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A printing system for printing images, and including a system to reduce marking material coverage, while maintaining color fidelity, includes an image input, where the image defines an amount of marking material to be deposited on an printed reproduction, a marking material coverage calculator, determining expected original marking material coverage for a given area of a received image; and a marking material reduction controller, using the expected marking material determination to control coverage reduced reproduction of the given area in accordance with a non-linear coverage reduction function.
1. A printing system for printing images, and including a system to reduce marking material coverage, while maintaining color fidelity, including:
an image input, receiving a color image as a set of binary separation bitmaps, said color image defining an amount of marking material to be deposited on a substrate to make a printed reproduction thereof,
a marking material coverage calculator, determining expected original marking material coverage for a given area of a received color image;
a marking material reduction controller, using the expected marking material determination to control a number of "ON" or "OFF" pixels of the given area in accordance with at least three coverage reduction functions, said functions selected for use based on expected marking material coverage, whereby improved color fidelity is obtained, said at least three coverage reduction functions including:
a first coverage reduction function, for a range of low marking material coverages, wherein coverage reduction is not applied;
a second coverage reduction function, for a range of relatively high marking material coverage, wherein a fixed output image response is obtained, irrespective of marking material coverage within said high marking material coverage range; and
a third coverage, non-linear coverage reduction function, for a range of mid level marking material coverage, greater and less than maximum allowable marking material coverage, said function non-linearly increasing a difference between expected marking material coverage, and actually output material coverage.
2. The printing system as defined in claim 1, wherein said marking material reduction controller is a look up table, mapping measured marking material coverage to a plurality of coverage reduction functions, varying from no change to the image to a maximum coverage level.
This invention relates to an image processing method for reducing the amount of marking material required to print a colored image, to avoid problems common to the use of excessive amounts of ink or toner, and to provide the capability to do so in a non-linear manner.
Full color printing has become a desired goal of office products. Two different types of full color printers which have significant potential for fulfilling such goals are the ink jet printer and the electrophotographic printer. Color printing is accomplished by providing multiple layers, or separations, of ink on a page. Commonly, colors are provided by subtractive combinations of cyan, magenta and yellow inks. To print black, a combination of equal amounts of cyan, magenta and yellow is printed, or a fourth black ink is used as a substitute. Undercolor removal, a well known process in the printing arts, can be used to print a single layer of black ink as a substitute for the combination of equal amounts of cyan, magenta and yellow. For a fuller discussion of under color removal and its application to electronically derived or created images, reference is made to J. A. C. Yule, Principles of Color Reproduction, (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1967), pages 294-327.
A problem of color printers generally is that when too much marking material is used, undesirable image artifacts and printing defects occur. In liquid marking material printers such over coverage is characterized by the problems of ink puddling or pooling, bleeding to adjacent image areas, and flow through to the back side of the receiving material. Paper cockle is also a problem due to saturation of the paper receiving material and subsequent rapid drying. In powdered marking material printers, paper curl and cockle is caused by differential shrinkage of toner and paper in the printing process. In both liquid marking and powder marking printers, coverage reduction as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,515,479 to Klassen reduces marking material coverage in documents including heavily saturated regions of continuous tone images (see also, Klassen, "Reducing Ink Coverage Levels in Binary CMYK Images", Proc. Soc. Imaging Science and Technology, 46th Annual Conference (May, 1993), pp. 173-175). Also see, U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,815 to Klassen, U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,985, and U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 08/313,520 and 08/291,371, which name R. V. Klassen as one of the inventors, and are specifically incorporated by reference. To prevent artifacts from occurring in the pixel reduction step, a processing path through each given area is used which tends to "randomize" the turn OFF effect. For cost and implementation reasons, it is usually desirable for the process to operate irrespective of image content, or on the separation binary bitmaps without further image information, although it is possible to use the process on gray level or mulitbit images.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,237,344 to Tasaki et al describes a method for reducing the amount of ink printed to 50%, 75% or 66%. The method uses fixed patterns of turn-off locations (e.g., a checkerboard for 50%) and selects the pattern based on the printing mode (reverse character mode, block graphic mode or normal character mode), the character selected, and possibly the relative humidity. Apparently, the method is designed for single color (black) printing: if it were used for multiple separation (e.g., red formed from yellow and magenta) printing, both separations would be turned off in the same place, resulting in more obvious patterns. The small set of fixed turn-off patterns makes the method very sensitive to line angle, as lines at some angles will have more pixels turned off than others. Also the method is only useful for characters from a built-in font, including graphic characters: arbitrary fonts and shapes, such as are requested in documents created using industry standard page description languages e.g. PCL or PostScript, cannot be handled in this way.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,930,018 to Chan et al. teaches reduction of paper cockle and graininess of ink jet prints. Printing of a given scan line occurs multiple times, with three different dye loadings, with pixels requiring the highest dye loading printed on one pass, pixels requiring an intermediate dye loading printed on another pass, and pixels requiring the lowest dye loading on another pass. The method takes as input continuous tone RGB (red--green--blue) images and performs RGB-CMYK (cyan--magenta--yellow key or black) conversion with full under color removal. As understood, printing is performed at half resolution, so that "pixels" in the input image correspond to 2�2 blocks in the output image. The image data is first error diffused from 8 bits per pixel per separation to 4 bits pixel per separation. Then, for each pixel, a count of up to 4 drops of each dye loading is computed, for each separation. There are multiple choices, ranked in order of total ink coverage. If the highest coverage choice exceeds the maximum allowable coverage, the separation with highest coverage is changed to use a lower coverage value for the same gray level, if possible. If it is not possible to stay at the same gray level, the gray level for that separation is dropped by one, and the error passed on to neighbors. The process iterates until the total ink coverage is as low as required. Pixels within the 2�2 block are assigned values (0 or 1) by proceeding around the block in clockwise order, and filling in pixels in order. First, the high dye load pixels are turned on, then the medium, then the low. Within each dye loading group, first black is turned on, until there are no more black pixels of that dye loading, then the next pixels in the cycle are cyan, until there are no more cyan required, then magenta, and yellow, and then the next dye load group. By maximizing ink coverage and using multiple dye loadings, they reduce the noisiness of the image, and by maintaining the total ink coverage within known limits, they prevent the many problems associated with excessive ink.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,999,646 to Trask teaches limiting coverage to 100% coverage (by the above definition of coverage), or perhaps between 100 and 200% coverage (if 100% corresponds exactly to no white spaces on a page), owing to the circular shape and overlap of print dots. Coverage is limited by using 2�2 super pixels and assigning each one drop per pixel in a combination that depends on the color required. Assuming one bit per separation input with full undercolor removal, there are eight possible colors that could be requested (including white). In order to reduce patterning due to the multiple swaths, two passes are used, each of a checkerboard pattern of pixels (the two passes being offset to provide full coverage). The two pass process allows ink to dry between passes.
Known prior art methods provide coverage reduction using a procedure in which for each pixel set in the image, the desired amount of coverage is added to a cumulative error term, and if the error term exceeds the measured amount, the pixel is left set ON, and otherwise it is turned OFF. When the pixel is left set, the accumulated error has the measured amount subtracted from it. This arrangement provides a very linear transform, with a sharp discontinuity at the point where turn OFF occurs. This discontinuity has made color correction calibration in systems using marking material coverage reduction very difficult. It would be desirable to a) not make changes to the image at low, non-problematic densities, and b) control the turn off function more in line with the materials requirements, or non-linearly.
Other patents of interest include: U.S. Pat. No. 5,016,191 to Radochonski; U.S. Pat. No. 5,233,366 to Stephany; U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,762 to Miyakawa; U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,593 to Hickman; U.S. Pat. No. 5,111,302 to Chan et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,596,948 to Itoh; U.S. Pat. No. 4,736,315 to Ozaki et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,068,649 to Garret; U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,823 to Bowers et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,170,711 to Maier et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,671 to Takahashi; U.S. Pat. No. 4,551,751 to Jung; U.S. Pat. No. 4,763,190 to Froelich; U.S. Pat. No. 5,068,170 to Abe; U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,838, Oshawa et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,353,387 to Petschik et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,359,437 to Hibi; U.S. Pat. No. 5,369,510 to Taguchi; U.S. Pat. No. 5,402,245 to Motta et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,425,134 to Ishida; U.S. Pat. No. 4,649,500 to Yamada; U.S. Pat. No. 5,335,315 to Yoshida et al.
The above-identified references are incorporated by reference for their teachings.
