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This activity is about planetary rovers. Learners will simulate the challenges in communications that engineers face when driving a rover on Mars. They will particpate as part of a rover team to design and execute a series of commands that will... (View More) guide a rover made of people through an obstacle course simulating the Martian surface. Students will learn the limitations of operating a planetary rover and problem solving solutions by using this simulation. The lesson models the engineering design process using the 5E instructional model and includes teacher notes, vocabulary, student journal and reading. (View Less)
Air traffic (and therefore airplane contrails) was halted nationwide for nearly three days following September 11, 2001. Students will investigate whether that stoppage resulted in any changes to cloud cover, temperature and/or radiation. Using the... (View More) MY NASA DATA Live Access Server (LAS), students gather satellite data on each of the three atmospheric parameters around that time frame. Working in teams, they read, compare and discuss two accompanying articles, then use the data from the LAS to create a PowerPoint presentation contending whether it was the lack of contrails or simply natural weather patterns at the time that was responsible for the increase in the range of temperatures. This lesson uses student- and citizen science-friendly microsets of authentic NASA Earth system science data from the MY NASA DATA project. It includes detailed procedures, analysis questions, teacher notes, related links, background information, lesson extensions, and a list of related AP Environmental Science topics. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
This activity examines the relationship between carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere and chlorophyll-a measurements in a watershed. Students analyze and compare two Excel plots-one showing carbon dioxide data values from the Keeling Curve and the... (View More) other showing satellite data of chlorophyll-a concentrations. This lesson uses student- and citizen science-friendly microsets of authentic NASA Earth system science data from the MY NASA DATA project. It includes detailed procedures, analysis questions, teacher notes, related links, background information, lesson extensions, and a list of related AP Environmental Science topics. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
This collection of activities is based on a weekly series of space science mathematics problems distributed during the 2012-2013 school year. They were intended for students looking for additional challenges in the math and physical science... (View More) curriculum in grades 5 through 12. The problems were created to be authentic glimpses of modern science and engineering issues, often involving actual research data. The problems were designed to be one-pagers with a Teacher's Guide and Answer Key as a second page. (View Less)
This program uses NASA data and resources to promote authentic classroom research experiences. These two complementary guides lead students through the process of conducting their own inquiry-based research on an Earth-focused topic. In their... (View More) guidebook, students read content and answer questions about each step in the research process- from formulating a question to sharing results. The separate guide for teachers provides explicit instructions, lists the standards addressed, and includes additional hints, resources and websites. (View Less)
This is an activity about forecasting space weather. Learners will use real-time data from NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory, or SDO, to identify a variety of solar features and active regions of the Sun, and then will use these observations to... (View More) predict the probability of a space weather event. This activity will require each student or group of students to have a computer with internet access. (View Less)
The H-R diagram is a scatter graph of stars, a plot of stellar absolute magnitude or luminosity versus temperature or stellar classification. It is an important astronomical tool for understanding how stars evolve over time. Stellar evolution cannot... (View More) be studied by observing individual stars as most changes occur over millions and billions of years. Astrophysicists observe numerous stars at various stages in their evolutionary history to determine their changing properties and probable evolutionary tracks across the H-R diagram. In this activity, students plot both maxima and minima with corresponding stellar classifications for several variables, and then identify the type of variability: Cepheid, RR Lyrae, Mira or Semiregular. This activity includes background information, a teacher guide, a student activity, and accompanying worksheets. The American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) and The Chandra X-Ray mission have collaborated to develop this activity. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
This is a lesson about using evidence to construct sequences of geologic events. Learners will interpret real NASA science data to identify features on the surface of Mars, determine the surface history of the area, calculate the size of features,... (View More) and develope investigable questions. Students will study images taken by NASA's Mars Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) camera orbiting Mars. Students will use the THEMIS images to analyze the surface features and geological history of Mars. The lesson models scientific inquiry using the 5E instructional model and includes teacher notes and vocabulary. (View Less)
This book contains 24 illustrated math problem sets based on a weekly series of space science problems. Each set of problems is contained on one page. The problems were created to be authentic glimpses of modern science and engineering issues, often... (View More) involving actual research data. Learners will use mathematics to explore problems that include basic scales and proportions, fractions, scientific notation, algebra, and geometry. (View Less)
Materials Cost: Free
This book presents 49 space-related math problems published weekly on the SpaceMath@NASA site during the 2011-2012 academic year. The problems utilize information, imagery, and data from various NASA spacecraft missions that span a variety of math... (View More) skills in pre-algebra and algebra. (View Less)


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Home / Store / Journals / Electronic Articles / Nuclear Science and Engineering / Volume 90 / Number 4
Dušan Babala, Kåre Hannerz
Nuclear Science and Engineering
Volume 90 / Number 4 / August 1985 / Pages 400-410
Format:electronic copy (download)
Current light water reactors (LWRs) depend for the protection of core integrity on a multitude of active systems and components, such as instrumentation, cables, electronic logics, relays, actuators, etc., and on human judgment. This approach to safety has led to a complex and expensive plant design in which all parts of the plant where these systems are present must be protected against damage due to, e.g., earthquake. It has also failed to persuade the public about the safety of the reactors because of the existing (but very small) probability of multiple failures leading to core meltdown. With the process inherent ultimate safety (PIUS) approach, this dependence on active systems is eliminated. The safety is now no longer a result of their intervention but is built into the thermohydraulics of the primary system itself. The PIUS primary system response to a number of severe anticipated transients without scram (ATWS) is described, as studied by means of a specially developed computer simulation program. The method is shown by which the thermohydraulic self-protection properties of the primary system terminates these ATWS transients, which could have severe consequences in a conventional LWR, with neither the core nor the rest of the plant suffering any damage (beyond the initial failure assumed). This has important economic consequences. The surveillance and control systems used to run the plant and the buildings in which they are housed can be designed as for a fossil plant, since they no longer have the ultimate responsibility for nuclear safety. The ensuing design simplification pays for the more expensive pressure vessel and primary system. Inherent safety is obtained as a bonus.
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Links from the Times for March 13: Dog friendly bars in Tampa
These bars have gone to the dogs: Spring is around the corner, a perfect time of year for an outing with your pooch pal. If you're looking for a spot where your four-legged friends will be welcome, check out this list of Tampa Bay-area restaurants and watering holes.
Florida's public employee pension fund plummets
Florida's giant public employee pension fund needs a bailout. Hit by the stock market crash and losses in risky investments, the pension plan faces a big funding gap, according to a study presented Thursday. | Backstory: Who's to blame for state's bad investments
Buddy Johnson's legacy: Chief aide's deal was done in secret
No one is aware that there is an original, signed copy of Kathy C. Harris's contract in any Hillsborough office. Meanwhile, county taxpayers continue to pay the aide of former elections supervisor Buddy Johnson. | Backstory: Buddy Johnson's troubles
'Lost Boy' is home at last'
Almost 10 years ago, Mogtaba Maki fled Sudan in terror with three T-shirts and a pair of shoes. Since then, he studied, worked — and waited for the day he would be sworn in as a United States citizen. | Backstory: Hell to pay | The teenager who escaped from Sudan


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There's a lot of people out there collecting/rebuilding old school mountain bikes, which is cool. But are there any people out there collecting/restoring first generation freeride/DH bikes? Ya know those late nineties freeride bikes you saw in the original Kranked movie.
I've got a first generation Rocky Mountain RM7 I'm trying to sell for a friend and I wonder if there is a market for it.
Thoughts would be appreciated.
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Conrad Indianapolis considers the needs of all its guests in its hotel policies, which are outlined below.
Basic WiFi is complimentary for up to three devices that are being used for checking email, browsing the internet and using other mobile applications.
Premium WiFi is $9.95 per night. This plan includes up to five devices and is suitable for streaming movies, playing games and other entertainment purposes.
Hotel Policies
Check-in Time: 3:00 pm
Check-out Time: 12:00 pm
Non-Smoking Hotel
Internet Fees
In-Room Wired Internet: $0.00
In-Room Wireless Internet: $0.00
Public Wireless Internet: $0.00
Pet Policy
Service animals allowed
Pets allowed
Deposit: $250.00 (Non-Refundable)
Pet Max Weight 50 lbs


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Gallery: Energy Generating, Self-Heating Solar Roadway Unveiled
The makers of the Solar Roadway just got a little closer to their dream of making every road in the United States a high-tech thruway that carries more than just cars. They've completed their first prototype and unveiled the photographs of the revolutionary energy-generating road surface. If installed on a real thoroughfare the Solar Roadway would carry vehicles, generate electricity for messages to drivers, self-heat to melt snow and ice, and deliver high speed phone and internet cables to the front steps of every home.
