text:
Pieces of Paris
by G. G. Vandagriff
Product Description
Annalisse and Dennis seem to be living the American dream until Annalisse's secret past and the effects of post-traumatic stress syndrome threaten to destroy her family.
This skillfully crafted novel explores the long-term effects of personal tragedy in haunting flashbacks of Annalisse's former life &mdash flashbacks that are interwoven with a passionate romance and reveal a person entirely different from the woman Dennis thought he married.
But as each revelation increases the emotional gulf between them, Dennis's investigation of a toxic waster incident ignites the wrath of a former political ally and an industrial firm that will go to any lengths to cover up a shocking crime.
Can Annalisse reconcile her past and present before it's too late? And can Dennis find a way to save his family and the town they've called home?
Product Details
By Annika, Submitted on 2015-02-25
Written beautifully, and richly descriptive. Pieces of Paris takes you on a breathtaking journey of a woman suddenly lost in her long buried past, a past she has kept completely hidden from her husband. Her husband not only is forced to uncover his wife's mystery, but another endangering the entire town. G.G. takes the reader on an emotional rollercoaster, revealing Annalisse's past in tantalizing snippets, making this poignant story difficult to put down to the very end. Well done GG!
By Alana, Submitted on 2015-02-25
G.G. Vandagriff does not disappoint at all in her most recent book "Pieces of Paris" Once again, she transports us into a world of today's reality in people, places and politics. Her characters Analisse and Dennis are beautifully written and tug at the heartstrings, leaving the reader wanting nothing but the best that life can provide for them and wanting them to be in the end of the novel in a world of happily ever-after. Ghosts from the past that haunt the minds of the characters and the smooth transitions between the past and the here and now ties the story together. Beautifully written with great thought to details. Thank you G.G. for another touching novel.
By Heather, Submitted on 2015-02-25
This is the first book I have read by G.G. Vandagriff though I've met her briefly a couple of times at Authorpalooza events. So first off, special thanks to her and Shadow Mountain for letting me take a sneak peek at her newest novel for women.
Told through the eyes of a married couple and from two alternate points of view, Pieces of Paris opens with Annalisse, a woman in her twenties, living on a farm in the Ozarks. She is pregnant with her second child and suddenly finds herself being haunted by the past. Her stable life with husband Dennis, a local lawyer, begins to crumble as she can't shake memories that come in the way of flashbacks. Meanwhile, Dennis is battling with a case which stirs up controversy and puts their family in danger. His lifelong dream of an escape to Eden and a peaceful life are threatened by Annalisse's sudden change in behavior and the hot bed of unrest in his town. The two of them pull apart for the first time as a couple and both begin to wonder if their marriage is not at all what they wanted or expected. Can Annalisse salvage the passion and talent she once felt without losing herself to the past? Can Dennis love her as she really is?
Pieces of Paris does a masterful job of weaving a captivating story with real life issues like manic depression and the true definition of love. It's a book that is likely to evoke strong emotions for anyone with experience with mental illness or PTSD. She pushes buttons on some hot topics: racism and environmental clean up as well as small town politics. The book has some very tough and graphic moments as Annalisse learns she has to move through the pain or her past in order to overcome it. However, in the end the overall message is one of hope and finding a center that can't be lost. It was evident from the detail in Pieces of Paris that Ms. Vandagriff is a highly intelligent, cultured person with a deep knowledge of psychology. (We're excited to interview her soon!) 25 years in the making, Pieces of Paris is a glimpse of her talent. Visit her website at http://ggvandagriffblog.com/ to learn about her other published works, view her author interview with us and see and upcoming events.
See our full review at http://fireandicephoto.blogspot.com/2010/09/pieces-of-paris-by-gg-vandagriff.html


text:
Lisa Gerard-Sharp
About me
As an award-winning travel-writer, I am correspondent to Vogue and also write on spas, Slow Travel, food, cruises, soft adventure and skiing for The Times, Telegraph and Good Ski Guide. Funnily enough, Gran Canaria excels in those areas – though I'm pushing a point with skiing, even if the volcanic peaks do get snow. But it was the diversity of this `continent in miniature' that drew me to the island a decade ago. That and the balmy beach weather.
On the same day I have clambered around an extinct volcano, picnicked on the peaks, snoozed on the beach, and drunk honey rum in the capital's coolest bar – before bed in a banana plantation. But Gran Canaria has not sold its soul to the cult of cool. In Las Palmas, `Little Havana', the locals still amble between cutting-edge bars and ramshackle tapas dens.
I confess to lapping up the chic spa retreats, set among palm groves, as well as the sleek beach hotels in the sand dunes. But I also love a minimalist golf resort and the Wild West country-house hotels. When not shooting from the hip about Gran Canaria's rural residences, I'm roaming Italy and France, my other passions. Or writing travel features and foodie guides at home in London or Cannes. For now, let's consign Gran Canaria's cheap-and-cheerful image to old fish-and-chip paper - and head to the boutique hideaways beyond the beaches.
My Gran Canaria
Where I always grab a coffee: Las Palmas is lined with enticing café terraces. After a late night, I shake myself sober with a strong `cortado' coffee in the time-warp Cafe Madrid. This is where General Franco declared the start of the Spanish Civil War but there's no need to be that radical on your first visit.
My favourite dining spot: In beach bum mode, I love the Amadores Beach Club with its LA cabana-style vibe, Balinese beach beds, café on the deck, candy-coloured cocktails and cosmopolitan cuisine.
Best place for people-watching: Wander around Las Palmas' historic Vegueta district. The colonial architecture conceals secret, Andalusian-style courtyards, stylish boutiques, funky Canarian tapas bars and soulful salsa haunts.
Where to be seen: In the heart of Vegueta is Quetal, a gastro restaurant and hip bar, where giant honey-rums are served in a glowing cave version of Hell. Promise it's heavenly, despite my hellish description.
Most breathtaking view: Hiking around Roque Nublo ("Cloud Rock"), a weathered, mis-shapen peak that dominates the rugged interior. An easy trail leads to views over the volcanic terrain to Tenerife.
My favourite stroll: In the south, it's the Maspalomas dunes, six kilometers of shifting sands shaped by wind and sea. A surreal sight is the camel train, which sends my young niece into hysterics. (Yes, you can ride the camels, but the nude sunbathers, hidden behind the hillocks, might have surprised Lawrence of Arabia).
The best spot for some peace and quiet: Almost half the island is a designated UNESCO World Biosphere Reserve so the interior is studded with volcanic craters and majestic rock formations, especially around the Ayacata and Roque Nublo peaks.
Where I'd go on a date: The Sunset Bar in the Salobre Golf Resort above Maspalomas enjoys lofty views of the mountains and ocean – best seen from a Balinese bed by the infinity pool. Arrive at sunset cocktail hour after a soothing aloe vera spa treatment.
Where to chill out: Spas are superb on the island, whether beguiling holistic retreats set among palm groves, or Zen-like gardens behind the dunes. As for massage, choose between mystically Asian and no-nonsense Swedish - or try a pool-based thalasso treatment.
Don't leave without…sampling a rural retreat: Canny marquesses have turned their country estates into chic retreats, rural inns and restaurants. These `fincas' are often close enough to the capital or beaches to allow you to wake up in a lemon grove after a night of going bananas in Las Palmas or Playa del Ingles.
My expert information
Puerto de Mogan is in Gran Canaria. For general advice on getting around Gran Canaria, see my You do not have access to view this node page.Read more...

subset: commoncrawl


text:
FreakScore is a weighted average of all aggregated professional and user review scores. Read more
This product has a FreakScore of 6.6* out of 10 based on 3 scores.
*Score is uncertain and deviates toward category average due to low number of scores.
600 Watt Digital 2.1 Channel Home Theater Tower w/iPod/iPhone Do Read more


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
36 year old woman | Dallas, TX, USA | Seeking men 35-50 within 100 miles
Active within 24 hours
Looking for that last first date...and smelling the roses in the mean time!