In accordance with the invention, there is provided a method for reducing the amount of marking material used in a printer for full color images while minimally affecting the appearance of the color image.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a printing system for printing images from bitmaps, and including a system to reduce marking material coverage, while maintaining color fidelity, including: an image input, the image defining an amount of marking material to be deposited on a printed reproduction thereof, a marking material coverage calculator, determining expected original marking material coverage for a given area of a received image; a coverage reduction function generation system, controlled by the marking material coverage measurement, to determine a coverage reduction function for a given expected marking material coverage; and a marking material reduction controller, using the function to control the marking material reduction.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a printing system for printing images, including a system to reduce marking material coverage, while maintaining color fidelity, including: an image input, the image defining an amount of marking material to be deposited on a substrate to make a printed reproduction thereof, a marking material coverage calculator, determining expected original marking material coverage for a given area of a received image; and a marking material reduction controller, using the expected marking material determination to control coverage reduced reproduction of the given area in accordance with a non-linear coverage reduction function.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, marking material coverage is left unaffected at low input densities, variably altered at middle input densities, and set to a maximum amount of coverage at high input densities. The variable alteration can be preloaded for a system in a programmable lookup table.
These and other aspects of the invention will become apparent from the following descriptions to illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system in which the present invention may find use;
FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram of a system for carrying out the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows the implementation of non-linear functions in the present invention;
FIG. 4 illustrates the ON/OFF logic used for coverage reduction; and
FIG. 5 shows white pixel prevention logic.
Referring now to the drawings where the showings are for the purpose of describing the preferred embodiment of the invention and not for limiting same, a basic functional block diagram for a system for carrying out the present invention is shown in FIG. 1. Generally speaking the present invention may find use in a printing system, where images are created at an image source 2, such as a computer, scanner, memory or the like. The images are generally prepared for printing at an image processing unit or IPU 4. Print ready images are presented to a printer 6, which prints the images on sheets in accordance with its marking technology. Marking material coverage reduction 8 can be provided at the input to printer 6.
With reference now to FIG. 2, a plurality of video inputs 10c, 10y, 10m, and 10k, each representing one of the cyan, magenta yellow or black separations BN (x,y) of image B(x,y) is directed into the marking material coverage reduction system. Since the process of the system is mostly redundant for each separation, initially only the cyan bitmap BC (x,y) will be described. Bitmap BC (x,y) is a binary bitmap in this system, defined along fast (x-axis) and slow scan (y-axis) axes, describing the image in terms of 1 bit pixels arrayed in scan lines. Each pixel is an image signal, which may be said to have a condition or image state, which describes for a binary pixel whether a print dot will be made at the output or not. This may also be equated to whether the pixel is ON or OFF, 1 or 0. Thus, there are two image states for any pixel in a binary printer. For a multilevel printer, there may be more than two pixel values, and a similarly larger number of pixel image states.
To determine ink coverage over a given area, bitmap BC (x,y) is directed initially to a one byte (8 bit) latch 12, which stores eight one bit pixel values in order 1 to 8. This 8 bit stored binary string, which represents the bitmap image in an 8 pixel�1 scan line portion of the given area, is used as an address to access a 256 entry look up table (LUT) 14. The data stored at each of addresses 16 in the look up table represents ink coverage values 18, for the 8 pixel area stored at latch 12. It will no doubt be appreciated that many of these ink coverage values are the same, as shown by the demonstration of address 00000001 and address 00000010, which each have ink coverage values of 1. Should ink coverage be non-linear in character, because, for example, the ink jet device tends to deposit more or less ink when operated in certain image formations, then such non-linearity may be accounted for in loading the LUT 14 values.
Ink coverage values 18, which in the example can be represented by 3 bit binary values, now form a signal or function IC (x,y), representing predicted ink coverage in an 8 pixel�1 scan line area. A group of these values, stored in 8 row memory 20, are summed together at accumulator 22 to derive total ink coverage over a given area, in this case, 8 pixels�8 scan lines in size. The output of accumulator 22 is a value m, the predicted or measured ink coverage value for each separation of the given area of the image if no changes are made to the image. The values of IN (y), measured for each of the cyan, magenta, yellow and black separation bitmaps, are added to derive a value m, which is the predicted or measured ink coverage value for the given area of the image. It is possible that some colors bleed more than others; if so, some separations might be weighted more heavily in the summation.
An 8 pixel by 8 scan line block for the given area has been selected for processing convenience, and because it reflects a useful size for the ink reduction determination. If the area is too large, the ink coverage variations will be averaged in the reduction determination, giving low ink coverage indications when portions within the large area exceed the maximum desirable ink coverage. The choice of area or window size is a compromise between the precision with which coverage can be measured (the larger the area the more possible ink coverage levels) and the (local) accuracy of its measurement. One way of increasing the precision without reducing the locality is to use a weighted sum (more heavily weighting the center) to find the coverage near the center of the window. This would work best for finding the coverage in the neighborhood of a single pixel. In this embodiment, coverage was determined using an unweighted average over the 8�8 area, as, if this area should prove satisfactory, it would be much less expensive to compute. Finally, there is very little difference between using an 8�8 window and, for example a 6�6 window. Of course, many possible areas of different sizes can be used. The 8�8 window allows for greater efficiency of implementation as it uses complete bytes. Computing coverage in an 8�8 window, always aligned on a 4 bit boundary can be done efficiently using small tables. When the window is byte-aligned, a 256 entry table may be indexed by the contents of the scanline covered by the window, for each scanline in the window, summing the results; when it is not byte-aligned, two 16-element tables for may be indexed for each scanline, to compute:
cl[p1 & 0�f]+cr[p2>>4],
p1 and p2 are the values in the image beneath the window;
cl and cr are appropriately initialized tables having 16 entries giving bit counts.
This expression refers to the use of the low order four bits of p1 to index into table cl, and the high order bits of p2 to index into table cr.
Thus far, an arrangement for measuring actual or predicted ink coverage is shown. Other ways of determining actual or predicted ink coverage exist, and the invention is not limited to the described arrangement.
Value m is used at ON/OFF logic 24 to control the turn OFF of pixel in each separation of the image. In accordance with the invention, depending on the density of the area of image, as determined by the measurement m, a different turn OFF determination will be used, to better control the printer response. In the described embodiment, the entire range of densities are divided into three subranges. However, it will be appreciated that the entire range can be divided into any number of ranges greater than 1.
Looking initially at each turn OFF arrangement, for relatively low density levels, and areas where such low density levels occur, if the density is below the problematic densities for the marking material/paper coverage, there is no need to change the image in any way. In these arrangements, it is an important consideration, that areas of the image that require no change, not be changed, if possible. For these density levels, given for density levels 0≦Iinput ≦p0, where p is a density range between 0 and a system maximum, Pmax, and p0 is the density in p selected such that no changes to the image should be required below p0, then,
Idesired =Iinput
The range of midlevel densities is given by p0 ≦Iinput ≦p1, where p1 is the level above which changes will definitely be required. In this range, wherein changes to the image using coverage reduction might occur depending on the maximum marking material coverage desired, a more complex relationship might be used. Given a maximum allowable coverage, Imax, the desired coverage should gradually approach Imax as the input coverage increases. Defining
t=(Iinput -p0)/(p1 -p0),
Idesired =(p0 +(2t+t2)(p0 -Imax)
This scheme provides a quadratic blended response in the intermediate density region, which gradually increases the difference between the input (requested) amount of coverage and the output (desired) amount of coverage. The decreasing response can be non-linear. Other relationships which gradually change the amount of marking material used in response to the input image can, of course, be used. The advantages of this one are smoothness and continuity at both ends of the intermediate range.
Finally, at high densities, given by p1 ≦Iinput, the output value for the image will be the maximum desired output value for the system. Alternatively, the output value for the image could be related to the maximum desired output value.
The above scheme can be implemented in the form of a lookup table. For each possible image density, a system output can be defined and loaded into the lookup table. Thus, as shown in FIG. 3, a look up table is stored in a memory of a computer or the like, and indexed by m the actual or predicted coverage. Depending on the value of m, a distinct output response (or coverage reduction function) is output. While the arrangement is shown graphically, actual output values would be stored. While the arrangement is shown dividing m into three ranges, any number of ranges greater than or equal to 2 may be used, including providing a different coverage reduction value for every possible value m. Of course, a more limited number simplifies processing.
As applied to cyan bitmap BC (x,y), the function Idesired would result in a periodic pattern, which, when imposed on a halftone pattern probably existing in BC (x,y), would result in undesirable moire patterns in the reproduction of the image. Accordingly, one method of alleviating this problem is to randomize the application of the turn OFF function to the bitmap. However, it is also desirable that the determination of ON/OFF be made with knowledge of the determination for adjacent pixels, so that the application of the turn OFF ratio can be applied uniformly through the given area. Accordingly, the methods of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,515,479 or 5,563,985, herein specifically incorporated by reference, the "walk" through the pixel locations may be processed in a manner that will give a randomized appearance. Other methods of producing a non-moire patterned result are possible.
With reference again to FIG. 2, it will no doubt be appreciated that other processing orders are possible, which process pixels in an order that is relatively random with respect to common halftone patterns, and retains dependence on adjacent pixels. Ordering of pixels is accomplished by storing a 4�4 set of pixels for which m has been determined in memory 25, and subsequently reading the values of BC (x,y) out of memory with processing order control 26, which reorders pixels of BC (x,y) in accordance with the selected pixel ordering function.
Once the turn OFF function for an 8�8 set of pixels is determined, that ratio is applied to a 4�4 pixel grouping therewithin, processed in accordance with the process ordering specified. The use of an 8�8 area for determining the turn OFF ratio smoothes abrupt changes which might occur if a smaller area is used for that determination.
At ON/OFF logic 24, a logical process is employed implementing the determined turn OFF ratio. The fraction of pixels to be left ON is the ratio of the desired coverage to the measured coverage. This can be exactly retained as a rational number, Idesired /m. A simple logic process ensuring that d of every m pixels are turned on is:
