text:
A method and system providing spatial and timing resolution for photoemission microscopy of an integrated circuit. A microscope having an objective lens forming a focal plane is arranged to view the integrated circuit, and an aperture element having an aperture is optically aligned in the back focal plane of the microscope. The aperture element is positioned for viewing a selected area of the integrated circuit. A position-sensitive avalanche photo-diode is optically aligned with the aperture to detect photoemissions when test signals are applied to the integrated circuit.
1. An apparatus for analyzing an integrated circuit to which test signals are applied, comprising:
a microscope having an objective lens forming a back focal plane and arranged to view the integrated circuit;
an aperture element having an aperture optically aligned in the back focal plane of the microscope and positioned for viewing a selected area of the integrated circuit; and
a position-sensitive avalanche photo-diode optically aligned with the aperture.
2. The apparatus of
3. The apparatus of
4. The apparatus of
5. The apparatus of
6. The apparatus of
7. The apparatus of
8. The apparatus of
9. The apparatus of
10. The apparatus of
11. The apparatus of
12. The apparatus of
13. The apparatus of
14. The apparatus of
15. A process for analyzing an integrated circuit with a microscope having a focal plane behind an objective lens, comprising the steps of:
placing an aperture element having an aperture in the focal plane of the objective lens of the microscope and positioning the aperture for viewing a selected area of the integrated circuit;
optically aligning a position-sensitive avalanche photo-diode with the aperture;
placing an integrated circuit in view of the microscope;
applying signals to the integrated circuit; and
detecting a photo-emission from the selected area of the integrated circuit.
16. The process of
17. The process of
detecting respective x-y coordinates of photoemissions; and
recording respective counts of photoemissions for the x-y coordinates.
18. The process of
19. The process of
20. The process of
21. The process of
22. The process of
This patent application is a continuation-in-part of the patent application entitled, "SINGLE POINT HIGH RESOLUTION TIME RESOLVED PHOTOEMISSION MICROSCOPY SYSTEM AND METHOD" by Bruce et al., filed on Dec. 4, 1999, and having application Ser. No. 09/205,589.
The invention relates to inspection of integrated circuits, and more particularly to inspection of integrated circuits using photo-emissions.
The semiconductor industry has seen tremendous advances in technology in recent years, permitting dramatic increases in circuit density and complexity, and equally dramatic decreases in power consumption and package sizes. Present semiconductor technology now permits single-chip microprocessors with many millions of transistors, operating at speeds of tens (or even hundreds) of MIPS (millions of instructions per second) to be packaged in relatively small, air-cooled semiconductor device packages. A by-product of such high-density and high functionality in semiconductor devices has been the demand for increased numbers of external electrical connections to be present on the exterior of the die and on the exterior of the semiconductor packages which receive the die, for connecting the packaged device to external systems, such as a printed circuit board.
Typically, dies contain a bonding pad which makes the electrical connection to the semiconductor package. To shorten the electrical path to the pad, another packaging technology called flip-chip packaging is employed, where the bonding pads were moved to the side of the die nearest the transistors and other circuit devices formed in the die. Connection to the package is made when the chip is flipped over and soldered. As a result, the dies are commonly called flip chips in the industry. Each bump on a pad connects to a corresponding package inner lead. The packages which result are lower profile and have lower electrical resistance and a shortened electrical path. The plurality of ball-shaped conductive bump contacts (usually solder, or other similar conductive material) are typically disposed in a rectangular array. The packages are occasionally referred to as "Ball Grid Array" (BGA) or "Area Grid Array" packages.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an example BGA device 10. The device 10 includes an integrated circuit 12 mounted upon a larger package substrate 14. Substrate 14 includes two sets of bonding pads: a first set of bonding pads 16 on an upper surface adjacent to integrated circuit 12 and a second set of bonding pads 18 arranged in a two-dimensional array across an underside surface. Integrated circuit 12 includes a semiconductor substrate 20 having multiple electronic components formed within a circuit layer 22 upon a front side surface of semiconductor substrate 20 during wafer fabrication. The back side surface 23 remains exposed after the device 10 is formed. The electronic components are connected by electrically conductive interconnect lines to form an electronic circuit. Multiple I/O pads 24 are also formed within circuit layer 22. I/O pads 24 are typically coated with solder to form solder bumps 26.
The integrated circuit is attached to the package substrate using the controlled collapse chip connection method, which is also known as the C4� or flip-chip method. During the C4 mounting operation, solder bumps 26 are placed in physical contact with corresponding members of the first set of bonding pads 16. Solder bumps 26 are then heated long enough for the solder to reflow. When the solder cools, I/O pads 24 of integrated circuit 12 are electrically and mechanically coupled to the corresponding members of the first set of bonding pads 16 of the package substrate. After integrated circuit 12 is attached to package substrate 14, the region between integrated circuit 12 and package substrate 14 is filled with an under-fill material 28 to encapsulate the C4 connections and provide additional mechanical benefits.
Package substrate 14 includes one or more layers of signal lines that connect respective members of the first set of bonding pads 16 and the second set of bonding pads 18. Members of the second set of bonding pads 18 function as device package terminals and are coated with solder, forming solder balls 30 on the underside surface of package substrate 14. Solder balls 30 allow BGA device 10 to be surface mounted to an ordinary PCB. During PCB assembly, BGA device 10 is attached to the PCB by reflow of solder balls 30 just as the integrated circuit is attached to the package substrate.
The C4 mounting of integrated circuit 12 to package substrate 14 prevents physical access to circuit layer 22 for failure analysis and fault isolation. Thus, new approaches that are efficient and cost-effective are required.
It is well known that CMOS transistors emit photons during a state change, for example, switching the gate of a transistor. Photons are emitted from transistors at pn junctions, for example. These transient events occur on time scales that are less than 100 ps. Thus, in order to record these events, a very fast detector is required. In addition, a very sensitive detector is required for observing very weak emissions through the backside of the semiconductor because of the absorption losses in the silicon substrate. Another aspect of the emission analysis is to spatially resolve the emissions. It is desired to detect emissions from a single transistor where the device dimensions may be sized less than a micron. Therefore, an apparatus and method that provides fast and cost effective spatially and temporally resolved photoemission analysis of semiconductor circuits is desirable.
Various approaches to picosecond imaging circuit analysis (PICA) have been implemented. For example, one apparatus uses a cooled microchannel plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT), with a position sensitive resistive anode to simultaneously image and time-resolve optical emission from individual FETs in submicron CMOS circuits. However, the MCP-PMT is relatively inefficient for wavelengths in the range of 900-1300 nm. That is, the MCP-PMT is not very sensitive to light in this range.
In various embodiments, methods and systems are provided for time resolved photoemission microscopy for an integrated circuit. In one embodiment an apparatus is provided for analyzing an integrated circuit to which test signals are applied. The apparatus includes a microscope having an objective lens forming a focal plane arranged to view the integrated circuit, and an aperture element having an aperture optically aligned in the back focal plane of the microscope. The aperture element is positioned for viewing a selected area of the integrated circuit. A position-sensitive avalanche photo-diode is optically aligned with the aperture to detect photoemissions when test signals are applied to the integrated circuit.
The above summary is not intended to describe each illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. The figures and the detailed description which follow more particularly exemplify these embodiments.
The following detailed description of the preferred embodiments can best be understood when read in conjunction with the following drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an example BGA device. The device includes an integrated circuit mounted upon a larger package substrate;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example system for quadrant time-resolved photoemission detection;
FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a process for quadrant time resolved analysis of photoemissions, according to an example embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a system for quadrant time resolved photoemission detection, according to another example embodiment of the invention;
FIGS. 5A-5D are graphs of example quadrant histograms of data generated in analyzing a hypothetical circuit in accordance with the example embodiments described herein; and
FIG. 6A is an example image of photoemissions from a device; and
FIG. 6B is a histogram of data generated from a selected area of the image of FIG. 6A.
While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
The present invention is believed to be applicable to analysis of a variety of semiconductor structures and has been found to be particularly advantageous in analyzing flip-chip structures. While the present invention is not so limited, an appreciation of various aspects of the invention is best gained through a discussion of the example embodiments set forth below in which a flip-chip is analyzed.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example system 200 for single spot time resolved photoemission detection. The integrated circuit undergoing analysis is shown as device under test (DUT) 202. The DUT 202 is positioned in view of microscope objective 204, which in an example embodiment, is part of a laser scanning microscope (not shown) for positioning the DUT 202 to view a selected area of the device. The microscope objective 204 is a near infrared objective to allow viewing through the back side of the DUT 202, for example. While a laser scanning microscope is used in the example embodiment, it will be appreciated that other types of microscopes, such as compound, metallurgical, or emission microscopes can be used to gather photoemissions from the device. For example, the Zeiss Axiotron, Mitutoyo FS60 Finescope, and Olympus VANOX-T may be suitable.
While the embodiments described herein are suitable for back side analysis of integrated circuits, it should be understood that such embodiments are suitable or could be adapted for analysis of the front sides of the integrated circuits. While electron beam systems are commonly used for front side analysis, the embodiments of the present invention may be far more economical.
