a Jaguar E-Type chassis and designed to compete with Europe's exotics. Ol'Yaller models were produced between 1956 and 1963.
This 1975 BMW 3.5 CSL race car was part of a five-car team that competed in the IMSA Camel GT series in 1975 and 1976. It won 5 races in 1975, and is powered by a 430 horsepower, 3.5-liter inline-six cylinder engine.
1965 McLaren-Elva M1A #20-06
This 1965 McLaren-Elva M1A #20-06 was sold to Ralph Salyer in Indiana, where it was known as the 'Cro-Sal Special' in honor of Salyer and his mechanica, Gene Crowe. It raced in the SCCA Central Division C/Modified class as well as the precursor to the Can-Am series.
1977 Porsche 935
This 1976 Porsche 935 wears the colors of the famous Martini racing team.
1977 Ensign N177
This 1977 Ensign N177competed in Formula 1 for two seasons and was driven by such luminaries as Jacky Ickx and Patrick Tambay.
1966 Ford Mustang GT350
The Ford Mustang GT350 represented one of the earliest pairings of Carrol Shelby and the Ford Motor Company.
1917 Chevrolet 490 Speedster
Originally built as a touring car, this 1917 Chevrolet 490 Speedster was transformed into a racer in 1923 and competed on dirt tracks throughout Missouri and Kansas,
Titans Tangle
A pair of Mercedes-Benz 300SL coupes square off against an early-50's Corvette on the front straight of Laguna Seca. Corvette was this year's featured marque for the 2013 Rolex Monterey Motorsports Reunion.
1965 Mini Cooper S
The Mini Cooper S built a solid reputation in rally racing thanks to its nimble handling and light weight.
1958 Fordvette Special
That's not a typo - it's the actual name of car #158 in this photo. The 1958 Fordvette Special was built by Dick Williams on a 1950 Ford chassis, and in addition to dramatic fins it this fibreglass beast features a Corvette engine and Pontiac tail lights.
1964 Lotus Elan 26R
The Lotus Elan served as the inspiration for the modern-day Mazda Miata, due to its lightweight construction, and is a sought-after roadster. This 26R represents the racing edition of the Lotus Elan sports car.
The Final Corner
A Porsche 356 Speedster fights off open-air competition entering the front stretch of Laguna Seca raceway.
2013 Bentley Continential GT3
This Bentley Continental GT3 car is part of a new program developed by the British automaker that will support Bentley drivers willing to compete in the high stakes world of FIA GT3 racing.
1992 Mazda RX-792P
This 1992 Mazda RX-792P was part of the Japanese brand's IMSA GT Championship effort, but competed for only two years before the program was cancelled due to the elimination of the GTP category.
Chevrolet Corvette C6R
The Chevrolet Corvette C6R at the Rolex Monterey Motorsports Reunion was part of a comprehensive display of each and every competition and street model of Corvette, generation-by-generation.
Mazda 787
The Mazda 787 was an important car in the brand's racing history, as its debut in 1990 paved the way for the 787B model's eventual victory at Le Mans in 1991. The 787B is the only Japanese-built car to have ever claimed victory at the famed 24 hour event, and it is also the only non-piston-driven vehicle to have won there.
1980 BMW M1 Procar Coupe
This 1980 BMW M1 Procar Coupe represents the racing version of the brand's famed M1 supercar, which caught the world by surprise when the automaker unveiled it at the end of the 1970s. Procar was a racing series populated exclusively by prepared versions of the M1.
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35 year old man | West Palm Beach, FL, USA | Seeking women 31-40 within 50 miles
Life moves pretty fast. If you don't stop and look around once in a while, you could miss it.
Music and movies are a big part of my life. My interests are wide ranging, and with music I really enjoy catching live performances. I enjoy golf and like to get out and play at least once a week. I have a collection of vast and mostly useless knowledge that helps in odd times and when playing trivia games, which I sometimes do at a local bar/restaurant. I try not to take life too seriously all of the time and enjoy myself as often as possible. I was born and raised in Illinois, just outside of Chicago. The small-town Midwestern values are still ingrained in me. I am very family-oriented and loyal to a fault. I am looking for someone who very similar to me, as well as very different. Someone who gets me for who I am, but can help me better myself. -- corny?
Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Performing arts , Playing cards , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports
Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Football, Golf, Hockey
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Dogs
Middle of the Road
Nothing beats Vegas, but I also really enjoy Chicago, Nashville, Ocean City (MD), Key West, and New Orleans. I actually have many places I still want to travel to, especially outside of the states.
Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
My musical interests range from country to rap, I can listen to just about anything. A few favorites include; O.A.R., Smashing Pumpkins, Rolling Stones, Beatles, Pearl Jam. My movie interests are as wide ranging; Animal House, The Hangover.....
I enjoy going to sporting events, concerts, or any form of live music, attending local festivals, having a drink with friends, enjoying the wonderful weather....
In search of something new. Suggestions?
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|What he is looking for
|5'11" (180cms)
|3'0" (91cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned, Full-figured, A few extra pounds
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|I'll tell you later
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Dark blonde
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally, Cigar aficionado
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker, Moderately
|Financial / Accounting / Real Estate
|No preference
I do accounts receivable for a small ice cream manufacturer.
