text:
Cruise News
Double celebration for building of NCL's new Breakaway ships
Norwegian Cruise Line has celebrated both the keel laying of Norwegian Breakaway and the first steel cutting of Norwegian Getaway over the past week.
The events, at the Meyer Werft shipyard in Papenburg, Germany, mark key stages in the construction of the two ships which are scheduled for delivery in April 2013 and April 2014.
How the two new ships will look
During Breakaway's official keel laying ceremony, the first of 73 blocks that will comprise the 144,000-ton vessel were lifted into the covered building dock, marking the start of the block assembly.
In the dock, Kevin Sheehan, Norwegian Cruise Line's chief executive officer, laid the traditional "lucky coin" before the 350-ton first block was placed.
"The anticipation is building for this incredible ship," said Sheehan. "It's thrilling to mark the start of the block assembly and realise that in one year we will take delivery of Norwegian Breakaway. We can't wait."
Norwegian Breakaway is the first ship being built by Meyer Werft utilising a more efficient construction process which will deliver a ship of more than 140,000-tons in less than 12 months.
Following the Breakaway keel laying, the first plate of steel for Norwegian Getaway was cut by a plasma torch. This plate will become part of Block 40 that will comprise the new vessel.
"Norwegian Breakaway and Norwegian Getaway are going to revolutionise the cruise industry with their spectacular design and unique offerings," said Sheehan. "Cutting the first piece of steel for Norwegian Getaway takes us one step closer to having this ship join our fleet in 2014 and begin sailing year-round from Miami, the cruise capital of the world."
The 4,000-passenger Norwegian Breakaway will arrive in her year-round homeport of New York City in early May 2013 from where the ship will begin weekly summer seven-day cruises to Bermuda.
From October 2013 to April 2014, the ship will offer voyages from the heart of Manhattan to the Bahamas and Florida and the Southern Caribbean.
Norwegian Getaway will sail year-round from Miami following her delivery scheduled for spring 2014.
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28 year old man | San Antonio, TX, USA | Seeking women 20-30 within 75 miles
If anybody knows where the perfect girl might be Won't you tell her bout me
I live life to the fullest every day. I love my family and friends, they mean everything to me. I'm your typical country boy that enjoys the outdoors. I really enjoy hunting during the fall and winter, fishing during the spring and summer. I go out of town a lot on weekends to the ranch, lake and coast. I like country music and going to concerts. I graduated from Texas A&M in 09 and am a die hard Aggie, very exited for College Football being back. I work really hard during the week, I am very goal driven and my career is important to me. I work out of town almost every week. My schedule is pretty much 3.5 on 3.5 off and I enjoy that schedule. I want to find that pretty southern girl that makes me smile everytime I look at her. The girl I just can't take my eyes off of. The girl that makes me laugh all the time. I want a girl that is outgoing, strong, idependent and goal minded. Never done the online thing and ready to try something new. If they say it works on TV, it must be true!
Camping , Cooking , Fishing/Hunting , Music and concerts , Playing cards , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports
Baseball, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Football, Golf, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I don't believe in astrology
I like Dogs
New Braunfels
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
Hunting, fishing, college football, country music, sons of anarchy, BBQ
Hunt, fish, play sports, anything outside, concerts
Lone Survivor
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'1" (185cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 6'2" (187cms)
|Body type:
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|Blue, Brown, Green, Hazel
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Project Manager
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|Bachelors degree
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral

subset: commoncrawl


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What do you think? Give us your opinion. Anonymous comments allowed.
Reply+9#180 to #177 - girlwithname (06/10/2012) [-]
Thats what I was thinking, but in the newest episode he addressed himself of being 40 when Toph called him Twinkle Toes.
Reply+2#200 to #180 - pukingrainbows (06/10/2012) [-]
Well, it was 140 years after his birth, but he has only actually aged 40 years at that point. Fry in Futurama isn't 1025 years old.
#183 to #182 - girlwithname (06/10/2012) [-]
Oops! Sorry...I didn't mean to spoil it....it wasn't to big of a spoil


text:
Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 12/8/12
FOXBORO, MA - SEPTEMBER 27: Randy Moss #81 of the New England Patriots breaks up a skirmish between teammate Logan Mankins #70 and Curtis Lofton #50 of the Atlanta Falcons in the third quarter of the game at Gillette Stadium on September 27, 2009 in Foxboro, Massachusetts. (Photo by Elsa/Getty Images)
With six straight victories and their fourth consecutive AFC East title already wrapped up, the New England Patriots are playing perhaps their best football of the season. And a large chunk of their recent run has come without two of their top players. So, imagine the big boost the Patriots will receive from having one of their best players on each side of the ball return for what is being billed as the game of the year. After practicing in a limited capacity all week, starting left guard Logan Mankins and standout rookie right defensive end Chandler Jones are both listed as questionable for Monday night's much-hyped matchup against the first-place Houston Texans (11-1), a game with major playoff ramifications for both teams. ''Just got out there a little bit this week and tried to move around. We'll see where it goes from today,'' said Mankins, who injured his ankle in the second half of New England's victory over Buffalo on Nov. 11 and has missed the last three games. ''We wer...
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What's so good?
By Eric Shapiro | Jan 30, 2013 | Total plays: 11,885
The band generated quite a bit of buzz with its debut LP, The Big Roar, back in 2011. I was studying abroad in London at the time, and someone in one of my classes chose the band's TV performance of hit song "Whirring" as an example of iconography in the media, or something to that effect. The Welsh trio, led by the charismatic Ritzy Brian (lead vocals, guitar), made an immediate impression. They played their music with a sense of urgency absent from much contemporary indie rock.
The band's second album, Wolf's Law, hits with the same visceral impact, only with a more streamlined songwriting approach that is simultaneously easier on the ears and richer in sonic detail. "This Ladder is Ours," the album's third and highest-charting U.S. single, is representative of the album as a whole, beginning with an orchestral flourish before breaking out into a spasmodic alt-rock riff that crops up continually over the course of the song.
The verse melody is simple, but the band (specifically drummer Matt Thomas) keeps things interesting with rhythmic shifts and occasional squalls of guitar noise. The chorus is immediately infectious, gaining traction with each repetition. Brian's voice rings with a melancholic fatalism far deeper than the words she sings. This is a band that's first and foremost about delivery, and each member sustains a level of intensity and sincerity, bringing welcome freshness to a well-worn musical style.
Sounds like: Cults, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, The Joy Formidable, Crystal Castles


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Speechly Bircham
News from The Lawyer
Charles Russell Speechlys promotes first partners since merger
The leadership interview 2014: the dealmakers
Charles Russell Speechlys adopts Charles Russell career structure post-merger
Charles Russell Speechlys' Carter: "An incredible amount of work needs to be done"
Charles Russell and Speechly Bircham kickstart search for new City HQ
Analysis from The Lawyer
Charles Russell Speechlys management: the joys of a clean sheet
What images fill your mind when you hear the names Speechly Bircham and Charles Russell?
Speechlys accent on profitability
Speechly Bircham must look back to 2009/10 with an air of nostalgia. Back then the firm pulled off a merger with Campbell Hooper to boost revenue by 37 per cent, to £58.4m. The tie-up also helped the firm's average profit per equity partner (PEP) to rocket by 29 per cent, from £331,000 to £428,000.