2 Comments
Photovoltaic Paving Til... October 25, 2010 at 7:24 pm
[…] the pavement is not suited for vehicular traffic — unlike the Solar Roadway — it is well suited for human traffic and can support furniture as well, in case you'd […]
davidearlsmith March 18, 2010 at 1:53 am
Um, two things that seem glaringly obvious right off the top:
1. Wouldn't a road surface like that be slippery?
2. LEDs last a long time, but not forever. Wouldn't bulb/tile replacement be insanely expensive? We're are talking about almost 31 TRILLION bulbs here after all!
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19-Year-Old Develops Ocean Cleanup Array That Could Remove 7,250,000 Tons Of Plastic From the World's Oceans
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FDA finds majority of herbal supplements at GNC, Walmart, Walgreens, and Target don't contain what they claim - instead cheap fillers like wheat and soy powder
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BACK TO SCHOOL GIVEAWAY: Enter to Win a HP Pavilion dv6 Laptop and Green Prize Package (Worth $1155!)
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LAST CHANCE: Enter to Win a Voltaic Laptop-Charging Solar Backpack Filled With Green School Supplies (Worth $500)!
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GIVEAWAY: Enter to Win a Sloan AQUS Grey Water Toilet System That Recycles Your Sink Water (Worth $189)!
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LAST CHANCE: Enter Inhabitat's Back To School Contest to Win $250+ of Green Goodies Including a Voltaic Solar Backpack (Worth $129)
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Jill FehrenbacherAvocados are one of the wonderful fruits of summer. High in nutrition and flavor, nothing signals the start of summer like a zesty lime guacamole dip with tortilla chips. The next time you're making guacamole or slicing an avocado for a salad, try savingREAD MORE >
Jill FehrenbacherYou've all heard the tired mantras about changing your lightbulbs and recycling at home in order to save the planet - are you yawning yet? Many consumers think that going green is a gesture of self-sacrifice that often comes at great expense and inconvenienceREAD MORE >
Yuka YonedaIt's amazing to think that just a few years ago, many people thought of LEDs as nothing more than the tiny red lights in our laser pointers but my, how the times have changed! With more and more people realizing the energy-efficiency benefits of LED lighting,READ MORE >
Yuka YonedaWINDOWHOP It's easy to get depressed when your work schedule has you getting less sun than Edward Cullen (you've got the sickly pallor to match and it's not nearly as sexy on you). If you're lucky enough to at least have a window in your workspace, openREAD MORE >
Diane PhamCutting back on your energy usage is one of the best ways to bring down your electricity bill. But did you know that making simple changes to not just your wattage consumption but the way your home retains and expels air can dramatically transform the wayREAD MORE >
Jill FehrenbacherDid you know that there are wolves living near you in almost every state in the country? Sadly most of these wolves are not living in the wild, but in wolf sanctuaries, which are conservation organizations set up to protect them and help grow their populationREAD MORE >
Yuka YonedaNamba Parks was conceived when Osaka Stadium closed down, presenting a great redevelopment opportunity for a new commercial district right next to the Namba Train Station, which is just one stop away from Kansai Airport. Since it's one of the first placesREAD MORE >
Beth BuczynskiTop image: A child is put to work at a militia-run mine in Watsa. © Marcus Bleasdale/National Geographic Captured during a 2004 visit to the war-torn Democratic Republic of Congo, Bleasdale's images "tell the story of the country's mineral resourceREAD MORE >
Yuka YonedaBANANAS You might have heard that bananas are favored by athletes because they contain potassium and it's that same reason that makes them great hangover cures. When you're hungover, your body has lost a lot of potassium that needs to be replenished, so eatingREAD MORE >
Yuka YonedaImages © Graham King "The shopping cart tree symbolizes both generosity and abundance, as well as acknowledging those less fortunate where their whole world may be housed in a cart. We see shopping carts every day and take them for granted. IndividuallyREAD MORE >
Jill FehrenbacherTIP 1: Wrap Your Home in Insulation - "The More, The Better!" Proper insulation is probably the most important factor you can control in creating an energy-efficient home. I always say insulation is like chocolate, the more you have, the better! On average,READ MORE >
Kestrel JenkinsWhile conjuring up comfort in the home seems like a basic principle, it's a far more complex process for architect & remodeling guru Sarah Susanka, who believes that comfort can significantly influence the sustainability of your personal abode. WithREAD MORE >


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When you're a fitness enthusiast with a chronic injury, you constantly battle to keep your body from pain. You hate it, but your fitness life does become a cycle of good days and bad days. On January 30th I hit a particularly bad day and I'm still recovering from it (that ugly spinal curve in the x-ray below is evidence of my QL muscle shortening and putting me in considerable pain). When those bad days hit, your doctor will most likely give you immediate pain medication but will also prescribe Physical Therapy to gain long-term mobility, strength and pain management. Every PT session ends with some ice or heat and TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) to promote healing. TENS always feels like an intense mini massage (for me it's one of the best parts of going to PT), so when Carex Health Brands reached out to me to test their at-home AccuRelief™ Dual Channel TENS Electrotherapy Pain Relief System, I couldn't say yes fast enough. In … [Read More...]
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iPad apps
No iPad support for BBM at launch, says BlackBerry16 May 2013
BlackBerry has revealed that iPad is not part of its BBM for iOS plans, at least not initially. It is concentrating on iPhone first, with possible tablet support coming at a later date. During its BlackBerry Live conference in Florida, the company revealed... >>
New look Google Maps app coming for iPhone and Android, with tablet specific version inbound15 May 2013
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There's a lot to be said for monkeys, particularly ones wearing shades. That's the prime reason that we downloaded Don't Steal My Banana, an app in which you need to hold a line of defence by lobbing fruits to fend off a variety of hungry mammals whom,... >>
BBC iPlayer for iOS updated, better AirPlay functionality and easier to watch live TV on iPad3 May 2013
The BBC has released an update for its iPlayer application for iPhone, iPod touch and iPad. And it is the last device that benefits the most. Along with several bug fixes, the iPad version of iPlayer now makes it easier to find live programming. It could... >>
Curiosity app experiment only week from revealing what's in the cube2 May 2013
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The College of William & Mary seeks applicants for the position of Associate Dean for MBA Programs. The Associate Dean for MBA Programs reports to the Dean of the Mason School of Business and works


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Economic functioning and politically pragmatic justification of tradable green certificates in Poland
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Volume (Year): 13 (2011)
Issue (Month): 2 (June)
Pages: 157-175
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- Fullerton, Don & West, Sarah E., 2002.
"Can Taxes on Cars and on Gasoline Mimic an Unavailable Tax on Emissions?,"
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,
Elsevier, vol. 43(1), pages 135-157, January.
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- Lemming, Jacob, 2003. "Financial risks for green electricity investors and producers in a tradable green certificate market," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 21-32, January.
- Eirik Amundsen & Fridrik Baldursson & Jørgen Mortensen, 2006.
"Price Volatility and Banking in Green Certificate Markets,"
Environmental & Resource Economics,
European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 35(4), pages 259-287, December.
- Amundsen, Eirik S. & Baldursson, Fridrik M. & Mortensen, Jørgen Birk, 2003. "Price Volatility and Banking in Green Certificate Markets," Working Papers in Economics 02/03, University of Bergen, Department of Economics.
- Eirik S. Amundsen & Fridrik M. Baldursson & Jørgen Birk Mortensen, 2005. "Price Volatility and Banking in Green Certificate Markets," Discussion Papers 05-08, University of Copenhagen. Department of Economics.
- repec:cup:cbooks:9780521744447 is not listed on IDEAS
- Don Fullerton & Ann Wolverton, 2003.
"The Two-Part Instrument in a Second-Best World,"
NBER Working Papers
10140, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
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- Ann Wolverton & Don Fullerton, 2003. "The Two-Part Instrument in a Second-Best World," NCEE Working Paper Series 200304, National Center for Environmental Economics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, revised Aug 2003.
- Agnolucci, Paolo, 2007. "The effect of financial constraints, technological progress and long-term contracts on tradable green certificates," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 35(6), pages 3347-3359, June.
- Kann, Shayle, 2009. "Overcoming barriers to wind project finance in Australia," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 37(8), pages 3139-3148, August.
- Adam Jaffe & Richard Newell & Robert Stavins, 2002. "Environmental Policy and Technological Change," Environmental & Resource Economics, European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, vol. 22(1), pages 41-70, June.
- Kildegaard, Arne, 2008. "Green certificate markets, the risk of over-investment, and the role of long-term contracts," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(9), pages 3413-3421, September.
- Karsten Neuhoff, 2005.