f=0 for each pixel
f=f+d/m if (f≦m) turn on this pixel
Next pixel
Where f, initially set to zero, is the (fractional) number of pixels that should have been turned on since the last one was turned on, or alternatively the fraction of the way to the next pixel that should be turned on.
Pixels are spaced as uniformly as possible along the path that gives the order in which they are visited. If the control variable f is initialized only at the start of the page, and not in each window, the average over a larger region will be correct. By scaling f by m, the use of non-integer values is eliminated:
f=0 for each pixel
f=f+d if(f≧m) turn on this pixel
Next pixel
The initial setting of f to zero is arbitrary, as over an entire image the initial value of f is of no consequence. To reduce inter-separation correlations it may be advantageous to use various values between 0 and m for the initial settings of the control variable for different separations. The comparison with m is also arbitrary and for the same reason. If the comparison is with 0 it may be more efficient and can be accomplished without changing the result in any way by subtracting m from the initial value of f:
f=-m for each pixel
if (f≧0) turn on this pixel
Next pixel
It will be noted that this logic is similar to Bresenham's algorithm for drawing lines, which for computer graphics determines the distance along a first axis, before a step must be made in the second axis for a line extending in two axes.
At block 38, the function is reordered into the original image order as BCON/OFF (x,y), which is a mask representing the turn OFF function. At block 40, white pixel prevention logic is provided, to prevent the occurrence of a corresponding pixel in every separation from being turned OFF, which might allow white or background show through. Assuming 100% coverage is acceptable, totally white pixels should not be introduced into the image. Thus, if a full color pixel has 200% coverage, and a pixel in one separation is turned OFF, the corresponding pixels in other separations should not all be turned OFF when that pixel is visited for the other separation:
fc =0
fm =m /4
fy =m /2
fk=3m /4
calculate the pixelwise coverage for each pixel/separation pair, in some order if this pixel is ON in this separation fsep =fsep +d if(fsep ≧m) or the coverage in this pixel is 1, turn ON this pixel fsep =fsep -m else turn OFF this pixel decrement the coverage in this pixel by 1.
Accordingly, a set of ON/OFF conditions is created for a 4�4 area of the image, reducing the number of ON pixels in that area in accordance with the determining turn OFF ratio, B'CON/OFF (x,y). This set of values is then used as on input to a masking logic 42, which uses B'CON/OFF (x,y) in altering the bitmap BC(x,y) at block 42 from which the now adjusted image B'C (x,y) is directed to the printer controller.
With m for each pixel determined at FIG. 5, where a flow chart is shown for a single pass across an image, ignoring image edges, the substeps of the pixel ON/OFF determination are shown, including 300) setting Idesired, probably entered into the process from LUT 200; 310) initializing scan line and pixel values to starting values (here, 0); 320) m is determined for a particular 4�4 with the 8�8 area for which m was determined, using the ink coverage measurement m determined by the method described with respect to FIG. 4. Steps 340 and 350 together store the pixel values of BC (x,y) in a memory 25. At step 360 pixels are read out of memory 25 by reorder processor 26 in order FC (x,y), to avoid moire. FC (x,y) may vary from separation to separation, if required to avoid moire. In FIG. 5, white pixel prevention logic is combined with the ON/OFF logic. At step 370, bitmap BC (x,y) is examined to determine whether the current pixel is ON or OFF. If it is off, the pixel remains off (step 372), and the next pixel is processed (step 374). If bitmap BC (x,y) is examined at step 370 and the current pixel is ON, at step 376, f is incremented by the value d. At step 378, the "count" is compared to 1. The count represents a running sum of other separations that are turned ON at the current x,y position. If the count equals 1, then only the current separation is turned ON, and accordingly, to avoid a white space, the current pixel should be turned ON at step 380. If the count is greater than 1, then there will be no white space occurring anyway. At step 382, f is compared to m. If f is less than or equal to m, then the pixels remains ON, at step 380. If f is not less than or equal to m, then f is decremented by m at step 384, and the pixel is turned OFF at step 372. Alternatively, if white pixel prevention logic is not combined with the ON/OFF logic, and with reference to FIG. 6, wherein a flow chart illustrates that BCON/OFF (x,y) white pixel prevention, if BCON/OFF (x,y) is OFF (step 410), then each separation turn off function BNON/OFF (X,Y) (represented for the purpose of this figure as Bc, Bm, By, Bk) is ANDed with the others (step 420) to derive cm, Cy, Ck, my, mk, yk, which are then ORed together to derive a determination SEPON/OFF. If SEPON/OFF is greater than 0 (Step 440), then at least one of the separations is to be turned ON, and no action is required. BCON/OFF (X,Y) is directed to an output at step 450. However, if SEPON/OFF is equal to 0 (Step 440), then BCON/OFF (x,y) is turned ON. This is a rather simplistic solution, since undoubtedly, the choice of separation which is turned ON in white pixel prevention should be alternated among the separations that were turned OFF. Otherwise, if, for example, the cyan separation is always processed first, then the image make be skewed with a greater amount of cyan than desired.
While the present invention is demonstrated with the above embodiment, there is no doubt many others accomplish the invention. The important aspects of the invention are that non linear relationships of input signals to coverage reduced output signals may be stored. The present description assumes a binary or bilevel ink jet printer, but there is no reason in principle that the invention would not apply to a gray or other multilevel printer, where ink coverage is a function not only of the presence of a print dot, but also the gray level value of the print dot. Other printing processes which are printed on a pixel by pixel basis also have problems with excessive marking material, and may benefit from the described method or reduced marking material use. Notably, electrophotographic and ionographic printing methods using a pixel by pixel printing process for forming a latent image for development with dry or liquid toner marking materials, can suffer from excessive marking material, evidenced by sheet cockling and curling caused by differential shrinkage of toner and paper in the printing process.
The invention has been described with reference to a particular embodiment. Modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding this specification. It is intended that all such modifications and alterations are included insofar as they come within the scope of the appended claims or equivalents thereof.
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TCC Part 1 WalkthroughFeb 6, 2014 Might and Magic VI: The Chaos Conspiracy Guides 0 comments
A Part 1 walktrough by Jeff and BDJ. Posted on Mod Database for the purpose of back-up. In order to be used only when you are stuck with quests and have...
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Talk:Geology of the Grand Canyon area
|Geology of the Grand Canyon area is a featured article; it (or a previous version of it) has been identified as one of the best articles produced by the Wikipedia community. Even so, if you can update or improve it, please do so.
|This article appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on November 2, 2005.
|This article is of interest to the following WikiProjects:
- 1 Old talk
- 2 Invisible references
- 3 Should there be any talk about the current controvery over the grand canyon's age?
- 4 Why name it 'Vishnu Schist'?
- 5 Photo not of a crinoid?
- 6 Galeros Formation
- 7 Toroweap Formation
- 8 Volcanic activity dams the new canyon
- 9 The Bass Limestone
- 10 Vishnu Schist
- 11 quote from Beus and Morales
- 12 Supai Group
Old talk[edit]
Hi Mav, re the centre/right thing, I disagree, but not enough to want to argue about it - if we are going to center it, why don't we go the whole way and make it as wide as we can? I know, I know, but the Grand Canyon is perhaps the only page that would really justify this kind of treatment! Mark Richards 20:12, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)
- We are limited by what people with 800x600 screens can see. --mav
I removed this from the Grand Canyon page - I think its all covered here. Wow - there is SO much work to do on this still! Let's go! Mark Richards 19:34, 28 Apr 2004 (UTC)
The strata, from the bottom to top, are:
* Early Proterozoic Schist and Granite: 1.7 billion years ago o Vishnu Schist * The Earlier Unconformity: 1.7 to 1.25 billion years ago * The Middle and Late Proterozoic Grand Canyon Supergroup: 1250 to 820 million years ago o The Uncar Group o Bass Limestone o Hotauta Conglomerate o Hakatai Shale o Shinumo Quartzite o Dox Sandstone o Cardena Lavas * Nakoweap Formation: 1 billion years ago * The Chuar Group: 950 million years ago * The Sixtymile Formation: 820 million years ago * The Great Unconformity: 820 to 570 million years ago * Paleozoic Sediments: 570 to 245 million years ago * The Cambrian Tonto Group: 570 to 505 million years ago * A Pre-Devonian Unconformity: 505 to 360 million years ago * Devonian Deposits: 408 to 360 million years ago o Devonian River Channels o Temple Butte Formation * The Redwall Limestone: 360 to 320 million years ago o Surprise Canyon Formation * The Supai Group: 320 to 286 million years ago o Watahomigi o Manakacha o Wescogame o Esplanade * The Hermit Shale: 286 to 245 million years ago * Coconino Sandstone * The Toroweap Formation * The Kaibab Formation * Mesozoic Geology: 245 to 66 million years ago o Shinarump Conglomerate o Moenkopi Formation o Chinle Shale o Chinle Formation o Moenave Formation o Kayenta Formation o Navajo Sandstone o Caramel Sandstones o Entrada Sandstones o San Rafael Group o Dakota Sandstone
- Yep - still a lot to do. --mav
Invisible references[edit]
Invisible references via the Inote template (see talk page) are now implemented in this article. Your comments appreciated. Mozzerati 21:44, 2005 Apr 20 (UTC)
Should there be any talk about the current controvery over the grand canyon's age?[edit]
These articles suggest that there may be some controversy in the government's stance on the geological age of the grand canyon.
[1] [2] —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Chrisdab (talk • contribs) 22:23, 6 January 2007 (UTC).
- See the discussion at Talk:Grand_Canyon. The fact that the government may choose to ignore science does not mean that the age of the Grand Canyon is controversial. Geologyguy 22:37, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
- There is more then one theory on how the Grand Canyon formed. And this also includes differences in the age of the Grand Canyon. If someone has literature, please show it here. --126.96.36.199 (talk) 07:39, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
- If you have a reliable source about any other geological estimates of the age of the canyon, please mention it. But I'm pretty sure that the ice age is the only valid theory for it's formation. Auntie E (talk) 13:08, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
- Canyon formation likely went faster during the ice age due to increased precipitation but I would not say that it caused the canyon's formation. Rather, downcutting of the Colorado River as the Colorado Plateau rose and the Gulf of California opened up is the consensus view. --mav (talk) 02:23, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
- There is more then one theory on how the Grand Canyon formed. And this also includes differences in the age of the Grand Canyon. If someone has literature, please show it here. --184.108.40.206 (talk) 07:39, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
- A tempest in a young-Earther crackpot does not a scientific controversy make. --mav (talk) 02:23, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