Overview6 New Street Square
Turnover (£m): 56.80
No. of lawyers: 191


text:
(image credit: http://bit.ly/1wXFX6D)
Westin Grand Cayman is a lovely spot for a wedding – and for a honeymoon. Wake up after the most wonderful day of your lives to the soothing sounds of the ocean on the sparkling white sands of Seven Mile Beach. Pop into Hibiscus Spa for shared treatments like the Couples Escape with 30 minutes together in the Jacuzzi and an hour-long Swedish or Aromatherapy massage with organic essential oils and plant extracts. Then end the day with a romantic dinner – pour deux, of course – at the AAA Four-Diamond rated Beach House, with coastal cuisine creatively prepared by Executive Chef Sandy Tuason and a Wine Spectator 2014 Award of Excellence-winning wine list. Ooooo – and don't forget dessert!
Book our Honeymoon Package and enjoy:
- Bottle of Champagne
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- To book this package please call 877-782-0149 and mention rate plan HNYMOON.


text:
M2N32-SLI Deluxe MCP55 Ethernet
I have followed the steps listed in http://www.nvidia.com/object/linux_nforce_1.11.html.
But still, when I type: ifconfig, as su, I am getting only the local Loopback.
There is no eth0 or eth1.
From YaSTs Network Configuration overview however, it reads:
nVidia MCP55 Ethernet DHCP
nVidia MCP55 Ethernet DHCP
Any idea how I can get them to show up?
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Look Inside | Enlarge Cover
Candlewick | May 25, 2010
| 32 Pages
| 10-5/8 x 11-13/16
| 3-7 years
| May 25, 2010
| 32 Pages
| 10-5/8 x 11-13/16
| 3-7 years
What if a little girl looked in her dollhouse and found an injured — and very untidy — fairy? A sweet story from celebrated illustrator Jane Ray.When Rosy discovers a real fairy living in her beloved dollhouse — the one her dad made just for her — she can't believe her eyes. But Thistle is no ordinary fairy. Despite a hurt wing, she's turned all the tiny furnishings topsy-turvy, and she's starving for raspberries and chips and other treats to eat. Rosy loves nurturing the mischievous fairy back to health, and can't wait to introduce her to her dad when he returns from his hospital stay. With a true flair for visual detail, Jane Ray offers a tale of family and friendship that touches on illness with a lighthearted tone — and celebrates the healing power of the imagination.
Visit other sites on the Penguin Random House Network


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See the timeline of one small business's soft opening, and read tips on how to make your grand opening a success.
By Tara Remiasz
After a year of planning, Lisa Alexander and Douglas Lee, co-owners of Twisted Sister Bakery in Chicago, finally realized their dream of opening a small business. Below is a summary of the big day.
7 a.m. Alexander and four bakers file into the store and begin putting the finishing touches on foods like mini éclairs, fruit tarts, cookies and cupcakes.
11 a.m. The remaining staff members arrive and prepare the front-of-house for the opening. They arrange flowers, set up display cases, organize platters of desserts and cookies, and adjust the lighting.
11:30 a.m. The entire team takes a quick break to refuel with lunch from a local hot dog stand.
11:45 a.m. Alexander and Lee give their staff an inspirational talk, and thank them for their patience after delaying the soft opening several times.
Noon The doors are opened, and people immediately begin filing into the bakery. It's not long until the shop is filled with people, and it will stay this way until close. Lee and Alexander didn't formally advertise the opening, but they spread the word among friends and family.
5:15 p.m. Although the store was due to close at 5 p.m., people continue to file into the bakery. Finally, at 5:15 p.m. the doors are locked and the last of the customers file out.
Alexander, Lee and the front-of-house crew begin cleaning up the store.
7:30 p.m. With the last of the cleaning complete, Alexander, Lee and the rest of the staff head home for the night.
Hear Alexander's take on the soft opening in her own words by listening to the Taking Stock of the Big Day podcast.
12 Tips for Opening Your Business Right
Wayne Schaffel, president of Public Relations for Less in White Plains, N.Y., offers tips on how to capitalize on opening day opportunities and make sure the day is as special as you've imagined.
- Determine if you want a soft opening to work out all the kinks. A soft opening is where a business, such as a restaurant, opens, but does not publicize that it is open until a week or so later, when everyone has been trained.
- Alert local media.
- Become a member of your local chamber of commerce.
- Invite local celebrities, such as the mayor, police chief, president of the local bank, high school principal, professional athlete you might know, or publisher of a weekly paper.
- Purchase a mailing list in your ZIP code, and mail out discount coupons that are redeemable on opening day to ensure a large turnout. At the end of the day, use the discount coupons you've collected to hold a drawing for $1,000.
- Take a lot of pictures for your Web site and to share with local media.
- Give away items with your business's information printed on them, such as balloons or chocolate. Include details such as your Web site, address and phone number.
- Hold a power breakfast for a group of prospective clients, and invite another group of important contacts to an after-hours wine-and-cheese event. Don't forget to invite vendors and suppliers.
- Place an ad in a local newspaper several weeks before the opening.
- Consider partnering with other local businesses to cross-market your new venture.
- Tie your opening into the local high school. For example, hire the high school band, sponsor a school event or put an ad in the school newspaper.
- Issue press releases before the event and after the event.


text:
Originally written on Stepien Rules | Last updated 12/2/12
J.J. Hickson was on the cover of the first Cavs Zine. Nothing can ever happen to change that. We had high hopes for J.J. as a Cavalier once too, but sometimes the NBA gods have other plans. He ended up in Sacramento for a time last season and things were looking pretty bad. Good news for Hickson is that he's now settled into a new home as a productive member of the Portland Trail Blazers. Prior to Blazers at Cavs last night I caught up with TheHickson. JJ finished with 11 points, five rebounds, two assists, two steals and one block in his team's 118-117 win over the Cavaliers. He's averaging 11.4 points and 10.3 rebounds on the 16-game season so far. His best performance was a 19-point, 18-rebound outing at Atlanta in November. He also scored 19 again at Brooklyn. The biggest value he provides the Blazers, though, is his ability to compliment All-Star LaMarcus Aldridge. LA would prefer to play the power forward position. Prior to J.J.'s arrival in Rip City, Aldridge was forced into center duties out of necessity. His team could've lost to the Cavs last night if Nicolas Batum hadn't gone Larry Bird from the right corner in double OT. Even if that still happened, Alonzo Gee could've made it only a three that tied had he made both of his free throws just prior to the hero-bomb from Batum.
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Results 1 to 5 of 5
Thread: Hell and Heaven united?
April 23rd, 2004 #1
Hell and Heaven united?
Hi all this is the lastest thingy i been doing for the
last week, it felt like it tooked forever to be done,
but at long last i have finished up this one =)
I was tring to think on somehing new to paint so
I thouhgt that an alliance of deamons and angels aganist
a comun foe could be a fun subject,
and i thought of doing it in like two days max, but
in the end it tooked a whole freaking week for me to get
this right, i hate time frames =)
The white beast it is my personal interpretaion of an angel, hence
the aureola over his head, and he is been raided by a she-deamon
with horns and tail, they are fighting a faccion of hell that have
decided to take out satan of his trone.