"Large-Scale Deployment of Renewables for Electricity Generation,"
Oxford Review of Economic Policy,
Oxford University Press, vol. 21(1), pages 88-110, Spring.
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- Stavins, Robert & Jaffe, Adam & Newell, Richard, 2004.
"A Tale of Two Market Failures: Technology and Environmental Policy,"
Discussion Papers
dp-04-38, Resources For the Future.
- Jaffe, Adam B. & Newell, Richard G. & Stavins, Robert N., 2005. "A tale of two market failures: Technology and environmental policy," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(2-3), pages 164-174, August.
- Christoph Böhringer & Knut Rosendahl, 2010. "Green promotes the dirtiest: on the interaction between black and green quotas in energy markets," Journal of Regulatory Economics, Springer, vol. 37(3), pages 316-325, June.
- Oliver E. Williamson, 2000. "The New Institutional Economics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 38(3), pages 595-613, September.
- Thure Traber & Claudia Kemfert, 2009.
"Gone with the Wind?: Electricity Market Prices and Incentives to Invest in Thermal Power Plants under Increasing Wind Energy Supply,"
Discussion Papers of DIW Berlin
852, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research.
- Traber, Thure & Kemfert, Claudia, 2011. "Gone with the wind? -- Electricity market prices and incentives to invest in thermal power plants under increasing wind energy supply," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 33(2), pages 249-256, March.
- Steven Sorrell, 2003. "Carbon Trading in the Policy Mix," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press, vol. 19(3), pages 420-437.
- Reiche, Danyel, 2006. "Renewable energies in the EU-Accession States," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 34(3), pages 365-375, February.
- Amundsen, Eirik S. & Mortensen, Jorgen Birk, 2001. "The Danish Green Certificate System: some simple analytical results," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 23(5), pages 489-509, September.
- Gillenwater, Michael, 2008. "Redefining RECs--Part 2: Untangling certificates and emission markets," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(6), pages 2120-2129, June.
- Morthorst, P. E., 2001. "Interactions of a tradable green certificate market with a tradable permits market," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 29(5), pages 345-353, April.
- Jensen, Stine Grenaa & Skytte, Klaus, 2003. "Simultaneous attainment of energy goals by means of green certificates and emission permits," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 63-71, January.
- Rüdiger Pethig & Christian Wittlich, 2009.
"Interaction of carbon reduction and green energy promotion in a small fossil-fuel importing economy,"
Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge
131-09, Universität Siegen, Fakultät Wirtschaftswissenschaften, Wirtschaftsinformatik und Wirtschaftsrecht.
- Rüdiger Pethig & Christian Wittlich, 2009. "Interaction of Carbon Reduction and Green Energy Promotion in a Small Fossil-Fuel Importing Economy," CESifo Working Paper Series 2749, CESifo Group Munich.
- repec:rwi:repape:0040 is not listed on IDEAS
- Cremer, Helmuth & Gahvari, Firouz & Ladoux, Norbert, 1998. "Externalities and optimal taxation," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(3), pages 343-364, December.
- Gillenwater, Michael, 2008. "Redefining RECs--Part 1: Untangling attributes and offsets," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(6), pages 2109-2119, June.
- Finon, Dominique & Perez, Yannick, 2007. "The social efficiency of instruments of promotion of renewable energies: A transaction-cost perspective," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(1), pages 77-92, April.
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"Germany's solar cell promotion: Dark clouds on the horizon,"
Energy Policy,
Elsevier, vol. 36(11), pages 4198-4204, November.
- Hindsberger, Magnus & Nybroe, Malene Hein & Ravn, Hans F. & Schmidt, Rune, 2003. "Co-existence of electricity, TEP, and TGC markets in the Baltic Sea Region," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 85-96, January.
- Dominique Finon, 2006. "The Social Efficiency Of Instruments For The Promotion Of Renewable Energies In The Liberalised Power Industry," Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 77(3), pages 309-343, 09.
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The NBA player sued by woman who claims to have been infected by him.
After being slapped with a shocking lawsuit from a woman claiming she'd contracted herpes, Kris Humphries is reportedly telling friends there's no way anyone could have contracted the incurable venereal disease from him because he's tested negative.
Radaronline reported that Kayla Goldberg was suing the NBA player after the two had unprotected sex two years ago and she developed symptoms for herpes four to five days later. She was officially diagnosed on September 8, 2010, through an examination and swab test.
But a source close to Humphries says that the accusation is not true. "Kris tested negative for it though and for any other sexually transmitted disease," the source said, "and he is absolutely steadfast that he has never given anyone herpes. Kris plans on vigorously fighting the lawsuit filed against him by Goldberg and is considering counter-suing her for defamation."
Humphries is currently entangled in an ugly divorce trial with his wife of 72-days, Kim Kardashian.
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More media releases
Visions website
More from the studio
As debate rages in Australia about the treatment of asylum seekers, Melbourne researchers are tracking the history of intolerance and exclusion right back to 16th century Europe.
European residents have a general 'lack of confidence' in the EU to provide solutions, said Prof Philomena Murray on SBS News this week.
Thumbnail image provided by Pixabay
The landslide victory by the Narendra Modi led BJP in the Indian election will please business leaders, says Dr Pradeep Taneja.
Associate Professor Joo-Cheong Tham from the Melbourne Law School thinks we need to strengthen the laws governing political donations and political funding. He spoke with Tony Eastley on ABC News 24.
The Commission of Audit will likely recommend privatisation and removal of duplication to reduce government spending and bring the federal budget to surplus in its extensive report, released today.
US allies in Asia will be watching President Obama's decisions in the Ukraine crisis closely to gain a hint of how he is likely to act in the East China Sea.
Corruption scandals are likely to cost President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's Democratic Party of Indonesia in the country's parliamentary election on Wednesday.
Claiming people have "a right to be bigots" undermines the rights of equality with dignity and non-discrimination, says Dr Mark McMillan, who sued columnist Andrew Bolt in 2009 under the Racial Discrimination Act.
Former Liberal MP Sophie Mirabella will join the University of Melbourne as a Public Policy Fellow, contributing to public debates of national importance and helping teach students.
General media enquiries:
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Dr Suelette Dreyfus is an expert on whistleblowing and technology, data retention, privacy and national security.


text:
Phoenix Suns
Alvin Gentry baffled by the slow-starting Suns
The Suns sit at 4-5 on the season as they get ready to face the Lakers on Friday night. They've shown flashes of progress and talent with a relatively new cast of players, but the problem is those moments have typically come when they are facing a double-digit deficit.
Head coach Alvin Gentry isn't sure what the answer is to avoid the slow starts, but he knows something has to change.
"I don't really know, I think what we're going to have to do is fake the score on the scoreboard and put us down 15 right at the start and then see if that will work," Gentry said Thursday. "I don't have an answer. I really don't. It's a mystery to me."
In their most recent loss to the Chicago Bulls, the Suns trailed by 14 points heading into the fourth quarter but then outscored Chicago 31-17 in the final period.
"It just seems like it clicks in once we get down 15 points or so, then we just start playing and playing like we would like to be playing at the start of the game," said Gentry. "We just have to keep trying to figure out how we can avoid those double-digit deficits early in the game."
The Suns have now trailed by double digits in eight of nine games this season, including all five games at home. The starting lineup has remained the same with Goran Dragic, Marcin Gortat, Michael Beasley, Jared Dudley and Luis Scola, but according to Gentry that's something that could change in the near future.
"I think we have to look at that," said Gentry. "I mean obviously if this is something that's going to be a constant than we want to eliminate fighting double-digit leads. I just didn't want to make rash judgments nine games or eight games into the season."
Gentry also emphasized that finding the right chemistry and the right rotation will take some time with nine of the 14 guys on the roster new this season.
"I think we still have to try to develop some consistency, and I don't think jerking guys in-and-out of the lineup is the way to do it," said Gentry. "So, we just have to take a good hard look, but if it's something that continues than obviously we'll maybe have to consider making some changes in the lineup."
What those changes might be no one knows for sure, and Gentry isn't willing to show his hand, either. He did say that he likes the second unit with Shannon Brown, Sebastian Telfair and P.J. Tucker and the energy they bring.
It will be a delicate balance that gets tested over the weekend when the Suns are forced to play two of the best teams in the league -- the Los Angeles Lakers and Miami Heat -- on back-to-back nights Friday and Saturday.
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- Sam Amick, USA Today NBA insiderSam Amick discusses the next move for the Phoenix Suns.
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text:
The Language Wars
Henry Hitchings
Farrar, Straus & Giroux, $28
An examination of the rules of grammar, regional accents and political correctness in the battlefield that is the English language.
