text:
The Welsh Government
- Name
- The Welsh Government
- Population
- 3.1 million (2012)
- £52 billion (2014)
- Country
- Wales
Total GHG emissions (year): 45.83 MtCO2e (2012)
GHG emissions/capita/year: 14.9 tonnes CO2e (2012)
Wales is one of the nations that make up the United Kingdom, located in the west of Europe, covering an area of just over 8,000 square miles (20,722 km²) and with a population of just over 3 million.
Wales is rich in tradition and culture with dramatic scenery, more castles per square mile than any other country in the world and a passion for sport, particularly rugby and football.
Wales has two official languages, English and Welsh - the Welsh language being one of the oldest living languages in Europe, which is still spoken fluently by about a fifth of the population.
Our natural resources fuelled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th centuries with Wales becoming one of the world's very first industrialized nations. The legacy of that industrialization also means that we are fully aware of the long lasting social and environmental implications that unsustainable development can have.
Today we have a mixed economy including finance, construction, agriculture, wholesale, retail and tourism and going forward our focus on green growth is supporting the significant increases already seen in the low carbon and environmental sectors of our economy. As a nation, the food produced from our land remains an important part of our identity, with Welsh Lamb and Welsh Beef's unique heritage, character and reputation having been recognized by the European Commission with Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) status.
In tackling climate change, our approach in Wales is to take action which has sustainable development at its heart. In other words, our action to tackle the problem of climate change has looked to also address key issues such as health, poverty and to create jobs, whilst also benefitting the environment.
In 2014 we conducted a national conversation on "The Wales We Want" for our future generations. In a survey of young people across Wales, the top two issues highlighted after jobs were flooding and climate change.
Our Active Travel Act is a world first for Wales and provides us with an opportunity to transform Wales into an active travel nation, making walking and cycling the normal way of getting around, which helps to incorporate exercise into people's everyday lives and helps our environment by reducing air pollution, carbon dioxide emissions and congestion.
The Sustainable Development Scheme aims to measure and reduce Wales' ecological footprint and to promote fair and responsible consumption of resources. In doing this, it will help build a sustainable economy, foster innovation and technology, and enhance both human wellbeing and biodiversity.
Sustainability lies at the heart of our agenda as a Government and therefore lies at the heart of our legislative programme with 3 landmark pieces of legislation that seek to enshrine Wales' commitment to sustainable development and support our efforts to tackle key intergenerational challenges like climate change. Broadly, the Bills will enable this by:
- Setting out clearly the goals we are aiming for and the key principles to apply in order to develop sustainably. This is being done through the Well-being of Future Generations Bill.
- Ensuring there is a clear evidence base in relation to the natural resources we have, the key risks they face and the opportunities they bring. This is being done through the Environment Bill.
- Having an efficient process to ensure the right development is located in the right place. This is being done through the Planning Bill.
The Well-being of Future Generations Bill sets ambitious, long-term goals to reflect the Wales we want to see, both now and in the future. The goals encompass a prosperous, resilient, healthier, more equal Wales with cohesive communities and a vibrant and thriving culture and Welsh language. In putting these goals into law, it will also set the role of public services in Wales in working to achieving the goals as its overarching purpose.
The Commissioner for Sustainable Futures provides advice to the Welsh Government and leadership for sustainable development across Wales and also chairs the Climate Change Commission for Wales, an independent body providing leadership and advice to Welsh Government, which brings together the main political parties, sector interests, delivery bodies, academics and climate change experts to support delivery of climate change work in Wales.
The Environment Bill will put in place a modern legislative approach that recognizes that our water, land, air and sea are all interlinked and our economy, society and environment are all interdependent. It sets out the requirements to manage, use and enhance Wales' natural resources to deliver lasting, sustainable economic, social and environmental benefits.
A key theme of the Environment Bill is integrated Natural Resource Management, which applies the UN Convention on Biological Diversity's Ecosystem Approach and puts in place processes to plan and manage our natural resources in a more joined-up way to improve ecosystem resilience and the ability of our ecosystems to adapt to climate change.
The planning system is central to sustainable development and in Wales planning policy provides for a presumption in favour of sustainable development to ensure that decision-makers look at social, economic and environmental issues at the same time when taking decisions. The Planning Bill will improve the planning system by emphasising a positive approach that facilitates appropriate development that delivers both now and in the long term.
Key Targets / Successes
Climate policy and GHG emissions reduction targets:
- Reduce emissions within areas of devolved competence by 3% each year from 2011.
- Reduce all Welsh emissions by 40% from 1990 levels by 2020.
- Build resilience and respond to the consequences of climate change.
Most innovative climate actions and emissions reduction successes:
With the Climate Change Act 2008 the UK became the first national government to make a legal commitment to cut carbon emissions. Wales is operating alongside this framework with its own ambitious policies and targets.
Wales has its own Government and a democratically elected National Assembly for Wales, which has devolved responsibility for areas including health, education, economic development, housing, planning and the environment. When they were created in 1998, Wales became one of the first nations in the world to have a legal duty in relation to sustainable development at the heart of its constitution.
As a small and industrialized nation, Wales can play an important role in demonstrating leadership on climate change. Our commitment to tackling climate change includes measures to increase energy savings and efficiency, low carbon energy generation and the maximization of opportunities for practical skills and green jobs.
We have published a clear and accessible Climate Change Strategy to set out its long term aims and targets. Our 2014 Climate Change Annual Report sets out progress made against our headline commitments against emission reduction and adaptation and summarizes some of the key activity that has been taken forward. In once again meeting our 3% target, it shows that positive progress has been made. That said, with our emissions against the 40% target increasing, it is clear that more must be done.
Wales has a higher proportion of traded emissions covered by the EU Emissions trading Scheme (ETS) than the rest of the UK. This reflects the high share of heavy industry and electricity generation in Wales. Wales has a proportionately high share of the UK's electricity generation and heavy industry and is a net exporter of energy. ETS emissions accounted for 54% of total emissions in 2012 - a greater proportion of total emissions than in any other UK nation. This means that our 40% target is particularly sensitive to increases in EU-ETS emissions for which the framework is non-devolved.
Current Activities
Flagship initiative:
The eco-schools program has a particularly high profile in Wales with over 90% of schools, representing over 430,000 students in Wales being registered. The program aims to ensure that all students learn about energy, water; transport; waste minimization; biodiversity; healthy living; litter and global citizenship.
Renewable Energy:
In Wales, the percentage of electricity generation from renewables has increased from 3.5% in 2005 to 10.1% in 2013. We estimate that in 2016 renewables could account for over 15% of our total electricity generation and approaching an equivalent of 30% of our electricity consumption.
Provisional data from the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change shows that the capacity of renewable energy installations in Wales increased by 55% to 1.8GW during 2014, with more than half due to offshore wind particularly the Gwynt y Môr site. Renewable electricity generation in Wales was 3.4 TWh, an increase of 31 per cent (0.8 TWh); the majority of which was due to increased wind generation.
The transition to a low carbon energy future involves harnessing a range of energy sources at different scales, and while the UK Government holds many of the levers on energy policy the Welsh Government is using the powers available to it to support this transition.
We are accelerating the move to local generation of energy, from renewable sources, and close to where it is used. We are doing this by:
- setting a clear direction for local energy;
- removing barriers to generation;
- providing support for new projects; and
- enabling access to capital funds.
Generating energy locally increases energy security and proofs against price fluctuations. It can secure long term benefits for communities, and provides good jobs in installation and maintenance, at the same time as it tackles climate change.
Clear direction: we are aligning our plans and programmes to meet the aspirations set out in the Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Bill and the Environment (Wales) Bill.
Barrier removal: NRW has streamlined the process for issuing abstraction licences, speeding up the process particularly for low risk schemes, reducing the amount of evidence needed and therefore the cost. We are continuing to address barriers in order to accelerate
Providing support: the Resource Efficient Wales (REW) service provides access to support for all sectors to increase generation, and we are responding to demand by developing additional support for renewables schemes that will be accessible through REW.
Enabling access to capital funds: we are developing the Green Growth Wales investment fund, which will fund the energy generation and efficiency projects that our support has developed.
The launch of Resource Efficient Wales in October 2014 was a significant achievement. Resource Efficient Wales is a Welsh Government service that integrates previously separate provision, and delivers independent advice and support for people and organisations to invest in improvements that save on energy, water and waste. Alongside this service we are developing a suite of advice and support services to accelerate the uptake of small and medium scale renewable energy and energy efficiency by individuals, communities and organisations.
The Ynni'r Fro programme has provided significant support to 57 community led renewable energy schemes since 2012, with 11 of these scheme on course to be constructed and generating a combined installed capacity of 5.5MW by the end of 2015. We estimate that a total of £8.72m of private sector investment will be levered into Ynni'r Fro projects by the end of 2015.
Larger scale developments will be required to generate renewable energy alongside the distributed schemes if we are to quickly transition to a low carbon energy system. Alongside the more established technologies, innovative solutions are being developed to harness our natural resources. A proposal to construct a 320 MW tidal lagoon between the ports of Swansea and Neath is under consideration in the planning system. If consented, it will be the first tidal lagoon in the UK, capable of powering over 155,000 homes (equivalent to 90% of Swansea Bay's annual domestic electricity use) for 120 years.
Energy efficiency:
Our area based energy efficiency programs have improved 7900 homes in some of the most deprived areas of Wales, whilst providing jobs and training for local people, with programs such as arbed creating more than 470 new jobs and providing over 40,000 hours of training to new and existing employees. So far the program has saved around 2.48Ktc and energy savings of 9.5 gigawatt hours.
Clean transportation:
The Government invests in a number of Sustainable Travel Centres to encourage public transport use and effective journey planning. The region supports UK and EU policies on emission standards and low carbon fuels. Eco-driving, walking and cycling are promoted heavily and the Government is committed to investing in bus and rail services, and improving traffic management.
Urban environment/smart cities:
The Active Travel (Wales) Act 2013, which became law in Wales on 4 November 2013, requires local authorities to continuously improve facilities and routes for pedestrians and cyclists and to prepare maps identifying current and potential future routes for their use. The Act also requires new road schemes (including road improvement schemes) to consider the needs of pedestrians and cyclists at design stage. The Act is intended to enable more people to walk and cycle and generally travel by non-motorized transport. Making walking and cycling safer and more practical encourages healthier lifestyles, reduces carbon emissions and improves our environment.
We also have plans for a Cardiff Capital Region Metro - an ambitious and transformative long-term project with some radical ideas which, with improved transport connectivity at its core, is seen as integral to achieving wider economic and social outcomes for south east Wales.
Waste management:
In the waste sector, we have the highest recycling rates in the United Kingdom. Local authority collected municipal waste recycling rate in Wales has risen from less than 10% in 2000-01 to 58% for 2014/15 and we are leading the way in the UK. We have set statutory recycling targets to help us towards our goal - to recycle at least 70 per cent of our waste by 2025 and to be a zero waste (100 per cent recycling) nation by 2050. Our work in the waste sector has not only reduced emissions but also delivered sustainable economic growth. In taking forward our action on waste, we have also delivered economic and social benefits with the investment having created jobs and supported growth within the sector. We also anticipate savings against futures costs of over £5.5m on the food waste program and over £500m on the residual waste program.
Sustainable land use:
The Agriculture and Land Use sector accounts for 20% of emissions covered by our 3% target.
Climate Change is a cross cutting theme and is incorporated into every element of our Farming Connect Programme, as it recognizes the valuable role that the industry has in the future management of the environment and sustainable use of resources, with an emphasis on the use of natural resources as an essential and integral part of good business management. Activity has not only been focused on improving the profitability and efficiency of businesses, renewable energy generation and diversification, but also climate change adaptation and sustainable management of natural resources and delivery of ecosystems services.
'A Sustainable Future: The Welsh Red Meat Roadmap' , published in August 2012, highlighted how livestock farmers and processors in Wales can act on climate change and adhere to the business essentials of improving their profitability and sustainability. The goals set out include reducing greenhouse gases, increasing energy efficiency and increased implementation of on farm renewable energy.
Hybu Cig Cymru - Meat Promotion Wales has a portfolio of seven research and development projects, focused on supporting the Welsh red meat industry in genetic improvement, climate change/ environmental issues, animal health and welfare, animal and human nutrition, product quality and safety, traceability and socio-economics. In addition, the Welsh Government works closely with the UK government on research and development programs that include Sustainable Farming Systems, Agriculture and Climate Change, Resource Efficient and Resilient Food Chain and Animal Health and Welfare.
Our Dairy Roadmap for identifies the environmental impacts of milk and dairy products throughout the supply chain and sets targets for reducing the product's environmental footprint.
Glastir Advanced is a pioneering and widely respected approach to targeting Rural Development Plan money to where it can deliver to best effect, using an integrated approach. Glastir is a break from and an improvement on, the traditional approach to agri-environment schemes, designed to maximize the potential to work in tandem with other measures and to be compatible with plans to lever in more private funding into the delivery of natural resource management. Initial early estimations suggest that the six selected measures could reduce greenhouse gas emissions on a farm by farm basis by up to 24% and are a positive sign of the potential impact.
The continued creation of woodland in Wales supported by Glastir will provide benefits in terms of carbon sequestration and more and better maintained woodland will enhance woodland related ecosystems, improve water quality, reduce run-off and provide wider benefits for people.
Our newly formed Nature Fund is taking forward action to help deliver sustainable land management. The Fund encourages an ecosystem approach to natural resource management which embeds the principles of sustainable management. Through this approach these collaborative projects will achieve landscape scale actions that will help increase the resilience of these landscapes and their local communities to climate change impacts.
International collaboration:
The innovation and leadership being shown by subnational governments is crucial in building momentum and demonstrating what is possible in the global challenge of climate change, as we work towards an ambitious global agreement in Paris in 2015. Wales continues to play its part internationally, working with partners through both the Climate Group and the Network for Regional Governments for Sustainable Development, where Wales is contributing to key work streams to support the effective exchange of knowledge and information, building support for a global deal in Paris 2015.
As a member of the Climate Group, Wales shares knowledge with other regions and contributes to the UNFCCC and the UN Commission on Sustainable Development.
As part of our commitment to sustainable development and climate change, we have also taken action on Fair Trade and have set up a Wales for Africa Programme. In 2008, Wales became the 1st ever Fair Trade nation. Wales has been continuing to take action on climate change and poverty reduction internationally. Over the last few years we have been supporting the Size of Wales project, which was created by the Wales' Millennium Development Goals Task Force as part of Wales' response to the dual challenges of climate change and international poverty reduction. The Size of Wales project aims to bring everyone in Wales together to help sustain an area of tropical forest the size of Wales as part of a national response to climate change. In January this year our First Minister planted the one millionth tree in Mbale, Uganda and launched the ambitious next phase. We are now looking to plant 10 million Trees.
The Welsh word for 'children' is 'plant.' In Wales we believe that our children are our future, so much so, for every child born or adopted in Wales we plant a native Welsh tree in Wales and a tree in Mbale Uganda to create more forests and to raise children's environmental awareness. The Ugandan trees are grafted fruit trees to be planted outside people's homes to provide much needed shade and a valuable extra source of food providing additional resilience for Ugandans already experiencing the effects of climate change.
Wales and Lesotho have been linked for almost thirty years, with Welsh charity Dolen Cymru, supported by the Welsh Government's Wales for Africa Programme, creating life changing links through education, health and governance. This year the First Minister signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Government of Lesotho in April 2014 agreeing to strengthen relations and looking at future opportunities to collaborate particularly with regards to climate change and sustainability
Through the clean energy grants scheme, in summer 2014, Wales Africa Community Links worked with communities in Tanzania, Zanzibar and Uganda to bring rural electrification (using sustainable sources such as solar and hydro microgeneration) towards health, education and women's livelihoods projects.
Innovative financing:
The Welsh Government has announced its intention to take forward the development of a Green Growth fund for Wales. The proposed Green Growth Wales fund aims to increase and accelerate projects to deliver green investment in Wales. It focuses primarily, though not exclusively, on encouraging investment in resource efficiency, renewable energy generation and waste projects.
As a Government we have committed £5 million from our Financial Transactions allocation to the development of Green Growth Wales. We will be using this initial funding to focus on two aspects - the development of practical and investable projects, particularly in the public sector, and the creation of a funding vehicle to bring new investment in to Wales.
Ministers want Green Growth Wales to send a strong message about the Welsh Government's commitment to a more sustainable and socially inclusive development path for Wales, and the actions we are taking now to contribute to the well-being goals that we are legislating for in our Well-being of Future Generations (Wales) Bill. In doing so, it makes clear our intention to increase and accelerate our ability to meet our climate change targets, which is a major focus of our climate change policy refresh.
We have the opportunity to build a prosperous Wales with a more sustainable use of our natural resources at its heart. Our natural resources are key to driving the transition to a low-carbon, climate resilient society, maximizing and delivering lasting benefits for people and communities across Wales. There will be costs and as the recent IPCC reports have stated, these costs increase the longer we wait to take action. We need to invest now, building on the investment we are already making in areas such as flood prevention, waste management and domestic energy efficiency.
The 2012 UK Climate Change Risk Assessment (CCRA)15 highlighted that most of the potential risks posed by climate change essentially represent a shift in the duration or frequency of weather conditions that the transport sector already has to deal with (such as heavy rainfall, high temperatures, flooding and high winds, and the associated safety issues, network closures and damage to infrastructure). The CCRA highlights that the flooding of road and rail and the associated disruption is projected to increase. It is estimated that about 22km of motorways, over 2,300km of A-roads and other roads and over 400km of railway lines are at significant likelihood of flooding. It is projected that these figures would gradually rise as flood risk increases, with an overall increase of about 20% by the 2080s.
Our aim is to build resilience to prepare for likely future impacts by reducing the vulnerability of Wales' transport network, especially to flooding. This will help to reduce the risk of economic impacts associated with such events and help to keep people safer. We are therefore reviewing the resilience of transport infrastructure to the impacts of climate change, as part of a wider asset management improvement program and will develop tools to address the risks.
We have also been developing the agricultural evidence base through the recent review of the original Land Use Climate Change Group report and have been looking at the risks to the sector from a changing climate. As well as looking at the direct risks to the sector, we have also tried to identify some of the wider risks to the economy and rural communities.
We have also been looking at the impacts of climate change on the tourism industry, where we have been looking the threats and opportunities to the sector and developing tools and resources to help the sector build resilience.
Our Sectorial Adaptation Plans are the principal mechanism through which we seek to support climate resilience within sectors, working with the Climate Change Commission to provide workshops, guidance, tools and resources.
More Info
Devolved powers and competencies relevant to climate and energy:
Government of Wales Act 2006 and the Climate Change Act 2008. This legislation gives the Welsh Government a broad range of competences in relation to climate change (through its devolved competence to protect the environment). Policy on energy (above 5 megawatts) is not devolved to the Welsh Government.
Most important economic sectors:
The following sectors all contribute significantly to the Welsh economy: energy and environment; advanced manufacturing and materials; ICT; creative industries; life sciences; financial and professional services; tourism; construction; and food and farming.
GHG breakdown by sector (%):
5.77 MtCO2e (19.13%)
7.11 MtCO2e (23.57%)
9.39 MtCO2e (31.15%)
5.93 MtCO2e (19.65%)
Ressource Efficiency and Waste
1.14 MtCO2e (3.77%)
(Devolved) Public Sector
0.82 MtCO2e (2.73%)
Current power sector mix (%):


