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A current collector for use in a capacitor having an aqueous or non-aqueous electrolyte, such as an aqueous sulfuric acid electrolyte. The conductive basis of the current collector may be manufactured from a number of conductive metals but, preferably, is comprised of lead or a lead alloy. The portion of the conductive basis that will be in contact with the electrolyte is provided with a protective layer that is created by deposition of one or more layers of one or more protective coating materials thereto. Each protective coating material is comprised of at least a conductive carbon powder and a polymer binder that is resistant to the electrolyte. Preferably, but not essentially, the protective coating material(s) are applied to the conductive basis in the form of a paste, which is subsequently subjected to a solvent evaporation step and a thermal treatment step. The resulting protective layer is also substantially devoid of pores through which the electrolyte can permeate.
1. A capacitor current collector comprising:
a conductive basis; and
a protective coating covering at least part of said conductive basis, said protective coating comprising a conductive composite that includes a conductive carbon powder and a polymer binder, said protective coating for substantially preventing an electrolyte of sulfuric acid aqueous solution from contacting a portion of said conductive basis covered by said protective coating.
2. The current collector of
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14. A current collector for use in an electrochemical capacitor having an aqueous sulfuric acid electrolyte, comprising:
a conductive basis of lead or a lead alloy; and
a protective layer residing on said conductive basis, said protective layer constructed from one or more layers of one or more protective coating materials, each protective coating material comprising a conductive composite that includes a conductive carbon powder and a polymer binder;
wherein each layer of protective coating material is subjected to a solvent evaporation process and a thermal treatment process prior to deposition of a subsequent layer of protective coating material; and
wherein said resulting protective layer is substantially non-porous and prevents said aqueous sulfuric acid electrolyte from contacting said conductive basis, thereby avoiding oxidation of said conductive basis by said aqueous sulfuric acid electrolyte.
15. The current collector of
16. The current collector of
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28. A capacitor current collector comprising:
a conductive basis; and
a protective coating covering at least part of said conductive basis, said protective coating comprising a conductive composite that includes a conductive carbon powder and a perchlorovinyl polymer binder that is resistant to an aqueous sulfuric acid electrolyte, said protective coating for substantially preventing said aqueous sulfuric acid electrolyte from contacting a portion of said conductive basis covered by said protective coating.
29. The current collector of
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This application claims the benefit of PCT Application Ser. No. PCT/RU05/000349, filed on Jun. 24, 2005.
The present invention is directed to the field of electrochemical capacitors, and particularly electrochemical supercapacitors. More specifically, the present invention is directed to a current collector for use in a double electric layer electrochemical supercapacitor electrode assembly.
There is an increasing focus on the use of capacitors as a means for storing electrical energy. These capacitors can efficiently store and redistribute a large amount of electrical energy. For example, such capacitors may be used: as a main power supply; as a back-up power supply; and for power quality assurance (e.g., to compensate for short-term power "surges", "spikes", and "skips" common to utility-supplied electric power). Such capacitors may also be used to provide load-leveling by storing an amount of electrical energy provided during off-peak hours and thereafter re-distributing said electrical energy during periods of peak demand. It is also possible to use such capacitors as a primary or secondary power source in situations where a portable source of power is required, such as with a variety of vehicles.
A double electric layer (DEL) capacitor typically comprises a pair of electrodes residing in a spaced apart relationship, between which resides an electrolyte. The electrolyte can be either aqueous or non-aqueous in nature, depending on the composition of the electrodes. A separator typically also resides in the space between the electrodes.
One or both of the electrodes in a DEL capacitor may store electrical energy through a double layer electrochemical mechanism. In a double electric layer storage process, a layer of electrons forms at the electrode side of the electrode/electrolyte interface. A layer of positive ions also forms on the electrolyte side of the electrode/electrolyte interface. The voltage across the electrode/electrolyte interface increases with charge accumulation, and is eventually released during discharge of the capacitor.
One or both of the electrodes of a DEL capacitor may generally be polarizable electrodes—although, it has been found that constructing a DEL capacitor with one polarizable electrode and one non-polarizable electrode provides the DEL capacitor with a specific energy capacity that is greater than that of a capacitor with two polarizable electrodes. The polarizable electrode may comprise, for example, an active material and a current collector to which the active material is affixed. The most commonly employed active material is one of a plurality of activated carbon materials.
Each of the electrodes of such a DEL capacitor is typically affixed by some means to a current collector. Current collectors are commonly constructed of a material that exhibits good electrical conductivity—typically a metal. As at least a portion of the current collector must reside in the electrolyte along with the electrode material, it must be ensured that the current collector material will not react adversely thereto. For example, the electrolyte of a DEL capacitor may consist of an aqueous sulfuric acid solution or some other aqueous or non-aqueous material. In such a case, it must be ensured that the electrolyte will not erode or corrode the current collector material, such as through an oxidation-reduction (redox) process.
Consequently, while various embodiments of DEL capacitor current collectors are known, each typically has one or more inherent disadvantages. For example, since different electrochemical capacitors utilize different electrolytes and different active mass materials, current collectors for use therewith should have certain corresponding electrochemical, physical, electrical, mechanical and processing characteristics. This has led to the need for a wide variety of different current collector materials.
Further, using materials such as sulfuric acid for the electrolyte in a DEL capacitor eliminates as an option a variety of inexpensive metals or alloys that could be used in constructing a current collector. Because such materials demonstrate low stability in the specified electrolyte, their use would significantly narrow the capacitor operating voltage window and result in a decrease in specific energy and power parameters of the capacitor. Thus, DEL capacitors have commonly employed current collector materials that exhibit better stability in such electrolytes, which materials are typically expensive to procure. Such materials may include, for example, Ti, Al, Ni, Ag, Nb, Ta, W and a variety of alloys thereof.
It is possible to use more inexpensive materials such as steel and similar metals to form a current collector of a DEL capacitor. However, because such metals are not sufficiently resistant to certain electrolytes (e.g., sulfuric acid electrolytes), known DEL current collector designs making use of such metals have also required the use of a protective coating that is resistant to the electrolyte used in the capacitor. Without the protective coating, a current collector comprised of steel or a similar metal will degrade in the presence of a sulfuric acid electrolyte—such as by corrosion. Current collector corrosion can have a negative effect on the cycling capacity and service life of a capacitor.
As one example of a known design of this nature, a steel current collector may utilize a protective layer of graphite foil. While this and other similar coating materials may offer acceptable resistance to the electrolyte in which they reside, there has been a great deal of difficulty in obtaining adequate adhesion between such protective coatings and the subjacent electrode materials. As a result, the electrolyte eventually intrudes between the protective coating and the current collector, whereafter corrosion of the current collector material occurs.
It should be realized that any degradation or erosion of such a metal current collector can adversely effect performance of a DEL capacitor. For example, when a sulfuric acid electrolyte is used, even substantially insignificant quantities of iron present therein can harshly decrease the decomposition voltage of the electrolyte and result in a significant reduction in the operating voltage of the capacitor. Hence, degradation of the current collector should be avoided.
As can be understood from the foregoing discussion, there are several disadvantages associated with known DEL capacitor current collector designs. Thus, current collectors of the present invention utilizes an improved design that substantially reduces or eliminates many of the problems associated with known current collectors.
A current collector of the present invention is designed in view of the aforementioned requirements and concerns. For example, it is understood that the material used to construct a current collector can affect various capacitor parameters, such as: maximum operating voltage; operating temperature; operating stability; the range of electrolytes that can be used; service life; and cost. Based on the foregoing limitations, including the variety of different materials that may be used to form the active mass of a DEL capacitor electrode, it has been determined that the most suitable material for constructing a current collector for a DEL capacitor having a sulfuric acid aqueous solution (sulfuric acid) electrolyte is lead or a lead alloy. These materials are very stable when exposed to a sulfuric acid electrolyte, exhibit high over-voltage of hydrogen and oxygen gassing, and are readily available at low cost.
However, it has also been determined that after extended operation of such DEL capacitors, a thin oxidation layer with high specific resistance and low stability will be formed by a redox process on the surface of unprotected lead or lead alloy-based current collectors. This results in a decrease of energy and power parameters, operating stability, and reliability.
As such, a current collector of the present invention is provided with a specialized protective layer that prevents an oxidation layer from forming on the lead-based collector material when the current collector is exposed to the sulfuric acid electrolyte of a DEL capacitor. The protective layer is coated to the metal current collector body prior to attachment of the electrode active mass thereto. Consequently, the protective layer must allow for good adhesion with the active mass and must allow for efficient charge transfer from the active mass to the current collector. Multiple layers of one or more protective coating material compositions can be applied to the current collector to produce a protective coating that provides both acceptable protection and adhesion.
Because the active mass of most electrochemical capacitors is formed using an activated carbon material which has p-type conductivity, the protective coating should also exhibit p-type conductivity. The main ingredients of the protective coating material are preferably a finely dispersed carbon powder(s) having high p-type conductivity, and one or more specific polymer binders, such as a perchlorovinyl-based resin. Preferably, the polymer material selected will also provide for a protective coating composition that is sufficiently devoid of micro-pores.
In addition to the features mentioned above, other aspects of the present invention will be readily apparent from the following descriptions of the drawings and exemplary embodiments, wherein like reference numerals across the several views refer to identical or equivalent features, and wherein:
One exemplary embodiment of a current collector of the present invention can be observed in
The material forming the protective layer 15 is comprised primarily of a finely dispersed carbon powder(s) having high p-type conductivity, and one or more specific polymer binders. The carbon powder may have an initial particle size range of about 3,000-8,000 Å, although other particle sizes may also be available. Preferably, however, the carbon powder particles are further reduced in size. Preferably, the carbon powder particles are further reduced in size such that their linear dimensions do not exceed approximately 300-500 Å.
It has been discovered that only a limited number of polymer materials will provide for a protective coating composition that is sufficiently devoid of micropores. These polymer materials include, without limitation: perchlorovinyl; chlorosulfated polyethylene; epoxy resins; polyurethane resins; and Poviden F (a copolymer of vinyliden chloride with vinyl chloride). Other materials present in the protective layer may include, without limitation, plasticizers, solvents, dispersants, and wetting and anti-foaming agents.
An exemplary method of manufacturing a protective coating material and a current collector with a two-layer protective layer can be understood by reference to
In order to assure that no adhesion-reducing contaminants will reside between the conductive basis 10 and the later-applied protective coating material, it is preferred that the relevant surfaces of the conductive basis be cleaned after forming. For example, it has been found that cleaning the surfaces of the conductive basis 10 with acetone and toluol does a good job of removing any fat and dirt that may be present thereon. Certainly, one skilled in the art would recognize that other cleaners could also be effectively used on the conductive basis 10.
It is also preferred that the relevant surfaces of the conductive basis 10 be roughened in order to maximize adhesion. This may be accomplished in any number of ways that would be understood by one skilled in the art. For example, it has been found that scrubbing the relevant surfaces of the conductive basis 10 with a metal brush works well for this purpose.
Once the conductive basis has been produced and readied, the protective coating material can be prepared. As stated above, the primary components of the protective coating material are finely a dispersed carbon powder(s) and one or more specific polymer binders. As also discussed above, the protective coating material may also include without limitation, plasticizers, solvents, dispersants, wetting agents and anti-foaming agents.
Carbon powder material of acceptable particle size is first obtained. The carbon powder may be purchased or manufactured. To the carbon powder is added the polymer binder, and any of the other aforementioned materials. The weight ratio of materials used in the protective coating may vary. In Example 1, below, for example: 6.0 weight % of carbon powder, 8.2 weight % of polymer, 5.2 weight % of plasticizer, 80.0 weight % of solvent, 0.3 weight % of dispersant, 0.15 weight % of wetting agent, and 0.15 weight % of anti-foaming agent were mixed to form the protective coating material. Of course, the particular ratios used may vary depending on the particular materials involved and/or the brand of the materials, and the exemplary composition recited above and below is not to be viewed as limiting a protective coating material of the present invention to the particular materials or ratios listed.
The carbon powder, polymer binder, and other materials are preferably processed into a paste. This may be accomplished in several ways that would be familiar to one skilled in the art. For example, the various components of the protective coating material may be added to a laboratory mill, such as a Dyno Mill Multi-Lab device. During paste preparation, any larger carbon powder particles are preferably reduced in size to less than about 500 Å and, more preferably, to between approximately 300-500 Å, and the ingredients are worked into a homogeneous paste. Once a homogeneous paste has been produced, it is removed to a homogenizer and mixed therein for a predetermined amount of time. Exemplary milling and homogenization times may be, for example, 45 minutes and 20 minutes, respectively. Of course, these times may vary considerably depending on the exact paste composition and the devices used to mix and homogenize the paste.
After homogenization, the paste is preferably filtered to remove any large coagulated carbon powder particles. In one exemplary method, a ceramic filter having a maximum pore diameter of about 5 μm is used for this purpose.
Once the paste has been filtered, it is ready to apply to the conductive basis 10. A specially designed paste deposition device (not shown) has been produced for this purpose, but other known methods of paste application can also be employed. The specially designed paste deposition device (or a similar device/method) is preferred, however, because it allows for excellent control over the thickness of each protective coating layer applied to the conductive basis 10.
The protective coating material may be applied to the conductive basis 10 in a single layer. However, it has been discovered that applying multiple layers of protective coating material produces a protective layer 15 with improved properties. This is believed to be true for a number of reasons. For example, it has been found that when the protective coating material is applied in multiple layers, the number of major defects in the overall protective layer 15 is greatly lessened and the density of the protective layer's micro-pores is reduced. This improves the operating parameters of the current collector 5. An increase in of the number of individually applied protective coating material layers brings about an improvement in overall protective layer and collector quality—even if the aggregate thickness of the overall protective layer 15 remains constant.
Furthermore, applying the protective coating material in multiple layers allows for the overall protective layer 15 to be comprised of individual protective coating materials containing different polymers. This is an important manufacturing option, as it is often difficult if not impossible to simultaneously meet all the aforementioned requirements of a protective layer when using a protective coating material(s) having only one type of polymer.
More specifically, it has been found that, as a general rule, polymer materials exhibiting the best adhesion to a lead-based conductive basis 10 are also characterized by being highly penetrable by a sulfuric acid electrolyte. Therefore, in order to maximize adhesion to, and protection of, the conductive basis 10, a protective layer 15 comprised of multiple protective coating layers having at least two different polymers is preferred. For example, in order to maximize adhesion between the protective layer 15 and the conductive basis 10, it is preferred that the first layer of protective coating material applied to the conductive basis include a polymer material that exhibits good adhesion to lead-based materials—even if such a material is permeable to a sulfuric acid electrolyte. This first layer of protective coating material may only need to be, for example, about 0.5-1.0 μm in thickness, although a thicker first layer can also be applied. A subsequent layer, or subsequent layers, of protective coating material may then be comprised of a conductive material whose polymer component may exhibit a lesser adhesion to lead-based materials, but an improved resistance to penetrability by the sulfuric acid electrolyte. Consequently, as can be understood, by applying protective coating materials in different layers and by varying the type of polymer present in at least some of those materials, the required combination of protective layer parameters can be most optimally achieved.
As can be observed by reference to
As illustrated in
Referring again to
When constructing a current collector having a protective layer comprised of more than one individual layer of protective coating material, the next layer of protective coating material can be applied after the preceding thermal treatment step has been completed. For example, in the process illustrated by
Once completed, various characteristics of the current collector were measured. Measurements of coating thickness and specific electrical resistance of the protective layer showed both the coating thickness and the specific electrical resistance to be virtually uniform along the entire current collector surface. Specifically, protective layer thickness measured about 50�5 μm, while the average value of specific electrical resistance (ρk) at the conductive basis/protective layer barrier was determined to be 0.85 Ohm.cm2. Since the specific electrical resistance attributable to the conductive basis/protective layer barrier is greater than the specific electrical resistance due to the protective coating material itself, it can be understood that a change in protective layer thickness does not influence the overall specific electrical resistance value.
Measurements of adhesion at different locations along the completed current collector also established that adhesion of the protective coating material to the lead-based conductive basis was quite high along the surface. Further, changes in adhesion occurred within a narrow range of approximately 8-10 kg/cm2.
A sample of the protective layer was also separated from the conductive basis in order to perform additional tests. The use of hot probe and Van der Paw techniques showed that both the separated protective layer sample and the protective layer remaining on the conductive basis to have p-type electrical conductivity.
A sample of the protective layer covered current collector was also placed in a sulfuric acid aqueous solution (sulfuric acid) electrolyte (ρ=1.26 g/cm3) and maintained there at room temperature for about 120 hours. The sample was thereafter thoroughly washed with distilled water and air dried at approximately 80� C. for 5 hours in order to remove liquid. Afterward, the electrical characteristics of the current collector were measured again. These measurements demonstrated that the specific electrical characteristics of the current collector were virtually unchanged.
In yet other testing, the current collector was maintained in the sulfuric acid electrolyte at a temperature of approximately 65� C. for about 120 hours. After removal, measurement showed that in this case the specific electrical resistance value (ρk) increased from 0.85 to 0.87 Ohm.cm2. The current collector was also subjected to the sulfuric acid electrolyte at a temperature of approximately 80� C. for about 60 hours. In this case, measurement showed the specific electrical resistance to be about 0.91 Ohm.cm2. Upon completion of the testing, measurement showed that the p-type conductivity of the protective layer and its adhesion to the conductive basis remained unchanged.
Thus, it can be seen that after quite severe tests of the current collector in a sulfuric acid electrolyte, the specific electrical resistance of the current collector increased by only 1.07 times. Hence, it is obvious that the protective layer effectively prevents the sulfuric acid electrolyte from reaching the surface of the conductive basis and, therefore, protects the surface of the conductive basis from oxidation. It should be equally obvious to one skilled in the art that the insignificant change in specific electrical resistance of the current collector cannot influence the energy characteristics of an electrochemical capacitor having a sulfuric acid electrolyte if such a current collector is installed thereto.
A double electric layer (DEL) heterogeneous electrochemical supercapacitor (HES) 20 constructed for the purpose of testing the current collector of Example 1 is shown in
The HES 20 can be seen to include a positive (non-polarizable) electrode 25 based on lead dioxide and a pair of negative (polarizable) electrodes 30 having an active mass comprised of an activated carbon material. Each negative electrode 30 also has a current collector 35 of the present invention attached to it active mass. A porous separator 40 substantially surrounds the positive electrode 25 and separates it from the negative electrodes 30. The electrodes 25, 30 and the separator 40 are impregnated with an amount of aqueous sulfuric acid electrolyte having a density of 1.26 g/cm3. The electrode assembly resides in a case 45 through which lugs 50 of the current collectors 35 protrude. The case 45 is sealed against leakage around the lugs 50 by lug seals 55. The HES 20 is also equipped with a safety valve 60.
Activated carbon plates of PAC-MM-100, which is manufactured by Material Methods LLC (USA), were used for the active mass of the negative electrodes 30—although other materials could obviously also be used. The carbon plates had overall dimensions of approximately 135�72�2.0(mm). The specific electrical capacitance, specific weight density and specific electrical resistance of the PAC-MM-100 plates was 750 F/g, 0.38 g/cm3, and 0.44 Ohm.cm, respectively. The carbon plates are of p-type electrical conductivity.
The particular separator 40 used in the HES 20 was an AGM-separator made of RECOMAT 15064XXP, which is manufactured by BERNARD DUMAS, in France. The separator 40 had a thickness of about 0.4 mm.
In order to accomplish accelerated testing of a current collector of the present invention as part of the HES 20, testing was performed at increased temperatures of approximately 60�3� C. The HES 20 was tested with a charge current and discharge current of about 0.75 A, a discharge time of about 3.5 hours, a pause after charge and after discharge of about 5 minutes, and a discharge to voltage of about 0.8V.
During testing, the following characteristics of the HES were measured: (a) Coulomb capacity during charge and discharge; (b) energy during charge and discharge; (c) Coulomb capacity efficiency and energy efficiency; and (d) voltage and Ohmic resistance at the start and end of discharge.
At the beginning of testing, five charge and discharge cycles of the HES 20 were performed at room temperature in order to stabilize and determine its operating parameters. Then the HES 20 was placed in a special installation and heated to approximately 60� C., where the temperature was thereafter maintained at a permanent level of 60�3� C. Upon the completion of 95th cycle, the HES was cooled to room temperature and five additonal charge and discharge cycles were performed.
Measurements showed that at the 5th cycle at room temperature the HES 20 had an electric capacitance of about 8,500 F, a Coulomb capacity of about 2.45 A.h, a discharge energy of about 12.5 kJ, an Ohmic resistance at the start of discharge (Rsdch) of about 67.3 mOhm and an Ohmic resistance at the end of discharge (Redch) of about 41.2 mOhm.
In total, 100 continuous charge and discharge cycles were performed, of which, 90 cycles (from cycle 6 to cycle 96) were performed at a temperature of 60�3� C. The measured characteristics of the HES 20 at the 100th cycle and the 5th cycle (at room temperature) remained substantially without change. After an increase of the HES' temperature to 60�3� C., the measured characteristics increased, and then remained substantially unchanged during the entire cycling period at the 60�3� C. temperature. During the decrease (after 95th cycle) of the HES' temperature to room temperature, the measured characteristics again dropped to the measured values obtained at the 5th cycle.
Ohmic resistance at the start of discharge (Rsdch) and at the end of discharge (Redch) at the 8th cycle (at room temperature of 60�3� C.) measured 64.3 mOhm and 39.3 mOhm, respectively. During cycling, the values of Rsdch and Redch decreased at an insignificant rate, and at the last (95th) cycle they measured 63.7 mOhm and 38.5 mOhm, respectively.
Cycling of the HES 20 at the temperature of 60�3� C. did not cause any changes in its operating characteristics that could be related to a change in the properties of the current collectors 35. At the 100th cycle (at room temperature), the HES 20 had a measured electrical capacitance of 8,750 F, a Coulomb capacity of 2.46 A.h, a discharge energy of 12.7 kJ, a Rsdch of 65.8 mOhm and a Redch of 39.2 mOhm. The small increase in the measured energy characteristics of the HES 20 was related to the improvement of the wettability of the carbon plates of the negative electrodes 30 during its cycling.
Measurements of HES impedance during charge and discharge (see
The electrical characteristics of the protective layer were also tested after cycling of the HES 20. The tests showed that any change in properties of the protective layer of the current collector after the accelerated tests was insignificant. For example, the average value of the specific electrical resistance of the current collector decreased from 0.85 Ohm.cm2 to 0.80 Ohm.cm2, and the p-type conductivity thereof was retained. It is believed that the slight decrease in specific electrical resistance may be related to the change of the surface state density of the protective layer.
Inasmuch as the negative electrode of the HES 20 used for testing is polarized in a potential range of about 0.9/−0.7V in relation to SHE potential, it is clear that the current collector of the present invention can also be used in a symmetric electrochemical capacitor having an aqueous sulfuric acid electrolyte.
The average values of the specific electrical resistance and adhesion of the protective layer of the current collector of Example 2 were measured as 2.4 Ohm.cm2 and 12 kg/cm2, respectively. The protective layer had a p-type conductivity.
A double electric layer (DEL) symmetric electrochemical supercapacitor 65 constructed for the purpose of testing the current collector of Example 2 is shown in
The symmetric capacitor 65 can be seen to include a pair of porous polarizable electrodes 70 having an active mass comprised of an activated carbon material. Each electrode 70 also has a current collector 75 of the present invention attached to it active mass. A porous separator 80 separates the electrodes 70. The electrodes 70 and the separator 80 are impregnated with an amount of aqueous sulfuric acid electrolyte having a density of 1.26 g/cm3. The electrode assembly resides in a case 85 through which lugs 90 of the current collectors 75 protrude. The case 85 is sealed against leakage around the lugs 90 by lug seals 95. The symmetric capacitor 65 is also equipped with a safety valve 100.
Activated carbon plates of PAC-MM-100 were also used for the active mass of these electrodes 70—although other materials could obviously also be used. The carbon plates again had overall dimensions of approximately 13�72�2.0(mm). The specific electrical capacitance, specific weight density and specific electrical resistance of the PAC-MM-100 plates was 750 F/g, 0.38 g/cm3 and 0.44 Ohm.cm2, respectively. The carbon plates are of p-type electrical conductivity.
The particular separator 80 used in the HES 20 was again an AGM-separator made of RECOMAT 15064XXP. The separator 80 had a thickness of about 0.4 mm.
The symmetric capacitor 65 was tested at room temperature. In order to increase the influence of oxygen and hydrogen on the tested current collectors 75, a heavy-duty cycling mode was deliberately selected (with a Coulomb efficiency of about 16%). The charge and discharge of the capacitor was performed at a constant current of approximately 0.36A. The Coulomb capacity of the charge and discharge process of the symmetric capacitor 65 had a value of about 1.8 A.h. During charge and discharge, the symmetric capacitor 65 experienced voltage reversal (i.e., the positive electrode of the capacitor became the negative electrode, and the negative electrode became the positive electrode).
During testing, the following characteristics of the symmetric capacitor 65 were measured: (a) energy during charge and discharge; (b) capacitor voltage and the potentials of its electrodes; (c) Ohmic resistance of the capacitor at the start and end of discharge; and (d) capacitor impedance.
The duration of pause after charge and discharge processes was 5 minutes. The tests were performed in a mode of continuous capacitor cycling mode. The number of performed continuous cycles was 100.
The energy characteristics of the symmetric capacitor 65 during cycling remained virtually unchanged. Measurements showed the electric capacitance to be 1,400 F, the Coulomb capacity to be 0.22 A.h, the discharge energy to be 1.188 kJ, the Ohmic resistance value at start of charge (Rsch) to be 21.3 mOhm, and the Ohmic resistance value at the end of charge (Rech) to be 25.2 mOhm.
As shown in
Therefore, as can be seen from the foregoing, a protective coating manufactured according to the present invention exhibits a low specific electric resistance and high p-type electrical conductivity. Such a protective coating will prevent an electrochemical capacitor electrolyte, such as a sulfuric acid-based electrolyte, from contacting the surface of the conductive basis of a current collector and will protect the surface of the conductive basis from the effects of redox processes during polarization and depolarization of its associated electrode. The protective coating is also flexible and exhibits good adhesion to the lead or lead alloy materials comprising the conductive basis.
Additionally, the protective coating will provide for high over-voltage of hydrogen and oxygen gassing in a DEL capacitor's sulfuric acid electrolyte. At temperatures from about −40� C. to about +50� C., the protective coating will be stable within a potential range of at least +1.0/−0.7V as compared to the potential of a reference standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) in a sulfuric acid electrolyte. Further, the electrical, electrochemical, physical, mechanical and protective properties of the protective coating will not change as a result of multiple polarization and depolarization within the above range of potentials and temperatures.
Thus, the foregoing description and cited examples show that a current collector of the present invention exhibits high operational efficiency when used in electrochemical capacitors having at least one carbon-based electrode and an aqueous sulfuric acid electrolyte. However, it should also be understood by one skilled in the art that a current collector of the present invention is not limited to such an application and may, in fact, find use in other electrochemical capacitors. For example, and without limitation, it is realized that a current collector of the present invention may be used in the current collectors of both the positive and negative electrodes of a symmetrical electrochemical capacitor with alkaline electrolyte. In a similar way, it is also possible to use a current collector of the present invention (made of Ni) in the positive and negative electrodes of a C/KOH/C symmetrical electrochemical capacitor. Furthermore, a current collector of the present invention may also be used with the negative electrodes (having a conductive basis of Ni, Cu, Fe and other metals) of electrochemical capacitors of a Ni (OH)2/KOH/C system. In addition, it is further realized that a protective layer according to the present invention may be used to protect a current collector conductive basis (particularly an aluminum conductive basis) of both a capacitor and a storage battery having a non-aqueous electrolyte.
Therefore, while certain embodiments of the present invention are described in detail above, the scope of the invention is not to be considered limited by such disclosure, and modifications are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention as evidenced by the following claims:
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Knock everyone off their feet - especially criminals - when you slip into this super-sexy and officially licensed Supergirl Corset adult womens costume. The seductive blue and gold corset top with Superman logo comes complete with red skirt and matching red cape.
Give your dress a little more bounce or pair with a Gothic fairy or ballerina costume when you wear this Tutu Red Skirt. Bright scarlet piece has an elastic waist so you'll feel cute and comfortable on Halloween!
If you're sick of being the bad guy every Halloween, maybe it's time to join the good side in the officially licensed Sonic The Hedgehog Knuckles Teen Costume! Use your strength to carry the most candy wearing this red character dress with attached ruffled skirt and boot covers.
Choosing a Halloween costume is mere child's play when you select this totally cute and officially licensed Sassy Chucky teen costume. Cut through the clutter when you don the classic striped top, overall skirt and red knee socks - it's killer style!
Kick up your heels and celebrate in this festive red tutu - all eyes will be on you!
You'll be walking on air wearing this Red Ruffle Skirt. Dance however you want wearing this fluffy three layer mesh skirt with elastic waist - perfect for fairies, princesses and ballerinas!
Spin your own webs on Halloween when you complete your good-looking superhero costume with this officially licensed Spiderman Skirt. Red skirt features layers of ruffles and a Spiderman applique on the waistband.
You're everyone's worst nightmare in the Officially Licensed Freddy Dress Adult Women's Costume. Terrify children and adults alike when you wear this red and black striped skirt with shrug and matching arm and leg warmers, leather-like corset and iconic fedora hat.
Create or complete your costume with this festive red and black adult tutu. Wear it as is to make a ladybug costume or wear it beneath a costume to add interest and volume. Kick up your heels on Halloween in this cute tutu.
They'll be lucky to get a hand at you on Halloween when you wear this Royal Red Queen Adult Womens Plus Size Costume. One look from you is luck of the draw in this red, white and black dress with ruffled shoulders and skirt with lace detail.
Create quite the stir in the Red and Black Adult Tutu. This red and black tutu has a layered skirt and a pretty red bow detail at the waist. The skirt is also reversible so you can change up your look or wear for different occasions.
Wear this Schoolgirl Grey Skirt to complete your sexy student look. Gray, red, black and white plaid pleated skirt goes well with a white button down and tie so you'll look like a sexy rebel skater girl.
You're one spicy woman in the Western Senorita Adult Women's Costume. Slip into this traditional style, off the shoulder Mexican dress with lace accents, a full skirt and a vibrant red sash.
Batman who? Everyone will be looking at you in the Officially Licensed Robin Skater Skirt. You'll be upgraded from sidekick to superhero status in no time when you wear this red, green and black skirt with yellow Robin graphic.
Unveil your inner vixen in the Red and Black Lace Corset. This red corset features a black lace overlay, lacy skirt detail and a red bow.
Transform into the perfect specimen of a superhero when you wear this exclusive and officially licensed Captain America Skirt. Ruffled tutu skirt has three layers of blue mesh with white star patterned design. Red elastic waist has a bulls eye star emblem in the center.
Put on a show when you wear this old time Burlesque Baby adult womens costume. This sexy, black velvet and mesh corset top dress features a red bust and ruched mini skirt along with fascinating bodice detail and a charming mini top hat on a headband.
Beware of the big, bad wolf when you wear this Red Riding Hood adult womens costume because he's looking for you. The red, white and black dress of this womens character costume features a red skirt, apron, black bodice and a puffy sleeved peasant top, complete with a red hooded cape.
Find your way to grandma's house when you wear the Little Red Riding Hood Child Costume on Halloween. Beware of the big, bad wolf when you dress in this adorable black, white and red dress that features a layered skirt and bodice with red bow details, complete with a red hooded cape.
You'll possess superhuman powers of your own wearing this exclusive and officially licensed Iron Man Skirt. You'll hold everyone who sees you captive in this super sexy tutu skirt with four layers of royal red mesh patterned with gold reactors.
Create your own costume piece by piece when you use this Pirate Adult Womens Mini Skirt to start or complete your character. Your shipmates will forget about the treasure chest when they see you in this sexy tattered jagged edge red and black striped skirt.
You little devil! Get away with anything when you don this cute Red Devil girls costume. The vibrant dress with flouncy nylon ruffle skirt comes complete with attached tail, arm warmers, leggings and headpiece. Make Halloween a devilishly good time!