I'm a pretty normal woman, totally in love with my family, my work in Pediatric Oncology, running, painting penguins in watercolours and anything that brings peace and joy to my life and my soul. In general I like my life as it is, but I guess its time to share my happiness with that particular someone who wants to share his time and happiness with me as well. I have run three marathons -Goofy Challenge included- and I'm looking forward to start training for triathlon at some point. What else... well, if you are a good dancer, an Ironman, enjoy spending a weekend just devouring a book wih a cute girl devouring hers, fresh fish in the grill, a good bottle of wine, some nice french or brasilian music in the background... or if you are just a good man who felt something special by reading the previous words, you know what to do! What am I looking for? I want a good soul by my side... enthusiastic about life and family, trying to get always the best of every situation, confident, committed to do always his very best, hard worker, mature and very important: emotionally available. Someone who knows what is going on in the world and cares about it by DOING stuff that can make this world a better place. On the other hand, I also find really sexy that masculine sarcasm and witticism that if you have it: you know what I'm talking about! (not a must, but a big plus!!) I also believe in long distance relationships...not that I don't enjoy a good and loooong kiss or five easy miles by the beach together... I just think that a solid and meaningful relationship can be build up with other kind of bricks too.Lately, I have discovered that a man who cares about his spiritual life, is a man who will certainly catch my atention pretty easily...
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Performing arts , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering
Running, Swimming, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs
I can't wait to have a dog again (a Cooker spaniel or an English sheepdog), but with my current schedule, would not be fair to the poor guy!
Middle of the Road
Reading my Time magazine on Sunday morning at Staburcks after my long run...priceless.
Running in SoBe or Key Biscayne, Movies at Coral Gables Art Cinema, Pilates, Reading, Painting penguins in watercolours, trying something new in my kitchen....
The Emperor of All Maladies. A Biography of Cancer. Breathtaking.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'3" (160cms)
|5'7" (170cms) to 6'3" (190cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|About average, Athletic and toned
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Light brown
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Silver, Dark blonde, Grey, Platinum, Bald
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness
|Administrative / Secretarial, Artistic / Creative / Performance, Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military, Retail / Food services, Sales / Marketing, Self-Employed / Entrepreneur, Education / Teacher / Professor, Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering, Travel / Hospitality / Transportation, Nonprofit / Volunteer / Activist, Architecture / Interior design
I am a Pediatric Oncology fellow.
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure, Probably not, No
|Latino / Hispanic
|Latino / Hispanic, White / Caucasian
|Agnostic, Jewish, Spiritual but not religious, Other
|English, Spanish
|English, Spanish
|PhD / Post Doctoral
|Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
With the acquisition of Boniek Garc?a of Honduras, Dominic Kinnear talks about what he thinks of the right winger and how he's been wanting to sign him for some time now.
Tweets by @HoustonDynamo
© 2014 MLS. All Major League Soccer trademarks and copyrights used by
permission. All rights reserved. Made by MLS Digital


text: Cruise the sky as Howard Hughes or Amelia Earhart in this classic Aviator Hat. Fully lined with golden buckle details, this hat will fit almost anyone who dreams of flying. Add a scarf and goggles (both sold separately), and prepare to touchdown at any costume party as a dashing pilot!


text:
Gang-Related News Articles
Check out the latest
National Gang Center
Welcome to the Gang-Related News Articles page. This page provides a list of articles pertaining to gangs and gang-related activities from various U.S. and Canadian news sources. A link to the source of each article is provided. The list of articles can be refined by date and limited to a specific state or Canadian province or territory using the control below.
23 arrested in W. Phila. High 'turf' brawl (Philadelphia, PA): A large student fight over "turf" at the troubled West Philadelphia High School led to the arrest of 23 students and minor injuries to two police officers, officials said.
Source: The Philadelphia Inquirer Date: January 25, 2008
Gangs a priority for local lobbyist (Kalamazoo, MI): Combating local gang activity is a top priority of area governments and organizations that have hired a lobbyist to speak on their behalf in Washington.
Source: Kalamazoo Gazette Date: January 24, 2008
HS student shot in gang-linked feud (Jamaica, NY): An 18-year-old man was shot in a fight outside a Jamaica high school Wednesday - and responding NYPD officers exchanged fire with a fleeing gunman, cops said.
Source: The Daily News Date: January 24, 2008
Suspected Crips gang members held in string of Memphis holdups (Memphis, TN): Four suspected members of the Crips street gang are being held by Memphis police in connection with as many as 20 business robberies.
Source: Knoxville News Sentinel Date: January 24, 2008
Two Crips members are arrested after Queens teenager is shot (Queens, NY): A teenager was wounded in the neck outside his high school in Queens on Wednesday, and the police said the shooting was gang related.
Source: The New York Times Date: January 24, 2008
Florida bills take aim at gangs (Tallahassee, FL): State legislators are looking to bolster their fight against gangs and gang-related crime.
Source: Orlando Sentinel Date: January 24, 2008
GOP gang bill targets kingpins, Internet (Florida): Republican state legislators Wednesday presented a bill aimed at fighting gang violence in Florida, but it did not include a key proposal recommended recently by a statewide grand jury that would establish special prosecutors and add investigators throughout the state.
Source: The Palm Beach Post Date: January 24, 2008
Phila. attacks seen as signs of gang activity (Philadelphia, PA): Authorities are warning that a beating this week of a teenager in Southwest Philadelphia and a killing blocks away in November - both over "gang colors" - are signs that the Crips and Bloods are expanding in the city.
Source: The Philadelphia Inquirer Date: January 24, 2008
Task force aids in capturing gang members (San Francisco, CA): Two Vallejo residents described by police as active gang members were arrested Wednesday in that city on multimillion-dollar warrants citing a series of violent carjackings and robberies in downtown San Francisco.
Source: The Reporter Date: January 24, 2008
Compton seeks to restrict gang (Compton, CA): Seeking to further curb criminal activities, Compton has asked a judge to ban individuals identified as members of the Mob Piru street gang -- including rap mogul Marion "Suge" Knight -- from congregating in a northeast neighborhood.
Source: Los Angeles Times Date: January 24, 2008
Legislation aims to stop gang crime (Manatee County, FL): Local officials applauded efforts announced by state lawmakers Wednesday to enhance laws targeting criminal street gangs.
Source: Bradenton Herald Date: January 24, 2008
Gangs vs. coyotes could mean more Houston gun battles (Houston, TX): In the middle of the day, on a busy street corner, a frightening shootout erupted last April between organized gang members and human smugglers.
Source: KHOU 11 News Date: January 23, 2008
Officer's death sparks tough proposal to stop gangs in Elk Grove (Elk Grove, CA): The Elk Grove City Council will consider a proposed street gang ordinance that would prohibit loitering by gang members and would hold parents of gang members accountable.
Source: KXTV News 10 Date: January 23, 2008
Lawmakers want to crack down on gang violence in Florida (Tallahassee, FL): Gang leaders could face life in prison under one of several proposals aimed at cracking down on Florida's roughly 65,000 gang members.
Source: The Florida Times-Union Date: January 23, 2008
Police: Two charged in drive-by shooting (Wichita Falls, TX): Police claim two men with connections to the Varrio Carnales gang drove by a house in the 1900 block of Polk firing weapons and striking the structure, according to arrest warrant affidavit paperwork.
Source: Times Record News Date: January 23, 2008
Gang bill inspires bipartisan support (Olympia, WA): The Legislature appears ready to give local law enforcement agencies several new tools to fight gang violence, which police say is on the rise in communities around the state.
Source: The Columbian Date: January 23, 2008
Police: Gang member accidentally shot friend (Vineland, NJ): An alleged member of the Crips street gang was arrested Monday night after police said he accidentally shot and wounded a friend at a city apartment.
Source: The Press of Atlantic City Date: January 23, 2008
Cops outline initiative to fight gangs (Vineland, NJ): Police have a three-point plan to deal with gang-related crime and violence. Detective Lt. Tom Ulrich outlined the plan Tuesday morning in the wake of a gang-related shooting that authorities believe was accidental Monday night.
Source: The Daily Journal Date: January 23, 2008
Anti-gang measure gaining support (Olympia, WA): Anti-gang legislation got a full measure of support at a packed Legislative committee hearing Monday as Yakima County officials and others testified on its behalf.
