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Liquid Facelift
With anti-aging technology advancing at breakneck speed, we're on the verge of a revolution in facial rejuvenation. And it's coming at exactly the right time; when baby boomers and the generations close behind are ready for it. These new advancements in facial rejuvenation include the "Liquid Facelift" and it's available in San Francisco from board-certified facial plastic surgeon Dr. David Mabrie.
Are you ready?
Featured Cases
Case 348
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This particular case is one that I'm very excited to share with you. This patient had been seeking help around San Francisco for non-surgical rejuvenation when he found our practice online. He knew he wanted to look more refreshed to reflect his charismatic personality, but he wasn't sure what kind of treatment would help him accomplish this. DR. MABRIE'S TREATMENT PLAN During...
Case 345
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This young woman felt like her chin was missing something. Even if she wasn't sure what is was, she knew she'd feel a lot more comfortable with a little extra emphasis. Her first idea was to get a chin implant. Then she read about the results we're getting with Non-Surgical Chin Augmentation in San Francisco. She decided to take the first step to perfecting her "selfie look". ...
Case 344
ABOUT OUR PATIENT Even though this patient was content with pictures taken from the front, he wasn't satisfied with his profile view. He felt that he needed more chin projection so his features would match the strength of his character. After researching non-surgical chin augmentation in San Francisco, he was referred to my practice. We set up a consultation to find the right solution that would ...
Case 343
ABOUT OUR PATIENT Ever since she could remember, this patient had laugh lines that distracted from her graceful good looks. Last year, after searching around for non-surgical laugh line reduction in San Francisco, she was referred to our practice by one of her good friends. Soon after, she stopped by my office for an in-depth consultation. DR. MABRIE'S TREATMENT PLAN&...
Case 339
Case description is on the way!
Case 336
Case description is on the way!
Case 335
ABOUT OUR PATIENT Although this Bay Area resident leads an active lifestyle and maintains a great physique, he was beginning to notice common signs of aging around the neck and jawline area. He didn't want a lengthy recovery time because of his busy schedule, making non-surgical treatments the best option. DR. MABRIE'S TREATMENT PLAN During our consultation, ...
Case 325
ABOUT OUR PATIENT After doing some research about noninvasive cosmetic surgery online, this young man from Brazil stopped by my San Francisco office for a consultation. He had a clear vision of what he wanted to improve-his nose. He wanted to remove a small distracting bump and make the tip appear more upturned. Facial dermal filler treatments are ideal for these kinds of aesthetic defects, so I ...
Case 322
Background: This East Bay man, in his 50's, wanted improvement of his under eyes and facial collapsing but did not want to look overdone. He consulted with Dr. Mabrie in his Pinole office about Facial Dermafillers. Dr. Mabrie's Assessment: "He had severe volume loss! In the past I would have used Radiesse to replace the loss because of the heaviness of the skin that we see in both male and Africa...
Case 320
ABOUT OUR PATIENT Originally concerned about the shape of her nose, this young Californian woman in her 30's was seeking non-surgical alternatives for treatment. Having spent time researching what options were available to her, she found my website and watched some of my informational videos. As soon as she was finished, she set up a consultation at my San Francisco office where we discussed the ...
Case 318
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This young Bay Area woman had previously received a non-surgical Juvederm treatment to address the circles that were appearing under her eyes, but she wasn't exactly satisfied with the results. After reading some of my patient reviews online and noting my unique approach and focus on non-surgical facial sculpting, she decided to come in for a consultation at my downtown San...
Case 317
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This young Bay Area woman had previously received a non-surgical Juvederm treatment to address the circles that were appearing under her eyes, but she wasn't exactly satisfied with the results. After reading some of my patient reviews online and noting my unique approach and focus on non-surgical facial sculpting, she decided to come in for a consultation at my downtown San Fran...
Case 314
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This patient of mine is an African American man in his 20's. He started becoming interested in non-surgical cosmetic procedures after deciding that he wanted a more defined nose and enhanced facial appearance. After seeing some of my YouTube videos online, he came into our San Francisco office for a consultation to find out how using facial dermal fillers could significantly tra...
Case 312
ABOUT OUR PATIENT For about a year, this 40-something mother of two had thought about getting a treatment for her nose. She started doing research about her options and came across the reviews and photos for my cosmetic surgery practice. Soon after, I was glad to welcome her to my San Francisco office where I gave her an in-depth consultation. DR. MABRIE'S TREATMENT PLAN For this patient, I per...
Case 308
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This Filipina woman in her 50's consulted with me about using Dermal Fillers to correct the signs of aging starting to show under her eyes. During our in-depth discussion in my San Francisco office, I noted that her temples were also looking very sunken. I knew we could use fillers to contour both areas. DR. MABRIE'S TREATMENT PLAN We didn't notice the hollowed area at first b...
Case 305
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This woman from Santa Cruz really liked the way her face looked in general but was interested in refining her nose. She felt it was a little round and slightly bulbous in appearance. Evan so, she knew she definitely did not want an invasive surgical procedure to fix it. When she found my website, watched our videos, and reviewed the before and after photographs, she decided to v...
Case 302
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This 30 year old man from Chicago discovered my website after considering chin augmentation for quite some time. Some of his friends had received dermal filler treatments in the Windy City, and he wasn't particularly impressed with their results. However, he felt encouraged about his possible outcomes after reading Dr. Mabrie's detailed information about non-surgical chin augmen...