text:
Thanks for redeeming.{{else}}
Success! Thanks for repurchasing.{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if Expired}}
Increase my visibility!{{else}} {{#if IsMultiPack}}
{{#if HasMultiPack}} You have {{MultiPackCount}} top spot(s) left. Now loading you into the search listings... {{else}} You have used all top spots. Now loading you into the search listings... {{/if}}{{else}}
We are loading you into the search listing pages...{{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
{{Current}} just saw you!{{/if}} {{#if LastTopSpotPurchaseIsMulti }} {{#if HasAnyTopSpot}}
{{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} {{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Free {{/if}} {{#if HasPaidTopSpot }} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} & {{/if}} {{ MultiPackCount }} {{/if}} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{else}}
0 Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }}
{{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasResults}}
{{Current}} see you now!{{else}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
21 year old man | San Antonio, TX, USA | Seeking men 20-39 within 50 miles
I am beautiful...
Hello there Little about me first. My firends tell me I am a beautifule persion within and out they tell me. That I am loyal a great firend and a perison that stands out. In a crowd and they say I stay out of drama beacouse I am so gentile and lovable and very shy. They tell me that I blush at every corner someone hits one me. Now a little more about me I smile At the most Tiny's things in life, Not too complicating they're not 2 huge there just the most simple things that come out of wack also I am a bad speller I giggle even when its not even funny to anyone else but I would laufgh at my own jokes even when people don't think that's funny and there is much more about me in this area There is something that I can share what I accomplished from now in my life I have seen london Paris Moscow Rome Athens Washington DC New York City Mexico City Rio de Janero and a lot more places I am gratefule for my family that are very wealthy and me also be called a prince in austria. 35th line to the thrown too austria and if there was a french monarch I would be the 16th line too the thrown I am called a prince in europe in the usa a normal I will tell u more tomorrow My motto is u can only define beauty within not the outside
Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Political interests , Religion/Spiritual , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Volunteering , Watching sports
Dancing, Running, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Cats, Dogs
I like Exotic Pets
Middle of the Road
Clubs and the gym the malls and bars and the bowling areas and a lot of other places if I am invited to it I don't have a lot of hot spots I don't hang in one area all the time so I don't really have a hot spot I just go with the flow a lot. Lol
The University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC
I love to go to a regualar fair and ordering a big pink cotton candy and winning a big teddy bear and also going to the beach and walking in the moon light holding hands and also sitting at home cuddling with my lover and watching a horro flick
What do I do for my spare time well I love going to the gym and playing card games and talking and hanging out with my firends and going out to dinner and going out to the moives And just sitting at home cuddling with my blanket and watching movies.
I don't have a lot in my time in the day to read a book I have a lot of classes I have to go to myacting class then my singing classes my art class my tennies class and my golfing class and my cooking classes I have a lot but I do make time formylove
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|5'10" (177cms) to 6'3" (190cms)
|Body type:
|About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally, Daily, Cigar aficionado
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness
|Administrative / Secretarial, Artistic / Creative / Performance, Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Labor / Construction, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military, Sales / Marketing, Self-Employed / Entrepreneur, Student, Education / Teacher / Professor, Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering, Other profession, Law enforcement / Security / Military, Architecture / Interior design
|$25,001 to $35,000
|Less Than $25,000, $25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000
|Never Married
|Never Married, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|Someday, Not sure, Probably not
|Native American, White / Caucasian
|Asian, Black / African descent, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, White / Caucasian
I am also french I am related to Maria Antoinette I am related to her bye blood so that's how I can speak french and I have been to france for about 10 years of my life so yeah I loved it there
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|English, French
|No preference
|Associates degree
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
I am working on my bachelors degree soon I need a break from all the schaool and the classes