Source: Yakima Herald-Republic Date: January 22, 2008
County cutting budget across all departments (San Luis Obispo, CA): To effectively fight growth in street gangs, the county needs to hire two sheriff's deputies, a deputy probation officer and a deputy district attorney and buy two vehicles and other equipment, according to a report the Board of Supervisors will discuss today.
Source: The Tribune Date: January 22, 2008
Disclaimer: The news items and links are provided as an informational resource to you. Each of the linked Web page providers has its own policies and practices regarding how long a link to its news item is available before it is archived or a fee is charged. Also, some of the sites require users to register in order to access materials. We do not guarantee the accuracy, currency, content, or quality of any linked Web site information, nor whether a link from the Web site may take the user to unintended or objectionable content. Please contact us to report any problems. Thank you.


text:
Glass Directory /
present your company and
be connected to more than
11,000 companies in the
worldwide glass industry
Our database with more than 11,000 glass related companies cover glass manufacturing, processing and trading, machine manufacturing, consultants and associations. Become a member, find customers and suppliers and become visible in the virtual glass world.
Elenco delle ditte
Fornitores > Attrezzature a freddo (Macchinari) > Tecnologia per decorazione
Ricerca nell´indice dell´aziende
01.07.2015, Francia
01.07.2015, Repubblica Popolare Cinese
Anhui Kangtai Glass Co., Ltd.
23.06.2015, Repubblica Popolare Cinese
Sichuan Zhongke Better Technology Co., Ltd.


text:
A method and apparatus for internal data conveyance within a well from the surface to a downhole tool or apparatus and for returning downhole tool data to the surface, without necessitating the provision of control cables and other conventional conductors within the well. One embodiment involves sending telemetry elements such as tagged drop balls or a fluid having specific chemical characteristics from surface to a downhole tool as a form of telemetry. The telemetry element or elements are provided with identification and instruction data, which may be in the form of data tags, such as RF tags or a detectable chemical constituent. The downhole tool or apparatus is provided with a detector and microcomputer and is capable of recognizing the telemetry element and communicating with it or carrying out instructions that are provided in the telemetry data thereof.
1. A method for controlling operation of a downhole apparatus in a well responsive to identification codes conveyed from the surface, comprising:
providing a tubing string in the well having a conveyance passage therein;
providing downhole a detector in communication with said conveyance passage for receiving telemetry element identification codes, and a processor for receiving and processing telemetry element identification codes and having at least one control signal output for controlling operation of said downhole apparatus;
moving a telemetry element having at least one identification code through said conveyance passage from the surface into communication proximity with said detector, wherein the telemetry element is a fluid having a specified property representing an identification code;
processing said at least one identification code of said telemetry element by said processor and providing at least one control signal output based on a preprogrammed response corresponding to said at least one identification code; and
selectively controlling at least one downhole well operation with said at least one control signal output, wherein said detector has the capability of sensing said specified property and generating signal responsive thereto.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
writing downhole data to said telemetry element; and
conveying said telemetry through said conveyance passage of said tubing string to the surface; and
downloading downhole data from said telemetry element.
7. The method of
said fluid having a specified property further composing a trace element, the element representing an identification code; and
said detector has the capability of sensing said trace element and generating a signal responsive thereto.
8. A method for controlling operation of a downhole apparatus in a well responsive to identification codes conveyed from the surface, comprising:
providing a tubing string in the well having a conveyance passage therein;
providing downhole a detector in communication with said conveyance passage for receiving telemetry element identification codes, and a processor for receiving and processing telemetry element identification codes and having at least one control signal output for controlling operation of said downhole apparatus;
moving a telemetry element having at least one identification code through said conveyance passage from the surface into communication proximity with said detector, wherein the telemetry element
is a chemical contained in said fluid, said chemical representing an identification code;
processing said at least one identification code of said telemetry element by said processor and providing at least one control signal output based on a preprogrammed response corresponding to said at least one identification code; and
selectively controlling at least one downhole well operation with said at least one control signal output, wherein said detector has the capability of sensing said chemical and generating a signal responsive thereto.
9. The method of
communicating at least one well condition signal from said detector to said telemetry element; and
detecting operation codes of said telemetry element corresponding to said at least one well condition signal; and
operating said downhole apparatus responsive to said corresponding operation codes and said at least one well condition signal.
10. A universal fluid control system for wells, comprising:
a tubing string extending from surface equipment to a desired depth within a well and defining a conveyance passage;
a downhole tool adapted for positioning at a selected depth within the well and having a telemetry passage in communication with said conveyance passage;
a telemetry data detector located for acquisition of data associated with said downhole tool;
a microcomputer coupled with said telemetry data detector and programmed for processing telemetry data and providing downhole tool control signals; and
at least one telemetry element of a dimension for passing through said conveyance passage and having an identification code recognizable by said telemetry data detector for processing by said microcomputer for causing said microcomputer to communicate control signals to said downhole tool for operation thereof responsive to said identification code,
further comprising a telemetry element velocity control system located within said telemetry passage and having the capability of slowing the velocity of movement of said at least one telemetry element and rotating said at least one telemetry element through said telemetry passage.
11. The universal fluid control system of
said tubing string is a coiled tubing string; and
said at least one telemetry element is of a configuration for passing through said conveyance passage of said coiled tubing string to detecting proximity with said telemetry data detector.
12. The universal fluid control system of
13. The universal fluid control system of
14. The universal fluid control system of
said at least one telemetry element is read/write programmable for data communication to and from surface equipment and to and from said downhole tool; and
said at least one telemetry element is transported through said conveyance passage to and from said downhole tool by fluid flow through said tubing string.
15. The universal fluid control system of
16. The universal fluid control system of
17. The universal fluid control system of
internal projections located within said telemetry passage, said internal projections oriented to change substantially linear movement of said at least one telemetry element to non-linear movement.
18. The universal fluid control system of
19. The universal fluid control system of
said downhole tool comprises a tool chassis defining an internal detector chamber in communication with said conveyance passage and having said telemetry data detector therein, said detector chamber having a greater internal cross-sectional dimension than the dimension of said at least one telemetry element and said tool chassis defining a flow passage past any telemetry element located within said detector chamber; and
at least one velocity retarding element is located within said detector chamber for retarding movement of said at least one telemetry element within said detector chamber.
20. The universal fluid control system of
21. The universal fluid control system of
22. The universal fluid control system of
23. A universal fluid control system for wells, comprising:
a coiled tubing string extending from the surface downhole within a well and defining a conveyance passage;
a well tool for downhole operation having a tool chassis defining an internal passage in communication with said coiled tubing;
a telemetry element having an identification code and being of a dimension for passing through said conveyance passage and into said internal passage; and
a code detector/processor positioned for sensing and processing an identification code of said telemetry element when said telemetry element is in code detecting proximity therewith and providing a control signal to said well tool for operation of said well tool in response to said identification code, further comprising a velocity control system located within said internal passage and having the capability of slowing the velocity of movement of said telemetry element and rotating said telemetry element through said internal passage.
24. The universal fluid control system of
said telemetry element has an instruction code in addition to said identification code; and
said code detector/processor detects said instruction code and provides said control signal to said well tool only after having recognized said identification code.
25. The universal fluid control system of
structure within said internal passage changing the direction of movement of said telemetry element from linear to non-linear for reducing the velocity of movement of said telemetry element.
26. The universal fluid control system of
27. A method of conveying information in a well, comprising:
providing a tubing string in the well having a conveyance passage communicating with a downhole apparatus, said downhole apparatus comprising a detector for receiving telemetry element identification codes, a processor fur receiving and processing telemetry element identification codes and producing a telemetry signal output, and a telemetry signaling apparatus;
moving a telemetry element having at least one identification code through said conveyance passage from the surface into communication proximity with said detector, wherein the conveyance passage comprises an internal passage capable of reducing the velocity of movement of said telemetry element;
processing said at least one identification code of said telemetry element by said processor and providing at least one telemetry signal output to said telemetry signaling apparatus in response to said at least one identification code; and
said telemetry signaling apparatus sending a signal to the surface in response to said telemetry signal output.
28. The method of
29. The method of
providing an output from said downhole sensor to said processor, said signal to the surface corresponding to the output of said downhole sensor.