Case 300
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This African American man in his 20's had a big problem: he had long felt his nose detracted from the rest of his face. While he appreciated its shape in general, he felt it made him look too childlike. During his search for a surgeon experienced in Ethnic Rhinoplasty, my videos caught his eye, so we met in my downtown San Francisco office, where I consulted with him about non...
Case 296
ABOUT OUR PATIENT After considering under eye treatment for quite some time, this young man from California felt he looked tired and older than he felt, and wanted to get rid of his dark under eye circles. I was happy to consult with him when he stopped into my San Francisco Bay Area office. DR. MABRIE'S TREATMENT PLAN This patient had moderately severe dark circles under his eyes. These shadow...
Case 276
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This patient, a young woman located in the East Bay, had a common problem: she wanted to subtly change the look of her nose, but she didn't want to undergo any invasive surgery to do so. That's why she came to see me at my San Francisco office for a consultation, eager to find out about the benefits of Non-Surgical Rhinoplasty. DR. MABRIE'S TREATMENT PLAN This patient's case i...
Case 275
ABOUT OUR PATIENT Concerned about maintaining facial fullness and skin elasticity, this Bay Area woman was looking for non-invasive cosmetic surgery procedures. She noticed some early sagging and shadowing under her eyes, as well as a decrease in the fullness of her lips. After receiving a referral to my practice, she came into my Pinole office for a consultation. Because she felt "immediate...
Case 269
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This patient of mine, a young woman from the South Bay in California, wasn't feeling too happy with her profile, or the dark circles that were creeping up beneath her eyes. She came to my San Francisco office for a consultation, specifically asking about the possibilities that Dermal Fillers could provide. The first thing I noticed during our examination was that she had very a...
Case 268
Background: This California man received Juvederm 2 years earlier and developed bagginess and a slight blue tint. He originally consulted with Dr. Mabrie in his San Francisco office about eyelid surgery. After examination, Dr. Mabrie recommended dissolving the Juvederm under the eyes and replacing it with Restylane. Dr. Mabrie's Assessment: "Some of the filler previously placed was too superficia...
Case 261
ABOUT OUR PATIENT I love this case! This woman in her 70s from the East Bay, had long considered getting surgery to narrow her nostrils. She and I had a great talk during a consultation in my San Francisco office regarding Surgical Rhinoplasty, in which we explored options that would get her the amazing results she was after. DR. MABRIE'S TREATMENT PLAN I performed a Non-Surgical Rhinoplasty us...
Case 252
Background: This South Bay women had a Rhinoplasty that she was not happy with. She did not want to have another surgery to correct her current Rhinoplasty. She consulted with Dr. Mabrie, in his San Francisco office, about Non-Surgical Revision Rhinoplasty. Dr. Mabrie's Assessment: "This is a typical example of someone who had a Rhinoplasty in which there was an over reduction. The middle of the ...
Case 236
About Our Patient This young professional woman had just moved to Northern California with her daughter when she found me online. She was worried that her face was looking too tired, thanks to shadows that were appearing under her eyes. We talked about her non-surgical cosmetic options in-depth during a consultation in my downtown San Francisco office. Although she was mostly concer...
Case 234
ABOUT OUR PATIENT After having a facelift over 20 years ago, this California woman in her 60's told herself she wasn't going to have surgery again. Her previous surgeon told her that she didn't have enough bone on the left side of her face, so the sagging she was experiencing was "permanent". After browsing through the before and after photographs she saw on my website, and checking out the amazi...
Case 230
ABOUT OUR PATIENT Developing bags under your eyes is a common sign of aging that can be easily remedied with the use of facial Dermal Fillers. This particular patient of mine, from Northern California, approached me about the bags she started seeing beneath her eyes. She visited my office located in the heart of the San Francisco Bay Area, and we discussed non-invasive, non-surgical cosmetic so...
Case 224
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This young Asian American patient wanted two modifications to her nose - to make it, "cuter and narrower". She was unsure whether she would need surgical or non-surgical rhinoplasty to meet her goal, so she started surfing the web. Upon finding our website and viewing our before and after photos, she decided to schedule time to meet with me in my San Fr...
Case 221
Background: This woman was primarily concerned with her profile. She felt the curvature was extreme and made the nose seem large. She found Dr. Mabrie online and consulted about non-surgical treatment. Dr. Mabrie's Assessment: "This was a very satisfying case. We both agreed that her concerns were slightly different from many of the cases previously seen in my photo gallery. This...
Case 218
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This young lady was already feeling somewhat satisfied with the shaping of her nose, but she knew there was room for improvement. She felt it looked a little round and slightly undefined. Basically, she was looking for a change that was defining but not too drastic. After searching online for a facial plastic surgeon specializing in Non-Surgical Rhinoplasty, she found our before...
Case 217
ABOUT OUR PATIENT "How can I get fuller lips?" As you can probably guess, I hear that question a lot. The answer is different each time, since each patient I help has a unique facial structure. This woman from the Bay Area, in particular, asked me about her lips when she came in for a consultation at my office in downtown San Francisco. We discussed the many benefits and options for Lip Augm...
Case 210
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This patient initially visited my San Francisco office interested in finding the right kind of filler treatment for bags under her eyes. I noticed her nose was somewhat misshapen and injured as well. She told me it was the result of a Rhinoplasty she had many years ago. There has been a hump reduction during the Rhinoplasty surgery, which had caused the middle cartilaginous port...
Case 201
Achieve similar results non-surgically! Check out this case: Non-Surgical Rhinoplasty Background: This woman had long considered Rhinoplasty surgery. Her nasal tip was full and similar in size and shape to the nose of her father. While she liked his nose on him, she wanted something softer and more feminine. After searching several plastic surgery websites of doctors in San Francisco, she...