The beam splitter 206 is a cube-type beam splitter, for example. Other types that are capable of transmitting near infrared (IR) light would also be suitable, such as a Plate beam splitter or a Pellicle Beamsplitter. The beam splitter 206 is positioned behind the objective 204 to direct photoemissions from the DUT 202 to an aperture element 208 and fiber optic bundle, as well as to a photoemission camera 210. Aperture element 208 helps to reduce scattered light. The aperture element 208 has a circular aperture, for example, the FO Adapter, part number 452735 that is available Carl Zeiss. The example aperture element has a diameter to match the diameter of the fiber optic bundle. Thus, no light is sacrificed with the aperture element and no undesirable additional light is gathered. A fiber optic cable with a core diameter matched to detector 212 could also double as an aperture.
The aperture element 208 is optically aligned with the beam splitter 206 so that photoemissions from the DUT 202 are directed toward the opening of the aperture element. The size of the opening of the aperture can be selected in accordance with the size of detector 212.
In another embodiment (not shown), a solid immersion lens (matching the index of refraction of the silicon substrate) could be positioned directly in contact with the surface of the DUT. Such a lens has a finer resolution because minimal air space separates the lens from the device, and thereby will have a relatively large numeric aperture (NA>1.0).
In another embodiment, the aperture 208 could be positioned directly in the back focal plane of the objective 204. However, it will be appreciated that a camera system 210 would still be required for navigation. The beam splitter 206 could be removable or a removable mirror could be used to let light pass unfettered to the detector 212, wherein the beam splitter or mirror is moved into place during navigation. Alternatively, a movable, high reflectivity mirror could be positioned into the light path to direct the light towards the aperture and none to the camera during emission analysis. The mirror can be removed from the light path for navigation with the camera.
The aperture element 208 is optically coupled to a position-sensitive avalanche photodiode (APD) detector 212 with a coherent fiber optic bundle cable 214. The fiber optic cable 214 is a 0.002″ glass fiber or, alternatively, a 0.012″ diameter bundle of glass fibers, 0.55 NA. Commercially available products are suitable, such as the Fiber Optic Light Pipe with an FC connector and an opaque PVC sheathing from Micro Metrology Systems. A cable that provides transmission of coherent light is desirable to preserve the spatial relationship of the emitted light since the light is directed at a position-sensitive photon detector. The fiber optic cable must be shielded with material that does not permit penetration of external light to the light transmitting fiber.
The APD detector 212 of the example embodiment provides high efficiency photon detection, for example the C30927E series of quadrant APDs from EG&G CANADA are suitable. It will be appreciated that faster detectors can be used to analyze today's circuits in which devices, such as inverters, change state faster than 100 ps. In addition, as technology progresses and state changes occur at faster rates, even faster detectors can be used.
The quadrant APD 212 has four elements for detecting photons in which each of the elements is associated with one of the quadrants.
The placement of the aperture in the back focal plane of the objective and coupling the quadrant APD detector thereto with fiber optic cable effectively positions the detector in the focal plane of the objective. This provides enhanced spatial resolution that is limited only by the NA of the objective.
As device sizes continue to decrease, discerning photoemissions of one device from a second nearby device presents a significant challenge, particularly if the devices operate in parallel. When suitably aligned, the quadrant APD can be used to separately count photoemissions by quadrant or by x-y coordinates. X-y position analysis provides enhanced detector resolution. It will be appreciated that two-dimensional pixel APDs may be used in the future, and a single array 32-element APD, such as the model C30635E from EG&G could be used instead of a quadrant APD.
A time-to-amplitude converter 222 is coupled to the DUT 202 and to the APD detector 212. The converter 222 generates an output pulse whose amplitude is directly proportional to the time between the start and stop pulses from the detector 212 and the DUT 202, respectively. The APD detector 212 generates a start pulse each time a photon is detected, and the DUT 202 or tester provides a clock signal which the time-to-amplitude converter 222 uses as a stop pulse.
The output pulse from the converter 222 is digitized by a conventional analog-to-digital converter 224, and the digitized pulse is provided as input data to a computer 226 via a multi-channel analyzer (MCA) card. The input data represents the pulse height of the pulse output from the converter 222. The computer/MCA analyzes the digitized pulse height and increases the count of a histogram data point, where the data point is selected based on the pulse height. For example, the pulse height represents a time interval in which the photoemission was detected. Thus, the count for that time interval is incremented upon detection of a photoemission.
The time-to-amplitude converter is, for example, a model TC862 from Oxford. Other suitable converters include the Canberra model 2145.
In an alternative embodiment, a time-to-digital converter could be used in place of the time-to-amplitude converter 222 and ADC 224. An example time-to-digital converter is the model 1875 TDC that is available from Lecroy.
Quadrant APD detector 212 is also coupled to quadrant processor 227. Quadrant processor 227 counts pulses from each quadrant and outputs the counts by quadrant to computer 226. In one embodiment, quadrant processor 227 may be a discriminator/counter circuit such as that referenced in the paper, "Counting, timing, and tracking with a single-photon germanium detector" by F. Zappa et al., Optics Letters, Jan. 1, 1996, Vol. 21., No. 1. Alternatively, various x-y position analyzers, such as those from Quantar Technology, Inc., may be adapted for use in counting photons by position.
A test controller 228 is coupled to the DUT 202 for providing test signals as input. The test controller includes conventional hardware and software for configuring and loading test vectors in the DUT 202. The camera 210 is optionally included to provide navigation and a global view of the DUT 202. A suitable camera is Model SU 320 from. Sensors Unlimited.
FIG. 3 is a flowchart of a process for quadrant time resolved analysis of photoemissions, according to an example embodiment of the invention. At step 302, an aperture element 208 is positioned in the back focal plane of a microscope for viewing a selected area of a DUT 202. In the example embodiment of FIG. 2, this is effectively accomplished with the beam splitter 206. However, it will be appreciated that the aperture element 212 could also be physically placed in the back focal plane of the objective 204 without requiring a beam splitter.
At step 304, a quadrant APD detector 212 is aligned with the aperture 208. It will be appreciated that in the example embodiment of FIG. 2, this is effectively accomplished with the quadrant APD 212 along with the fiber optic cable 214. In another embodiment, the detector 212 could be physically aligned with the aperture 203.
The DUT 202 is positioned in view of the objective 204 at step 306 and brought into focus. Selected test signals are applied to the DUT by a test controller 228 at step 308.
At step 310, for each photon detected the duration of time between when a photon is detected and the time when the DUT generates a clock signal is measured. It will be appreciated that measurements are taken relative to photon detection in each quadrant of quadrant APD 212. At step 312, a count of photons detected is incremented in a quadrant histogram associated with the quadrant in which the photon was detected. In another embodiment, the x-y coordinates of the photons are also recorded. Conventional time-correlated single-photon-counting (TCSPC) techniques are used in the example embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a block-diagram of a system for quadrant time resolved photoemission detection, according to another embodiment of the invention. The embodiment of FIG. 4 differs from that of FIG. 2 in that the beam splitter 206 and aperture element 208 are replaced with a micromanipulator 352. The micromanipulator 352 is movable about the area of the DUT 202 and includes a fiber optic probe 354 for capturing photoemissions from a selected area of the DUT.
The fiber optic probe 354 includes a metal tube (not shown) and an optical fiber threaded through the tube. The metal tube has a 90� bend to direct one end of the fiber toward the DUT 202, the other end of the tube being attached to the micromanipulator 352. The optic fiber of the probe 354 is coupled to the fiber optic cable 356 via the micromanipulator 352. Fiber optic cable that is comparable to cable 214 of FIG. 2 is suitable. An example micromanipulator is the model PH120 that is available from the Karl Suss company. Those skilled in the art will recognize comparable models that are available from other vendors which are suitable for the present invention.
FIGS. 5A-5D are graphs of example quadrant histograms of data generated in analyzing a hypothetical circuit in accordance with the embodiments described herein. The data of FIG. 5A correspond to quadrant 1, the data of FIG. 5B correspond to quadrant 2, the data of FIG. 5C correspond to quadrant 3, and the data of FIG. 5D correspond to quadrant 4. It will be appreciated that in another embodiment, an x-y processor can measure the current from the four quadrants and thereby determine more precisely the position of the photon.
As illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B, peak photon counts in quadrants 1 and 2 are generally in the same time interval. If quadrant APD 212 is detecting photons emitted from a first device in quadrant 1 and photons emitted from a second device in quadrant 2, it appears that the two devices are switching in parallel.
FIG. 5C illustrates a peak photon count occurring in quadrant in an interval that precedes the peak counts of quadrants 1 and 2. FIG. 5D illustrates that in quadrant 4 the photon count is relatively small over the illustrated interval.
Once photoemission data is collected, such as the example data of FIGS. 5A-D, timing specifications for the DUT can be analyzed and compared to the photoemission data to determine whether the circuit is functioning as expected.
Usage of conventional equipment in the example embodiments set forth above results in a system that is cost effective, yet highly functional. For example, instead of using a state-of-the-art camera for viewing the whole DUT 202, a quadrant APD detector 212 is used to detect photons over a small area of the DUT.