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Michigan Funeral Home Director Sentenced To Prison For Fraud
The former director of an Ionia funeral home is heading to jail for up to four years after stealing hundreds of thousands of dollars.
Detroit Priest, Acquaintance Face Jury Trials In Angel Fund Theft
A Catholic priest and an acquaintance have requested jury trials in the theft of money from a fund set up to help poor people in Detroit, Hamtramck and Highland Park.
Detroit Priest Charged With Stealing From Charity Denies Wrongdoing
Father Timothy Kane's attorney says his client is "very embarrassed" by the accusations.
Detroit Cop Charged With Operating Chop Shop
Northeastern District officer Devon Payton was allegedly found working at a shop where vehicles were stripped.
Man Gets Prison Time In GM Machinery, Metals Thefts
The 38-year-old Marion Township man apologized in court "for not doing a good job."
2 Ex-State Cops Sentenced For Roles In Property Embezzlement Scheme
Two former Michigan State Police lieutenants and a civilian accomplice have been sentenced for their roles in an extensive property embezzlement scheme.
Man Convicted In Theft Of GM Machinery, Metals
According to trial testimony, Eastom was the ringleader behind a group of then-employees who were stealing metals and selling them to a recycling center.
Police: Woman Stole $180K From Employer
A 45-year-old Lapeer County woman is facing charges of swindling a Sterling Heights company out of more than $180,000.
CEO, Bookkeeper Of Insurance Group Admit Theft
The chief executive and bookkeeper of a nonprofit agency that coordinates workers compensation insurance have pleaded guilty to roles in a scheme to embezzle $2.6 million over 11 years.
Ex-State Cop Convicted In Property Embezzlement Scheme
Investigators say Luke Davis worked with two others to embezzle property and money seized from suspects.


