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A method is provided for planarizing the surface of an integrated circuit over a metal interconnect layer. Metal interconnect lines and surrounding regions of a partially fabricated integrated circuit are first coated with a thin layer of dielectric substantially free of voids and then coated with a polysilicon layer. The polysilicon layer is planarized back to the level of the dielectric layer on top of the interconnects, providing a substantially planar surface for subsequent fabrication steps including deposition of a second dielectric layer and an overlying metal layer.
1. A method of forming a planarized surface over an interconnect layer, said method comprising the following steps:
forming interconnect lines on a surface of a partially fabricated integrated circuit;
conformally depositing a dielectric layer over the interconnects and exposed regions of the surface of said partially fabricated integrated circuit, said dielectric layer having upper dielectric surfaces over the interconnects and lower dielectric surfaces over the partially fabricated integrated circuit;
depositing a layer of poly over said dielectric layer; and
planarizing the layer of poly to at least about the level of the upper surfaces of said dielectric layer, wherein after planarization, said layer of poly is composed of a plurality of regions separated by said interconnect lines.
2. The method recited in claim 1 wherein said surface of a partially fabricated integrated circuit substrate on which the interconnect lines are formed in substantially planar and wherein said plurality of poly regions have upper surfaces that are substantially coplanar with said upper dielectric surfaces.
3. The method recited in claim 1 wherein said poly is selected from the group consisting of doped and undoped polysilicon, doped and undoped polycrystalline germanium, and combinations thereof.
4. The method recited in claim 1 wherein said interconnect is made from a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum, tungsten, and alloys thereof.
5. The method recited in claim 4 wherein said interconnect material is aluminum and said poly layer includes polycrystalline germanium.
6. The method recited in claim 4 wherein said interconnect material is tungsten and said poly layer is polysilicon.
7. The method recited in claim 1 wherein said polycrystalline semiconductor is planarized by chemical-mechanical polishing.
8. The method recited in claim 7 wherein the chemical-mechanical polishing is conducted with an alkaline slurry of silica particles.
9. The method recited in claim 1 wherein said polycrystalline semiconductor is doped with oxygen to reduce its conductivity.
10. The method recited in claim 1 further comprising a step of depositing a second dielectric layer over the upper polycrystalline semiconductor and dielectric surfaces.
11. The method as recited in claim 10 further comprising the following steps:
forming a plurality of vias in said second dielectric layer;
depositing an overlying metal layer; and
electrically connecting some regions of said interconnects with an overlying layer.
12. A method of forming a planarized surface over an interconnect layer, said method comprising the following steps:
depositing a layer of conductive material on a substantially planar surface of a partially fabricated integrated circuit;
patterning and etching said layer of conductive material to form interconnect lines;
conformally depositing a first dielectric layer over the interconnects and exposed regions of said substantially planar surface of the partially fabricated integrated circuit, said first dielectric layer having upper dielectric surfaces over the interconnects and lower dielectric surfaces over the partially fabricated integrated circuit, said upper surfaces being substantially coplanar with each other;
depositing a layer of poly over the surface of the first dielectric layer;
planarizing the poly layer to produce a partially fabricated device having a planar surface substantially free of steps; and
forming an overlying metal layer.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the layer of poly is deposited by chemical vapor deposition.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein the step of planarizing the layer of poly includes chemical-mechanical polishing.
15. The method of claim 12 further comprising a step of depositing a second dielectric layer over the surface before the overlying metal layer is formed.
16. A method of forming a planarized surface over an interconnect layer, the method comprising the following steps:
forming interconnect lines on a surface of a partially fabricated integrated circuit;
conformally depositing a dielectric layer over the interconnects and exposed regions of the surface of the partially fabricated integrated circuit, the dielectric layer having upper dielectric surfaces over the interconnects and lower dielectric surfaces over the partially fabricated integrated circuit;
depositing by chemical vapor deposition a layer of poly over the dielectric layer; and
planarizing the layer of poly by chemical-mechanical polishing to at least about the level of the upper surfaces of the dielectric layer, wherein after planarization, said layer of poly comprises a plurality of poly regions separated by the interconnect lines.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein the chemical-mechanical polishing rates ratio of poly to dielectric is about 100:1 or greater.
18. The method of claim 16 wherein the conformally deposited dielectric layer is selected from the group consisting of silicon oxides and nitrides.
This application is related to U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 07/874,675 and 07/874,493, assigned to the assignee of the present invention and incorporated herein by reference for all purposes. These applications describe planar fabrication methods related to those of the present invention.
The present invention lies in the field of semiconductor devices and methods for fabricating semiconductor devices, especially MOS and bipolar devices. More particularly, the present invention lies in the field of methods for forming a planarized surface over a metal interconnect layer.
In modern integrated circuits, multiple metal layers are used for wiring (or "interconnecting") the active transistors to form useful functional circuits. Metal layers are deposited by physical or chemical vapor deposition (PVD or CVD) methods and then etched using a photolithographic mask to form patterns of metal strips which act as wires. In a typical circuit, these strips may be as narrow as the metal layer is thick (e.g., less than 1 μm), and the gaps between metal strips may be equally narrow. After the metal layer has been etched, the surface of the integrated circuit is not planar, and, in fact, contains many steps as high as the metal thickness and separated by comparable distances.
In order to continue the fabrication process, the surface containing the metal strips must be covered by a layer of suitable dielectric material to insulate the metal interconnect strips from the next layer of metal. Holes or vias are then cut in the dielectric layer where vertical interconnections are desired between the metal layers. Unfortunately, present dielectric deposition techniques, such as CVD or plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD), have difficulty covering steps conformally and often do not adequately fill the narrow slots between closely spaced metal lines. Thus, undesirable voids may be left in these slots. Further, even if no voids are left, the upper surface of the deposited dielectric will have steps of height comparable to that of the metal interconnect runners. These height variations will make it difficult to obtain consistent focus and complete exposure in subsequent photolithography steps. In addition, the ridges and valleys on the dielectric surface are difficult to cover with metal for the next interconnect layer.
To address these problems, the current art has developed several planarization techniques to smooth the surface of dielectric layers over patterned metal layers. For example, spin-on-glass (SOG) or (sol-gel technology) is one widely-used method used to fill narrow gaps without leaving voids. In this method, a thin dielectric layer is deposited by CVD and then a liquid material (which forms the glass) is spun on the surface. This liquid fills the narrow gaps and converts sharp steps to more gently sloping ones. After it hardens, the SOG is often partially etched back to minimize the amount of SOG left on the wafer, and then covered by a second CVD glass layer. Unfortunately, SOG materials are porous and tend to absorb water. In addition, they do not produce a planar wafer surface, having height variations as great as the thickness of the underlying metal layer. This height differential builds up as each metal layer is added, causing increasing difficulty in lithography.
Another previous method involves steps of first depositing a dielectric layer over the metal lines followed by steps of spinning an organic layer such as photoresist over the rough dielectric layer and etching back the composite layer using an etch process which attacks the dielectric and the organic at the same rate. This method requires a dielectric deposition method capable of filling the gaps between metal lines, as no organic can be left on the wafer. Unfortunately, this method also leaves steps on the surface similar to those left by a SOG process.
Still another method uses chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) to planarize the dielectric layer over metal strips. This technique is discussed in detail in the following U.S. patent applications which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes: U.S. Ser. No. 07/874,675 and U.S. Ser. No. 07/874,493. CMP is particularly desirable because it provides "global planarization." In other words, the leveling lengths provided by CMP are so great that even widely spaced steps (i.e. steps that are approximately 1 mm apart) on typical integrated circuits are eliminated. However, applying CMP to a dielectric layer over metal strips has certain disadvantages. First, polishing dielectrics such as silicon dioxide used as insulators in integrated circuits is relatively slow and expensive. Second, in cases where the underlying metal lines are made of a soft metal such as aluminum, CMP can damage the metal. This second problem could be alleviated if effective polish stopping materials capable of protecting the metal lines from attack were known. A thin layer of such materials could be used to coat the interconnect lines before the main dielectric layer was formed. Unfortunately, no such materials are known that also offer high resistance to a dielectric CVD process and are otherwise compatible with integrated circuit processing. Thus, the CMP step must be carefully controlled to ensure that the metal interconnects are not exposed. This requires that sufficient margin must be built into the fabrication process to accommodate this lack of control. In some instances, this can be accomplished by increasing the thickness of the dielectric layer.
Thus, it is seen that improvements are still needed in the fabrication procedures for interconnect layers in various integrated circuit devices.
The present invention provides an improved method for planarizing the surface of an integrated circuit over a metal interconnect layer. It employs a polysilicon (or a related polycrystalline semiconductor material) layer as a planarization material because polysilicon is superior in many ways to the glasses and dielectrics previously used for planarization. Chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) or another suitable process is used to planarize the polysilcon layer to near the level of the tops of the metal interconnects. A thin layer of dielectric will be deposited on the interconnects to act as a polishing stop, thus minimizing the danger of damaging the interconnect runners.
