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Publications (304)2252.03 Total impact
- SourceAvailable from: Naomi R Driesen
Article: Impairment of Working Memory Maintenance and Response in Schizophrenia: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Comparing prefrontal cortical activity during particular phases of working memory in healthy subjects and individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia might help to define the phase-specific deficits in cortical function that contribute to cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia. This study featured a spatial working memory task, similar to that used in nonhuman primates, that was designed to facilitate separating brain activation into encoding, maintenance, and response phases. Fourteen patients with schizophrenia (4 medication-free) and 12 healthy comparison participants completed functional magnetic resonance imaging while performing a spatial working memory task with two levels of memory load. Task accuracy was similar in patients and healthy participants. However, patients showed reductions in brain activation during maintenance and response phases but not during the encoding phase. The reduced prefrontal activity during the maintenance phase of working memory was attributed to a greater rate of decay of prefrontal activity over time in patients. Cortical deficits in patients did not appear to be related to antipsychotic treatment. In patients and in healthy subjects, the time-dependent reduction in prefrontal activity during working memory maintenance correlated with poorer performance on the memory task. Overall, these data highlight that basic research insights into the distinct neurobiologies of the maintenance and response phases of working memory are of potential importance for understanding the neurobiology of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and advancing its treatment.Biological psychiatry 10/2008; 64(12):1026-34. DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.07.029 · 9.47 Impact Factor
Article: Ultrastructural localization of calcyon in the primate cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Recent observations suggest that calcyon, a novel single transmembrane protein implicated in schizophrenia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, regulates clathrin-mediated endocytosis in brain. To explore the role of calcyon in neurotransmission, we investigated its distribution in the neuropil of the primate prefrontal cortex (PFC), striatum (STR) and mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD), three brain regions implicated in these neuropsychiatric disorders. Calcyonimmunoreactivity revealed by immunoperoxidase technique, was localized in both pre- and postsynaptic structures including axons, spines and dendrites, as well as myelinated fibers and astroglial processes in all the three brain regions. The morphological diversity of immunopositive boutons suggest that in addition to glutamatergic, calcyon could regulate GABAergic as well as monoaminergic neurotransmission. Consistent with the role of calcyon in endocytosis, calcyon-immunoreactivity was rarely found at the synaptic membrane specializations proper, although it was present in distal compartments of neuronal processes establishing synapses. Given the widespread upregulation of calcyon in schizophrenic brain, these findings underscore a potential association with deficits in a range of neurotransmitter systems in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop.Neuroscience Letters 08/2008; 440(1):59-62. DOI:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.05.047 · 2.06 Impact Factor
Article: Amphetamine Sensitization Alters Dendritic Morphology in Prefrontal Cortical Pyramidal Neurons in the Non-Human Primate[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Amphetamine (AMPH) sensitization in the nonhuman primate induces persistent aberrant behaviors reminiscent of the hallmark symptoms of schizophrenia, including hallucinatory-like behaviors, psychomotor depression, and profound cognitive impairment. The present study examined whether AMPH sensitization induces similarly long-lasting morphologic alterations in prefrontal cortical pyramidal neurons. Three to 3(1/2) years postsensitization, sensitized, and AMPH-naïve control monkeys were killed. Blocks of prefrontal cortex were Golgi-impregnated for elucidation of pyramidal dendritic morphology in layers II/superficial III (II/IIIs), deep III, and V/VI. In AMPH-sensitized animals as compared to AMPH-naïve controls, pyramidal dendrites in layer II/IIIs exhibited reduced overall dendritic branching and reduced peak spine density (22%) on the apical trunk. Across all layers, the distance from soma to peak spine density along the apical trunk was decreased (126.38+/-7.65 mum in AMPH-sensitized compared to 162.98+/-7.26 microm in AMPH-naïve controls), and basilar dendritic length was reduced (32%). These findings indicate that chronic dopamine dysregulation, consequent to AMPH sensitization, results in enduring, atrophic changes in prefrontal pyramidal dendrites that resemble the pathologic alterations described in patients with schizophrenia and may contribute to the persistence of schizophrenia-like behavioral changes and cognitive dysfunction associated with sensitization. These findings may also provide key insights into the etiologic origin of the pronounced behavioral disturbances and cognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia.Neuropsychopharmacology 05/2007; 32(4):919-31. DOI:10.1038/sj.npp.1301179 · 7.83 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The regulation of cognitive activity relies on the flexibility of prefrontal cortex functions. To study this mechanism we compared monkey dorsolateral prefrontal activity in two different spatial cognitive tasks: a delayed response task and a self-organized problem-solving task. The latter included two periods, a search by trial and error for a correct response, and a repetition of the response once discovered. We show that (1) delay activity involved in the delayed task also participates in self-generated responses during the problem-solving task and keeps the same location preference, and (2) the amplitude of firing and the strength of spatial selectivity vary with task requirement, even within search periods while approaching the correct response. This variation is dissociated from pure reward probability, but may have a link with uncertainty because the selectivity dropped when reward predictability was maximal. Overall, we show that spatially tuned delay activity of prefrontal neurons reflects the varying level of engagement in control between different spatial cognitive tasks and during self-organized behavior.The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 12/2006; 26(44):11313-23. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2157-06.2006 · 6.75 Impact Factor