30. The method of
31. The method of
32. A method of communicating with a downhole apparatus in a well, comprising:
providing a tubing string in the well having a conveyance passage communicating with said downhole apparatus, said downhole apparatus comprising a detector for receiving information from a telemetry element and a processor for receiving and processing telemetry element information;
moving a telemetry element having a program code through said conveyance passage from the surface into communication proximity with said detector; the conveyance path comprising a velocity control system capable of reducing the velocity of the telemetry element and
processing said program code by said processor such that said processor is programmed by said code.
33. The method of
34. The method of
35. The method of
36. A method of conveying information in a well, comprising:
providing a tubing string in the well having a conveyance passage therein; providing a downhole apparatus in the well, said downhole apparatus capable of storing data therein;
moving a telemetry element through said conveyance passage from the surface into communication proximity with said downhole apparatus;
providing a telemetry element velocity control system having the capability of causing the moving telemetry element to rotate;
recording data from said downhole apparatus in said telemetry element; and
returning said telemetry element to the surface by fluid flow through said conveyance passage.
37. The method of
38. The method of
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally concerns the control of downhole apparatus in petroleum production wells for accomplishing a wide variety of control functions, without necessitating the presence of control cables, conductors in the well, or mechanical manipulators. The present invention broadly concerns a system or method that is employed to relay information from the surface to a downhole tool or well apparatus and to likewise relay information from downhole apparatus to the surface. More particularly, the present invention concerns the provision of apparatus located in the downhole environment which is operational responsive to predetermined instructions to perform predetermined well control functions, and one or more operation instruction devices which are provided with desired instructions and are moved through well tubing, such as coiled tubing, from the surface to close proximity with the downhole well control apparatus for transmission of the well control instructions to an antenna or other detector.
2. Description of the Related Art
Historically, one of the limiting factors of coiled tubing as a conveyance mechanism has been the lack of effective telemetry between the surface and the downhole tools attached to the coiled tubing. An example of a tool string that may be deployed on coiled tubing is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,018, which is incorporated herein by reference. The tool string of the '018 patent communicates with the surface by means of an electrical conductor cable deployed in the coiled tubing. Some tools send go/no-go type data from a downhole tool to the surface by means of pressure pulses. Other tools are designed to be operated using push/pull techniques requiring highly skilled and experienced operators and often produce inconsistent results. Hence, a truly effective way to send information or instructions from the surface to a downhole coiled tubing tool has not yet been implemented. Since many wells have deviated or horizontal sections or multilateral branch bores, the use of coiled tubing is in many cases preferred for deploying and energizing straddle packers, casing perforators, and other well completion, production and treating tools, thus increasing the importance of effective communication between the surface and downhole tools.
It is a primary feature of the present invention to provide a well control system enabling the control of various downhole well control functions by instructions from the surface without necessitating the well or downhole tool conveyance mechanism being equipped with electrical power and control cables extending from the surface to the downhole well control equipment and without the use of complex and inherently unreliable mechanical shifting or push/pull techniques requiring downhole movement controlled remotely from the surface.
It is another feature of the present invention to provide a well control system having downhole well control apparatus that is responsive to instructions from elements such as fluids or physical objects, including darts and balls that are embedded with tags for identification and for transmission of data or instructions, thereby allowing downhole tools to be controlled locally, rather than by direct link to the surface.
This specification describes methods of sending smart telemetry elements such as drop balls, darts, other small objects, or information transmitting fluid from the surface to a downhole tool as a form of telemetry to permit downhole activities to be carried out, without necessitating the provision of expensive and troublesome control cables and conductors in the well system. Issues pertaining to the process of reading these telemetry elements are identified herein, and solutions are provided as examples of surface to downhole telemetry systems embodying the principles of the present invention. Also included is a description of the important features and key components of an indexing valve that may be used in conjunction with the telemetry system.
This invention describes a method that can be used to relay information from the surface to downhole tools and/or for conveying data representing downhole conditions from downhole tools to the surface in preparation for well control activities. The information from surface may be used, for example, to request data (e.g. pressure or temperature) from the downhole tool or to send operating instructions to the tool.
This specification also describes how a telemetry system embodying the principles of the present invention may be used to control a valve in a downhole tool that directs the internal fluid flow through one or more ports. The valve itself, identified as an indexing valve, is within the scope of the invention. The present invention includes not only the sending and receiving of information between the surface and one or more downhole locations, but also includes the performance of subsequent actions in the downhole environment based on the information and without requiring subsequent instructions from the surface.
The present invention may be practiced by any or all of multiple types of shaped devices, (for example, balls, darts, or objects of other suitable geometry), sent or dropped downhole, carrying information to a downhole sensor to cause downhole tools or apparatus to activate an event. These shaped devices, regardless of their geometry, may be classified as Type I, II, or III, or combinations of Types I, II, and III.
A Type I internal telemetry device has an identification number or other designation corresponding to a predetermined event. Once a downhole sensor receives or detects the device identification number or code, the downhole sensor may or may not send a command uphole. A pre-programmed computer will perform a series of logical analyses and then activate a certain event, i.e., actuation of a downhole tool.
A Type II internal telemetry device has a reprogrammable memory that may be programmed at the surface with an instruction set which, when detected by a downhole sensor, causes a downhole tool to actuate according to the instruction set. The downhole device may also write information to the Type II tag for return to surface.
A Type III internal telemetry device has one or more embedded sensors. This type of device can combine two or more commands together. For example, a Type III device may have a water sensor embedded therein. After landing downhole, if water is detected, the Type III device issues a command corresponding to a downhole actuation event.
An internal telemetry device may include variations of Type I, II, and III devices and may detect downhole conditions of a well and, responsive to detection of certain designated conditions, provide control signals causing downhole apparatus, such as valves and packers, to be actuated and cause signals to be transmitted to the surface to confirm that the designated activities have taken place.
Another embodiment of the present invention involves the use of downhole receptacles such as are typically defined by side pocket mandrels commonly used in gas lift well production applications. With one or more side pocket mandrels in place, a programmed well control tool is conveyed downhole and is inserted into a selected pocket. Its identification and operational control codes are detected and utilized according to detected well conditions to accomplish downhole activities of various downhole apparatus, such as valves, packers, treatment tools, and the like. Additionally, the side pocket tool may have a data acquisition capability for recording downhole data that may be downloaded to computer equipment at the surface. Finally, the side pocket tool, responsive to well conditions and activities, may energize pulsing equipment and transmit signals via the fluid column to surface equipment.
So that the manner in which the above recited features, advantages and objects of the present invention are attained may be understood in detail, a more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be had by reference to the embodiments thereof illustrated in the appended drawings, which drawings are incorporated as a part hereof.
It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.
In the Drawings:
From the standpoint of explanation of the details and scope of the present invention data telemetry systems are discussed in connection with terms such as data transmission "balls", "drop balls", "darts", "objects", "elements", "devices", and "fluid". It is to be understood that these terms identify objects or elements that are conveyed from the surface through well tubing to a downhole tool or apparatus having the capability to "read" data programmed in or carried by the objects or elements and to carry out instructions defined by the data. The objects or elements also have the capability of transmitting one or more instructions depending upon characteristics that are present in the downhole tool or apparatus or the downhole environment within which the downhole tool or apparatus resides. It should also be understood that the term "fluid" is intended to be encompassed within the term "element" for purposes of providing an understanding of the spirit and scope of the present invention. Additionally, for purposes of the present invention, the term "drop" is intended to mean an object that is caused to descend through well tubing from the surface to downhole apparatus by any suitable means, such as by gravity descent, by transporting the object in a fluid stream, and by also returning the object to the surface if appropriate to the telemetry involved.
Internal Telemetry
An internal telemetry system for data telemetry in a well consists of at least two basic components. First, there must be provided a conveyance device that is used to carry information from the surface to the tool. This conveyance device may be a specially shaped object that is pumped through the coil of a coiled tubing, or may comprise a fluid of predetermined character representing an identification or instruction or both. The fluid is detected as it flows through a wire coil or other detector. The second required component for internal telemetry is a device in the downhole tool that is capable of receiving and interpreting the information that is transported from the surface by the conveyance device.