In a preferred embodiment, integrated circuits of the present invention are characterized by the following features. A layer of metal interconnects will be present on the surface of an underlying substrate. The substrate will typically be a partially fabricated integrated circuit having a plurality of partially fabricated semiconductor devices thereon. The substrate and metal interconnects are covered by a first dielectric layer that substantially follows the profile of the underlying interconnect and substrate. Thus, the first dielectric layer has upper dielectric surfaces over the interconnects and lower dielectric surfaces over the substrate, with the distance separating the upper and lower dielectric surfaces being approximately the same magnitude as the height of the interconnects. In some embodiments, the upper dielectric surfaces are substantially coplanar with one another. A plurality of polycrystalline semiconductor plugs cover the first dielectric layer in the regions between the interconnects. The plugs each terminate in upper surfaces that are, in some embodiments, substantially coplanar with the upper dielectric surfaces. Thus, a planar surface (consisting of polycrystalline semiconductor plugs and dielectric layer upper surfaces) is provided for a second dielectric layer.
A preferred method for forming a planarized surface over an interconnect layer according to the present invention involves first forming interconnect lines on the surface of a partially fabricated integrated circuit. Next a dielectric layer is conformally deposited over the interconnects and the exposed regions of the surface of the partially fabricated integrated circuit. The dielectric layer will have upper and lower surfaces that generally correspond to the locations of the interconnects and exposed portions of the integrated circuit, respectively. As with the device described above, the upper surfaces of the dielectric layer may be substantially coplanar with one another. Next, a layer of polycrystalline semiconductor is deposited over the dielectric layer and planarized to about the level of the upper surfaces of the dielectric layer. This produces a series of polycrystalline semiconductor plugs separated from one another by the interconnects (and the associated dielectric layer). The upper surfaces of the polycrystalline semiconductor plugs will, in some embodiments, be substantially coplanar with the upper dielectric surfaces.
A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the inventions herein may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the attached drawings.
FIG. 1 displays a partially fabricated integrated circuit according to the present invention in which layers of dielectric and polysilicon conformally cover interconnect runners on a substrate;
FIG. 2 displays the structure represented in FIG. 1 after the polysilicon layer has been planarized to the level of dielectric surfaces on the interconnect runners; and
FIG. 3 displays the device represented in FIG. 2 after it has been covered with a conformal layer of dielectric and etched to form vertical interconnects vias.
The method of this invention makes use of the fact that CMP processes can be optimized to remove polycrystalline silicon, germanium, and silicon/germanium alloys (poly) several times faster than they remove dielectrics such as silicon dioxide and silicon nitride. For example, polishing rate ratios of polysilicon to silicon dioxide are often of the order of 100:1. Such selectivity can be achieved while maintaining high removal rates for poly. In addition, the present invention makes use of the fact that CVD techniques can produce very conformal poly films that fill narrow gaps such as those between closely spaced metal lines on integrated circuits. Chemically and physically, poly is compatible with integrated circuit fabrication technology, and may therefore be substituted for the dielectric layer typically formed between interconnect layers, provided that another form of insulation is present.
The method of this invention is represented in FIGS. 1-3. A metal layer is deposited on substrate 10 and patterned to define metal interconnect lines 2. A thin layer of dielectric 4 is then deposited over the metal lines as shown in FIG. 1. This layer is typically silicon dioxide, but it could also be silicon nitride, or a doped glass of which several are known in the art. The dielectric layer 4 must be thick enough to act as an effective stopping layer for the subsequent CMP step but thin enough to avoid closing over gaps between closely spaced metal lines to leave voids. Exact limits on this thickness will depend on the design of the circuit and the characteristics of the various processes involved as is known to those of skill in the art. For most applications, a thickness in the range 50-500 nm is appropriate. Preferably, a thickness of 200-500 nm will be used. If the underlying surface of substrate 10 (on which the interconnects are formed) is planar, surface regions of dielectric layer 4 over the interconnects will, in general, be substantially coplanar.
According to this invention, a poly layer 6 is next deposited using a conformal CVD or PECVD process. To ensure that the grooves between metal lines are completely filled, this layer is made approximately 0-100% thicker than the underlying metal layer. The exact poly layer composition is adjusted to be compatible with the underlying metal and to provide the desired electrical properties. If the underlying interconnects are made from a refractory metal such as tungsten which can tolerate temperatures in the 550�-650� C. range, the poly layer can be polysilicon formed by CVD using silane as a source gas. For structures incorporating interconnect metals such as aluminum which require lower temperature processing, germanium or a germanium-silicon alloy may be preferable. Polycrystalline germanium can be deposited at useful rates by CVD from GeH4 at temperatures below 400� C. Unfortunately, nucleation of germanium films on oxide surfaces is often poor. By mixing SiH4 and GeH4, silicon/germanium alloys can be deposited, thus improving nucleation on oxide. Other means of improving nucleation of poly films with high germanium content include first depositing a silicon nucleation layer by CVD or other means such as sputtering.
Poly is not, of course, as good a dielectric as silicon dioxide for example (even when the poly is undoped), but it can have a resistivity which is high enough to provide useful electrical isolation between circuit elements. In addition, oxygen can be deliberately added to the poly in low percentages to further increase the resistivity, as is known in the art.
After the poly has been deposited, its surface is planarized by CMP or another suitable process to produce the surface shown in FIG. 2. The CMP process is stopped when the thin dielectric on top of the metal lines is exposed. The deposited poly layer is thus converted to one or more regions or plugs separated by the interconnect lines. In some embodiments, the upper surfaces of these poly regions will be substantially coplanar with the dielectric surfaces on top of the interconnect lines.
Because the dielectric removal rate of a suitably optimized CMP process is slow compared to that of poly, and because the stiffness of the polishing pad used in the CMP tool tends to equalize removal rates laterally over the device, polishing essentially stops when dielectric is exposed, leaving a globally planar surface. Thus, the top surface of the poly remaining in areas between metal lines is coplanar with that of the dielectric over the metal as shown in FIG. 2. CMP techniques known in the art are sufficient to ensure that poly-filled areas up to 1 mm in width are leveled.
Chemical-mechanical polishing is a preferred planarization process because, among other reasons, it provides global planarization, i.e. the leveling lengths are significantly wider (of order millimeters rather than micrometers) than those of other techniques. Thus, even widely spaced steps on typical integrated circuits are eliminated. When CMP is performed on a conformally deposited poly layer as described above, it has been found that the step size after planarization is typically smaller than 0.1 micrometers and preferably smaller than 0.05 micrometers. This is a substantial reduction over the 0.1-1.0 micrometer range of step sizes initially present on the poly surface.
For CMP processes, a polishing pad and a slurry of abrasive particles in a chemically active media are preferably used. It has been found that for polysilicon, a colloidal silica slurry in an alkaline aqueous medium is suitable. A preferred slurry is Nalco 2354, manufactured by Nalco Chemical Company, Chicago, Ill. This slurry is diluted for use in a ratio of 20 parts water to 1 part concentrated slurry. The pH of the diluted mixture is approximately 10. Any of a number of other slurry formulations used for polishing silicon wafers are also suitable for planarizing poly. For other materials, different combinations of abrasive particles and chemically active media are appropriate.
A variety of polishing pads may be employed depending upon the material to be polished and the slurry employed. Generally, any polishing pad commonly used in the silicon wafer polishing industry can be used with the present invention to polish polysilicon layers. Preferably, the polishing pads will be made from polyurethane impregnated polyester felt such as the SUBA series pads, manufactured by Rodel, Inc., Scottsdale, Ariz. A particularly preferred pad for the use in polishing polysilicon with the aforementioned slurries is SUBA 500. For other material and slurry combinations, different pad materials may be required. In each instance, however, the pad should resist chemical attack by the slurry, provide a suitable balance of rigidity and conformability to the wafer surface, and provide suitable polishing rates in combination with the slurry.
The apparatus used to accomplish the polishing step according to this invention can be any machine capable of pressing the wafer against a moving polishing pad in the presence of slurry with a pressure of less than about 30 psi and preferably in the range of about 1-15 psi. Such machines are commonly used for polishing silicon wafers and other materials. A preferred machine for this purpose is the Model 572 polisher, manufactured by Westech Systems, Inc., Phoenix, Ariz. With this machine, a preferred set of conditions for polishing polysilicon with colloidal silica slurry and a SUBA 500 pad are the following: 100 rpm, wafer carrier rotation rate 100 rpm, 115� F. pad platen rotation rate contact pressure 150 ml/min, slurry flow 5 psi, pad surface temperature.