text:
Enjoying lobster during the summer monthsComment
Seafood is a great meal to enjoy during the summer months. It's light, refreshing and not to mention, tasty!
Saved from boiling pot: Extremely rare blue lobster named 'Skyler' finds a new home
Eating lobster in a healthier wayComment
Calico lobster at Profish Seafood Company in D.C. (photo)Comment
We've seen red lobsters and brown lobsters and even blue lobsters. But a calico lobster?
RecommendedRecent Facebook Activity
Only On 7
Watch ABC7 News at 4!ABC7 gives you MORE news in your afternoons with an extra hour, an hour earlier! Watch to see what's trending in your community and world every weekday afternoon at 4pm right after back to back "Hot Bench" shows at 3pm on ABC7.


text:
Details and Shopping
Customer Favorite
Birkenstock sandal with a distressed, textured color. Adjustable buckle closure.
*By Birkenstock
*Leather Upper, Cork & Latex Footbed
*By Birkenstock
*Leather Upper, Cork & Latex Footbed
Rated 4.3 out of 5Â by 4 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5Â by laurengabriella love these! great color, broken in look, runs true to size, super soft leather, and are so comfortable! SO happy with this purchase!! 4.18.2012
Rated 5 out of 5Â by cmw love These sandals appeared as shown, they fit perfectly, I love the color and slightly distressed look of them. They match everything. Perfect right out of the box. 2.23.2012
Rated 2 out of 5Â by samjam not as pictured I was mostly attracted to the rugged look of these. But they don't look like this. They are a darker brown and no worn look to them. I'm all for Birckenstocks and have a black suede pair I love but probably returning these. Although these were easily scratched so maybe after time they would look like the picture?? 6.13.2011
Rated 5 out of 5Â by TiffanyMichelle comfortable These shoes are great, casual and match with anything. They also run true to size. If you are looking for a comfortable supportive sandal that is versatile, this is the one. 4.29.2011
1-4 of 4
Product Reviews
There are no reviews for this product yet. Check back. or write a review yourself.


text:
Originally written on PRO Rumors | Last updated 6/14/12
Here's a running list with injury updates around the Major Leagues: – According to Todd Zolecki of MLB.com, doctors found a a pars fracture in Freddy Galvis' lower back and he will be in a brace for the next three weeks. "Then we're going to reexamine him and see where we're at," said the Phillies head athletic trainer Scott Sheridan. "Based on his symptoms and that kind of stuff, we might be able to begin some stuff with him exericise-wise, but we really won't know a lot more until we get to that time period. The biggest thing right now is just trying to get him comfortable, make him feel better and try to get this thing to heal." – Outfielder Yoenis Cespedes aggravated his left hamstring injury yesterday according to Jane Lee of MLB.com. He will probably land on the Disabled List this time. – Right handed pitcher Charlie Morton has a torn ligament in his right elbow and will probably require Tommy John surgery reports Dejan Kovacevic of the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. If the surgery is required he'll miss the reminder of the season. Image by Keith Allison under the Creative Commons License Agreement.
Comments are closed.
What do you think?To leave a comment, you can:
MLB News
Delivered to your inbox
You'll also receive Yardbarker's daily Top 10, featuring the best sports stories from around the web. Customize your newsletter to get articles on your favorite sports and teams. And the best part? It's free!
Follow us on Twitter
|Best of Yardbarker
|NFL News
|MLB News
Today's Best Stuff
For Bloggers
Join the Yardbarker Network for more promotion, traffic, and money.
Company Info
What is Yardbarker?
Yardbarker is the largest network of sports blogs and pro athlete blogs on the web. This site is the hub of the Yardbarker Network, where our editors and algorithms curate the best sports content from our network and beyond.
|© 2015 Yardbarker, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this website (including any and all parts and components) constitutes your acceptance of these Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. (What's New?)


text:
Wellsville Farmers Market
Wellsville, New York
Farmers Market
Wellsville Farmers Market Open May - October 3:00 pm - 7:00 pm every Thursday Over twenty vendors selling fresh fruits and vegetables, honey, maple syrup, fresh cut flowers, eggs, organic beef, cheese, fresh baked goods, hanging baskets, annuals and perennials, crafts, quilts, pottery, and more.
Special events each week including Master Gardner presentations, landscape ideas, health education, nutrition education, summer picnic ideas, cooking demonstrations, and more!
Latest Reviews
No reviews available. Be the first!


text:
WHO IS THE MOST Sympathetic VILLAIN in batman's Rogues gallery ?
By starrk_coyote 47 Comments
ok here is a another question for you guys :D
who do you find yourself more identifying within the batman rogues gallery ?
(my ? is M I S T E R F R E E Z E!, why ? well to me victor freeze is just a man who is trying to save he's wife's life on one hand and on the other get back the love and Emotions that have been Robbed.
for some one like me who has asperger syndrome, i find my self countless times see my self in victor and see victor's point of view to be the right one, that he's willing to go to the ends of the world for he's wife. and yat i can never find myself feeling sorry for Bruce. at that point i just want to screm at bruce why he dose not take's off the mask and give vic the money he need to save he's wife.)
now that i have point out my point.
who is your favorite/ sympathetice villain within the batman rogues gallery ?


text:
Mfg.: Cadco
Model: Cadco CG-5FB
This item has a standard lead time of 7-10 business days. Please contact us directly with questions on availability.
This item is a brand new item shipped directly from the manufacturer.
Item: Cadco 21" Countertop Front-To-Back Stainless Steel Electric Thermostatic Griddle - 120V
Model: CG-5FB
There are currently no reviews for this item. Be the first to write one.


text:
Kynsi Winery Description
The unpretentious Kynsi winery resides in a renovated 1940s dairy located on a backcountry road in the Edna Valley. The focus is on Burgundian-style vineyard- designated wines made in small quantities from local vineyards.
The former milk processing room, with its high, coved ceilings, serves as the tasting room. Outside tasting areas include a patio and nice lawn. The original cold-room door leads into the wine vault and contributes to the unique character and cozy ambiance at Kynsi. There is a tile floor and a wooden tasting counter. The label features the resident barn owl that roosts in the old barn adjacent to the winery.
The family sources their grapes from select coastal vineyards, with the goal of creating lush, generously complex, elegantly balanced wines that reflect distinctive terroir and varietal character. The vineyards of Bien Nacido, Edna Valley, Barn Owl, and their own Estate Stone Corral Vineyard provide the fruit for their Pinot Noir and Chardonnay.
Review Disclaimer
The above reviews are the subjective opinion of Winery Advisor members and not of California Winery Advisor.


text:
5 (0) 4 (0) 3 (0) 2 (0) 1 (1)
1 stars 1/5 Stars Average score of 1 user reviews spread across 4 releases and 0 DLC
Dean Cleans Off His Steam List - Bientôt l'été 0
Most of this blog's pageviews still come from my Facebook friends, so I'll admit taking some modest pride in seeing "Recommended by 10 of 11 users" where I reposted my review of Proteus to another gaming site. Other people's opinions of that artsy game usually fall into two camps - either they think it was really beautiful and deep and meaningful and advanced the artform of gaming, or they were all-caps screaming about how it wasn't really a game and how could you charge ten bucks for this not-a...4 out of 5 found this review helpful.
This edit will also create new pages on Giant Bomb for:Beware, you are proposing to add brand new pages to the wiki along with your edits. Make sure this is what you intended. This will likely increase the time it takes for your changes to go live.
Comment and Save
Until you earn 1000 points all your submissions need to be vetted by other Giant Bomb users. This process takes no more than a few hours and we'll send you an email once approved.