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure
|White / Caucasian
|Asian, Black / African descent, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian, Other
I have a French last name, but that is about the extent of that. Also a little Irish and German
|Christian / Catholic
|Agnostic, Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Hindu, Jewish, Spiritual but not religious, Other, Christian / Other
Raised Catholic but rarely attend church anymore. If I do it is out of respect for my mother.
|Bachelors degree
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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Grazialliani: T329Collection - This sophisticated collection brings together luxuriously soft fabrics with classic, chic styles. The soft palette is timeless and the look and feel unforgettable. Savor in the simple elegance of this exquisite collection.
• Grazialliani: T329 Ania Short Gown• Effortless, short gown with ultra light, luxurious fabrication.• Features elegantly simple appliqué at scoop neckline.• Sleeveless style and graceful drape.• Double layer fabrication in front.• 95% viscose, 5% elastane.• Grazialliani made in Italy.
Nancy Meyer. Luxury Lingerie & Designer Swimwear Since 1978.
Nancy Meyer Fine Lingerie, Inc.
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Solar PV and Solar Water Heating Installers in Peterborough
Our Installers in Peterborough were rated
Fenland Solar Ltd
Fenland Solar Ltd are a whole of market independent sales & installation company for Photovoltaic systems. We supply and install both domestic and commercial systems on a wide range of surfaces.UNIT 9 Saracen Way, Saracen Business park, Peterborough, PE1 5WS
Maw-Green Solar and Electrical Limited
We have worked in the domestic market as well as on large commercial projects. We are a nationwide company that still offer the feel of a small family run business and therefore offering the best of both worlds to our clients.Unit 4, Willow Road, Yaxley, Peterborough, PE7 3HT
From residential to
From residential to
Solar Panels Cambs Ltd
We specifying the best quality equipment for each of our customers' bespoke Solar PV system. Every system is installed by a team of highly experienced time-served roofers, part "P" qualified electricians and MCS accredited installers.14 St. Hughs Rd., Buckden, St. Neots, PE19 5UB
Gm energy
GM Energy is PAS2030 approved to install External wall insulation, Loft insulation, cavity wall insulation and MCS approved to install Solar pv and biomass.UNIT 12 Phorpres Close, Cygnet Park, Peterborough, PE7 8FZ
Offering a whole home solution to energy saving.
Offering a whole home solution to energy saving.
Solarbase Energy Ltd
At Solarbase Energy we pride ourselves on providing you with environmentally friendly & cost effective renewable energy solutions that have the potential to dramatically reduce your total household energy consumption with substantial savings on your utility bills whilst providing significant environmental benefits by reducing harmful CO2 emissions
Princeenergy (formerly Princesolar) is a trading division of Princebuild Limited, one of the Eastern Regions most trusted family Building Maintenance and Construction businesses for more than forty years.Empson Road, Peterborough, PE1 5UP
Our company employs more than two hundred
Our company employs more than two hundred
Here are some Peterborough solar quotes we received:
Maintenance/Repairs of Solar Hot Water Systems in Peterborough
Thorney PE6 - My solar thermal system is failing to deliver any hot water - just luke warm. It appears to be collecting as the pipes are hot and the control panel indicates collection temperature of 150 degrees but it is not being delivered. It could possibly be a stick valve as I had new pumps fitted last year. Can you help.
Maxey PE6 - Existing system needs "renovation". Currently shut down due to suspected leakage in joints between roof panels (Evacuated tubes)Please advise
PE2 - This was a Solar Water system installed by Smart Energy who went bust 18 months ago. The system is working fine but the pressure of the circulating fluid does fall below 1 bar at night. Presume it just needs re-pressurising.
New Solar Thermal Installation in Peterborough
PE2 - I will like an expert to visit the property to assess it and let me have his/her recommendation. The property is a 3-storey terrace house.
PE6 - Is it possible to put solar hot water arrays on a flat garage roof and move it up to a hot water tank in the loft hot water tank in the adjoining house?
Yarwell PE8 - Hi, I have a 3 bed house, south facing roof, built in the 50s. Currently I have an old copper water tank which I would like replacing with a modern well insulated one. Thanks.
New Solar PV Installation in Peterborough
PE7 - 5 bed detached. Roof: south west. Pitched and tiled. No windows. No shading. Call anytime 4pm. Within 6 months. Appointments: evenings and weekends
PE1 - Although my roof is of a triangular shape it faces south-west and so receives full sun for lengthy periods. Install: within 3 months Contact: evening.
Maxey PE6 - This will be a new installation We need advice on the size we can accomodate and wish to use only a south east facing roof elevation.
Wansford PE8 - Unsure. One south facing roof on pitched roof house advised we could have 6 panels. Possible to put them on a large shed roof?
PE6 - Would like to see viability of solar and the returns we could make from our roof. Have large roof - unsure on direction
Longthorpe PE3 - Installation of 4KWp Sanyo HIT, or Sharp NU, PV solar panels asap or by the end of this month.
Helpston PE6 - 3 storey property or single storey garage to have panels applied to. both are south facing and get the sun all day
Farcet PE7 - Hi there, I have an 'L' shaped house which has two areas of south facing roof. this area is sun trap and any time of the year. I feel it is ideal for solar panel or hot water system. Area is around 20m2 total!! Looking to get an idea of what I can do or best system.
PE6 - house built in early 50s facing west interested in having panels fitted. house is of a verys strong const as they were in 50s
PE7 - New install. Roof fit only - front and/or rear. Do not need the specifics of what it will do or how it will physically operate, but the ball-park figure to supply and fit.