Case 185
ABOUT OUR PATIENT This woman from San Francisco had become more physically active in her daily life. As she achieved a higher level of fitness, she began to notice more prominent bags under her eyes. As you know, that's one of the telltale signs of aging. She made the decision to come in and talk with me about how to make them less apparent, so her facial features would be in harmony with how she...
Case 171
ABOUT OUR PATIENT A successful hair stylist in San Francisco, this patient came in to see me about persistent dark circles under her eyes. These circles caused her to look tired no matter how much sleep she tried to get every night. This is a common concern for most patients who come to see me for a consultation, so I had plenty of non-surgical solutions to offer her. These dark circles were bei...
Case 170
ABOUT OUR PATIENT "How can I get fuller lips?" As you can probably guess, I hear that question a lot. The answer is different each time, since each patient I help has a unique facial structure. This woman from the Bay Area, in particular, asked me about her lips when she came in for a consultation at my office in downtown San Francisco. We discussed the many benefits and options for Lip Augmentat...
Case 136
Background: This San Francisco Bay Area male was interested in modest, but natural lip augmentation. Dr Mabrie's Assessment: "Using non-surgical Dermafillers such as Restylane, Juvederm and Elevess are a great method for lip augmentation. I am able to work in real-time with the patient to assure they have as much or as little filler as they like. ...
Case 135
Background: This 48 year old woman from San Francisco was interested in augmenting her lips to provide more fullness and body, but without looking unnatural or having it be obvious that she had received treatment. Dr Mabrie's Assessment: "Her lips had a good shape to start, which makes filling in the existing area with volume-adding Dermafiller a quick and ...
Case 119
ABOUT OUR PATIENT When this particular patient, a San Francisco businesswoman, first came in to talk to me about the possibilities of plastic surgery, she wanted to know how to remove the wrinkles that were starting to show in different areas around her face using non-surgical methods. We also talked a little bit about adding more definition to her cheekbone area. This case interested me quite a...
Case 74
Background: Athletic young woman from Sacramento, now living in San Francisco wanting lip augmentation. She had had her lips done several times before and was somewhat discouraged by the inconsistency of the results. She also wanted information on permanent treatments, like implants, Radiesse injection, or surgical procedures. She consulted with Dr. Mabrie about her options.Dr. M...
Dr. Mabrie is pleased to offer his Bay Area clients this new option for facial rejuvenation. The Liquid Facelift adds volume under the skin with injections instead of pulling the skin tighter with incisions. While it helps free you from wrinkles, hollows, tear troughs and other frustrations, it also:
- frees you from worrying about scars
- frees you from budgeting for the cost of surgery
- frees you from planning for prolonged downtime
- frees you from wondering about discomfort of recovery
Men and women in San Francisco are talking about the Liquid Facelift. Why not join them and contact Dr. Mabrie yourself? Request a consultation online or call us at (415) 445-9513 today.
Featured Videos
Enhancing the Attractive Face with Fillers
About Mabrie Facial Cosmetic, Inc.
Why Patients Love Dr. Mabrie
Microcannula Technique
& Benefits
Shelley's Story
Dr. Mosser's Story
Fred's Story
Featured Video
Interested in the Liquid Facelift?
The thing about facial improvement is – we're all interested. For some of us, there's an aspect of our looks that has been a source of frustration for a long time. For all of us, the effects of aging and environmental damage inevitably change the look of our faces as time passes. Everyone occasionally stops in front of a mirror and, with their fingertips, raises, covers or smoothes a facial feature, dreaming of what their look could be. Just about everyone in cosmopolitan cities like San Francisco considers facelift surgery and other anti-aging options. But not everyone chooses surgery. Some feel they're not ready to take that step. Some people just can't take time away from their daily schedule, and that's why the Liquid Facelift proves to be a favored option.
What is the Liquid Facelift?
Dr. Mabrie uses the latest FDA-approved dermal fillers in new ways to offer you the chance to refine and rejuvenate your face in a short office visit. He finds that, injected strategically, RADIESSE® and Restylane® – soft, gel-like dermal fillers – have exactly the right attributes to help him restore a youthful look to several key areas of the face. For some patients in San Francisco, BOTOX® Cosmetic may also be recommended.
The liquid facelift can be a good choice for men and women of color. With no incisions to worry about, the chances of scarring decrease significantly.
Dr. Mabrie takes great pleasure in watching his Bay Area clients turn back the clock as many as ten years in as little as ten minutes! Liquid Facelift results can be amazing, and the advantages of minimal downtime and low cost are amazing as well.
How Does the Treatment Work?
For your own Liquid Facelift, you and Dr. Mabrie may decide to:
- Brighten up your eyes by reducing dark circles, puffy bags and tear troughs that carve deep lines between your eyes and nose. Injections of RADIESSE or Restylane can make you look more youthful, more alert and more rested than you have in years.
- Fill hollows and folds where the foundation tissues under your skin have lost volume. Volume loss is one of the biggest contributors to an aged appearance; restoring a firm support structure under surface skin can smooth wrinkles and eliminate that gaunt look. Learn more about dermal fillers and see what changes they can deliver.
- Sculpt your cheekbones non-surgically, giving you today's coveted chiseled look. While yours may not be the next face appearing on magazine covers, you'll likely welcome its appearance in your own mirror. Read more about RADIESSE and Restylane in San Francisco and find out what they can do for you.
Injectable fillers can also be used on the nose, in what Dr. Mabrie calls non-surgical nose shaping.