text:
Now Playing
Loading streams...
Connect with Us
Podcasts & RSS Feeds
|All Content
|View all podcasts & RSS feeds
All Politics are Local
Paul Vows to Oppose Gun Limits
By Ryan Quinn & The State Journal
U.S. Sen. Rand Paul told a packed room Wednesday in the Capital Plaza Hotel that he would oppose any effort by President Barack Obama to "usurp the Second Amendment" through executive order. "I would fight that with every bone in my body," Paul, R-Ky., told members of the Frankfort Rotary Club. Obama signed 23 executive orders Wednesday in the wake of the Newtown, Conn., massacre and other recent shootings. He also said he planned to push for legislation to ban assault weapons, limit high-capacity magazines and expand background checks.


text:
Pronunciation: il s'appelle
Added on: 2009-02-13 Listened: 3.0K timesin: appeler appelle, learning French, french, he is called, conjugate the French verb appeler, verbes en Français, verbs in French
Pronunciation in French [fr]
Could you do it better? different accent? Pronounce il s'appelle in French
Accents & languages on maps
- Random word: emmenez
Not satisfied?
Modify word:
· Add languages
· Add categories
Report word:
Is there anything wrong with this word?
Please report it here.


text:
For more information on ID Analytics, visit http://www.idanalytics.com/government/.
About ID Analytics, Inc.
ID Analytics, the leader in on-demand identity intelligence, protects both organizations and consumers by providing unprecedented real-time visibility into the risk of individuals. ID Analytics pioneered identity-scoring technology. ID Analytics combines three unique capabilities to assess risk and improve the customer experience across all consumer touch points: the ID Network(R)-the nation's only real-time, cross-industry compilation of identity information; Personal Topology(TM)- an individual's particular identity characteristics and their connectedness to each other; and ID Analytics' proprietary Advanced Analytics(SM). Leading communications, financial services, retailing, and healthcare companies, as well as multiple government agencies, trust ID Analytics to provide solutions that drive new revenue opportunities, reduce financial losses, and facilitate compliance with federal regulations. ID Analytics is based in San Diego, CA.
ID Analytics is a registered trademark of ID Analytics, Inc. All other trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective holders.
Available Topic Expert(s): For information on the listed expert(s), click appropriate link.
Bruce Hansen
|SOURCE ID Analytics, Inc.
Copyright©2009 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


text:
Symptoms of Asthma
- Wheezing
- Cough
- Tightness in the chest
- Shortness of breath
- Difficulty breathing
- Fatigue
- Complaints of chest pain or odd sensations
- Difficulty during feeding in infants
- Trouble sleeping
- Limited exercise tolerance or avoiding exercise or sports
- Increased shortness of breath and wheezing
- Chest tightness or pain
- Sweating
- Anxiety
- An increased need to use bronchodilators
- A whistling or wheezing sound when exhaling
- Frequent coughing or cough spasms
- Waking up coughing in the night
- Shortness of breath while stationery or exercising
- Feelings of tightness in the chest
- Restless sleep patterns
- Sweating
- Anxiety
|Airway Narrowed Due to Mucus Plugs
|Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.
Asthma symptoms. American College of Allergy, Asthma, & Immunology website. Available at: http://www.acaai.org/allergist/asthma/symptoms/Pages/default.aspx . Accessed September 13, 2012.
Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. American Lung Association website. Available at: http://www.lung.org/lung-disease/asthma/learning-more-about-asthma/symptoms-diagnosis-and-treatment.html . Accessed September 13, 2012.
Asthma in adults and adolescents. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://dynamed.ebscohost.com/about/about-us . Updated September 7, 2012. Accessed September 13, 2012.
Asthma exacerbation in adults and adolescents. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://dynamed.ebscohost.com/about/about-us . Updated August 27, 2012. Accessed September 13, 2012.
Braunwald E. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine . 15th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 09/2014 -
- Update Date: 09/17/2014 -
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
Copyright © EBSCO Publishing
All rights reserved.
Quick Links
Find a Physician
Use our online search physicians by specialty, name, city, or zip code. find now
Call 972-566-7111 if you need help with a Physicians referral
Schedule an Appointment
Request a new patient appointment online
Join Our Team
Find job opportunities at Medical City
Medical City Children's Hospital
Built by Specialists, Loved by Kids


text:
The fund seeks to provide investment results that correspond generally to the price and yield performance, before fees and expenses, of the S-BOX China Energy Index. The Index is a free float adjusted, liquidity tested and market capitalization-weighted index that is designed to measure performance of the investable universe of companies in the Energy sector of the Chinese economy, as defined by the index provider Structured Solutions AG, which generally includes companies whose businesses involve: oil, gas, consumable fuels, alternative energy and electricity production and distribution; and energy equipment and services.
Background on Exchange Traded Products (ETPs) on NYSE Euronext
About Global X Funds (Source: Global X Funds)
About NYSE Euronext


text:
They look at each other meaningfully—and repair to the boiler room for some torrid sex.
Patterson made the boiler plate "Palin comparison" pun and got a few generous laughs from the jubilant crowd.
"Hayden took J.W. into a boiler room in the City of Ferguson jail," the papers charge.
1540s, agent noun from boil (v.). Meaning "vessel for boiling" is from 1725; steam engine sense is from 1757.
Related Terms