According to the present invention, data conveyance elements may be described as "tagged drop balls" generally meaning that telemetry elements that have identity and instruction tags of a number of acceptable forms are dropped into or moved into well tubing at the surface and are allowed to or caused to descend through the conveyance passage of the well tubing to a downhole tool or other apparatus where their identity is confirmed and their instructions are detected and processed to yield instruction signals that are used to carry out designated downhole tool operations.
The identification and instructions of the telemetry elements may take any of a number of other forms that are practical for internal well telemetry as explained in this specification. The telemetry element may also take the form of a fluid having a particular detectable physical or chemical characteristic or characteristics that represent instructions for desired downhole activities. Thus, the discussion of telemetry elements in the form of balls is intended as merely illustrative of one embodiment of the present invention. However, telemetry elements in the form of balls are presently considered preferable, especially when coiled tubing is utilized, for the reason that small balls can be easily transported through the typically small flow passage of the coiled tubing and can be readily conveyed through deviated or horizontal wellbores or multilateral branches to various downhole tools and equipment that have communication with the tubing.
Referring now to the drawings and first to
The tool chassis 12 defines a detection chamber 26 within which the internal receptacle 14 and detector 16 are located. The detection chamber 26 is in communication with and forms a part of the flow passage 13 thus permitting the flow of fluid through the flow passage 13 of the chassis 12 and permitting movement of telemetry objects or elements through the tool chassis 12 as required for carrying out internal telemetry for accomplishing downhole activities in the well system.
According to the principles of the present invention, and as shown in the logic diagram of
As shown in
It may not be necessary to cause the flow of wellbore fluid to the surface for testing, which has some limitations or regulations, if a read/write telemetry element or ball is employed. All of the well condition measurements/analyses may be performed downhole, and the test results may be retrieved by pumping the read/write ball 28 to the surface for downloading the test data therefrom.
Especially when coiled tubing is utilized for fluid control operations in wells, the fluid typically flowing through the coiled tubing will tend to be quite turbulent and will tend to have high velocity. Thus, it may be appropriate for the velocity of movement of a telemetry element to be slowed or temporarily rendered static when it is in the immediate vicinity of the antenna or other detector. One method for slowing the velocity and rotation of the tagged drop ball telemetry element 28 within the detection chamber 26 of the tool chassis 12 is shown in FIG. 1. Internal protrusions 31, shown in
Referring now specifically to the logic diagram of
In addition to the apparatus illustrated in
The above devices, including that of
If data conveyance elements, such as drop balls, are caused to move from the surface through well tubing to a downhole tool by gravity descent, by flowing fluid, or by any other means, the challenge arises as to what to do with the objects once they have been identified by the tool. If the data conveyance elements are small and environmentally friendly, they may simply be released into the well. If this is not acceptable, the data conveyance elements may be collected by the tool and later disposed of at the surface when the well tool is retrieved from the well. Another alternative is to use data conveyance balls that either disintegrate or can be crushed after they are used. Certain types of activating balls are available that are designed for self-destruction when well fluid pressure increases above a certain level. That way, once they are used, they can be intentionally destroyed and reduced to a more manageable or inconsequential size. This same technology may be applied to the internal telemetry conveyance objects to overcome disposal or storage constraints.
For a telemetry element to carry information from the surface to a downhole tool, it must have an intelligence capability that is recognizable by a detector of a downhole tool or equipment. Each data conveyance element must, in its simplest form, possess some unique characteristic that can be identified by the tool and cause the tool to accomplish a designated function or operation. Even this basic functionality would allow an operator to send a data conveyance element having at least one distinguishing characteristic (e.g. identification number) corresponding to a preprogrammed response from the downhole tool. For example, upon receiving a data conveyance element having an identification and having pressure or temperature instructions or both, the tool's data microprocessor, after having confirmed the identity of the data conveyance element, would, in response to its instructions, take a pressure or temperature measurement and record its value. Alternatively, the intelligence capability of the telemetry element may be in the form of instruction data that is recognized by a detector of the downhole tool and evokes a predetermined response.
Various types of data conveyance mechanisms and telemetry elements may be employed within the spirit and scope of the present invention as discussed below. It is to be borne in mind that the present invention is not restricted to the group of data conveyance mechanisms that are discussed below, these being provided only as representative examples.
One form of internal telemetry that does not actually require a conveyance object, such as a drop ball, may take the form of one or more specific fluids, properties of which are detected by the detector of a tool and rendered to electronic form for processing. For example, when it is desired to send the tool either information or instructions, an operator may simply pump a particular fluid down the well tubing to a detector coil. Such fluids may include, for example, acids, brine, or diesel fuel. A sensor in the tool is designed to detect the pH (acids), conductivity (brine), or density (diesel fuel) of the fluid, or a trace element or chemical in the fluid. When the fluid reaches the tool, the property, trace element, or chemical is detected and the detector communicates to the tool that a predetermined action must now take place. The microcomputer of the tool then provides one or more signal outputs to accomplish mechanical functions responsive to the instructions that are detected.
In addition to detecting a fluid property, trace element, or chemical in the fluid, a sensor in the tool may also be designed to detect the presence of a physical additive that does not affect the usage or performance of the fluid. For example, the additive may take the form of tiny metallic elements that reflect electromagnetic waves in a detectable way. Because the metallic elements do not react chemically with the fluid, the properties of the fluid are not substantially altered. When the tool detects the presence of the additive in the fluid, a preprogrammed response is initiated. The fluid is then used in its standard way to perform the job, unaffected by the presence of the additives.
Radioactive Materials
Radioactive markers are at times used downhole to identify specific locations in a well. For example, a tool string may be equipped with the proper detection equipment to identify the instruction marker as the tool passes the radioactive marker. For example, a radioactive tag might be placed above a multilateral entry (a branch bore opening from a primary wellbore) to facilitate both finding and entering the multilateral branch. In a similar way, a detection device may be configured to recognize specific radioactivity on the inside of the tool. A radioactive tag, ball, or other device may then be dropped from surface and identified by the detector of the tool, thereafter eliciting some prescribed response from the tool. The obvious health and environmental issues associated with the use of radioactive materials in wells must be considered in implementing this method, but it is nonetheless a possible form of telemetry.
Magnetic Materials
Magnetic materials may be used in several ways to convey information from the surface to a downhole tool. For example, a drop ball may be embedded with a magnetic material that disrupts the field of a corresponding magnetic sensor in the downhole tool in a predictable way. This enables the operator to communicate with the downhole tool by sending balls with magnetic properties that will be correctly interpreted by the tool.
As another example, consider the magnetic stripe on an ordinary credit card. Information is stored in the stripe and retrieved when the card is passed through a reader. Similarly, a drop ball may contain magnetic storage media that is accessible by a reading device in the tool.
Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
MEMS embody the integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on a common silicon substrate. Using MEMS, a drop ball may be designed to emit a detectable signal for a downhole reader based on a number of physical phenomena, including thermal, biological, chemical, optical, and magnetic effects. Likewise, the downhole reader may itself be equipped with MEMS to detect information conveyed from surface, such as through chemicals or magnetic materials. For example, trinitrotoluene (TNT) can be detected by MEMS coated with platinum (developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tenn., USA). The TNT is attracted to the platinum, resulting in a mini-explosion that deflects a tiny cantilever, the cantilever deflection resulting in an electrical response. Furthermore, other MEMS contain bacteria on the chip that emit light in the presence of certain chemicals, such as soil pollutants. This light can be detected and used to initiate a corresponding action (developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Perkin Elmer, Inc. of Wellesley, Mass., USA).
In the same way, chemicals common to oilfield applications may be detected by MEMS that are appropriately designed. For instance, multiple types of MEMS used in the same reader enable the tool to make job-related decisions based on different fluids, even without the use of a microprocessor or complicated circuitry. MEMS are currently being developed that combine digital and analog circuitry on the same substrate. This circuitry enables the MEMS to analyze one or more inputs, identify a chemical, biological or similar "trigger", and control one or more outputs accordingly. With this capability, for example, a downhole tool can shift to an "acid treating" position when the MEMS detect the presence of chlorine in hydrochloric acid that is pumped through the tool. If the acid is followed by water, MEMS that detect water can identify the fluid change and shift the tool to another corresponding position.