As mentioned, it is desirable to use a polishing method that exhibits a large difference in the rate of polishing the polysilicon and the rate of polishing the dielectric layer (such as silicon dioxide or silicon nitride). Polishing conditions that favor a large polishing rate differential include reduced solids content in the slurry, higher slurry pH, and higher pad temperature during polishing. For the conditions described in the preceding paragraphs, the ratio of polysilicon to silicon dioxide removal rates is approximately 100:1. If silicon nitride is used as a polishing stop, the ratio can, in some instances be even greater than 100:1.
An alternative planarization method which can be used in the present invention involves applying and curing a liquid on the substrate surface, and etching it back. The liquid, which is typically cured, hardens into a solid film providing a level upper surface. Typically, the liquid will be a spin coated organic polymer, and more typically a photoresist. The photoresist will have an average thickness of approximately 1 μm and may be smoothed by suitable heat treatment. The resulting surface, including the hardened liquid, is then etched such that the film material and the poly are removed at the same rate. If the etch is stopped at the optimum point, the leveling effect of the liquid is transferred to the poly. Still other planarization methods that will be apparent to those of skill in the art may be employed.
After the poly layer has been planarized as described, a second layer of dielectric 20 is deposited over the planar surface of the device as shown in FIG. 3. Vias 16 are then cut through both layers of dielectric to the metal lines without exposing any poly. During this process, it is necessary to ensure that certain design rules, such as those requiring that vias are contained entirely within the width of the underlying metal line are followed. Design rules of this sort are commonly used to "over engineer" a process, thus minimizing the possibility of device failure. If such design rules are not imposed, metal and poly may come in contact, in which case suitable barrier metallurgies may, in some cases, be used to prevent undesirable interactions.
Finally, the vias are filled with conductive material to make electrical contact with an overlying metal layer. This layer may be formed when the vias are filled or afterwards. In either case, it is then patterned and etched as necessary to produce the necessary wiring for the desired integrated circuit. These steps are made simpler because the underlying interconnect layer has been planarized. Any subsequent fabrication steps are also improved by the preceding planarization step.
Although the discussion has focused on certain preferred embodiments of the present invention, some variations of the process will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, if the resistivity of the poly layer is high enough for the circuit design in question and if the metal to be deposited over the second dielectric layer is compatible with poly, the second layer of dielectric can be omitted entirely. Similarly, if the overlying metal is compatible with poly, certain vias can be cut directly over poly areas to contact them directly, thus forming new circuit elements such as resistors. The geometry of these elements would be defined by the first metal interconnect pattern. If the metal used for the first interconnect layer is highly resistant to the CMP process, and if it is compatible with poly, the first dielectric layer can be omitted. This will leave first metal lines buried in a matrix of highly resistive poly, which could be advantageous in some circuit designs. These and other modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the claims appended hereto.
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County Courthouses of Georgia Thread!
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Studly Adventurer
Joined: Apr 2013
Location: Macon County GA or maybe Ecuador
Oddometer: 521
Decatur County, Bainbridge GA
Location: Bainbridge
Date Built: 1902
Architectural Style: Neoclassical Revival (with campanile-like clock tower)
Designer: Alexander Blair
Decatur County was created from Early County on Dec. 8, 1823 by an act of the General Assembly (Ga. Laws 1823, p. 63). The county was organized by an act of Dec. 19, 1823. Georgia's 58th county was named for U.S. Navy Commodore Stephen Decatur. In 1920, Seminole County was created entirely from Decatur County. Also, portions of Decatur County were used to help create Thomas County (1825) and Grady County (1905).
County Seat: On Dec. 19, 1823, the General Assembly passed an act organizing Decatur County. Five commissioners were named to select a county seat "as near the center of the county as convenience will admit" and to contract for building a courthouse and jail. The same act directed that Decatur County elections and court sessions be held at the home of George G. Gaines until a county courthouse was built. Subsequently, the commissioners picked a site near where Fort Hughes once stood. Here, they had a wooden courthouse built in 1824. On Dec. 2, 1824, the legislature officially designated this site as permanent county seat and directed that it be known as Bainbridge. The name honored William Bainbridge, former commander of the U.S.S. Constitution. The legislature incorporated the town of Bainbridge on Dec. 22, 1829 (Ga. Laws 1829, p. 186).
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Originally written on Diehardsport | Last updated 3/11/13
After beating the Detroit Red Wings 3-0 in Columbus, the Blue Jackets traveled to Detroit to finish the back-to-back games. Columbus jumped out to a 2-1 lead through two periods, but Detroit tied it 25 seconds into the third period on a 5-on-3 powerplay. The rest of the third period and overtime would go scoreless and a shootout would be needed. After Pavel Datsyuk scored and Ryan Johansen's nice move, Matt Calvert decided to pull out a slick dangle from his bag of tricks and help give the Blue Jackets the win. Calvert was 0 for 4 in his career on shootouts, but he used his quick hands to get Howard to bite on his fake. Howard slid out of the net, and all Calvert had to do was bring it to his backhand to slide it into the open net. [NHL.com]
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This Customer Log-in Page is for tracking shipments, viewing orders, and printing paperwork.
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If you are trying to place a quote on sheet, and you have a separate username and password for quoting purposes,
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Will not cry in public
Less chance of illness
Tires that grip in the wet
Shot of baby strapped in back seat
Lyric Meaning
The narrator lists off unreasonable expectations one by one. Essentially, these three items are devoid of the human element. As a human, we must cry, we become ill and we skid when the road is wet.
Essentially, the song is expecting humans to be perfect and robotic in a way. Almost mechanical in the sense, that we will not be tripped up by anything, which is just an impossible assumption.
As well as this, tires that can effectively drive in a wet environment are much safer as they don't run as big of a risk of slipping or losing their traction.
Therefore, this line refers to safer tires and a safer car, which leads in to the next line well. If a baby is strapped in the back seat, you definitely want the car to be as safe as possible.
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Congress recognizes Johnson for service to community
A tribute to Melvin "Toot" Johnson of Tunica by the Honorable Bennie G. Thompson of Mississippi's Second District was read into the Congressional Record recently.
Congressman Thompson's tribute, titled "Honoring Melvin C. Johnson," was presented on the floor of the House of Representatives and published February 28.
It reads: "Mr. Speaker, I rise today to honor an extraordinary community leader, Mr. Melvin Johnson.
"Mr. Melvin Charles Johnson was born and raised in a small town of Tunica, MS. He has been married to Debra L. (Toney) Johnson for 23 years. He was introduced to politics at the early age of 10. He marched in his first Civil Rights March in Tunica, MS in 1963 and became the vice president of the SCLC Youth Organization in Tunica.
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Luna Piena Apartment Reviews
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At first when I saw the street I was worried but the owner was so nice and the apartment was huge!. There is a living room, bedroom, full kitchen and bathroom. It was only about a 10 minute walk to the historic center and I was able to get groceries 5 minutes away. It is good value for the money.
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The apartment for 3 people was a great size,very clean and easy to find as it's located 5minutes away from the old town and perhaps 15 by foot from the train station. The owner was very kind and helpful, and the free breakfast was delicious. All in all a great place to stay if visiting Lecce.
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July 2015 Scottsdale DEMA Meeting
- 15475 N Greenway Hayden Loop, Scottsdale, AZ, 85260, US
March 2013 Miami DEMA Meeting
Domestic Estate Management Association
Tuesday, March 26, 2013 from 7:00 PM to 9:00 PM (EDT)
All Private Service Professionals and Providers in the Miami are are invited to attend the March meeting of the Domestic Estate Managers Association.
This month, we will visit Christofle, a leader in the art of silver.
Miami Pavillion Manager, Justin Trabert, will welcome and inform guests about the history of this prestigious company and its many availble services such as cleaning and preservation, repair, and rentals.
Come and spend an enjoyable evening getting to know other estate staff and service providers in your area.
We hope you will join us!
About our Sponsor:
Thanks to its creations in silver, Christofle is a symbol of luxury and elegance. Since its founding in the mid-19th century, it has been a continous innovative force and has infused each era with a new art of living. Thus, over time, this prestigious company has revolutionized styles, techniques, and methods for the production and distribution of silver plate and the decorative arts.
Today, as in the past, whether gracing the tables of emperors, princes, or maharajas, in palaces, on board the Trans-Siberian Railway, Orient Express, or transatlantic ocean liners, or in the contemporary restaurants, Christofle continues to make an impression.
The Domestic Estate Management Association provides an educational platform for Private Service Professionals interested in creating a better career. Our membership consists of: Butlers, Caretakers, Domestic Couples, Elder Caregivers, Enlisted Aides, Estate Managers, Domestic Estate Managers, Domestic Estate Managers Association, Domestic Managers, Household Managers, House Managers, Housemen, Housekeepers, Major Domos, Nanny, Personal Assistants, Private Chefs, Private Service, Private Service Professionals, Personal Chefs, Private Jet Staff, Property Managers, Yacht Crew, Family Office, Executive Personal Assistants and Nannies.