text:
A urine collection apparatus includes a tamper-proof, one way valve to make sure that freshly voided samples of urine are not tampered with. A chemical type thermometer is located in the reservoir to make sure that the urine sample is fresh when collected. An enzyme poison detector station helps to insure that bleach or other chemicals haven't been added to the urine to adulterate the specimen. The one way valve preferably comprises a trap door that closes as the urine sample fills up the reservoir. The presence of an adhesive substance around the edge of the trap door keeps the trap door shut after the urine sample has been collected.
1. An integrity preserving and determining urine sample collection apparatus comprising:
a reservoir having a cavity therein for collecting a sample of urine;
a tamper-proof one way valve means attached to said reservoir and communicating with the cavity therein for permitting a sample of urine to be collected in said cavity, said one way valve means including means for substantially preventing a first sample of urine collected in said cavity from being removed from said cavity and replaced with a second sample of urine; and,
a sample freshness detection means including a temperature detecting means for measuring the temperature of a sample of urine as it is being collected and for providing an indication of such a temperature for a prolonged period of time after collection of such a sample thereby serving as an indication that such a sample was fresh when collected,
wherein said apparatus is substantially tamper proof and said temperature detecting means is located within said cavity which is only accessible to a sample through said one way valve means.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said temperature detecting means comprises a chemical type of thermometer.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said preventing means includes:
adhesive means for sealing said one way valve means after a sample of urine has passed therethrough.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
anti-splatter shield means attached to said reservoir to prevent urine from splattering.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said one way valve means further comprises:
hinge means attached to said reservoir; and,
trap door means attached to said hinge means for sealing said cavity after it has collected a predetermined volume of urine.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein said trap door has a specific gravity less than a typical urine sample so that said trap door closes as said cavity fills with urine.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising:
sample adulteration detection means located in said cavity for detecting if a sample collected in said cavity has been adulterated.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said sample adulteration detection means includes:
pH detection means located in said cavity for detecting the pH of a sample collected in said cavity.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said sample adulteration detection means includes:
a specific gravity detection means located in said cavity for determining the specific gravity of a sample collected in said cavity.
10. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said sample adulteration detection means includes:
enzyme poison detecting means located in said cavity for detecting if adulterants have been added to a sample collected in said cavity to neutralize enzymes therein.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 wherein said enzyme poison detection means comprises glucose oxidase.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an apparatus for determining if a urine specimen is fresh and unadulterated and for preventing tampering with the urine specimen after it has been collected.
2. Description of Related Art
Over the last few years there has been a significant rise in accidents related to possible drug use. Many of the accidents occur in manufacturing plants, however, drugs are becoming more and more implicated in automobile, airplane and railroad accidents. As a consequence, there has been renewed interest in the testing for the presence of drugs in the workplace. However, there are two major problems. First, it has been felt necessary to monitor the taking of urine samples to guarantee the integrity of the test results. Second, the testing aspect, especially coupled with monitoring, has raised concerns about possible invasion of privacy. Accordingly, a need is recognized for a urine sample collector that can minimize the invasion of an individual's privacy yet maximize the integrity of the sample of urine taken.
A general review of the prior art discloses a number of urine collectors, but none that appear to be concerned with the joint problems of privacy and integrity associated with drug testing.
The prior art does disclose some literature describing urine measuring devices incorporating a temperature sensor therein. Perhaps most relevant of that group is U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,299 entitled BODY LIQUID TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICE issued to Joel R. L. Ehrenkranz who is also the inventor of the device described in specification of this disclosure. A chemical melting point thermometer is located in the bottom of the urine collecting receptacle. The primary purpose of the invention is to determine when a human female is close to ovulation. Because of the nature of the thermometer therein, it is possible to determine if the sample of urine was warm or cold when received, thereby determining if the sample was a freshly voided sample.
The patent literature also describes devices, in other context, which employ valve-like devices in urine collecting embodiments. The primary purpose of those valves is to prevent spillage after the urine is collected and prior to its being destroyed. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,356,218 and 4,457,314 disclose valve-like devices in two different types of urine collectors. The valve in U.S. Pat. No. 4,457,314 is described as an "anti-back flow mechanism" employed primarily to prevent spillage of the contents. Other U.S. Patents that disclose one way type of valves for the purpose of preventing spillage include: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,928,875; 4,095,124; 4,586,041 and 4,734,154.
Another class of valve urine collectors involve those designed to collect mid-stream urine samples. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,494,581 discloses a mid-stream urine collection device which describes, in FIG. 7 thereof, a mechanism in which a floating cork closes a valve after an initial sample of urine has been obtained so that the remaining specimen to be collected will be from the mid-stream. Other possible relevant mid-stream urine collection devices include those described in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,064,760; 4,221,295 and 4,569,090.
Lastly, the following U.S. Patents are cited as being of only general possible relevance: U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,396,113; 4,211,749; 4,443,896 and 4,466,445.
Insofar as understood, none of the prior art addresses the problems inherent in a drug testing program where the drug sample has to be virtually tamper-proof yet the individual's right of privacy has to be observed.
Briefly described, the invention comprises a urine collection device specifically appropriate for use in drug screening programs. A urine receiving reservoir includes a chemical type thermometer located near the bottom thereof for documenting the freshness of the urine sample immediately after voiding. Urine enters the reservoir through a one-way valve that substantially prevents an individual from filling the reservoir with fresh urine, thereby setting the temperature sensor, and then subsequently emptying the first fresh sample and substituting it with a second nonfresh sample that might be free of drug contaminants. The one way valve includes tamper-proof features such as a twisted path or a urine activatable adhesive that makes it virtually impossible to remove the original sample once its collected in the reservoir. The reservoir also includes chemical reagent stations to further discourage or detect tampering or adulteration. One reagent station can determine if the urine sample has been watered down by detecting the specific gravity of the sample. A second reagent station measures the pH of the urine. A third station includes a chemical reagent that helps determine if an enzyme poison, like bleach, has been added to the urine sample in order to disguise the presence of drugs such as cannabis, cocaine, opiates, amphetamines, sedatives and hallucinogenics. Because the urine collector is virtually tamper-proof, it eliminates or greatly reduces the need to have the voiding procedure humanly monitored by another individual. This in turn increases the individuals privacy while also guaranteeing that the employer has a fresh, unadulterated, high integrity urine sample.
According to an alternative embodiment of the invention, the one way valve includes a specific gravity sensitive mechanism which only passes urine specimens into the collector if the urine specimen is within the correct range of acceptable specific gravity levels. In other words, if a sample of urine is adulterated with water, the reservoir will not accept the urine sample.
Lastly, another embodiment is described having the same basic structure of the preferred embodiment, but housed in a receptacle more familiar to human males.
These and other features of the invention will be more fully understood by reference with the following drawings.
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of the receptacle according to the preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is an end view of the receptacle of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view taken along lines 3--3 of FIG. 1 showing the invention before the receptacle is filled with urine.
FIG. 3B is another cross-sectional view taken along lines 3--3 shown after the receptacle has been filled with urine.
FIG. 4 is an end cross-sectional view of the receptacle of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the invention showing the top surface thereof partially broken away.
FIG. 6 is an alternative embodiment of the invention in which the one way valve comprises a section of relatively flat, resiliently closed rubber tubing.
FIG. 7 illustrates another alternative embodiment of the invention in which the one way valve only accepts samples of urine having a specific gravity within a predetermined range.
FIG. 8A is an alternative embodiment of the invention in a form more familiar to males and shown in the state before the receptacle is filled with urine.
FIG. 8B illustrates the same receptacle shown in FIG. 8A except that the one way valve has been closed by the presence of the urine sample in the receptacle.
FIG. 9A illustrates an embodiment similar to that shown in FIG. 8A except that the one way valve comprises a flattened piece of rubber tubing.
FIG. 9B illustrates the embodiment of FIG. 9A with the reservoir filled and the valve closed.
During the course of this description like numbers will be used to identify like elements according to the different figures which illustrate the invention.
The present invention 10 as shown in FIGS. 1-5 is an improvement over the invention described in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,299. Therefore, in order to better understand the invention the same element numbers are used throughout this disclosure as were used in U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,299.
FIG. 1 illustrates a receptacle 10 having a generally elliptical upper portion 12 which has, at a side thereof, a pouring spout 14. The device 10, according to this preferred embodiment, is intended to provide a circumferential upper lip portion 16 suitable to receive a lid 17 which is intended to be force fitted over the lip 16 to provide an air and liquid tight closure. Lid 17 has the general configuration of upper lip 16. The device 10 further includes a base portion which functions to receive a urine sample, and also functions to stabilize the device for stacking or storage. Accordingly the upstanding walls 19 are slightly tapered. The base 18 is intended to hold a sample in the range of 60 to 150 cc of urine.
The accuracy of the invention 10 depends upon minimizing temperature variations due to surface cooling, or heat conducted from the base of the container. Accordingly, the base portion 18 is of restricted surface area as compared to the upper funnel portion 12. Most importantly, the base 18 defines a recess 20 which provides a dead air space insulating the sample contained within the device 10 from the surface upon which the base 18 rests. A circumferential edge 22 of restricted diameter is provided to support the device on a surface (not shown) during storage. Prior to use, however, units 10 can be stacked in the conventional fashion, one within another. After use the lid 17 may be affixed for storage if the sample is to be retained.
Although the device of this invention 10 is suitable for use with any temperature measurement means, the preferred embodiment includes a chemical thermometer 24 which contains a temperature array 26 mounted on a bendable plastic substrate. The term "chemical" or "chemical-type" thermometer is used in this disclosure to include and describe both melting point and liquid crystal type thermometer which are the preferred thermometer types; however, it would also be possible to use mercury or electronic thermometers as alternatives. The temperature array 26 on the substrate 28 is received on a mounting pedestal 30 and may be affixed thereto with a permanent or temporary adhesive, as desired.
The device 24 is typically bent to extend the length of the base 18 and is received along a groove 32 in the side wall 34 of the device 10. The temperature measuring device 24 may be either secured by a conventional adhesive, or force fitted into the groove 32. In either event, it is intended in the preferred embodiment 10 that the assembled device be stackable for ease in dispensing. The device 24 may be removable for storage.
The pedestal 30 is critical to the device of this invention in that it provides a depth locator for the thermometer 24 to minimize the effect of the cooling gradient at the exposed surface of the sample.
As noted above, any conventional temperature measuring device is suitable for use with the device of this invention. It is preferred, however, to use either a chemical melting point or liquid crystal type thermometer available from American Thermometer Co. or a melting-point type thermometer available from Info-Chem, Inc., Fairfield, N.J. The latter thermometer is normally not reusable, and reusable thermometers are available from American Thermometer Co. These thermometers produce an accuracy of plus or minus 0.2 degrees C. in measurement of deep body temperature using urine samples voided directly into the device 10. Similarly, the temperature reading can be used to document that the sample was fresh, thereby demonstrating sample integrity.
The structure so far described is similar to that set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,564,299. The major improvement comprises the inclusion of a one way valve mechanism 40 that permits the receptacle 10 to receive a first sample of urine but prevents that first sample from being discharged and replaced with a second sample.