Article: Internalization of D2 dopamine receptors is clathrin-dependent and select to dendro-axonic appositions in primate prefrontal cortex.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Much of our knowledge on trafficking of neurotransmitter receptors derives from heterologous expression systems and neurons in vitro. Understanding these dynamics in vivo for dopamine receptors, and D2 receptors (D2Rs) in particular, presents a foremost challenge as their pharmacological manipulation underlies antipsychotic medications and drug abuse, which may in turn alter response to endogenous dopamine. Here we present the first ultrastructural evidence of clathrin-mediated endocytosis of D2Rs or any other neurotransmitter receptor in the primate brain. We have captured in situ the insertion of D2Rs in clathrin-coated membrane pits, resulting in receptor sorting in primary endosomes. Endocytosis was specific to nonsynaptic membranes of distal dendrites, and virtually absent from larger shafts, spines, axons and perikarya expressing D2Rs. The selective association of D2Rs with the clathrin endocytotic pathway of high-order dendrites identifies a novel substrate for monitoring and adjusting dopaminoception, as well as a potent target for dysregulation, and manipulation, of D2R signalling in mental illness.European Journal of Neuroscience 10/2006; 24(5):1395-403. DOI:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.05023.x · 3.67 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The prefrontal cortex is specially adapted to generate persistent activity that outlasts stimuli and is resistant to distractors, presumed to be the basis of working memory. The pyramidal network that supports this activity is unknown. Multineuron patch-clamp recordings in the ferret medial prefrontal cortex showed a heterogeneity of synapses interconnecting distinct subnetworks of different pyramidal cells. One subnetwork was similar to the pyramidal network commonly found in primary sensory areas, consisting of accommodating pyramidal cells interconnected with depressing synapses. The other subnetwork contained complex pyramidal cells with dual apical dendrites displaying nonaccommodating discharge patterns; these cells were hyper-reciprocally connected with facilitating synapses displaying pronounced synaptic augmentation and post-tetanic potentiation. These cellular, synaptic and network properties could amplify recurrent interactions between pyramidal neurons and support persistent activity in the prefrontal cortex.Nature Neuroscience 05/2006; 9(4):534-42. DOI:10.1038/nn1670 · 14.98 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Neuroimaging of the human brain has opened the way for a genuine understanding of human cognition; but the circuitry and cellular basis of the extraordinary information processing capacity of humans can be addressed only in experimental animals such as nonhuman primates by using the 2-DG autoradiographic method. This method requires sacrifice of the animal and sectioning of the brain into serial sections followed by production of autoradiographs of individual brain sections which are not in register. We have developed a new automated alignment method to reconstitute the autoradiographs. Our alignment method automatically finds the 2-D spatial mapping and the homologies between the slices and robustly accounts for the natural and artifactual differences by applying the powerful mechanism of outlier rejection adapted from the robust statistics literature.04/2006: pages 277-286;
Article: NMDA receptor-mediated epileptiform persistent activity requires calcium release from intracellular stores in prefrontal neurons.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Various normal and pathological forms of synchronized population activity are generated by recurrent excitation among pyramidal neurons in the neocortex. However, the intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying this activity remain poorly understood. In this study, we have examined the cellular properties of synchronized epileptiform activity in the prefrontal cortex with particular emphasis on a potential role of intracellular calcium stores. We find that the zero-magnesium-induced synchronized activity is blocked by inhibition of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPases, phospholipase C (PLC), the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor, and the ryanodine receptor. This same activity is, however, not affected by application of metabotropic glutamatergic receptor (mGluR) agonists, nor by introduction of an mGluR antagonist. These results suggest that persistent synchronized activity in vitro is dependent upon calcium release from internal calcium stores through the activation of PLC-IP3 receptor pathway. Our findings also raise the possibility that intracellular calcium release may be involved in the generation of pathologic synchronized activity in epilepsy in vivo and in physiological forms of synchronized cortical activity.Experimental Neurology 03/2006; 197(2):495-504. DOI:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.05.018 · 4.62 Impact Factor
- CNS Drug Reviews 03/2006; 6:7-8. DOI:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2000.tb00162.x · 4.92 Impact Factor
Article: Differential anterior prefrontal activation during the recognition stage of a spatial working memory task.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Neuroimaging studies commonly show widespread activations in the prefrontal cortex during various forms of working memory and long-term memory tasks. However, the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC, Brodmann area 10) has been mainly associated with retrieval in episodic memory, and its role in working memory is less clear. We conducted an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study to examine brain activations in relation to recognition in a spatial delayed-recognition task. Similar to the results from previous findings, several frontal areas were strongly activated during the recognition phase of the task, including the aPFC, the lateral PFC and the anterior cingulate cortex. Although the aPFC was more active during the recognition phase, it was also active during the delay phase of the spatial working memory task. In addition, the aPFC showed greater activity in response to negative probes (non-targets) than to positive probes (targets). While our analyses focused on examining signal changes in the aPFC, other prefrontal regions showed similar effects and none of the areas were more active in response to the positive probes than to the negative probes. Our findings support the conclusion that the aPFC is involved in working memory and particularly in processes that distinguish target and non-target stimuli during recognition.Cerebral Cortex 12/2005; 15(11):1742-9. DOI:10.1093/cercor/bhi051 · 8.31 Impact Factor