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Select Local Merchants
City DanceRead MoreAt City Dance Studios, classes are tailored for students with various levels of experience to ensure everyone can enjoy the art of self-expression through movement. Lessons introduce students to a diverse array of dance styles ranging from classical ballet and jazz, to contemporary hip hop and exotic Bollywood, and West African. Each of the five spacious studios (they range from 900 to 2,400 square feet) are equipped with sprung hardwood or Marley floors and are surrounded by mirrors, so budding dancers can keep an eye on their form and keep pet parakeets occupied until the class has ended.10 Colton StreetSan Francisco, CA US
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Academy of Chinese Performing ArtsRead MoreAt Stepz, professional Bollywood dance instructors imbue students of all ages with dance moves inspired by Eastern India. They foster an environment of support and encouragement as dancers soak up fundamental foot positions and learn to express themselves through fluid movements and flowing hand gestures. Students looking to shed excess pounds can speed up routines in one-hour aerobics classes, which lead groups though rigorous dance routines specifically designed to tone muscle.40922 Fremont BlvdFremont, CA US
Theatre Arts For KidsRead MoreSignature Service: Theater Classes For Kids Established: 2000 Reservations/Appointments: Required Staff Size: 2–10 people Average Duration of Services: 4+ hours1035 Carol Ln.Lafayette, CA US
Action TheaterRead More[Owen Walker](http://www.insideoutimprov.com/page9/page9.html#!owen-walker/c60z has been teaching the Action Theater method for more than 15 years. Originally a visual artist, Owen found a more immediate medium?the human body?and began to experiment with physical improv as a method to further explore his creative impulses. He studied extensively with Ruth Zaporah, the guru of the Action Theater method, and he is now one of the method?s six designated senior teachers. The Action Theater method approaches physical improvisation and theater from three angles: language, voice, and movement. Classes give special attention to being fully present, connecting with a scene partner, and urging students to focus on how they do something, rather than what they do. The end result not only can transform a student?s performance on the stage, it can also enhance everyday skills such as empathy and spontaneity. Thus, though the technique is rooted in the theater, it can also benefit non-actors, much like a playhouse?s cell-phone-activated trap door. Though Action Theater sometimes features a discounted price online, this Groupon still offers the best deal available511 48th StOakland, CA US
El Cerrito Swim CenterRead MoreThe main attraction at the El Cerrito Swim Center is a pair of heated outdoor pools, which are open year-round for swimmers of all ages. The competition pool features eight lanes for lap swimmers aged 14 and older, while the recreation pool boasts three lap lanes, as well as shallow play areas, a fountain, and a water slide. Both pools keep a constant schedule packed with lessons, fitness classes, lifeguarding courses, and sea monkey speed dating, and in the summer, the recreation pool hosts open swim seven days a week. The pools are also home to area teams including the East Bay Masters Water Polo Club and the El Cerrito Gators youth swim teams. Those interested in more laidback activities can come by for Friday Family Fun Nights with themed music and games, or take advantage of facilities that include covered picnic tables, a grass lawn, and a barbecue area. The center also entertains guests with Splash Park, a water-fueled playground with fountains and an installation of colorful buckets that pour water over kids as they fill.7007 Moeser LaneEl Cerrito, CA US


text: I just started my comeback and I'm already leading everybody in our morning runs and beatin up on everybody during our open mat sessions. I feel so much better bein back on the mat and I finally feel alive again. Its awesome being able to push myself physically and mentally again.


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Nokia invests $125 million in car connectivity
Published on May 5, 2014 3:24 PM
HELSINKI (REUTERS) - Finnish mobile communications equipment maker Nokia on Monday said it had started a US$100 million (S$125 million) fund to invest in companies working on connecting cars.
The fund will be run by the company's venture capital arm Nokia Growth Partners and will cooperate with Nokia's location unit HERE, it said.
"Our new US$100 million venture fund launched today further underlines our belief that the connected car is a significant growth opportunity," Nokia Chief Executive Rajeev Suri said in a statement.


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text:
Re: You will know in two months…
•Vera, I disagree with you on two months. In the olden days before 1990s yes, 8 weeks could be sufficient to know. Since 1990, 8 weeks could no longer hold! Livelihood was then manageable in the olden days defined above. Livelihood had been worse since 1990 in Nigeria. Till today, vera, when an economy is doing well, citizens including love birds-male and female will reason, reasonably well. Same for infrastructural needs. If opposite is the economy and infrastructural availability, suspicion is it between two love birds. Depending on situations, 2 months are too unrealistic to determine true love between love birds. Imagine two rich love birds from rich families. Imagine love birds from 2 senator-fathers. Imagine loverbirds from 2 CEOs of banks, the question won't be any suspicion till they get married if that's the focus in the first instance.
8 weeks will hold between an unequal status love birds – Birds poor-poor and rich-poor as well as in rotten economy such as Nigeria's situation such as one with and the other without a job will further determine whether or not two months will be sufficient in determining genuiness of love.
Lanre Oseni, Lagos
•Vera, I read your article, I don't believe you this time you seem not to understand the essence of we "feeling empathy and tolerance in relationship.
•t is a fact that many factors can interfere with a woman's intuition when it comes to love matters. I am sure every few guy will show this article to his 'babe' because it might be an eye-opener for the 'chic'. Na true' – "guys are great at creating a disconnect between what they say and what they actually do", but how about those who can take gestures and kinesis for more than a quarter of a year, whose non-verbal attitudes are nothing but 'cat-acting' a script of lust story? May our ladies be filled with discernment and patience while walking on such path.
Seun Osinkolu Ogbomoso
•Eeeh! What is it about "boobs as the great assets of women? What can the breasts do in the face of all the crisis plaguing humanity in recent times? Hey Vera, the worth of a woman is not in her boobs etc but a humanness that is in SYNC with Divine intent.
•Hi Vera, the converse is always the case these days we men now falls prey of women love after furnishing and larvishing them with cash care and love all men gets as compensation is nothing but heartbreak.
Ugwu Greg, Obudu
•I was reading your article last Saturday 29th October on The Nation newspaper and I really think that your ideas are not that true. You really took side with women as if men are monsters and that is some trash, I think you should talk about women too, unless, you are just being specific on what happened to you or your friend.
•There are no kept secrets to keep harmony in marriages. Rather whenever secrets come into the open (life and death). Hatred comes in on main reason for divorce and unfaithfulness is discovered of 'kept secret'. Keeping any secret in marriage is lack of 'genuine love' as against fake love'
•I read your article today, many ladies use men for their material needs. Please write on this.
Lawal, Abuja.
Some secrets are better kept secret among partners while some are worth discussing. However, the partners reaction to stimulus will determine what he or she should be told.
Ugwu Greg.
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Job News : Teaching vacancies in Lagos Schools
Lagos State Ministry of Education is to recruit qualified teachers and graduates without teaching qualifications to teach twenty subjects in its junior and senior secondary ... Full story


text:
Istanford Strolls to San Clemente Surprise
Guided through a smooth trip by Rafael Bejarano, Istanford led every step of the way at 10-1 odds to dominate the $200,000 San Clemente Handicap (gr. IIT) on the renovated turf course at Del Mar July 19.
Guided through a smooth trip by Rafael Bejarano, Istanford led every step of the way at 10-1 odds to dominate the $200,000 San Clemente Handicap (gr. IIT) on the renovated turf course at Del Mar July 19.
Dual group III winner Sandiva, last seen finishing fifth in the Coronation Stakes (Eng-I) at Royal Ascot one month ago, makes her first United States start in the $200,000 San Clemente Handicap (gr. IIT) July 19 at Del Mar.
Wishing Gate, who broke her maiden at Del Mar last September, returned to the seaside track July 21 for her first stakes win, a smart 1 3/4-length score for Gary Stevens in the $151,000 San Clemente Handicap (gr. IIT).
Trainer Bob Baffert wanted to experiment with the inconsistent filly Eden's Moon on turf and his hunch paid off when the odds-on choice led from the start to take the $150,000 San Clemente Handicap (gr. IIT) at Del Mar.
Making her career debut on turf, grade I winner Eden's Moon is the 121-pound high weight in an evenly-matched group of 3-year-old fillies entered for the $150,000 San Clemente Handicap (gr. IIT) at Del Mar July 22.
Recent British import Up In Time swept past pacesetter Mizdirection in deep stretch to produce an 11-1 upset in the $150,000 San Clemente Handicap (gr. IIT) on the Del Mar turf July 24.
Sarah's Secret, undefeated in four starts so far, leads a field of 10 sophomore fillies in the $150,000 San Clemente Handicap (gr. IIT) July 24 at Del Mar.
Favored Evening Jewel swept to victory in the $150,000 San Clemente Handicap (gr. IIT) July 25, giving trainer James Cassidy and jockey Victor Espinoza a sweep of the graded turf stakes on the opening weekend at Del Mar.