Well here is the image i hope you all enjoy,
as usual any constructive commets and critics
are more than wellcome =)
- Similar Threads
- Heaven and Hell
- Heaven n Hell
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- Heaven and Hell
- Art: hell or heaven
Hide this ad by registering as a memberApril 23rd, 2004 #2Registered User
- Join Date
- Mar 2004
- Location
- Ohio
- Posts
- 44
- Thanks
- 0
- Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts
It's a good idea, but doesn't come off as dramatically as it could. Don't get me wrong, it's far above my skill level and i like it very much, but there are a few things lacking. I like the sense that the clouds are moving, which definitly creates some interest. The wings are also beautifully done, and so are the mountains. I'm not particularly fond of the demons or the giant creature. The demons dont feel at all menacing or evil. Maybe they could be hunched over more, a little bit more skinny maybe, with gnarled hands or something? The muscles on the giant thing bother me because they seem to defined. It doesn't really go. Also, they eye on the creatures neck is confusing. Is it supposed to be painted on or an actual eye? The tears coming from it are what's confusing. Overall though I like it. You are a very good artist and a very good painter. It's just getting the point across that you seem to struggle with a little bit. I have the same problem, and by critiquing (sp?) this, I feel as if I've learned something too.
April 23rd, 2004 #3
Thanks for the construcive critics
and the nice encouragmet comments
tho i will not make any changes
to this one (i like it as it is and one
can not stay making chages on
a painting forever he he)
I have taken in good
consideration your critiques and on
the next one i hopefully i will do
better i have had lerned a lot
of things about many areas while
doing this one
it is time to make the
next one
bw i changed the neck eye i have had
a bit of a light inconsistency hence it
looked painted and not as part of the
creature, it should be ok now thanks
for the tip
Last edited by maxetormer; April 25th, 2004 at 01:18 AM.
April 24th, 2004 #4Registered User
- Join Date
- Mar 2004
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I agree with NoodleBoy017 in that the demons don't look particularly menacing but they do have this sort of "pulp comic villian" look to them. I don't know what exactly you were going for but they work in that sense.
Thieves of Thalegor Kicking Asgard and taking names...
Eternal Juxtaposition Why does Evil prevail? Because Good...is...stupid.
April 25th, 2004 #5
In my idea the big angel just wipe out
form the face of the earth like 7 of
this little deamos with one strike.
So the rematen few ones are kinda
thinking about going to enter a fight
in wich they will surely perish so i
wanted for them to be evil but i did
not wanted to show them as if they
were going to follishly go in to the
fight after they see the outcome of
thier friends.
I did not thought of pulp comics while
doing em but i see what you mean,
I wanted for them to be awaiting
becase i in this fantansy word of mine
they are bigger deamons
bigger enoguht to stand a fight
againist that big white angel so they
are waiting for reinforcemets.
that pretty much sums up
my inner thinking while doing it
he he


text:
From megacity to mega-fail
THERE are impressive skyscrapers, luxurious apartment buildings and shops. But you'll be lucky to come across another person in this strange city.
Places disappearing from Earth
ARMED conflict, war, poaching — these World Heritage Sites are in danger of disappearing forever if global action is not taken soon.
The perfect time for a bit of Snowmance
IF you're wanting to plan a romantic weekend away forget about the coast and the countryside because in the chillier months, the snow is where to go.
Found: Australia's best burgers
FORGET fast food chains. A list of the best places to grab a burger in Australia has been released, and it has unwrapped some great hidden spots.
Should you travel or buy a house?
THEY'RE two competing dreams. So should you throw it all in and buy a one-way ticket to see the world? Or should you scrimp and save for a deposit?
How to get the best airline seat
IT COULD be the difference between a bearable trip and a nightmare. So here's how to score a good seat on the plane, as well as one common mistake to avoid.
This country's paying people to stop leaving
"COME home, young person!" This place is so desperate to stop its residents from leaving, that it's doing something very unusual.
Jetstar resumes flights to Bali
JETSTAR has resumed flights to and from Bali after a volcanic erupiton on nearby Mount Raung overnight prompted the cancellation of nine services.
Costly sickie for Virgin Australia
VIRGIN Australia has left hundreds of passengers stranded — and lost thousands of dollars — after a sick crew member forced a flight to be cancelled.
'We're following up': Qantas' big fare 'mistake'
A "MISTAKE" in Qantas's online booking system has satisfied the appetites of hungry Aussie travellers offering flights to LA that were too good to be true.


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Ask A Baltimore Expert: How To Distress Your Jeans
Don't go spending $100 on a new pair of jeans. Instead distress your own with a few helpful hints from Baltimore native Rasheda aka The CurvyGirl Diva.
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E.S.P.'s Mother's Day Gift Guide
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Show your grad how proud you are with a special gift from the heart. Here are a few ideas for your upcoming college graduate.
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Action figures, stuffed animals, games, electronics, comic books and so much more can be found at these Baltimore toy shops.
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No matter what type of wedding is dancing across your imagination, several styles this year are worthy of consideration.
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26 year old woman | Reseda, CA, USA | Seeking men 25-28 within 50 miles of Northridge, CA
You only live once, but if you do it right, once is enough.
Trying to write up an entire section about myself doesn't come easy for me, but here goes..I'm a second year graduate student, studying to be a speech language pathologist. I am dedicated to my job and education. I am highly motivated and driven to succeed in life. I would consider myself to be very family oriented. I am thankful to have their support in anything I aspire to do. I have a close group of quality friends with whom I don't know where i would be without them. I am looking for someone who is just as equally motivated in life as i am. I want someone with whom i can learn something from each and every day. It would be great to meet someone that can have a good time whether it be staying in at home in our PJ's or getting dressed up to dance the night away. A sense of humor is a must! On my down time, I like to watch sport's game and I go to Dodger games very frequently, that my girl friends think I'm kinda crazy! I am a hardcore I Love Lucy fan and would watch reruns all day if I could! I also enjoy dining out, visiting new places, and discovering LA together... I'm hoping to fulfill my fantasy of meeting someone who is spontaneous and adventurous! If you read anything that sparked some interest, then this just might work! :)
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
I have Dogs
Enjoy going to local bars: Mad Bulls Tavern, Copper Bucket. I'm a sucker froyo..and I'm on the hunt for the best place to have an acai bowl here in LA! As well as my local Baskin Robbins!!
California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA
I can listen to almost anything that makes my head bop. Comedies are my favorite!
I enjoy watching sports and visiting Dodger's stadium. Love spending time with my family and roomies.
Aphasia book...life of a SLP major.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'4" (162cms)
|5'8" (172cms) to 6'2" (187cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Light brown
|Black, Dark brown, Blonde
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Other profession
|No preference
Full-time graduate student and part-time speech-language pathologist assistant
|$25,001 to $35,000
|$25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Latino / Hispanic
|Latino / Hispanic, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian
Full Salvadoran
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|English, Spanish
|English, Spanish
|Graduate degree
|Bachelors degree
Finishing up Master's Degree in Speech-Language Pathology at California State University, Northridge


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Do you know true power really is? It's to be able to hold a person's deepest nightmare in the palm of your hand, and show it to them...