One way valve mechanism 40 includes a trap door 42 connected by a pliable plastic hinge 44 to the upper surface 46 which in turn is rigidly attached to the side walls 19 of the base 18. The trap door 42 preferably has a buoyancy such that it will float in urine. Therefore, as the reservoir 18 fills up with urine the trap door 42 will close against the underside of upper surface 46. A urine liquid activatable adhesive 50 is located at the interface between trap door 42 and upper surface 46. The purpose of adhesive 50 is to seal the door 42 shut after it has received its urine sample 51. The liquid activatable adhesive 50 preferably comprises a double coated acrylic foam but could also comprise adhesive transfer tapes both of which are manufactured by the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Corporation. Also included in the base 18 are a plurality of a reagent stations 52, 54 and 56. The primary purpose of reagent stations 52, 54 and 56 is to make sure that the urine specimen has not been adulterated.
Reagent station 52 preferably comprises a specific gravity testing material. An acceptable specific gravity detecting solid phase reagent system is available from the Ames Division of Miles Laboratory, Elkhardt, Ind. The preferred reagent is: 2.8% w/w bromthymol blue; 68.8% w/w poly (methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride); 28.4% w/w sodium hydroxide. Reagent station 54 preferably comprises a small pH test chemical. An acceptable pH detector is also available from the Ames Division of Miles Laboratory, Elkhardt, Ind. The preferred reagent is: 0.2% w/w methyl red; 2.8% w/w bromthymol blue; 97.0% w/w nonreactive ingredients. Litmus paper may also be acceptable. Reagent station 56 preferably comprises an enzyme poison detector. The invention 10 preferable comprises all three reagent stations 52, 54 and 56 but could comprise only one or two of the reagent stations depending upon the level of integrity requires. The thermometer 24 can be permanently attached to the pedestal 36 so that it can not be removed or, alternatively, it maybe made removable for remote inspection.
FIG. 3A illustrates the preferred embodiment of the invention 10 with the one way valve 40 open. FIG. 3B illustrates the mode where the base 18 has filled up with urine 51 causing the trap door 42 to float upward against upper surface 46. Liquid activatable adhesive 50 seals the trap door 42 shut thereby preventing tampering.
The use of a temperature detector 24 is believed to be a fairly reliable method for determining the freshness of urine. It is also believed to be an acceptable alternative to physical observation. For a discussion of the foregoing, note the article entitled "Measurement of Urine Temperature As An Alternative to Observed Urination in a Narcotic Treatment Program", Judson, et al, AM. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 6(2) pages 197-205 (1979) and "A New Method for Measuring Body Temperature", Joel R. L. Ehrenkranz, M.D., New Jersey Medicine, Journal of Medical Society of New Jersey, January 1986, Vol. 83, No. 2, pages 93-96. The use of a tamper proof one way valve mechanism 40 increases the integrity of the invention 10. The major advantage of a tamper proof one way valve 40 is that it prevents an individual from providing a first sample of urine at body temperature, then disposing of the first sample and replacing it with a cooler second sample of urine that may be free of drug symptoms.
Finally, the use of reagent 52, 54 and/or 56 stations further increase the integrity of the sample. Of the reagent stations 52, 54 and 56, the most important is probably the enzyme poison detector 56.
The enzyme poison detector 56 used preferably consists of glucose oxidase, peroxidase, and potassium iodide, but other enzyme systems including alkaline phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, ATPase, proteases, DNAases, RHAases or for that matter any enzyme which when exposed to the appropriate substrate yields a color change reaction could also be employed.
To determine the reliability of the apparatus to document freshness and detect adulteration, the following three sets of experiments were performed:
In the first series of experiments, urine was voided directly into a Franklin collector and allowed to stand for 15 minutes. The Franklin Collector is a commercially available urine collector that can be obtained from Franklin Diagnostics, Inc., 60 Franklin Street, Morristown, N.J. 07960. During this 15 minute period, a previously collected urine sample contained in a standard urine collection bottle as provided by, for example, CompuChem, Inc. or Roche Diagnostics, was held either in the armpit or between the thighs of the individual who had provided the fresh specimen for a period of 15 minutes and then poured into a separate Franklin Collector and the temperature of the two collectors compared. The results are listed below:
______________________________________Experiment #1#1 #2 #3 #4______________________________________fresh 97.8 98.0 98.6 99.2old <96.0 <96.0 <96.0 <96.0� F.______________________________________
This experiment demonstrated that there is complete discrimination on the basis of temperature between fresh and previously collected (old) urine samples using the Franklin Collector. Other attempts at using temperature as a documentation of freshness (see p. 202 of paper cited above entitled Measurement of Urine Temperature as an Alternative to Observed Urination in a Narcotic Treatment Program) have not been able to completely discriminate fresh from old urine.
In the second set of experiments, the effects of household bleach (5.25% sodium hypochlorite), the enzyme poison most commonly added to contaminate urine and destroy subsequent enzyme immunoassay procedures used to detect drugs of abuse, on the performance of the Franklin Collector was investigated. 15 c.c. of bleach was added to fresh urine and old urine using the same procedure described above and the subsequent temperatures noted. The results were as follows:
______________________________________Experiment #2#1 #2 #3______________________________________fresh >104.8 >104.8 >104.8old <96.0 <96.0 <96.0______________________________________
The effect of bleach on urine is to denature proteins normally found in urine, this is an exothermic reaction that generates heat and accounts for the heating of the urine sample beyond the physiologic range such as these results show. However, an old urine sample is sufficiently cool so that even the additional heat generated by this exothermic reaction is insufficient to mimic the temperature of a freshly voided specimen.
In the third and final set of experiments, the effects of the enzyme poison on glucose oxidase were investigated. Glucose oxidase reagent strips, prior to exposure to glucose, appear blue; after exposure to glucose they are brown. Glucose oxidase was dipped in a solution of bleach and urine or urine alone, and then exposed to a glucose solution. The results were as follows:
______________________________________Experiment #3 #1 #2 #3______________________________________urine brown brown brownurine + bleach grey grey grey______________________________________
This demonstrates that the addition of the appropriate substrate to an enzyme, after the enzyme has been exposed to urine, yields the correct color change only if the urine does not contain an enzyme poison. This serves as an additional check on urine sample integrity by documenting that the sample did not contain an enzyme poison.
The preferred embodiment of the invention 10 may have the thermometer 24 attached to the pedestal 30 by a permanent adhesive so that it may not be removable or tampered. Alternatively, the adhesive may a temporary adhesive so that the thermometer 24 can be moved and read at a subsequent location.
An alternative embodiment 55 of the basic invention is shown in FIG. 6. The primary difference between the preferred embodiment 10 and the alternative embodiment 55 is that the trap door 42 has been replaced by a flattened, resilient piece of rubberized tubing 60. Rubberized tubing 60 and trap door 42 both serve the purpose of acting as one way valves 40. Rubberized tubing 60 is located on a flat platform shelf 58. The upper surface 46 prevents urine from entering the base 18 through any route other than through opening 64. The urine sample preferably enters through opening 64 and exits at the opposite end of the tubing 60. A liquid activatable adhesive 62 is located on the interior of the tubing 60 and permanently seals the tubing 60 after it has accepted the urine sample. Alternative embodiment 55 also includes a chemical melting point thermometer 24 and reagent stations 52,54 and 56 similar to those shown in the preferred embodiment 10 of FIGS. 1-5.
A specific gravity sensitive embodiment 70 is illustrated in FIG. 7. Embodiment 70 includes a specific gravity sensitive valve 72 which only permits a urine sample to flow into reservoir 78 if the urine sample is within a desired range of specific gravity. Valve 72 includes a float ball 74 captured by a cage 76. A urine collection base 18, similar to that shown in embodiments 10 and 55, is located above reservoir 78. Platform 30 supports a chemical melting point measurement detector 24 and reagent stations 52, 54 and 56 similar to those described in preferred embodiment 10. The purpose of embodiment 70 is only to collect specimens of urine that fall within a predetermined range of specific gravity. It is useful to collect urine in this fashion in order to prevent subjects from watering their urine down thereby diluting the accuracy of the test results. Normal urine has a specific gravity of 1.010-1.040. Accordingly, the ball 74 may have a specific gravity such that it only floats, and therefore accepts into collector 78, urine having a specific gravity of 1.010 or greater. Reservoir 78 includes a threaded top 79 that mates with receiving threads 81 in the bottom of base 18. The threads permit the reservoir to be readily separated from base 18 so that the collected urine may be readily transported to another location for analysis. In this mode the invention 10, 55 or 70 acts as a pass through device to prescreen urine samples for integrity and adulteration prior to more conventional laboratory analysis.
FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate a urine collection device 90 that is more comfortable for use by males. The only significant difference between the device 90 and the preferred embodiment 10 is the shape of the receptacle 92 which is cylindrical in nature and the incorporation of anti-splatter shield 106 and pour spout 108. The embodiment 90 illustrated in FIG. 8A shows the device prior to receiving a urine sample. The trap door valve 42 is shown in the open state. In FIG. 8B, a sample of urine has been collected in receptacle 92 causing the trap door 42 float to the closed position. Tamper-proof, liquid activatable adhesive 50 seals the trap door 42 shut against the bottom side of upper surface 46. Temperature measuring detector 24 and reagent detector stations 52, 54 and 56 remain the same as in the preferred embodiment 10 of FIGS. 1-5.
Another alternative embodiment 100 is illustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B. The only difference between embodiments 90 and 100 is that the trap door 42 has been replaced by a piece of resilient, flattened rubber tubing 60 in the same manner that the trap door 42 of embodiment 10 was replaced by a piece of flattened resilient tubing 60 in embodiment 55. Resilient tubing 60 is preferably supported by a shelf like platform 102 so that it describes a generally S-shaped configuration. An upper surface 104 seals off the receptacle 100 so that the urine sample can only be accepted through the opening 64 in tubing 60. Tubing 60 includes a water activatable adhesive 62 similar to that described with reference to FIG. 6. FIG. 9A shows the alternative embodiment prior to the receipt of a urine specimen. FIG. 9B illustrates the embodiment 100 after it has received a urine specimen.
Other variations of the invention are possible given the foregoing description. For example, the one way valves 40 and 60 could be replaced by other tamper proof, one way valves. Similarly, reagents 52, 54 and 56 could be replaced by other reagents. Moreover, while a chemical melting type temperature detector 24 is preferred, other types of temperature detectors are also usable.
While the invention has been described with reference to the preferred embodiment thereof, it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that various modifications can be made to the structure and function of the invention without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as a whole.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
New and Published Books
11-17 of 17 results in New Political Economy
Prison Labor in the United States
An Economic Analysis
Series: New Political Economy
This book is the only comprehensive analysis of contemporary prison labor in the United States. In it, the author makes the provocative claim that prison labor is best understood as a form of slavery, in which the labor-power of each inmate (though not their person) is owned by the Department of...
Published April 10th 2012 by Routledge
The Political Economy of European Union Competition Policy
A Case Study of the Telecommunications Industry
Series: New Political Economy
In the European Union (EU), competition policy occupies a central place amongst other EU public policies and is the first truly supranational public policy regulating market competition. One of the stated objectives of EU competition policy is to prevent excessive concentration of economic power in...
Published February 24th 2012 by Routledge
New Deal Banking Reforms and Keynesian Welfare State Capitalism
Series: New Political Economy
Russell provides a groundbreaking critique of the orthodox position on the nature of New Deal reforms as well as an innovative analysis of the unraveling of those reforms. Russell argues that the success of the New Deal banking reforms in the post-war period initially produced a "pax financus" in...
Published February 23rd 2012 by Routledge
Labor, Industry, and Regulation during the Progressive Era
Series: New Political Economy
The Progressive Era was among the most volatile times for the economy and labor in American History. Daniel E. Saros explores the institutional and economic conditions of this time, revealing new insight into the regulated nature of industry and the conditions of labor. Using the steel industry as...
Published February 23rd 2012 by Routledge
Discipline in the Global Economy?
International Finance and the End of Liberalism
Series: New Political Economy
In Discipline in the Global Economy, Jakob Vestergaard investigates the currently prevailing regulation of international finance, launched in response to the financial crises of the 1990's. At the core of this approach is a set of standards of 'best practice', ranging from banking supervision to...
Published February 3rd 2012 by Routledge
Market Sense
Toward a New Economics of Markets and Society
Series: New Political Economy
This book concentrates upon the historic associations of the marketplace in the work of Aristotle, Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and demonstrates how what markets were imagined to entail for society was critical to each author's understanding of the central social problems of their time....
Published June 18th 2010 by Routledge
Everyday Economic Practices
The 'Hidden Transcripts' of Egyptian Voices
Series: New Political Economy
This book brings to the forefront the significance of local everyday economic practices to development policymaking. Chowdhury's objective in unearthing these diverse activities is two-fold. She demonstrates why it is a misrepresentation to characterize all that is economic as "capitalism...
Published January 22nd 2007 by Routledge
Forthcoming Books
Everyday Economic Practices: The 'Hidden Transcripts' of Egyptian Voices
To Be Published July 31st 2015
Late Neoclassical Economics: The Restoration of Theoretical Humanism in Contemporary Economic Theory
To Be Published February 1st 2016
The Promise of Economic Plurality
To Be Published June 1st 2016
Economic Necessity, Political Contingency and the Limits of Post-Marxism
To Be Published June 30th 2016