FIG. 6A is an example image of photoemissions from a sample DUT. It will be appreciated that the image represents the data collected over a selected time interval, wherein light spots depict the photoemissions from structures of the DUT. The white-outlined block represents an area of the DUT selected for further analysis. Specifically, upon selecting an area of the DUT defined by x-y coordinates, a further data view is presented, such as the histogram of FIG. 6B. For the selected area of FIG. 6A, FIG. 6B shows the photon count over a 10 ns interval.
As noted above, the present invention is applicable to analysis of a number of different semiconductor structures and arrangements. Furthermore, the invention may be implemented in various forms using equipment that is comparable to that identified herein. Accordingly, the present invention should not be considered limited to the particular examples described above, but rather should be understood to cover all aspects of the invention as fairly set out in the attached claims. Various modifications, equivalent structures, as well as numerous structures to which the present invention may be applicable will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art upon review of the present specification. The claims are intended to cover such modifications and devices.
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Bridging the rift between classroom and online learning
Penn State students have been working with a faculty member all semester to experiment with an immersive virtual reality (IVR) system called Oculus Rift and examine how this system and others may enhance student learning -- both on campus and online. The group hopes IVR technology can eventually give students taking online courses a way to become more engaged in their coursework.
New system allows researchers to conduct studies while participants keep privacy
A Penn State researcher is working on a system called Maintained Individual Data, Distributed Likelihood Evaluation (MIDDLE) that changes the way data is collected and reported. The system will enable researchers to conduct studies and participants to keep control over their data.
Raising the bar of tech literacy
It's a common scenario in households in which one person is more tech-savvy than the others -- the more knowledgeable person does the majority of the technology maintenance and the other gets to kick back on the sofa. But, it may not be as good as it sounds for the tech-challenged bunch, according to Erika Poole, a Penn State Information Sciences and Technology assistant professor who conducted a study recently to examine whether these types of arrangements hinder the other housemates from developing technology skills of their own.
Penn State mapping tool could help save seabirds
To help fisheries around the world adopt more environmentally friendly fishing practices, the American Bird Conservancy turned to Penn State's Center for Environmental Informatics (CEI), a group of earth scientists and geographers who turn scientific data into usable decision-making tools, to build a one-of-a-kind online mapping application.
Wireless Internet on Penn State campuses experiencing service disruption
A disruption in the wireless service at Penn State's campuses has affected the ability of some students, faculty and staff to connect to the "PSU" wireless network. The disruption is unrelated to efforts that are underway in the College of Engineering.
Penn State researcher creates app to make time banking mobile
Until recently, time banking had been mostly managed with desktop transaction systems. But in an ever-more-mobile society, Jack Carroll — a distinguished professor in the College of Information Sciences and Technology — got the idea to create an app in which members of time banking communities could record their hours, post jobs and hire other members from their smartphones.
Landscape architecture students pair age-old methods with technology
Master of landscape architecture students Chase Weaver and Xinxin Li could have used a 3-D printer to quickly generate more than 2,000 trees for their 3-by-8 foot landscape models, but they chose to make the replicas by hand, the way generations of landscape architects did before them. They are learning that while technology is beneficial in their field, using tangible objects also helps them understand spatial relationships in their designs.
A day to remember
Nikki Hill, a postdoctoral fellow in Penn State's College of Nursing who works with older adults, wants to improve the lives of people living with memory loss and is developing an app that might offer a solution.
Deciphering data: Student learns tools to help businesses analyze customer buys
In today's digital world, many companies use a variety of social, mobile, analytic and cloud technology tools to analyze every step of the customer's journey and stay competitive. With so much data, it can be difficult to know where to start. That's where professionals, like those in the management information systems program, are needed.
Volunteer website connects students with service opportunities
Volunteer@PSU is an online portal for Penn State students and community members to identify and sign up for upcoming volunteer opportunities.
Professor uses online data to predict future fashion trends
In Heng Xu's career, combining science and art has brought a new way of interpreting data to life — an innovation that might help consumers understand, follow and afford tomorrow's fashion trends. Xu, an associate professor of information sciences and technology at Penn State, is collecting and analyzing data to gain insight into the needs, motivations and behaviors of the fashion industry, retailers and consumers.
Penn State researchers find inspirational online videos could lessen prejudices
Penn State researchers have found that watching inspirational videos online can reduce prejudice against other racial and ethnic groups.
The future below: Mining in the 21st century
Penn State student experiences technology and safety innovations in today's mining operations during his internship.
Professor uses data gathered from squirrels to make music
Mark Ballora, a Penn State professor, is using sonification to help University researchers translate their data into musical audio and reach new audiences.

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|23 posts found
Novice Member
Joined: 1/07/04
Raph Koster was always a controversial figure when he was with Sony Online Entertainment. Now he's on his own and gave a talk at AGC called "The Age of Dinosaurs". Carolyn Koh reports.
You can read more here.
Dana Massey
Novice Member
Joined: 5/07/03
Sounds like he thinks all games are just gonna be mindless console-type games.
I hope not, I like the fantasy mmo genre. EQ2, WoW and the others have their own problems for sure but I really don't want to be limited to the types of games he is describing.
Hard Core Member
Joined: 7/03/04
I liked MMOs better when gamers didn't play them, and just geeks did.
Ya...ok, so he has identified the problem with MMOs, but offers no solution other than, sell the "tee-shirt". Who is this guy? From his game design "ideas", he sounds like he works on SWG...
Played: AA, AC1, AC2, Aion, AO, AoC, CO, CoX, DAoC, DCUO, DN, EVE, EQ1, EQ2,
Novice Member
Joined: 1/07/04
Raph is the former Creative Director for SOE and was the primary designer on the original Star Wars Galaxies project. He also worked on Ultima Online.
Dana Massey
Staff Writer
Joined: 9/07/04
Ah, so that's why there was no content in SWG.
This guy is always painting himself in to a corner, and then bailing out the window to leave others to pick up his mess. They want more content? They want more Star Wars feeling? Eff 'em. Redesign the combat system instead. Peace yo, ya'll can fix this without me, I'm out!
Jedi? They are going to be so rare, it'll feel just like movies. It's going ot be this epic struggle to become a Jedi, and if they die, they are dead permenantly. Yeah, it's going to be so cool.
Jedi? Yeah, just learn a bunch of professions and eventually you become force sensitive and can grind for 100 hours to make Jedi. Tell the whiney b***hes to stop crying.
Novice Member
Joined: 2/04/04
We are such stuff as dreams are made on
You missed the point of the "content is not worth a damn" quote. He was saying how content is so easily used up and tossed asside by gamers. What matters most to the longivity of games to gamers is the loyalty and "cult" following of the gamers with the games. In one word, "community". Not limited to just multiplayer games, but to single player games as well. The "sims" is a perfect example.
There are too many people who are blinded and have vendettes against all things having to do with SOE and SWG. Rational discourse and discussion is lost because of closed minded emotional triads about such and such nerf from people who would stop all discussions that could promote reason and resolutions. Both gamers and developers are guilty of this.
Novice Member
Joined: 11/28/03
That may have been his point, but I believe he is mistaken.
I play the games for the content, not for a relationship with said developer or publisher. Without the content, I have no interest in the game at all. Reusability? Yes...that's incredibly key. But reusable content is still content.
To further his (faulty) analogy, with the whole "Tee Shirt" metaphor...I don't listen to either the Grateful Dead or the Beatles in order to buy a Tee Shirt. It's the music that counts...the Tee Shirt is just a "woo hoo" event.
He's absolutely right that agility is key to survival, but that's not a new anvil upon which he's hammering. That's been an achilles heel for business since the dawn of man. He may be right about needing to find different avenues into our wallets...but shunning content is precisely how you will make your own species of game extinct.
Novice Member
Joined: 3/17/06
Current MMO dev teams = Keystone cops.A pure comedy of errors,sadly its not as intentional.
Its not hard to see why Koster would hold a belief like that, he himself is really a product without content.
Just a PR made celebrity with little to no value outside of the followers he can hold.Its no wonder dinasaurs are so much on his mind.How many games has he drifted thru serving the games good about as much as a dinosuar would have.
That people oooo and ahhh over his "preachings " is insane.
I said it MANY times before, the MMO industry needs a major personnel housecleaning .Too much over hyped rotten wood in the industry now.
MMO Designer
Joined: 9/11/06
The phrase "content is not worth a damn" in the context of the presentation meant, "Content is now worth very little on the consumer market." In other words, people are less and less willing to pay for content. For example, a given song is now worth very little. It doesn't mean content isn't important -- from an experience point of view, it is still king.
Edit: the slides for the talk are up on my blog: http://www.raphkoster.com/gaming/ageofdinosaurs.shtml. They may help clarify the point I am making.