One other advantage Dr. Mabrie and his patients both enjoy is seeing the instantaneous results. With injectable treatments, Dr. Mabrie can fine tune your outcome during your office visit. You'll find your injectable facelift not only easy to get, but easy to maintain as well. Some patients require two office visits to achieve the best results; some need just one. Several months later, as the dermal filler gel is gradually absorbed by the body, you'll see Dr. Mabrie again to refresh your treatment.
San Francisco Facial Plastic Surgeon David C. Mabrie M.D., F.A.C.S.Request a Consultation
The Surgeon
Dr. David Mabrie offers:
- Double board certification
- Excellent training & experience
- Specialization in the face and neck
- A trainer's skill in injectable filler techniques
Request a Consultation


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Filmlinc DailyRSS
Eric Rohmer's Comedies and Proverbs Cycle Coming in April
The French filmmaker will be celebrated with a six-film spotlight April 17-30 at the Film Society, coinciding with a two-week exclusive run of a new digital restoration of the director's 1984 film, Full Moon in Paris.
Trailer and Poster for Restoration of Eric Rohmer's 'Full Moon in Paris'
The Venice prize winner will open at the Film Society of Lincoln Center on April 17, coinciding with our retrospective of Rohmer's Comedies and Proverbs cycle.
Images: Noah Baumbach Over Two Decades
In anticipation of the three-film series Growing Up Baumbach on March 17, we dug up photos from the director's visits to the Film Society of Lincoln Center over the past 20 years.
Barbra Streisand to Present 42nd Chaplin Award to Robert Redford
Robert Redford will receive the 42nd Chaplin Award from fellow Chaplin honoree Barbra Streisand on April 27 at Lincoln Center. Chaplin honoree Jane Fonda as well as filmmaker-actor John Turturro and director J.C. Chandor will also take part in the ceremony.
The Close-Up: Mélanie Laurent and Nathalie Baye on Acting and Directing
French actresses Mélanie Laurent and Nathalie Baye are featured in this week's edition of The Close-Up. The two were at the Film Society in support of their films Breathe and SK1, respectively, which screened as part of the 20th Rendez-Vous with French Cinema series over the weekend.
From Nightmare to Script: David Robert Mitchell on His New Thriller, 'It Follows'
David Robert Mitchell's It Follows, his follow-up to his 2010 debut, The Myth of the American Sleepover, returns to a story about group of teenagers in the suburbs. This time, however, the outcome is potentially much more sinister. FilmLinc spoke with Mitchell about his film, which opens at the Film Society Friday.
In Honor of Albert Maysles, Watch His 'Iris' Press Conference at NYFF52
In honor of the late, great director Albert Maysles, we're re-posting a press conference he took part in during the 52nd New York Film Festival with Iris Apfel, subject of his film Iris, which had its World Premiere at the festival.
The Film Society Reveals Full Art of the Real Lineup
Jenni Olson's The Royal Road will close the second installment of Art of the Real, taking place April 10-26. The festival includes a number of North American premieres as well as previously announced sidebars spotlighting Agnès Varda and the use of reenactments.
'Buzzard': The Insatiable Id
From Buzzard, the final film in Joe Potrykus's Animal Trilogy, emerges his most feral protagonist yet. The feature begins its theatrical run here at the Film Society of Lincoln Center starting Friday.
The Film Society to Present a Walerian Borowczyk Retrospective in April
Obscure Pleasures: The Films of Walerian Borowczyk (April 2-9) will feature seldom-seen work from the controversial filmmaker on the big screen.


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Don Davis
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Don Davis has been the Forum Communications Minnesota Capitol Bureau chief since 2001, covering state government and politics for two dozen newspapers in the state. Don also blogs at Capital Chatter on Areavoices.
Contact Email
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- 2 years 7 months
Author Content
ST. PAUL -- The first of what could be many Minnesota court rulings on Gov.
ST. PAUL -- Torrey Westrom gave Lissa Thies a simple request: learn the basics of using his mobile telephone. His Motorola Q is a typical smartphone, capable of surfing the Web, sending and receiving e-mails and handling text messages, besides being used as a telephone. Even to the most technically inclined, the nearly 50 keys are intimidating.
MINNEAPOLIS -- Immigrants are important to Minnesota's economy, especially for rural areas, a new report indicates. "Immigration stimulates job creation," according to the business coalition report. "As industries expand and hire new workers, jobs are created to maintain this larger workforce and to supply its needs for goods and services. Without new, young workers, certain sectors of the economy will continue to contract.
DES MOINES, Iowa -- Key Iowa Republicans got to know Tim Pawlenty in a speech Saturday night that some considered the kickoff of his campaign in the first state to pick its presidential favorite. The Minnesota governor made no mention of his potential presidential candidacy, but harshly attacked President Barack Obama and other Democrats.
ST. PAUL -- Tim Pawlenty's Iowa presidential caucus performance, if he runs for the White House, may hinge on whether he can hitch his star to the right Iowa governor candidate and how he deals with the hot-button gay marriage issue. While the Minnesota governor is billed as keynote speaker at Saturday night's Republican Party dinner in Des Moines, the real interest of GOP activists will be on their state's 2010 governor's race and conservative social issues, not the 2012 presidential campaign that most observers expect Pawlenty to enter. First-term Democratic Gov.
ST. PAUL -- Roy Jensen returned Friday to the Minnesota House to be honored as the oldest retired state lawmaker. "It's the first time I've been back in all these years," the 100-year-old lifelong Willmar-area resident said. Jensen, who served in the House from 1951 to 1954 and is thought to be the oldest living ex-lawmaker, received a standing ovation from a couple dozen other former lawmakers gathered for an annual mock legislative session where they debated issues like they did when they served. Former state House Speaker Martin Sabo, also a longtime member of the U.S.