Six-time stakes winner Carlsbad, the expected favorite for the La Brea Stakes (gr. I) next week, suffered a fatal breakdown while completing a seven-furlong workout at Santa Anita Dec. 19.
Mrs Kipling, on the comeback trail following a disappointing effort in the American Oaks (gr. IT), returns to action against 10 rivals in Oak Tree's $100,000 Harold C. Ramser Sr. Handicap (gr. IIIT) at Santa Anita Park Oct. 24.
Augustin Stable's Informed Decision remained perfect in four starts on the Keeneland Polytrack, as she ran down Carlsbad in the final strides to win the $250,000 Thoroughbred Club of America (gr. II) Oct. 10, in the process earning a berth into next month's Sentient Jet Breeders' Cup Filly & Mare Sprint (gr. IT).
Magical Fantasy looks for her fourth consecutive graded stakes win for trainer Paddy Gallagher as the probable favorite in Oak Tree's $300,000 Yellow Ribbon Stakes (gr. IT) at Santa Anita Oct. 10.
Augustin Stable's Informed Decision, who has nine career wins and holds Keeneland's seven-furlong track record, drew the outside post position in Saturday's 29th running of the $250,000 Thoroughbred Club of America Stakes (gr. II).
Jockey Tyler Baze, in his first race since breaking the little finger on his left hand two weeks ago, guided heavily favored Carlsbad to a track-record victory in the Rancho Bernardo Handicap (gr. III) at Del Mar Sept. 4.
Impressive stakes winners Carlsbad and Evita Argentina head a field of nine fillies and mares going 6 1/2 furlongs in the $200,000 Rancho Bernardo Handicap (gr. III) on Sept.4 at Del Mar.
Internallyflawless, making her second start of the year for trainer Bob Baffert, took the lead into the stretch and held off challenges from heavy favorite Well Monied and outsider Nan to win the $350,000 Del Mar Oaks (gr. IT) on turf Aug. 22.
Jason, Evan, and James Scully of twinspires.com preview the Del Mar Oaks (gr. IT). Plus picks for the Alabama (gr. I). Watch Video
American Oaks (gr. IT) runner-up Well Monied heads a full field of 3-year-old fillies for the $350,000 Del Mar Oaks (gr. IT) Aug. 22 on the turf at the seaside track.
Starlarks flew from last for jockey Alex Solis to head Strawberry Tart in the final couple of jumps, winning the San Clemente Handicap (gr. IIT) in an 11-1 surprise at Del Mar Aug. 1.
Hollywood Oaks (gr. II) winner Carlsbad makes her turf debut as the 120-pound high weight in the $150,000 San Clemente Handicap (gr. IIT) at Del Mar Aug. 1.
If this is to be its final renewal, the $700,000 American Oaks (gr. IT) at Hollywood Park is going out in style after drawing 16 entrants for the 1 1/4-mile turf event. The truly intriguing field of 3-year-old fillies includes three international aspirants and four challengers from the East Coast.
Five fillies with graded stakes wins on turf and a pair from renowned European trainer Dermot Weld are among 14 invitees to the $700,000 American Oaks (gr. I) at Hollywood Park July 5.
Dennis Weir's Arizona homebred Carlsbad broke sharply and never looked back, taking seven 3-year-old filly rivals wire-to-wire to win by a half-length in the $150,000 Hollywood Oaks (gr. II) June 7.
Carlsbad, whose unbeaten string was ended at five races when she ran second to Witty in last month's Railbird (gr. III), faces a strong field in the $150,000 Hollywood Oaks (gr. II) June 7.
Well Monied made it look easy in her graded stakes debut, taking over in upper stretch and sprinting home for a 1 1/4-length victory in the $150,000 Honeymoon Handicap (gr. IIT) May 31 on the Hollywood Park turf.
|Breeder / Owner
|Acting Lady
|Doug F. O'Neill
|Jeff Mullins
|Michael R. Matz
|Hameildaeme (GB)
|Dean Greenman
|Bob Baffert
|Kaweah Princess
|Robert Gilker
|Craig Dollase
|James Lloyd
|Starlarks (IRE)
|Patrick Gallagher
|Strawberry Tart
|Jeff Bonde
|Wake Me Now (IRE)
|James Lloyd
|Jack Cole S.


text:
Majerus Done at SLU Due to Illness
by Rob Goldberg
The St. Louis college basketball program received some troubling news on Friday when it learned that Rick Majerus will not be returning to the team this season... Read More »
Atlantic 10 Turmoil Continues as Saint Louis Coach Rick Majerus Steps Down
by Scott Henry
In a wild week for the Atlantic 10 that saw Xavier expel its leading returnee Dez Wells, a fellow conference contender absorbed a body blow Friday when Saint Louis head coach Rick Majerus stepped dow... Read More »
St. Louis Basketball: Why the Billikens Are the Nation's Biggest Sleeper
by Brian Gramman
When you think about basketball in the state of Missouri, the Saint Louis Billikens most likely aren't the first team to come to your mind... Read More »
Runnin' Utes' Basketball: Return to Glory Distant with PAC-12 Move?
by Dan Condie
The University of Utah, through thick and thin football seasons the past 50-60 years, has always been able to boast about its storied basketball program... Read More »
St. Louis University Basketball: It's Rick Majerus's Time
by Ben Weixlmann
Now that most of, former Saint Louis University basketball head coach, Brad Soderberg's recruits are gone, it is time for current coach Rick Majerus to see what his recruits can do... Read More »
Chaifetz Arena: What Effect Will It Have on Saint Louis Basketball?
Saint Louis University has invested a fair amount of money in the past five years into athletics. First, they hired big-name Rick Majerus to coach the men's team...


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Andrea Hangst posted 921 days ago
Hi there, I really appreciate that. I saw his response and it was pretty dismaying. I guess that's the internet! But thanks for reading and enjoying the article!
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Updated 06/07/2014
With a young vibe and a vast and inventive menu, this tiny restaurant offers a welcome change from Seville's typical fried fare. The owners' haute-cuisine ambitions are reflected in excellent service and lovingly prepared food, but not in the prices. The menu changes according to the season, but typical dishes include salmon tartare, baby squid with cream of goat's cheese and orange, and Iberian pork in red wine au gratin. Reservations are available for weekday lunches only; at any other time, put your name on the waiting list and pop round to the Azotea bar just round the corner for a drink and generous tapa (€4) while you wait.
Calle Jesus del Gran Poder 31, Seville, 41002, Spain
Restaurant Details:
Updated 06/07/2014
By elenaandbrad
Nov 13, 2012
My husband and I ate here our last night in Sevilla, and I'm so glad we did. It was a bit crowded, but we were seated after about a half an hour, just enough time to share a glass of wine. The husband/wife pair that owns the place (wife is American and the husband speaks excellent English, as well) were very attentive to us. They care deeply about the experience they create, and the food was very inventive and delicious. I feel like we made a connection
with them and we look forward to returning to Sevilla to visit them again.
No Thanks


text:
Saving the Bay through education, advocacy, litigation, and restoration.
Bands in the Sand on the beach at CBF's Philip Merrill Environmental Center. Photo by Mike Morgan.
Saturday, June 13, 20155:00 p.m.-10:30 p.m.
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Event Update: Due to unprecedented demand, 2015 Bands in the Sand tickets have sold out. We appreciate your support and hope to see you on the beach next year!
Plan to join us on Saturday, June 13th for a fun-filled evening on the water's edge with friends, great live music, cool drinks, and mouth-watering grilled food at the Chesapeake Bay Foundation's annual Bands in the Sand event.
"There's nothing greater than a party with a purpose and Bands in the Sand is that and more," explains Dick Franyo, a "Committed to the Bay" Committee Co-Chair. Franyo, along with the other co-chairs—Jim Gibbons, Jonathan and Marnie Kagan, Lisa Kahan, Mike and Patty Smith, Ramsey Poston, Craig Friedrich, and Cullen Murray—will help organize the tenth annual Bands in the Sand event, which will be held at CBF's Philip Merrill Environmental Center.
Bands in the Sand is the brainchild of Franyo, a CBF Trustee and owner of the Boatyard Bar & Grill in Eastport, Maryland. Over the last eight years, the event has raised almost one million dollars to support CBF's efforts to defend and protect the Bay, including award-winning educational programs, on-the-ground restoration activities throughout the watershed, and advocacy initiatives at both the federal and state level.
Each year, the party gets better. Watch for more info in the coming months.
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We saw a glimpse of the future last night and the future is bright. Homer Bailey, Aaron Harang, Josh Hamilton, & Brandon Phillips gives me reasons to look forward to what Reds baseball will be down the road.