There is certainly scientific uncertainty over the exact age of the Grand Canyon as evidenced by the ongoing research. The NPS Grand Canyon website contains lots of scientifically valid information and I could find no hint of a younger age for the canyon. The statement is made on the website that the canyon is 5-6 million years old and shows new and older rock formations with ages of a few hundred million to billions of years old. I was just at the canyon a few weeks ago. I guess I should have polled the employees for an age estimate :). Desoto10 (talk) 01:04, 17 September 2009 (UTC)
- From what I've read, it is much more an issue of definitions; Did something we know as the "Grand Canyon" exist prior to 5 to 6 million years ago? Well, it depends on whether or not you call one or the other of the (at least) two ancestral canyons that eventually merged, the "Grand Canyon" or not. IMO, the Grand Canyon did not exist until the merger and we have a ballpark figure for when that happened. Unfortunately, much of the downcutting prior to 5 to 6 million years ago occurred in Mesozoic-aged strata that have since been almost completely removed from the Grand Canyon area. Much was also carried away by expansion of the canyon itself. Pitty. I would love to know where the upper canyon emptied and exactly how the merger happened. --mav (talk) 13:02, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
Why name it 'Vishnu Schist'?[edit]
What about the history of the names given to various layers? Especially, the 'Vishnu Schist', whats the origin of this name? 'JB, 15-May-2007, Australia'
- Most geological formation names are based on some local geographic feature in the area where the rock unit was described. I know there is a Vishnu's Temple in the Grand Canyon, and maybe other similarly named locations. Many of the geographic features, including many with names from Hindu theology such as Vishnu, Shiva, and Krishna, were given by USGS explorer Clarence Dutton in 1880-81. Hope this helps. Cheers Geologyguy 02:11, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
- Also, Zoroaster, as in the Zoroaster Granite, is a prophet from the religion Zoroastrianism.
- In almost all cases, that info is more appropriate in articles about the individual formations. --mav (talk) 02:24, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
Photo not of a crinoid?[edit]
In the section "Hermit, Coconino, Toroweap, and Kaibab", there is a photograph with the caption "Fossils, such as this one of a crinoid, are common in the Toroweap and Kaibab formations". The predominant feature in the photo looks like the pedicle valve of a Productid brachiopod. Although there might be some crinozoid stems in the photo, I think the caption should be changed to "Fossils, such as this one of a brachiopod...". Or am I just missing something? —Preceding unsigned comment added by email@example.com (talk • contribs) 21:39, 6 July 2010 (UTC)
- You're not missing anything, the original source of the photo confirms that the large fossil is a brachiopod. I'll modify the caption accordingly. Thanks for spotting that. Mikenorton (talk) 22:17, 6 July 2010 (UTC)
- Thanks for the feedback! - sonomadiver
Galeros Formation[edit]
From the article "Galeros Formation is a mainly greenish formation composed of interbedded sandstone, limestone, and shale with some shale. It ranges in color from red to purple".
- "Shale with some shale" looks like an error.
- What is the color of Galeros Formation?
Avihu (talk) 06:21, 1 September 2012 (UTC)
- Fixed some wording, the redundant "some shale" bit and took out the "red to purple". The colors and lithology of the formation are variable, don't have the ref used -- but for the brief summary given that may work. Details of the group are available in: Ford, T.D. and Breed, W.J., 1973, Late Precambrian Chuar Group, Grand Canyon, Arizona: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 84, no. 4, p. 1243-1260. Vsmith (talk) 13:54, 1 September 2012 (UTC)
Toroweap Formation[edit]
Toroweap Formation is "is a ledge- and cliff-former" and is divided into the following three members: Seligman is a slope-forming, Brady Canyon is a cliff-forming and Wood Ranch is a slope-forming. Two out of three are slope-forming, but the formation as a whole is a ledge- and cliff-former? Avihu (talk) 18:22, 8 September 2012 (UTC)
- Changed per Toroweap Formation and strat column (fig 1). Vsmith (talk) 00:13, 9 September 2012 (UTC)
Volcanic activity dams the new canyon[edit]
From the article "Dams that were 150 to 400 feet (46 to 120 m) high were overtopped by their lakes in 2 to 17 days while dams 200 to 1,000 feet (61 to 300 m) high were overtopped in 22 years. 400 feet dams in just up to 17 days, but 200 feet dams in 22 years? Avihu (talk) 17:44, 14 September 2012 (UTC)
- That does seem off a bit ... don't have the book (Beus, Stanely S.; Morales, Michael, eds. (2003). Grand Canyon Geology (2nd ed.). New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-512299-2) used as a reference to check. Looks like that was added by User:Mav at 03:40, 14 September 2009. I'll ask him to stretch his memory back 3 years or maybe check the source and add / fix for clarification. Vsmith (talk) 00:55, 15 September 2012 (UTC)
- Yep - Page 321 does say "22 years" but now that I think about it, it must be an error in the book since the sentence right before that says that overtopping was very rapid. 22 "days" makes much more sense in that regard. Absent another source confirming that, our only recourse is to comment out that part. I'll do that. --mav (reviews needed) 13:54, 15 September 2012 (UTC)
- Well, I found source that corroborate the 22 years period. See the description of Prospect Dam on pages 34 and 35 of Jeremy Schmidt, The Grand Canyon National Park: A Natural History Guide. Avihu (talk) 17:36, 22 February 2013 (UTC)
The Bass Limestone[edit]
From the article "The Bass Limestone was deposited in a shallow sea near the coast as a mix of limestone, sandstone, and shale. It is 120 to 340 feet (37 to 100 m) thick and grayish in color." According the USGS site it contains dolomite and not limestone (contrary to the formation name), it's color is "Red-brown and reddish-gray" and it is "260 to 300 ft" thick. The color and the thickness are just small variations from what is written in the article, but the lithology is not. By the way the elaborate Rock Hounds site also specify dolomite instead of limestone. Avihu (talk) 17:34, 17 September 2012 (UTC)
- Vsmith? Mav? Anyone? Avihu (talk) 16:48, 19 September 2012 (UTC)
- The Harris ref (through Google books p 21) does state that and is in disagreement with the USGS website. Harris has only a brief mention of the Bass - essentially what is in the article and no more. The USGS site switches to Bass Formation and gives a bit more detail, including the dolomite part. I suppose it could be read as the Bass was deposited as a limestone which was later dolomitized... but that's reading more than the refs explicitly state. I'd say, go with the more detailed USGS ref. Vsmith (talk) 00:51, 20 September 2012 (UTC)
- That's what I did in my translation of the article into Hebrew. In the Hebrew Wikipedia we have a rule that you can use source only if you read it yourself. Unfortunately almost all the books in the reference section of the English article are unavailable through Google books, so I had no choice but to search for replacements and this how I got to find this discrepancy between the Article and the USGS site. I leave it to you guys to update the English version. Avihu (talk) 17:25, 20 September 2012 (UTC)
- The Harris ref (through Google books p 21) does state that and is in disagreement with the USGS website. Harris has only a brief mention of the Bass - essentially what is in the article and no more. The USGS site switches to Bass Formation and gives a bit more detail, including the dolomite part. I suppose it could be read as the Bass was deposited as a limestone which was later dolomitized... but that's reading more than the refs explicitly state. I'd say, go with the more detailed USGS ref. Vsmith (talk) 00:51, 20 September 2012 (UTC)
Vishnu Schist[edit]
From the article "when thousands of feet of volcanic ash, mud, sand, and silt were laid down in a shallow backarc basin similar to the modern Sea of Japan", this need a bit of clarification. Avihu (talk) 17:08, 30 September 2012 (UTC)
The first two paragraphs became a bit confused with lots of edits and use of different refs. Some edits made in an attempt to clear that up a bit. Please take a look. --mav (reviews needed) 22:17, 28 October 2012 (UTC)
- I am not sure that deleting the reference to "thousands of feet" is doing justice to the article. In the article GEOLOGY OF GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK, NORTH RIM, Annabelle Foos from the Geology Department, University of Akron is very specific "The oldest rocks exposed in the Grand Canyon are the Proterozoic Vishnu schist. Approximately 2 billion years ago, 25,000 feet of sediments and volcanic material were deposited on the sea floor". Avihu (talk) 05:03, 29 October 2012 (UTC)
quote from Beus and Morales[edit]
|This discussion has been closed. Please do not modify it.
|The following discussion has been closed. Please do not modify it.
Grand Canyon Geology by Beus and Morales is considered the "Bible" of geology on Grand Canyon. So any quote from it is significant and it is why it is referenced numerous times in this article. Here is the entire quote.
This is not waffling. This is the way real geologists talk. McKee is a giant among geologist who have studied Grand Canyon and Larry Middleton, David Elliot and Michael Morales, authors of this chapter on the Coconino Sandstone, back up McKee's statement. In fact they say, "few geologists, except for McKee and Reiche, have studied the Coconino." (p. 183) The reason why they stay open as to it being eolian or not is because they cannot find a source for the sand up wind, in the direction from which the sand obviously came. As I said, to not include the statement by McKee gives an inaccurate account of what geologists have to say about the Coconino. You may find some geologists who insist that the Coconino is eolian, but they do not have the experience of McKee and the authors of this book.
Lets see the full quotes by Blakey and Kiever and who they quote about the Coconino. (I'll bet they quote Beus and Morales). HerbertHuey (talk) 16:46, 1 October 2012 (UTC)
If you have refs providing evidence of an alternate origin explanation, please provide it. Otherwise the waffle quote is not needed. Vsmith (talk) 12:06, 5 October 2012 (UTC)
If you have WP:reliable sources that provide alternate explanations, then simply suggest them here. Do a search on google scholar for the Coconino Sandstone and see what the scientists working on the area say. Vsmith (talk) 14:27, 7 October 2012 (UTC)
HerbertHuey a sockpuppet[edit]
Blocked as a sock of Allenroyboy (talk · contribs). Dougweller (talk) 15:06, 27 December 2012 (UTC)
Supai Group[edit]
In this section, a part reads, "thickness of 600 to 700 feet (200 to 200 m)." The metric part needs to be looked up from the original source and updated (I could use conversions to write "(183 to 213 m)", but that doesn't seem like a good change). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.127.116.11 (talk) 05:42, 11 November 2012 (UTC)
- The metric part is an automated conversion showing only one significant digit. Normally that is correct given the likely ambiguity in the cited data ("600 to 700 feet"), but a difference of only 100 feet rounds to 200 meters for both cited values in the range when only one sig fig is used. So I got rid of the convert template and just give (around 200 m) for the metric conversion. --mav (reviews needed) 14:10, 11 November 2012 (UTC)
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August 6, 2013
About This Movie
- Synopsis
- Movie Releases
For almost one hundred years there was only one way to make a movie -- with film. Movies were shot, edited and projected using photochemical film. But over the last two decades a digital process has emerged to challenge photochemical filmmaking.
Side By Side, a documentary produced by Keanu Reeves, takes an in-depth look at this revolution. Through interviews with directors, cinematographers, film students, producers, technologies, editors, and exhibitors, Side By Side examines all aspects of filmmaking — from capture to edit, visual effects to color correction, distribution to archive. At this moment when digital and photochemical filmmaking coexist, Side By Side explores what has been gained, what is lost, and what the future might bring.