Crowland PE6 - situated in eye shall be doing loft conversion and kitchen extension in 2012 need to get quotes and look at any potential hazzards prior to start of build
PE2 - about 2Kw system with 9 panels, with monitoring system either stand-alone or on computer. What panels do you offer?
PE1 - Installation on roof to front and / or side of house. Willing to consider different sizes of installation dependant on costs.
PE8 - Perfect location facing South West with direct sunlight on roof for most of the ·····. Small semi detached house, mid terrace so only two exterior walls and with low electric usage so would only require a small, simple system. Electric heats water and for general domestic use.
JD Carter Electrical Services Ltd
We are Electrical Contractors based in Peterborough and are engaged in a wide range of services.The Barn, Bungalow Farm, Peterborough, PE6 7PP
We have been installing Solar PV since 2010 successfully installing over 1MW.
We have been installing Solar PV since 2010 successfully installing over 1MW.
Hereward Solar Solutions
Established in 2009, Hereward Solar Solutions has many years of experience in the Solar Energy profession, and only provides equipment fit for purpose to clients throughout Greater Peterborough. The company is based in Peterborough.Eco Innovation Centre, Peterscourt, Peterborough, PE6 7RF
JNS Connections Ltd
JNS Connections Ltd are NICEIC Approved contractors serving all of east anglia and south east with electrical installations and solar pv installations to a high standard.32 Hostmoor Ave, March, PE15 0ax
We offer free quotations
We offer free quotations
Solar Energy Solutions Norfolk (Cater-Tech Ltd)
Solar Energy Solutions Norfolk can offer a complete renewable package, including air source heat pumps, wood pellet boilers, wood burners/ multifuel stoves, solar pv and thermal for all domestic and commercial projects.
Solar Essence
Solar Essence is one of the oldest and largest Solar Panel Installers in the UK. Finance also available. Our Head Office is based in East Anglia. We have now installed over 4000 UK Installations.Tel: 01842845845


text:
I try to install an app from windowsphone.com to my lumia 520, it said it can't send the request now. So I tried from the phone itself, went into store, and tried to install it from there, and it said: the microsoft account managing service is not available at the moment. I see on xbox.com that there are some issues now with xbox purchases. Is that related to this? Anyone else have problems?
edit: I went into the account settings and all of my account says i need to update the time on the phone. But the time is correct! What the hell?
edit2: I restarted the phone and it synced the clock 9 hours earlier than it should. But It shows the correct timezone. Any idea?
just to let know if anyone else gets this: I fixed it by changed the region to united states, restarted the phone, then changed back it to my country and restarted the phone. Now time sync and account, everything works.


text:
College of Agriculture
Plant genetics, breeding, and biotechnology students are interested in agricultural biotechnology, genetic engineering, and research in genetic mechanisms that control crop growth and development. Students prepare for many research opportunities in industry and acquire the necessary background for graduate studies. Students also learn the fundamentals of genetics and practical plant breeding as well as the latest developments in genetic engineering, environmentally sound crop production practices, development of varieties appropriate for the agriculture of developing countries, and strategies for developing plant lines adapted to environmental stresses. Opportunities exist for training both in laboratory and field practices important to modern genetics research. A professional internship involving practical aspects of the option is required.
Plant Genetics, Breeding, and Biotechnology Website
Transfer GPA and Course Requirements
Purdue admits to individual majors. To be considered for admission as a college transfer student, applicants must meet minimum GPA requirements for their desired major. In addition, some majors have course requirements. Requirements for this major are posted below (unless the program is closed to transfers).
Minimum GPA: 2.5
Contact Information
Phone: 765-494-4773


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A signal processor in a diversity receiver for digital data transmitted over dispersive and fading radio channels performs the functions of demodulation, diversity signal combining, delay equalization, multipath distortion equalization and timing jitter elimination. Transversal equalizers, one in each diversity channel, are made adaptive to a common, time-varying mean-square error signal derived from the combined postdetection output data.
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United States Patent 72] Inventor Douglas MacPherson Brady Middletown, NJ. [21] Appl. No. 43,378 [22] Filed June 4, 1970 [45] Patented Jan. 4, 1972 [73] Assignee Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated Murray Hill, NJ.
[54] ADAPTIVE SIGNAL PROCESSOR FOR DIVERSITY RADIO RECEIVERS 8 Claims, 6 Drawing Figs.
[52] US. Cl 325/305, 325/42, 325/56 [51] lnt.Cl H0411 1/16 [50] Field ofSearch 325/41, 42,
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,348,150 10/1967 Atal et a1. 325/56 3,444,516 5/1969 Lechleider 325/56 X 3,537,038 10/1970 Rich 325/42 X Primary ExaminerRobert L. Griffin Assistant Examiner-Kenneth W. Weinstein Att0meysR. J. Guenther and Kenneth B. Hamlin ABSTRACT: A signal processor in a diversity receiver for digital data transmitted over dispersive and fading radio channels performs the functions of demodulation, diversity signal combining, delay equalization, multipathI distortion equalization and timing jitter elimination. Transversal equalizers, one in each diversity channel, are made adaptive to a common, time-varying mean-square error signal derived from the combin'ed postdetection output data.
NOISE n m I4 DIVERSITY r (t) CHANNEL I ES NOISE I2, n n.)
