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Gmail.com Sign in – Gmail Login
When you create a Gmail account, you will get access to all the other Google powered applications. Some of the apps that you will be able to use are; Google+, Ad Sense, Blogger, Google maps and the Google play services. Creating an account with Gmail is a swift process.
- Launch the Gmail official website. For those people with Google Chrome, you can access the Gmail app when you launch the browser. Once the home page opens, click on 'create and account' and you will be directed to the sign up gmail page.
- You will be required to enter your names starting with your first name. Creating your log in details, that is your email address and your password will be the next step. When it comes to creating your password, you are advised to create a strong password- one that contains alphanumeric characters.
- Enter your birth date and specify your gender. You are required to enter your phone number. This is the number that will be linked to your account. If you have another email address, then you will be required to enter it.
- You will be prompted to prove you are not a robot by entering the CAPTCHA characters provided. If you choose not to do so, you will be required to verify your account by phone. Specify your location and click next step.
Once you create next, you will be prompted to create your profile. To do this, you will have to upload a picture. However, if you are not interested then you can select, create account. Before your account is set up, you will be required to specify if you would like your Google+ Read More…
Gmail.com Login Inbox
Gmail.com has many great features like Google Drive that allows you to edit and share documents online, the Google+ which is a social networking platform and many more features and services. To access the features you will be required to log in:
- Open the Gmail home page via their official website. For those using Google Chrome browser, the Gmail app usually appear on your screen when you open the browser. Once you open the browser, you will be directed to the log in page.
- Enter your gmail login details correctly.
- Click on log in.
If you have enabled the 2 step verification process, you will be directed to a new page where you will be required to key in the code that you will receive on your phone. If you have not enabled the process, then you can do so through a simple and fast process. The 2-step verification is a process that has been created to protect your account by allowing you to log in to your account with; your password and an extra code. Unless you are using your personal computer, you will have to log in to your account with the code.
To set up the process, you will be required to log in to your account. Once the page opens, click on the Account-privacy option under the settings tab. A new page will open, choose security tab that located at the top of the page. Once the security settings page opens, choose the 2-step verification process that is located under 'password'. You will be prompted to log in to your account again. After logging in, you will be directed to the activation page where you will be asked to provide your phone number. This is the phone number that will be used to Read More…
Gmail.com vs other email accounts
Gmail, outlook and yahoo are the three major email service providers in the world. However, their different features are distinct and it is important you know about them before you create an account with either of them. One of the similarities of gmail vs other email service providers is that, the process of creating an account is the almost same:
- Open the official website of the respective email service provider. Once the page opens click on 'create account'. You will be directed to the sign up page.
- Enter your names starting with your first name. You will then be required to choose your log in details that is; your email address and your password.
- Enter your phone number after you have specified your gender and birth date. For Gmail and Outlook, you will be required to enter the CAPTCHA characters given.
- Check the 'I agree with the terms and conditions' then click create account.
All of these email service providers have different spaces in terms of storage. When you create an account with Gmail you will get up to 15 GB in storage. You will be able to share documents and save them on Google Drive. Outlook on the other hand has a storage limit of about 15 GB. Yahoo takes home the title when it comes to storage space. It gives you a storage limit of up to 1 TB.
Document editing
It is quite possible now to edit documents online without going through the problems of downloading it. With Google Drive you can share documents online with other people. The only requirement is you need to have the Google Drive installed in your PC, Outlook also has Read More…
Gmail.com Login – Sign in Account
If you have chosen Gmail from Google to be your free we based mail service, then you have joined millions and millions of Gmail users all over the world who are using the Gmail service to get connected with their friends and loved ones as well as business partners in any corner of the world.
All you need is a computer and an internet connection to get connected with your friends, family and businesses through Gmail. Yes, of course, you should also have created a new Gmail account in order to send and receive mails from your free email account to your friends and family members.
You will first need to open the web browser on your computer in order to login to your Gmail account. Once the web browser opens up, you need to visit the Gmail homepage or type www.gmail.com or click here to access and press the enter key on your computer keyboard to be directed to the Gmail sign in web page. On this page, you need to check out for username option which will be in the top right side corner of the page. You will come across a type box just under the username and you need to click on the mouse once your mouse pointer is inside the type box. The cursor will start to blink and here you need to enter the Gmail email address that you had given when registering for the Gmail account.
After entering the username correctly, you need to move your mouse and click inside the type box that is seen under the password option. When the cursor blinks, you need to type in the exact password that you had given when you registered for the account. Once both the information is typed correctly, all you need is to press the 'Sign In' and this link to access your Gmail inbox.
Gmail Sign in
Gmail is one of the very popular free webmail service provided by Google. It offers an advertising-supported free webmail, IMAP and POP3 service that has millions and millions of users currently from all across the globe.
The following are the steps that you need to follow to log into the Gmail sign in account.
- The first step is to open the web browser on your computer and to get online first. Then type the web address www.gmail.com in the fresh web browser page and press the Enter button. It is also necessary that you have a new Gmail account opened before signing into the Gmail account.
- Once you enter the Gmail homepage, you will come across the options of username and password in the homepage.
- You need to click in the type box that you find right under the username option so that you can type the exact email address that you had first registered your account within Gmail. Make sure that the spellings of the username are correctly spelt and also make sure to correctly use the special characters or numerals that you might have used when sign up Gmail account.
- Once you have entered the username in the type box provided, you will find the password type box just below it. You need to take your mouse and click inside the type box to enter the password. Make sure that you enter the exact password that you had entered when signing up for a new Gmail account.
- Once you have entered both the details correctly, click on the 'Sign In' button. You will be taken to your Gmail inbox where you will be able to check out your new mails or even send new mails to your contacts.
This is how you sign in to your Gmail account.
Gmail Sign up
Gmail is not a new name in the email system world; rather it has gained popularity in a short time span. As a result of this popularity, millions of users are using this efficient web application. Therefore, we have provided this guide regarding Gmail sign up that sheds light on how to integrate your Gmail account with another Gmail and non-Gmail accounts.
Creating Your Gmail Account:
First, you must have a Gmail account in order to enjoy its other features. Go to www.gmail.com, and you will be shown up a page having a box containing two fields for 'Username' and 'Password'. Below that box, you will find 'Create an account'. By clicking on it, you will be taken to the page where a form is displayed with all necessary fields of information. By completing that form will enable you to get your Gmail id. Once you finish the form, click on 'Next Step' to proceed further. Moreover, it will take you the page where you can create your Gmail profile by adding a new photo and other things. If you want to directly move to the Inbox of your newly set up Gmail account, you can do so as well.
Integration Of Gmail Account With Other Gmail Accounts:
Being an efficient email system, Gmail provides an extra-ordinary feature that is the integration of your Gmail account with other accounts. Here are two options, one to integrate your account with other Gmail accounts, and the second one is to integrate account with other mail accounts (like Yahoo, Hotmail etc.). For the integration of the Gmail account with another Gmail account, you have two options. If you simply want to bring new incoming messages of another Gmail account to a particular Gmail id, then simply try the 'Auto-Forwarding Your Mail' option. Read More…
Gmail Login – 2 Steps Verification
Gmail is one of the most popular email systems of the world. Being a prominent member of the Google family, Gmail comes across as an efficient email service provider that has been loaded with a number of amazing features. With totally new experience of user interface and strengthened features, this amazing web application has grabbed a million of users and day by day this number is increasing.
First of all, the facility that Gmail is offering to its users and the mind-blowing speed that eliminates the need of full page reloads for every single page. You can enjoy everything in the form of simple tab form and can access the emails in a more efficient and manner. If you want to log in to your Gmail account, this step by step guide will aid you a lot.
- If you are a registered member of Gmail, you can simply visit gmail.com for easy sign in process.
- Without a valid Gmail id, you cannot log in there. For this purpose, click on "Create an account" option that will redirect you the page asking for the required fields of information. Entering all your authentic credentials there, you can get an authentic Gmail id.
- After having a Gmail account, again visit gmail.com. Most often, you will be displayed with a page showing the Username and Password boxes. Entering your own authentic Gmail id and password there, click on "Sign in" button present below these fields.
Gmail App for Mobile
If you are a person on the go and need to access your important mails and other information on your mail, then you can opt to download the Gmail app on your mobile. It is very easy these days to check out mails on the Smartphones and tablets as everything now comes with a touch screen feature. All you need to do is to download the Gmail app for mobile on your phone and you have the freedom to access your mails from anywhere, be it a bus or a train or a moving car. Of course, your phone should have a data plan to allow you to access your Gmail account from your phone.
Gmail App Features For iPhone
- An alternative to the built-in Mail app in every iOS device is the Gmail app for iPhone. It is a self contained app that does not need any integration with any of the features of your iPhone.
- If you get the app downloaded on your iPhone, then you can safely check out your mails and keep track of the important messages through priority inbox.
- You will receive instant notifications on your phone for every new message received in your Gmail account.
- It will offer you a search option to search out your mails and will also provide you with the option of sending and receiving attachments on your phone.