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London weather: Highest UK July temperature EVER recorded at Heathrow as capital swelters
The mercury has hit 36.7C at Heathrow to make today the hottest July day on record, according to the Met Office.
19 November 2009
A father and his 14-year-old son were both convicted at the Old Bailey today of stabbing a man to death and knifing two others men.
29 October 2009
25 September 2009
10 September 2009
28 August 2009
28 July 2009
20 July 2009
19 June 2009
The greeting photograph at the latest exhibition at Timothy Taylor's main space in Carlos Place by Diane Arbus, one of the best-known and most discussed American portrait photographers, shows a small girl in a nightie, at dusk in an empty field. It sets an uneasy tone. As with Arbus's "freaks", there is a suggestion of domestic chaos. Yet like those sullen strippers, Russian midgets, "Identical Twins", the girl poses eye-to-eye with Arbus, a mark of trust on both sides of the camera.
21 May 2009
15 May 2009
01 May 2009
24 April 2009
01 April 2009
25 March 2009
04 March 2009
20 February 2009
29 January 2009
26 January 2009
22 January 2009
21 January 2009
14 January 2009
08 January 2009
11 December 2008
04 November 2008
13 October 2008
There is no rule-book for composing an opera, but if there was, Rule One might be: "Do not collaborate with Nobel Prize-winning poets." For her new opera, The Burial at Thebes, Dominique Le Gendre worked with not one, but two: Seamus Heaney and Derek Walcott. To judge from the London premiere, the composer was the poor relation; the programme even put Heaney's name before Le Gendre's, surely the wrong way round for an opera.
13 October 2008
It looks like a photo of a typical family get-together. But there is something about the youngsters in the back row that sets it apart.
13 September 2008
Living as we do in an age where breast enlargements are more common than visits to the dentist, it seems almost violently ungrateful that I, having been endowed with a large bosom, would want to have it reduced.
13 September 2008
14 July 2008
Pledge: Jack Straw says new laws to protect the use of anonymous witnesses in court cases will be rushed through Parliament within weeks
26 June 2008
25 June 2008
24 June 2008
19 June 2008
Britain is becoming a 'walk on by' society where law-abiding citizens are unwilling to help victims of violent crime, a Government adviser has warned .
18 June 2008