I42 x'ItI I2 DIVERSITY a 2 IO N I CHANNEL FL I I I6 [I7 l8 h lt) 2 I I a) DATA (Kt) RANSMITTER I I I I X Iw I Z I DECISION |2K I CIRCUIT l I I I I I I I I NOISE I I I XII) I n m I l IBM i I5" DIVERSITY n CHANNEL E? I'INUZ) 8N PMHHMMX4WE $633107 SHEET 3 BF a FIG 4 Mt) I (M-TAP DELAY LINE Mt) MATCHED 65' {652 [65H 6! V2 MT 1 m(" WEIGHTING ATTENUATORS WKI WKZ m W WV--V it m (V 2) FIG. 5
2mm fi WEIGHTING PULSE OUTPUT & HOLD SLICER f M DEVICE FILTER CIRCUIT (80 {72 v v INTEGRATOR 76 7 MULTIPLIER ERROR DIF F.
ADAPTIVE SIGNAL PROCESSORFOR DIVERSITY RADIORECEIVERS FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates in general to diversity radio receivers for fading communication media and in particular to signal processorsfor such receivers which are made adaptive to digital message data.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Long-distance radio communication in the very highfrequency (30 to 300 MHz.) bands is accomplished by ionospheric reflections. The height ofthe ionosphere, unfortunately, is not stationary, but rather fluctuates in random fashion. As a result, the phenomena of radio fading and multipath reception occur wherein the same signal appears to be received sequentially with varying time differentials. Somewhat the same phenomena are observed into the microwave region of the frequency spectrum (over 300 MHz.) when tropospheric transhorizon propagation is practiced, although it is believed that the fading effects at the higher frequencies are due to scattering rather than reflection.
Of the techniques employed to overcome the problem of fading in radio communication, the most widely used are based on the diversity principle. Under the diversity principle, it is assumed that each of several multipath channels conveying a given signal has independent fading characteristics. Accordingly, one or more of the diversity channels is selected on the basis of signal strength as most probably carrying areliably detectable message signal. From a statistical standpoint less than all of the diversity channels will be in a deep fade condition, where the signal-to-noiseratio drops below zero decibel, at any given time.
Diversity channels are realized in practice by such means as spaced antennas, differently angled antennas, differently polarized antennas or multiple carrier frequencies. In general, there is no limit to the number of diversity channels that can thus be established. Furthermore, it is not necessary to select only the strongest available signal as the only reliable one. Composite signals resulting from combinations of all received signals can also be used. The channel signals may be weighted before combination, for example, in accordance with their signal-to-noise ratios with due regard to their relative phases. Conventionally, the measurements of the changing phase and amplitude of the several diversity channels are typically derived from transmitted pilot tones. Even in the presence of pilot tones, however, a major effort in instrumentation is required to achieve the correct weighting factors.
It is an object of this invention to realize in a single signal processor weighting factors based on a mean-square error criterion for digital data transmission over diversity radio channels which will equalize delay among such channels, equalize multipath distortion and substantially remove timing jitter.
It is another object of this invention to provide signal processors for diversity radio channels which are adaptive to message data.
It is a further object of this invention to effect a maximal ratio combination of diversity radio channels incidental to an adaptive equalization of such channels.
It is yet another object of this invention to apply a common error criterion to the adaptive equalization of a plurality of diversity radio channels carrying a common message data signal.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to this invention, individual signal processors for each of a plurality of diversity radio channels conveying a phase-shift-modulated data signal are provided with a baud-interval integrator in cascade with a delay line equalizer tapped at half-baud or smaller intervals from which weighted sums of tapped outputs are obtained. The weighted sums of all signal processors associated with a given diversity radio receiver are combined and applied to adata decision circuit. A common error component derived from the differencebetween the combined input and .quantized output of the decision circuit is then correlated with the several equalizer tap outputs to provide control signals for the weights to be applied to'such-tap outputs before summation. For each correlation the associated weight is adjusted in a direction to reduce the contribution of its tap to the error component. Themagnitude of the adjustment-can be instrumented'to-be either proportional or incremental.
With respect to individual'signal processors the adaptation process equalizes time-varying delay and amplitude distortion of the impulse response and reduces timing jitter. Due to the half-baud or less periodic tap interval the phase of the sampling signal is made noncriticalowith respect to the relationships among multiple signal processors multipath delay distortion is equalized and linear maximal ratio diversity signal combining proportional to the signal-to-noise ratios of the several channels is achieved.
In the illustrative embodiment of the invention coherent quadrature phase shift modulation is assumed for the data signals in the interest of more efficient bandwidth utilization. Consequently, dual delay line equalizers are employed and complex weighting factors are derived from separately detected cophasal (inphase) and quadrature data decisions.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The above and other objects, advantages and features of this invention will be better appreciated by a consideration of the following detailed description and the drawing in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a representative diversity radio transmission system;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a dual-diversity radio receiver for the detection of quadrature phase shift data signals;
FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of a two-channel diversity combiner in a receiver for quadrature phase shift data signals;
FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram of a combined integrating and transversal filter useful as an equalizer in a single channel of a diversity radio receiver;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the control loop for tap weights in a signal processor for a radio diversity receiver according to this invention; and
FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of a diversity combiner and equalizer for a multichannel diversity radio receiver for phaseshifted digital data according to this invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 illustrates a representative radio diversity system in which it is desired to transmit messages point to point between separated geographical locations. At one such location is found a transmitter 10, from which data messages, for example, originate and are modulated onto a carrier wave and radiated from antenna 11. At carrier frequencies in the microwave region such an antenna is typically a parabolic dish. Although a parabolic antenna might be expected to transmit a highly directive signal, and it does for line-of-sight distances, beyond the horizon propagation: results in a scattering effect as indicated by streaks I2, representing separate radio waves. The scattering mechanism can create several paths between a point of transmission and each point of reception. The lengths of these paths are different enough to produce dispersion in time of the signal at each point of reception. A relatively small amount of dispersion will cause phase and amplitude fluctuations in each received signal. The amplitude changes are termed fading. Larger amounts of dispersion will cause multipath distortion in each received signal as well. In addition, the delay differences among the waves 12 will fluctuate. Thus, each streak 12 in FIG. 1 represents an independent, dispersive transmission path with different and fluctuating electrical lengths and attenuation characteristics.