How To Download Gmail On iPhone?
- Open the web browser on your iPhone and visit the Google Mobile web page.
- Once there, click on the 'Download on the App store' that you find under the Get Gmail for your mobile device option.
- Clicking this will take you to the iTunes store from where you can download the new version of the Gmail app on your iPhone.
- Once you have downloaded the Gmail app safely on your iPhone, you need to first log into the Gmail account to get access to your account from your phone.
Gmail.com Account Features
Gmail has been one of the most popular free web based mail service option chosen by a lot of internet users who use it to stay connected with their family, friends, businesses and other contacts. As there is stiff competition in the free web based mail service from other popular service providers, Gmail is constantly on the lookout for improving its services in order to offer better features and user friendly mail service.
Google Inc., that runs the Gmail service, is carrying out innumerable sets of improvements and technical tests on the most popular 10 year old desktop version of Gmail so that it blends well and easily with the Gmail mobile version. The changes that Google is about to bring in Gmail are said to be offering the Gmail web based service a complete makeover from what it is today.
The following are some of the new gmail.com account features that Google is currently testing out.
1. Look Of Gmail
- There have been constant work done on the look of Gmail and Google Inc. is still looking to make further changes to the look to make it more attractive besides begin user-friendly.
- The older colorful Gmail will give way to a more attractive new Gmail face that will have an additional plus sign '+' right at the bottom- right corner of the Gmail inbox page.
How create a gmail account
Google mail or Gmail is an online email account by which emails are saved on the internet instead of on your pc. Web email could be a flexible choice as you can accessibility emails from any pc that has access to the internet – like at web cafés – all over the world.
Within this guide, we will go to demonstrate how to begin along with sign in gmail. You will require a pc with access to the internet.
Stick to these step-by-step directions to create Gmail account:
Step one: Open your internet browser and visit the Google homepage: http://www.google.com
Step two: At the very top left part of the page from the main Google web page, there is a menu bar. Click on Google email in the bar.
Step three: You'll right currently is in the actual 'Sign in' area. As you do not have a Google account yet, you have to create 1. Click Create a free account.
Step four: To setup your brand-new account, Search engines needs some details about you – very first, your first as well as last names. The actual 'choose your username' may be the unique current email address which you desire to use, which is placed prior to '@gmail. com'. Since it must be distinctive, Google might have to what is availability of any kind of name that you choose to ensure that nobody already experience it. Type a message name in to the 'choose your own username' box after which fill out your info. You will have to agree to the terms and conditions in order to proceed so click on "Yes" 'I consent to the Google terms and Personal privacy Policy' is actually ticked. Then click on next thing. READ MORE


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Added: 7 years ago
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6 years ago
These are GREAT...!!!
0 likesThank you for voting!
6 years ago
You Should show some more pics of you and your lady friend Hitting it from behind With some lingerie on sliding her panies to the side sticking her.
0 likesThank you for voting!

subset: commoncrawl


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Originally written on The Majors Detroit | Last updated 11/4/12
Notice! That's what the rest of the NFC North has been put on as Detroit continues to put up yards and points by beating the Jacksonville Jaguars 31-14 today from EverBank Field. More so though the Lions fought back to .500 to 4-4 after starting 2-4. With the win, Detroit is giving themselves the opportunity to fight for a playoff spot in what is turning out to be on of the toughest divisions in football. Green Bay sits at 6-3 after a win against Arizona, Chicago had an absolute stomping against Tennessee to go to 7-1 and Minnesota who plays later today is 5-3 and could be 6-3 or 5-4 with the win or loss. But if you want further proof of this division's toughness, the NFC North is the only division with a team not under .500. All four teams are also in the plus category with points for and foints against. Detroit though has seemed to work out their early season struggles and the Jaguars were the perfect team to work out any left questions. From the first snap it was clear Detroit wa...
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Koresh Dance Come Together Festival – 33 Local, Regional, and National ...
The Dance Journal (blog)
Koresh Dance Company will unite dance innovators, audience favorites, and emerging artists this summer when it presents 33 dance companies in its 3rd annual Come Together Dance Festival at the Suzanne Roberts Theatre in Philadelphia. The festival ...
Koresh Dance Company Brings Modern Movement to Ford Center
Koresh Dance Company's Come Together takes the audience on a musical journey with composers from Israel and Turkey set alongside Chopin, Beethoven, Ravel and more, coming to the Ford Center at 7:30 on May 2. 9196004314_da2dc8169c_o ...
The Dance Journal (blog)
Koresh's dance diary
The Dance Journal (blog)
Koresh Dance Company is always in the midst of heavy touring before their hometown spring performances at the Suzanne Roberts Theatre where choreographer Roni Koresh usually presents new work. It is impressive even for the prolific Koresh to create ...
The Olympian
Ronen Koresh incorporates many styles into the choreography for Koresh Dance ...
The Olympian
Koresh grew up in Israel with a folk-dancing mother and served in the military there. He moved to New York City to study at Alvin Ailey's dance school, then to Philadelphia where he danced with Shimon Braun's Waves Jazz Dance Co. before founding his ...
The Dance Journal (blog)
Koresh Dance Company: No Shock Here…..Roni's Home!
The Dance Journal (blog)
When you go to the theater to see the Koresh Dance Company, you know what you're going to get; Great dancing, intricate choreography that combines raw athleticism with classical ballet, percussive sounds that include vocalization and body slapping to ...
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Even though the last of the United States combat troops were pulled out of Vietnam on March 29, 1973, the official end of America's commitment to the war in Vietnam came on April 30, 1975. On that day, forty years ago, the last of the civilians, some South Vietnamese military and a small contingent of United States Marines were removed from the American Embassy by a massive helicopter airlift effort.
It was thus that the United States evacuated Southeast Asia following more than two decades of warfare. The American involvement dates back to the 1950s with support given to the French in their resistance to the rising communist power in what was then called French Indochina. In the beginning, the French were supported by American Military Advisors and were provided American military equipment. By 1965, the United States had inherited the war effort and American military boots were on the ground, leading to hundreds of thousands of American soldiers serving in the Vietnamese jungles. In the end, the United States lost more than 58,000 young men (average age about 23 years old). Thousands more were maimed, mangled, wounded and held in Viet Cong prisoner of war camps.


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Ace Combat 3 Electrospere LoversFans & Clans group with 6 members, must apply to join
For anyone who has played/enjoyed Namcos AC3, And any others.
This member has provided no bio about themself...
0 comments by AngleMoon76 on Feb 27th, 2010
First blog ever.
No idea really what to do but here goes.
Started modelling my own mothership. Started it as sort of Higaran Frigate from Homeworld but kinda go to epic looking to be a frigate and not enough mods have a new mothership in them so i decided to put docking ports on it. Its lookin ok but would really like some tips if anyone could help. Also i need to learn how to make textures if anyone could help. :)
Pics of my model will be up shortly.
If anyone could give me tips it would be great. :)
For anyone who has played/enjoyed Namcos AC3, And any others.
Modders and those interested in how to mod the Homeworld 2 Engine.
The title explains it all but this group is a fan group for the Video Games Mass Effect 1 (ME1), Mass Effect 2 (ME2), and Mass Effect 3 (ME3). This is...
A group for the people of The United Kingdom on ModDB. Jolly good isn't it?


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Uncle Tomfoolery
"As much as I love to see Richard Roundtree getting work, theres no getting around it: the old junk-man who can produce anything you need because it 'fell off the back of a truck' has got to be the most uncomfortable cliché in the entire film."A black character whose primary or major function is to be comic relief, based on racial stereotypes of blacks as hip, streetwise, sassy or smart-mouthed, cowardly, goofy, subservient, or some combination of these. This is a trope with a long history in Hollywood movies as far back as the 20s. No mystery or old-dark-house movie was complete without the stock character of the goofy, cowardly black servant or chauffeur. This stereotype was so popular that actors like Lincoln "Stepin Fetchit" Perry even made whole careers out of the role. In turn, this was a shamelessly racist adaptation of the old melodrama and theatre trope of the cowardly, comic servant. The trope saw continued use into the 1990s, but growing racial awareness and an increasing interest in Action Heroes who just happen to be black, such as Denzel Washington and Samuel L. Jackson, has caused it to gradually lose popularity. Accusations of Unlce Tomfoolery will continue, in part because there are plenty of black actors who happen to be good at comedy, though the 'hip' elements have decreased. The trope's name is derived from "Uncle Tom," a common slang term for a black person who is excessively subservient to white people, despite the original Uncle Tom (of Uncle Tom's Cabin) being anything but subservient, comic, or cowardly. Engaging in Uncle Tomfoolery is sometimes referred to as "tomming." No connection to Black Comedy or Bertie Wooster's uncle, Tom Travers. See also: Ethnic Scrappy, Plucky Comic Relief, Black Dude Dies First, Modern Minstrelsy. Contrast: Magical Negro, Whoopi Epiphany Speech. Characters who embody this trope will sometimes be on the receiving end of Stop Being Stereotypical.