Article: Subcellular localization of the dopamine D2 receptor and coexistence with the calcium-binding protein neuronal calcium sensor-1 in the primate prefrontal cortex[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Structures of the cerebral cortex expressing the D2 dopamine receptor subtype (D2) are important sites of action of antipsychotic drugs. It has also been repeatedly suggested that the prefrontal cortex plays a significant role in neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Here, by using single and double immunohistochemical techniques with electron microscopy, we investigated in the primate prefrontal cortex the ultrastructural localization of D2 and we compared it with that of the neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1), a neuron-specific calcium-binding and D2-interacting protein. D2 immunoreactivity, revealed with preembedding immunoperoxidase in single labeling and with preembedding immunogold for double labeling, was localized in cell bodies with ultrastructural characteristics of both neurons and astroglia. D2 was localized in pre- and postsynaptic structures, including spines and dendrites, and in both excitatory- and inhibitory-like axon terminals. Immunogold labeling revealed peri- and extrasynaptic localization of D2 in postsynaptic structures, whereas extrasynaptic labeling was typically found in boutons. NSC-1 immunoreactivity was abundant in pre- and postsynaptic structures, in which it was also colocalized with D2. With the present strategy (that has high resolution but relatively limited sensitivity), NSC-1 was observed in about 10% of the D2-immunopositive spines and in a lower proportion of D2-immunopositive dendrites and boutons. The data demonstrate the localization of D2 in pre- and postsynaptic as well as extra- and perisynaptic structures of the primate prefrontal cortex. The data also show the coexistence of NCS-1 and D2 at the ultrastructural level. The latter finding suggests a role for NCS-1 in desensitization of D2 in the prefrontal cortex.The Journal of Comparative Neurology 08/2005; 488(4):464-75. DOI:10.1002/cne.20601 · 3.51 Impact Factor
Article: Morphometric characterization of synapses in the primate prefrontal cortex formed by afferents from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The main thalamic afferentation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) originates in the mediodorsal nucleus (MD). Although it is suggested that this pathway is affected in schizophrenia, there is a lack of functional and structural data regarding its synaptic organization. The scope of this study was to characterize the ultrastructural features of thalamocortical synapses formed by afferents from the MD by applying anterograde tract tracing, immunohistochemical detection of parvalbumin (PV, a probable marker of thalamocortical endings), and quantitative electron microscopic techniques to the PFC of the macaque monkey. Our findings indicate that anterogradely-labeled and PV-immunoreactive boutons exhibit similar ultrastructural properties, characterized by their larger size, higher incidence of release sites and a higher occurrence of mitochondria when compared to non-labeled, excitatory-like endings in the middle layers of the PFC. Although most of the contacts were made on spines in both cases, PV-immunopositive axon terminals apparently targeted dendritic shafts at about twice the frequency found for anterogradely-labeled afferents from the MD (20.5% and 9.5%, respectively). This result suggests diversity among thalamocortical and/or PV-immunoreactive axon terminals of the PFC. In accordance with studies in other cortical areas, our findings suggest that corollary discharge through the mediodorsal thalamocortical projection is also adapted to synaptic transmission with high efficacy and probably exhibits marked short-term temporal dynamics in the PFC.Experimental Brain Research 08/2005; 164(2):148-54. DOI:10.1007/s00221-005-2237-6 · 2.17 Impact Factor
Article: Amphetamine sensitization impairs cognition and reduces dopamine turnover in primate prefrontal cortex.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Amphetamine (AMPH) sensitization in monkeys produces long-lasting behavioral changes that model positive (hallucinatory-like behaviors) and negative (psychomotor depression) symptoms of schizophrenia. The extent to which this model produces the core deficit in schizophrenia--working memory impairment--is unknown. Two groups of rhesus monkeys were sensitized to AMPH over 6 weeks. In one group, acquisition of cognitive tasks (delayed response, visual discrimination, delayed nonmatch-to-sample) was examined beginning 6+ months postsensitization. The second group was pretrained to stability on delayed response before sensitization. Regional postmortem concentrations of dopamine and its metabolites were examined in tissue from age-matched AMPH-naive and AMPH-sensitized monkeys using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). The AMPH-sensitized monkeys were profoundly impaired in their ability to acquire cognitive tasks compared with AMPH-naïve monkeys. Pretrained monkeys showed impaired delayed response performance for several months following sensitization. Analysis by HPLC revealed that AMPH sensitization significantly reduced dopamine turnover in prefrontal cortex and striatum. Impairments in the acquisition and performance of spatial delayed response in association with reduced dopamine turnover in prefrontal cortex following AMPH sensitization provide further support for the relevance of this model to both the etiology and the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.Biological Psychiatry 05/2005; 57(7):743-51. DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.019 · 9.47 Impact Factor
Article: Presynaptic D-1 dopamine receptors in primate prefrontal cortex: Target-specific expression in the glutamatergic synapse[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Dopaminergic modulation of glutamate neurotransmission in prefrontal cortex (PFC) microcircuits is commonly perceived as a basis for cognitive operations. Yet it appears that although the control of recurrent excitation between deep-layer prefrontal pyramids may involve presynaptic and postsynaptic D1 receptor (D1R) mechanisms, pyramid-to-interneuron communication will engage a postsynaptic D1R component. The substrate underlying such target-specific neuromodulatory patterns was investigated in the infragranular PFC with immunoelectron microscopy for D1R and parvalbumin, a marker for fast-spiking interneurons. In addition to their proverbial postsynaptic expression, gold-labeled D1Rs were distinctly distributed on perisynaptic/extrasynaptic membranes and the axoplasm of 13% of excitatory-like, presumably glutamatergic varicosities. Most importantly, presynaptic D1Rs were highly specific with regard to the cellular compartment and neurochemical identity of the postsynaptic neuron, being present in spine-targeting varicosities but distinctly absent from those synapsing with parvalbumin profiles often coexpressing D1Rs. We define therein an axonal D1 heteroreceptor component, apparently mediating volume neurotransmission, yet strategically positioned to convey target cell-specific modulation of the glutamatergic drive. We also indicate that presynaptic D1R mechanisms may indeed be associated with recurrent excitation in prefrontal microcircuits, consistent with physiological evidence for a role of these receptors in modulating the persistent activity-profile of neurons essential for working memory.The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 03/2005; 25(5):1260-7. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3436-04.2005 · 6.75 Impact Factor