The independent channels can be recognized in several ways, as previously mentioned. FIG. 1 shows a space diversity receiver with parabolic antennas l3 separated from each other by a few hundred yards, for example. Each receiving antenna feeds an individual demodulating receiver, which can conceptually be modelled in accordance with its impulse response characteristics. Accordingly, each channel and its receiver can be represented by a channel block 14 in cascade with a filter 15. Noise generated in the radio receivers is lumped with that included with the channel characteristic. An arbitrary kth diversity channel can be considered to have the output where h (-r) impulse response of the kth channel,
1' delay, k index of channel, m(t) transmitted data,
n,,(t) white noise component of the kth channel.
The problem is to obtain the best possible estimate of the transmitted signal m(t) from the received data on all channels taken together. In order to accomplish this, each signal is made to traverse a linear filter 15, including demodulating facilities. Since the channel characteristics are time varying, each filter 15 must have time-varying properties. Thus, the output of each filter 15 is represented as the convolution:
where 3,,(1) the response of the kth filter.
While each diversity channel 14 and its receiver filter l convey the same message information, nevertheless none of them carries the message in a reliably detectable form continuously. Therefore, the several channel outputs x(t) are combined in a linear adder 16 to obtain a composite signal Provided that less than all of the several channels drop into a deep fade at any given time, a detectable signal will always be present. The overall received signal y(t) in the output of combiner 16 is operated on by decision circuit 17 to obtain output data d(t) for delivery to data sink 18.
In the illustrative embodiment, it is assumed that coherent phase modulation is being used for efficient bandwidth utilization up to the order of two data bits per cycle of bandwidth. To achieve this bit rate the carrier phase is adjusted to one of four biorthogonal, i.e., each quadrature-related carrier component can assume opposite phase states, values in each baud or symbol interval of T seconds, where T is also the reciprocal of the transmission bandwidth B. Thus, two bits of information are transmitted per baud, and the equivalent bit rate becomes 2lT=2aB bits per second. The transmitted signal m(t) can be represented as the complex low-pass equivalent of the actual transmission. This signal is,
where n sampling time index, and I P,, is one of the four equally probable possibilities a -+4 (i= :11 s) These data signals are encoded as opposite phases of quadrature or orthogonal components of a single carrier frequency. Thus, each of four carrier phases represents a particular pair of data bits.
At the receiver these cophasal and quadrature phasal pairs are separated and decoded individually. Typically, the radiofrequency carrier waves (in the range of 4 to GHz. for
troposcatter propagation) are translated to a uniform intermediate-frequency level before final demodulation.
FIG. 2 illustrates the final demodulation process for a dualdiversity four-phase modulated receiver. The inputs at respective leads 21 and 22 are at intermediate frequency levels, typically at 70 MHz. A common local oscillator 30, which is assumed to be stable, has 0 and outputs for separating the biorthogonal frequency pairs in product modulators 23 and 27 in one channel and 24 and 28 in the other channel. The resulting baseband signals X X X and X are applied to diversity combiner 31, which will be described more fully hereinafter. Subscripts C" and 0" refer to cophasal and quadrature phase data components. Diversity combiner 31 operates on the several inputs in such a way as to generate maximum likelihood cophasal Y and quadrature Y outputs from which data decisions can be made. The vector formed by Y and Y corresponds to y(t) in FIG. 1.
Each of the composite product signals from diversity combiner 31 are shaped in pulse filters 33 and 34 matched to the pulse shape of the original transmitted signal. The filter outputs are in turn sampled at the baud interval and held for a corresponding time period in circuits 35 and 36. The sampling instant and holding period are determined by synchronous clock 32. Clock 32 is synchronous with the transmitter clock rate but not necessarily synchronized by it. The sampled outputs are sliced (threshold detected) in circuits 37 and 38 to reconstruct the transmitted data for delivery to respective cophasal and quadrature data sinks 39 and 40.
This invention is particularly directed to the problem of determining the optimal weighting of the input signals to the combiner as a function of time-varying channel response and also signal and noise statistics. In the presence of quadrature channel signaling and diversity reception from two or more parallel channels these weights necessarily define a complex vector space in the mathematical sense.
Let the data to be recovered be a vector quantity D, having respective cophasal and quadrature components D and D Data D is to be recovered from products of the received and demodulated baseband signal X and unknown weighting factors W. Thus,
Rewrite equation (6) in complex form and obtain for a single channel:
For multiple channels equations similar to equation (7) can be written all directed to the recovery of the same data D. On the assumption that the several channels are linear, then the separate equations can be combined in their real and imaginary parts.