Novice Member
Joined: 1/23/06
Very interesting, indeed. Another huge thanks to Mr Koster for having me pondering all over the place... once again ;)
Novice Member
Joined: 7/25/03
jeez Raph, this web site has been here for years and you just found it today? :P
MMO Designer
Joined: 9/11/06
Nah, I've been reading it all along, it's just today it was enough to prompt me to post. :)
Novice Member
Joined: 8/11/05
Meridian Dynamics
Originally posted by RaphNah, I've been reading it all along, it's just today it was enough to prompt me to post. :)
Advanced Member
Joined: 2/18/04
I am not a Koster fan. Pretty much the opposite. I am not a pre-NGE angry mob either. I gave up on SWG in beta2, when tons of really stupid stuff was kept, and tons of really good stuff was ignored, just because the developers was sure they knew better than their costumers, and the costumers were threatened to be banned both from beta and SOE community if they brought up those points again. Tons of them... It was a beta nightmare, we were there to market a broken game, not to help fix it.
But this little speech... It is incredibly accurate and the examples he bring in from other kinds of media are extremly spot on, and something my own little gathering has discussed a lot the last year. That the game market has turned from thousands of independent developers with their own ideas, everything from ludicrus (Llama games of the 80s) to the genius (Tetris), into a market of three great powerhouses that pretty much just lumber forward, very slowly, killing any idea or concept that does not fit a predesigned blueprint of "Succesful game design". It really is the age of dinosaurs, and if it is doing anything, then it is to kill the interest in future games. because as we can already see, the future games will be, without a doubt, exactly the same as the existing games. its dinosaur country, and the market is dieing as we speak.
The only excited costumers out there, at this minute, are the younglings, that have not experienced the last 30 years of game design. They have not seen it before, so they will not understand this concept, but for all the gamers of some age and experienced, I more often hear them call themselves "jaded" than "experienced". They are tired, plain and simple. Tired of year after year of same old...
I could go into the distribution scenarios, and how to create a more freeflowing creative process in game design, if the development money can be kept at a minimum and the creative freedom at a maximum, but I am already rambling.. so I wont.
Just wanted to say that this was a very accurate and spot on observation, and even if I dislike some of these facts, I still agree with them.
Edit: I also want to agree with Sevarus above me. CCP has really taken the first steps down this path. Its not the biggest game, not even by a longshot, but it is one of the most succesful qualitywise, communitywise and karmawise, and probably... considering the small staff developing and working with EVE, just perfectly big enough.
"This is not a game to be tossed aside lightly.
Novice Member
Joined: 8/18/05
"Blah Blah Blah yakkedy smakkedy"
I've played the games Koster worked on, I enjoyed them. I also think its odd once he leaves the games go to shit. Coincidence? who knows. I have yet to play a game he has contributed to since. I'd like to see him apply all these analogies and study. I'd like to see what all that time studying the movement and progress of the gaming industry will produce.
Whatdya say Koster...slap one together and stick with it, ride the ride without bailin, lets see how many Tshirts you sell. Show me the belly dancin wookie!
If I could send a message to Raph or any game developer, id say this.
In my opinion on what game developers seem to be catering to.. its called instant gratification, no work to progress, free rides, insta lvl, no more grinds, no hard dungeons, and lord forbid they incorporate rl sim, for better wording they makem easy or they wont at all because they think its what we want. Thats why noone sticks with any one game, its because the majority of them suck and they think thier gonna keep an any kind of audience?
I'll tellya what keeps people playing, its the fun of a challenge, how many games are you guys making that are actually fun AND challenging dude seriously. How many of these games these days can you NOT hit max level in a week or two?These games are boring the hell out of gamers, you login and do the same crap everyday EVERYTIME until you go searching for the cancel button. I mean who wants to pay for that crap? You all claim your worlds progress and none of it changes. Is that what your aiming for ? or warning people to avoid?
I fail to see how lack of content wouldnt matter. Its the content that people are begging for, clearly a service that developers dont want to provide anymore, he just said it himself ! Do they really think content means feed me hundreds and hundreds of quests with a little pvp on the side? pfff man please. Players want goals and tough challenges. The hell f** yea feeling they get when they've finally made a character they've been working to build or they finally conquered one of the toughest mobs or dungeons ingame alone. games dont give people that anymore and until they do noones gonna buy those t shirts because you provide nothing to put on those effin shirts. You cant keep making games looking purely on the moneyside and return, if you make a damn good game then dont worry about the effin money the game will sell itself!
Novice Member
Joined: 7/27/05
Well said. I feel some people really don't think critically or can't think critically when reading things on a MMO site. It's a shame really that there are people out there that have the time to blow through the content in MMO's. I haven't been in a MMO yet (over 11+ now), that didn't have enough content to last the casual gamer a pretty long time. In the end, I think that the casual gamers are the loyal customers. The casual gamer is usually older and has a family of their own, so they don't get tired of the MMO they are play in 3 months. They are also less likely to want to waste the money to buy different MMO's to try and would rather use their money on something more responsible, like a new toy for their kids, or a nice gift for their wife or husband. So instead, they stick with the MMO that they aren't bored with anyways and have become loyal to that company, as long as that company treats them right, which is what Raph is saying and which is what you just pointed out in your post.
I agree that the developers need to target those players instead of the powergamers. They also need to drag out the niche market out there, because without competition, they are going to make some good money off that niche market. I also like Raph's business model for pricing plans. His example of Runescape and the various bands are a step in the right direction. The more accessible you make the game (lower cost), the more people the game will draw in, unless that game is a huge successful name like the Warcraft series and Blizzard. This could have negative repurcussions like a bad community, but I am sure there are ideas that can be discussed that could lower this problem, without having to increase the monthly payment.
Staff Writer
Joined: 9/07/04
Oh. My. God.
I had a lengthy reply to this, but the board seems to have swallowed it whole. Rather than retype it here, I think I shall go have a beer, and turn it in to an article. I'm sure that will make Dana happier anyway.
Hard Core Member
Joined: 11/23/05
"Playing things I shouldn''t be playing since 1977."
Always interesting to read what you have to say, Raph. A couple concerns though.
1) Does this mean that the Bartle model is no longer an option? It seems that ever since 2003, we pretty much abandoned Bartle's model where every gamer motivation was fully integrated into an MMO. When I hear "niche," that's what I gather. The problem I see is that games that are specifically targeted to an audience quickly run into problems of disharmony and animosity. Even a game like Second Life, which appeals to socializers, tends to create animosity in the form of excess drama.
2) We have many niche games here, far more than in 2003. Of course from the business end, if its a matter of "niche," then the business is going to ask, "so what niche is the largest?" The few examples I have seen of games that are designed for a target audience tended not to do so well, and are riddled with longevity issues from a replayability standpoint (CoH, DDO, Auto Assault).
3) We have had games that catered to a broad spectrum of users, but are focusing development on satisfying a certain target audience at the exclusion of others, sort of like where you are saying games need to go. SWG was a good example, Vanguard seems to be as well, and EVE to a lesser extent. All of these games are experiencing a bit of community animosity between those who want a very clearcut and targeted experience, over those who lay outside the target audience who still enjoy many aspects of the games.
4) I don't understand this notion of building a relationship with the community. Whenever someone talks about "the community," it has only ever been a small part of users, typically a highly motivated and competitive "clan" of users, and usually, a self-interested part with a specific agenda as to where they want the game to go. For lack of a better term, I call them "lobbyists," or perhaps "deacons," but there is still a rank and file that doesn't go to the fanfests, or buy mugs and hats. How much input should they have in terms of the game's direction, and is it fair to give a small cadre of "user elites" the power over all?
5) Will digital distribution and web-based marketing decrease the scandals, or increse them? My biggest problem with digital distribution and web-based marketing is that it gives the developer too much pererogative to change the user's game without the user's consent, and manipulate community opinion. The good thing about a retailer or a publisher is that you just can't hide important information about your features, plans, quality, and viability. The scandal around the wholesale change of SWG days after the Trials of Obi Wan expansion was made possible only because digital distribution facilitated it. If a retailer had to be involved when consumer expectations were let down, chances are that the development house would show some restraint. You just can't change the user's rulebook at will with a retail distribution model, because you actually have to print the rulebook. While many developers think this is a bad thing, I personally as a player am getting fed up with the pererogatives the live development teams give themselves. In case you haven't noticed Raph, this genre suffers a public relations problem, and has been suffering one for a long time (Dark and Light, Age of Mourning).
Again, thank you Raph. Its good to see some devs actually take the time with us now and then, and I hope we can help you.
"...when it comes to pimping EVE I have little restraints."
"It's like they took a gun, put it to their nugget sack and pulled the trigger over and over again, each time telling us how great it was that they were shooting themselves in the balls."
Novice Member
Joined: 1/11/05
SWG: Jess Youngstar(CIA)-AhaziDCUO: Blue Horizon(CIA)STO: John West(USS Texas)NCC-91836
When you say " selling the Tee Shirt", does this include ingame items(like third party) along with game promotion merchandise? In esseance, building on a culture and/or community for a single game concept?
If so, I am kinda feeling the No Monthly Fee direction would come into issue
Novice Member
Joined: 4/29/06
He was pre-CU


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Of course there are tons of choices when it comes to bolt-action rifles, many that can break the bank. Here we look at 10 guns that have price tags light on the pocketbook.
Gun Photos Gallery
Photo Gallery: 2014 AR Rimfire Round Up
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To try the thousands of add-ons available here, download Mozilla Firefox, a fast, free way to surf the Web!Close
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work great.