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- This State Farm commercial.
- The Everest College commercials.
Anime & Manga
- Afro Samurai has Samuel L. Jackson playing both The Stoic eponymous Samurai (something he's usually known for) and the very mouthy, comic relief sidekick Ninja Ninja.
- Metabee from Medabots is voiced to be a Scary Black Man. He's hot-headed and a total goof with a love of watermelon.
- Considering Metabee is a beetle type medabot, his love for watermelon might be Fridge Logic.
- Killer Bee from Naruto initially seems to be this. He's a complete goofball who always communicates in rap, and his first appearance has him basically playing hooky. However, being one of the most powerful shinobi in Hidden Cloud Village, he is also a Scary Black Man (as Sasuke finds out the hard way), and this combination has led to him becoming an Ensemble Dark Horse.
- Beating Sasuke half to death certainly didn't hurt, nor did being one of the nicest, most affable characters in the franchise.
- Don Kanoji from Bleach at least starts out this way.
- Bobby, the American Buddhist Monk from Binbogami Ga, is not only a lecher, but also selfish and lazy, refusing to help the other protagonists until they bribe him with women.
- Chocolove from Shaman King (whose name was changed to Joco in English releases for obvious reasons,) who's even a (terrible) comedian, and his backstory has him as a former New York gangster. Though he has more traditional offensive powers, a lot of his powers are joke-based and used to make spirits laugh to make them more vulnerable.
- Parodied in a Damage Control comic. When an action movie is made about Damage Control, the well-spoken, well-dressed comptroller Albert Cleary is horrified to see he's been depicted as a wacky black sidekick from the ghetto. And then killed off, naturally.
Films — Animated
- Mushu in Mulan. Roger Ebert said it best: "a black dude in medieval China?" This is more a function of Eddie Murphy's standard roles than anything else.
- Oscar the fish voiced by Will Smith in the animated film Shark Tale.
- The Candlemaker in The Book of Life is animated in a much rounder, "bouncier" style than any other character, spouts out incredibly cliche "hip-hop" language (in a film set in the Mexican afterlife), and is voiced by Ice Cube. He sticks out so badly from the rest of the film that you can see him from space.
Films — Live-Action
- As noted in the intro, the canonical example is Lincoln "Stepin Fetchit" Perry, who worked for years in Hollywood playing comic relief black characters that were either lazy, cowardly, or both. Fetchit appeared in dozens of films playing his "Laziest Man in the World" character. It made him a millionaire, but even in his lifetime the character was controversial.
- Eddie Murphy seems to do a lot of these.
- Trading Places is mainly a deconstruction of such character types. Murphy's character is completely capable of being a strait-laced businessman if given the opportunity.
- Often played by Chris Tucker.
- In the first Rush Hour, Tucker is supposed to be playing a loudmouthed, reckless cop who plays by his own rules, in contrast to the badass but reticent and by-the-book Jackie Chan. This classic Salt and Pepper / Odd Couple pairing grew more into Uncle Tom Foolery in the sequels, where Tucker's character became more shrill and wacky, abandoned actual policing for successful stereotyping, and surprisingly became an incredibly competent fighter.
- In The Fifth Element, Tucker plays Ruby Rhod, a loving parody of musician Prince, who gets paired with Bruce Willis' invincible Korbin Dallas in the final act. Rhod spends most of the final act screaming in terror.
- Tucker's character in Money Talks.
- Event Horizon had a cool, wisecracking black guy for the comic relief and a cool, heroic, strait-laced black dude for The Captain. The former was one of the survivors thanks to some MacGyvering action on his part and the latter was only killed off in the requisite Heroic Sacrifice finale, making this a mild aversion.
- Argyle, The Smart Guy from Roger Corman's Black Scorpion film and TV series.
- Anacondas: The Hunt for the Blood Orchid almost crosses Uncle Tomfoolery back over into Ethnic Scrappy territory, several times.
- In Stuart Little 3: Call of the Wild, the character of Reeko the skunk (voiced by Wayne Brady).
- Marlon Wayans has practically made a career out of this, some of his other examples being Mo Money, Little Man, Norbit and Dungeons & Dragons.
- Lethal Weapon flipped the formula, with a suicidal and crazy white man partnered to a by-the-book family man. However, as the series continued, the white man got less suicidal and the black man got less uptight.
- Chris Rock averts this role in Lethal Weapon 4, as he gets saddled to two heroes, one of whom is black and plays a middle role of being neither insane nor too by-the-book.
- Interestingly, Die Hard flipped this a lot, firstly with the white Bruce Willis playing a wildcard trigger-happy cop whose only ally on the outside was a desk-riding black man who hadn't discharged a firearm on the job in years, ever since accidentally killing a child.
"Just like fuckin' Saigon, hey, Slick?"(Nodding, smiling) "I was in junior high, dickhead."
- And the FBI agents who turn up to take over the scene are a white man and a black man who have the same last name and the same extremely by-the-book style. In fact, the bad guys are counting on it, as their plan only works if the FBI do go by-the-book.
- The white agent even tries to play this one straight.
- McClane's limousine driver Argyle is more or less a straight example of this trope, however.
- In the second film, his ally, the straight-laced and bookish airport engineer, Leslie Barnes, is another aversion/inversion...
- ...and finally, in the threequel, Die Hard With a Vengeance, Samuel Jackson plays a serious normal (albeit Badass) store owner who is forced to team up with McClane.
- And the FBI agents who turn up to take over the scene are a white man and a black man who have the same last name and the same extremely by-the-book style. In fact, the bad guys are counting on it, as their plan only works if the FBI do go by-the-book.
- Foul-mouthed L.J., the walking hip-hop stereotype from Resident Evil: Apocalypse. As can be expected in a horror film: the cool, badassed Peyton dies, while the offensively annoying L.J. doesn't. Until the sequel.
- Parodied by Dave Chappelle in Robin Hood: Men in Tights. While this was a pastiche of other Robin Hood films (especially the Costner version), because of the extremes that this role sometimes goes to in a movie playing it straight, this rather exaggerated parody was actually not that far off the norm.
- Michael Bay's Transformers features a few version of the trope who are technically Space Jews, since they're actually robots behaving like stereotypical black people.
- Jazz adopts noticeably Jive Turkey mannerisms and is the only one to die. He is, however, played straight as a heroic character.
- In Revenge of the Fallen, Skids and Mudflap adopt borderline racist black mannerisms and are characterized by their cowardice and stupidity in contrast to the other heroic Autobots. Their faces in robot mode look like early 20th century portrayal of African-Americans — buck teeth, bulging eyes, and large ears. One of them has a gold tooth. They bust out ghetto slang constantly, and even threaten to "pop a cap" in someone's ass. The creators (and voice actors, one of whom is black) defended themselves by claiming that the characters were supposed to be lampoons of "wiggers."
- There's also human examples in Bernie Mac and Anthony Anderson's characters. "Grandma don't like nobody on her carpet, especially po-lice!"
- In Cimarron, the embarrassing stereotype of Isaiah, the black servant. Isaiah is introduced hanging from a ceiling fixture, fanning the white people. He falls from the ceiling to general hilarity. Later he accompanies the Cravats to Oklahoma by hiding in a rug—he is rolled out of the rug, to general hilarity. He calls Yancey "Master".
- Parodied in Not Another Teen Movie with "The Token Black Guy", who claims that part of his job description as, well, the token black guy is to stand around saying "Damn!" "Shit!" and "That is whack!" When he encounters another Token Black Guy at a party, he points out that only one of them is allowed per teen movie, so the second guy apologizes and leaves.
- Orlando Jones averts this in Evolution. They also lampshade it several times during the movie.
- Eddie Griffin plays this role opposite Orlando Jones (who fills the strait-laced role, though he's also black) in Double Take. They then trade identities, which leads to them parodying each others' archetypes, before it turns out that Griffin's character is actually an FBI agent and his "wacky black guy" persona was a cover.
- Phil La Marr, who was one of two Black Guys on MADtv, deconstructed this by claiming that Jones always gets blacker Black Guy roles. Examples of Phil La Marr's previous characters: Erik, Warren, Stanley Johnson, Bob Brown, Marvin. Previous examples of Orlando Jones' acting work: Natty Battle, Andre, Sticky Fingaz, Mookie
- The Last Dragon has a Salt and Pepper pairing with two black characters. The streetwise Plucky Comic Relief often has to remind Taimak that he's black while he persists in speaking and acting as a Chinese immigrant. Arguably, also inverted in the character of Johnny Yu. While Taimak continues to play it straight, Yu is the apprentice who just can't stay out of trouble. Definitely inverted in the case when Taimak dressed as a 19th Century Chinese day-laborer (his idea of a disguise) comes across a trio of Chinese Mooks who dress and act like stereotypical Black guys right down to shooting Craps against the door they're supposed to be guarding.
- Anthony Anderson does this on occasion, most notably in Urban Legends: Final Cut
- Jax in Mortal Kombat: Annihilation, as part of the group of heroes who confront Shao Kahn, is all but made of this trope; just about every other line of dialogue he has is designed to remind you that he is, in fact, black.