FIG. 3 shows in simplified form an implementation for equation (7) extended to the dual diversity case. This implementation forms the basis for diversity combiner 31 in HO. 2. As in FIG. 2, there are two channels of baseband data separated into cophasal and quadrature components. Channel no. 1 contains components X and X applied at leads 41 and 42,, while channel no. 2 contains components X and X applied at leads 41 and 42 Each input signal is operated on by a pair of weighting attenuators 43-45 and 44-46. These attenuators have a range of adjustment between plus and minus unity and provide for signal inversion where necessary. Their adjustment mode may be proportional or incremental to suit the control means. Reference may be made in this connection to FIG. 9 of F. K. Becker et al. US. Pat. No, 3,292,l 10 issued Dec. 13, 1966 for an example of incremental adjustment and to E. Port US. Pat. No. 3,475,601 issued Dec. 29, 1969 for an example of proportional adjustment. For present purposes the fact of adjustability only is of importance. The attenuated outputs of the several attenuators are combined in a pair of summing amplifiers 47 and 48, which can advantageously be operational amplifiers. Their outputs on leads 51 and 52 are respectively the weighted products X W, and X W as also found in FIG. 2.
It is readily observed that the inputs to summing amplifier 47 with respect to channels no. 1 and 2 implement the real parts (cophasal components) of equation (7), and those inputs to summing amplifier 48, the imaginary parts (quadrature components). For example, the channel no. 1 inputs to amplifier 47 are respectively input X on lead 4!, weighted in attenuator 43, bythe factor W and input X on lead 42 weighted in attenuator 46 by the factor W The same factors with change of subscripts from I to 2 are applicable to channel no. 2. The analysis of thequadrature summation is similar.
FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate in a general way the solution to the problem of combining diversity channels. However, the problem of equalizingmultipath distortion remains. A transversal filter is generally used for this purpose. The transversal filter broadly comprises a tapped delay line with variable gains or weights effective at each tap.
FIG. 4 illustrates a tapped delay line transversal filter 65 in cascade with a matched filter 62. It is generally realized that an optimum binary signal processor is a frequency-domain band-pass or low-pass filter matched to the received pulse shape followed by a tapped delay line time-domain filter with taps spaced at the baud interval of T seconds. The matched frequency-domain filter section serves to improve the signalto-noise ratio and eliminates any channel delay which is not an integral multiple of the baud interval. The tapped delay line section mitigates intersymbol interference effects. FIG. 4 is suggested by this known arrangement but contains two significant modifications. First, filter 62 with input r,,(!) at lead 61 is matched to the transmitted pulse shape rather than to the received pulse shape. The former is known and fixed, whereas the latter is unknown and time varying. Secondly, the tap spacing in transversal filter 65 is reduced to T/2 second, or other submultiple of T as is indicated in boxes 65,, 65 and 65 These modifications result in a nearly optimal filter when the tap weights w through w are properly adjusted. Timing synchronization demands are reduced because of the extra samples being taken. The weightedtap outputs x,,,,,(t(MT/2 are combined in linear adder 66 to generate a combined output on lead 67 in the form where w weighting factor for an individual attenuator of order i in the kth diversity channel, i=tap index 1....M), and T= baud interval.
When the proper criterion for controlling the tap weights is employed, the received signal will be equalized with respect to attenuation and delay distortion, and the sampling instant becomes noncritical. To obtain data signals from the output of one channel as represented by equation (8) samples are taken at T-second intervals. The sample taken at time nTis referred to as y,,, and n is an integer. The data d, are detected by finding the complex signum function of the receiver output The problem of controlling the tap weights remains. FIG. 5 shows how a single weighting attenuator in the channel equalizer of FIG. 4 can be controlled adaptively from received data estimates. The performance objective for data transmission systems is to minimize the probability that the receiver will make an error in detecting the data. A convenient and nearly equivalent criterion for measuring performance is the minimization of the mean-square error. In the present environment the error at an arbitrary sampling instant nT can be defined as n PnN ym where N the fixed delay between transmitted and received data due to traversal of a transmission medium.
Equation (10) represents the difference between the transmitted data and the actual receiver output just prior to detection. The function to be minimized is the average of l the products of the complex conjugate of the error,-which isthe square root of the sum of the squares of the real and imaginary parts of the complex error. Inasmuch as the receiver cannot know exactly what was transmitted, it estimates what was transmitted by slicingthe analog received signal y,, at each sampling instant and then uses a quantized and normalized value for each slice in place of the term p,, in equation l0).
The manner in which the error given in equation I0) is applied to control weighting attenuators is determined by an algorithm, which is defined as AW,,=Ce X,,, (l l) where AW change in weight required at time nT,
C proportionality factor, e",;=complex conjugate of the error difference, and X}, received signal at time nT corresponding to a given weight.
Equation (11) is applied iteratively sample bysample. This iterative process is convergent and permits the receiver to track a slowly changing channel.