MEMS can also be used in permanently installed downhole valves that control the flow from one or more producing zones. As an example, consider a well with several oil or gas producing zones. Each of these zones is equipped with a "smart" valve that contains MEMS and the necessary components to control the valve position and thereby the flow of produced fluid from a particular zone. In this case two types of MEMS may be used, one type to detect the presence of hydrocarbons and another to detect the presence of water. When the MEMS indicate that the produced fluid is predominantly water, they cause the valve to close, shutting off the flow from the water-producing zones. The minute size of the MEMS, coupled with their low power requirements, make MEMS a viable method to control the operation of downhole tools and well completion apparatus, even without the use of a microprocessor and additional complex software.
Radio Frequency Tags
Passive radio frequency (RF) tags also provide a simple, efficient, and low cost method for sending information from the surface to a downhole tool. These tags are extremely robust and tiny, and the fact that they require no battery makes them attractive from an environmental standpoint. RF tags may be embedded in drop balls, darts, or other objects that may be pumped through coiled tubing and into a downhole tool. While the invention is not limited to RF tags for telemetry or drop balls for conveyance, the many advantages of tagged drop balls make them a preferred embodiment of the invention.
Radio Frequency Tag Functionality
RF tags are commercially available with a wide variety of capabilities and features. Simple "Read Only" (RO) tags emit a factory-programmed serial number when interrogated by a reader. A RO tag may be embedded in a drop ball and used to initiate a predetermined response from the reader. By programming the reader to carry out certain tasks based on all or a portion of a tag serial number, the RF tags can be used by the operator at surface to control a downhole tool.
In addition to RO tags, "Read/Write" (RW) tags are also available for use in internal telemetry for controlling operations of downhole tools and equipment of wells. These RW tags have a certain amount of memory that can be used to store user-defined data. The memory is typically re-programmable and varies in capacity from a few bits to thousands of bytes. RW tags offer several advantages over RO tags. For example, an operator may use a RW tag to send a command sequence to a tool. A single RW ball may be programmed to, for example, request both a temperature and a pressure measurement at specified intervals. The requested data may then be sent to the surface by another form of telemetry, such as an encoded pressure pulse sequence.
Furthermore, depending on the amount of memory available, the RW tag may effectively be used to re-program the tool. By storing conditional commands to tag memory, such as "If . . . Then" statements and "For . . . While" loops, relatively complicated instruction sets may be downloaded to the tool and carried out.
Radio Frequency Tag Readability
Because of the high flow rates and turbulent flow that typically occur in coiled tubing, special care must be taken to ensure a reliable and consistent read of each tag passing through a downhole tool. Any method, such as those described above, that is used to properly orient the tag, slow the velocity (linear and/or rotational) of the tag, or both, is within the scope of the invention.
From the standpoint of internal telemetry for downhole tool actuation, once the operator of a well has the ability to send information and instructions from the surface to one or more downhole tools, many new actions become possible. By giving a tool instructions and allowing it to respond locally, the difficulties associated with remote tool manipulation are minimized. Furthermore, by using internal telemetry to communicate with downhole tools, critical actions can be carried out more safely and more reliably.
The following is a brief description of some well applications to which the present invention can be applied to significant advantage. A condition for one to be able to use the internal telemetry elements of the present invention is that the tool string plus its conveyance means have the capability of circulating the telemetry elements downhole. For example, the present invention has particular application in conjunction with:
A reliable valve is required in order to utilize internal telemetry with tagged drop balls for applications where the flow in the coiled tubing must be channeled correctly. The valve must be capable of holding and releasing pressure from above and below, as dictated by the tool and the application. Also, the valve must be operated (e.g. shifted) by the tool itself, not by a pressure differential or coiled tubing movement initiated from the surface. Consequently, the tool string requires a "Printed Circuit Board" (PCB) to control the motor that operates the valve, as well as battery power for operation of the motor.
Various types of valves, such as spool valves, are used today to direct an inlet flow to one or more of several outlets. However, these valves typically require linear motion to operate, which can be difficult to manage downhole due to the opposing forces from high pressure differentials. Furthermore, these valves also typically shift a sealing element, such as an o-ring, which makes them sensitive to debris, such as particulates that are inherent in the well fluid being controlled. Another challenge with using conventional valves is the limited space available in a typical downhole well tool, especially if multiple outlet ports are required.
The tool knowledge for well condition responsive valve or tool actuation is programmed in a downhole microcomputer. When the microcomputer receives a command from a telemetry element, it compares the real time pressures and temperatures measured from the sensors to the programmed tool knowledge, manipulates the valve system according to the program of the microcomputer, and then actuates the tool for sending associated pressure pulses to inform the surface or changes the tool performance downhole without sending a signal uphole.
Indexing Valve
Referring now to
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 2A-2C, the valve housing 38 defines a valve seat surface 56 which may have an essentially planar configuration and which is intersected by outlet passages 58, 60, 62, and 64. The intersection of the outlet passages with the valve seat surface is defined by valve seats, which may be external seats as shown at 66 or internal seats as shown at 68. Valve elements shown at 70, 71 and 72, urged by springs shown at 74 and 76, are normally seated in sealing relation with the internal and external valve seats. To open selected outlet valves, the indexer element 54 is provided with a cam element 78 which, at certain rotary positions of the rotary indexer element 54, will engage one or more of the outlet valve elements or balls, thus unseating the valve element and permitting flow of fluid from the inlet passage 41 and valve chamber 40 into the outlet passage. Thus, the indexing valve 36 is operated to cause pressure communication to selected inlet and outlet passages simply by rotary indexing movement of the indexer element 54 by the rotary motor 44.
The motorized indexing valve 36 of FIGS. 2 and 2A-2C is compact enough to operate in a downhole tool. Also, this valve is shifted with a rotation, not by linear movement, thereby eliminating the need for a pressure-balanced valve. The indexing valve 36 has two main features which arc exemplified by FIG. 2A. The first main feature of the indexing valve mechanism is a ball-spring type valve. The springs impose a force on each of the ball type valve elements so that, when the valve ball passes over an outlet port in the chassis, it will be popped into the respective port and will seat on the external seat that is defined by the port. If the indexer element 54 is held in this position, the valve ball will remain seated in the port due to the spring force acting on it. This type of valve is commonly referred to as a poppet, check, or one-way valve. It will hold pressure (and allow flow) from one direction only; in this case it will prevent flow from the inlet side of the port to the outlet side. If the indexer element 54 is rotated so that the valve ball is unseated, fluid flow will be permitted across the respective port and the pressure that is controlled by the indexing valve mechanism will be relieved and equalized. It should be noted that the spring elements, though shown as coil type compression springs, are intended only to symbolize a spring-like effect that may be accomplished by a metal compression spring, or a non-metallic elastic material, such as an elastomer.
The second main feature of the indexing valve 36 is a cam-like protrusion 78 that is a rigid part of the indexer element 54. The cam 78 serves to unseat a ball-spring valve in the chassis that is designed to prevent flow from the outlet passage side 62 of the port to the inlet side, which is defined by the inlet passage 41 and the valve cavity or chamber 40. Therefore, if the cam 78 is acting on the ball 72, the pressure across this port will be equalized and fluid will flow freely in both directions. If the indexer element 54 is in a such a position that the cam 78 does not act on the ball 72, the ball 72 will be seated by the spring force and will have sealing engagement with the port. When this happens, the pressure in the corresponding outlet will always be equal to or greater than the pressure on the inlet side.
The transverse sectional view of
An important feature of the indexer element 54 is its multiple "arms", or "spokes" 55, with the spaces between the spokes defining flow paths between the valve chamber 40 and the outlet passages 58, 60, 62, 64. This feature allows fluid to flow easily around the arms or spokes 55, which in turn keeps the valve area from becoming clogged with debris. The indexer element 54 of
It should also be noted that the cams and ball-spring valves need not lie at the same distance from the center of the chassis 38. In other words, the placement of the ball-spring valves and cams could be such that, for example, the indexer element 54 could rotate a full 360 degrees and never have a ball-spring valve in the indexer element pass over (and possibly unseat) a ball-spring valve in the chassis or housing 38.