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These pups are bred to work. They were born May 27th. ABCA registered. These puppies come from long lines of proven ranch dogs and winning trial dogs. The sire is a strong confident dog with lots of presence around stock. The Dam is very driven and never...More info Email a friend
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Twitter has hired Ali Rowghani, the CFO of Pixar Animation Studios, as its new CFO. This is the site's second big outside executive hire. In September, Twitter brought in former Feedburner CEO Dick Costolo as its chief operating officer.
Among his responsibilities, Rowghani will have the enviable (?) task of overseeing Twitter's bulging coffers, considering that the startup raised $100 million in a funding round in late September. He'll also get to watch over Twitter's budding plans to make money by introducing premium accounts — whenever that ends up happening. In a statement, Twitter CEO Evan Williams says, "Ali will be an important member of a growing team focused on creating value for our users and capturing the financial opportunities that result from it."
Looks like Rowghani is already upping his tweeting in his new role. All in all, he has only sent seven Tweets over the last eight months –including five on Tuesday.
Before joining Pixar in 2001, Rowghani was an associate at consulting firm McKinsey & Company.


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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved Nuedexta for "pseudobulbar affect" (PBA), a neurologic condition that sometimes occurs in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and involves episodes of involuntary emotional expression out of proportion to or distinct from the person's actual emotional state. The approval was announced by Nuedexta's developer, Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Oct. 29, 2010.
Don't be surprised if, in a few years, you hear about some fascinating new amusement park rides. And don't be surprised if a young man named Ben Carpenter proves to be the genius behind the design of those rides.
Results from an MDA-supported, phase 1 study of gene therapy for the type 2D form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD2D) show sustained protein production from the transferred genes in two out of three trial participants six months after injection of the genes into a foot muscle.
The new results follow an announcement last year showing protein production from transferred genes in the first three participants in this trial at either six weeks or three months after the gene transfer.
Little by little, the molecular underpinnings of facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) are yielding to scientific investigations. The latest revelations about a protein known as DUX4, announced in October, could bring a treatment for FSHD closer to the clinic.
About recent FSHD research
Results from a recent study have shown that treatment with the drug sildenafil (brand name Viagra) conferred both long-term protection against cardiac (heart) dysfunction in younger mice, and rapid reversal of heart damage in aged mice with a disease resembling Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).
A new training opportunity, the Direct Support Professional Registered Apprenticeship Program, will assist direct support professionals (such as hired caregivers and aides) in advancing in this essential field, say the program's creators, the National Alliance for Direct Support Professionals (NADSP) and the American Network of Community Options and Resources (ANCOR).
The Maryland biotherapeutics company Neuralstem will move its clinical trial of neural stem cells in people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) into its next stage, following a thumbs-up from the trial's safety monitoring board, the company announced Oct. 18, 2010. (See Neuralstem Updates ALS Clinial Trial Progress.)
Results from a clinical trial conducted in Spain involving 20 individuals with Friedreich's ataxia (FA) show that a combination therapy using two drugs, idebenone and deferiprone (DFP), demonstrated a "stabilizing effect" in neurological function and reduced abnormal heart-muscle enlargement in participants who received the two-drug combo for a period of 11 months.
Anti-myostatin drug trial shows good preliminary results
After two years of laying the groundwork, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has opened its National ALS Registry to collect information from people living with ALS.
Scientists at the ATSDR, which is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, hope registry data will provide insight into the causes of, and potential treatments for, ALS.
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Honoring a special person with a gift to the University of Delaware can be tremendously satisfying. It is a lasting tribute to a loved one, friend, or colleague, and it provides valuable support to the University.
No matter what their size, gifts to celebrate a family member, classmate, faculty member, or friend can be designated toward any existing UD program or fund—perhaps one to which the decedent directed gifts during his or her lifetime—or left to the discretion of the University.
If you would like to make a gift in honor or in memory of an individual, please click here. The University will send notification to either the next-of-kin or the celebrated, alerting them that a gift was made in their honor or in memory of their loved one.
Please contact Donor Relations and Special Events at (302) 831-2104 or via email at email@example.com with any questions.