- The movie Cop Out seems to have Tracy Morgan in this role opposite Bruce Willis to the point he's an Ethnic Scrappy.
- Twinkie in The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift.
- Grover in The Film of the Book Percy Jackson.
- Rather Anviliciously presented in Crash, where a black TV writer is told by his white boss to make a black character's lines more stereotypical. As more than a few viewers have noted, why is an apparently successful writer taking advice from Tony Danza?
- Django Unchained not only averts this trope with Django himself, but also subverts it with Stephen, who is first introduced in a somewhat comical fashion as being Large Hammily incredulous at Django being on a horse and being treated as a guest at the big house, and then spends most of dinner parroting his master (the Big Bad of the film). However, he is considerably more observant and intelligent than the Big Bad and when he is alone with the black slaves he becomes extremely sinister, suggesting that the Uncle Tomfoolery is his deliberately being sufficiently non-threatening to the whites that he is allowed to keep his position of power within the household and act as his master's dragon. He is also, at the very least, a Dragon Ascendant; he not only outlives his master but also gets dramatically killed while shouting curses in the film's violent climax, further suggesting that he is more of a Big Bad than his Fool of a master.
- Inverted in Ghostbusters where Ernie Hudson's Winston Zeddmore is pragmatic and unfazed by all the weirdness and an all around grounding presence for the team, while the excitable comic relief goes to Dan Aykroyd's Ray Stanz instead.
- Except of course for the hilarious line; "I've seen shit that'll turn you white!"
- Critics often accuse Tyler Perry of doing this, particularly under his Madea guise (where he plays an unstrung, mentally imbalanced "mammy" type with a very tenuous grip of the English language).
- The Funk (Aka Dustin) from Another Cinderella Story.
- HP Lovecraft, abyssal font of Values Dissonance that he was, made use of many racial stereotypes in his work, though they were never played for comedy, their otherness instead used as a source of horror or disgust. Some modern comics based on his work, however, such as The Unspeakable Vault (of Doom), poke fun at his outdated views by giving his Deep Ones exaggerated Minstrel traits like humongous lips, googly eyes & impenetrable patois-laden speech to drive home the point they were originally created as an indictment of miscegenation.
- Averted in Uncle Tom's Cabin, which is a serious tale about Uncle Tom, a pious, Christian, good man and his horrid life as a slave. No dancing, swearing, or nonsense about him whatsoever. The only problem contemporary readers had with the story is that they felt he was too passive and portrayed a double standard when compared with instances of whites resisting oppression: see the quote here from an 1852 edition of the abolitionist paper The Liberator.
- Jules Verne's Robur the Conqueror: The black servant Frycollin, portrayed as an abject coward who's not particularly bright, is the victim of some of the most uncomfortably racist humor in Verne's entire oeuvre.
- Interestingly, this is far from typical behavior for Verne. While he did use some non-white characters as Plucky Comic Relief, and they often served as a Token Minority, he almost always portrayed them in a positive light and as resourceful, intelligent and equal to white characters. Frycollin is just a very unfortunate exception.
Live-Action TV
- Some characters played by Debra Wilson on MADtv, but Bunifa is the most obvious.
- That's Bunifa Latifa Halifa Sharifa Jackson to you!
- Also "Cosby's Crib"
- Artie Lang in "That's My White Mama"
- Parodied in a The Whitest Kids U Know sketch where a mailroom employee starts throwing out horrible movie ideas to studio execs, who eat them all up. All think that having a bunch of black people hold a cookout in a driveway and having Cedric the Entertainer and Queen Latifah show up would make a great movie for black audiences.
- "Hi, Uncle Tom!"
- Completely inverted in the In Living Color! "Black Like You" sketches, which featured Tom and Tom Brothers as Les Collaborateurs and extreme parodies of the unhip white guy. They even openly deconstructed the trope in this sketch.
- They were actual parodies of unhip black guys perceived as Uncle Toms and sellouts, such as Bryant Gumbel.
- Played with on Scrubs' Show Within a Show, Dr Acula. JD casts Turk as a jive talking pimp and he complains it's racist and he wants to play the vampire. JD responds by asking Turk to act "Blacker". Turk immediately takes over the film and swaps their roles.
- Family Matters: Waldo, who was presented as a buffoon who misunderstood the simplest statements and often made such off-the-wall comments. At times, Urkel was this way too given his extreme clumsiness, manner of dress and high-pitched voice.
- Good Times: J.J. Evans, the show's Breakout Character. Jimmie Walker played the part so well that the character of J.J. soon overshadowed the show's original premise (an African-American family living in a low-income housing apartment trying to improve their economic situation but always failing, due to poor luck or other circumstances), and many began criticizing the show for presenting J.J. as a stereotypical black i.e., a buffon; the critics included Walker's castmates, John Amos and Esther Rolle, and it led to Amos' firing and Rolle's temporary departure.
- Dave Chappelle often played these in sketches on Chappelle's Show. One of his reasons for ending the show was that he could no longer recognize when he was parodying the character type, or actually playing them.
- Misfits of Science Lampshaded the inversion as far back as The '80s; The Lancer was a research scientist, slightly more square than the lead character and in general more knowledgeable and scientifically disciplined — aside from playing Professor Guinea Pig with a shrinking formula to avoid constant expectations that he should be able to play basketball, which gave him the ability to shrink to Fun Size.
- Maury is often accused of this, with some justification.
- Will on The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air .
- Marlon Williams on the The Wayans Bros. which is no surprise because Marlon Wayans play this role all the time.
- Kenan on Kenan & Kel .
- Parodied in a Saturday Night Live sketch, with an exaggerated Louis Armstrong type character (played by David Alan Grier) back in the 1940s, who openly sings about how he doesn't mind not being treated as an equal. The sketch ends with a historian noting that the character would go down in history as the first black man to ever be lynched by other blacks.
- The late Petey Greene on his show, Petey Greene's Washington.
- The always jolly Louis Armstrong was often accused of doing this.
- Rapper Kreayshawn (who is a white woman) was accused of doing this in reverse by The Game (he released a song attacking her over it entitled "Uncle Otis"), in particular over her use of the word "nigga".
- She was actually Mis-blamed for that; while the other criticisms are legitimate, she never actually used that word. It was a friend of hers, and she has made her displeasure over both her friend's use of it and the flack that she's received for something that she never did quite apparent.
- Regina, a quasi-operatic musical adaptation of The Little Foxes, added the character Jazz, whose comic-relief numbers egregiously deviate from the neo-classical style of the rest of the show.
- Oil Man in Mega Man Powered Up. Despite his color scheme being bowdlerised outside Japan, he's still the wacky black guy of the bunch.
- The Black Baron (stop starin') in Madworld. He's a black pimp who constantly spits out slang, has an ostentatious grill and keeps getting murdered in death traps (played for laughs) while going "Aw hell nawh!". And he's not even black, he uses blackface. And to further prove Madworld's double line-crossing, the Baron's (black) voice actor would later become one of the aforementioned Transformers twins in the same year. Guess which character the Internet criticized.
- Considering MadWorld's bread and butter is the lampooning of this and other Unfortunate Implications, the criticism of the Transformers character is perhaps more justified...
- And it certainly helped that the Black Baron turned out to be the Big Bad you fought at the end of the game. Let's hear it for Obfuscating Stupidity.
- Considering MadWorld's bread and butter is the lampooning of this and other Unfortunate Implications, the criticism of the Transformers character is perhaps more justified...
- Barret Wallace from Final Fantasy VII played this role at times, with the ridiculous slang and the occasionally buffoonery. He would often swing back and forth between Uncle Tomfoolery, Scary Black Man and Angry Black Man depending on the situation, when the plot spotlight wasn't on him.
- Sazh* in Final Fantasy XIII, to a degree. While he exhibits a few aspects of this trope on the surface, in reality he serves as the voice of reason for the party and constantly delivers much-needed verbal bitchslaps whenever anyone starts getting too wrapped up in their own emotional bullshit.
- In supplemental material for the first Resident Evil game, the creator stated that two characters didn't make the final cut of characters: A giant cyborg man who could hold up walls (this person later became Barry), and a tall, skinny black guy who constantly cracked jokes and ran from the zombies. This guy was thrown out because of the obvious Unfortunate Implications, and players would not see a (living) black character in the series until Resident Evil Outbreak, who is somewhat wacky and a Lovable Coward, but not to a cartoonish extent.
- Gears of War: "ALL ABOARD THE COLE TRAIN, BABY! That's Augustus Cole, in case you were wondering. Taken Up to Eleven in the second game when he cuts off the Locust Queen during one of her speeches (still qualifies as a Crowning Moment of Funny).
- The character is actually an Expy of a character called Terry Tate: Office Linebacker in a series of Reebok commercials, who was also portrayed by Les Speight. The character gets more and more complex as the series goes on, leading to one of the best lines of Gears 3;
'Augustus Cole: "Do you ever feel like you're dead, but nobody ever told you?"