Finally, it is important to realize that the system shown in
Inflatable Straddle Packers
The present invention is effective for use in connection with inflatable straddle packers, such as shown in
Tool Knowledge and Logic
A straddle packer tool embodying the principles of the present invention has three modes, "inflate/deflate", "circulate", and "inject". The wellbore pressure, dynamic pressures, and temperatures that are present in the downhole environment, will affect each of these modes differently.
The packer pressure is the most important pressure because the differential pressure across the packer wall cannot exceed a predetermined maximum, PM. The maximum differential pressure PM is dependent upon expansion ratio, packer size, and temperature. The maximum differential pressure PM can occur either from the inside of the packer to the wellbore or from the inside of the packer to the zone being straddled for injection. The packer pressure, after the packer has been set, will change due to changes in wellbore pressures, injection pressures, and temperatures. Therefore, it is very important for the operator at the surface to know real time pressures and temperatures and check constantly during the job to see whether the packer pressure exceeds the maximum differential pressure.
Referring now to the diagrammatic illustration of
The injection tubing 84 defines an internal passage that serves as an injection fluid passage, but also serves as a conveyance passage for one or more telemetry elements or a telemetry fluid having specific chemical characteristics. The straddle packer tool 86 includes a tool chassis structure of the general nature shown at 12 in
For inflatable straddle packer tools embodying the principles of the present invention, such as shown in
Run in Hole: Typically a straddle packer tool 86 is run into the hole (RIH) with all of its ports (valves) open and during pumping of fluid through the tubing at a predetermined flow rate, if fluid circulation is required during RIH.
Set: After the straddle packer tool has reached its proper installation depth, the tool is actuated to accomplish setting of the tool. To accomplish setting of the tool the operator will circulate a "SET" ball downhole and land the "SET" ball on or in the tool or pass the "SET" ball through the detection chamber 26 of the tool chassis 12 of
When first receiving "Ball Landed" pressure pulses, the operator will initiate pumping of fluid through the tubing to inflate the packer according to the packer inflation procedure. During this procedure the operator will watch the circulation pressure. A change in circulation pressure may be seen when closing the inflation port and opening the circulation port of the packer. When receiving a "Packer Set" pressure pulse, the operator will cease pumping or change the flow rate of the fluid being pumped.
Spot: The operator will then pump fluid through the tubing at a designed flow rate for spotting inflation fluid if necessary.
Injection: The operator will then circulate an "INJECTION" ball downhole. When first receiving "Ball Landed" pressure pulses, the operator will start pumping injection fluid according to the job design. The operator will closely watch the injection pressure. A change in the circulation pressure may be seen when closing the injection port and opening the circulation port of the straddle packer tool. When receiving "Injection done" pressure pulses, the operator will stop injection fluid pumping or will change the flow rate of the injection fluid.
Spot: The operator will then pump the injection fluid at a designed flow rate for spotting the treatment fluid if necessary.
Unset: After fluid injection has been completed according to plan, it will be desirable to unset the packer so that it can be retrieved from the well or positioned at a different well depth for treatment of a different zone for which casing perforations have been formed. To accomplish unsetting of the packer according to the principles of the present invention, the operator will then circulate an "UNSET" ball downhole and will receive "Ball Landed" pressure pulses when the "UNSET" ball has reached the detector of the tool. The "UNSET" telemetry element or ball is provided with programmed instructions that are recognized by the detector and microcomputer of the tool.
The operator will receive "Deflating" pressure pulses during deflation of the packer and when the packer deflation procedure has been completed, will receive "Deflated" pressure pulses. After having received "Deflated" pressure pulses, the operator can then initiate movement of the packer to another desired zone within the well or retrieve the straddle packer from the well.
In the event emergency conditions should be detected that make it appropriate to retrieve the packer from the well or at least unseat the packer, the operator will circulate an "UNSET" ball downhole, causing the valve mechanism to be operated according to the procedure that is described above for deflating the packer in response to instructions of the telemetry element or ball that are sensed and processed by the detector and microcomputer of the packer tool. If a ball cannot be circulated downhole, an emergency unset mechanism will also be available by a mechanical means.
If real time downhole temperatures are needed during the job at the surface, the operator can circulate a "BHT" ball downhole to the detector of the tool. Signals representing temperature measurement are received by the downhole temperature sensors, as shown in
If real time downhole pressures are needed at the surface during the job, the operator can circulate a "BHP" ball downhole, and will receive a series of pressure pulses with various real time encoded pressure information. Under conditions where both temperature and pressure are needed by the operator for carrying out a downhole procedure, a telemetry element, such as a ball which is encoded with temperature and pressure instructions, is sent downhole so that the downhole tool can provide a series of pressure pulses representing real time temperature and a series of pressure pulses representing real time downhole pressure at the tool.
The "general logic" of the internal telemetry system of the present invention is shown in the logic diagram of FIG. 4. It should be borne in mind that the logic diagrams make reference to the straddle packer arrangement and temperature and pressure sensing of FIG. 3. The logic is illustrated in "yes"/"no" form. If a telemetry element, i.e. "ball", is detected by the detector of the system, regardless of its character, the logic is changed from "No" to "Yes", causing the pulse telemetry system of the tool to transmit pressure pulses through the fluid column to the surface to confirm that the ball has been detected. The actual measured temperatures and pressures are then compared with programmed temperatures and pressures and a pulse signal "Temperature exceeded" or "Pressure exceeded" is sent to the surface in the event the measured temperatures and pressures exceed the programmed temperatures and pressures. If the measured temperatures and pressures are confirmed to be within the programmed range, signals are conducted to the valve mechanism by the microcomputer to shift the valve mechanism of the packer to its initial mode in preparation for setting and injection. Depending upon the difference of interval pressure Pi as compared with a preset interval pressure Pi,preset, the related port is closed and the circulation port is opened, and pressure pulses so indicating are sent to the surface.
The "SET" logic of the internal telemetry system of the present invention as it applies to straddle packers is shown in FIG. 5. Once a "SET" ball telemetry element has been received downhole, if the measured temperature downhole T is greater than the maximum programmed temperature TM, the packer control system will not function and the pulse telemetry system will send "Temperature Exceeded" pulse signals to the surface in confirmation. If the measured temperature T is within the proper range, the valve mechanism of the packer will be operated to open the inflation ports, with the packer elements being inflated sequentially to a pressure P1. As long as the pressure measurements are proper, that is the inflate pressure P1 is less than packer design inflate pressure Ppacker, packer inflation will continue until the packer has been set within the well casing, after which the circulation port is opened and the inflation port is closed, and pressure pulses confirming this are sent to the surface.
The "INJECTION" logic is shown in the logic diagram of
The "UNSET" logic of
It should be borne in mind that the logic diagrams of
Casing perforating is another application of the internal telemetry of the present invention. The decision of when and where to perforate is based on many factors. Accidental or untimely firing of the shaped explosive charges of a perforation gun can result in serious losses. Personal injury and damage to well equipment can result from inadvertent firing of a perforation gun before it is run into the well casing. If a perforation gun is fired in the casing, but at the wrong depth, serious damage to the well casing and other equipment can result, at times requiring abandonment of the well. Internal telemetry may be used to acquire data, such as downhole temperature and pressure measurements, that better equip the operator to decide when to fire the shaped charges of a perforation gun. Internal telemetry may also be used to send the "Perforate" signal from the surface to cause firing of the perforation gun of the tool. This feature of the present invention provides a failsafe mechanism for initiation of the perforating process only after the operator of the well equipment has confirmed the acceptability of all downhole paramaters. For instance, the perforation gun tool may be programmed so that it simply will not perforate unless it identifies the serial number of the RF tag in the "perforating" telemetry element or drop ball. Also, if the internal telemetry system is used with a pressure pulse telemetry tool as mentioned above, a pressure pulse sequence may be sent to the surface to indicate that all parameters for perforation have been met, and after firing of the perforating gun, that the perforating operation was carried out successfully.
When the tubing conveyed perforation (TCP) gun reaches the predetermined depth, the information of the gun orientation becomes very important in addition to temperature and pressure in some cases. It is possible to control and adjust the gun orientation at the surface. However, due to unknown tubing rotation during running of the TCP gun into the borehole, it is important to know the actual gun orientation at the depth of the intended perforations.