The Letters of Ernest Hemingway, 1907-1922
Edited by Sandra Spanier and Robert W. Trogdon
Cambridge University Press, $40
This first volume of Hemingway's letters reveals a more complex person than his tough-guy public persona suggested.
Life Upon These Shores
Looking at African American History, 1513-2008
Henry Louis Gates Jr.
Alfred A. Knopf, $50
A richly illustrated book tracing the African American experience from the arrival of the conquistadors to the election of Barack Obama.
The Long Night
William L. Shirer and the Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
Steve Wick
Palgrave/Macmillan, $27
An American journalist's firsthand encounters with the Nazis after starting, in the 1930s, the Berlin bureau of Edward R. Murrow's CBS News.


text:
I was chatting with one of the perf guys last week and he mentioned something that surprised me greatly. Apparently he's having perf issues that appear to be associated with a 3rd party driver. Unfortunately, he's having problems figuring out what's going wrong because the vendor wrote the driver used FPO (and hasn't provided symbols), so the perf guy can't track the root cause of the problem.
The reason I was surprised was that I didn't realize that ANYONE was using FPO any more.
What's FPO?
To know the answer, you have to go way back into prehistory.
Intel's 8088 processor had an extremely limited set of registers (I'm ignoring the segment registers), they were:
With such a limited set of registers, the registers were all assigned specific purposes. AX, BX, CX, and DX were the "General Purpose" registers, SI and DI were "Index" registers, SP was the "Stack Pointer", BP was the "Frame Pointer", IP was the "Instruction Pointer", and FLAGS was a read-only register that contained several bits that were indicated information about the processors' current state (whether the result of the previous arithmetic or logical instruction was 0, for instance).
The BX, SI, DI and BP registers were special because they could be used as "Index" registers. Index registers are critically important to a compiler, because they are used to access memory through a pointer. In other words, if you have a structure that's located at offset 0x1234 in memory, you can set an index register to the value 0x1234 and access values relative to that location. For example:
MOV BX, [Structure]MOV AX, [BX]+4
MOV BX, [Structure]MOV AX, [BX]+4
Will set the BX register to the value of the memory pointed to by [Structure] and set the value of AX to the WORD located at the 4th byte relative to the start of that structure.
One thing to note is that the SP register wasn't an index register. That meant that to access variables on the stack, you needed to use a different register, that's where the BP register came from - the BP register was dedicated to accessing values on the stack.
When the 386 came out, they stretched the various registers to 32bits, and they fixed the restrictions that only BX, SI, DI and BP could be used as index registers.
This was a good thing, all of a sudden, instead of being constrained to 3 index registers, the compiler could use 6 of them.
Since index registers are used for structure access, to a compiler they're like gold - more of them is a good thing, and it's worth almost any amount of effort to gain more of them.
Some extraordinarily clever person realized that since ESP was now an index register the EBP register no longer had to be dedicated for accessing variables on the stack. In other words, instead of:
MyFunction: PUSH EBP MOV EBP, ESP SUB ESP, <LocalVariableStorage> MOV EAX, [EBP+8] : : MOV ESP, EBP POP EBP RETD
MyFunction: PUSH EBP MOV EBP, ESP SUB ESP, <LocalVariableStorage> MOV EAX, [EBP+8] : : MOV ESP, EBP POP EBP RETD
to access the 1st parameter on the stack (EBP+0 is the old value of EBP, EBP+4 is the return address), you can instead do:
MyFunction: SUB SP, <LocalVariableStorage> MOV EAX, [ESP+4+<LocalVariableStorage>] : : ADD SP, <LocalVariableStorage> RETD
MyFunction: SUB SP, <LocalVariableStorage> MOV EAX, [ESP+4+<LocalVariableStorage>] : : ADD SP, <LocalVariableStorage> RETD
This works GREAT - all of a sudden, EBP can be repurposed and used as another general purpose register! The compiler folks called this optimization "Frame Pointer Omission", and it went by the acronym FPO.
But there's one small problem with FPO.
If you look at the pre-FPO example for MyFunction, you'd notice that the first instruction in the routine was PUSH EBP followed by a MOV EBP, ESP. That had an interesting and extremely useful side effect. It essentially created a singly linked list that linked the frame pointer for each of the callers to a function. From the EBP for a routine, you could recover the entire call stack for a function. This was unbelievably useful for debuggers - it meant that call stacks were quite reliable, even if you didn't have symbols for all the modules being debugged. Unfortunately, when FPO was enabled, that list of stack frames was lost - the information simply wasn't being tracked.
To solve the is problem, the compiler guys put the information that was lost when FPO was enabled into the PDB file for the binary. Thus, when you had symbols for the modules, you could recover all the stack information.
FPO was enabled for all Windows binaries in NT 3.51, but was turned off for Windows binaries in Vista because it was no longer necessary - machines got sufficiently faster since 1995 that the performance improvements that were achieved by FPO weren't sufficient to counter the pain in debugging and analysis that FPO caused.
Edit: Clarified what I meant by "FPO was enabled in NT 3.51" and "was turned off in Vista", thanks Steve for pointing this out.
Did the syntax really change that much from 16-bit to 32-bit? Perhaps the following patch makes it more correct?
> How does it matter whether it's callee-pops or not? Maybe I'm just not understanding what kind of static analysis you're describing.
Assuming that the code is well-behaved and doesn't do anything wacky to the stack pointer, you can compute the ESP offsets across a piece of code by stepping through the disassembly from current IP and maintaining a virtual stack pointer until you hit the return instruction. PUSH / POP / LEA ESP, [ESP+n] / ADD ESP, n cover most of the cases generated by the compiler. This is common practice when running on RISC CPUs with easy-to-interpret instruction streams, like MIPS, and gives you a perfect stack trace. X64 does this during an unwind, with the help of restrictions on the prolog/epilog and extra unwind bytecode.
The nit is when you hit a CALL instruction with a dynamically computed address, because you can't determine the called function without actually executing the code. If the function has the cdecl calling convention, ESP is unchanged across the CALL and thus you can ignore it. If it's stdcall or thiscall, however, there is a hidden offset on the RET at the end of the callee that you can't see statically, and thus in the absence of debug information you have to resort to heuristics.
The REALLY evil case that I mentioned is that the linker can merge two functions with entirely different stack behaviors, but identical code. Consider the following instruction stream:
push 2
push 1
call dword ptr [ecx]
mov ecx, eax
call dword ptr [ecx] ;<-- AV on ecx=0
The calling sequences A(1, 2)->B(), A(1)->B(2), and A()->B(1, 2) can be represented by this code. If presented with a crash on the second call instruction, you can't tell whether you need to pop off 0, 4, or 8 bytes to clear the parameters. I'm not even sure this is resolvable even with debug information, because if the preceding call is polymorphic the call stack may not be enough to determine which function is executing.
Ok I see now, you're talking about static analysis at runtime to try to determine return addresses. (I first thought you're talking about the compiler.)
I guess __stdcall would be a pretty common roadblock to the static analysis you described, though there are other difficulties that could arise, such as encountering an unconditional indirect jump.
>> I'm not even sure this is resolvable even with debug information, because if the preceding call is polymorphic the call stack may not be enough to determine which function is executing.
Well at least in C++, even if the call is polymorphic, I think the function prototype of the method in the class declaration would ensure that the number of parameters (which has to be fixed for __stdcall) and the calling convention cannot vary amongst the possible different classes.
before your procedure and
OPTION PROLOGUE:PrologueDef
OPTION EPILOGUE:EpilogueDef
after your procedure is the way to do this in MASM. So I'm pretty sure VC++ exposes some pragma to do the same in C/C++.
>especially on AMD64 where we have eight more general-purpose registers to use.
I would like to clear a misconception here -- those registers come with cost. Each instruction referencing them has an extra byte prefix hampering instruction decoding throughput. It is even advisable to use 32-bit parts instead of full registers whenever possible. Another thing to consider is that hardware register renamer has been pretty efficient so having more (developer and complier) visible registers doesn't mean much for x86.
I wrote a function in assembler (highly optimized piece of code if I might add) which uses EBP as a general purpose register and [ESP + offset] to access parameters and local variables on the stack. It does pay off, but not unless you are sorely missing a register like I did.
That is exactly what FPO is.
Windows symbols are used for two purposed as I know. One is providing FPO data for call stacks, other is providing names for symbols themselves. This means, pdb file sizes for Vista are reduced a bit comparatively, disregarding the additional code and functionality?
Right or wrong?


text:
MidAmerica Region
For several years, Central MidWest, Heartland and Prairie Star Districts have been in a process of change. In their District Assemblies in April 2013, the three Districts brought before the member congregations the question of whether to change the governance structure to create a single regional governing body. Each district voted to become the MidAmerica Region. As of July 1, 2013, our administrative and program delivery structure are officially combined into the new MidAmerica Region. The staff of all three Districts are now the MidAmerica staff.