Very good but do not work on local on domain with port like http://mywebsite.dev:8888/pageThis review is for a previous version of the add-on (0.3.0.1-signed).
- Would be cool to have a "favicon" showing the state of the download. Perfect if it works when the tab is pined (like wifi icon, you can see how much you receive).
- The menu bug with OSX and go on the bottom of the windows
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Harrods Chablis and Pinot Noir
£60.00now £45.00 Product Code 1658779
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Harrods Chablis
Light and refreshing, this bone dry wine displays all the desired minerality.
Harrods Pinot Noir
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Josh Mortensen. 2014. "Travel to Roza Canal & Powerplant to install water-level logger deployment sites for 2014 Hydro Kinetic testing and to perform a load rejection test for a hydraulic study of the forebay.". Bureau of Reclamation, Report Number TR-2014-02.
Web Link: http://www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/TR/TR-2014-02.pdf
The script that generated this page was last revised on 08/08/12


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A survey conducted by the University at Buffalo School of Management that evaluated the leadership skills of President Barack Obama and Republican challenger Mitt Romney has found that Obama scored significantly better than Romney in most leadership categories and in overall leadership skill.
Read more at: phys.org...
Seventy-four percent of the professors described themselves on the liberal end of the scale, yet in a regression analysis, the professors' political leaning was not a significant determinant of how they evaluated overall leadership.
Originally posted by seabag
reply to post by ubeenhad
The premise is ridiculous IMO. Obama has demonstrated no leadership whatsoever. He has never even run anything in his life before taking office. I'm curious what these bozos used for comparison because I've seen no examples of leadership from Obama. Romney's 25 years in business and 4 years as Governor clearly indicates he has leadership ability.
Besides, if any of this garbage in the survey was true, why does Romney lead in all major polls on the issues of Foreign Policy and the Economy??
Well, I wonder how the control group was selected? Democratic mailing list?
Originally posted by NosmoKing
You're forgetting - BHO leads from behind...or was it that he likes behinds...oh, I'm thinking of the photo when he was overseas standing on the steps checking out the behind of a young 17-year old who was walking up the steps...that was it...yes, 'behind' is definitely the word we're looking for..."leading from behind" - what a great campaign slogan.
As most surveys show Obama and Romney locked in a virtual dead heat, Gallup finds that the Republican would win by a comfortable six percentage points if the election were held today.
With a record of correctly predicting all but three of the 19 presidential races stretching back to 1936, Gallup is one of the most prestigious names in the business and its outlier status has other polling experts scratching their heads.
Originally posted by seabag
reply to post by ubeenhad
What a strange study. I'm curious what data they used because I haven't seen any leadership from Obama that could be used for comparison.
edit on 20-10-2012 by seabag because: (no reason given)
Originally posted by DontTreadOnMe
I think they left out "successful" in their study too. I too would love to see what they used as measurement. Plus 74% (I would assume higher) are liberal, and of course that has no influance in all of this...lol
More than 100 professors responded, rating Obama and Romney on the 10 competencies of LeaderCORE:
problem solving/decision making, global and diversity mindset, strategic thinking, team leadership, team skills, communication, interpersonal skills, integrity, results orientation and self-management/adaptability.
According to the results, Obama particularly showed strength as a leader in global and diversity mindset, communication and interpersonal skills.
Obama's ability to adapt in the ever-changing landscape of health care reform and his stance on gay marriage also earned him high marks in adaptability and results orientation.


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Have a dell optiplex 960. I have random cables and things around that could allow it to get USB3. I found this pci-e card that does just that.
Problem is the system only has one pci-e slot. But I found another that's for the dell wireless nic. Its designed just for it. Its not on the back of the tower.
I didn't have a low profile bracket for this card anyway and I just need to plug it in, it doesn't have ports for the back. Instead it has two ports. One for PSU. And the other is for a case front panel USB ports to be connected.
Can I plug this card in the dell WiFi card slot since it looks to be pci-e? I'm planning on using another cable that attaches to this that gives me 2 USB3 ports on the other end. Also the PSU cable might not stretch over, will this kind of card work without that? But without superspeed?


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Calcium chloride
Subclass of:
424 - Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
424677000 - Alkali or alkaline earth chloride (e.g., barium or lithium chloride, etc.)
Patent class list (only not empty are listed)
Deeper subclasses:
|Class / Patent application number
|Number of patent applications / Date published
|Calcium chloride
|ACIDIC DIALYSIS CONCENTRATE - The precursor of an acidic dialysis concentrate is characterized in that two separately provided partial concentrates are formed from the constituents of the acidic dialysis concentrate, wherein only the one partial concentrate contains glucose, preferably glucose monohydrate, while the other partial concentrate comprises other constituents needed for the acidic dialysis concentrate.
|DIALYSIS PRECURSOR COMPOSITION - The present invention concerns a dialysis acid precursor composition for use during preparation of a dialysis acid concentrate solution and for mixing with water, a sodium containing concentrate, and a bicarbonate containing concentrate into a ready-for-use dialysis solution. Said dialysis acid precursor composition consists of powder components comprising glucose, at least one dry acid and at least one magnesium salt, and optionally potassium salt, and calcium salt. According to the invention said glucose and said at least one magnesium salt, are present as anhydrous components in said dialysis acid precursor composition.
|MULTICHAMBER CONTAINER FOR PREPARING MEDICINAL SOLUTIONS - The subject matter of the present invention is a multichamber container and a method for preparing medical fluids composed of concentrates which make a contribution toward the electrical conductivity of the solution and are additionally prepared from concentrates which do not make a contribution toward the electrical conductivity of the solution. The inventive multichamber container is characterized in that it is constructed by dividing the solution components into multiple chambers, so that following the dissolving due to breaking open of the first chamber border of a solution component, which makes a contribution toward the electrical conductivity of the medicinal solution, another chamber border of another solution component which does not make any contribution toward the electrical conductivity of the solution is broken open.
|CONTAINER, USE, DIALYZER OR PREPARATION UNIT AS WELL AS METHOD OF MANUFACTURING A CONCENTRATE - The present invention relates to a container comprising at least a dry concentrate, wherein the dry concentrate is designed such that it forms at least one acid liquid concentrate, or a part of an acid liquid concentrate, which is suitable for manufacturing at least on dialysis solution, on its dissolving in a liquid, preferably in water.
|CALCAREOUS ORGANISM GROWTH ACCELERATOR - The purpose of this invention is to provide compositions useful for promoting the growth of calcareous organisms present in a closed system aquatic habitat. Particularly, to composition capable of efficiently delivering calcium and carbonate to the calcareous organisms. Most particularly, to a composition effective for enhanced delivery of aragonite to a closed system aquatic habitat where it dissociates into bioavailable supplements, such as, calcium, strontium, magnesium, and carbonate ions, whereby enhanced growth of the calcareous organisms is achieved.
|Dispersions in Oil of Dead Sea Nano Sized Material Preparation and Uses Therof - The present disclosure is directed to dispersions of a Dead Sea material in oil, the Dead Sea material is present in the dispersions in the form of solid nanoparticles. Further disclosed are formulations comprising the dispersions, method of treating and/or preventing diseases or disorders of the skin comprising topical application of the dispersions or formulations thereof onto a skin of a subject, method of inducing a heat sensation on the skin of a subject by topically applying the dispersions or formulations thereof onto a skin of a subject and methods of preparing the dispersions.
|Skin Penetration Composition - The present invention comprises an all-natural composition of matter and methods of delivering nutrients, medicines, pain relievers, antioxidants, antidotes, antibiotics and various active ingredients and supplements directly to the affected area of the body. The all-natural carrier composition consists essentially of the combination of a natural oil, water, salt(s), natural emulsifier, natural sugar(s), plant extracts, natural acid(s), starch and natural flavor(s). The active substances that are mixed with the all-natural carrier composition, include, but are not limited to, drugs, vitamins, minerals, antibiotics anti fungal agents, antioxidants, diuretics, allergy medicines, anti-inflammatory agents, muscle relaxers, pain reducers, diabetic drugs, neuropathy drugs, chemotherapy agents, arthritis drugs, lotions for eczema, shingles, psoriasis, skin rash; herbal medicines, erectile dysfunction drugs, hormones, cholesterol drugs, essential fatty acids, and the like. The all-natural carrier composition facilitates the penetration of active substances into the dermal layer of the skin.
|HUMAN HOMEOBOX GENE VENTX AND MACROPHAGE TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION AND ACTIVATION, COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS THEREOF - The invention relates to a unique formulated pharmaceutical composition and a novel treatment method of intratumoral injection. The pharmaceutical composition of the invention is the saturated ionic solution of sodium ions and calcium ions (the "medicinal ion bomb"). The invention of intratumoral injection with the "medicinal ion bomb" can be used as the first-line treatment in treating cancer and tumor in nine human organs (carcinoma and tumor of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, breast, prostate, thyroid, lung, liver, genital organ, brain and pancreas) and certain other benign diseases (skin and subcutaneous neoplasm, breast fibrocystic change, benign prostatic hyperplasia and thyroid nodules).