- The character is actually an Expy of a character called Terry Tate: Office Linebacker in a series of Reebok commercials, who was also portrayed by Les Speight. The character gets more and more complex as the series goes on, leading to one of the best lines of Gears 3;
- Jax's Alt costume in Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance.
Web Animation
- In Ultra Fast Pony, Fluttershy is the Equestrian equivalent of a freed black slave. She continues to "do everything the white pony tells [her] to do" because she lacks the spine to say no.
Western Animation
- Take any cartoon of the Censored Eleven: All This And Rabbit Stew, Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs,... all of them delve on black characters and the stereotypes associated with them to provide some cheap laughs to the non-black audience.
- Parodied in an episode of British animated series Monkey Dust. A continuation of the running "Meatsafe Murderer" sketches has an American director buy the rights to Ivan Dobsky's life story so he can make a movie out of it. Ivan's apparently sentient (not to mention murderous) space hopper is portrayed in the movie as a skateboard voiced by Eddie Murphy, who seems unable to utter ANY line without saying "Motherfucker" at least twice.
- Parodied in South Park, where "Token Black" is well-off, book smart, talks in a standard American accent, and plays the straight man to a lot of the other characters' jokes (especially the racist Cartman).
Cartman: Token, give me a smooth bass line.Token: ...I don't know how to play bass.Cartman: *frustrated* Token, how many times do we have to go through this? You're black, you can play bass.Token: *angry* I'm getting sick of your stereotypes.Cartman: Be as sick as you want, just give me a goddamn bass line!Token: *picks up guitar and instantly is able to play a series of complicated riffs* Goddamnit.
- Which the creators then play with endlessly... like they do everything. He finds Tyler Perry hilarious but is confused and embarrassed about it. Another example: he's never even picked up' a bass guitar in his life, but the moment you put it in his hands, he can play the shit out of it.
- Uncle Ruckus of The Boondocks. Subverted in that he is an awful, hateful, ignorant, self hating black man whose hilarity is a Refuge in Audacity.
- "Who Killed Cock Robin", a Silly Symphonies short, has a stereotypical blackbird who is a caricature of Stepin Fetchit.


text:
Abstract available in
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Description (OCR text may contain errors)
LASER-EXCITED RAMAN SPECTROMETER Filed Feb. '5. 1966 3 Sheets-Sheet l d 2% M WA aw f i g W Z W h 0 Z m i w m w m Z N 5 1E3? #F w a 2444/10 (wan 5 I N VENTOR.
. Ar/me/wg R. C. HAVVES LASER-EXCITED RAMAN SPECTROMETER Jan. 19., 1971 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 b e F d e l i F 3,556,659 LASER-EXCITED RAMAN SPECTROMETER Roland C. Hawes, Monrovia, Calif., assignor to Applied Physics Corporation, Monrovia, Calif., a corporation of California Filed Feb. 3, 1966, Ser. No. 524,687 Int. Cl. G011 3/44 US. Cl. 356-75 ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE I A laser-excited Raman spectrometer in which a laser output beam having a very small diameter is projected along the length of a capillary sample cell, rather than being projected in a transverse direction. The beam is substantially coaxial with the cell and the resultant Raman travelling in the general direction of the cell axis is detected.
This invention relates to an analyzing instrument for analyzing optical radiation emitted from a sample of material as in Raman spectroscopy, and, more particularly to an analyzing instrument embodying an improved arrangement for exciting such samples of material with monochromatic radiation.
The analyzing instrument of the invention is particularly adapted to applications in which optical radiation of one wavelength interacts with a sample of material to cause optical radiation of at least one different wavelength to be emitted from such sample, although it is not limited solely to that particular application. In the best mode of practicing the invention now known, it is employed in Raman spectroscopy.
Raman spectra occur, when light of one wavelength interacts'with molecules in a sample and as a result, light of a different wavelength is scattered by the molecules. In the Raman scattering process, the wavelength of the exciting radiation is altered by molecules, in such a Way that a quantized exchange of energy occurs causing radiation of a different wavelength to be emitted. As a result of the interaction, the energy of the emitted light is different from the energy of the exciting light, either being increased or being decreased by amounts that correspond to certain differences in the energy levels characteristic of the -molecule of material being irradiated. As a result of the Raman process, a spectrum that is characteristic of the molecule is produced in terms of the differences in the frequencies of various Raman lines in the spectrum from the frequency of the exciting radiation. This is a Raman spectrum. In view of the fact that the energy levels of the molecules are quantized, the frequency differences have a series of discrete values which characterize the different Raman lines or hands. It is noted that the Raman lines do not have any fixed frequencies, but that their frequencies depend upon the frequency of the exciting radiation. However, the difference between the frequency of each Raman line and the frequency of the exciting radiation is independent of the frequency of the exciting radiation. The theory and practice of Raman spectroscopy has been explained in US. Pat, No. 2,940,355, granted to Henry H. Cary on on June 14, 1960. It is also described in detail in Chapter XIV of a book entitled An Introduction to Molecular Spectra by Raynor C. Johnson, Pitman Publishing Corporation, 1949.
The lines in a spectrum are relatively weak. Furthermore, as with other light scattering, the molecular scattering of the Raman effect varies in intrinsic efficiency with the fourth power of the wavelength of the exciting radiation. For this reason, it has been customary in the past to employ, as a source of exciting radiation, a conventional 27 Claims United States Pat t. F
mercury lamp for emitting monochromatic radiation having a wavelength of 4358 A. The use of such short-wavelength radiation has. many disadvantages which, it has come to be recognized, could be overcome by employing monochromatic radiation of longer wavelength. For one thing, when using short wavelength radiation for excitation, the Raman lines are masked somewhat by fluorescent radiation occurring in the sample and no one has yet found a practical way of distinguishing the fluorescent radiation from the Raman radiation. Such masking fluorescent radiation may even be generated by impurities in the sample. While most samples are carefully cleaned up either by distillation or by chemical adsorption methods to minimize difficulty from such impurities, this is a troublesome extra step in sample preparation and may even result in modification of the composition of the particular component of the sample which is undergoing investigation in an unknown manner.
In Raman spectroscopy, a tube, or capillary cell, is utilized to hold a sample of material to be analyzed. As heretofore practiced, the exciting radiation was directed into the capillary cell in a direction substantially normal to the axis of the cell. The Raman radiation emanating from the cell and passing out of one end of the cell was collected and analyzed by use of an instrument such as a spectrophotometer. This technique suffers from the disadvantage that large amounts of fluorescent radiation are emitted by the material forming the wall of the cell. Such background radiation makes the detection of the Raman spectrum difficult. The foregoing difficulties suffered when using a short wavelength excitation source have led investigators to consider the possibility of using longer Wavelength excitation. But the use of the longer wavelength radiation leads to new ditficulties. For example, tests have been made with gas discharge sources, such as potassium, rubidium or cadmium lamps, which have strong emission at wavelengths above 5000 A. Using such sources, it has been difficult to generate suifcient excitation energy to produce usablev Raman spectra. It is still more difficult to'isolate a single line or narrow wavelength region from these excitation sources. Such sources have generally been excited at radio frequencies, causing a radio interference problem. Furthermore, the lamps tend to be short-lived and require special coatings on the interior of the glass to reduce the rate of attack on the glass by the alkali metal vapor contained therein.
Longer wavelength excitation is also difficult to employ because, as mentioned before, the intrinsic excitation efficiency falls with the fourth power of the wavelength of the exciting radiation. This phenomenon is Well known V at lower wavelengths. Furthermore, phototubes for use at wavelengths longer than about 7000 A. generally have high dark current, that is, the current that flows in the phototube when there is no radiant flux incident upon the phototube. Since dark current decreases rapidly with cooling such phototubes must be refrigerated for best operation.
Recently, a number of investigators have attempted to excite Raman spectra by the relatively long Wavelength radiation from intermittently operating lasers. As is well known, the peak power output, such as from a ruby laser, can be very high, but its average power output, because the output of the laser is in the form of pulses, ranges from a few milliwatts to a few watts. This is not as great as the average power output of the mercury lamp which has been conventionally used to arouse excitation at the able which have continuous output, generally about 0.1 watt or less. However, up until now it has been considered impractical to use such a source of radiation because of the low power output level of the laser.
The present invention relates to an analyzing instrument which makes eflicient use of a continuous output laser of the axial-mode, often called a single-mode, type, as the source of exciting radiation.
As is well known, the output of a laser is a collimated beam of light, that is a beam in which the rays of which are very nearly parallel.
The present invention takes advantage of the parallel characteristics of the rays comprising the laser output beam, and the fact that only one such beam exists when an axial-mode laser is employed. A laser output beam, having a very small diameter, is projected along the length of the capillary cell, rather than being rojected into the cell in a transverse direction. Thus, the exciting beam of radiation is substantially coaxial with the cell. The resultant Raman radiation travelling in the general direction of the cell axis is detected. In the best embodiment of the invention now known, the laser beam enters from the end of the cell from which the Raman scattered radiation emerges. However, the invention may also be practiced with the laser beam entering the end of the cell opposite to that from which the Raman radiation emerges.