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2x HWA Supremacy World Champion
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JBW WARfare World Heavyweight Champion
AWF IronMan Champion
Worked for IWA, EWNCW, HWA, SWA, JBW, EWA, ICW, and AWF
EWN E-Fedding Hall of Famer
A proud member of the EWN E-Fedding Community
Last edited by TempestH; 04-16-2011 at 09:51 PM.
..Step aside Christian, the real #1 Contender is A-Rodg..
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Originally written on Fox Sports Florida | Last updated 12/18/12
Despite missing a majority of the 2012 season with a hamstring injury, 2012 is ending on a high note for Tampa Bay Rays third-baseman Evan Longoria.On Monday, Longoria's girlfriend, Playboy model Jaime Edmondson, revealed on Twitter and Facebook that the couple will be first-time parents in 2013, with an expected delivery date at some point during spring training.Evan & I really appreciate all of the kind words & well wishes we have gotten today...we look forward to being parentstwitpic.combmoapi jaime edmondson (@jaimeedmondson) December 17, 2012Edmondson is a former Miami Dolphins cheerleader and was Playboy's Miss January 2010.The news comes on the heels of a 100 million contract extension Longoria, a three-time All-Star, signed with the Rays in November.Longoria, 27, missed 74 games in 2012 due to a partially torn left hamstring, but is expected to be back in good health for spring training.
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text:
Council OKs transfer of WiFi network to city
With the stamp of approval from the City Council Tuesday, the city and EarthLink will start transferring the city's Wi-Fi network within the next 45 days.
The agreement approved by the council and city staff is contingent upon whether EarthLink signs it, however EarthLink officials played a role in drafting the agreement together with city staff so it is expected to be approved.
The city agreed in March 2007 to sell its award-winning, high-tech Wi-Fi network to EarthLink for $5.3 million plus $340,000 during the first year of service in franchise fees and other revenues. EarthLink also agreed to pay the city an additional $1.59 million over three years.
The network was declared completed in August, but the relationship between the city and its corporate partner seemed uncertain three months later when new leadership at EarthLink decided that the company no longer would make investments in Wi-Fi.
The transfer agreement does not cost the city money, however EarthLink will not have to pay the remaining $1.59 million.
City Councilwoman Priscilla Leal said she thinks the company should fulfill the contract and pay the $1.59 million.
Michael Armstrong, Corpus Christi's director of municipal information systems, said in the interest of avoiding court battles, the city had opted to relieve EarthLink of its payments.
"EarthLink has said that they are not going to write any checks," Armstrong said. "They would rather go to court."
EarthLink officials Tuesday declined to comment on the remaining $1.59 million.
Chris Marshall, a company spokesman, said he did not attend Tuesday's meeting so it would not be appropriate to comment, but EarthLink had announced in February they would either be selling its municipal Wi-Fi networks to another company or transferring them back to the cities.
The company has networks in Milpitas, Calif., and New Orleans.
"We want to have an outcome that is beneficial to everyone involved," Marshall said.
Marshall said he was pleased with the council's vote and hopes EarthLink can transfer the network within the next 45 days.
"We want to make the transition as seamless as possible for both our customers and the city," he said.
The transfer would give the city back rights to the 147 square miles of network, as well as improvements made by EarthLink totaling $1.76 million. EarthLink also would provide the city with about $830,000 in radios and equipment used for the network.
Maintenance of the network is expected to cost the city $300,000 annually.
The anywhere-anytime wireless Internet service envisioned for the network in Corpus Christi won't be available for now. City manager Skip Noe said the city had no plans in finding another corporate partner to expand the network.
The city will continue to use the system as a high-tech method of reading meters -- its original intent, which is saving the city some dollars, Armstrong said.
An estimated $150,000 is being saved by the city each year by using Wi-Fi for automated meter reading, said assistant city manager Oscar Martinez.
Councilwoman Nelda Martinez said the city should avoid any additional fees that litigation and attorneys would bring.
"The only loss that is invaluable for the city was the goodwill of citizens who looked at the city as a conduit for Internet access throughout the city," she said.
Users of wireless devices such as laptops can connect to the Internet through the Wi-Fi system now, but the capability is limited. The signal may not be strong enough to use in some parts of the city. About 350 city employees connect to their respective departments daily using the Wi-Fi network. The changes won't affect city employees.
Current EarthLink customers may receive a notice to find another Internet provider for Wi-Fi service. Marshall, the company spokesman, said EarthLink representatives would contact customers about returning any modems that were purchased or rented at no cost to the customer.
Prepaid customers also would be credited, he said.
The council also:
n allowed for zoning changes for homes on Corpus Christi Beach and a parking lot or offices across from Whataburger's headquarters near Gollihar Road and Staples Street.
n approved disbursement of about $5.1 million in community development block grants and funds for emergency shelters and affordable housing initiatives, which the City Council reviewed last week.
n amended an ordinance requiring residents to keep clean sidewalks and gutters that are adjacent to their property.
If approved on a second reading next week, the ordinance would take effect immediately. Property owners found in violation may be charged for the cost of cleanup and a municipal court judge may issue fines between $100 and $500.
n approved a second and final reading creating a clean city advisory committee to deal with issues of recycling and litter. The City Council will consider appointments to the committee in several months.
-- Beth Wilson
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A simulation engine for temporally driven functional causal model application program is disclosed. An object oriented approach is used to create model definitions in which a system of interacting agents are assembled into a tree structure of agents and subsystems. The interacting agents which exhibit or endowed with time dependent behaviors are identified and are given priority in a queue. The temporal nature of the interacting agents and other characteristics are considered in the simulation of the model.
1. A computing system for representing and model agents based on interactions of the agents, comprising:
a simulation engine comprising:
means for setting up program execution based on one of time element and reception of a new input;
means for identifying and executing the agents which are dependent on the time element;
means for simulating effect of outputs of said interactions of the agents on other agent systems; and
default means for identifying any of the agents which are independent of said time element;
a computer for storing and executing the simulation engine;
means for entering data into the simulation engine. electrically connected to the computer; and
a display for displaying data entered into the simulation engine, electrically connected to the computer.
2. The computing system of claim 1, wherein the simulation engine further comprises three levels of class agents.
3. The computing system of claim 2 wherein said three levels of class agents include subsystem elements, subsystem-connection and subsystem input-ports.
4. A computing system for simulating a model wherein all time dependent interaction agents are stored in a list of the model instance, comprising:
a simulation engine with a hierarchical model description comprising:
means for executing all time dependent agents based on a hierarchy;
means for generating a network of the agents and their hierarchical connections;
means for setting up initform overrides to cascade down through said hierarchy; and
means for generating agent data structures;
a computer for storing and executing the simulation engine;
means for entering data into the simulation engine. electrically connected to the computer: and
a display for displaying data entered into the simulation engine electrically connected to the computer.
5. The computing system of claim 4. wherein the simulation engine further comprises means to generate the instance of the model by instituting a top level subsystem.
6. The computing system of claim 5 wherein the data structure includes a stack of values which indicate a time-based record of interaction between agents in a given subsystem from which a model can be generated.
7. The computing system of claim 6 wherein the interaction between agents and subsystems includes said hierarchical connection.