ST. PAUL -- Relations between American Indian tribes and the federal government have turned around significantly since Barack Obama became the president, tribal leaders remarked Thursday after a two-day St.
ST. PAUL -- Minnesota health officials confirmed two more deaths Wednesday from 2009 H1N1 flu, or swine flu as it is also known, as more schools report flu outbreaks and the number of people hospitalized continues to rise. While the Health Department will not provide specific identifications, the family of Oliver Franklin Finley, 11, of Hastings reported he died of swine flu. He had other health problems. Also, Mike Milbrath, 54, a south central Minnesota hospital administrator who had no other health conditions, died in Mankato.
ST. PAUL -- It was a rough summer for Alyssa Courneya. The young Alexandria woman did not know where she would go to school this fall. Then, near the end of summer, she received the news she wanted to hear: A federal Pell college grant was headed her way, meaning she could continue her studies at the College of St.
ST. PAUL -- Flu-stricken Minnesotans are finding a shorter wait for medical advice when they call a state hotline. "The wait times have improved," Buddy Ferguson of the Minnesota Health Department said Friday afternoon. "Right now, it is looking like two to four hours for a nurse to get back to you." On Thursday, there were reports that Minnesota FluLine operators told callers they may not receive return calls for up to 13 hours. And many who called the line heard busy signals.


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Originally posted by barefootsoldier
I think Morgan Freeman would do a fine job.
Originally posted by Autocrat14
In today's modern media world, I tend to think that the people would be aware of such an event far before anyone in power would be telling us. Think of the number of cameras/cameraphones being used every second. CNN would be the bringer of good/bad news.
Originally posted by ErtaiNaGia
From the Aliens themselves....
The powers that Be would merely call them "Terrorists" if they brought freedom to humanity.
Because the Powers that be would fight tooth and nail against ANY threat to their domination of humanity, even if that threat came from space.


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A signal processor which is specially adapted for decoding sequential codes, including trellis codes, convolutional codes and detecting signals in partial response channels. The processor has three units, a branch metric generator unit, an add-compare-select unit and a survivor-trace and decoding unit, each of which is independently programmable. A central control unit synchronizes operations between the units at the received symbol rate. Between synchronizations, each of the units operate concurrently and independently of the others.
1. A signal processor for decoding sequential codes, said processor receiving a sequence of symbols reflecting transitions between sequential states, said sequence time-indexed by an integer k, said signal processor comprising
a first unit having a first control unit with programmed instructions for generating control signals, said first unit receiving said symbol sequence for generating the branch metrics between each received symbol and the set of possible symbols for time k responsive to said programmed instructions in said first control unit;
a second unit having a second control unit with programmed instructions for generating control signals, said second unit coupled to said first unit for adding the branch metrics to the partial path metrics for each coded state, comparing the sums of the partial path metrics and the branch metrics for each coded state, and selecting the sum of the most likely path as the partial path metric for said coded state and appending said most likely path to the associated survivor path for each coded state for time k-1 responsive to said programmed instructions in said second control unit;
a third unit having a third control unit with programmed instructions for generating control signals, said third unit coupled to said second unit for determining the coded state having the lowest partial path metric and the survivor-trace and decoding said symbol for a preselected time before time k-2 responsive to said programmed instruction in said third control unit; and
a central control unit coupled to said first unit, said second unit and said third unit for synchronizing operations between said units;
whereby said first unit, said second unit and said third unit operate concurrently and are independently programmable.
2. The signal processor as in claim 1 wherein said central control unit synchronizes said units at a rate of reception of said symbol sequence.
3. The signal processor as in claim 2 wherein each of said units operates independently until said central control unit synchronizes said units.
The present invention relates to a signal processor for decoding and/or encoding digital communication signals and, more particularly, to a programmable signal processor which efficiently decodes sequential codes by the Viterbi algorithm.
Over the past few decades, electronic communications have been increasingly implemented by digital signals. To preserve the integrity of the communication channels, various forms of coding have been studied. One generalized and useful type of coding is sequential coding including trellis codes, convolutional codes, partial response coded data channels and some compression methods. Sequential decoders for codes and channels with memory have been studied for many years, and many dedicated high speed architectures for such decoders have been created for specific codes.
However, the programming of the Viterbi and other sequential decoding algorithms on general purpose computers or digital signal processors is highly inefficient for almost all trellis codes, convolutional codes and partial response coded data channels. Though apparently straight-forward, the programming of the Viterbi and other sequential decoding algorithms is not readily executable. The large amounts of memory access operations and calculations to find the survivor trace render the implementation of these algorithms inefficient in general purpose computers having the standard arithmetic-logic-unit architecture.
With the increasing use of digital communications there has been a growing interest in the application of sequential decoding to various fields, including digital subscriber lines, voiceband modems, digital mobile radio, digital satellite transmissions, and speech and audio compression.
Thus there is an increasing need for a signal processor which may be used in a wide range of applications. Such a signal processor should be able to handle the different sequential codes in the various applications in contrast to the specialized processor architectures that have been created for specific codes. The present invention addresses this need and provides for a programmable signal processor which decodes various sequential codes in a highly efficient manner.
The present invention provides for a signal processor which is specially adapted for decoding sequential codes, including trellis codes, convolutional codes and detecting signals in partial response channels. The processor has three units, a branch metric generator unit, an add-compare-select unit and a survivor-trace and decoding unit, each of which is independently programmable. A central control unit synchronizes operations between the units at the received symbol rate. Between synchronizations, each of the units operates concurrently and independently of the others.