FIG. 5 implements equations (l0) and (ii) for a single weight. FIG. 5 comprises a delay unit 72, weighting device 73, pulse filter 74, sample-and-hold circuit 77, slicer 79,. differential amplifier 78, multiplier 76, and integrator 75. At input line 71 demodulated data X,,(t) is applied alike to delay unit 72 and weighting device or attenuator 73. Weighting device 73 may lie at some arbitrary setting or may be initially set to a reference value, such as zero. Device 73 multiplies the input signal to form a product which is shaped in pulse filter 74, which may be a relatively simple RC circuit, to match the transmitted pulse. Since the overall receiving filter is linear, the order in which the pulse filter and transversal filter are placed is immaterial. Pulse filter 74 is equivalent to matched filter 62 in FIG. 4. The output of the pulse filter is sampled at baud intervals in sample-and-hold circuit 77 and stored for that interval before quenching. During the holding period slicer 79 is operative to determine the polarity of the sample y,, at its input to produce an output data estimate d, on line 80. The difference between the input and output of slicer 79, taken in difference amplifier 78, implements equation (10) and constitutes the error component to be minimized. The product of this error with the received signal delayed in unit 72 to compensate for the inherent delay in pulse filter 74 is in effect a correlation of these two quantities which is proportional to the magnitude of the change in weight required to minimize the contribution to the error difference by the signal on lead 71 and has a polarity indicating the direction of the adjustment. In order to smooth out the changes required in the weights at every sample the output of multiplier 76 is averaged by integration in integrator 75. Integrator 75 may comprise either a long-time constant network with a continuous output or a counter with fixed positive and negative overflows.
It will be understood that the quantities in equation (I l) are complex. Accordingly, it may be expanded to show its real and imaginary parts separately in correspondence with respective cophase and quadrature components. Thus,
FIG. 5 illustrates the principle of equations (I l) and (12). FIG. 6 shows an adaptive signal processor for a diversity radio system with more than two receiving channels and including four-phase coherent binary data. In FIG. 6 three adaptive signal processors 100, 200 and 300 are shown. Processors 200 and 300 are identical to processor 100. Consequently, only processor is shown in detail. The inputs to all three (or more) processors have been reduced to baseband and separated into cophasal components X on leads 101, 201 and 301i and into quadrature components X on leads 102,202 and 302. Processor 100 comprises cophasal and quadrature delay lines having respective delay units 1103,, 103 103 and so forth and 104,, 104,, 104 and so forth; weighting attenuators 105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112 and so forth connected to junction points or taps between such delay units; cophasal summing bus 110; quadrature summing bus 120; summing amplifiers 113 and 114; cophasal and quadrature decision circuits 115 and 116; multipliers 123, 124, 133 and 134; and integrators 125, 126, 135 and 136. In operation the respective cophasal and quadrature baseband signals are propagated down the respective cophasal and quadrature delay lines. The time-spaced signals at the inputs and respective taps of the two delay lines are weighted by separate factors related to the cophasal error E on lead 121 from cophasal decision circuit 115 and quadrature error E on lead 122 from quadrature decision circuit 116. Decision circuits 115 and 116 contain elements functionally the same as the pulse filter 74, sampleand-hold circuit 77, slicer 79 and differential amplifier 78 of FIG. and clock 32 of P16. 2. Recovered cophasal and quadrature data appear on respective output leads 117 and 118.
Due to the inherent one-baud delay of the pulse filter in the decision circuits the weighting control signal for each set of taps must result from the correlation of the received signal delayed by one-baud interval with the current error component. Thus, the control signal applied to lead 127 for the attenuators I05 and 106 at the input tap location on the delay lines result from the correlation of the X signal in the output of delay unit 103 and the Xq signal in the output of delay unit 104 with the respective present E and E error components in accordance with equation (12). The single integrator 125 combines the real-part products E X from multiplier 123 and E X from the multiplier 123 to yield a control signal on lead 127 for weighting attenuators 105, and 106,. The common controlling connection for attenuators 105, and 106 is indicated by broken line 129 for simplicity but will be understood to include appropriate individual control leads.
In a similar fashion the signal components in the outputs of delay units 103 and 104 are correlated as shown with the E and B error components in multipliers 124, and 124 and integrated in integrator 126 to control over lead 128 and connection 130 and W attenuators 105 and 106 at the input delay line taps.
The development of the respective weighting control signals for attenuators 107 and 108 at the output of delay units 103 and 104 in multipliers 133 and 134 and integrators 135 and 136 from delayed signal components at the outputs of delay units 103 and 104;, becomes self-explanatory in the light of the above. The respective delay lines may be extended as far to the right as necessary to compensate for the range of baud intervals over which the channel impulse response extends in accordance with known equalizer principles.
Signal processors 200 and 300 include cophasal and quadrature summing buses in the same way as processor 100. These buses have external appearances as indicated by leads 210 and 310 for the cophasal buses and 220 and 320 for the quadrature buses. Signals on buses 210 and 310 are combined with those on bus 110 in summer 113 to effect maximal ratio combining of cophasal data. Similarly, signals on buses 220 and 320 are combined with those on bus 120 in summer 114 to effect maximal ratio combining of quadrature data. The resultant cophasal and quadrature error components E and E on leads 121 and 122 are multipled to respective processors 200 and 300, Thus, common error components control all the diversity channels so that the received signals in each diversity channel are equalized and brought to a common phase position for optimum detection.
While this invention has been disclosed in the context of specific illustrative embodiments, it is susceptible to many variations and modifications within the skill of the art.
What is claimed is:
1. in a digital data receiver for radio diversity channels,
a transversal filter equalizer in each of said channels for processing demodulated signals,
a plurality of taps on each of said equalizers spaced at not more than one-half the data symbol interval,
a plurality of weighting attenuators one for each of said taps, 7
means for combining the weighted outputs of all said equal- 12ers,
means for deriving from said combined weighted output and the quantization of said output an error signal, and
means for correlating said error signal with each tap output to control individual attenuator weights operative at associated taps.
2. The data receiver defined in claim 1 in which said transversal equalizer comprises separate delay lines for data trains demodulated from phase-modulated quadrature-related carrier-wave components.