Article: Comparison of oculomotor neuronal activity in paralaminar and mediodorsal thalamus in the rhesus monkey.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: We previously reported that neurons in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) are topographically organized and express spatial and nonspatial coding properties similar to those of the prefrontal areas with which they are connected. In the course of mapping the dorsal thalamus, we also studied neurons in a subset of thalamic nuclei (the caudal part of the ventral lateral nucleus (VLc), the oral part of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPLo), the parvocellular part of the ventral anterior nucleus (VApc)) lateral to the MD and just across the internal medullary lamina. We compared these "paralaminar" neurons to MD neurons by having monkeys perform the same spatial and nonspatial cognitive tasks as those used to investigate the MD; these included two saccadic tasks-one requiring delayed and the other immediate responses-and one picture fixation task. Of the paralaminar thalamic neurons modulated by the saccadic tasks, a majority had saccade-related activity, and this was nearly always spatially tuned. Also, for about half of these neurons, the saccade-related activity occurred exclusively during the delayed-response task. No neurons with event-related activity in the saccadic tasks were preferentially modulated by specific picture stimuli, although other neurons were. All of these results were similar to what we had found for MD neurons. However, in contrast to the high proportion of presaccadic responses observed in the MD, the majority of saccade-related neurons in paralaminar thalamus exhibited mid- or postsaccadic activity, i.e., that started during or after the saccade. Our findings suggest that neurons in the paralaminar thalamus may be possible conduits of oculomotor feedback signals, especially during memory-guided saccades.Journal of Neurophysiology 02/2005; 93(1):614-9. DOI:10.1152/jn.00969.2003 · 3.04 Impact Factor
Article: Direct and indirect effects of fetal irradiation on cortical gray and white matter volume in the macaque[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Schizophrenia is associated with reductions in thalamic neuronal number and cortical gray matter volume. Exposure of nonhuman primates to x-irradiation in early gestation has previously been shown to decrease thalamic volume and neuronal number. Here we examine whether early gestational irradiation also results in cortical volume reduction. High-resolution, T1-weighted magnetic resonance scans were collected in adult monkeys 1) exposed to irradiation during the early gestational period (E33-E42) corresponding to thalamic neurogenesis, 2) irradiated in midgestation (E70-81) during neocortical neurogenesis, and 3) not exposed to irradiation. Cortical gray matter and white matter volumes were derived via manual segmentation; frontal and nonfrontal volumes were distinguished via sulcal landmarks. Monkeys irradiated in early gestation exhibited a trend reduction in nonfrontal gray matter volume (17%) and significant reductions in white matter volume in frontal (26%) and nonfrontal (36%) lobes. Monkeys irradiated in midgestation had smaller gray (frontal: 28%; nonfrontal: 22%) and white matter (frontal: 29%; nonfrontal: 38%) volumes. The cortical deficits observed in midgestationally irradiated monkeys are consistent with a reduction in cortical neuronal number. Cortical volume reductions following early gestational irradiation may be secondary to reduced thalamic neuronal number and therefore model the thalamocortical pathology of schizophrenia.Biological Psychiatry 02/2005; 57(1):83-90. DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.014 · 9.47 Impact Factor
Article: Burst generation in rat pyramidal neurones by regenerative potentials elicited in a restricted part of the basilar dendritic tree.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The common preconception about central nervous system neurones is that thousands of small postsynaptic potentials sum across the entire dendritic tree to generate substantial firing rates, previously observed in in vivo experiments. We present evidence that local inputs confined to a single basal dendrite can profoundly influence the neuronal output of layer V pyramidal neurones in the rat prefrontal cortical slices. In our experiments, brief glutamatergic stimulation delivered in a restricted part of the basilar dendritic tree invariably produced sustained plateau depolarizations of the cell body, accompanied by bursts of action potentials. Because of their small diameters, basolateral dendrites are not routinely accessible for glass electrode measurements, and very little is known about their electrical properties and their role in information processing. Voltage-sensitive dye recordings were used to follow membrane potential transients in distal segments of basal branches during sub- and suprathreshold glutamate and synaptic stimulations. Recordings were obtained simultaneously from multiple dendrites and multiple points along individual dendrites, thus showing in a direct way how regenerative potentials initiate at the postsynaptic site and propagate decrementally toward the cell body. The glutamate-evoked dendritic plateau depolarizations described here are likely to occur in conjunction with strong excitatory drive during so-called 'UP states', previously observed in in vivo recordings from mammalian cortices.The Journal of Physiology 08/2004; 558(Pt 1):193-211. DOI:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.061416 · 4.54 Impact Factor
Article: Animal models of working memory: insights for targeting cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Working memory performance is considered to be a core deficit in schizophrenia and the best predictor of social reintegration and propensity for relapse. This cardinal cognitive process is critical for human reasoning and judgment and depends upon the integrity of prefrontal function. Prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia has been linked to altered dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission. However, to date, antipsychotics provide no substantial relief from the debilitating cognitive consequences of this disease. This review examines the key rodent and non-human primate models for elucidating the neural mechanisms of working memory and their neuromodulation. We compare the physiology and pharmacology of working memory between the normal state and experimentally induced models of prefrontal dysfunction and evaluate their relevance for schizophrenia. Rodent models have demonstrated the significance of aberrant dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling in medial prefrontal cortex for working memory. However, there is some question as to the extent to which rodent tests of working memory tap into the same process that is compromised