|DIALYSIS PRECURSOR COMPOSITION - A dialysis acid precursor assembly including a dialysis acid precursor composition of dry components including anhydrous glucose, a dry acid, a magnesium chloride 4.5-hydrate (MgCl
|AGENTS FOR TREATING AND/OR AVOIDING FIRE BLIGHT - The invention relates to agents for treating and/or avoiding fire blight in plants of the Rosaceae, in particular of the subfamilies Maloideae and Rosoideae, containing formiates as the active component.
|Cell-8 Solution - Cell-8 Solution is an intravenous solution introduced into the veins of the patient. Cell-8 Solution provides the cells of the body with highly absorbed minerals as well as new RNA information which changes the relationship of the body to the cancer in question. Treatment with Cell-8 Solution will prevent the body from accepting the existence of cancer cells so that cancer cell replication will no longer occur. Although intravenous Cell-8 Solution is superior, other applications include nebulized, transdermal and oral.
|Skin Treatment Composition And Method - Disclosed is a composition which is provided as a cream. One use for the product is for removing urushiol oil from the dermal layer of the skin using a combination of other oils. The composition may include all or some of Apricot oil (kernel oil), Avocado oil, Dead Sea Salts, Eucalyptus (essential oil), Grapefruit oil (pink, essential oil), Grapeseed oil (essential oil), Jojoba oil (organic), Lemon oil (essential oil), Orange oil juicy flavor oil), Peppermint (essential oil), Rosemary oil (essential oil), Spearmint oil (essential oil), Vitamin E oil (T-50 all natural); and Walnut oil.
|EMULSION LOTION - An emulsion lotion composition including
|BUFFERED COMPOSITIONS FOR DIALYSIS - Acid concentrates, and dialysate compositions prepared therefrom, contain citric acid and an effective amount of a buffering agent selected from acetate and/or lactate. The buffering agent allows a physiologically acceptable amount of citrate to maintain the desired pH of the dialysate.
|AQUEOUS MOISTURIZERS AND LUBRICANTS AND USES THEREOF - This application relates to water-based personal moisturizers and lubricants that relive vaginal dryness. These compositions are non-spermicidal, sperm- and egg-friendly, and in various embodiments may mimic biological fluids, enhance sperm survival and motility, promote binding of sperm to eggs, and/or facilitate the process of fertilization. Related articles, systems, and methods of preparation and use of the compositions are also provided.
|REHYDRATION COMPOSITION FOR PREPARING A SOLUTE BY RECONSTITUTION IN WATER - The present invention relates to a rehydration composition intended for the preparation of a solution by reconstitution in water, preferably slightly mineralized water.
|DIALYSIS PRECURSOR COMPOSITION - The present invention concerns a dialysis acid precursor composition for use during preparation of a dialysis acid concentrate solution and for mixing with water and a bicarbonate containing concentrate into a ready-for-use dialysis solution. Said dialysis acid precursor composition consist of powder components comprising sodium chloride, at least one dry acid and at least one magnesium salt, and optionally potassium salt, calcium salt, and glucose. According to the invention said at least one magnesium salt and said optional glucose, are present as anhydrous components in said dialysis acid precursor composition.
|TOPICAL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING DEAD SEA WATER AND USES THEREOF - The present disclosure provides method of inducing secretion of beta-endorphin in a skin region of a subject, the method comprises topically applying a composition comprising at least 0.5% Dead Sea Water onto a skin region of a subject. The disclosure further provides a method of modifying at least one condition of a skin region of a subject, the method comprises topically applying a composition comprising at least 0.5% Dead Sea Water onto the skin region of the subject, wherein the at least one skin condition is selected from the group consisting of mechanical and physiological skin condition and wherein the modifying of the at least one skin condition is associated with induction of skin beta-endorphin secretion in the skin region.
Patent applications in class Calcium chloride


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Mass Effect (NA)
Third party DRM: OriginPlease note that the free third-party service, Origin, must be used to activate this title.
As Commander Shepard, you lead an elite squad on a heroic, action-packed adventure throughout the galaxy.
Discover the imminent danger from an ancient threat and battle the traitorous Saren and his deadly army to save civilization. The fate of all life depends on your actions!
- 2007 New York Times Game of the Year
- A Stunning universe with high resolution graphics and textures
- Controls and interface optimized for PC gamers
- Includes free additional content — face off against the horrific Batarians
- Customize your character and embark on a pulse-pounding adventure in an immersive open-ended storyline
- Incredible real-time character interaction
- Thrilling, tactical combat as you lead an elite squad of three
- Interplanetary exploration of an epic proportion
Customer reviews
Start of a top 5 trilogyvipe_1 | Dec. 9, 2014 | See all vipe_1's reviews »
Mass Effect is quite simply the greatest video game space epic made. The trilogy of games Mass Effect becomes is rare blend of genres, themes and gameplay styles not seen in really any other game.
As an RPG, Mass Effect is perhaps a little more "action" to truly fit the genre completely. Characters are top notch and the connection your character will have with you and the NPCs in the game is unparalleled. The story is top notch...graphics and sound are highlights as well for the genre.
I did find Mass Effect 1 to be a little more buggy than the others, and some slowdowns present themselves in large areas. You may or may not like the vehicle segments. That is pretty much the only downsides to this game.
Mass Effect is a must play for anyone and one of the greatest games of all time.
Should be the Standard for Space Adventuresmikenotcaptain | Dec. 9, 2014 | See all mikenotcaptain's reviews »
Mass Effect was designed to be an ambitious game, an RPG, 3rd person shooter, choose your own path, space adventure game. This game would be a daunting task for anyone, let alone creating a new universe with new races, history, lore, and etc. This game accomplished what it set out to do in many ways. The gameplay was great and so were the graphics. Character development and story progression were done very well also. Looking back, I don't see much that the game did not do right, except the planet exploration was tedious and just took away from the game. This game also has my favourite ending song. I would suggest this title to anyone who loved space adventures.
The best of Star Wars and Star Trek combined.heerox328 | Dec. 7, 2014 | See all heerox328's reviews »
Do you enjoy science fiction? Do you enjoy a bit a fantasy? Do you enjoy tactical shooters with a party-based system? Mass Effect may be the franchise for you.
It is an epic tale of the exploits of Commander Shepard and his crew on the Normandy. This game is a bit dated now and the combat isn't the greatest, but there are mods to rectify some of these issues, especially the visuals.
I'd recommend this game for the incredible story, companions, and voice acting alone. It's an absolute marvel to explore and learn about this new universe and how it all works together.
This game also features exploration and pivotal vehicle play, unlike its predecessors.Not a perfect game, but definitely one of the best RPGs of the last generation and one of the hottest franchises in gaming.
You will not want to miss this if you have not experienced the wonder that is Mass Effect. Newcomer or returning fan, this is a game you don't want to miss.
The first of an amazing seriesadboyum | Sept. 15, 2014 | See all adboyum's reviews »
If you are an RPG fan then this game is a must have! It has created a universe with endless possibilities. The characters in this game are fantastic and you really grow to care about them. The story is so epic all the way through and leaves you wanted to continue to play the second game because you just have to know the next part of the story.
The gameplay is something that takes a little getting use to. However, once you've mastered it, you have a lot of fun! It's a good mix of shooting action with that awesome side of Sci-Fi magic! Definitely recommend this game!
A good startJericho417 | Aug. 1, 2014 | See all Jericho417's reviews »
Mass Effect one was a good start to a fantastic trilogy. We're introduced to a great universe full of interesting races. The cast was great, certainly worthy of continuing on in to future games. One thing I really enjoyed was the planetary exploration. You could land on the planet and drive around to explore. You could encounter random baddies and various interesting things like crashed ships. The story was great, though the ending seemed kind of final at the time. It's a Bioware game so it has a lot of well written dialogue, though the choices seem a bit limited.


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The surf life is the good life and you're all about making life good. Take your energy to a tropical level with this Lost in Hawaii towel tank from Lost. The printed island graphics and the terry-knit fabric are ready for some seaside action with you!
- 60% Cotton/40% Polyester
- Imported
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text: Fiber Arts exhibit and clinic JAN. 7 TO 30 — The Delano Public Library, 160 Railroad Ave. E. is hosting a Fiber Arts Exhibit Jan. 7 through Jan. 30. The display includes items that are felted, hooked, knitted, crocheted, cross-stitched, etc. by area artists. Visit the Delano Library to see the e...Read More


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At 6 weeks pregnant... is it normal for there to be no fetus?
I keep reading in books about how my baby should be forming by now: an over-sized head and the beginning of a body, as well as the beginning of ears, and a nose. However when I had my ultrasound done at my doctors visit, my doctor said there was no fetus. The only things visible were my yolk sac, and my gestational sac. Everything was normal, so they said. So, why do I keep reading something different in all my books and magazines? Is this normal?