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White Snow: [Sick!Mink x Dandere!Reader]White Snow: [Sick!Mink x Dandere!Reader] by Vanilla-CherryXII
DRAMAtical Murder.
Sick!Mink x Dandere!Reader.
You never thought it possible that Mink, of all people, would drop sick in the middle of a snowless Winter. It was unexpected, really. He was such a large and strong man that you thought his immune system would be impregnable by sickness.
You were wrong though, obviously enough. He was only human, after all.
You sighed in pity and picked up the towel on Mink's forehead, before dropping it into the bucket of water beside you - wetting it with cool water. You drew it out and wrung the water out - before folding it in half. You placed it back onto the buff man's forehead, and released yet another pitiful sigh.
You didn't know what he had ate, but it seemed that Mink had caught a gastro bug. When he had returned back to your shared house, which was isolated in the mountains of Midorijima, in a small area called Kage Chou, he was sickly pale and barely standing up on his own two feet. You rushed to him at the time, and quickly, but


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Findings for PPC in Lafayette
Lafayette Ranks Amongst Least Expensive Markets for Google Adwords in USA
SEP's ongoing research into PPC Campaigns has revealed that Lafayette was the 168th least expensive city in USA in keyword bids in Google Adwords for the month of April 2015. Lafayette also ranks amongst the least expensive cities in Louisiana, ranking as number 4th. In the study, San Buenaventura ranked as the most expensive city in the country, while Manchester ranked as the least expensive city.
Google Adwords Keyword Prices 49% Lower in Lafayette than Baton Rouge
SEP's research also tracks Google Adwords price changes and trends in cities across Canada and the U.S. Recent data shows that average prices in Lafayette are 49% lower than in Baton Rouge. The average price of a click in Lafayette is $10.37.
This price differential is expected however, as Baton Rouge has a larger population than Lafayette.
To get a better sense of relative prices, we also compared prices with another similarly sized city, Kent, and found the average price of a click in Lafayette was 9% higher than in Kent.
The Price Rank shows how expensive keywords are in certain industry and segment relative to other cities in a country, region and province.