in schizophrenia. Non-human primates provide an unexcelled model for the study of influences on prefrontal function and working memory due to the high degree of homology between human and non-human primates in the relationship between prefrontal cortex and higher cognitive capacities. Moreover, non-human primate models of prefrontal dysfunction including amphetamine sensitization, subchronic phencyclidine, and neurodevelopmental insult are ideal for the analysis of novel compounds for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia, thereby facilitating the translation between preclinical drug development and clinical trials.Psychopharmacology 07/2004; 174(1):111-25. DOI:10.1007/s00213-003-1710-9 · 3.99 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The explicit yet enigmatic involvement of dopamine in cortical physiology is in part volumetric (beyond the synapse), as is apparently the action of neuroleptics targeting dopamine receptors. The notion that nonsynaptic neuronal membranes would translate extracellular dopamine into receptor-specific spatiotemporal downstream signaling, similar to the chemical synapse, is intriguing. Here, we report that dopamine D5 (but not D1 or D2) receptors in the perisomatic plasma membrane of prefrontal cortical neurons form discrete and exclusively extrasynaptic microdomains with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated calcium stores of subsurface cisterns and mitochondria. These findings introduce a novel dopaminoceptive substratum in the brain and a unique D5 receptor-specific signaling paradigm.The Journal of Neuroscience : The Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 07/2004; 24(23):5292-300. DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0195-04.2004 · 6.75 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Reinstatement of the function of working memory, the cardinal cognitive process essential for human reasoning and judgment, is potentially the most intractable problem for the treatment of schizophrenia. Since deficits in working memory are associated with dopamine dysregulation and altered D(1) receptor signaling within prefrontal cortex, we present the case for targeting novel drug therapies towards enhancing prefrontal D(1) stimulation for the amelioration of the debilitating cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. This review examines the role of dopamine in regulating cellular and circuit function within prefrontal cortex in order to understand the significance of the dopamine dysregulation found in schizophrenia and related non-human primate models. By revealing the associations among prefrontal neuronal function, dopamine and D(1) signaling, and cognition, we seek to pinpoint the mechanisms by which dopamine modulates working memory processes and how these mechanisms may be exploited to improve cognitive function. Dopamine deficiency within dorsolateral prefrontal cortex leads to abnormal recruitment of this region by cognitive tasks. Both preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated a direct relationship between prefrontal dopamine function and the integrity of working memory, suggesting that insufficient D(1) receptor signaling in this region results in cognitive deficits. Moreover, working memory deficits can be ameliorated by treatments that augment D(1) receptor stimulation, indicating that this target presents a unique opportunity for the restoration of cognitive function in schizophrenia.Psychopharmacology 07/2004; 174(1):3-16. DOI:10.1007/s00213-004-1793-y · 3.99 Impact Factor
Top Journals
Yale University
New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- • Department of Neurobiology
- • Section of Nephrology
- • School of Medicine
Yale-New Haven Hospital
New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Laboratory Medicine
Tufts UniversityGeorgia, United States
University of Maryland, BaltimoreBaltimore, Maryland, United States
Minneapolis Veterans Affairs HospitalMinneapolis, Minnesota, United States
University of Mississippi
Mississippi, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior
Emory UniversityAtlanta, Georgia, United States
Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Medicina
University of New HavenNew Haven, Connecticut, United States
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
베서스다, Maryland, United States
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology


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subset: commoncrawl


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The Giant Beastcast: Episode 06
Become Premium to Watch
Her Story is a bold and largely successful experiment in interactive crime fiction.
Rocksteady's gorgeous-looking third Arkham game refines its open-world format a bit and lets you drive a whole hell of a lot of Batmobile.
It's squid kids and ink blasting abound in Nintendo's exceptionally fun new online shooter.
Game »
consists of 8 releases.
Released Aug 08, 2003
Bass.EXE is an autonomous, very powerful NetNavi.
ColorMan is a NetNavi under the operator Ms. Madd. He causes chaos in Megaman Battle Network by causing the traffic signals to go haywire.
Count Zap is the operator of ElecMan.EXE. He is a member of World Three who gained posession of the electric element program.
Dr. Froid is the operator of the NetNavi IceMan.EXE.
ElecMan is a NetNavi that uses electric-based attacks to attempt to defeat Megaman. His attacks include shooting bolts of lightning at his opponents.
A character from the Mega Man Battle Network series. he is Lan and MegaMan.EXE's main rival.
Mr.Match's NetNavi. After extensive customization he appears as HeatMan.EXE, and later FlameMan.EXE.
IceMan is a NetNavi who uses ice-based attacks in battles. He caused trouble in the Waterworks in Megaman Battle Network.
Character in Mega Man Battle Network franchise. His operator is Princess Pride.
Lan Hikari is the main character of the Mega Man Battle Network series and human operator of MegaMan .EXE.
The leader of terrorist organization WWW, and main antagonist of the Mega Man Battle Network series. He is always defeated by Lan Hikari and Mega Man.
MagicMan is a NetNavi that is operated by Yahoot. He uses magical abilities and summoning against Megaman in Megaman Battle Network.
Character in Mega Man Battle Network Franchise. He is a Boss in battle Network 2 and a Playable character in Battle Network 5 ProtoMan Version.
A character in the Mega Man Battle Network series. He is a fishmonger and the netop of SharkMan.
Mayl is a friend and classmate of Lan's. She is the operator of Roll.EXE.
Megaman.EXE is one of the main characters in the Mega Man Battle Network Series. Unlike other adaptations of mega man, this one exists only as a program on a large computer network.
A character from the Mega Man Battle Network series. She is a fortune teller and the operator of SkullMan.
A recurring character in the Mega Man Battle Network franchise, Famous is the in-game personification of the franchise's scenario designer.
Mr. Match is a member of the terrorist organization WWW. He is the operator of three NetNavis: FireMan.EXE, HeatMan.EXE and FlameMan.EXE.