8. A method of modeling agents based on interactions of the agents, comprising the steps of:
initializing a simulation;
identifying all time dependent agents;
storing a message in a message queue;
terminating the simulation if there are no time dependent agents, and if there are no messages in said message queue;
incrementing time on one of said time dependent agents;
scheduling time independent agents by receiving a new input;
incrementing time; and
popping a scheduled agent off a ready-to-run queue;.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said agents include a set of inputs, outputs and state variables.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the interactions of the agents includes a hierarchical group of the agents into a tree comprising agents and subsystems.
11. The method of claim 9 wherein said set of inputs and outputs include a stack of time-stamped values and further said set of inputs and outputs represent interactions between agents.
12. A computer system for defining, building, and representing object oriented models such that when the model runs, agent activation and data flow is executed through message passing, comprising:
a simulation engine comprising;
means for generating instances of the agent;
means for distinguishing between classes, metaclass, superclass and mixin such that an agent-class can receive slots from agent metaclass, where as agent-mixins are used only to pass on slots and methods to other classes or superclass;
object means for structuring inputs and variables to be described by said object;
means for structuring inputs and variables to comprise more than at least one composite data structure; and
interaction means for model builders to interact with said simulation engine; a computer for storing and executing the simulation engine;
means for entering data into the interaction means, electrically connected to the computer; and
a display for displaying data entered into the interaction means, electrically connected to the computer.
13. The computer system of claim 12 wherein said interaction means includes means for interaction of model builders with the simulation engine via a limited set of methods; read-input; read-output; read-all-inputs; post input; read-state-variable and update state-variable.
The present invention relates to a computer implemented general purpose object-oriented simulation engine. The invention supports simulations of any system of interacting agents in which the behaviors of the agents can be functionally described and the temporal properties of these behaviors evaluated.
Prior art systems rely on forward chaining production rules, which use a truth maintenance system to preserve model consistency in order to simulate electro-mechanical systems. The systems worked very well for simple, non-parallel electro-mechanical operations and components. However, for complex operations and components the prior art is deficient in several respects.
Primarily, the prior art is extremely tedious to define or code-up a model. The rules needed mapped only in a very abstract way back to the causal structure of the system being modeled. Further, once a model has been developed, modifications of the model by anyone but the original rule author was extremely difficult. Changes in rules to fix old problems may create new ones. Further, if the system to be modified included a parallel behavior it was extremely difficult to correctly represent the temporal sequencing of the behaviors. The best approach to overcome this problem is to adjust the defining order of the rules. Accordingly, the prior methods employ a trial and error approach to sequencing which is both time consuming and difficult to validate. Furthermore, for certain connective topologies, there may not even exist an ordering of the rules that can successfully capture the true sequencing of the system.
The present invention overcomes the deficiencies of a rule-based approach to modeling, especially the issue of sequencing. An object-oriented simulation approach is used in the present invention. This approach provides a simpler language for model definition in addition to an increase in the efficiency of model development and production.
Simulation is, interalia, the representation and modeling of the behavior of agents and their interactions. In the present invention the word "agent" refers to the actual subject being modelled and the word "object" refers to the representation of the actual subject. Accordingly, agents, for example, are represented by objects composed of a set of inputs, outputs and state variables. The inputs and outputs are used to represent interactions between agents. Agent interaction is modeled as a data flow from the causing agent to the affected agent. This data flow represents, for example, the transmission of force in the case of a physical subject or object. For agents which are non-physical such as, for example, data information, ideas and concepts, the data flow represents the transmission of data. State variables are used to represent the state of an agent at a particular point in time. State variables usually represent characteristics of the agent which vary over time.
A system of interacting agents may be hierarchically grouped into a tree structure of agents and subsystems. The behavior of agents and their interactions are time dependent. Accordingly, time must be simulated in addition with other characteristics which should be considered in simulating an interactive system comprising a group of agents with their own sphere of influence.
The present invention considers the behavior of a group of interacting agents and utilizes a Temporally Driven Functional Causal Engine to simulate models.
Specific advances, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon examination of the following description and drawings dealing with several specific embodiments thereof.
1. FIG. 1A and 1B are block diagrams showing a system of interacting agents hierarchically grouped into a tree structure of agents and subsystems.
2. FIG. 2A and 2B are block diagrams of the objects used in model descriptions and instantiation.
3. FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an agent class data structure.
4. FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an agent class.
5. FIGS. 5A, 5B, and 5C show the first level subsystem of an exemplary model.
6. FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D are block diagrams depicting metaclass and superclass links.
7. FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 7C form a block diagram showing exemplary hierarchical state variables.
8. FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C, and 8D form a block diagram of agent data structures.
9. FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F, 9G, 9H, and 9I form a block diagram showing model subsystems data structure examples.
10. FIG. 10 is a logic chart showing a simulation loop.
11. FIG. 11 is a conceptual outline of the implementation of the present invention in a computer.
Simulation is a dynamic representation of the real world. It is an important tool used for a variety of analysis. The simulation engine of the present invention can be adapted to a variety of applications. For example, applications including system analysis, design trade-off studies, control algorithm design, diagnostics and training applications.
Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a system of interacting agents are shown grouped together, hierarchically, into a tree of agents and subsystems. System 10 comprises subsystem 12, subsystem 14 and agent 16. Further subsystem 12 comprises agent 18, agent 22 and subsystem 32. Similarly, subsystem 14 includes agent 24 and agent 26 and subsystem 34. Both subsystems 32 and subsystems 34 comprise agents 36, 38, 42 and agents 44, 46, 48, respectively.
FIG. 2A and 2B contain the Temporally Driven Functional Causal Model kernel of which the simulation engine comprises subsystem class 52 and agent class 54 under the class data structure. Further, the simulation engine, under the instance data structures includes: data item 56, message 58, input 64, output 66, state-variable 68, state subsystem input 78, subsystem output 82, model 84, subsystem 86 and agent 88. The subsystem classes are used to describe a model. The blocks under the instance data structures columns are used in model instantiation.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing agent class data structure. Agent class 90 includes several elements as indicated. The input element communicates with initiable data 92, initiable data 94 and initiable data 96. The state-variable also communicates with initiable data 98, initiable data 102 and initiable data 104. Agent classes contain all the information needed to create instances of the agent. The data is used by the agents' initialize-instance method.
FIG. 4 is a basic agent class example in which the input element of agent class 106 is connected to initiable data 108 and initiable data 110. The inputs are indicated as input I1 and I2 and a single output O1.
FIGS. 5A and 5B and 5C are agent class examples. FIG. 5A shows how agents 1 and 2 merge into agent 3. In the alternate, agent 1 and agent 2 could be a part of system 115 in which agent 3 may be contained as well (refer to the broken line). FIG. 5B shows the structural arrangement of subsystem-class 116. The elements of subsystem-class 116 include subsystem-element 118, subsystem-element 120, and subsystem-element 122. The subsystem connections include blocks 126 and 128. These subsystems are further connected to element port 126' and element port 128', respectively. Additionally, destination elements from subsystem connection 126 and subsystem connection 128 are joined to element ports 127 and 129, respectively. Subsystem-class 116 is in communication with four input ports 134, 136, 138 and 140. The input ports transfer data into element ports 134', 136', 138' and 140'. Subsystem-class 116 is also connected to output port 142 which in turn transfers output data to element port 142'.