We saw a glimpse of the future last night and the future is bright. Homer Bailey, Aaron Harang, Josh Hamilton, & Brandon Phillips gives me reasons to look forward to what Reds baseball will be down the road.
As God as my witness, I thought turkeys could fly.
I agree. However, there are still a lot of holes that need filling.
80% of the earth is covered by water. The other 20% is covered by Eric Davis.
Yeah, hopefully those holes are filled by Bruce, Votto, Cuerto and Stubbs.
Harang and Phillips are as good as they are going to get...ok I'll go along with that but how much better do you want them to be? Also agree that Homer is going to get much better. I don't understand why you think Hamilton isn't going to get much better. The guy has been out of baseball, comes back and is contending for rookie of the year. Had he been playing all along I would agree, but given his situation there has to be alot of room for improvement. This group looks like a pretty good foundation to build on. yes there are some holes to be filled but you also can't have superstars at every position...least not on the Reds budget.
Baseball, it is said, is only a game. True. And the Grand Canyon is only a hole in Arizona. Not all holes, or games, are created equal. ~George Will
The future does look bright. There are the current players and some fantastic position players in the minors (Bruce, Votto, Valaika - who a lot of people aren't talking about), but it always comes down to pitching, or more specifically the bullpen. I think the Reds have got some young guys that can really form a solid bullpen. Salmon, McBeth, Coultangus and Burton are all rookies, and as expected have struggled from time to time. But they've shown they have some good stuff and when they get some more experience the rest of this year and in winter ball, they should only get better. And not to mention Bray should be returning soon from injury, which should only help.
Plus, there are a few relievers in Chattanooga tearing things up...
Calvin Medlock (age 24) has a 2.74 ERA, 0.85 WHIP, 11.15 K/9, an absurd 11.4 K/BB ratio, and only 3 HR given up in 46 IP.
Richie Gardner (age 24) has a 1.82 ERA, 1.01 WHIP, 8.74 K/9, 4.1 K/BB ratio, and just 1 HR given up in 34 IP.
Carlos Guevara (age 25) has a 2.97 ERA, 1.23 WHIP, 12 K/9, 3.4 K/BB ratio, and 3 HR given up in 33.1 IP.
Of course, most likely all 3 won't have an impact at the ML level, but if just 1 pans out into a good quality reliever, it'll add onto an already good young cast of pitchers in the 'pen.
Redlegs, we wont have this positive outlook, optimistic posting over here!!! Doom and gloom dagnabit! C'mon, lets rip who we have, not look to the future!
Phillips, EE, Hamilton, and Bailey are all getting their first taste of MLB. They're young. Even Harang and Arroyo should be approaching their "best" years.
A few more pieces of the puzzle and this team has something.
Who's on first?
Apparantly Hamilton is worse than Castro, so take him off the list.(Since Narron just pinch hit Castro for Hamilton in the 9th, I'm sure Narron knows what he's doing.)
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The pre and post landing service assistance include; transport and accommodation facilities, health facilities, banking facilities, neighborhood membership, library membership, search school for infants, job searching facilities and the list goes on. We search job according to the competency level of a skilled workforce for any individual who is living in any part of the world. We are registered with Migration Agents Registration Authority (MARA) and Immigration Consultants of Canada Regulatory Council (ICCRC).
We are an extended part of Immigration Overseas Pvt. Ltd that caters to needs and queries related to immigration. Visa for Immigration runs along the same lines in terms of business policies and services as Immigration Overseas Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. In order to substantiate the ever increasing demand of people to acquire our services Immigration Overseas Pvt. Ltd has branched out its activities towards the organization. Thus in order to meet the demands of the people Immigration Overseas has extended its services by the timely provision of the organization. We thus cater to your needs by the timely provision of services all by the click of a button. All you need to search for is Visa for Immigration over Google and find your way to accessing almost any information related to immigration.
Visa for Immigration has stepped into the field of immigration under the guidance of Immigration Overseas Pvt. Ltd. It is a bifurcation of Immigration Overseas. We deal in immigration to the country of your choice. The organization has been exclusively assisting people seeking permanent residency to other countries. It also provides expert guidance in seeking Australia visa and visa for Canada options such as Tourist Visa, Student Permit, Spouse Visa, and Business Visa.
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We ascertain a perfect migration to the country of your choice by providing pre and post landing service assistance. You can benefit from the provision of the same by leaps and bounds. These services help you achieve the desired goal without any hassle. Your migration and settlement are perfected by these services. Our enterprise guarantees that the experience you have with us will be pleasant rest assured. The organization believes in providing quality online immigration service to all our clients alike. The organization stands on the pillars of integrity, transparency, convenience and a well trained team. This thereby enables the organization to achieve the desired result and maintain a success rate and be on the top of its game.
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Textbook of Orthopaedics, Trauma and Rheumatology
With STUDENT CONSULT Access
This is a textbook for medical students covering orthopaedics, trauma and rheumatology, offering both core information regarding what the student needs to know about these subject areas and an extensive series of cases with questions and answers that illustrate the thinking behind common everyday practice. The package also offers online access to the text and images, plus an additional 80 interactive MCQs and answers (on www.studentconsult.com).Table of Contents
Key Features
- Provides a comprehensive overview of musculoskeletal medicine and surgery perfectly tailored for the busy medical student
- Illustrated in full colour throughout
- Succinct coverage of essential topics helps aid understanding whilst avoid unnecessary detail thus saving time
- Uniform style of chapters throughout allows readers to easily scan through for the information required
- Useful summary boxes outline the main points of each condition including aetiology, pathology, epidemiology, clinical features, investigations, management and prognosis
- 100 case histories with questions illustrate the range of clinical problems that students will encounter during their clinical placements
- Direct linking of cases to chapters so that readers can refer back to sections of core text whenever required, or look up cases relevant to a particular chapter
- Online access to the text and images, plus 80 interactive MCQs and answers, on www.studentconsult.com
Published Reviews
New Edited Book Winner at The Royal Society of Medicine &The Society of Authors' Medical Book Awards
"Out of several undergraduate texts on musculoskeletal disease, this is both comprehensive and comprehensible and a valuable addition to departmental and students' personal libraries."
"This book is the best comprehensive work I have seen on the musculoskeletal system for medical students. I highly recommend the book to all medical students, junior residents, and primary care physicians."
Edward Abraham, MD(University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine), Doody Enterprises, Inc. Nov 2008
''While there can be no doubting from its language that this is a book for students and professionals, the language in this book is nevertheless straightforward, relatively jargon-free, and with most terms well-explained. The good editing here means that, while many chapters are written by different contributors, the overall effect is seamless. In terms of its presentation, 'Textbook' is striking to look at, making use of bright colours throughout, which conveniently correlate with the useful referencing system.''
Amy Redwood
''The book is concise and clearly written, but at the same time gives a good depth of information.It is clear to see that this book has been written by experts in their fields, and has been edited so that the formatting throughout the book is coherent and logical in nature. The use of diagrams and tables helps to highlight the most relevant points making it enjoyable to read and enhances the learning experience.''
Philip Xiu
Author Information
Edited by Raashid Luqmani, DM, FRCP, FRCP(E), Consultant Rheumatologist/Senior Lecturer, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre and Oxford University, Oxford, UK; James Robb, BSc(Hons), MD, FRCSEd, FRCSGlasg, FRCPEdin, Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Honorary Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh; Senior Lecturer in Surgery, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK; Daniel Porter, MD, FRCS(Tr&Orth), Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh and Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh, UK; and John F. Keating, MB, BCh, FRCSI, FRCSEd, FRCSEdOrth, MPhil, Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon and Senior Lecturer, University of Edinburgh, UK
Customer Reviews
- Paperback
- 496 Pages
- Trim Size: 7 7/16 X 9 11/16 in
- Imprint: Mosby
- Copyright: 2008


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What would you build inside its grand exterior?
Minds still aren't made up about what will be inside CCT, so there is still time to imagineer what should be, or what will be, inside. If I were in charge of the Carthay Circle Theatre Project, I would make it into a classy movie theater, and provide a lot of information to the mysterious characters the average guest has never even heard of.
Lobby:-two stories and quite elegant looking, just like the old lobby in the real Carthay Circle theater.
- provides showcases of the story of Walt moving into L.A.: starting from Walt's beginnings in L.A. and his first idea, moving on ino his first comics of characters (like Oswald and the others) in the early 1920s, moving on to his first cartoons in the late 1920s (Alice Comedies anyone?) all the way to Disney's first full-length animated films of the lae 1930s-early 1940s
- Soda and popcorn stand: an accurate depiction of old, traditional movie popcorn stands where you can buy a souvenir tub of Popcorn from CCT and enjoy the shows in the theater.
Carthay Circle Club: What can I say? I like the idea. It can be very hidden and private on the third floor, and could have a delightfully delicious restaurant and its own private balcony in the theatre for members to use to enjoy the show.