ProtoMan.EXE, known as Blues.EXE in Japan, is a NetNavi from the MegaMan Battle Network series operated by the ace NetBattler Eugene Chaud (Ijūin Enzan) and rival of MegaMan.
Ring is a NetNavi from the Mega Man Battle Network franchise. Her operator is Mary Towa.
Roll.EXE is a character from the Mega Man Battle Network (Rockman EXE in Japan) series and the associated animes. She is a happy optimistic NetNavi dressed in pink and who is very good friends with Megaman.EXE
A character in the Mega Man Battle Network series. She is the operator of WoodMan.EXE.
A kid with a rough past. He's a villain turned good after becoming friends with Lan Hikari.
SharkMan is a NetNavi that uses abilities mimicking a shark's. He is very quick and can dive under the battlefield.
A character in the Mega Man Battle Network series. His netop is Miyuki Kuroi.
StoneMan is an enemy from the original Megaman Battle Network game. He is a navi without an operator, and causes trouble with his boulders.
ToadMan is a character in the MegaMan Battle Network franchise. His operator is DNN's Ribbita.
WoodMan is a NetNavi owned by the operator Sal. He uses the power of nature in his battles.
Yahoot is the operator of MagicMan.EXE. He is a member of World Three and one of the final battles for Megaman.EXE
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Title: cPanel Passwd Remote SQL Injection Vulnerability
Severity: HIGH
cPanel is a multi-platform web hosting control panel that allows a user to manage their hosted account through a web-based interface. It is available for Unix and Linux variants.
cPanel is reportedly affected by a remote SQL injection vulnerability in the passwd script. This issue is due to a failure of the application to properly sanitize user-supplied URI parameter input before using it in an SQL query.
The problem presents itself when malicious SQL statements are passed to the 'passwd' script through the 'password', 'domain', and 'user' parameters.
As a result of this a malicious user may influence database queries in order to view or modify sensitive information, potentially compromising the software or the database. Because cPanel is employed in a multi-hosting environment it is reported that it may be possible for an attacker to disclose or modify the administrator password hash of other cPanel hosted sites by exploiting this issue.
Affected Products:
- cPanel cPanel 5.0.0
- cPanel cPanel 5.3.0
- cPanel cPanel 6.0.0
- cPanel cPanel 6.2.0
- cPanel cPanel 6.4.0
- cPanel cPanel 6.4.1
- cPanel cPanel 6.4.2
- cPanel cPanel 6.4.2.STABLE_48
- cPanel cPanel 7.0.0
- cPanel cPanel 8.0.0
- cPanel cPanel 9.0.0
- cPanel cPanel 9.1.0
- cPanel cPanel 18.104.22.168-R85
- cPanel: cPanel Homepage
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text:
A fiber optic load sensor and method of forming the same are disclosed for sensing the load applied to a structural surface. The sensor comprises a length of fiber optic material disposed adjacent to the surface. The fiber optic material is connectable to a light source and to a light detector. The fiber optic material includes at least one curved portion deformable in response to the applied load. The curved portion is dimensioned such that the light passing through the fiber optic material is attenuated in linear relation to the deformation of the curved portion in response to the load applied to the surface.
1. A fiber optic load senosr for sensing a load applied to a corresponding structural surface, comprising a length of fiber optic material of a selected thickness attachable to the surface, said fiber optic material being connectable to a light source and to a light detector, said fiber optic material having curved portions, said curved portions each having a curve length and curve period, said curved portions each being deformable so that the curve radius and curve period are variable in response to the load applied to the surface, said fiber optic material thickness and curve radius being selected such that light passing through said fiber optic material is actuated in linear relation to the instantaneous deformation of the fiber over a substantial range of load applied to the surface.
2. The sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said fiber optic material includes a plurality of curved portions, each of said curved portions each having substantially the same shape.
3. The sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said fiber optic material is formed to have a generally sinusoidal shape.
4. The sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said curved portions each have a bend radius dimensioned so as to attenuate light passing therethrough in linear relation to deformation of said curved portions in response to the load applied to the surface.
5. The sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said fiber optic material is approximately 400 microns thick.
6. The sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said fiber optic material is approximately 600 microns thick.
7. The sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said fiber optic material is approximately 1000 microns thick.
8. The sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said sensor is disposed in load transfer relation with the surface where the load is to be measured.
9. The sensor as recited in claim 8 wherein said fiber optic material is embedded in the surface where the load is to be measured.
10. The sensor as recited in claim 8 wherein said fiber optic material is disposed upon the surface where the load is to be measured.
11. The sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said fiber optic material has a uniform refractive index.
12. The sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said curved portions each provide static attenuation of light passing therethrough, said curved portions also providing variable dynamic attenuation of light passing therethrough, said dynamic attenuation being linearly related to the deformation of said curved portions in response to the load applied to the surface.
13. The sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein light passing through said curved portions is attenuated in linear relation to the load applied to the surface.
14. The sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said fiber optic material is connected to a steady state light source.
15. The sensor as recited in claim 1 wherein said fiber optic material is connected to a pulsed light source.
16. A fiber optic load sensor for sensing the load applied to a structural surface, comprising a length of fiber optic material attachable to the surface, said fiber optic material being connectable to a light source and to a light detector for detecting the light from the light source passing through the length of fiber optic material, said fiber optic material being formed to have a thickness and shaped as a repeating generally sinusoidal pattern permanently formed therein, said sinusoidal pattern having a curve radius and a curve period, said curve radius and said curve period being variable in response to the applied load, said fiber optic material further being formed to have a core formed of the first material and a cladding, interfacing said core and formed of a second material, said first material, second material, fiber optic material thickness and curve radius being selected such that light passing through said length of fiber optic material is attenuated in linear relationship to changes in the load applied to the fiber optic material over a substantial range of applied load.