FIG. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D depicts the class structure of the present invention. The broken line connection denotes metaclass links and the solid connection denotes superclass links. Enhanced standard metaclass block 146 is the upper structure from which enhanced standard superclass 148 is derived. Block metaclass 152 is connected with enhanced standard metaclass 146 with a superclass link as indicated. Similarly, the present invention class structure constitutes, interalia, enhanced standard superclass having superclass links with block mixin 154, data item class 156, owner mixin 158, subsystem delay mixin 162. Block metaclass 152 has a metaclass link with model class 164. Further, block mixin 154 has a superclass link with model class 164. Block mixin 154 also provides a superclass link with subblock mixin 166. Data item 156 includes message class 168 having a superclass link therewith.
Further, owner mixin 158 exhibits superclass link with data-item-stack-mixin 172 and state-variable-link class 174. Similarly, subsystem-delay-mixin 162 is connected by a superclass link to subsystem-port-class 176 and connection class 178. Subsystem mixin 182 and agent mixin 184 are individually connected by a superclass link to sub-block mixin 166. Further, initiable-data-item-stack-mixin 186 and artport-class 188 include individual superclass links with data-item-stack-mixin 172. Input class 192 and state-variable-class 194 include individual superclass links with initiable-data-item-stack mixin 186. Subsystem input class 196 includes a superclass link with owner-mixin 158. Similarly, subsystem output class 198 includes a superclass link with owner-mixin 158. User subsystem class 202 includes a superclass link with subsystem-mixin 182 and user-agent-class 204 includes a superclass link with agent-mixin 184.
Referring now to FIGS. 7A and 7B and 7C, an example of a hierarchical state variable is shown. The diagram is best understood by referring to FIG. 7A. User specified initform could institute a hierarchy to override both agent state variables and other subsystem state variables.
In FIG. 7A, subsystem state variables 210 and 212 are shown cascading to and overriding both subsystem state variables and agent state variables. For example, subsystem state variable 210 is cascaded to subsystem state variables 214 and 216. It is also shown that subsystem state variable 210 can override subsystem state variables 214 and 216 to initiate agent state variable 222 and 224. Further, subsystem state variable 212 is shown directly initiating agent state variable 226. FIG. 7B and 7C are a detailed version of FIG. 7A where the cascading and overriding aspects of the hierarchy are shown.
FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C and 8D form a block diagram of agent data structures. Model 230 is generated based on agent data structure interaction as shown. Subsystem 232 is in communication with model 230 and agent 234. State variables 236, 236' and 236" are in communication with agent 234 and maintain time-stamped data-item 237, 237 'and 237"; 238a, 237b, 237c and 237d, 237e and 237f.
Similarly, agent outputs 238, 238' and 238" are in communication with agent 234 and also include a stack of time-stamped values in data-items 239, 239', 239"; 239a, 239b and 239c. Further, agent inputs 240, 240' and 240" are in communication with agent 234 and include a stack of time-stamped values in data-items 241, 241', 241"; 241a, 241b and 241c.
Connection 242, output 244, agent 246, input 248 and connection 250 have communication therebetween and further provide communication at connection 242 and connection 250 with input 240 and 240", respectively. Similarly, connection 252, connection 254, input 256 and agent 258 have communication therebetween and connection 252 and connection 254 are in communication with output 238" and output 238', respectively.
Referring now to FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F, 9G, 9H, and 9I a detailed example of model and subsystem data structure are shown. FIG. 9A is a simplified version of FIG. 9B. The solid line connection indicates an agent-interaction whereas the broken line connection depicts a subsystem structure. Accordingly, agents 260 and 262 are in interactive communication with agent 246. Similarly, agents 264 and 266 are in interactive communication with agent 268. Subsystem 270 includes a subsystem communication with subsystem 272. Further, subsystem 270 is connected with agents 262 and 268. Similarly, subsystem 272 is connected to agents 260, 262 and 264.
FIG. 9B is a detailed data structure for building model 271 using agents 260, 262, 264, 266 and 268 and subsystems 270 and 272. The example shows the network which is generated when model 271 is initiated. Subsystem 270 includes connections with model 271, subsystem inputs 273, 273a, 273b and 273c and subsystem port 275, 275a, 275b and 275c. Similarly, subsystem 272 is in communication with model 271 and subsystem-inputs 277, 277a, 277b and 277c, subsystem port 279, 279a, 279b and 279c. Further, subsystem 272 includes connections with subsystem output 278 and subsystem port 280. Model 271 is in two-way communication with output 285, 285a, 285b and 285c. Connections 287, 287a, 287b and 287c and input 289, 289a, 289b and 289c are in interactive communication with outputs 285, 285a, 285b and 285c; inputs 289 and 289a, respectively. Further, agent 262 is connected with output 290 which is in turn connected to connection 294 and input 296. Agent 260 follows the connection pattern as agent 262 and is connected to output 290' and connection 294' culminating in input 298. Both inputs 296 and 298 are in two-way communication with agent 264.
Subsystem 270 is connected to subsystem inputs 301 and 301'. The inputs are in turn connected to subsystem ports 303 and 303', respectively. Outputs 305 and 305'are in dual communication with connection 307 and 307', respectively. The connections are further joined to input, 309 and 309'. Subsystem ports 303 and 303'are joined to input 309 and 309'. Agent 266 includes connections with inputs 309 and 309' as well. Agent 264 and agent 266 are in communication with input 312 and 312', respectively. Similarly, connection 314 and 314' are in communication with output 312 and 312', respectively. Inputs 316 and 316' are in communication with agent 268 and are also connected to connections 314 and 314', respectively. Output 318 is in dual communication with agent 268 and is connected to connection 320. Input 322 is in communication with connection 320, model 271 and subsystem 270. It should be noted that the network is complex even when a small model is structured. The connections shown relate to both dual and multiple contacts. In order to simplify the discussion and to limit confusion, for the most part, direct line connections are discussed. This is by no means a limitation on the drawings; and in any event, the drawings govern the overall concept of the model subsystem and data structure.
FIG. 10 is a flow chart representing the simulation algorithm. The program is initialized under block 340. Consequently, decision block 342 is implemented to check if there are any time dependent agents or if the messages queue has any contents. The program proceeds to block 344 to stop if the inquiry under decision block 342 is negative. If the inquiry results in a positive response, the program proceeds to block 346 to increment time. When the increment time is completed, all time dependent agents are scheduled under block 348. Receiving agents are scheduled and messages delivered under block 352. The program proceeds to decision block 354 where the program checks if there are any scheduled agents. If there are none scheduled, the loop goes back to decision block 342. If there are scheduled agents the program proceeds to decision block 356 to check if there are any agents in the ready-to-run queue. If the response to the query is positive the loop proceeds to block 358 and commands to extract or pop a scheduled agent off the ready-to-run queue and run it. If the response is negative, the loop proceeds to block 400 and orders to deliver messages and schedule to receive agents. The information is then directed to decision block 354 to be processed consistent with the parameters set under this block.
The discussion hereinabove relates to the structural elements which comprise the computer implemented as embodied in computer-variable media temporally driven functional causal model simulation engine. The discussion hereinbelow, without limitation, deals with the implementation and fundamentality of the simulation engine of the present invention.