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We found 4 sites within 16 miles of Cwmgwrach with 4 bookable
Bridgend, Glamorgan, Wales Show on map
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15 Actors Who Made Extreme Weight Changes for Movies
Top Deadliest And Most Intimidating DC Villains of All Time
The Best DC Heroes Ever
Behold! The First Shots of The Lady Ghostbusters
How Gay Funny Man Alec Mapa Became a Baby Daddy
Movies You Didn't Know Were Blatant Rip-Offs
'Duck Dynasty's' Uncle Si Explains Why Wife Isn't on TV
NASA's Warning: 13 Months to Get Ready
Dwayne Johnson Confesses His Crush on Hayley Atwell
Will Christian Bale Ever Play Batman Again?
Robert Downey Jr. Confirms Iron Man 4 is on the Way!
Meet Marvel's New Spider-Man
David From 'Real World' Is Doing WHAT?!
Grant Gustin Teases 'Big Twist' at End of The Flash's First Season
28 Marvel Comic Facts You Probably Didn't Know
New Photos from The X-Files Revival!
Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Photos Revealed
Star Wars: The Force Awakens Trailer This Friday!
A New Batman and New Batmobile for 2016 Movie
Marvel Studios Announces New Dates and Titles
The Return of Peggy Carter
Jason Statham Confirms Role In Fast And Furious 8
Falling Skies Is Ready to Fight to the Finish
Details on the Fight Between Two Arnold Schwarzeneggers in Terminator Genisys
14 Movie Heroes Who Should Fight Each Other
4 New Original Animated Series Coming To Netflix
New Magic Mike XXL Teaser Photos Released!
Ryan Reynolds Shares a Very Special Visitor to the Deadpool Set
The Bold and the Beautiful Reveals Big Plans for Landmark Transgender Character
6 TV Finales That Failed Spectacularly