text:
The Sub-Fund aims to seek a consistent, absolute return while placing emphasis on the preservation of capital in the medium term. The sub-fund's long term objective is to realize an annualized total return of 3% above the return of the daily capitalized EONIA index. The investment strategy is based on risk spreading as a means of diversifying investments.
The allocation of the portfolio between the different asset classes (equities, convertible bonds, other corporate bonds, government bonds and money market instruments) may vary according to the Investment Manager's expectations. The allocation will be done either directly or indirectly through other UCITS and/or UCIs (within the limits set forth under Part A), including UCITS/UCIs which are established as Exchange Traded Funds, whose investment policy is in line with that of the Sub-Fund.
[1] http://www.globalfunddata.com/funds/new/performance/management?variant=Zest Asset Management Sicav
[2] http://www.globalfunddata.com/funds/new/performance/domicile?variant=Luxembourg
[3] http://www.globalfunddata.com/funds/new/performance/fund_administrator?variant=Banque Degroof Luxembourg S.A.
[4] http://www.globalfunddata.com/funds/new/performance/strategy?variant=Alt - Global Macro
[5] http://www.globalfunddata.com/funds/new/performance/structure?variant=SICAV
[6] http://www.globalfunddata.com/funds/new/performance/country?variant=Luxembourg
[7] http://www.globalfunddata.com/funds/new/performance/custodian?variant=Banque Degroof Luxembourg S.A.
[8] mailto:firstname.lastname@example.com?subject=Mail from GFM Ltd


text:
Winter!: Prepare for holiday gaming!
Welcome to From Ashes to Life [PhNx]!
Our mission is to provide you with a fun, friendly, guild family in which to enjoy your online gaming time. Build friendships that will last and be the support for you in your Guild Wars endeavors.
Mainly PVE, we work on in-game titles, character advancement, mission and farm training. For PVP we work on allegiance title ranks and limited team arenas.
Friendly Luxon Alliance, Ventrilo, Full Hall, Killer PhNx Cape.
Experienced and non-experienced players alike will find a home in PhNx.
Thank you for visiting PhNx!
Kreed Dukate
PhNx is a proud listener of BLADERADIO.COM! Check it out!