In the best embodiment, a capillary tube is employed, and the laser beam is largely confined to the capillary bore, and very little of it traverses the capillary wall. In this way scattering of laser radiation from the cell wall and excitation of fluorescence in the cell wall is minimized. Although confinement of the beam to the capillary bore requires accurate alignment of the laser beam with the capillary cell, it is worthwhile because it minimizes fluorescence of the glass wall and scattering of light from the cell wall itself.
Also, in the present invention, the Raman radiation that is excited in the sample within the bore of the cell is collected from the end of the cell over an area which is larger than the capillary bore itself. As a result, Raman radiation from the sample that otherwise would be lost, is utilized.
In the best embodiment of the invention, the capillary cell is of circular cylindrical configuration and the crosssectional area of the cell from which radiation is collected, is square. In order to attain such collection over a square area, use is made of an image slicer or other Lagrange-constant transformer which makes it possible to transmit radiation emerging from a square area in the sample cell through a narrow entrance slit of the spectrometer, to the collimating mirrorthus utilizing the full light-transmission efficiency of the spectrometer. Such a Lagrange-constant transformer is described and claimed in the aforementioned United States Pat. No. 2,940,355.
Further features and advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a spectrophotometer embodying the invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged schematic view, partly in section, of a portion of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 1 and illustrating one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2a shows a variation of the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 2;
FIGS. 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are views, similar to that of FIG. 2, illustrating other embodiments of the invention.
- General description In the embodiment of the invention illustrated in FIG. 1, Raman radiation emerging from one end of a capillary cell or tube 10 along an optical axis XX is transmitted through lens 12 and Lagrange-constant transformer 14, which direct the radiation into an elongated entrance slit 16 of a double-grating monochromator 18 comprising a lower section 20 and an upper section 22. In eflect, a
light window 8 exists at the end of the tube from which the Raman radiation emerges. The monochromator 18 is of a construction which is described in the aforementioned Cary Pat. No. 2,940,355. Therefore, it will be described only briefly here. The Lagrange-constant transformer 14 images an aperture stop, such as that provided by the entrance slit, on one side of the transformer as a square. on the other side as more fully explained in Pat. No. 2,940,355. In the embodiment of the invention illustrated, the square is located at the light window 8.
For convenience in this application, an aperture stop, such as a slit, is said to be imaged at an area irrespective of whether radiation travels from the aperture stop to the area or from the area to the aperture stop. In the embodiment' of the invention described here, as in that described in the patent, scattered radiation emerging from the sample cell is transmitted by the Lagrange-constant transformer 14 into the monochromator 18.
The scattered radiation that emanates from the cell 10 and passes through the entrance slit 16, then passes through a lens 24 and is reflected by a collimating mirror 26. The radiation from the mirror 26 is deflected as a collimated beam to a first grating 28. Hetero-chromatic: radiation diffracted by the grating 28 returns to the collimating mirror 26, which reflects it to a mirror 30, which in turn reflects the radiation thorugh an intermediate slit 32. The intermediate slit 32, which is located in a wall 33' which separates the monochromator 18 into two mono-- chromator sections 20 and 22, acts as an exit slit for themonochromator section 20 and as an entrance slit for the monochromator section 22. Radiation passing through the slit 32 is reflected by a mirror 34 toward a collimating mirror 36. The mirror 36, in turn, reflects the radiation as a collimated beam toward a second diffraction grating 38. Monochromatic radiation of a desired wavelength that is diffracted by the grating 38 is returned to the collimating mirror 36, which focuses the monochromatic radiation at an exit slit 40.
Monochromatic radiation passing through the exit slit 40 impinges upon a photocell 42, whose electrical output signal is amplified by an amplifier 44, and then applied. to an automatic recorder 46 of conventional type to provide a spectrogram of the spectrum emitted from the: sample contained in the capillary cell or tube 10.
The two gratings 28 and 38 may be in the form of' identical replica gratings. Both gratings are mounted on the same rotatable frame, and at such angles that the normals to both gratings are always inclined at the same angles with respect to the collimated beams incident thereon. The two gratings are rotated in unison by means of a control unit 48 so as to vary the wavelength of the mono-- chromatic radiation emerging from the exit slit 40. The control unit 48 is also employed to drive a strip of recording paper in the recording means 46, while the spectrum is being scanned to produce a spectrogram.
LASER EXCITATION OF .RAMAN SPECTRA In the embodiment of the invention that is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a laser source 50 is employed for irradiating a sample of material contained in the capillary cell or tube 10, along the axis of the tube. Such a tube has a length which is very much longer than the diameter of its bore. The rays of exciting radiation, which are emitted from the laser source, are substantially parallel, thus forming a so-called parallel or collimated beam. By employing a laser of the axial mode type, only one such collimated beam emerges from the laser. The exciting radiation from the laser 50 is transmitted into the capillary cell or tube 10 through the light window 8 substantially along the axis of the cell 10 by means of a small, totallyreflecting prism 52 cemented to the front surface of the lens 12 substantially on the tube axis.
Such lasers are well known in the art and are described for example, in a four-part article appearing in Electronics, October 1961, starting at page 40; Nov. 3, 1961,
starting at page 40; Nov. 10, 1961, starting at page 81-; and Nov. 24, 1961, starting at page 54. For this reason, lasers per se will not be discussed here. IA suitable source for use in the present invention is a helium-neon laser manufactured by Spectra-Physics, Inc., Mountin View, Calif. and designated by them as the Model 116. The beam produced by the laser is approximately two millimeters in diameter. This laser oscillates only in axial modes and over a very narrow band of frequencies corresponding to radiation having a wavelength of 6328 A. in vacuum.
As best seen in FIG. 2, the laser beam is directed into the capillary cell 10 by the small totally reflecting 45 right prism 52 cemented on the front of the lens 12.
The lens 54 located at a position off the optical axis X--X acts in combination with the lens 12 to focus the laser beam at a point Within the bore of the capillary cell 10. An optical contact medium 56 that is .immiscible with the sample under investigation, may be utilized to provide contact between the back surface of the lens 12 and one end of the capillary cell 10. Glycerol is generally suitable for this purpose when the sample is a nonaqueous solution. However, when aqueous solutions are employed the capillary tube is sealed at the lens end with a cap 9 in the form of a glass plate fused to the tube as illustrated in FIG. 2a. The focal length of the lens 54 is such as to bring the laser beam to a focus at a spot substantially in the middle of the length of the capillary cell 10. The minimum size of the spot is limited by diffraction and is defined by the =Airy disc (see Jenkins and 'White, Fundamentals of Optics, 3rd edition, page 302). It has been found possible to employ in this invention a capillary tube which has an inside diameter as small as 0.5 mm. and an outside diameter of 2.0 mm. and a length of 5 cm. For a laser beam of the wave length employed in the present instance and for such a capillary cell, the Airy disc has a diameter that is smaller than the inside diameter of the capillary tube. The Airy disc is the area through which approximately 84 percent of the energy in the beam is transmitted. In this embodiment of the invention, this diameter is less than the area at that location for which radiation can be transmitted through the monochromator within the limit of its light graps. It is to be noted that the bore as a diameter somewhat greater than that of the Airy disc so as to maintain the amount of exciting radiation reaching the wall of the tube very small.
When utilizing a well-collimated laser beam, the beam can be deflected into the capillary cell by a totally reflecting prism 52, which is less than one millimeter square.- A lens 12, having a hemispherical shaped and composed of fused silica and having a radius of curvature of 4 mm. has proved to be satisfactory. The focal length of the lens 54 is much longer, a focal length of cm. to 200 cm. being satisfactory under varying conditions. Inasmuch as the Raman beam emerging from the capillary cell 10 has a diameter of over 7 millimeters at the surface where it emerges from the lens 12, the diminution in the intensity of the Raman spectrum due to the obstruction by the prism 52 is only about 2.5 percent. The prism is bonded to the surface of the lens with a body of transparent cement or is fused to the lens 12, so that the lens does not aifect the focussing of the laser beam, within the capillary tube 10.
.Contrary to what one might expect from considerations of geometrical optics alone, the beam is not focused at a sharp point and does not have sharp boundaries that separate a radiant area from a non radiant area. On the contrary, due to diffraction, the energy of the collimated beam is not focussed at a point but is nevertheless largely confined to an Airy disc, as previously mentioned. In this invention, most, at least about 85%, of the radiation in the beam travels to that disc within a conical volume having the disc at one end and extending over an area at the entrance to the cell less than that defined by the inside diameter of the capillary tube. Thus,
in accordance with this invention, the energy of the transmitted beam is confined largely within the bore of the capillary tube though, because of diffraction effects, a-
radiation rather than blue or ultra-violet radiation. It is also aided partly by the fact that the laser is of the axialmode type, thus projecting only a single beam of exciting radiation into the capillary cell. In this connection, it will be understood that if the laser was not of the axial-mode type, collimated beams traveling in other directions would emerge from the laser and some of these traveling very nearly along the axis of the capillary tube would be brought to a focus at points off the axis of the tube, some of them even entering the wall of the tube and hence causing it to fluoresce and to emit Raman lines characteristic of the glass.