Theater: showing classic Disney cartoons all day, including ones made even before Mickey Mouse was created. Every evening will premiere a brand new Disney full-length animated feature.
Atmosphere/show of sorts: Every evening will be the big movie premiere of a classic Disney animated movie, as though reliving the premiere in Hollywood the night Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs came out. Every night would showcase a different movie of Disneys first few animated features of the 1930s and 40s, such as SWATSD, Pinocchio, Dumbo, etc. The spotlights around the theater would light up in the evening, and big Hollywood movie stars would drive around the Circle in their luxurious 1930s cars and walk into the theater as the paparazzi take pictures of them with their unwieldy cameras. The lights in the lobby would dim when the shows about to start, and so on.
Thats what I would have done with the Carthay Circle Theater. What would you do? Make it a theater, a restaurant a new ride? Share our thoughts and details.


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Gallery talk – A New Art Emerges. Kjarvalsstaðir, Sunday 23th of October at 3 p.m.
Curator Jón Proppé, Vigdís Finnbogadóttir and Erlingur Gíslason discuss experimentation and avant-garde theater in the 1960s. The event is held in relation to exhibition A New Art Emerges, which researches the dramatic generational shift in Icelandic art in the mid-1960s.
What happens when a new paradigm in art takes over from another? Does one simply merge into another or are there conflicts and cross currents?
The landscape art that had dominated the first half of the century no longer answered the call of the times and while abstraction had gained many followers in the 1950s, its influence was already waning. Similar changes took place in literature, theater and music – the spirit of experimentation was felt everywhere. The new generation wanted something entirely new and was prepared to look in the unlikeliest places to find inspiration. The exhibition explores the exciting new art produced in this period and atmosphere on the cultural scene as a new art began to emerge.
The talk will take place in Icelandic.
Printed of the web Reykjvik Art Museum, www.reykjvikartmuseum.is 07.08.2015


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Mississippi State Bulldogs
Preview 2009 - Offense
2009 CFN Mississippi
State Preview |
2009 Mississippi
State Offense
2009 Mississippi
State Defense |
2009 Mississippi
State Depth Chart
2008 MSU Preview |
2007 MSU Preview |
2006 MSU Preview
What you need to know:
What do you do for an offense that
finished 115th in the nation in scoring and 113th in yards? You
bring aboard someone who knows how to get an offense moving.
Now, is head coach Dan Mullen going to be able to jump-start the
Bulldog offense despite not having a Tim Tebow or Percy Harvin
to count on? The MSU attack welcomes back seven returning
starters, but first, it needs to get more out of a veteran line
that had a nightmare of a time in pass protection. Tyson Lee is
back as the starting quarterback, but he'll be pushed this
summer by superstar recruit, Tyler Russell, who's expected to be
the main man for the program for four years. The star of the
offense will be Anthony Dixon, the senior back who has gotten in
better shape and will be used as a receiver and under center
along with his rushing duties. The receiving corps needs a ton
of work, but the coaching staff knows this and hammered the
position hard in the recruiting season. Everything won't come
together right away for the spread attack, but there are good
players to build around for 2010.
Passing: Tyson Lee153-260, 1,519 yds, 7 TD, 5 INT
Rushing: Anthony Dixon
197 carries, 869 yds, 7 TD
Receiving: Brandon McRae51 catches, 518 yds, 3 TD
Star of the offense: Senior RB Anthony Dixon
Player who has to step up and become a star: Redshirt
freshman WR O'Neal Wilder
Unsung star on the rise: Redshirt freshman RB Robert
Best pro prospect: Senior OG Anthony Strauder
Top three all-star candidates: 1) Dixon, 2) Strauder, 3)
Strength of the offense: Running back, the right side of
the line
Weakness of the offense: Big plays, wide receiver,
Projected Starter:
Senior Tyson Lee
should be a good fit for the new offense, and he'll get
a little bit of a shot to show he can handle the work. While
he's only 5-10 and 200 pounds, the star JUCO transfer of a few
years ago is a decent passer completing 59% of his throws for
1,519 yards and seven touchdowns with five interceptions last
season, and he was mobile netting 37 yards and a touchdown, but
running well at times when he wasn't getting sacked. While he
got better as the year went on, he didn't show enough to cement
him in the starting spot if a certain recruit turns out to be as
good as advertised.
Projected Top Reserves: Tyler Russell
hasn't saved the Mississippi State football program
yet, but desperate fans are hoping he will in a big hurry. The
6-4, 200-pound star recruit isn't quite the right fit for Dan
Mullen's offense would like to do, but he's a player. A top
pro-style passing prospect, he has a live arm, smarts, and an
ability to lead the way to wins. For his size, he's a decent
runner. He threw 40 touchdown passes and just five interceptions
as he took Meridian High to the Mississippi state championship
last year.
Sophomore Chris Relf will be the forgotten man
in the quarterback race. He doesn't have much in the way of
experience, completing just 2-of-9 passes for 13 yards in his
limited action, but he's a big, decent option with a live arm
and the potential to grow into a good passer if given the shot.
He's 6-3 and 235 pounds with the ability to push the ball down
the field, but he'll be quickly passed by when Russell gets off
the bus.
Watch Out For ... Lee to not just step aside and
hand over the starting gig to Russell. Lee has enough experience
to be given a shot early on, and with his mobility, he could
become a nice fit for what the coaches want to do.
Strength: Russell. It's impossible to understate just
how great the weight of the program is going to be on his
shoulders. He's supposed to be the savior, and he might really
be that good. The talent is there to become the best passer the
program has had in decades.
Weakness: Proven backups. As good as Russell is,
it'll be a problem if the veteran team has to rely on the true
freshman from game one. The receivers aren't in place to make
Russell better, when it should be the other way around.
Outlook: Wesley Carroll, the starter at the
beginning of last year, moved on to FIU, and now it'll be Lee
and the hope for Russell to be all that and a slice of pie early
on. The inconsistent passing of last year should continue, but
there will be more running from the quarterbacks this year. The
coaching staff should make this position better and more
consistent, even if there isn't much help from the receivers.
Rating: 6
Running Backs
Projected Starters:
Until the passing game comes around, if it comes around, the
offense will be all about Anthony Dixon. The
senior got way too heavy, tipping in at around 255 pounds, but
he got in better shape and appears ready to be a special back as
the focal point of the attack. He's not a trim, for him, 6-1 and
235 pounds with 4.5 speed and the flash to take off on big runs
and be used as a receiver. He ran for 1,066 yards and 14
touchdowns in 2007 but was held in check last year rushing for
869 yards and seven scores with three 100-yard games. However he
was stuffed by the better defenses, rushing for just 26 yards
against Alabama and five yards by Auburn. Already the school's
all-time leading rusher, with 2,788 yards and 30 scores, he'll
be a lock for 1,000 yards if he can stay healthy.
Projected Top Reserves: Senior Christian
Ducre is a nice No. 2 back with enough experience to
get more work behind Dixon. The former Tulane transfer is a 6-0,
220-pound thumper with excellent quickness, but he has to get
over a shoulder injury. He got a most of his work over the first
half of the season, but he was an afterthought over the back
half with just 11 carries in the final six games. Versatile
enough to be a third down back if needed, he caught 13 passes
for 112 yards and a touchdown to go along with 222 rushing yards
and two scores. 5-9, 205-pound senior Arnil
Stallworth was an ultra-productive high school back and
has a good combination of power and quickness, but he has a bad
knee that has kept him out this offseason. He ran for 50 yards
and a touchdown in his limited action last season, but he'll be
the third man in the mix once he comes back healthy.
Watch Out For
... the coaching staff to lean heavily on the ground game, even
more than last year's staff did. Once Ducre and Stallworth are
ready, there will be more of a rotation to keep Dixon fresh.
Strength: Dixon. Great before this offseason, he might
be a new runner with a renewed commitment to fitness and more
quickness than he showed last season. It's not crazy to think he
could be the SEC's best back. Not only will he be the team's top
back, he'll also line up at times at quarterback and can line up
wide at receiver.
Weakness: Backup health. While Stallworth is
supposed to be back from a knee injury and Ducre will be find
when his shoulder gets a little time to heal, it's not a good
sign that they're already hurt. It doesn't help and
Robert Elliott is out with a torn up knee. There has to
be a good rotation early on for the overall offensive plan to
Outlook: While there's lots of work to be done
elsewhere to get ready for the new offense, the running backs
are ready. Dixon is a major star who should be in for a huge
season, and once Ducre and Stallworth get a little time, they'll
do more this year. This should be the strength of the offense by
Rating: 7.5
Projected Starters:
There are problems in the
receiving corps with all the new faces needing to produce right
away, but the one sure thing, eventually, will be
Brandon McRae, the team's leading returning receiver.
The 6-4, 200-pound senior caught 51 passes, 20 more than the No.