We are seeking to covenant with each other to find new ways of partnering and standing together on the side of love for the flourishing of our world, our communities, our congregations and our members.
The MidAmerica Region includes 194 congregations in North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Missouri, Kentucky, Michigan, western Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois.
MidAmerica Region Unitarian Universalist Association
2355 Fairview Avenue N. #312
Roseville, MN 55113
(312) 636-9724 (office)
(224) 603-2309 (fax)
%20midamerica [at] uua [dot] org
- sgreene [at] uua [dot] org (Sarah Greene)
- pboccard [at] uua [dot] org (Peggy Boccard)
Technology Coordinator
- gohmann [at] uua [dot] org (Gretchen Ohmann)
Regional President
- bsasso [at] uua [dot] org (Rev. Bill Sasso)
MidAmerica Regional Staff
- ievison [at] uua [dot] org (Rev. Ian Evison)
- ncombsmorgan [at] uua [dot] org (Nancy Combs-Morgan)
- plund [at] uua [dot] org (Rev. Phil Lund)
- nheege [at] uua [dot] org (Nancy Heege)
- lpresley [at] uua [dot] org (Rev. Lisa Presley)
- dthexton [at] uua [dot] org (Dori Davenport Thexton)
Who can help me for what? Who to call first?
MidAmerica Field Staff are adopting the model of "deep generalist" for our staff. Under this model, ALL field staff will have competencies in broad areas and each staff member will have areas of specific expertise. Please see the list below for the best way and the best person to contact for your needs. Each staff member of the MidAmerica Region holds the title of Congregational Life Consultant.
At the same time, we understand that it can be hard to sort out whom to call when you're not sure where to begin. In that case, you have two options:
- If you already have a relationship with one of the staff, feel free to contact that person and they will help direct you.
- If you don't, then the following persons are designated as "first call" responders, depending upon where you live.
- Nancy Heege for congregations in Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota
- Lisa Presley for congregations in Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio
- Dori Davenport Thexton for congregations in Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin
Shared Generalist Responsibilities
Contact any of our staff for these matters:
- General level congregational intervention and consulting capacity
- Membership and Growth
- Leadership
- Faith Development Ministries
- Future trends in such areas as technology, demography, and generational characteristics.
- Multigenerational Involvement
- Finances, including stewardship and administration
- Conflict Transformation
- Transitions in professional leadership
- Governance and Organizational Development
- Multicultural competency
- Congregational Justice Making (including intercultural competency)
- Spiritual Growth
- Staffing and Human Resources
- Youth Programming
- Young Adult and Campus Ministry Programming
Areas of Specialization of Field Staff
Each field staff member also has deep areas of specialization in which they will both serve congregations and serve as national resources. As this change occurs, we expect representatives of national UUA staff team to participate in our team both in direct service to MidAmerica congregations and as support for our regional capacity:
- Membership and Growth: Phil Lund, Dori Davenport Thexton
- Leadership and Organizational Development: Nancy Combs-Morgan (YaYA specialization), Ian Evison, Nancy Heege, Lisa Presley, Dori Davenport Thexton
- Faith Development Ministries (including Faith Formation 2020): Nancy Combs-Morgan, Phil Lund
- Multigenerational Involvement: Nancy Combs-Morgan, Dori Davenport Thexton
- Finances, including stewardship and administration: Ian Evison, Dori Davenport Thexton
- Conflict Transformation: Ian Evison, Nancy Heege, Dori Davenport Thexton
- Transitions in professional leadership: Lisa Presley
- Governance: Ian Evison, Nancy Heege, Lisa Presley
- Multicultural competency: Phil Lund, Lisa Presley
- Congregational Justice Making: Nancy Combs-Morgan (YaYA specialization), Nancy Heege, Phil Lund
- Spiritual Growth: Nancy Combs-Morgan (YaYA specialization), Phil Lund
- Staffing and Human Resources: Ian Evison, Lisa Presley, Dori Davenport Thexton.
- Youth Programming: Nancy Combs-Morgan, Dori Davenport Thexton
- Young Adult and Campus Ministry Programming: Nancy Combs-Morgan, Dori Davenport Thexton
- Regional Lead: Ian Evison
More Information
Share, Print, or Explore
For more information contact email@example.com.


text:
Discussion Topics
Last Post
38 min Connecting Flight between SAN to SFO to EWR to BHXJun 29, 20152Hi, Hope you can help me. I'm a British traveller on a UK passport, who has never been to America and has never been on a connecting flight. I have my ESTA, all clear :) I'm visiting San Diego from Birmingham England and on my return journey from San Diego I have 2 transfers of 60 mins or less. All flights are booked through United Airlines. SAN -> SFO SFO -> EWR = 38mins EWR -> BHX = 60mins What I'm desperate to know is: 1. Do I need to re-claim checked luggage, go through immigration and security at SFO or EWR (after I would've done that in SAN)? 2. Do United Airlines move my checked luggage from flight to flight? 3. Does it matter that I'm a British citizen, will I need to go through each connecting airport's security and immigration. Thanks in advance, any help is greatly appreciated!Sammyanne24Mon, Jun 29During both of your connections you do not have to do anything with your bags or go through security. You will just go from your arrival gate to your departure gate. You will only have to go through security in San Diego.ZAPMon, Jun 29
Is hour and half enough to get from ter 2 to int'l flightJun 29, 20151We are flying in on Virgin Atlantic New York to San Francisco arriving at 8.10pm and then have an Air New Zealand flight to catch at the international terminal at 9.45pm. Is an hour enough time to collect luggage and recheck in at Air NZ desk and make our flight out.lhanMon, Jun 29You are flying in on Virgin America, not Virgin Atlantic. You need to have your bags checked with Air New Zealand 90 minutes before your flight, so that means you have to have your bags at the Air New Zealand counter at 8:15, so that leaves you 5 minutes to arrive, get your bags from Virgin America, and take the AirTrain to the International Terminal and to the ANZ counter. So I would say no, that is not enough time.ZAPMon, Jun 29
is 38 minutes enoughJun 23, 20151flying from RDM to PHL, with 38 minute connection time in SFO, is that enough time? first leg will be on United Express.sjnTue, Jun 23
Is 1h 4m enough time?Jun 23, 20152Arriving with United 1749 from Vancouver (YVR) at 3:02pm on July4, departing for Washington Dulles (IAD) at 4:06pm with United 1268. Is this enough time? Is customs done in Vancouver? Both flights list Terminal 3. Do I go through immigration, collect the luggage, go through customs, and reenter terminal 3, or is this all bypassed?FMMon, Jun 22You will pre-clear US Immigration and customs in Vancouver. All you have to do in SFO is walk from your arrival gate to your departure gate, both in Terminal 3. You should have enough time.ZAPTue, Jun 23
ICN -SFO - IADJun 11, 20152I am arriving on United from ICN (Seoul) at 11:25am and departing SFO to Washington Dulles at 12:55 pm. Is 1.5 hours enough time to make the transfer at SFOjsox99Thu, Jun 11
TPE-SFO-YYZJun 9, 20151I have 1.5 hours to connect from my flight originating from TPE connecting to a flight destined for YYZ. Will I have to clear US or CAN customs at SFO? Will this be enough time?TPE-YYZTue, Jun 9In San Francisco you will go through US Immigration, claim your bags, go through US Customs, re-check your bags at the transfer desk (if you purchased all tickets on the same reservation), then go to your departure terminal, through security and to your departure gate. You should barely have enough time. You will go through Canadian immigration and customs once you get to Toronto.ZAPTue, Jun 9
Vancouver to HawaiiJun 8, 20151I have 52 min layover time in SFO from Vancouver to Lihue, Hawaii. I am with United on both flight. Will I have sufficient time? Do I need to worry about luggage or is it going straight to my final destination (Lihue)? Do I need to go through US custom?PChenMon, Jun 8
Make the connectJun 4, 20152Coming from Europe going to Canada do I need to do US immigration and customs and then te-check luggage?JLThu, Jun 4Yes, unless you are coming from ireland, in SFO you will have to go through US Immigration, claim your bags, go through US Customs, re-check your bags at the transfer desk, and go through security.ZAPThu, Jun 4
DFW-SFO-YVRMay 29, 20151I'll have a 42-min layover in SFO on my way to Vancouver from Dallas (all on United flights). Is this possible?? Will I go have to go through Canadian customs in SFO? I'm Canadian. Thanks!yvrFri, May 29
Make the ConnectJun 4, 20152Traveling on a Wednesday arrival in SFO from SQ Air from SIN/Seoul. LANDING SQ at 12:30 PM Must make a connection to a Midwest flight that leaves at 3:15 PM -- is this possible with checked bags that we must collect put through security and recheck?SEAsiaExpatWed, May 27Midwest airlines has been out of business since 2009. What airline are you flying? Were your tickets purchased together or separately?ZAPWed, May 27