Posted: 10/08/2007 by SexyBabyGirl
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I was 6wks 4days pregnant when I had my 1st ultrasound. I could see the embryo attached to the yolk sac & there was a very visible heart beat. Depending on your cycle, the rate of development will vary. What you read online & in magazines is just 'average'.posted 05/04/2008 by Mommy2EmiKate
I was 6wks 4days pregnant when I had my 1st ultrasound. I could see the embryo attached to the yolk sac & there was a very visible heart beat. Depending on your cycle, the rate of development will vary. What you read online & in magazines is just 'average'.posted 05/04/2008 by Mommy2EmiKate
This is actually pretty common. It's a really good sign that you have a yolk sac. That means the chances of having a blighted ovum are really slim. The fetus is just so small right now that it's hard to find it. Give it a few weeks and you should be fine. Best of luck!posted 04/25/2008 by Exoecting Mommy
9weeks 2 days with no sac and no fetus or heartbeatposted 04/22/2008 by lisasaid
I'm going through the same thing - my doctor did an US and didn't see a fetus or hb - just the gest. sac. My HCG levels are high enough to indicate 6 weeks of pregnancy. He said "sorry to be the bearer of bad news, but this doesn't look like a normal pregnancy." I'm confused because here it sounds like maybe you don't see a fetus or hb right away... He gave me no hope, but I'm holding on anyway.posted 04/13/2008 by Enescu
a SONAGRAM and ULTRASOUND are the same thing using the same technology. A GOOD doctor worth his/her salt will have that first ultrasound as soon as you come in with a positive BLOOD HcG level to make sure that the corpus luteum is producing progesterone and to make sure that there is in fact anything in your uterus to begin with . Right now I'm dealing with military doctors who REFUSE to do an ultrasound knowing that I'm high-risk and have issues with progesterone and miscarriage. They wouldn't even see me until I was 6 weeks along and STILL have not checked my progesterone. I guess I got lucky when I got the best doctor in my old town.posted 03/26/2008 by dawnierenee
I am going through something similar.. I get my period normally on the same day every month but don't know if I ovulate the same time every month.. I went to the doctor today and they could see the sac and the embryo but he said that the measurements read that the baby is less than 5 weeks while they say I should be 6 weeks by now.. Don't know what the deal is and I'm scared...posted 03/17/2008 by a BabyCenter Member
Hi everyone, I am in the same boat. I have had two U/S and they both show just a yolk sac and no hart beat. I am around 6 1/2 weeks with our first, we have been trying for 9 years and this is getting really hard. My progesterone is low but it started at 6 and now it is up to 16, my doctor just upped my dosage again. My doctor also said that my preg. hormone is increasing just ok, I have had some spotting mostely brown or sometimes light pink. I am worried and dont know how to feel about everything. I have another U/S scheduled for two weeks and she said if there is still no development then I will have to get a DNC. Can anyone help me.posted 02/19/2008 by rodrike
That's completely normal. And your right, your baby is growing and developing quickly; yet he/she is still the size of a grain of rice. I went at five weeks and all we were able to see was the sac and then went back at ten weeks and we were able to see our embryo! We could not believe how much he had grown! Just be patient and congrats!!posted 01/29/2008 by Milo'smom
It's definitely ok. This is my first scan at 5 weeks+6 days--> http://www.elftown.com/stuff/IMGP0505s.JPG I first saw the baby at 8 weeks. Sp don't worry! PS- Also try to avoid reading TOO much about pregnancy in the first trimester. I know you're excited but I did the same and I only got more worked up and nervous about being very very careful even where I didn't need to :)posted 01/21/2008 by Cassandrart
Answer this question


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Well, I finally came by a cheap version of PSO ($15 new).
The question I have is, would it even be worth opening this thing at this point? I would not try it for more than the two free months, but I wonder how much it would be like when I jumped into Diablo 2 years after everyone else, and got slaughtered every time I walked into a room by all the cheaters.
The other option is, some local stores still carry the thing for $40. I could take it back, and exchange it for something like XB Music Maker (looks sweet).
Some advise from seasoned PSO veterans would be appreciated... is it worth even trying at this point?
Phantasy Star Online
Started by Telemachus , Oct 28 2003 06:24 AM
4 replies to this topic
Posted 28 October 2003 - 06:24 AM
Posted 28 October 2003 - 12:03 PM
Hell yes it's worth getting. The game is great offline. You can build up your char offline then go online with it.
Posted 28 October 2003 - 07:32 PM
you can play phanasty star online *Offline*......?
Posted 28 October 2003 - 07:37 PM
|QUOTE (pimp¥ @ Oct 28 2003, 03:32 PM)
|you can play phanasty star online *Offline*......?
Just need a Live account on the Xbox, or use the patch from www.xbox-saves.com
Edited by shanafan, 28 October 2003 - 07:38 PM.
Posted 30 October 2003 - 02:40 PM
Well, I think they nee to drop the monthly fee now.
Edited by Telemachus, 30 October 2003 - 02:40 PM.
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Originally written on FalcFans | Last updated 11/20/11
Abraham sacks Locker The Falcons rebounded from last week's tough loss with a strong 23-17 win over the Tennessee Titans at home. The Falcons record moves to 6-4, as they attempt to keep pace down the stretch in the NFC playoff race. Matt Ryan led the team, completing 22 of 32 passes for 316 yards and a touchdown. Michael Turner had 100 yards on the ground on 21 carries (4.8 avg) and a touchdown. In the air, Roddy White led receivers with 7 catches for 147 yards. Tony Gonzalez caught 5 passes for 74 yards and a touchdown. Harry Douglas added 4 catches for 51 yards. Matt Bryant connected on 3 field goals of 19, 33, and 24 yards on the day. Matt Bosher punted twice for an average of 33 yards with both kicks placed inside the 20-yard line. Eric Weems returned a pair of punts for 27 yards. The offense was not at its most crisp on the day, only converting 4 of 12 third down attempts and scoring only 2 touchdowns in 6 redzone trips. Turner also had the team's lone turnover with a fumble ...
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text: No recent wiki edits to this page. E3 2006On May 11, 2006, during E3 2006, Titan Productions announced that it had drawn an agreement with Regency Entertainment, which owns the rights to the Heat film, to produce a game based on the movie for next generation consoles. Titan said that the film's director Michael Mann was in talks with Gearbox Software to oversee the game's development. The game was said to be a prequel or a sequel to the film, depending on which talents came on board. If the game was a sequel, Neil McCauley (Robert De Niro's character) would appear in a flashback. If Al Pacino declined to lend his voice and likeness to the game, there would be a new detective chasing after McCauley's crew. At the time of this press release, Titan stated that it was in "advanced stages with representatives for Robert De Niro, Al Pacino, and Val Kilmer to be part of the video game sequel."Ubidays 2007After the 2006 announcement, nothing was heard about the game until Ubidays 2007, when Gearbox Software announced its game based on the Aliens series. During the event, Gearbox founder Randy Pitchford was interviewed by Gamereactor, and when asked about the Heat game, he said "I've had some meetings with Michael Mann, [and] I think there's some room for interactive entertainment to deal with the challenges between cops and robbers." He followed up claiming that development on the game had not even started yet, but he was very enthusiastic to go ahead with the game.E3 2009During GameSpot's E3 2009 stage show, Gearbox head Randy Pitchford stated that development on the Heat video game had still not begun. He said he was a huge fan of Heat and hopes that Gearbox will eventually make the game.Borderlands Press Event - July, 2009In an interview with GameSpot posted on August 2, 2009, from an event demoing Gearbox's new IP, Borderlands, Randy Pichford stated that the Heat game was at an indefinite standstill and Gearbox would not be retaining rights to the property. He cited the growing number of current Gearbox projects as the primary reason for the game's halt in production.In the article, Pitchford explained, "In a nutshell, we're nowhere. We have passionate game makers that would love to do it. We've got filmmakers that think it's a great idea that would love to see it done. We have publishing partners that would love to publish it. But we have no time. That's the limiting factor. Because of the situation, we're not keeping the IP locked down anymore. So if somebody else were in a spot where they could do it, and everybody was comfortable with that, then conceivably that could happen."When asked about the possibility of voice acting from De Niro, Pacino, and Kilmer, he added, "No deals were done, but we had a lot of confidence that, from my understanding, Pacino was into it and that Val would do it. De Niro wanted to, but there needed to be some more conversations with him. He's not a gamer himself. Michael told me he had dinner with those guys a couple of times to talk about it, and he believed it was all going to be fine." Thus, it is safe to assume the actors are willing to come on board if the IP is ever picked up by another studio.


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9:25 am
Thu November 29, 2012
To Repent, ENMU Alumnus Gives Toilet Paper To School
By Fred Martino
A New Mexico college graduate has sent his alma mater a box of toilet paper to repay the university for loot he took from a dormitory during a student prank.
Eastern New Mexico University said Wednesday that it received the yuletide gift this week along with a Christmas card and written apology note.
The box contained five packages of 16 "Big Rolls" each of Angel Soft 2-ply, septic-safe tissue for a total of 80 rolls.
The anonymous writer apologized for stealing the paper years ago and said Jesus Christ has prompted him to repay for all his Sins.
ENMU is donating the tissue, which does not fit the school's dispensers, to the Christian Children's Home near Portales.
School officials say all is forgiven.
Copyright 2012 The Associated Press.