2 target, for 518 yards and three touchdowns, highlighted by a
ten-catch, 102-yard day in the loss to Georgia Tech. The former
transfer from Morehead State will be the starter on the X once
he gets back healthy from a broken leg. Taking over a
starting role will be redshirt freshman O'Neal Wilder,
an interesting X factor with 6-5, 190-pound size and some of the
best wheels in the receiving corps. He was expected to see time
early on as a dangerous deep threat, but the former track star
was extremely raw and wasn't ready yet. Now he'll bring his next
level speed and potential to the Z position where he was
terrific at times in spring ball.In a rotation at the H,
and likely the starter come fall, is Delmon Robinson,
a 5-9, 180-pound sophomore who caught 12 passes for 125 yards.
He struggled with a hamstring injury this offseason and wasn't
able to show off what he could do, but he's very smart, very
fast, with 4.4 speed, and a potential gamebreaker with enough
speed and quickness to be used as a returner.The MSU
version of a tight end will be Kendrick Cook,
who'll take over for starter Nelson Hurst, who left the program
after catching just two passes. Cook, a 6-4, 250-pound sophomore
has nice speed and good hands. While he didn't do anything last
season, he has tremendous upside and could quickly become a key
go-to target with the potential to create mismatches.
Projected Top Reserves: While he might not
be the starter at the X, with McRae already in the spot, JUCO
transfer Leon Berry was one of the stars of
spring ball. The 6-0, 190-pound junior was a key recruit for
Mullen, and he didn't disappoint after catching 59 passes for
1,003 yards and nine scores, averaging 17 yards per catch, and
he has No. 1 target potential.Working on the H will be
5-11, 185-pound redshirt freshman Terrance Davis,
an ultra-athletic prospect who will be fine once he learns how
to catch. He was rocky early on this offseason in all areas, but
the light started to go on and he became a crisper route runner
and he wasn't fighting the ball as much. A quarterback prospect
coming out of high school, he's starting to figure out what he's
doing.Junior Brandon Henderson will be
the main backup at the Y behind Cook, but the 6-2, 245-pounder
is built more like a fullback and is a good blocker. He caught
six passes for 70 yards and a score, doing all his work in the
middle of the season, but he has had problems with an ankle
injury and was out for a time this offseason.
Watch Out For ... the
recruits. Mullen knew he needed an upgrade at receiver in a big
way, and he made sure he brought in prospects with seven
possible targets to work with. Berry is the ready-made one of
the bunch, but true freshman Chad Bumphis is a
player who might see the field sooner than later.
Strength: A passing offense. While it wasn't
exactly the Arizona Cardinal receiving corps out there, it's not
like there was a passing game that could show off what the
receivers could do. There's speed and there's upside with
players like Robinson, Wilder, and McRae all interesting players
to keep an eye on now that the ball will be flying around a bit
Weakness: Health. The new offense desperately
needed everyone in place to get as many good reps as possible,
but it didn't happen with McRae and Robinson out and with so
many new faces in the mix. The passing game will be a
practice-by-practice process.
Outlook: A major disaster last year, the receiving
corps will at least get its shot to make more big plays this
season. McRae is a keeper and Berry could be too good to not be
the star of the show after a few games, but this year will be
all about developing the young prospects. There's a chance the
projected No. 2 offense, with QB Tyler Russell and all the true
freshman receivers, will be better than the starters by a long
shot once the season gets going.
Rating: 5.5
Offensive Line
Projected Starters:
The star of the front five
will once again be Derek Sherrod, a 6-7, 310-pound
junior moved over to left tackle after serving as a key backup in
several spots as a freshman. He got bigger and stronger over the last
year, and he started to find his stride late last year and finished with
ten starts after missing the first two games hurt. He has the size and
he has the experience, but he has to be far more consistent in pass
protection. Next to Sherrod at left guard will be
Quentin Saulsberry after spending last year starting every game
at right tackle. A star high school defensive tackle, the 6-3, 300-pound
sophomore was thrown to the wolves last year and struggled. Really
struggled. He's a big, tough blocker who couldn't do much against the
better pass rushers, and now he's working at both guard spots and should
be far more comfortable on the inside. 6-2, 300-pound junior
J.C. Brignone started 11 games at center and wasn't
bad. He was a key backup two yards ago, but he had problems with a
shoulder injury, and he was able to grow into the role in the middle
last year. While he might be a better guard in the new offense than a
center, he'll be the starter at his regular spot. The new
starter on the line will be 6-4, 310-pound redshirt freshman
Tobias Smith, who'll take over for Craig Jenkins. A nice
recruit last year, he's one of the team's strongest players and best
athletes for his size. He has all the measurables, he'd light up the NFL
Combine right now, but he needs to grow into a steady blocker to catch
up with his strength and quickness.Sophomore Addison
Lawrence will step in at right tackle with Saulsberry moving to
guard. Originally considered a tight end, he hit the weights hard over
the last two years to get up to 295 pounds on his 6-5 frame. Very
athletic and very smart, he should be a perfect fit for the new offense
with a little bit of time to work.
Projected Top Reserves:
Junior Mark Melichar was the
starter at left tackle last season for two games before suffering a knee
injury and missing the rest of the year. At 6-4 and 300 pounds, he's a
big blocker who's back in the mix and good enough to start on the
outside if needed, but will push for time at right guard behind Tobias
Smith. He's athletic, and now he has the bulk on a frame equipped to
handle it.6-5, 315-pound senior Craig Jenkins
has seen plenty of action over the last several years at guard, and got
the call six times last season at right guard. One of the team's most
versatile blockers, and among the most experienced, he'll start out
behind Saulsberry at left guard but could see time anywhere needed in
the middle.
Watch Out For
... a lot of moving around. This is a different offense with new
responsibilities in the Mullen spread attack. The coaching staff will
play around with the combination up until the opener to get the five
best blockers on the field no matter what's needed to make it happen.
Experience. Three starters are back, not
including spot starters like Jenkins. With a new offense in place, this
group should be able to make a quick transition.
Production. The line was a disaster last year
even though it was supposed to grow into a strength. MSU was 114th in
the nation in sacks allowed and paved the way for the nation's 105th
ranked ground game that averaged just 100.58 yards per try.
The line was supposed to be a strength last
season with a veteran group working around some promising new stars. It
didn't work. O line coach John Hevesy, who's joining Mullen from
Florida, has work to do, but he has an experienced line that should be
better only because it won't be asked to do as much. As strange as that
sounds, the big line doesn't have to dominate; it has to hold its own
and let the skill players do the rest. This group won't pound away for
long drives, but it should be better.
Rating: 6


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July 14, 2015 from 10am to 11:30am – Spreckels Park0 Comments 0 Likes
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Thank you so much for your participation and attendance to this years Darnaby Arts and Crafts Show. This free-to-attend event is celebrating over three decades of success by featuring a variety of distinctive hand-made items from over 150 skilled artists and crafters. Easily one of the largest and most longstanding craft marketplaces in the region, the Darnaby Arts and Crafts Show has earned a reputation as an annual showcase event for high-quality items that brings both crafters and shoppers back year after year. The Darnaby show is a must stop for everyone's holiday shopping as it offers a wide variety of items such as monogrammed gifts, holiday accents, home decor, delicious baked goods, adorable children's clothing and accessories, adult fashions, jewelry, purses, pet treats, woodcrafts and much, much more.
We welcome new artists and crafters to join in our ever growing family every year. Start those creative juices and check back with us in June as we start accepting new vendor applications. If you just love to shop at our event, then we can't wait to see you Saturday, December 5th at the 34th Annual Darnaby Arts and Crafts Show.


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Paper Chase is a research database designed to offer abstracts of research articles published in journals that have a highly rated impact factor as determined by ISI Impact Factor and PageRank. Abstracts are organized by date, with the most recently published papers listed first.
Paper Chase
Cold but not sympathomimetics activates human brown adipose tissue in vivo.
Section of Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
As potential activators of brown adipose tissue (BAT), mild cold exposure and sympathomimetic drugs have been considered as treatments for obesity and diabetes, but whether they activate the same pathways is unknown. In 10 healthy human volunteers, we found that the sympathomimetic ephedrine raised blood pressure, heart rate, and energy expenditure, and increased multiple circulating metabolites, including glucose, insulin, and thyroid hormones. Cold exposure also increased blood pressure and energy expenditure, but decreased heart rate and had little effect on metabolites. Importantly, cold increased BAT activity as measured by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET-CT in every volunteer, whereas ephedrine failed to stimulate BAT. Thus, at doses leading to broad activation of the sympathetic nervous system, ephedrine does not stimulate BAT in humans. In contrast, mild cold exposure stimulates BAT energy expenditure with fewer other systemic effects, suggesting that cold activates specific sympathetic pathways. Agents that mimic cold activation of BAT could provide a promising approach to treating obesity while minimizing systemic effects.
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