Make the connectMay 30, 20153I have a flight arriving into SFO at 10am ona busy Labor Day weekend and my connect departs at 10:45am. I am travelling with an infant so ill be gate checking some items. What is the likelihood I miss my connecting flight? I notice there is only 1 more flight out to my final destination that day and being in an airport for 4 hours is not ideal with an infantRyder1071Thu, May 21It is possible. All united gates are connected inside security in terminal 3.ZAPThu, May 21
ConnectionMay 20, 20153i have 1 hour 20 minutes of connection in san francisco to Tokyo, will i have to go through customs? will i catch my flight? will i have to pick my suitcase up? im from mexico and my airline is united.SofiaTue, May 19Where is your flight into San Francisco from? There is no US Customs when leaving the US.ZAPWed, May 20it comes from Mexico city! are you sure? the airline told me i had to go through customs.sofiaWed, May 20OK, yes, you will go through US Immigration, claim your bags, go through US Customs, re-check your bags, and go through security and to your departure gate. This is 10 minutes below the recommended time. You have to go through US Immigration and Customs because you are arriving from Mexico, not because you are departing to Japan. This connection is possible but everything has to go perfectly to make it.ZAPWed, May 20
From SFO to ORDMay 18, 20153I am coming in on Air NZ at 1pm and would like to get a flight to Chicago on Virgin America at 4pm - will I have enough time to make the flight with immigration and customsCBMon, May 18That would be about the bare minimum. Check in online for your Virgin America flight before you leave New Zealand. You will have to transfer your bags yourself to the Virgin America check-in counters.ZAPMon, May 18do you think this is not enough time - connections to Chicago are not that great as I need to get to Detroit,do you think I would be better booking a hotel room and getting a red eye flightCBMon, May 18If you need a flight to Detroit, why not just book a redeye ticket on Delta from LAX to Detroit? If you want something cheap and are willing to put up with an Ultra-Low-Cost Carrier, Spirit Airlines also has a redeye nonstop from LAX to Detroit - and their flight leaves LAX at about 10 PM so your layover in LAX wouldn't be as bad.ZAPMon, May 18
Arriving terminal 1 at 3pm, connect to terminal g internationa at 1720May 18, 20154What airport? What airlines? Tickets purchased together or separately?ZAPMon, May 18united from san diego , then SF to Dublin. Flight is booked togetherReds52Mon, May 18United uses Terminal 3, not Terminal 1. All you will have to do is walk from your arrival gate to your departure gate. There is a walkway inside security between United's gates in Terminal 3 and the G gates in the International Terminal where Aer Lingus is. You have plenty of time.ZAPMon, May 18
SLC SFO CDGMay 20, 20156HI I am flying from SLC to CDG (france) with a 1 hour layover in SFO with one checked item. Do I have enough time? Do I have to go through security and get my checked item? Or is my checked item going directly from SLC to CDG? I'm french by the way.aggieSun, May 17Your bags will be checked through if you purchased your tickets all on one reservation. All you have to do is go from your arrival gate to your departure gate. You may have to go through security.ZAPSun, May 17Then you won't have to go through security. You just have to walk from your arrival gate to your departure gate. All United gates at SFO are connected inside security.ZAPSun, May 17


text:
FIT Rx [1]
Try FIT Rx…the medical fitness program for you!
Ask your physician about FIT Rx, our medical membership program designed to improve your health by implementing a customized exercise plan (including personal training) based on your individual medical needs.
Developed with physician guidance, FIT Rx includes:
- 60-day membership for $60
- Full access to the Roanoke Athletic Club (RAC), Botetourt Athletic Club (BAC), and RAC Xpress
- Two fitness consultations
- An individualized fitness plan
- Weekly one-on-one training sessions (a $270 value)
Your physician will fill out the attached Exercise Prescription that will give you access to our 60-day medical membership.
To learn more, visit CarilionFitness.com [2], or call:
- RAC Xpress: 581-1111


text:
network problems
my PC and my brothers laptop wont connect to the Internet through our router. the network property's say they are connected and they sent and receive packets and my PC can send error reports. we cant open any web page though.:(
any help would be greatly appreciated.
EDIT: if we ping any site we get replys but the pages dont load.(throwpc)
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text:
YIELD: Makes 12 muffins
Preheat the oven to 375°F. Butter muffin pans. Mix the flour, baking powder, salt, and sugar in a large bowl. Add the egg, milk, and butter, stirring only enough to dampen the flour; the batter should not be smooth. Spoon into the muffin pans, filling each cup about two-thirds full. Bake for about 20 to 25 minutes each.
Blueberry Muffins.
Use 1/2 cup sugar. Reserve 1/4 cup of the flour, sprinkle it over 1 cup blueberries, and stir them into the batter last.
Pecan Muffins.
Use 1/4 cup sugar. Add 1/2 cup chopped pecans to the batter. After filling the cups, sprinkle with sugar, cinnamon, and more chopped nuts.
Whole-Wheat Muffins.
Use 3/4 cup whole-wheat flour and 1 cup white flour.
Date or Raisin Muffins.
Add 1/2 cup chopped pitted dates or 1/3 cup raisins to the batter.
Bacon Muffins.
Add 3 strips bacon, fried crisp and crumbled, to the batter.
Reprinted with permission from The Fannie Farmer Cookbook by Marion Cunningham. © 1996 Knopf


text:
New algorithms for automatically generating two-dimensional uniform and graded finite element meshes incorporate novel operators for the generation of nodes on an object's boundaries as well as interior. The algorithms begin with an initial triangulation of the object. The generation of additional nodes is used to generate a triangular mesh with the desired density. Most importantly, the algorithms guarantee a lower bound on the smallest angle in the whole mesh. This lower bound is 30°. With this guaranteed lower bound, smoothing of the mesh or human intervention to improve the shape of the mesh becomes unnecessary.
1. In combination with a computer having means to read, interpret and execute a program and a program therein having means to accept data input and means to perform an initial meshing triangulation for finite element analysis of polygonal two-dimensional objects,
meshing means having embedded therein at least one operator selected from a group of operators node-on-edge, node-in-interior, edge-swapping and node-relocation, said meshing means always including the operator node-in-interior, where:
node-on-edge finds a boundary node location and triangulates an element adjacent the boundary,
node-in-interior finds an interior node location within a quadrilateral and triangulates the quadrilateral,
edge-swapping improves a mesh quality by swapping an interior edge of a quadrilateral for the other interior edge of the quadrilateral, and
node-relocation finds a new interior node location within a quadrilateral when node-in-interior fails to meet a lower bound criterion.
2. The computer and program of claim 1 including means to find a longest edge in the mesh prior to application of any of the operators to the mesh.
3. The computer and program of claim 2 including means to cease the meshing operation on an object when the longest edge in the mesh is less than a user-defined element length.
4. The computer and program of claim 2 including means to cease the meshing operation on an object when all angles of triangles in the mesh equal or exceed the lower bound criterion for the angles.
5. The computer and program of claim 1 wherein the initial meshing triangulation comprises a Constrained Delaunay Triangulation.
6. A computer implemented method to generate two-dimensional meshes for finite element analysis of polygonal objects comprising the steps of:
inputting a configuration of the polygonal object to the computer,
performing an initial meshing triangulation of the object,
iteratively applying meshing operators to the meshed object, the meshing operators comprising four operators: node-on-edge, node-in-interior, edge-swapping and node relocation, said node-in-interior being applied at least once, until all triangles of the mesh meet a user specified criterion,
where a node-on-edge operator finds a boundary node location and triangulates an element adjacent the boundary,
a node-in-interior operator finds an interior node location within a quadrilateral and triangulates the quadrilateral,
an edge-swapping operator improves a mesh quality by swapping an interior edge of a quadrilateral, and
a node-relocation operator finds a new interior node location within a quadrilateral when node-in-interior fails to meet a lower bound criterion.
7. The computer implemented method of claim 6 wherein the meshing operators comprising the four operators is a uniform meshing algorithm and the user specified criterion is a maximum length for the edges of all triangles in the object mesh.
8. The computer implemented method of claim 6 wherein the meshing operators comprising the four operators is a graded meshing algorithm and the user specified criterion is a minimum angle for all angles of all triangles in the meshed object.
9. The computer implemented method of claim 6 wherein the meshing operators first find a longest edge in the mesh before applying any of the four operators in each iteration.