Special memory organizations permit each of the units, each a subprocessor, to access memory locations quickly in operation and easily from the user's programming standpoint. Furthermore, the partial tables are used with adder and logic functions so that all branch metrics for an application may be accessed with reduced memory requirements.
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view of the overall system according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the branch metric generator unit of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the add-compare-select unit of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the survivor-trace and decoding unit of the present invention.
FIGS. 5A and 5B are a table of instructions for the branch metric generator unit.
FIG. 6 is a table of instructions for the add-compare-select unit.
FIG. 7 is a table of instructions for the survivor trace and decode unit.
FIG. 8A illustrates a trellis for an example of decoding.
FIG. 8B shows the state transition diagram for the same example as FIG. 8A.
In accordance with the present invention, the Viterbi algorithm is implemented in the architecture of a signal processor for the efficient decoding of convolutional codes, trellis codes and partial-response coded data channels. The Viterbi algorithm is the maximum likelihood solution to the problem of estimating the original uncoded input sequence, based on some received sequence of symbols indicative of the transitions of one state to another in the sequence, which symbols are corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise.
The algorithm has three major steps for decoding:
Step 1. For each symbol, i.e. transition code, in a received sequence of symbols, the branch metrics for all possible transitions to all states are generated. The branch metric of a given transition is the squared distance between the noisy received symbol, i.e., the received transition code, and a noiseless symbol, i.e., the ideal transition code.
Step 2. For all the incoming transitions to each state, add the branch metrics to their corresponding previous path metrics. The path with the minimum sum is selected to be the most likely incoming path for that state. This path is appended to the appropriate survivor path. The survivor path records the most likely incoming sequence for each state.
Step 3. The survivor path is traced backwards and the most likely symbol at that point is determined and decoded. The steps are repeated iteratively to find the input sequence to the original encoder.
To implement this algorithm, an architecture as illustrated in FIG. 1 is used. The signal processor of the present invention is divided into three parts, a branch metric generator (BMG) unit 11, an add-compare-select (ACS) unit 12, and a survivor-trace and decoding (STD) unit 13, under control of a central control unit 10. The BMG unit 11, the ACS unit 12, and the STD unit 13 act as three largely independent subprocessors. Each of these units 11, 12 and 13 have separate control units 17, 18 and 19, respectively, which are programmed independently for the user's contemplated application. The units 11, 12 and 13 also operate concurrently and independently of each other to a certain extent. They are synchronous with each other only at the symbol rate of the corresponding data transmission or compression coding system being implemented.
Operational speed of the system is greatly increased because of the special structure and instruction sets of these subprocessor units. These subprocessor units, which do not require multiplication functions, are implemented with a significantly shorter instruction-execution time than is possible with conventional digital signal processors.
The BMG unit 11 computes the branch metrics and transfers them in and out of the register file unit 16 which is also accessed by the ACS unit 12. The ACS unit 12 efficiently implements the add-compare-select computations prevalent in sequential decoding. The STD processor 13 performs the survivor tracing and symbol decoding functions.
The three subprocessor units, 11, 12, and 13 form the stages of a pipeline. At sampling time k, the BMG unit 11 computes the branch metrics from the received symbol at time k and stores these metrics in the register unit 16. At the same time, the ACS unit 12 determines the best incoming path for each state of the trellis given the branch metrics based on the received symbol at time k-1. The STD unit 13 traces the survivor path starting from the stage which corresponds to the sampling time k-2.
As stated above, all subprocessor units 11, 12 and 13 run concurrently and are controlled independently. This enables a programmer to code and test each unit 11, 12 and 13 separately. The control memory stores containing the programs for each of the units 11, 12 and 13 are respectively located in the control units 17, 18 and 19.
Within each subprocessor unit 11, 12 and 13, the instructions are executed in pipelined manner to ensure short overall instruction-execution times.
The central control unit 10 synchronizes the three units 11, 12 and 13 at the symbol rate. That is, each of the subprocessor units 11, 12 and 13 runs concurrently with the others. Having completed its operations, the unit then waits until the other two units 11, 12 and 13 have completed their operations on the current set of data before proceeding to the next set. Therefore, the sampling rate of the overall system is determined by the unit 11, 12 or 13 that requires the maximum execution time.
The memory of the signal processor is optimally arranged for high speed operation. The BMG unit 11 accesses a memory unit 14 which contains tables for the unit 11 to generate branch metrics. These generated branch metrics are stored in a register block 16 having branch metric register file and a path metric register file. These two files are accessed by the ACS unit 12 to find the optimum path into each state.
A memory unit 15 is divided into several parts, which are used by the STD unit 13 in tracing the survivor path. This memory division aids the user in the programming of the survivor-trace function.
Furthermore, by minimizing the memory requirements of the signal processor, it is possible to implement the processor on a single chip so that the processor may be readily adapted to a variety of applications, such as discussed above.
The branch metric generator unit 11 of FIG. 1 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2. Each received symbol is stored in a register in a input register file 20 having several registers. The BMG unit 11 operates with a memory block 14 which has a table of branch metrics M1, a table of closest points M2, a memory of closest points M5 or M6, a memory of labels for parallel transitions M3 and a memory manager 52 for the memory of closest points M5 or M6 and memory of labels of parallel transitions M3.