It has been found that when a laser beam is projected along the axis of such a small capillary tube, in accordance with this invention, the intensity and purity of the Raman radiation emitted are comparable to those previously obtained by employing a mercury lamp to illuminate a much larger cell such as one having an inside diameter of 19 mm. and a length of 20 cm. Thus, with this invention, the volume of sample required to produce satisfactory Raman spectra has been reduced by 'more than 99.9%.
It has also been found that this invention can be employed not only to provide high quality Raman spectra with non-fluorescent samples but even produces satisfactory Raman spectra from samples that fluoresce.
As indicated in FIG. 2, the Lagrange-constant transformer 14 produces acomposite slit stop image 58 of the entrance slit 16 in a plane within the capillary cell 10 adjacent the light window 8, as described in US. Pat. No. 2,940,355. The outside diameter of the capillary cell 10 is sufiiciently great that the stop image 58 is contained within the cross-sectional area of the capillary cell 10. It is also pointed out that the stop image 58 need not be contained within the inside cross-sectional area of the cell 10. In the best embodiment of the invention, the stop image 58 encompasses the inside cross-section of the capillary tube. .As a result, all of the Raman radiation that emerges from the bore of the cell 10 within the solid angle accepted by the Lagrange-constant transformer 14 is collected by the monochromator through the entrance slit 16. Additionally, other Raman radiation that would otherwise be lost is collected by the monochromator. This radiation includes Raman radiation that is scattered from various parts of the sample in the cell and which enters the cell wall but is totally reflected from the exterior surface 59 of the cell wall. It is to be pointed out that for a given amount of power in the laser beam projected into a capillary cell 10 as described above, the intensity of the Raman spectrum varies inversely with the crosssectional area of the entire capillary cell down to a crosssectional area that can just enclose the stop image 58. For this reason, the outside diameter of the capillary cell is brought as close to this limiting diameter as practicable. Even though the inside diameter of the capillary cell may be decreased to further decrease the volume of the sample, the outside diameter of the capillary cell is maintained large enough to encompass the stop image 58 in order to collect as much of the Raman radiation as possible.
FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which the totally-reflecting prism 52 (FIG. 2) is replaced by a small totally-reflecting mirror 60. The mirror 60 serves the same purpose as does the prism to direct the beam of light from the laser 50 into the capillary cell to irradiate a sample contained therein. As shown in FIG. 3, in order to prevent any light from the laser from being reflected from the cell 10, and passing through the Lagrange-constant transformer 14 into the monochromator through the slit 16, the capillary cell 10 is terminated at its end remote frrom the lens 56 with a radiation-absorbing structure 62, which absorbs almost all of the light that reaches it from the laser.
In the embodiment as shown in FIG. 4, the light from the laser 50 is focused by the lens 54, as in the embodiments previously described, but then passes through a hole 64a in a totally reflecting mirror 64 and thence along the axis YY of the cell and through the lens .12 into the capillary cell 10, rather than being reflected into the cell 10. Raman radiation emerging from the cell 10 is reflected by the mirror 64 in a downward direction (as seen in the figure), as indicated by the arrow 66. That radiation is directed through the Lagrange-constant transformer 14 and entrance slit 16 into the monochromator.
Another arrangement is shown in FIG. 5. There, light from the laser 50 is focused by the lens 54 and passes through a sharp cutoff or narrow band dielectric filter 68, also known as a dichroic mirror, and into the capillary cell 10. Radiation emanating from the cell 10 through the lens 56 is reflected by the mirror 68 in a downward direction (as seen in the figure), as indicated by the arrow 70. The reflected radiation then passes into the monochromator through the Lagrange-constant transformer 14, and slit 16 for analysis.
As is well known, such a dielectric filter has a high transmission coefficient for light in certain wavelength ranges and a high reflection coeflicient for light in other wavelength ranges. In this particular case, the dielectric filter is of a type which has a high transmission coefiicient at the wavelength of the laser beam and a high reflection coeflicient at other wavelengths, including the wavelengths of the Raman radiation to be detected.
FIG. 6 illustrates still another embodiment of the invention in which the light from the laser 50 focused by the lens 54 is directed into the capillary cell 10 by the totally-reflecting prism 52. However, this embodi ment differs from those previously described in that reflecting means such as a mirror 72 is provided at the end of the capillary cell 10 remote from the lens 12 so that any radiation reaching the mirror 72 is reflected toward the lens 12, and passes through the Langrange-constant transformer 14 and entrance slit 16. The use of such a mirror in this arrangement increases the Raman radiation output by a factor of about four, because the sample contained in the tube 10 is illuminated by exciting radiation from both directions and the Raman radiation would also, in effect, be collected from both directions. Using such an arrangement, a capillary cell only about one centimeter long and about 0.2 millimeter or less inside diameter may be utilized to permit very small samples of material to be analyzed. This makes possible a reduction in sample size by a factor of over 35,000 compared with prior devices.
It was previously pointed out that the exciting radiation may enter the capillary cell or tube from the end remote from that from which the Raman is emitted (see FIG. 7). In such a case the monochromator or other detecting means must have a very high rejection ratio for the exciting radiation, or it must be assisted by narrow band filters or by low-pass or high-pass filters.
A simple arrangement for exciting the Raman spectrum by projecting the exciting radiation into the remote end of the tube is illustrated in FIG. 7. In this arrangement radiation from a laser 50 is transmitted through a lens 54 along the axis ZZ of a capillary tube and where a dielectric filter 73 is employed to reflect radiation in the laser beam to one side to reduce the amount of such radiation entering the entrance slit 16 of the monochromator. In the system of FIG. 7, the lens 12 aids 8 in selectively transmitting Raman radiation through the entrance slit 16 because the image of the stop 58is focused on the entrance slit, whereas the laser beam appears to be coming from a point near the center of the capillary tube, hence causing the laser beam to be out of focus relative to the entrance slit 16.
\Vhile the invention has been described only with reference to Raman spectroscopy, in which the scattered radiation has a different wavelength from the exciting radiation, it will be understood that it may also be applied to measuring scattered radiation of the same wavelength as the exciting radiation, such as occurs in Rayleigh, Tyndall or Brillouin scattering.
Although only a few embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it is apparent that many modifications may be made therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention. More particularly, it will be clear that advantageous use may be made of this invention even if the Raman radiation is selectively detected with means other than a spectrometer.
I claim:
1. In a spectrometer having an entrance slit:
a tube for holding a sample of a material to be analyzed, said tube having a tubular wall enclosing a bore forming a sample region, said bore having a length that is much greater than its diameter, said bore having an axis along its length;
excitation means for directing a beam of monochromatic exciting radiation into one end of said tube substantially along said axis without passing through the tubular wall of the tube thereby causing radiation to be scattered by a sample without substantial scattering of exciting radiation by the tubular wall of the tube;
imaging means for collecting radiation scattered by said sample and transmitted through one end of said tube about said axis along paths, some of which radiation involves internal reflection of such scattered radiation by the external surface of the wall of said tube and for transmitting such radiation through said entrance slit; and
means for detecting collected scattered radiation that is transmitted through said slit, the collected radiation including some of the scattered radiation that has been internally reflected by the external surface of the tube.
2. The combination defined by claim 1, wherein the energy of the beam transmitted along the length of said tube is largely confined within said tube within a crosssectional area that is smaller than the inside cross-sectional area of said tube whereby scattering of exciting radiation in said beam by the wall of said tube is substantially eliminated.
3. The combination defined by claim 1 wherein said excitation means comprises a light source that provides a collimated beam and means for bringing said collimated beam to a sharp focus at a small spot within said tube, said spot having a diameter of the order of that of the Airy disc and the bore of the tube having a diameter greater than the Airy disc.
4. The combination defined by claim 3 wherein said beam source is a laser.
5. The combination defined by claim 3, wherein said source of a beam of monochromatic radiation is a continuously-emitting laser of the axial-mode type.
6. The combination defined in claim 1, wherein said radiation-detecting means comprises a monochromator having aperture stops,
and wherein said imaging means includes means for collecting radiation that emerges from the end of the wall of said tube as well as radiation emerging from the bore in said tube and transmitting radiation emerging from both areas through said aperture stops.
Nunavu image of one of said aperture stops is formed insaid tube,
the cross-sectional area of said image being larger than the inside cross-sectional area of said tube and smaller than the outside cross-sectional area of said tube, and wherein said imaging means comprises a Lagrangeconstant transformer for collecting Raman radiation that emerges from the end of the wall of said tube as well as radiation emerging from the bore in said tube and for transmitting radiation emerging from both areas through said aperture stops of said monochromator.