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South Carolina opened the 2014 season with a series sweep of Bucknell at Carolina Stadium. The Gamecocks won a doubleheader on Saturday with victories of 17-4 and 12-2 and closed out the series on Sunday with a 12-0 win.
Click here for the original story.
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1. Boil the potatoes well and then mash them. If you have a potato masher you could use that.
2. Next, in a pan, cook some spinach with garlic and olive oil.
3. Cut some red pepper and cook it in a tablespoon of olive oil.
4. In another pan, add the red pepper and cook in the remaining olive oil.
5. Spread the mashed tomato on a plate in the shape of Christmas tree.
6. Then spread the spinach and decorate with red pepper.
7. Plate and serve.


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Full text of Critical Care Secrets 5th ed. (2013) edited by Polly E. Parsons, Jeanine P. Wiener-Kronish is Part of Elsevier's Clinical Key
Special instructions: HTML version of chapters provided. Some titles are available in PDF format. To view PDF files you must create a FREE "User Profile" and login. Videos mentioned in Expert Consult title texts are not retrievable via Clinical Key.
For USC users only. Requires USC network connection.
©2009 Norris Medical Library 2003
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442-1116 email@example.com


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Quantity Available:
Studio Italia Design is based in Italy and is a premier designer and producer of decorative lighting fixtures targeting the high end architectural and designer markets.
The Amourette Pendant is available with the following:
- Metal shade
- Metal support
- Round ceiling canopy
- Field-cuttable suspension cord
- Mounts to standard 4" junction box
- UL Listed
- Designed by Dima Loginoff
Color: Black with White, White with Black
- One 75 Watt 120 Volt Type E26 Medium Base Incandescent lamp (not included).
- Shade: Height 14.96", Diameter 5.11"
- Canopy: Diameter 5.11"
Need help with some of our terminology? Check out Lumens' Lighting & Design Glossary.
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53W 120V A19 E26 White Halogen Bulb (2PK)By SATCO Lighting$4.99{boxId:"compareuu518375", id:"uu518375"} See Comparison


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Narrow your search
If you're a Spotify Premium subscriber and want to unshackle your music from your phone to play on your home stereo system, Spotify Connect is the way to go. Here's everything you need to know.
This clever Kickstarter project leverages your existing case to provide a secure, inexpensive strap.
Even a "dumb" TV can stream flash-mob dances and piano-playing cats. You just need the right source.
The HTC One will finally arrive on Verizon this summer.
You'd think that there'd be at least one respectable video game with a hip hop tie-in, but they all seem to come off super corny like 50 Cent's "Bulletproof." Can Snoop Lion's upcoming title "Way of the Dogg" redeem the industry for decades of missteps? We'll examine all angles on today's 404 episode.
They both have large screens, 4G LTE speeds, and boast-worthy cameras, but if you're only going to buy one, let Jessica Dolcourt guide you.
Save links, images, and notes to your inbox and phone right from your browser's address bar with Futz.
THQ threw a Saint's Row: The Third media event in Hollywood last week and managed to reveal practically nothing about the game except that it'll feature women in cocktail dresses.
The next iteration of Turn 10's series of racing games promises more cars, more tracks, and, hopefully, more fun.
A week after cutting the TV cord, CNET editor David Katzmaier reports on what works, and what doesn't, for his household.


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As we first reported last week, New York Media, the parent company of New York magazine and website NYmag.com has bought out Menupages, the New York City based online restaurant menu guides site. The companies have announced it officially today, and the price was not disclosed. MenuPages will continue to operate separately. The MenuPages staff, led by the company
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Interesting story from The New York Times:
With a goal of establishing a national Bible museum of great depth and size, the evangelical Christian family behind the Hobby Lobby chain of craft stores has been spending heavily to amass a collection that has set dealers buzzing in the staid world of rare books.
Specialists estimate the family has bought illuminated, or decorated, manuscripts, Torahs, papyri and other works worth $20 million to $40 million from auction houses, dealers, private collectors and institutions, some of which may be selling because of financial pressure.
The man leading the effort is Steve Green, president of Hobby Lobby, a private company based here that is a favorite of scrapbook makers, do-it-yourselfers and home decorators. The company, founded by his father, David, in 1972, now numbers 439 stores and has generated a family fortune that Forbes magazine estimates at $2.5 billion.
Read the rest here.
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Matthew Flinder's Tuna Flan
|Shortcrust pastry
|6 Ounce
|For the filling:
|1 1⁄2 Ounce
|1 1⁄2 Ounce
|1⁄2 Pint
|Lemon juice
|1 Tablespoon, squeezed
|Canned tuna fish
|12 Ounce (1 Large Can)
|Finely chopped parsley
|1 Teaspoon
|Canned anchovy fillets
|2 Ounce (Small Can)
1. Preheat oven at 425-450°F or Gas Mark 6-7.
2. On a floured board, roll the pastry dough such that it can line a 7- or 8-inch flan ring on an upturned baking tin. It should be about 1/4 inch in thickness.
3. Bake it in a hot oven at 425-450°F or Gas Mark 6-7 for 20-25 minutes.
4. For the filling, take a saucepan. Melt butter and add flour.
5. Add milk slowly while stirring it continuously. Bring it to a boil and cook until it thickens.
6. Season with salt and pepper and cook for 2 minutes.
7. Remove from flame and add lemon juice.
8. Add flaked tuna fish and parsley.
9. Stuff the flan with the filling and place anchovy fillets over it so that it looks like the spokes of a wheel.
10. Serve Matthew Flinders Flan hot or cold with grilled tomatoes.


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Here's the scoop
Only four days left to give National Ice Cream Month its melt-in-your-mouth due
A mini-moo (one scoop) is $3.59.
Oasis Ice Cream Parlor
1832 Coronado Ave., Nestor. Open daily at 11 a.m. (619) 429-8980
For the past 35 years, Juanita and Juan Andrade have created a true oasis out of a diminutive shop in a strip mall on the border of Imperial Beach and San Diego. Their ice creams and sorbets are made Michoacan-style from a secret family recipe. Although the colorful paletas — frozen bars made with water or milk — are crave-worthy, in flavors such as spicy cucumber, cantaloupe, mango and tamarind, the ice cream is cones down some of the best in the county. The fresh banana, coconut and coffee flavors ring deep and true with not a whiff of artificiality, and the double chocolate is lip-smackingly rich.
A generous scoop — served in a plastic foam cup — is a steal at $1.45.


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October 19-21 Portland Oregon Buy Tickets | Studio 5 PackJoin Mailing List
Japanese Tattoo Legend HORIYOSHI III will be Skyping into the Worldwide Tattoo Conference! Q&A, live from Yokohama, Japan
Master Horiyoshi III, one of the most influential tattoo artists of all times, is answering some of your most urgent questions concerning Japanese tattoos and his personal views and philosophy, during a Skype video conference with us in Portland!
Artists and studios, don't miss your chance to soak up all the amazing inspiration and pick up your tickets soon, they are moving fast!
The WWTC is not a tattoo convention, but a series of professional seminars with a didactic purpose. Special thanks to all the people and institutions supporting us, in particular: Milan Tattoo Convention, Turin Tattoo Convention, Trieste Tattoo Convention, Rome Tattoo Expo, London Tattoo Convention, Florence Tattoo Convention


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How to drink while hungover...
So here's the thing...normally I would say f*** drinking while hung over, but today is my 21st birthday. A bunch of friends talked me into going out... Show More
Most Helpful Opinion
Easy. Eat some absorbent foods like bread and rice. Have a shot of olive oil or have a salad heavy in olive oil. The oil will coat the stomach and the bread and rice will help absorb alcohol.
Always drink the hard stuff first then beer later if you feel like it. I'd chill on mixed drinks Vodka and whateverthef***youlike.
What Guys Said 6
What Girls Said 4
Nobody said you had to drink. If its going to make you sick, then don't. You can party sober. If you do decide to drink, eat good high carb food (greasy food) and drink lots of water. For every alcoholic drink, have a glass of water.
Sounds like a rough time to me. Then again, I quite drinking more than one or 2 drinks a night a long time ago. The hangovers don't make it worth drinking more.
Have an opinion?