10. The computer implemented method of claim 6 wherein the initial meshing triangulation comprises a Constrained Delaunay Triangulation.
11. The computer implemented method of claim 6 including the step of identifying one or two triangles which share the edge whenever an edge is invoked, the edge being identified by its end point vertices.
The field of the invention pertains to computer generation of two-dimensional triangular meshes for finite element analyses. Triangular meshes are also used for the representation of planar surfaces for graphics, image processing and computer vision, for example. In particular, the invention pertains to improvements in triangular mesh generation to eliminate the need for human intervention to improve the shape of the mesh.
Computers have been used widely to automate the processes of design and manufacturing (Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing, or CAD/CAM). Engineers use CAD/CAM to create designs, to analyze the objects and to manufacture the objects. CAD/CAM is based, in part, on the use of geometric modelers which can be used to represent most engineering objects and to manipulate the parts of the objects using modeling operations which simulate design and manufacturing processes.
Geometric modelers are also used in the interface stage between design and analysis. These modelers transform the object in the design stage into the input form of the analysis stage. They do this by generating a mesh which discretizes an object into finite elements. These individual elements are analyzed using a numerical procedure which is known as the finite element method. In this method an object can be thought of as composed of a finite number of elements, each of which can be analyzed separately according to the laws of physics.
Systems of equations can be applied to the finite elements and the solutions to these equations provide an approximate solution to a class of engineering problems called boundary-value problems. Computations of most mechanical properties can be formulated as boundary-value problems. Examples include stresses, strains, deformations, velocities and reactive forces of solid structures and machine components. An important step of the finite element method is the mesh generation based on the boundary description of the object. The accuracy of the analysis depends on the quality of the generated mesh.
Since a mesh is a discrete approximation of the interior of an object, it is important that the difference between the actual object and its meshed representation be as small as possible. Until fairly recently meshes were generated manually, however, computer programs and algorithms for mesh generation have been developed to automate the mesh generation process. After mesh generation, most of these algorithms use an interative smoothing process to relocate nodes of the mesh such that elements with small angles are removed. Even with the smoothing process, none of these algorithms provide a guaranteed lower bound of the smallest angle in the mesh, and human intervention may sometimes be required to improve the mesh. Since the error in the finite element analysis is known to be inversely proportional to the smallest angle in a mesh, a guarantee on the lower bound of the smallest angle is very important for practical applications of finite element analysis.
A paper by L. Paul Chew entitled "Guaranteed-Quality Triangular Meshes" Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., TR 89-983, April 1989 discloses triangular mesh generation based upon the Delaunay triangulation method and further constraining the triangulation to accommodate prespecified edges. The paper sets forth the preconditions necessary for the algorithm and a modified algorithm that substantially improves the worst case run time for the algorithm. According to the paper, the preconditions prescribe a set of data points and data edges where no two data points are closer than h (an arbitrarily selected length) and all data edges have lengths between h and the square root of three multiplied by h. The final triangulation produced by the algorithm satisfies the following additional properties. The angles in each mesh triangle are guaranteed to be between 30° and 120° and all edge lengths to be between h and 2h. However, the Chew algorithm does not function when the above preconditions are not satisfied.
Incorporated by reference herein is the doctoral dissertation by the applicant entitled "Mesh Generation With Quasi-Equilateral Triangulation", to be published in August 1991 at The University of Michigan.
The new meshing algorithms for two-dimensional uniform and graded finite element meshes comprise four new operators applied in the iterative generation of triangular meshes. Using the operators new nodes are generated on the boundary as well as in the interior of an object. These nodes are used to generate a triangular mesh with a desired density. The algorithms generate triangular meshes which guarantee a lower bound for the smallest angle in the whole mesh. With this guaranteed lower bound, it is not necessary to perform smoothing processes on the mesh. Human intervention after generation of the initial mesh to improve its shape also becomes unnecessary. A guaranteed lower bound of 30° is used. Objects with unusually pointed boundaries of less than 30° can be meshed with the new algorithms leaving only the element with the sharp point having an angle less than 30°.
The meshing algorithms start from a rough triangulation which is done with only the vertices of the object. The mesh is refined by adding nodes one by one until the desirable density of the mesh is obtained.
FIGS. 1a and 1b illustrate a non-convex object and a triangulation of the non-convex object respectively:
FIG. 2 illustrates the data structure used in the implementations;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the uniform meshing algorithm;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of the graded meshing algorithm;
FIGS. 5a and 5b illustrate the action of the node-in-interior operator NI;
FIGS. 6a and 6b illustrate the action of edge-swapping operator ES;
FIGS. 7a, 7b and 7c illustrate the action of the node-relocation operator NR and as appropriate combined with the ES operator;
FIG. 8 is a chart of the four new operators;
FIG. 9 illustrates a program in pseudo-code of the meshing algorithm in two-dimensions;
FIGS. 10a, 10b and 10c illustrate a non-convex polygon object, initial triangulation of the object and final triangulation of the object;
FIGS. 11a and 11b are histograms of the element angles for the meshed object in FIG. 10;
FIGS. 12a, 12b and 12c illustrate a non-convex polygon object with a hole, initial triangulation of the object and final triangulation of the object;
FIGS. 13a and 13b are histograms of the element angles for the meshed object in FIG. 12;
FIGS. 14a, 14b and 14c illustrate a non-convex polygon object with a hole, initial triangulation of the object and final graded triangulation of the object; and
FIGS. 15a and 15b are histograms of the element angles for the meshed object in FIG. 14.
The two-dimensional meshing algorithms identified and disclosed below have been implemented with THINK Pascal language on an Apple Macintosh computer. Other suitable languages and computers may clearly be substituted and adapted for specific applications in finite element analyses.
The uniform and graded mesh algorithms each consist of three units: the data input unit, the initial triangulation unit and the algorithm application unit. The new mesh generation system is applicable to any polygonized objects both simple and non-simple. The object to be meshed is described by its boundary which can be represented by a series of loops. In the input data unit the input to the system consists of the number of loops and the integer coordinates of the vertices for each loop. Each loop of the object should be oriented in either a clock-wise or a counter clock-wise direction.
In order to determine the interior of the object defined by the loops, a point inclusion test is performed. For example, if an infinite ray, from a point to a certain direction intersects with the object an even number of times, the point is outside the object. Otherwise, the point is inside the object. Thus, elements inside a hole or a concave region are deleted.
In the second step, the initial triangulation unit, the object is triangulated using only the vertices of the object. Although any triangulation method can be used for this initial triangulation, Delaunay triangulation has been selected because it is known to maximize the minimum angle of the triangulation when a point set is given. However, to be generally applicable to objects with holes or non-convex boundaries, the method has been modified to Constrained Delaunay Triangulation in the initial triangulation. This constrains the calculation of angles to those lying within the object for objects with non-convex boundaries or holes. FIGS. 1a and 1b illustrate a non-convex object 20 and a triangulation 22 of the non-convex object.
In the third step, the algorithm application unit, a linked list of triangles is constructed. In each triangle, there is a linked list of edges which have a record of two points. Whenever an edge is invoked, one or two triangles which share the edge are identified. Illustrated in FIG. 2 is a sketch of the data structure showing an object, the triangles and further breakdown into edges and vertices used in the implementation.
In the algorithm application unit, two kinds of meshing algorithms have been implemented: the uniform meshing algorithm and the graded meshing algorithm. In the uniform meshing algorithm, the meshing operation continues until the length of the longest edge in the mesh is shorter than a user-defined element length. In the final resulting mesh every edge length is shorter than the user-defined element length. In the graded mesh algorithm, operators to be defined below are applied only for the edges of triangles which do not satisfy the lower bound criterion (for example, the smallest angle greater than 30°). The application of the operators continues until every element satisfies the lower bound criterion.
Illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4 are the flow charts of the uniform meshing algorithm and the graded meshing algorithm, respectively. The four new basic operators for node planting and triangulation in two dimensions are Node-on-Edge (NE), Node-in-Interior (NI), Edge-Swapping (ES), and Node-Relocation (NR). In addition, QUAD signifies a convex quadrilateral formed of two triangles having the longest edge as a common edge and LE is the longest edge. Thus, the LE of a QUAD must be an interior edge. BE is a boundary edge.
Operator NE finds a boundary node location and completes the triangulation thus in pseudo-code:
______________________________________Procedure NEBegin If LE = BE then bisect the angle which faces LEEnd *NE*______________________________________
Operator NI finds an interior node location and completes the triangulation. FIG. 5a illustrates a quadrilateral having the LE as the Interior Edge (IE) 24. FIG. 5b illustrates the action of operator NI to locate the interior node 26.