The branch metrics for each particular application, i.e., code, are stored in the table M1. Ideally, the digital signals from the file 20A of a received symbol and the ideal symbol are used as the address to access the table M1 to obtain the branch metric. If the memory space required to store all the branch metrics between all possible received symbols and all ideal symbols in the selected code is small enough, then the table M1 can hold all the branch metrics in a straightforward manner. For an implementation of a Viterbi signal processor into a single integrated circuit as contemplated by the present invention, such is not the case typically.
In a typical application the table m1 stores only a portion of the branch metrics. With other function elements, such as adders and logic, in the BMG unit 11, the remaining portions of the branch metrics are readily calculated with programmed instructions from the control unit 17. The table m2, the two memory parts for closest points M5 or M6, the memory of labels for parallel transitions M3 and their manager 52 are used and adapted for decoding of multi-dimensional trellis codes and some convolutional codes.
For convolutional codes and partial response channels, the metric for each input bit is read from the table m1 and an adder 22 is used to add these metrics to form the branch metric of the whole input symbol.
For multi-dimensional trellis codes, the memory requirements to store the table of branch metrics can become quite large indeed. To save memory space, the branch metrics for the one-dimensional inputs are stored in table m1 and the higher dimensional cosets are built from these one-dimensional points. The adder 22 is used to add two one-dimensional metrics to form the branch metric of a two-dimensional symbol. The adder 22 is also used together with a 3:2 adder 23 to perform the ADD and add-compare-select (ACS) operations to generate the branch metrics for the higher dimensional cosets. These ACS operations are similar to those in the ACS unit 12. However, these operations are left in the BMG unit 11 to balance the computational load with the ACS unit 12.
Memory requirements may be further reduced if different cosets of a trellis code share the same table. For example, the same table may be used to look up the branch metrics of another coset by displacing the memory address to the table by a distance d. The adder 21 is used to displace the address to memory m1 and m2 by d, and the adder 22 is used to displace the nearest points read from the memory m2 by -d before storing it to the memory M5 or M6.
Since the branch metric register file 16A is accessed by both the BMG and ACS units 11 and 12, the register file 16A is divided into two banks. The two units 11 and 12 access registers in each bank alternately. This eliminates the requirement that the user make sure that the two units 11 and 12 do not read from and write to the same register.
A more detailed block diagram of the add-compare-select unit 12 in FIG. 1 is illustrated in FIG. 3. The unit 12 finds the most likely incoming path for each state by comparing the sums of the branch metrics and their corresponding path metrics, and selecting the path with the minimum sum as the most likely path.
The branch metric and its corresponding path metric are sent to a 4:2 adder 40 to be compared with the minimum sum. During the search operation for the minimum sum, the minimum is stored in a carry-save form to enable fast comparison. At the end of the search, the minimum is converted back into a single number and stored in a path metric register file 16B. This allows the user to deal with conventional numbers and saves the number of registers required to store the path metrics. A sign generator 41 uses the carry-select algorithm for a fast carry generation in order to determine the sign of the sum.
A memory manager 44 stores the pointer to the resulting survivor path into a survivor path memory M1. The manager 44 runs in parallel with the rest of the ACS unit 12.
The ACS unit 12 executes two classes of instructions: ACS and memory referencing. With ACS instructions, the program determines the most likely incoming path to each state, i.e., the path with the minimum metric. Then the pointer to this most likely path is stored into the survivor path memory M1 by memory referencing instructions. The pointer can be a previous state number or a ideal transition output.
The operands for the ACS instructions, the branch metrics and path metrics, are stored in the register files 16A and 16B respectively. As in the case for the branch metric register file 16A, the path metric register file 16B is divided into two banks of registers, one for storing the previous path metrics and the other for the updated path metrics.
The survivor-trace and decoding unit 13 of FIG. 1 is illustrated in greater detail in FIG. 4. The STD unit 13 traces the survivor path and finds a most likely symbol. The survivor path memory M1 is divided into several blocks. Each block corresponds to one stage of the trellis or equivalently one symbol period. Each block contains pointers to the survivor paths for all states. The pointers are implemented as offsets within a block. To trace one step of the survivor path, the block counter is decremented and concatenated with the offset within the block to form the address of the memory location that contains the offset within the next block. When the block counter overflows, the overflow bit is ignored to ensure automatic wraparound. An ALU 71 decodes the most likely symbol before transmitting the data out as output.
The STD unit 13 has memory referencing instructions to trace the survivor path. One instruction traces one stage, i.e., one symbol period, of the trellis backwards. Each instruction decrements the block counter 73, concatenates it with the offset counter 74 to form the memory address, and then reads the contents of the addressed memory M1 to M8 depending upon the specific instruction. The trace of the optimum path, the path with the smallest metric, yields the most likely symbol. Logic operations, such as EXCLUSIVE-OR, are used to decode and find the most likely input sequence to the encoder.
The counter 73 is used so that the block pointer wraps around when the limit of the survivor path memory is reached. If the length of the survivor is L, there should be at least L+1 blocks in the survivor path memory so that the ACS unit 12 does not overwrite the data before the STD unit 13 reads the data. The ACS unit 12 operates in a first-in, first-out manner to continuously overwrite the oldest block of data in the survivor path memory. The decoder block counter 73, on the other hand, starts tracing the survivor from this same block of most recently stored data at the next period, but in the opposite direction from the ACS unit 12.
A set of the instructions for the architecture in FIG. 2 is listed in FIG. 5. Rx represents a register location in the branch metric register file 16A, while rx represents a location in the input register file 20A. The symbol m1[xxx] means contents of the location pointed by xxx in m1.