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Mighty Beanz: Pocket Puzzles (Game Boy Advance) review
"Life, why must you always throw new challenges in our path? Why do you force us to spend our time on activities that we do not enjoy and that do not get us anywhere? Why, indeed, are we driven to inflicting mental agony on ourselves, to warp our brain and numb our mind, aware of it every painful step, yet unable to resist? Why must we let ourselves be knocked down, trodden upon, only to scramble back up and ask for more? Why, dear God, why am I playing this atrocity of a puzzle game called Might..."
Community review by sashanan (December 05, 2007)
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When last we saw Alan Cumming, he was as nubile and smooth and hairless as, well, Alan Cumming usually is. Which is why we were shocked to see this photo of him backstage at Cynthia Rowley last night. Would he be playing the aged protagonist in some supersecret sequel to the Harry Potter movies? OMG, was Harry Potter going to grow up gay like Dumbledore? Google: No! Cumming grew the beard for his role as Boris in Chekhov's The Seagull at the Classic Stage Company. "I've been putting conditioner in it," he told the AP. "It's finally past the scratchy phase." All the better to tickle theater critics with, then.
Related: Plimpton's Cute, Posey's Ragged, and Price Is Scared [The Cut]


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8 Ways to Prevent Any Kind of Cancer
By: Steve Mazzucchi
- Overview
- Drink Pomegranate Juice
- Eat Blueberries
- Relax a Little
- Pop Selenium
- Order Sushi
- Spend More Time Outside
- Clear Your Air
- Invest a Little Sweat Equity
More Health Lists
Pop Selenium
Selenium has long been thought of as a cancer fighter, but you can have too much of a good thing, says David J. Waters, Ph.D., D.V.M., director of the Gerald P. Murphy Cancer Foundation, in West Lafayette, Indiana.
A study of almost 1,000 men, published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, found that when those with the lowest initial levels of selenium in their bodies received a daily supplement over a 4 1/2- year period, they cut their prostate-cancer risk by an impressive 92 percent. But men who started out with high selenium were rewarded with an 88 percent increase in total cancer risk when they took the supplements. Moral: It pays to get your selenium level right.
Use it: Selenium in the body is measured through toenail clippings. Send yours to the Murphy Foundation, and for less than $100 (price varies by state), they'll ship them to a lab and then inform you of your level 2 weeks later. If yours is out of range, the foundation will explain how to adjust your intake of Brazil nuts, tuna, meats, grains, and selenium supplements. Learn more at seleniumhealthtest.com.
Sign up for our FREE Daily Dose newsletter for the best fitness, health, sex, and nutrition tips delivered to your inbox daily.


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Alliqua currently markets its line of 510(k) FDA-approved hydrogel products for wound care under the SilverSeal® brand, as well as the sorbion sachet S and sorbion sana wound care products. Alliqua's electron beam production process, located at its 16,000 square foot GMP manufacturing facility in Langhorne, PA, allows Alliqua to develop and custom manufacture a wide variety of hydrogels. Alliqua's hydrogels can be customized for various transdermal applications to address market opportunities in the treatment of wounds as well as the delivery of numerous drugs or other agents for pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Additionally, Alliqua's drug delivery platform, in combination with certain active pharmaceutical ingredients, can provide pharmaceutical companies with a transdermal technology to enhance patient compliance and potentially extend the patent life of valuable drug franchises.
For additional information, please visit http://www.alliqua.com. To receive future press releases via email, please visit http://ir.stockpr.com/alliqua/email-alerts.
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don't see how some of the writers can say they would love to clean up after their wife's lover. I tasted that stuff once and uck! Before we were married we lived together but she still had a crush on another guy. I encouraged the relationship because I didn't want to get married and then have her decide she married the wrong guy. She had a big Friday night planned so she asked me not to have sex with her that week because she wanted to be real passionate for him.
Early Saturday morning she came home, I asked her how it went and she said wonderful he was heaven. Of course not having sex all week I was ready to go so I said lay down I want to suck you off. She said I had better not because she had not cleaned up yet and was a mess. And a mess she was, she has a lot of hair around her pussy which catches semen and it was a mess but I was so hot this made me even hotter and then another turn on was that he had screwed her so long and hard that her pussy and upper legs looked like they had a sun burn.. I went down on her gooey pussy and stuck my tongue in as far as I could. That was the first time I had ever tasted cum and I'll never forget it. Once started I could hardly back off so I spent a good amount of time sucking on her pussy trying to duplicate her trip to heaven. Afterwards she asked how I liked it and I told her it was not what I expected. She said that's the reason she did not like guys cuming in her mouth. Ever since I have been careful to tell her when I was cuming so if she wished she could take it out of her mouth but she still lets me fill her mouth because she knows how good it feels for me. But for me, no thanks, you can do it.
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It's hard not to be prejudiced against 'Austenland'
Jane Austen would spin in her nearly 200-year-old grave at the crude and broad movie made in her name.
Knowing it already has the attention of the hardcore fans of her books such as "Persuasion," "Pride and Prejudice," and "Sense and Sensibility," "Austenland" sets its sights on the mass audience — and fails both groups. »Read Full Article
Camping is key at Alpine Valley, promoter says
Mark Campana, co-president of North America concerts for Live Nation, may believe the BMO Harris Bradley Center is operating "way below the midline," but that's also the case in recent years for Live Nation-operated Alpine Valley Music Theatre in East Troy. It is hosting just three concerts this summer, all in August: an annual appearance by Jimmy Buffett, a KISS and Def Leppard double header and a hip-hop tour headlined by Wiz Khalifa.
What could help Alpine Valley? One word: camping. »Read Full Article
As the live music business booms, the Bradley Center lags
Last year was the best ever for the live music industry. And it was one of the worst for the BMO Harris Bradley Center's concert business.
Global revenue for concerts was at least $4.8 billion, according to Billboard, with North American revenue up 26% over 2012. »Read Full Article(27)
Door County's AFT to become Northern Sky Theater
Starting in January, Door County's popular American Folklore Theatre will be known by a new name: Northern Sky Theater.
The new name was announced at a fundraising event Sunday in Egg Harbor. The group announced its desire for a new name in January and solicited suggestions. A task force considered more than 300 possibilities before suggesting Northern Sky to the AFT board, which approved it, according to a statement from the theater. »Read Full Article(1)
On Tap Today: Observing the holiday
Happy Memorial Day, a day to honor the service of our military. There are several Memorial Day events in the community.
At Ten Chimneys there will be a celebration of all things Lunt and Fontanne from a wedding anniversary to opening for the public. You know what that means: Champagne. »Read Full Blog Post


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Lakshmi Manchu's Telugu romantic-drama "Gundello Godari", a love story set against the Godavari 1986 floods, has raked in Rs.14.83 crore in its opening weekend worldwide.
The film released March 8.
"The film, which was approximately made on a budget of Rs.45 crore has collected Rs.14.83 crore in its opening weekend all over," trade analyst Trinath told IANS.
Starring Aadhi Pinisetty, Lakshmi Manchu, Tapsee Pannu and Sundeep Kishan, the film is directed by debutant Kumar Nagendra. It also features Ravi Babu, Suja Varunee, Jeeva, Annapurna and Mumaith Khan.
The film has music by maestro Illayaraja and cinematography by M.R Palanikumar. The Tamil dubbed version of the film titled "Maranthen Mannithen" is slated to release March 23.
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Actor Sundeep Kishan may not have scored a hit with his last release ...
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Jonathan Pollard reportedly was hospitalized at a facility off his prison campus.
Israel radio and representatives of Pollard's wife reported Friday that Pollard was taken to a facility outside the Butner Federal Correctional Complex, the prison complex in North Carolina where he is serving a life sentence for spying for Israel.
Butner has a medical facility, suggesting Pollard had suffered an emergency condition that could not be treated by a conventional clinic, said Aaron Troodler, a spokesman for the campaign to release him.
Pollard, 57,apparently has since returned to the prison; an official at Butner told JTA on Friday that he was in his regular prison facility.
Pollard's wife Esther had yet to reach him since learning of his hospitalization, Troodler said, and she called on his supporters to pray for his recovery and health.
Pollard, who has been imprisoned since 1986, reportedly has suffered from a variety of illnesses.
"There are many reasons to release him," Troodler said. "This latest episode highlights how important the health factor is."
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CHARLOTTESVILLE — As a swimmer and coach in the Greenfield-Central swimming program under former head coach Tom Moore, Derek McCormick played a pivotal role in the turnaround of the G-C boys program, which has now won four consecutive Hoosier Heritage Conference and sectional championships.
After waiting for the right opportunity to take ahold of his own program, McCormick has found that fit at Eastern Hancock.
McCormick, 24, was recently approved by the EH School Board as the new varsity coach of the high school program. McCormick succeeds Debbie Froman, who retired from coaching after last season.
"My initial goal was to find a program that was kind of started and make it my own. Eastern Hancock popped up and was a perfect fit," said McCormick, who graduated from IUPUI and will also teach physical education at EH. "My goal is to grow the program as much as I can at the boys and girls high school level, the middle school level and at the elementary level. My long-term goal is to develop a swimming club out there and develop a swim lessons program."