3. The data receiver defined in claim 1 in which said combining means includes a shaping filter matching the transmitted pulse shape.
4. The data receiver defined in claim 1 in which said deriving means comprises separate slicing means for each of two data trains demodulated from phase-modulated quadraturerelated carrier-wave components.
5. The data receiver defined in claim 1 in which said deriving means comprises slicing means for producing one of two equal quantized amplitude outputs of opposite polarity for input signals respectively above or below a predetermined threshold level.
6. The data receiver defined in claim 1 in which said deriving means comprises slicing means for quantizing said output, and difference amplifier means responsive jointly to signals applied to the input and taken from the output of said slicing means to derive said error output.
7. The data receiver defined in claim 1 in which said deriving means comprises separate slicing means for each of two quadrature-related data trains, and separate differencing means in tandem with each of said separate slicing means for generated quadrature-related error signal components.
8. In combination with a tropospheric scatter synchronous data transmission system subject to signal fading and frequency dispersion,
a plurality of radio receiving channels each comprising a pair of delay lines periodically tapped at intervals equal to the reciprocal of half the synchronous transmission rate,
means for applying respective cophasal and quadrature demodulated baseband channel signals to said delay lines,
first and second summing buses,
a plurality of attenuators for connecting selectively weighted signals from respective taps on said delay lines to each of said first and second summing buses,
means for correlating signals at taps on each of said delay lines with quadrature-related error components, and
means responsive to signals from said correlating means for adjusting said attenuators to minimize said error components; and
said combination further comprising in common to a plurality of said channels means responsive to the differences between weighted signal summations from a plurality of said first and second summing buses and normalized slices of said summations for generating said error components.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Filmmaker & Designer Collaboration: Graphic Elements by Superfad for the Project Nim Documentary
Filmmaker & Designer Collaboration: Graphic Elements by Superfad for the Project Nim Documentary
Design and production company, Superfad wrote over to share some of the typography-based graphic elements they created for the documentary Project Nim. Combined with some storied information they shared, this forms a nice case study of work between designers and filmmakers.
Project Nim, from Roadside Attractions/HBO Documentary Films, is the tale of a chimpanzee's journey through human society and the impact on people's lives he makes along the way.
Jinx Godfrey and James Marsh (editor & director team behind Man On Wire) contacted Superfad to produce design elements "that spoke to the acquisition of language by Nim, the documentary's chimp protagonist."
"We initially met with James and Jinx a number of times to brainstorm over the role of typography and language in a documentary that ultimately had more to do with the humans involved than science and linguistics," Superfad Creative Director Kinda Akash says.
During Project Nim, vast amounts of data accumulated "including charts illustrating Nim's progress and eventual plateau in learning words. The vernacular of these were the basis for the animated charts in the film; but a simple piece of white type on black from a Godard film served as the spring-board for our design inspiration."
The Superfad team developed a design strategy for the documentary over the next six months. To channel the foundations of language, they used "bold, simple, large scale typography juxtaposed over footage for words Nim learned to sign; simple, repetitive, accumulative animation to speak to his progress; and subtitles for silent, signed exchanges with humans."
Superfad members enjoyed the collaboration with the film creators: "It is the sort of project that keeps us all inspired, and reminds us why we are graphic designers first and foremost. We are thrilled to make a contribution to such an amazing film."
Some other hand-picked posts you might enjoy on our Design Blog:
Music and Movie Posters by Matt Needle
Post-Apocalyptic orDowntown Detroit? Photo Documentary
See Spain and Morocco Stop-Motion Style through 4000 Stills from Mike Matas
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agree 100%
This is the first game in some time that tOSU will have more to gain than loose compaired to our opponent!!! I always read that every team plays up against tOSU because they are the better team..... like in last years B1G Championship MSU was going to the Rose Bowl win or lose. But this year if they loose they lose big so they have more to lose than us in my eyes. so in short I'm good with tOSU being the under dog in this fight!!!
In the BCS I agree with you and the SEC theories and the AP poles and all that I am trying to look to this as a new way of doing things and I guess just hoping that it is the way I just said it is. But that's because I love watching my bucks each week and if collage football stays the way it has been past 5 years I'll stop watching it.
Ok this is my point of view on this, I think the committee took all the 0 loss teams ranked them then took the 1 loss teams ranked them then took the 2 loss teams and ranked them. so in that theory if anyone in the top ten loses they will fall behind the one loss teams. After all they said it like 100 times yesterday just win and it doesn't matter who you play or loose to because you won and move up as long as you are a power 5 team. ( I hope this train of thought isn't just me hoping) GO BUCKS!!!! Just Win!!!! I said yes BTW
man a lot of these comments sound like a man right after his girlfriend broke up with him.... have faith in the team and let it play out before you give up!!
I am a current United States Marine SSgt and would love to go to this game and see tOSU beat up on the Navy!!! But because i am currently stationed in Kansas i wouldnt be able to get there. But this is a wonderful thing our fellow fan is doing! Keep it up and whoever gets to go have fun!!!


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Pet Peeves
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my fish managed to get a gravel pebble in his mouth.It stayed there for a day. We thought it was going to die of starvation.
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Mafiosos and mafiosas of the world, unite! And then kill each other in a particularly tricky move that everyone suspects but never anticipates.
stand back. I'm going to apply logic.
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My dog goes to sleep at the top of the stairs. And just waits for us to trip over her. And gets confused when we do.
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