In order to minimize the instruction word size, many instructions use implied return memory or register locations. The load instructions (ldR and ldM) initialize the starting locations of the implied addresses. Other load instructions (ld) are used to read the metric and the nearest points from the memories m1 and m2. These instructions can shift the register contents by an offset of d or negate the register contents before accessing the memories m1 and m2. Ldadd instructions add the two branch metrics for each dimension directly to form the branch metric for a two-dimensional symbol.
Rotation instructions are used, for example, for different cosets of the trellis codes with depth 1 and 3 to generate the branch metrics one dimension at a time from the branch metrics table. For all the rotation operations, the first operand stores the value in the x-axis and the second operand stores the value in the y-axis. The instruction rcc rotates the two points given in the operands by 45� in the counter-clockwise direction and multiplies the rotated points by √2. That is, if the two operands are r1 and r2, the operations
are performed. The instruction rc is used to rotate the operands by 45� in the clockwise direction and multiply the rotated points by √2. Thus, the operations,
The instructions rccst and rcst perform the same rotation operations as the rcc and rc respectively. However, the rotated points are divided by √2, rather than multiplied by √2, and they are also stored into memory M5 and M6.
When there are multiple transitions (or parallel transitions) from one state to another state, the ACS instructions are used to find the transition within the parallel transitions that has the minimum metric. This metric is the branch metric of that path.
The instruction set for the ACS unit in FIG. 3 is listed in FIG. 6. In the table, Rx represents the register location x in the branch metric register file 16A, while Px represents the register location x in the path metric register 16B.
Similar to the BMG units, some instructions in the ACS unit use implied return memory or register locations. The instruction ldP initializes the implied return register location in the path metric register file 16B. The ACS control unit increments the block counter 53 by 1 and resets the offset counter 54 to zero after every symbol period. Rx represents the register location x in the branch metric register file 16A, while Px represents the register location x in the path metric register 16B.
The instruction set based on the architecture of the STD unit shown in FIG. 4 is listed in FIG. 7. Note that the standard I/O instructions are not listed here. The STD consists of memory referencing operations and the basic logic operations in the ALU (see FIG. 4). The memory referencing operations are used to trace the optimal path and the logic operations are used for decoding the symbol into bits.
Mx[MARx] means contents in location MARx (memory address register x) in memory Mx 15. Sx represents the register location x in the register file 72.
An example of how the signal processor above could be programmed may be beneficial in understanding the operations of the signal processor. In this example a convolutional code without parallel transitions (4-state rate 1/2) is used. The trellis for the code is shown in FIG. 8A; the state diagram for the code is shown in FIG. 8B. The received inputs bits are stored in registers r0 and r1.
In this example, there is assumed to be only one table of metrics listed for ideal transition output=0. Therefore, the input bit must be flipped about the y-axis in order to use the same table to look-up the metric for ideal output transition -1.
______________________________________For the BMG Subprocessor Unit:first bit:ld R0, r0 /* read metric for transition output = 0 */ld R1, -r0 /* read metric for transition output = 1 */second bit:ld R2, r1ld R3, -r1Calculate branchmetrics:add R0, R2 /* metric for output transition=00 stored in R0 of the second register file */add R0, R3 /* metric for output transition=01 stored in R1 of the second input register file */add R1, R2 /* metric for output transition=10 stored in R2 of the second register file */add R1, R3 /* metric for output transition=11 stored in R3 of the second register file */For the ACS Subprocessor Unit:State 0:acsld R0, p0, 0 /* initialize the branch metric for 00 and the path metric, stored in p0, for state 0 as the minimum. Also initialize the MUX 59B as 0 (implied from p0) and the MUX 59C as 0, the input of this transition */acsst R3, p2, 0 /* compare (contents of R3 + contents of P2) with the minimum. If sum is smaller than the minimum, compute the sum and stored in p0 of the second path metric register file. The pointer to survivor path, 2, and the input of the transition, 0, are stored in M1 and M2 respectively */State 1:acsld R3, p0, 1acsst R0, p2, 1State 2:acsld R2, p1, 0acsst R1, p3, 0State 3:acsld R1, p1, 1acsst R2, p3, 1For the STD Subprocessor Unit:M1 contains previous state numbers of the decoding pathand M2 contains the input value associated with thestates.ldB B0 /* initilize the block counter 73 */ldL 0 /* traceback from state 0 */ld1 /* read the memory content from M1 */ld1 /* assuming decoding length = 10. Thus repeat 9 times */ld1ld1ld1ld1ld1ld1ld1ld2 S1 /* read the input of the transition directly from memory and store in register S1 */______________________________________
While the description above provides a full and complete disclosure of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, various modifications, alternate constructions and equivalents may be employed without departing from the true scope and spirit of the invention. For example, while a signal processor with three independently programmable subprocessor units has been described, signal processors of lesser programmability (and lesser flexibility) are possible. For a selected set of convolutional codes the BMG unit may be hard-wired, and the ACS and STD units left programmable for the particular code desired. Another variation is to use the transition probabilities as the branch metrics, and to select the maximum sum of the branch metrics and its previous path metric to determine the most likely path.
Thus the present invention teaches a signal processor for sequential codes which is suitable for high-speed operation, flexible for many decoding functions, and adaptable for implementation into a single chip. Therefore, the present invention should be limited only by the metes and bounds of the appended claims.
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I would like to say hello to everybody. I have my Associate of Applied Science in Computer and Network Technology. I graduated in May of last year. I enjoy working on computers and buiding and designing networks, although my experience in limited. I also have other hobbies that I enjoy as well, I do woodworking, lite metal fab, and umpire baseball.
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