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Today's Medical Assistant - Pageburst E-Book on VitalSource
|Available Formats
|Pageburst on VitalSource eBook
Take your understanding to a whole new level with Pageburst digital books on VitalSource! Easy-to-use, interactive features let you make highlights, share notes, run instant topic searches, and so much more. Best of all, with Pageburst, you get flexible online, offline, and mobile access to all your digital books. For the first time - all in one volume - here's everything you need to prepare for a successful career as a medical assistant! Today's Medical Assistant: Clinical & Administrative Procedures is a hands-on, comprehensive guide to all of the concepts and skills you need for success in today's busy medical office: medical knowledge, clinical skills, and administrative details. No other medical assisting text provides everything you need in such a practical, accessible package! Bringing together the clinical know-how of Kathy Bonewit-West, the administrative expertise of Sue Hunt, and the anatomy and physiology knowledge of Edith Applegate, this unique text offers a single-volume, manageable approach to both clinical and administrative procedures, as well as an essential understanding of anatomy and physiology. It provides a solid foundation for success in today's fast-paced medical office, covering all the concepts and skills needed for modern medical assisting and their application to real-life situations.
Key Features
- Streaming video presentations of 89 procedures on four companion DVD-ROMs clarify procedures from the text and reinforce your understanding.
- Two companion CD-ROMs offer animations, games, exercises, and other helpful activities designed to help you assess your content knowledge, improve your critical thinking skills, and make learning more interesting and effective.
- Interactive A & P Review exercises on the CD-ROM (Body Spectrum and ArchieMD animations with exercises) help you master challenging anatomy and physiology content.
- Evolve offers online access to additional exercises, charting/documentation examples, and externship evaluation tools.
- More than 120 procedures are presented in a clear, step-by-step format in the text, including underlying principles and illustrations depicting the technique. Procedures also include Charting Examples to help you understand the process for charting your own procedures.
- Includes coverage of anatomy and physiology, plus up-to-date content on the medical record (including HIPAA, electronic medical records [EMR], and advanced directives), documentation (including billing and coding), medical office terminology, medical asepsis, vital signs, pediatrics, colonoscopy, IV therapy, CLIA Waived Tests, and much more.
- What Would You Do?/What Would You Not Do? challenges you to analyze and respond to real-life applications of case studies.
- Apply your Knowledge questions at the end of each chapter help you assess your knowledge of the material you've just covered.
- Prepare for Certification sections at the end of each chapter help you master important elements covered in medical assisting certification examinations.
- Putting It All into Practice boxes and Memories from Externship boxes introduce realistic medical assistants so that you can witness real-life medical situations.
- Patient Teaching boxes emphasize this important aspect of a medical assistant's daily job.
- An appendix of common Spanish-English phrases helps you effectively communicate with Spanish-speaking patients.
- An appendix of helpful websites gives you valuable information on professional organizations, accrediting agencies, and agencies that provide CPR certification.
Author Information
By Kathy Bonewit-West, BS, MEd, Coordinator and Instructor, Medical Assistant Technology, Hocking College, Nelsonville, OH, Former member, Curriculum Review Board of the American Association of Medical Assistants; Sue Hunt, MA, RN, CMA (AAMA), Former Professor and Coordinator, Medical Assisting Program, Middlesex Community College, Lowell, MA and Edith MS Applegate, MS, Professor of Sciences and Mathematics, Kettering College of Medical Arts, Kettering, OH
Customer Reviews
- e-Book
- Imprint: Saunders
- Copyright: 2009