17. The sensor as recited in claim 16 wherein the first material has a first index of refraction an said second material has a second index of refraction, and said curve radius being formed such that light transmitted from said core to said cladding varies linearly in response to changes in the curve radius.
18. The method of measuring the load applied to a length of fiber optic material comprising:
forming a length of fiber optic material of a selected thickness to have a core formed of a first material and a cladding formed of a second material, said core and said cladding forming an interface therebetween;
bending the length of fiber optic material to form a repeating generally sinusoidal pattern, said sinusoidal pattern having e curve radius and a curve period, said curve radius and curve period being variable in response to a load applied to the fiber optic material, the thickness and curve radius being selected such that the amount of light transmitted from the core to the cladding varies linearly in response to a load applied to the fiber optic material over a substantial load range.
19. The method as recited in claim 18 further comprising the step of monitoring a single mode of the ray paths of light passing through the length of fiber optic material.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 263,554, filed Oct. 27, 1988 (now abandoned), which is a continuation of application Ser. No 083,940, filed July 28, 1987 (now abandoned), which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 845,325, filed Mar. 28, 1986 (now abandoned).
This invention relates to an apparatus and method for measuring strain on a structural surface. More particularly, the invention relates to a fiber optic sensing system attachable to a surface where strain is to be measured and adapted to attenuate the light signal transmitted through a curved portion of fiber optic material in relation to deformation of a curved portion in response to strain applied to the surface.
Optical fibers in general are known in the art, and typically comprise a transparent core of a suitable glass or plastic material which is carried within a relatively thin cylindrical cladding having an index of refraction less than the refractive index of the core. When a light signal such as a collimated beam generated by a laser is focused upon one end of the fiber, the fiber core functions as a waveguide to transmit or propagate the light signal through the core with relatively small internal intensity losses or transmission of the signal to the cladding.
A fiber optic transducer for measuring strain or pressure has an advantage over a mechanical or electrical transducer in that it is not disturbed by electromagnetic interference at other than optical frequencies. This is particularly desirable for making measurements in electromagnetically noisy environments such as various points inside a jet engine, in electrical transmission and distribution equipment, or other environments where strong electric and/or magnetic fields may be present. Fiber optic sensors may also be advantageously formed as an integral portion of fiberglass composite structures and used to measure the structural integrity or loads applied thereto. Such fiber optic detectors are economical and durable, and introduce a minimum of additional weight to the structure.
Optical fibers of the type utilized in the present invention are characterized in that straight portions or portions having gradual bends in the fiber have little or no effect upon transmission of the light signal, thereby permitting low loss transmission through the fiber for emission at the opposite end of the fiber regardless of the number of gradual bends and turns. Practical applications of such light conductive fibers have included, for example, devices to illuminate or to permit viewing of inaccessible areas, such as areas inside the human body, or as a telecommunications link wherein the light signal is modulated to represent information that can be detected and demodulated at the opposite end of the fiber.
It has been recognized, however, that relatively sharp bends in such optical fibers can have a significant effect upon the transmissivity of the fiber core. More specifically, the presence of a sharp bend having a bend diameter on the order of a few millimeters, commonly referred to as a microbend, results in substantial attenuation of the propagated light signal. That attenuation results from scattering of a portion of the signal from the fiber core to the cladding. Most of the scattered light portion is ultimately lost to the surrounding environment. The microbending consequently causes a detectable attenuation of a light signal passing through the fiber, wherein the degree of attenuation is indicative of the curvature of the fiber.
Contemporary optical strain measurement systems include one or more optical fibers fixed to the surface where strain is to be measured. The output of such systems is typically analyzed to detect an applied load by monitoring phase velocity, crosstalk, light intensity, or interference between adjacent fibers. Such systems do not include an optical transducer, as disclosed below, designed to interact with an applied optical signal such that the attenuation of the optical interrogating signal is made to be a linear function of the applied load. Additionally, none of those systems include a load measurement system wherein the applied load may be measured by linear scaling of irregularities in an optical signal received from a fiber optic sensor. Consequently, such contemporary optical systems typically require complex processing to resolve the applied strain and may be unsuitable for application wherein the interrogating signal is modulated.
Moreover, contemporary optical measurement systems are not believed to disclose or suggest a load measurement system wherein a predetermined number of interrogating pulses of substantially identical form are progressively directed to each of a plurality of optical transducers disposed in parallal along a common optical bus.
A fiber optic load sensor and method of forming the same are disclosed for sensing the load applied to a structural surface. The sensor comprises a length of fiber optic material disposed adjacent to the surface. The fiber optic material is connectable to a light source and to a light detector. The fiber optic material includes at least one curved portion deformable in response to the applied load. The curved portion is dimensioned such that the light passing through the fiber optic material is attenuated in linear relation to the deformation of the curved portion in response to the load applied to the surface. The fiber optic attenuator may be attached to the surface without use of any surrounding frame member such that the radius of the curved portion as well as the length, or periodicity, of the curved portion is variable in response to the applied load.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a fiber optic strain measurement system formed in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the invention shown at FIG. 1 wherein the optical fiber is formed integral with the surface where strain is to be measured;
FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the invention wherein the applied load is measured by monitoring the intensity of backscattered light;
FIGS. 4A and 4B are a representation of the attenuation characteristics of the backscatter signal generated during operation of the embodiment illustrated at FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the linear attenuation region in which the fiber optic material is biased; and
FIG. 6 illustrates a network of strain sensors formed in accordance with the present invention.