In order to have this real time information, a Type III telemetry element may be used, which, as explained above, has one or more embedded sensors for detection of downhole conditions. This Type III telemetry element will have an orientation sensor embedded therein to detect the actual orientation of the TCP gun at depth. If the gun is not properly oriented its orientation may be adjusted and verified by the orientation sensor of the telemetry element. The TCP gun can transmit as a series of pulses to the surface when proper orientation of the gun has been confirmed. The general procedure for a TCP gun with pressure-induced firing is as follows:
The telemetry elements may also be used as a trigger operation to accomplish firing of the TCP gun or to prevent its firing if all of the programmed conditions have not been met. The TCP gun will not fire until the telemetry element lands or until it detects a preset value that can only occur when the TCP gun is located at the proper depth and properly oriented, is stationary within the wellbore, and has been maintained static within the well casing and properly oriented for a predetermined period of time sufficient to verify readiness of the gun for firing.
Current intelligent completions use a set of cables to monitor downhole production from the downhole sensors that have been built into the completion, and to control downhole valve manipulations. The reliability of these cables is always a concern. Using a Type III telemetry element allows the operator to have a wireless two-way communication to monitor downhole production, to perform some downhole valve operations when the tool detects a predetermined situation, and sends back signal pressure pulses to the surface.
For example, as shown diagrammatically in
Referring now to
The sequence for battery installation in a side pocket mandrel is shown in
A downhole completion component such as those described may be powered by a replacable battery (replaced using slickline or wireline), a rechargable battery, sterling engine-operated generator, or a turbine-driven generator having a turbine that is actuated by well flow.
One embodiment of the present invention, which has specific application for well completions, utilizes a small RF tag, read/write capable telemetry element (ball) that is dropped or conveyed downhole in an open completion with information programmed therein and then brought back to the surface with the same or different information so that the information can be downloaded to a computer. According to another method, the well is choked to stop flow and a telemetry element having an RF tag and having a specific gravity slightly higher than well fluid is caused to descend into the well to the downhole tool or other equipment that is present within the well. This telemetry element will descend through the liquid column of the well at a velocity that will enable the data of the RF tag to be accurately detected and the representative signal thereof to be processed by the microcomputer and used for controlling downhole activity of well tools or equipment. Also, downhole data, such as temperature and pressure, is electronically written to the telementry element. After completion of the downhole descent and data interchange, the telemetry element is brought back to the surface by flowing the well to cause ascent of the RF tag telemetry element. Alternatively, a telemetry element may be sunk within the fluid column of the well by sinking weights or descent ballast. When it is desirable to cause ascent of the telemetry element to the surface, the ballast or weights may be released or dropped either by opening a small ballast trap door or dissolving a ballast retainer (which is timed to dissolve in well fluids after a certain duration). The RF tag telemetry element passes by a RF capable completion component that reads the contents of the RF tag and writes back some information (perhaps downhole temperature, pressure, density, or valve position). The same tag may pass by multiple completion components or a single completion component, depending upon the characteristics of the completion equipment. Some completion components may also choose to capture the tagged telemetry element and hold it (for example by means of magnetic attraction or a mechanical device). Information being sent downhole for controlling operation of downhole tools may include features such as program sequence instructions, valve positions, desired flow rates, and telemetry initiate and terminate commands. The information being sent uphole may include features such as results of telemetry, program sequence verification, actual valve positions, and flow rates.
As will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, the present invention may easily be produced in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered as merely illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the claims rather than the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalence of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.
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Sean is the Founder & CEO of Tinder.
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The Glanceable UI11:55 AM Tuesday 11/5/2013
Startup Tinder has seen immense growth with its swipeable, one-touch, location-enabled dating app, leading to 100 million matches between users. Hear from the co-founder and CEO of the company about how simplicity and gestures led to one of the hottest mobile UIs of 2013.More…


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Originally written on Yahoo! Sports | Last updated 10/11/11
BALTIMORE - NOVEMBER 22: Derrick Mason #85 of the Baltimore Ravens comes off the field before the game against the Indianapolis Colts at M&T Bank Stadium on November 22, 2009 in Baltimore, Maryland. The Colts defeated the Ravens 17-15. (Photo by Larry French/Getty Images)
A person familiar with the deal tells The Associated Press that the New York Jets have agreed to trade wide receiver Derrick Mason to the Houston Texans for an undisclosed draft pick. Tuesday night's move comes just five games into Mason's stint with the Jets after he signed with them and reunited with Rex Ryan in early August.
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Rep. Pete Stark and challenger Eric Swalwell are facing off in what has become a 15th Congressional District race that's tighter than the incumbent is accustomed to.
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India's Festival Of Lights: A Glimpse Of The Markets During Diwali
Diwali, or Deepavali, is one of the most popular and widely celebrated festivals in India. Known as India's festival of lights, the five-day festival, which runs in either October or November depending on the cycle of the moon, is an occasion to celebrate the triumph of good over evil, of consciousness over the veil of ignorance.
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Rick Steves Fans Phoenix Area gathering
Are you a fan of the Rick Steves philosophy of travel who lives in the Phoenix area? This Thursday evening at 7:30 PM we are meeting at Rula Bula, an Irish pub on Mill Avenue in Tempe. We are a small, welcoming group....no format or stipulated topic, just a fun (often hilarious) chat about travel during which many tips and stories are shared. For more info (including parking tips) go to www.meetup.com/Rick Steves Fans Travel Chat, Phoenix Area.


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Doak files to run for Martin County School Board
MARTIN COUNTY — Jensen Beach resident Jennifer Doak is running for the Martin County School Board, according to the Martin County Supervisor of Elections.
Doak, of the 2400 block of Northeast Ginger Terrace, is seeking the board's District 1 post, which includes north Stuart and Jensen Beach. Board members are elected countywide. Election qualifying is from June 16 to 20.
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River Cruises , France - Come and discover Provence on board one of the most beautiful private barge available . This spacious 100 feet luxury boat will take only 4 guests for your utmost confort.
Take a cruise on your vacation. Our river tours in Provence France are a great way to see the sights. View the surrounding area from off shore and learn about the history and culture on our barge cruises in Provence France. Browse our river cruises and barge tours in Provence France and plan your vacation today!


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StartUpHire is the place to find Senior Scientist jobs. Review the list of Senior Scientist career opportunities to the left. These Senior Scientist jobs represent some of the most rewarding careers available.
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Bollywood actor Sanjay Dutt, out on a two-week parole from Pune's Yerawada Central Jail on medical grounds, says he wants to devote his time to his family.
"I want to thank my fans and the media. I am out on parole for 14 days. In these 14 days I want to spend time with my family," Sanjay told reporters outside his Bandra residence here Tuesday.
Son of late actors Sunil and Nargis Dutt, Sanjay is married to Maanyata and has twins with her.
The 54-year-old actor is currently serving a 42-month sentence for his role in the March 1993 Mumbai serial blasts.
Sanjay had surrendered before a Special TADA Court in Mumbai in May and he was shifted to Pune to serve the remainder of his jail term.
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Sanjay why did you do such a horrific task in the first place to get this sentence of 42 months in prison.. Its good to know you want to spend your 14 days parole time with your family.. but with your crime there are few families who have lost their loved ones and cannot spend with their families
Its been a good news for Sanjay Dutt getting payrole and spending the time he gets with family...
All The Best ...
Whenever he is back clean and as a free man, we will surely party ... 1
Jimmy Sheirgill, who has carved a niche for himself in the Hindi and ...


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Surgical Specialist
35 years of experience
Accepting new patients
35 years of experience
Accepting new patients
3611 S Reed Rd
Ste 108
Kokomo, IN 46902 Phone number & directions
Ste 108
Kokomo, IN 46902 Phone number & directions
License & Identifications
A medical license is required for a doctor to practice medicine in a particular state. Requirements vary by state but most require, at a minimum, post-graduate training in the doctor's specific specialty. An NPI number is a national identifier unique to an individual health care provider and is managed by the Center for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS).
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Dr. Alexander graduated from University Of Athens.
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- Dr. Panos C Alexander MD is a male Surgeon, has 35 years of experience and practices in Surgery.
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- Dr. Panos Alexander has 1 office location.
Dr. Panos Alexander practices Surgery near Kokomo, IN.
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