______________________________________Procedure NIBegin If LE = IE then Find PCP with one-half of smallest angle in the QUAD.End *NI*where PCP (interior node) is the apex of the largest isoscelestriangle with one-half the smallest angle as base angles within thequadrilateral element.______________________________________
Operator ES improves the mesh quality by swapping an interior edge. FIG. 6a illustrates a quadrilateral wherein LE=IE 28 and the minimum of angles 30, 32, 34, 36 is less than the minimum of angles 38, 40, 42, 44 to either side of interior edge 46 in FIG. 6b as a precondition to ES.
______________________________________Procedure ESBegin If LE = IE and the above precondition is met then Swap diagonal in QUADEnd *ES*______________________________________
Operator NR finds a new node location when NI fails to increase the smallest angle in the QUAD. Illustrated in FIG. 7a is a result of NI wherein θ is less than 30° in triangle TT. Application of NR results in the relocation of interior node 48 in FIG. 7a to the new location in FIG. 7b. Subsequent application of ES eliminates the 15° angle in FIG. 7b to give the triangulation shown in FIG. 7c.
______________________________________Procedure NRBeginIf NI does not enlarge the smallest angle in theQUAD then Find the intersection between perpendicular bisection line of the Top-Edge of TT and 30° supporting line of Bottom Edge of BT.Else Begin Find second LE LE: = Second LE EndEnd *NR*______________________________________
If after applying NR, triangles which do not satisfy the lower bound of 30°, occur, then apply ES.
FIG. 8 illustrates in chart form the relationship of the four new operators. The application of the respective operators adds nodes, edges and elements to the boundary (B) and interior (I) as shown. The validity of the triangulation can be checked by calculations based on the number of operator applications applied.
Illustrated in FIG. 9 is a program in simplified language to illustrate the uniform meshing algorithm. As indicated the element size is defined by the specified edge length selected by the user. The lower bound of the smallest angle produced by the above algorithm is the minimum of 30° or the smallest angle in the object. The time required in applying one of the four operators for the above algorithm is 0((n+N)log(n+N)) and the space requirement is 0(n+N) where n is the number of vertices in an object and N is the number of nodes planted.
The algorithm for the graded mesh or mesh with varying densities is directed to automatically provide finer meshes in narrower regions or regions of the object where short edges exist. The detection of these regions can be done by capturing the proximity information of the object geometry. Computation of the proximity information automatically and completely is the key to the automatic graded meshing algorithm. The four operators above disclosed are suitable for finding the proximity information.
Delaunay triangulation is known to have the property that it maximizes the minimum angle when there is a given points set. It can be shown that if a QUAD is not ES applicable, it is a Delaunay triangulation. Therefore, it can be noted that there is a near proximity (small or narrow region) in the region where ES does not generate the lower bound. For a given object, a graded mesh can be achieved if nodes are inserted in the QUADs in which ES is not applicable.
The steps for a graded mesh are as follows:
Step 1: Find the LE in the mesh. If the LE is shorter than the pre-defined shortest edge length, stop. Otherwise, continue.
Step 2: If the LE defines a QUAD with the smallest angle greater than or equal to 30°, delete the LE from the data structure and go to Step 1. Else if the LE defines a QUAD with the smallest angles less than 30°, apply one of the four operators and go to Step 1. Else if the LE defines an acute non-QUAD (a quadrilateral in which the LE is not the longest edge in the quadrilateral region), find the LE in the non-QUAD and go to Step 2.
This approach will always produce a mesh with a desirable density because the element with the LE in the mesh is found first.
FIGS. 10a, 10b and 10c illustrate the uniform meshing of a non-convex polygon with the initial object shown in FIG. 10a, the initial triangulation shown in FIG. 10b and a final triangulation in FIG. 10c after the application of the new uniform meshing algorithm. FIGS. 11a and 11b illustrate by histogram the numbers of element angles in degrees after the initial triangulation and after application of the uniform meshing algorithm.
As a second example FIGS. 12a, 12b and 12c illustrate the application of the uniform meshing algorithm to a non-convex polygon with a hole. As above FIG. 12a illustrates the object, FIG. 12b illustrates the initial triangulation and FIG. 12c illustrates the final triangulation after application of the new uniform meshing algorithm. The difference between the initial meshing in FIG. 12b and the final meshing in FIG. 12c is striking in this example. The histograms shown in FIGS. 13a and 13b for this example further emphasizes the improvement in meshing accomplished by the new algorithm and the lower bound criterion of 30° for the angles in the elements.
As a final example FIGS. 14a, 14b and 14c illustrate the application of the graded meshing algorithm to a non-convex polygon with a hole. Although the initial triangulation in FIG. 14b is like the initial triangulation in FIG. 12b, the graded meshing algorithm provides a much finer mesh in the narrowest portion of the polygon and areas adjacent thereto. The histograms in FIGS. 15a and 15b illustrate the improvement in element angle distribution between the initial triangulation in FIG. 14b and after application of the graded mesh algorithm in FIG. 15c.
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Women's Brooks
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These actually stayed put! My only concern is about inseam length (and I'm just being lazy here--I could easily go upstairs with a ruler . . . but I haven't yet): they are listed with a 6" inseam here, but the manufacturer's website lists them as having a 7" inseam. Not sure which is correct, but I don't care too much because I LOVE THEM. I wore them out first for a 7-miler, and never EVER thought about them. Can't ask for more than that!
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The metal bistro furniture set in red has 3 pieces, including 2 chairs and a table. The chairs and tables can be folded for easy storing and carrying. You can set up this steel bistro set by the pool, under your patio umbrella or on your porch. You can even take it along when you go camping or on your RV trips. All the pieces of this patio furniture set have steel construction for durability. They're powder coated to resist rust and harsh outdoor weather. The set has a foldable, space-saving design for easy storage and transportation.
Includes: 1 patio dining table, 2 patio dining side chairs
Warranty: 1 Year Manufacturer Warranty
Assembly Details: no assembly required
Seating Capacity: 2
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Protective Qualities: Rust-resistant, Weather-resistant
Number of Pieces: 3
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The Cateran Trail
In 2006 the Cateran Trail was improved with an 8-mile off-road section replacing the road slog from Dalnaglar to Kirkton of Glenisla. So we created an upgrade card to cover this section, with detailed directions and mapping, but in case yours is not to hand, you can download one here.
The Cateran Trail is a circular walk of 64 miles (103 km) starting in Blairgowrie, near Perth, following in the footsteps of cattle-rustlers (caterans). This waymarked Trail follows ancient paths through glens, mountains and farmland of Highland Perthshire, with fine scenery, heritage and wildlife. The nearest village is never more than 7 miles (11 km) away, and gradients are easy to moderate. The Trail can be completed comfortably within 4-5 days, and there are options to link with the Rob Roy Way, and for a weekend Minitrail.
This guidebook contains all that a Cateran Trail walker needs:
- detailed description of each section
- concise directions for related walks, including a weekend Minitrail
- side-trips including Mount Blair (744 m/2440 ft)
- planning information for transport and accommodation
- background on caterans, farming and wildlife
- lavishly illustrated with over 60 colour photographs
- drop-down route map of the Cateran Trail(scale 1:100,000)
- rucksack-friendly format and on waterproof paper.
For more, please use the buttons at far right: click to Look inside the book, view a Gallery or read its Reviews. Visit our Cateran Trail forum or follow our Cateran Trail links to other websites.
Click for details of Cateran Trail walking holiday providers. For more general links, including bodies that care for castles, churches and ancient monuments, visit Outdoors in Scotland.
Book data
- The Cateran Trail
- Jacquetta Megarry
- October 2004
- UK price £10.99
- 64pp+4pp map flap
- 145x210 mm
Companion maps
Our guidebooks include small-scale maps as a dropdown flap. On some itineraries a good map may be vital for safety, and some walkers prefer always to carry detailed maps. Here is our list of recommended maps:
"My immediate reaction was to want to put on my boots and step out on the Trail."
Felicity Martin, in the Perthshire Advertiser


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|calendar>>February 15. 2012 Juch 101
Gift to Kim Jong Un from Foreign Personage
|Pyongyang, February 15 (KCNA) -- The dear respected Kim Jong Un received a gift from a director of the European Society for the Study of the Juche Idea on a visit to the DPRK on the 70th birth anniversary of leader Kim Jong Il.
Lyne Sinyodyium, director of the society, handed the gift to an official concerned on Wednesday.
Copyright (C) KOREA NEWS SERVICE(KNS) All Rights Reserved.


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A Columbus man is awaiting extradition from Mexico to face sex crime charges.
Texas authorities say Stephan Cox was arrested with a 14-year-old girl he met online. Columbus police say Cox skipped town last month prior to his trial on charges of luring a Pennsylvania teenager to Ohio for sexual relations.