text:
To overcome the administrative issues, healthcare organizations outsources their non-core work such as data entry services to the medical outsourcing services company for efficient services. The medical outsourcing services company provides efficient Data Entry Outsourcing services to healthcare at minimized cost.
The Medical Billing Companies offers highly qualified staff and they follow latest technology for maintaining data entry services in healthcare organizations. Medical Billing Staff provides quality care while deals with administrative and operational issues in healthcare. Even medical billing experts helps healthcare by solving the issues occurred in Emergency Department. Medical Billing Outsourcing
For more : http://www.medicalbillingoutsourcing.net/


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Obituary & Guest Book Preview for Franklin D. Bowser
Franklin D. Bowser Obituary
Published on Pennlive.com and in The Patriot-News on May 4, 2014
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: Franklin D. Bowser, 77, of Newberry Twp., died Friday, May 2, 2014 in Holy Spirit Hospital, East Pennsboro Twp. He was a retired Technical Sergeant...
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1. In a bottle, mix 4 cups of milk with 1 ounce of whole fat yogurt.
2. Close bottle with saran wrap and keep in a warm place for 12 hours.
3. After 12 hours, pour the mix into a chilled blender and blend for about 2-5 minutes. This process separates the butter from the milk.
4. Pour out the buttermilk and press the additional buttermilk from the butter. The butter lasts longer without the buttermilk.
5. Add ¼ cup cold water to the buttermilk and blend again.
6. Remove excess water from the butter.
7. Add salt to the butter, if you want. Salting helps preserve the butter.
8. Roll butter into wax paper and mould into container to take shape and store. You can also freeze the butter for storing.
9. You can also add roasted garlic and salt to the butter for flavor.
10. Use the butter for stir frying other recipes or with your bread.
TIPS: If bubbles develop in the bottle, the mix has gone bad.


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The First Colorado Hotel to Post 420 Friendly Right on Sign?
There's an unusual sight on US 160 in Pagosa Springs, Colo. -- a motel sign proudly exclaiming "420 FRIENDLY" next to the other amenities such as wifi, hot tub and sauna.
HIGH TIMES How To: Choosing A Nail
These days nails and rigs have replaced bowls and bongs as tools of choice for the stoner in the know. With so many types of nails to choose from, things can get confusing. Here are a few important things to consider when choosing the perfect nail for you.
6 Stoner Tips for Summer
You're melting like a gooey dab on a nail! Summer has arrived, and it is hot, hot, hot. You need some pot, pot, pot! How can you get lit while avoiding torches, lighters and other sources of heat? Hmmmm.
Life Hacks For Stoners
Being a stoner has its life challenges and we're here to make it just that much easier for you with these life hacks for enthusiast.
2014 Dab Report: Breaking Dab
BHO is not some dangerous new drug -- it's just a more modern form of hashish, which has been around for thousands of years. Yes, it's more potent than your father's (or grandfather's) hash, but it's still just hash.


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This wall clock features a striking Asian inspired floral design in black and white with crystal accents.
This beautiful wall clock features a bold black and white floral design with crystal embellishments. White antique style clock hands add extra detail and complement the floral element. Add this wall clock to any room in the home or office for an immediate design upgrade.
Our associates are standing by to assist you.


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Marketing Information
Life made simple this food processor gives you the flexibility to slice, chop, shred, grate or puree as much or as little as you like and it does it in no time. With a fierce, 500-watt motor working under its sleek and sturdy exterior, it performs as great as it looks.
General Information
Additional Information
Physical Characteristics
Power Description
Technical Information
(based on 11 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
5 Stars
4 Stars
3 Stars
2 Stars
1 Stars
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Most Liked Positive Review
As a professional Chef I do recommend.
The Power Pro is really powerful. It tends to it's task very fast, and it is easy to use. This engine will never weaar out or overtire. For professional use, the plastic...Read complete review
The Power Pro is really powerful. It tends to it's task very fast, and it is easy to use. This engine will never weaar out or overtire. For professional use, the plastic is a bit fragile, as in, the rim on the bowl from being hit with the commercial spatula has sufferd some chips but still works good. The insert to the handle from continuous commerscial washing has to be adjusted after every wash but not big deal really. For home use it will not even need to be done often. I am actaually on this site to find a new bowl. I will not look for another food processor because this one is so powerful and fast. For small pro-kitchen or home use it is great and will last forever.
Most Liked Negative Review
Caterer hates it.
I've gone through my fair share of food processors over the last 25 years. All have the locking lid that you must slide into place for the motor to work. This model predictably has...Read complete review
I've gone through my fair share of food processors over the last 25 years. All have the locking lid that you must slide into place for the motor to work. This model predictably has that -- plus ANOTHER weird multi-part locking lid on the feed chute. Slow and frustrating. AND the feed chute locking piece broke off the third time I used it...rendering the machine useless. The motor was zippy and the chopping blade made short work of grinding almonds. On the other hand, the poorly designed feed chute, when combined with the slice/shred disc, destroyed a Granny Smith apple and left half of it stuck to the plastic workbowl cover. The motor is fine but the design is utterly ridiculous. And that's a lot of money to pay for 2.5 uses.
Reviewed by 11 customers
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Broke on second use
By loupana
from Ontario, Canada
Comments about Russell Hobbs PowerPro FP2500 Food Processor:
Not very well built, what is these days. Shredding cheese the Disc Stem broke. very cheap plastic.
Bottom Line No, I would not recommend this to a friend
Was this review helpful? Yes / No
- You may also flag this review
By grandma4
from Saskatoon, SK, Canada
everything takes a turn at breaking and try to replace it costs more than buying a new one......
Works great, brittle plastic
By PestoWhiz
from Undisclosed
I've had this for a few years and it works great, but the plastic is super fragile. It seems like every time I wash it another little piece breaks off, and today the whole bowl split down the side. I was worried for a while that sooner or later I'd break off the little piece that breaks the safety and it wouldn't turn on, but this is much worse.
By caterwhiz
from Fergus Falls, MN
So Far So Good
By Dianna
from Rozet, Wy
Just got mine today for Christmas and have used once, the only thing I have noticed so far is it could use graduated measurements. As I was processing fresh pumpkin, "today", and decided to just mix everything in the processer. Had to eyeball it, turned out great, but I have been doing this a few years and did not need to be precise... This time.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
very poorly made
By dontlike35
from akron,ohio
I dont even have 20 minutes of operation time on this model and the blade ripped loose from the spindle while slicing potatoes.I was able to glue that back together and secure the blade.Then after using it the second time after this fix the top of the plunger snapped off.This model is very dissappointing and I certainly would not recommend it.The plastic is very low quality and breaks way too easily.I dont understand why they would use this type of plastic with something that has a considerable amout of torque.
Product has design flaw
By BAMACOOK
from Montgomery, AL
I purchased the Black & Decker Powerpro food processor about 9 months ago. I use it frequently. My biggest complaint is that when grating foods, they get stuck between the feed chute and the top of the food processor. I have to scrape with a knife to get the food out. It is also difficult to clean that part of the processor. In addition, my grater/chopper blade has broken. The plastic part that fits into the food processor separated.
Works good but leaks
By Just say'n
from Bartlesville, OK
The lid on mine leaks while in use. Its no where near the full level either. I have tried taking the lid off and putting it back on but still no luck. Also the bowl is hard to get it in the correct lock position to work. Maybe the upgraded one might work better but the store here didn't have it.
Absolute failure
By madbaker
from Romeoville, IL
I used this twice. The second time that I used it a piece of plastic that slides into the handle to activate the on/pulse action broke off. My guess is that the stupid suction cups that stick to the counter cause too much stress on the inferior plastic that makes up the whole lid and mixing unit. I am very unhappy with this product.
I love all Black & Decker ...
By herbster
from charlotte, nc
I love all Black & Decker products but I was disappointed with the black & decker label on my food processor, after a two cleaning the label came off. is there any way you guys can do a better job with the labelling because it comes off so easily.