One approach that is advanced by the present invention is that the behavior of agents can be represented functionally on the basis of a mapping between sets. As defined hereinabove the word "agent" refers to the actual subject under consideration for simulation. The word "object" refers to the representation of the actual subject. Agents are represented by objects comprising of a set of inputs, outputs and state variables. The inputs and outputs are used to represent interactions between agents. Agent interactions are defined as agent behavior that may affect the behavior of some other agent. Agent interaction is modeled as a data flow from the causing agent to the affected agent. This data flow represents the transmission of force in the case of physical agents, for example. For agents that are intellectual abstractions this data flow represents the transmission of data.
State variables are used to represent the state of an agent at a particular point in time. The state of an agent varies over time (t) with respect to its inherent behavior and its interactions with other agents. State variables usually represent characteristics of the agent that vary over time. Examples of such characteristics include: a) physical agents which may have spatial and orientational positions; b) lights may be on or off; c) data abstractions may have a value; d) hydraulic lines may have high or low pressure. At any given point in simulated time, each of an object's inputs, outputs and state variables may or may not have a value. If an input, output or state variable has a value, it will be an element of some set. These sets may be different for each input, output and state variable.
Referring now to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a system of interacting agents is shown hierarchically grouped into a tree structure of agents and subsystems. System 10 is defined as a discrete set of interacting agents. Thus, system 10 can be conceptualized as a macro agent with an overall behavior. When a system is hierarchically grouped as in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the lower level systems are depicted by subsystems such as subsystems 12 and 14. The hierarchies may be arbitrarily deep. The hierarchical groupings are merely intellectual abstractions used to simplify the representation of a set of interacting agents such as agents 16, 18, 22, 24, 26, 36, 38, 42, 44, 46 and 48. As shown in FIG. 1B, a group of agents form a subsystem. Thus, the eleven agents of FIGS. 1A and 1B are organized into a hierarchy of four subsystems.
The behavior of agents and their interactions are temporally dependent. The behavior of agents is not instantaneous but rather has durations or occurs over an interval of time. For many systems, the order in which agents interact greatly affects the overall behavior of the system. The order or sequence in which agents interact is dependent on the duration associated with individual agent behaviors. Accordingly, to accurately model the interaction of agents, time must be simulated along with behavior durations.
The behavior of an agent can be represented as a function of its inputs, state variables and time. This function may cause updates to the outputs and state variables of the object. In mathematical terms this function is a representation of a set of functions.
Thus, if F is a set of functions that describe the behavior of an agent, the set of functions or sub-functions are I, S and t representing inputs, state variables and time. Functions in F are (1 +n +1) dimensional mappings to the single dimension of the target output or state variable. The domain and range dimensional sets are over the sets designed in V.
F={ƒ01 (I,S,t)=01, ƒ02 (I,S,t)=027 . . . ƒom (I,S,t)=0m, ƒs1 (I,S,t)=S1, ƒs2 (I,S,t)=S21 . . . ƒsn (I,S,t)=Sn}
It should be noted that an actual implementation of the functions in F for a particular object is typically a single function that incorporates all the output and state variable updates defined over F.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the data structures comprising the simulation engine kernel classes which get instantiated are shown. The objects in the first column which include subsystem class 52 and agent class 54 are used in model descriptions. The objects in data item 56, message 58, input and outputs 64 and 66, state variable 68 and state variable link 72, connection 74, subsystem port 76 and, subsystem input and subsystem output 78 and 82 are used to instantiate the model. Further, model 84, subsystem 86 and agent 88, which are also in the agents category, are also implemented for model initiation.
The present invention utilizes a kernel to define, build and run models. An actual model contains a network of instances of classes. When the model runs, agent activation as well as data flow is achieved through message passing (method calls).
FIG. 3 shows agent classes. Agent class 90 includes initiable-data 92, 94, 96, 102 and 104. Agent classes contain all the information needed to create instances of that agent. The data is used by the agent's initialize-instance method (inherited from the agent metaclass).
For the purposes of this invention, classes end with either the word "metaclass", "class" or "mixin". Classes ending in "metaclasses" are just that, a metaclass. Classes ending in "class" are classes that will actually get instantiated whereas classes ending in "mixin" are superclasses that are never instantiated but are used only to pass on slots and methods to other classes or superclasses. The mixin convention is a commonly used term in object programming.
Referring to FIG. 3, agent-class 90 receives several slots from an agent metaclass. It should be noted that inputs and variables have objects to describe them whereas outputs do not. The inputs and state variables have a name and an initform. More significantly, they are structured to consist (as composites) of more than one composite data structure. Outputs, however, have just a name. The present invention utilizes class instances to contain composite values. This is different from the use of lists, arrays or some other data structure used to contain/structure composite values.
Some simulation engines execute every object every time slice. This may be inefficient and extraneous because many agents need only to be triggered/executed after they have received a new input. The present invention enables a setup in which execution is based on the passage of time or on the reception of a new input. Time dependent agents are agents which are executed every time slice. An example of a time dependent agent is a system clock that is used to synchronize the rest of the system. The clock may not have inputs. However, its outputs are used to simulate behavior or effect on other agents in the system. The default is that agents are not time dependent. Entire agent classes may or may not be time dependent.
When a model is created, all the time dependent agents are stored in a list in the model instance. When the model is simulated, all time dependent agents are scheduled for execution whenever simulated time is incremented. Model builders interact with the simulation engine via a limited set of methods; read-inputs; read all inputs; post output; read-state-variable and update state variable. The present invention enables the simulation of models with significantly less time and steps.
One of the significant aspects of the present invention is based on taking a model description and using it to create and drive a simulation. In order to simplify the disclosure of the simulation a simple example is disclosed in FIG. 4 to show a single agent class. As discussed hereinabove, a basic agent-class 106 is used in the model. Agent-class 106 includes two inputs I1 and I2 and a single output O1.
FIG. 5B and 5C show subsystem class 116. A model hierarchy with three levels all comprising class "agents" are formed. The three levels include: subsystem-elements 118, 120 and 122; subsystem-connection 126 and 128; and subsystem input-ports 134, 136, 138, 140 and 142.
Models are represented hierarchically to simplify construction and description. To simulate a model, a model instance is created by instantiating the top level subsystem. The data structure that does the simulation is a "flattened" model graph. This is a network (graph) of the agents and their connectivity. The hierarchy is not utilized when it comes to actually operating (running) the model. Accordingly, the hierarchy stays dormant and does not play an active role in simulations.
FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C and 6D show the class structure. The structure is an object oriented implementation based on CLOS, the standard object oriented extension to common Lisp. Metaclasses are used extensively to capture class wide information such as the structure of a subsystem or class information such as the class instances list.
As disclosed in FIGS. 6A, 6B, 6C, and 6D the class structure includes enhanced-standard-metaclass 146 which has a super class link with block metaclass 152. Further, model-class 164 consisting of slots and methods provides a metaclass link with block-metaclass 152. Enhanced-standard-superclass 148 has a metaclass link with enhanced-standard metaclass 146 and comprises of slots for names and methods to initialize-instance, delete-instance and enhanced-defclass (macro). Enhanced-standard superclass 148 has direct or indirect super class link with all subsystems or classes.