10. An analyzing instrument in which optical radiation of one wavelength interacts in a sample of material to cause optical radiation to be scattered from said sample comprising:
a tube for holding a sample of such material to be analyzed, said tube having a length greater than its largest inside diameter and having a wall surrounding a longitudinal axis along said length;
a source of a beam of monochromatic radiation of said one wavelength;
means for directing said beam into one end of said tube along a path substantially parallel to said axis, without any substantial portion of said beam entering said wall prior to scattering by a sample in the tube whereby radiation is scattered by a sample in said tube and some of said scattered radiation emerges from one end of said tube after entering the wall of said tube and after being totally reflected inwardly from the outer surface of said wall; and
means for detecting scattered optical radiation of selected wavelength emanating from one end of said tube, including scattered radiation that has been totally reflected from the external, longitudinal surface of the tube wall as well as radiation emerging from the end of said tube without such reflection.
11. An instrument defined by claim 10, wherein the portion of said beam that lies within said tube has a crosssectional area that is smaller that the inside cross-sectional area of said tube.
12. The instrument defined by claim 10, wherein said beam source is a laser of the axial-mode type.
13. The instrument defined by claim 10, wherein said monochromatic beam source projects radiation along a path including said axis, and said means for directing said beam into one end of said tube comprises substantially totally-reflecting means located substantially on said axis.
14. The instrument defined by claim 13, wherein said substantially totallyareflecting means is a prism.
15. The instrument defined by claim further including a mirror having an aperture through which said beam of monochromatic radiation passes into said sample cell.
16. The instrument defined by claim 10, further including a narrow band dielectric filter which transmits radiation of one wavelength and reflects radiation of a different wavelength.
17. The instrument defined by claim 10, further including reflecting means located at the other end of saidtube and having a reflecting surface at an oblique angle relative to the axis of said tube.
18. The instrument defined by claim 10, further including light absorbing means at the other end of the cell for absorbing exciting radiation reaching that end of the cell.
19. In a device for exciting and detecting radiation scattered from a sample of material,
a capillary tube for containing such a sample,
a lens mounted at one end of said capillary tubefor transmitting radiation into and out of said one end of the tube along paths that extend in the general direction of the axis of the tube, said lens having a focal length that is very short compared with the length of the capillary tube,
and a reflector on said axis oriented with its plane of reflection inclined relative to said axis and so designed and arranged to reflect only a small fraction of the radiation that travels along rays that extend through the lens and along the bore of the tube.
.20. A device as set forth invclaim 19 wherein said reflector is a mirror located on said axis adjacent the lens, the cross-section of said mirror being sufliciently small so that the mirror intercepts only a small portion of the rays that extend through said lens and in the general direction of the length of said capillary tube.
21. A device as set forth in claim 19 wherein said reflector is a totally reflecting prism secured to said lens on said axis and having an area that intercepts only a small portion of the rays extending through said lens and along the length of said capillary tube.
22. A device as set forth in claim 19 wherein said reflector is an apertured mirror.
23. A device as set forth in claim 19 wherein said reflector is a dielectric filter having a relatively high reflection coefficient in a narrowband at one wavelength and a high transmission coefficient at other wavelengths.
24. In a device for transmitting exciting radiation to a sample and for detecting radiation scattered by such sample;
means for supporting such sample in a test space;
a lens mounted at one end of said test space, said lens being positioned to intercept both exciting radiation transmitted into and also scattered radiation transmitted from said test space in the general direction of an axis that extends through said lens into said test space;
a reflector adjacent said lens and extending across said axis, said reflector being shaped to bring about transmission of radiation through two coaxial conical spaces that extend outwardly from said test space through said lens about said axis, one of said conical spaces being disposed within the other of said conical spaces, one of said conical spaces extending from said test space beyond said'reflector and the other of said conical spaces extending from said test space to the reflector and thence in the general direction of an axis transverse to said first mentioned axis;
means including a laser source arranged to transmit exciting monochromatic radiation emerging from said source along its axis through the inner one of said conical spaces for focusing such monochromatic radiation at a position in said test space;
and means for collecting and detecting radiation that emerges from said test space through said lens after being scattered by a sample in said test space t ough the outer one of said conical spaces.
25. A device as defined in claim 24 wherein said laser source is mounted to transmit said monochromatic radiation along a transverse axis to said mirror and thence along said first mentioned axis.
26. A device as defined in claim 25 wherein said reflector is in the form of a totally reflecting prism having a cross section that is very small compared with the cross section of said lens for transmitting radiation along said transverse axis and thence along said first mentioned .axis.
27. In apparatus for measuring Raman spectra of specimens:
laser means for producing a beam of laser light;
a prism reflector disposed to reflect said beam;
a lens substantially larger in cross-section than said prism and immediately juxtaposed thereto, for passage of said reflected beam through said lens;
means defining a zone to receive and support such a specimen for impingement of said beam after passage through said lens; whereby Raman light produced at said zone travels back through said lens; and
monochromator and detector means disposed to receive and process such Raman light and to generate electrical signals in response thereto.
References Cited 10 UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,827,825 3/1958 White 355-75 2,779,230 1/1957 White 8814(SA)X 2,940,355 6/1960 Cary 8814(SE) 15 OTHER REFERENCES Maker et 211.: Physical Review, vol. 137, No. 3A, Feb. 1, 1965, pages A801 and A815-A817 relied on.
RONALD L. WIBERT, Primary Examiner F. L. EVANS, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 356-103, 246
Referenced by
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Sorge's Restaurant: is okay
This is a "family" restaurant in a very old building (which looks like it could use a renovation).
Inside the decor is old furniture and dark wood. It was clean and the staff were friendly. The service was fairly quick considering the few people on staff and the number of customers.
The food was very good and the portions were good and the price was not unreasonable.
The expertise of the cooks is Italian foods which dominate the menu choices. The brothers who own the place are originally from the old country. The lasagna they make is pretty much the same as what my grandmother used to make... nice and thick with a lot of meat filling.
The Chicken Parmigiana or the Linguini are good choices also because of the special home-made sauces they use (lots of basil). The salads that came with the meal were a bit skimpy and they did not have oil-vinegar dressing (in the cruets) but had Balsamic Vinegar instead.
There were plenty of bread sticks and rolls which I tend to pig-out on.
The prices were about $10 per person plus a bit more for beverage,tax,tip. Decent prices for the amount of food and the good quality of the food.
- Road Trip
Spencer's Restaurant and Mercantile: THE place to dine in Corning. What a Gem!
I recently visited Corning, NY and found a real gem tucked behind a drug store and car wash: Spencer's Restaurant and Mercantile. I visited this site to look for a nice place to eat after my niece's Christening. I initially read the review by "smdc" that seemed downright rude. I rarely put too much stock into reviews because they're sometimes written by people bitter because they had to wait for a table or something else insignificant. Nonetheless I had resigned myself to just asking around when we got into town. What was surprising to me was that after asking 5 (yes 5) different people, including the hotel desk clerk and the waiter at another restaurant at breakfast, they all said Spencer's was the place to go. We went for dinner and only one word can describe it--SPECTACULAR. The menu was just huge! My wife had the fettucine, I had a delmonico, Uncle Sal and Aunt Frida had the Prime Rib, our grandparents enjoyed salmon and crab, and the kids had a rotisserie chicken and a plump burger (no McDonald's product here)! The waitress even offered to warm up a bottle for our niece. The food was exceptional, the service impeccable and the atmosphere cozy. We all agreed it was simply one of the finest meals we had EVER had (and for under $150 for a party of 9 with beer, wine and dessert!!!!!). The fact that the place was packed and we had a short wait for a table only showed us that there is one place for excellent dining in Corning--Spencer's!
Favorite Dish: Because everyone was so impressed with their meals, we ended up eating "family-style", with everyone sharing and nibbling on each other's dinners. Everything was wonderful. The beef was perfectly cooked and flavorful, so that has to be my favorite. I can't wait to come back to Corning!
- Business Travel
- Budget Travel
- Food and Dining
Spencer's Restaurant and Mercantile: Where's the beef?
Where to start? My "1/4 pound" burger was the size of a McDonald's hamburger, not the Quarter Pounder but the HAMBURGER. It was tiny. The bun it was served on was on of those cheap wonderbread buns that go for 99 cents a dozen. The small sprinkling of chips (not fries, chips!) it was served with were stale. This cost me $5!!!
I had the unfortunate luck to order a side of mashed potatoes. It was warm but watery with what looked like a tablespoon of gravy - I couldn't finish it even though mashed potatoes are my favourite.
My wife had chicken parmigiana which was ok going down but it didn't stay in her for long - I'll spare you the details. Disappointed all around and gotta write to AAA about their recommendation...
Favorite Dish: Favourite dish! Ha, ha, ha! My favourite dish was the one that they placed the bill on so I can get my butt outta there and to KFC down the street.
The Gaffer Grille and Tap Room: The Gaffer Grille and Tap Room
The Gaffer is a nice neighborhood steakhouse and pub. The atmosphere was a little bit on the old fashioned side
Favorite Dish: The 24 oz Flank Steak was good
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