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Sultani Decrees -
Sultani Decree 20/2015 -
Promulgating the GCC Common Law of Anti-dumping, Countervailing Measures & Safeguards.
Sultani Decree 21/2015 -
Granting Omani nationality to 288 named...more
For expatriating US companies to avoid anti-inversion rules, their foreign business activities must satisfy a tough bright-line test, consistent with controversial 2012 rules.
On June 3, 2015, the US Department of the...more
Fred, one of our technical IT specialists, just told us that his partner volunteered for a European assignment. Fred's a great guy and we need him but he earns less than his partner and wants the experience...more
Are you an American abroad living in perpetual fear of the IRS? Do you wake up every morning wondering if today you'll receive a formidable notice that the taxman cometh? You are not alone. ...more
According to Treasury reports, 3,417 U.S. citizens relinquished their U.S. citizenship in 2014, which is more than the number of expatriations reported in prior years. As required by law, the Treasury publishes a quarterly...more
I am an HR manager working for a US company that sends employees on long term assignment abroad. One of our senior assignees recently rang me to say how worried he is about Greek politics and the potential...more
For expatriate health plans issued or renewed on or after July 1, 2015, the Expatriate Health Coverage Clarification Act of 2014 (EHCCA) provides an exemption from various Affordable Care Act (ACA) provisions. Last December,...more
In the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act (the recently enacted federal budget bill often known as the "CRomnibus" legislation), Congress has exempted health plans designed to cover expatriates from most...more
The 2015 Cromnibus and the Tax Increase Prevention Act of 2014 solve some problems and raise others.
On December 16, 2014, U.S. President Barack Obama signed the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act...more
As of late 2014, the United States faced no Ebola pandemic whatsoever. The odds of catching Ebola in an American workplace remained statistically zero. Only a handful of Ebola cases had made their way to the United States,...more
In a judgment issued on October 30, 2014 by the Dubai International Financial Centre (DIFC) Court of First Instance, the court confirmed its jurisdiction over a lawsuit by an expatriate investor, resident in Dubai, United...more
With the effective date of the "pay-or-play" employer mandate just over the horizon, employers who sponsor group health plans are well aware of the layers of complexity presented by the mandate. One of the layers that...more
In the context of transnational litigation, diversity jurisdiction in a U.S. federal court can be difficult to demonstrate. This is because the typical parties in transnational litigation may include U.S. citizens, U.S....more
In This Issue:
- Implementation of the Affordable Care Act
- Other Federal Regulatory Initiatives
- Other Congressional and State Initiatives
- Other Health Care News
- Upcoming Hearings and Markups
The UAE banking crisis and its inappropriate involvement with INTERPOL Red Notices, which have been addressed here and here in this blog, appears to drag on still. Parag Deulgaonkar reported recently for Emirates 24/7 that...more
On January 9, 2014, the Departments of Labor (DOL), Health and Human Services (HHS), and the Treasury (collectively, the "Departments") issued additional health care reform guidance in the form of Frequently Asked Questions...more
Are you living the American dream … abroad? If so, you may be considering joining forces with Superman and changing your nationality. You face some unique burdens if you earn a cent while soaking up the sun in Saint Tropezor...more
While Israel welcomes immigrants, and even provides them with tax incentives, it is serious about ending any perceived notion that it is somehow complicit with taxes evaded by its foreign residents in their home country. As...more
Previously, many U.S. citizens living abroad eliminated their U.S. income tax liabilities with a credit for foreign taxes paid; however, individuals who are subject to the new 3.8 percent net investment income tax (NIIT) may...more
As discussed in a prior post, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service ("IRS") is currently in the process of finalizing its regulations implementing the Affordable Care Act's ("ACA") "Employer Mandate." The Employer Mandate, which...more
Preventive Care Expansion for Calendar Plan Year 2015 for Non-Grandfathered or Non-Exempt Plans -
The preventive care coverage requirements were updated in September 2013 to include a requirement that there must be...more
As reported, the U.S. Labor Department, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S. Treasury Department (together, the "Departments") recently issued additional FAQs regarding implementation of the market...more
1. What role does the government of Japan play in approving and regulating foreign direct investment?
Generally speaking, foreigners can conduct business in Japan on an equal legal footing with Japanese citizens. The...more
One of the news items that generates political fireworks each year is the number and names of famous Americans who renounce their U.S. citizenship. According to the Wall Street Journal, the United States is...more
Many global companies regularly send workers to train or attend meetings in Canada or Mexico....more
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biographical name Hei·ne \ˈhī-nə also -nē\
Definition of HEINE
Heinrich 1797–1856 Ger. poet & critic
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Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History
Cambridge University Press, 2004 - History - 395 pages
Ancient Rome is a concise, comprehensive political and military history of the Roman Republic and Empire, from the origins of the city in the Italian Iron Age, until the deposition of the last emperor in 476 AD. Christopher Mackay describes how military events undermined the political institutions of the Republic, how the Empire was administered and controlled, why Christianity was adopted as the state religion under Constantine, and how military and economic pressures of the third and fourth centuries eventually led to the downfall of the Western empire. Illustrated with relevant art works from Rome's long history, this volume serves as an up-to-date overview of one of the most extraordinary civilizations in human history.
What people are saying - Write a review
LibraryThing ReviewUser Review - gmicksmith - LibraryThing
This volume does not claim to be exhaustive but it concentrates on the political and military history of Rome. In this regard it should be considered in the same category as other general surveys of ... Read full review
Review: Ancient Rome: A Military and Political HistoryUser Review - Goodreads
Wholly informative and exactly what I wanted it to be: a broad overview of the Roman Republic and Empire. It portrays a thousand years' history through the empire's many ups and downs, allowing for ... Read full review
Selected pages
Common terms and phrases
Africa allies Antoninus Antony apparently Asia Minor assassination assembly attack Augustus Balkans battle became campaign Carthage Carthaginians Christians Cicero citizenship civil Claudius command Commodus conquest Constantine consul consulship Crassus Danube death decided defeat Diocletian Domitian dynasty early east eastern elected emperor Empire equestrian established Etruscan eventually force Galba Galerius Gallienus Gaul Germanic governor Gracchus Greece Greek Hannibal Imperial government imperium invaded invasion Italy king kingdom large numbers Late Republic later Latin Latium legions Licinius literary tradition magistrates major Marius Maximian Mesopotamia military murdered Nero oligarchy pagan Parthian patrician period Persians plebs political Pompey position praefect praetor praetorian praefect proclaimed provinces reign restore revolt Rhine Roman army Roman territory Rome second century seized senate senatorial Severus sources Spain Stilicho Sulla's Syria Theodosius third century A.D. Tiberius took town Trajan tribes tribune troops Valentinian Valentinian III Vespasian victory Vitellius voting young Caesar
References to this book
The Army in the Roman Revolution
Arthur Keaveney
No preview available - 2007