The hierarchical state variables of the present invention enable the user to set up initform overrides which will cascade down through the hierarchy. A typical hierarchical state variables example is shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B. A single subsystem state variable 210 may override both agent state variables such as 222 and other subsystem state variables such as 214 and 216 to initialize agent state variables of choice.
Referring now to FIGS. 8A, 8B, 8C and 8D agent data structures are shown in relation to a model 230 and subsystem 232. As discussed hereinabove, agent instances contain the data stacks which contain the history of a simulation. Each agent input, output and state variable maintains a stack of time-stamped values which represent a history of a temporal record of the activity of the agent under consideration. For example, agents 234, 242 and 258 in FIG. 8 include a stack of values. For purposes of simplicity, considering only agent 234, the stack of values associated with it include, outputs 238, 238' and 238". The outputs include stack-values which are time-stamped in data-items 239, 239', 239" and data-items 239a, 239b and 239c. Similarly, inputs 240, 240' and 240" include data-items, for example 241, 241' and 241" which have time-stamped values. Further, state variables 236 and 236" include time-stamped data-items 237, 237' and 237" as well as 237a, 237b and 237c; and 237d, 237e and 237f. Thus, the agent data structure is a stack of values which indicate a time-based record of the agent's activity in a given subsystem from which a model can be generated for simulation purposes.
FIGS. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F, 9G, 9H, and 9I provide a model and subsystems data structure. FIG. 9A is a simplified version and will be discussed herein. The interaction between agents and subsystems includes hierarchical connections. Agents 260 and 262 interact with agent 264. Agent 266 and agent 264 interact with agent 268. Subsystems 270 and 272 have a subsystem structure which is resident in agents 260, 262, 264, 266 and 268. As is shown in FIG. 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F, 9G, 9H, and 9I the network can be complex for even a small model. Much of the complexity is created because of the need to support hierarchical model descriptions, many point-to-point connections and timing capabilities (delays).
Referring now to FIG. 10, the main simulation loop is presented. Within the model instance there are three essential data structures. These structures include the message queue, the ready-to-run queue, and the time dependent agents list. The activities of the model can be summarized as a process that operates on these data structures. The behavior of a model has four basic activities, namely: (i) sending messages (placing messages on the message queue); (ii) delivering messages (from the message queue to agent input objects); (iii) scheduling agents for execution (place agents on the ready-to-run queue); and (iv) running agents (popping an agent off the ready-to-run queue and running it).
Sending messages is accomplished from within an agent's run method with a call (command) to post-output. When post-output is called for a set of messages is added to the message queue with a time-stamp as to when each message is to be delivered. There may be multiple message destinations, each with a different timestamp. The time-stamp variances are derived from the values of the static delays from the connection objects which link to each of the destination input objects.
The other three main activities are initiated from within the models main simulation loop shown in FIG. 10. All messages in the message queue are ordered in accordance with their respective time-stamp. As time is incremented, the messages "come due" and are delivered to the agent input objects. The delivery of a message causes the agent to be scheduled. When an agent is scheduled, it is placed on the ready-to-run queue. At any given time more than one agent may be on the ready-to-run queue. These agents are assumed to be executing independently and in parallel, hence they may be executed in any order without compromising the realistic assessment and operation of the simulation. Agents may also be scheduled if they are time dependent and time has been incremented. Agents are executed by merely popping them off the ready-to-run queue and invoking their run methods.
Referring now to FIG. 10 in more detail, the simulation engine is initiated via an operator interface, such as a keyboard on a computer. Thus the simulation loop is started under block 340 and proceeds to decision block 342. The software poses certain questions to provide/decide the next step in the simulation loop. Because of the temporal nature of the software all time dependent agents are first identified or the system is asked if the message queue is empty. If there are no time dependent agents, or if the message queue is empty, the simulation is terminated under block 344. In the alternate, if the response to the query under 342 is positive, the simulation proceeds to block 346. Here, time is incremented either on the agent or the messages resident in the queue. It should be noted that an agent is scheduled either by receiving a new input or in the case of time dependent agents, after time is incremented. Therefore, under block 348 all time dependent agents are scheduled and the loop proceeds to block 352 where messages are delivered and receiving agents for the messages are scheduled. Once the operation under block 352 is executed the loop proceeds to decision block 354 where the logic checks if there are any agents scheduled. If the response is negative, the loop goes back to decision block 342. In the alternate, if the response is in the affirmative, the logic proceeds to decision block 356 to re-check if there are any agents scheduled in the ready-to-run queue. If this is confirmed, the logic proceeds to pop a scheduled agent off the ready-to-run queue and run it under block 358. If the response is negative, the logic proceeds to block 400 under which messages are ordered to be delivered and a schedule is set to receive agents. The loop proceeds back to decision block 354 thereby forming a subroutine loop.
FIG. 11 indicates the implementation of the present invention. Computer 500 includes memory and a simulation engine software. Computer 500 is in operative electronic connection with display 510 and mouse 512. The software of the present invention is initiated by a menu driven command means and the operator is enabled to interact with the software via the keyboard at the display 510 and mouse 512.
Having thus described the preferred embodiments of the present invention, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate the many other embodiments which can be employed with the scope of the claims provided below.
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Charles Dickens. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas. With Illustrations by John Leech...
2008 June Grand Format Books & Manuscripts Auction #683
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An Exceptional Copy of the First Edition, First Issue, of "A Christmas Carol"Charles Dickens. A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas. With Illustrations by John Leech. London: Chapman & Hall, 1843.
First edition, first issue, with the text uncorrected, "Stave I" as the first chapter heading, red and blue title-page dated 1843, blue half-title, and yellow endpapers. Small octavo (6.4375 x 4.0625 inches; 164 x 103 mm.). [8], 166, [2, advertisements] pp. Four hand-colored steel-engraved plates (frontispiece and facing pp. 25, 78, and 150) by and after John Leech and four wood-engraved text illustrations (on pp. 37, 73, 119, and 164) by W. J. Linton after John Leech.
Original publisher's cinnamon vertically-ribbed cloth. Covers decoratively stamped in blind with a single line border enclosing a decorative border of holly and ivy, front cover decoratively lettered in gilt within a gilt wreath of holly leaves. spine decoratively stamped and lettered in gilt. All edges gilt. Original pale yellow coated endpapers. The binding matches Todd's first impression, second issue, first state, with the closest interval between the blindstamping left border and the left extremity of the gilt wreath measuring 13 mm. and with the upper serif of the "D" in "Dickens" within the wreath unbroken.
Just slightly skewed; minimal rubbing to corners; upper corners very slightly bumped; one tiny chip to the cloth at the head of the spine and another tiny chip at the foot of the spine; very slight fading to the cloth on the spine and on the covers near the spine and the top edge. Minor paper flaw (small sliver missing) in the lower inner margin of D3 (pp. 37/38), extending onto conjugate leaf D6, where just a tiny sliver is missing. The absolute minimum of faint foxing and soiling. Previous owner's neat penciled signature on front pastedown. An exceptional copy, totally unsophisticated, which shows very well, with the gilt fresh and bright. Housed in a full red morocco pull-off case by Rivière & Son (stamp-signed in gilt). From the H. Barry Morris Collection.
Eckel, pp. 110-115. Gimbel A79. Sadleir 684. Smith II, 4.
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