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Customize Your ADF Application As You Like: Quick Overview of ADF Skin Editor Enhancements In JDeveloper 12c
By Emin Askerov on Aug 05, 2013
ADF Skin editor is a visual tool which allows creating, editing, previewing and deploying your ADF skin (application visual theme) for your ADF application. You can download standalone distributive of ADF Skin Editor here: http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/developer-tools/adf/downloads/index.html. Also find out more information about Skin Editor installation process in Installing Oracle ADF Skin Editor guide.[Read More]


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So I know I'm not the only slow pitch softball player who prowls these boards.
I've been thinking about getting a new bat and was wondering what some other players have been using if anyone cares to offer up a review.
I play twice a week in two different cities (the city I work in and the city I live in) - both at "B" level, and both leagues follow strict ASA rules as far as bats go.
Currently I swap back and forth between a Demarini Distance Doublewall & an Anderson Rocketech.
My Demarini is much older, and I've begun to notice some ripples in the bat - not to mention it just doesn't feel like it has the same pop anymore that it once did. But I've always loved the feel of the Demarini brand bat - but one caveat, this is my 2nd because my first Demarini bat broke 13 months into owning it (with a 12 month warranty just expired). That was a painful pill to swallow.
The Anderson is a nice bat, but I'm not sure I would pick it again as my first choice. It has a much smaller knob on the end, a weird quirk that you either like or hate. It also leans towards being end weighted, a feature I don't care for. But I got a smoking deal on it online. I would say I have a few months left in both before I have to find new weapons of choice.
I have been eyeballing a Demarini Steel I saw at Sport Chalet last week.
Anyone else have any preferences as to what bats they are using these days? Metal or composite? Double or singlewall? Miken, Mizuno, Worth & Louisville Slugger also all make some killer bats these days.


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NAFCU's president/CEO discusses cybersecurity and legislation.
NAFCU CEO says retailers should be held to Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act standards.
Trades argue measure will allow consumers and financial institutions to sue over damages from card data breaches.
Members surveyed also reported their average Target breach cost was $45,000.
In advance of Monday's Senate Banking Committee hearing on data security, bank and credit union trades urge action on issue.
Georgia Democrat Hank Johnson said he would support an "oversight investigatory hearing to probe into that matter."
Bipartisan legislation would require entities, including financial institutions, retailers and federal agencies, to investigate breaches and inform consumers.
Data security bill, sponsored by Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-Vt.), includes criminal penalties for those who conceal a breach.
Although some of the names are still unofficial, party choices for Senate committees that affect credit unions are starting to emerge.
Credit unions and other opponents of the Federal Reserve's proposed rule capping debit interchange fees received good news last week when bills to delay the rule's implementation were introduced in the Senate and House.


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by Marcus Hatten 2/5/2015 @ 10:00am Outasight performs his new single 'Invitation' live from Room 17. We wish we got an invitation to watch this performance! The track is infectious in all the right ways and perfectly captures Outasight&r... WATCH ►
by Marcus Hatten 1/6/2015 @ 10:42pm Indie duo Clemency has just released their newest indie pop single (and this coinciding video)...WATCH ►
by Marcus Hatten 12/30/14 @ 5:23pm Psymun's new video for his song "Talk 2 Me" (Featuring Kerry Roy), is an...WATCH ►
by Marcus Hatten It's been a minute since we've heard from the Doomtree crew and as always they deliver big time! They...WATCH ►
Roc Nation's J. Cole is set to blow minds with the upcoming release of his third album 'Forest Hills Dri...WATCH ►
by Marcus Hatten 3/31/15 @ 8:26pm Chris Hess and A...READ ►
by Craig Chapman on 1/21/2015 @ 11:45am Tastes of ...READ ►
by Craig Chapman 1/19/2015 @ 5:05pm We love APSPDR...READ ►
by Marcus Hatten on 1/7/2015 @ 2:00pm As soon as I...READ ►
1/6/2015 @ 3:40pm Charlie Sheen Isn't a Fan of K...READ ►
by Marcus Hatten 1/5/2014 @1:29pm POP E...READ ►
*special thanks to (((UNARTIG))) for this awesome...READ ►
by Marcus Hatten on 12/31/2014 @ 9:25am ...READ ►


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a bunch of airhead questions for all you experts. Thanks in advance.
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Beemerholics Anonymous
Joined: Jul 2002
Location: Jackson's Bottom Oregon
Oddometer: 8,282
Good advice on pulling the pan.
But I see no reason to hone the cylinders if the same rings go back in. They're already seated, and just because the piston was removed doesn't mean they won't seat back in as before.
The 750 is a pretty easy-going engine so I woudn't get too concerned about big-end bearings - not unless you find a bunch of sludge in the pan. These bikes run at really high oil pressure and the bottom ends are practically bullet proof as long as they've got clean oil. They'll last hundreds and hundreds of thousands of miles. Proof? Last I looked, crankshafts new were about $500, probably more like a grand now. It's hard to give them away - nobody needs em.
The problem with measuring the end gap is removing the ring from the piston and then re-installing. Those things are brittle and it's possible to break at any time. If the bike ran decent - idled ok, didn't smoke, I'd leave them. It's pretty normal for the cast-iron cylinder bikes to get somewhere between 1K miles to 2K miles to a quart. Just to give you an idea.
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Because of his use of technology and his penchant for student engagement, TTU's General Chemistry I/General Chemistry II has been named one of the top examples of best practices in a national study of chemistry courses conducted by the Center for Educational Policy Research on behalf of the College Board.
"I'm not teaching anything like I used to," said Northrup. "I've embarked on a new challenge to create a dynamic student-centered learning environment. It's a work in progress to more actively engage students through the use of thoughtfully chosen technologies."
For example, Northrup gives web-based electronic homework that provides instantaneous feedback. He also lectures using a TabletPC attached to a projector. Using a PowerPoint shell of notes, he annotates the slides while lecturing and puts it all on the web for later use as study aides.
"Students get to observe the process of the problem solving this way," said Northrup.
In large classes, he combines his techniques and uses the audience response, or clicker, technology to give pop quizzes and surveys to encourage classroom participation.
Northrup says not everything that actively engages the students is done through technology. He uses group-participatory simulation exercises to demonstrate such concepts as the law of mass action and the reversibility of chemical reactions.
"In these simulations, the students become the molecules and execute dynamical behavior based on coin-flips," he explained.
CEPR assembled a panel of national experts to analyze top courses from a wide range of institutions. A total of 166 courses from across that nation were reviewed. The study sought to identify best practices college courses that could lead to the redesign of advanced placement courses in chemistry.
In addition to being designated one of the best courses, specific elements of Northrup's course were called "exemplary."
"Your institution can take pride in faculty such as Dr. Northrup and the contributions that faculty of this caliber make to improving education practices nationally," said CEPR Director David T. Conley.
But the CEPR recognition is not necessarily how Northrup gauges his success. He measures it by how he has positively affected the way students learn.
"Without changing my grading standards, I find myself giving many more A's and B's," he said. "My student evaluations are strikingly improved. I cannot imagine going back to teaching this course the old-fashioned way."


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Article ID: 322588 - View products that this article applies to.
This article was previously published under Q322588
This article has been archived. It is offered "as is" and will no longer be updated.
When you install a new Microsoft Systems Management Server (SMS) site, you cannot specify the location of the Client Access Point (CAP). On the Installation Options screen of the SMS Setup Wizard, you can designate the folder that will contain the SMS core files. However, you cannot specify the drive, the folder, or the server for the default CAP during initial site installation. By default, the CAP will be created on the site server. The CAP will be created on the drive with the most available space, and the folder name will be CAP_sitecode.
To work around this problem, remove the default CAP and re-create it in the preferred location after you install the SMS site.
To remove the default CAP, follow these steps:
To create the new CAP, follow these steps:
This behavior is by design.
For more information about how to configure a site system, see the "Site System Configuration Overview" section in the SMS Online Library. To access the SMS Online Library, click Start, point to Programs, point to Systems Management Server, and then click SMS Online Library.
For additional information about related topics, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/871234/ )How to specify the location of the management point or server locator point before you install Systems Management Server 2003
Article ID: 322588 - Last Review: January 17, 2015 - Revision: 2.4