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Get the latest news and updates from the Cincinnati Recreation Commission. Sign up for our email newsletter!
- May 6, 2014
- Be a CRC Lifeguard: Next Lifeguard Training Course Begins Friday
CRC is hiring more lifeguards to staff the pools for the summer. The next lifeguard training course begins Friday, May 9 at 5:30 at Mt. Auburn Indoor Pool; 2034 Young Street, 45219.
- April 29, 2014
- Don't Miss Dinner Theater with CRC!
Enjoy dinner and a show to benefit the Dunham Advisory Board. The 39 Steps by Patrick Barlow and John Buchan is the featured performance on Friday May 2.
- April 22, 2014
- CAMP CRC accepts ODJFS vouchers at Corryville Recreation Center
The Corryville Recreation Center accepts ODJFS childcare vouchers from the State of Ohio for summer camp. If you wish to register using vouchers, please register in person at Corryville Center: 2823 Eden Avenue, 45219; 221-0888.
- April 17, 2014
- We're Hiring Lifeguards
Want to make a difference in the lives of children and work outside at a fun summer job? CRC is hiring 60 more lifeguards to staff the pools for the summer. CRC hires hundreds of lifeguards for the summer season.
- April 8, 2014
- Find Some Treasures at Dunham's Attic Sale and Sayler Park's Craft Fair
Looking for some deals? Be sure to visit Dunham Recreation Complex's Attic Treasure Sale and the Craft Fair at Sayler Park Recreation Center– you never know what you will find!
- April 7, 2014
- CRC Spring Activities
The weather is finally turning warm and Cincinnati Recreation Commission is celebrating the spring season with community get-togethers at recreation centers. You can celebrate with CRC at various recreation centers around town.
- April 7, 2014
- You Can Still Register for the 2014 Senior Olympics
Calling all athletes! The Senior Olympics events have begun and you can register for the events by calling the office. Please call Aprilann at 513-352-4012. There is no on-site registration. Please register three (3) days prior to the event.
- March 27, 2014
- CRC Filling Summer Positions
Youth Job Fair – April 2 at Evanston Recreation Center
CRC will host a job fair for youth and young adults at Evanston Recreation Center on Wednesday, April 2; 3:00 – 7:00 p.m.
- March 10, 2014
- Plan Your Summer with CAMP CRC!
Register now for CAMP CRC Sports Camps at Lunken Playfield and Summer Day Camps.
- March 10, 2014
- Register now for RiverTrek 2014
Be part of a once-in-a-lifetime outdoor adventure this summer! Visit the RiverTrek 2014 webpage
- More Results:


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Wednesday, December 29, 2004
© Copyright 2015 Clayton News Daily
By Greg GelpiA new year promises new schools, new choices and new academic successes for Clayton County schools, Superintendent Barbara Pulliam said. "People are going to begin to see a renaissance really soon," she said. "It's coming soon." The system launched a campaign of "academic renaissance" to begin the school year and the renaissance will continue into the calendar year, Pulliam said. "As I look to 2005, I look to the final pieces of a puzzle being put in place that will guide the school district for the next five years," Pulliam said. "I look forward to us doing some great things for these kids and this community." Pulliam, who took the helm of the system in early 2004, has forged a path for the school system in less than a year, revamping several departments, establishing new programs and restructuring the system as a whole. Academically, Pulliam envisions programs working together to increase the system's high school graduation rate. The system implemented the ninth grade transition program this academic year, and Pulliam will review the data produced by the program to ensure its effectiveness in early 2005. The program uses the "school within a school" approach to foster ninth-graders through the process of adapting from middle to high school. "High school graduation rates aren't going to increase until we better prepare our students for high school," she said. Part of that preparation includes the goal of having all eighth graders take algebra, Pulliam said. High school freshmen currently take the math course, which is often pointed to as an indicator of future success. Students who fail to pass algebra and geometry will have to retake the classes, she said. There is a "direct correlation" between algebra and how successful students will be in the job market and in post-secondary education. "If they don't have the proper amount of math and science, then they are not going to be successful adults," Pulliam said. Along with the focus on math and science, the system will also focus on increasing "academic rigor" and the number of students in honors, gifted and advanced placement classes. Pulliam said that a student earning a C or D in one of those courses actually learns more than a student who earns an A or a B in less rigorous courses. "I've got to get parents to understand the advantage of taking more rigorous courses," Pulliam said. The superintendent has also assembled a team to explore more options for school choice, particularly magnet schools. For instance, Sequoyah Middle School may have math or math and science focus areas for sixth graders when it opens in the fall. Students get a "taste" of choice under the No Child Left Behind Act, which allows students at poor performing schools to transfer to other schools, but choices could be expanded in Clayton County schools. "It doesn't mean that they wouldn't learn anything else, but (particular academic programs) would become part of the emphasis," Pulliam said. As another possibility, Mt. Zion High School is the only high school in the school system with practice studios for band and dance and is across the street from Clayton County Schools Performing Arts Center, she said. It could potentially become a fine arts magnet school. Among the challenges of magnet programs will be finding highly qualified teachers, Pulliam said. An algebra teacher in a math program, for instance, should be knowledgeable in geometry and calculus, so that students learn algebra and are also prepared for more advanced math classes. The school system is also looking forward to being taken off of warned status by its accrediting agency, the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. SACS lifted the school system's yearlong probation earlier this year.
More like this story
- Superintendent speaks at breakfast ( August 27, 2004 )
- Program to prepare students for world ( May 11, 2005 )
- System eyes magnet schools ( November 24, 2004 )
- System eyes magnet schools ( November 23, 2004 )
- School opens with renaissance ( August 9, 2004 )


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Tag Archives: Confraternity of the Precious Blood
The Imitation of Christ audiobook
I've been re-reading my Confraternity of the Precious Blood copy of the Imitation of Christ by Thomas a Kempis. It's probably my second favorite book ever.* Imagine my joy when I found the Imitation of Christ as a free audio … Continue reading


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Pope Francis ushers in a Latin American tourist boom
Italy's capital is enjoying a boom in tourists from Latin America due in part to the popularity of Pope Francis, according to new figures from the city government.
Italy's capital is enjoying a boom in tourists from Latin America due in part to the popularity of Pope Francis, according to new figures from the city government.
An entire class of one Italian high school opted out of a class on Catholicism, reopening a debate over whether state money should be used for a class focusing on one faith.
The Vatican's pop culture guru, Cardinal Gianfranco Ravasi, says his Twitter message paying homage to hard-partying rocker Lou Reed was meant to praise his music, not his drug-influenced lifestyle.
Ravasi, an Italian cardinal and the head of the Pontifical Council for Culture, reacted to Reed's death Monday with a tweet made up of some of the lyrics from "Perfect Day," Reed's 1972 cult classic. Given Reed's provocative lifestyle, the tweet shocked many Vatican watchers.
Pope Francis recently described reform in the church as a two-step process. First, he said, one has to get the "attitudes" right, then policies and structures will follow.
If much of his first eight months in office has been about projecting new attitudes, Oct. 1-3 may be remembered as the moment when stage two kicked in and the pope got down to business.
Over those days, Francis joined the first meeting of his new Council of Cardinals, a body of eight prelates from around the world intended to bring the voices of local churches into decisions made in Rome.
Moved by the election of Pope Francis seven months ago, the name "Francesco" has leapfrogged to No. 1 on the list of the most popular baby names in Italy, according to a study.
The study, conducted by Enzo Caffarelli, who researches the origins of names at Rome's Tor Vergata University, along with telephone directory publisher Seat PG Italia, also showed a trend toward re-naming streets, town squares and parks for St. Francis of Assisi, the pontiff's namesake.
There are now more than 2,000 public places in Italy named after Francis; 300 of them were named this year.
The Society of St. Pius X offered to celebrate a funeral for Erich Priebke after the diocese of Rome said the service would be allowed only in a private home.
On Tuesday, the Vatican warned churches not to get ahead of Pope Francis and take the reform process into their own hands.
John Allen in Rome: Impending revisions to the synod envision a multiphase process involving opportunities for input at the base, including use of the Internet to collect suggestions.
Francis has sketched a beguiling vision of a more merciful and compassionate church, but pulling it off will require finding bishops to match.
Perhaps the single public figure on the planet right now least in need of rehabilitation of his image is Pope Francis, who's got poll numbers in most places of which politicians and celebrities alike can only dream.
Nevertheless, rehabilitation is precisely what Italian journalist Nello Scavo delivers in his new book Bergoglio's List: The Untold Story of the People Saved by Francis during the Dictatorship, which was presented today at the headquarters of the Jesuit journal Civiltà Cattolica in Rome.


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Watch the World Cup outside at these five viewing parties
Seeing the games in the great outdoors will almost make it feel like you're actually playing…well, maybe
Fri Jun 13 2014
CommentsAdd +
1. Official 2014 FIFA World Cup Public Viewing Zone
You know it's good if it has the word official before the title and ends with the word zone. Head to Governors Island to see the games on a big screen, and forgive FIFA for coming up with a title that sounds straight out of an Orwell novel.
2. The World Cup Under the Archway
Dumbo is hosting viewing parties right under the Manhattan Bridge, and showing over 60 hours of competition. If you have no idea who's playing, you can wander over to Brooklyn Bridge Park when you can get bored and enjoy a dope picnic.
3. Outdoor World Cup viewing party at Lonestar Bar & Grill
Nothing says "international soccer" like a Texas BBQ joint! We kid. The place is actually quite well-known for being a soccer hub. Head down to Bay Ridge for massive steaks as well as the chance to watch all the action straight from Brazil.
4. Berry Park World Cup rooftop viewing party
At Berry Park, a spirited rooftop venue in Williamsburg with a spectacular view of the water, the scenery means you can always just turn away from the screen and gaze upon the cityscape if your team is losing.
5. World Cup 2014 at Terminal 5 rooftop deck
Rub shoulders with soccer fans, drink expensive cocktails, and cheer on your favorite soccer team as you briefly wonder to yourself, "Didn't I see Fischerspooner play here back in the early 2000s?"
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Email: dana.varinsky at timeout.com
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| View Exclusive AAUP Compensation Survey Data |
Taseen Peterson is a portrait of the recession. A single father who worked as a loan officer in the mortgage industry, Peterson decided to go back to school as the real estate market dried up, figuring he'd ride out the downturn in college and come out the other end with a credential that would get him a higher paying job.
When Congress wrote into the Higher Education Act renewal and then the economic stimulus legislation provisions requiring states to fund their higher education systems at a certain minimum level to receive some federal money, even those of us who favored the idea weren't sure exactly how much impact it would have. We hoped the "maintenance of effort" provisions would achieve our desired goal – prodding state legislatures to be more responsible in maintaining their fair share of fiscal commitments for higher education – but we did not know how much it would influence legislators as they decided how to allocate statewide spending cuts for the 2009 and 2010 fiscal years.
Now we do – and the answer is that many states based their entire higher education reductions not on valid educational principles or state formulaic considerations, but on the simple threat of losing federal resources. As you can see from the table below, in their 2010 appropriations, 12 states (including Colorado in 2011) reduced their funding for higher education to the exact amount or within less than half of 1 percent of the threshold set by the maintenance of effort requirement.
The power of these data convinces me that this was not coincidental, and I hope it will convince others who worry about the future health of our public colleges and universities that members of Congress should make maintenance of effort requirements a regular part of doing business when allocating federal funds for higher education, including in the Student Aid and Fiscal Responsibility Act now making its way through Congress.
The Background
In the summer of 2008, in the final stages of passage of the Higher Education Opportunity Act (HEOA), which renewed the Higher Education Act, a conflict ensued over whether to attach a "maintenance of effort" requirement to some federal funds. The provision required that states could not appropriate less than the average state amount appropriated for the previous five years; states that failed to meet the requirement would lose their College Access Challenge Grant funds until the state provided the minimum specified amount.
Unfortunately, the College Access Challenge Grant funds constituted a small portion of the total funds under HEOA and did not have enough funding weight to influence state appropriation decisions. However, this established an important precedent for federal higher education funding, and five months later, Congress attached a similar provision to the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009, more commonly known as the "economic stimulus" bill. The provision required states to provide a minimum threshold state appropriation of not less than the 2006 appropriated levels. Falling under that threshold would put a state in jeopardy of losing significant federal stimulus money.
Critics of this kind of federal leverage claimed that it would prove to be counterproductive or would have no impact whatsoever on state legislative behavior. Supporters of the requirements, including Reps. George Miller of California and John Tierney of Massachusetts, reasoned that state legislatures would be more likely to maintain their fair share of fiscal commitments for higher education if the federal government established a floor below which states could not go.
Recent state appropriations data clearly show that many states based their entire higher education reductions not on valid educational principles or state formulaic considerations, but on the simple threat of losing federal resources. As Table 1 shows, Arizona, California, Illinois, Louisiana, Michigan, Montana, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, Utah, and Washington came within a hair of the minimum in 2010. In fact, state higher education allocations in Oregon for 2010, matched the federal threshold amount precisely. Tennessee reduced its higher education budget by over $70 million, to within $34 of the federal requirement and the 2006 funding level. California exceeded the federal spending threshold by only $2 million in a budget totaling $8.8 billion for higher education.
A few states do not appear on this chart because they have taken advantage of an exception in the maintenance of effort provision that allows states to seek special waivers from the secretary of education if they have "exceptional or uncontrollable circumstances." The waivers basically allow states to reduce higher education appropriations below the 2006 funding levels, and South Carolina, Rhode Island, Nevada, Massachusetts and Kentucky have already done so.
What do these recent developments mean? First, they clearly demonstrate that states respond to federal mandates of this kind, and I believe that all federal funding for higher education should be leveraged in this way to force state legislatures to maintain their funding responsibilities for public higher education. Similar leverage has been applied for federal K-12 funding since as far back as 1965, and is now in play with federal Medicaid matching funds. Before 2008, states routinely cut public higher education funding, allowing tuition and fees to rise significantly, and increasingly used federal funding to "supplant" state commitments.
In numerous states, maintenance of effort changed the dynamics of that troubling trend, and to keep doing so, Congress should make such provisions part of every new federal higher education law, including the student loan reform bill that will hit the U.S. Senate floor next month.
SAFRA is expected to provide $87 billion in higher education funding over the next nine years, and leveraging these funds to keep states from removing themselves as part of this "shared responsibility" will be critical to ensure that the new federal funds do not simply "supplant" state funding and negate new federal resources over the next nine years. This kind of important language should be supported by advocates for public higher education nationwide.
Second, allowing state legislatures to opt out of these crucial fiscal requirements through a waiver process simply permits states to return to a pre-MOE period wherein the vagaries and inconsistencies of state legislation supersede the increasing educational needs of students.
If waivers are granted, state legislatures will have no statutory or regulatory limits as to how much they will be permitted to reduce state funding for higher education. As these state appropriations data clearly show, if more waivers are granted, more substantive state budget reductions will follow, leading to even more restricted student access and much higher tuition and fees in those states. This would place in much greater jeopardy our ability as a nation to achieve President Obama's 2020 higher education attainment goals while also meeting increasing state demands to produce more college and university graduates.
F. King Alexander is president of California State University at Long Beach.
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February 24th, 2008 #1
Hi everyone....See MY drAWs and tell me what u think!!!
Nothing is imposible when you really want to do that think!
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Pumpkin Pie
5 Sep 2010
|9 inch shortcrust pastry shell
|1 , uncooked
|1 1⁄4 Cup (20 tbs)
|1 Pinch
|Ground ginger
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Ground cinnamon
|1 Teaspoon
|Ground cloves
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Cooked pumpkin
|2 Cup (32 tbs) (Fresh / Canned)
|Vanilla extract
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|2 , beaten
|1 , rind grated
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
Pre-heat the oven to 425°F.
Prepare the pie shell and bake it for 5 minutes.
Mix the sugar, salt and spices together in a large mixing bowl.
Add the pumpkin, vanilla, eggs and lemon and mix these together very well.
Add the milk and cream and stir well to a very thick soupy consistency.
Pour the pumpkin filling into the pie shell and bake for 20 minutes.
Then reduce the oven temperature to 275°F and bake for a further 40 minutes.
A knife or piece of raw spaghetti inserted in the filling should come out clean when the pie is finished.
Remove, allow to cool and serve chilled.
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Pumpkin Pie Recipe


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When we saw Audrina Patridge and Kristin Cavallari filming The Hills last night at Industry (which used to be Area, just FYI club-hoppers), we weren't all that interested. Now that the marginally entertaining Lauren Conrad's gone, the show's turned into even more of a snoozefest than ever before.
But then we remembered that Audrina said she was ditching The Hills to do her own spinoff show not too long ago.
"I'm moving on," she previously said. "At times, I feel like I'm in high school, but I didn't even go through this stuff in high school."
So why is she still shooting for the original reality-turned-scripted series?
"She was announced to shoot season six [of The Hills]," her rep tells E! News. "She still has her show in development. She shot the pilot and is waiting to see if MTV picked it up."
And in case you were wondering, new boyfriend Ryan Cabrera wasn't on hand for the taping last night. However, the two were together last weekend in Vegas, where they were all over each other at Vanity nightclub in the Hard Rock Hotel. Hope cameras caught that grabfest!
As for one person who probably won't be watching either reality show? Angel McCord, sister of AnnaLynne McCord, who called The Hills "f--king annoying" as she left the club last night.
An F-lister commenting on a D-lister...how ironic!
At least one legitimate star was in the house last night: Glee's Cory Monteith, who joked that he was there for the free nonalcoholic beer. Love that Canadian cutie!
—Additional reporting by Chris Hall
See who else was out and about in our Party Pics: HollywoodGallery


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I want to insert some space in between my post titled 'Hello World' positioned directly beneath the Facebook, Twitter & RSS icons located on my home page. Please see the homepage of my website http://www.cockyapple6.com. As you can see the post is too close to the icons.
Please help! Thanks
Cheers Sasha


text: I am planning a trip again in July 2009 to Disneyland. Every visit we stay at the Disneyland Hotel and I thought that since we would not be able to make a trip next year to Disneyland, we thought we might like to try the Grand Californian Hotel. How far in advance can you book and what specifically do I need to tell the travel people at the Disney Travel Company concerning room view (we want a Downtown Disney view preferrably)?