An optical fiber system 10 is illustrated generally in FIGS. 1 and 2 and is adapted for use in detecting and quantifying forces acting along a length of surface 18. The system illustrated is useful in monitoring forces such as structural stress acting upon the surface of structures such as bridges, aircraft, submersible vehicles, as well as various types of pressure sensitive vessels useful in manufacturing.
FIG. 1 illustrates an arrangement for monitoring an applied load. The arrangement includes an optical fiber sensor 12, a light source 22, and a light receiver or photodetector 26. Sensor 12 includes a curved optical fiber 14, also referred to as an optical attenuator, mounted upon a substrate 16, which in turn is secured to the surface 18. In this embodiment, the optical fiber carries light from a first predetermined point along its length towards a second spaced apart predetermined point. The optical fiber includes at least one flexible curved section located between those points and is constructed such that the amount of light passing through the fiber from the first point to the second point, through the flexible curved section, varies with changes in the radius of curvature of the curved section, at least within a limited range of curvature. The period of the fiber refers to the distance between locations along the length of the fiber wherein the characteristic curve and direction of the fiber occur. The fiber 14 may be formed to have a uniform refractive index, or may include portions having different refractive indexes, as explained below.
The optical fiber 14 is preferably shaped to include a plurality of curved portions, which curved portions portions collectively form a serpentine pattern. The fiber may be formed to have a uniform index of refraction along its length. The curved portions are pre-formed at the desired curve radius before the fiber is applied to the surface where the load is to be measured, as discussed below. The curved or microbend regions of the fiber normally cause a steady state ejection of light from the core of the fiber into the cladding. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, rays propagating in the straight section of the fiber at an angle less than a critical angle may have their angle of incidence on the core cladding interface increased by the bends, and thus be partially transmitted into the cladding. Surface motion due to tension or compression is communicated to the curved fiber and will introduce minute additional bends or straightening of the fiber, causing a modulation in the light transmitted through the fiber core beyond the normal attenuation of the light signal the minute additional bending or straightening of the fiber, caused by surface motion, affect the radius of the curved portion such that the curve portion such that the curve radius becomes wider or narrower. As the curve radius becomes wider or narrower the length or periodicity of the curved portion will correspondingly vary. The "periodicity" is the distance between points along the length of the fiber located 360� apart. Changes in bend radius and periodicty will result in substantial changes in the attenuation of light signal transmitted through the fiber optic material.
In conventional application for optical fiber cables, i.e., transmitting information between two points, the usual requirement is to minimize light losses through the fiber. Many commercially available fibers are currently fabricated in a manner so as to reduce such attenuation losses, attributable to factors such as the mode stripping affect resulting from ray impingement angle changes upon the core to cladding interface as the sensing fiber is bent, i e , the Snell angle changes. Various fiber characteritstics such as fiber diameter, fiber construction (e.g., glass or plastic fibers), numerical apperture and degree of bend will affect the attenuation characteristics of the fiber 14. However, for fiber optic sensor applications of the present invention, unique properties may be enhanced that could be considered detrimental for information transmittal; such as enhancing the microbend affect and increasing fiber flexibility.
As stated previously, there is a varying amount of light loss resulting from the bend in an optical fiber, such that this bending loss can be used advantageously to monitor load, and can be extremely sensitive to small changes in certain relevant parameters. Any fiber of the described type can be made to cease transmitting entirely by bending it sharply enough. How small the bend radius must be in order for the loss to be appreciable will depend upon the light wavelength and fiber parameters according to the following relation: ##EQU1## nc =core index n=cladding index
a=core radius
β=mode propagation constant
R=bending radius
λ=light wavelength
From this relation, it can be seen that the change in bend loss can be used to measure environmental changes, if either the core or cladding indices, or bending radius, change with the applied load. However, this expression gives the loss only for the one mode whose propagation constant is β, so that for a multimode fiber the loss of each mode is separately calculated, and summed to give the total loss. In general, only the modes very near cutoff will have an appreciable loss, so the best load sensitivity will be attained in a single mode fiber monitor.
FIG. 5 illustrates the attenuation characteristics of several different fibers. FIG. 5 illustrates the transmission characteristics of a 400 micron (0.0016 inches) plastic clad silica (PCS) fiber; a 600 micron (0.0124 inches) PCS fiber; and a 1000 micron (0.04 inches) plastic fiber. As demonstrated at FIG. 5, each of the fibers tends to reach a saturation point with respect to the signal output. Additionally, the signal output from each fiber generally decreases as the bend diameter decreases and may ultimately result in breaking the fiber, as illustrated with respect to the 600 micron and 400 micron fibers.
In between the fiber saturation limit and the smallest bend diameter that the respective fiber can accommodate exists a generally linear region wherein changes in bend diameter (and associated changes in periodicity), responsive to the applied load, are generally linearly related to the signal output for a constant input light signal. For example, the 400 micron fiber exhibits generally linear response characteristics when the fiber bend diameter varies between one quarter inch (1/4") and three quarter inches (3/4"). The 600 micron fiber exhibits generally linear response characteristics between three eights inches (3/8") and one inch (1"). The 1,000 micron fiber exhibits substantially linear response characteristics when the bend diameter varies between approximately three eighths inches (3/8") and seven eighths inches (7/8").
Static losses through the serpentine shaped fiber may be disregarded in some applications, e.g., where light source 22 emits a constant light signal, such that the detector 26 and display 28 respond only to the variations in intensity of the signal resulting from a variation in the bend diameter due to the application of load on the surface 18. By forming the optical fiber 14 to have bend diameters corresponding to the linear portion of the characteristic response curve for that particular fiber, i e., biasing the fiber at or near the center of the linear operating region, the detected attenuation of the received signal can be readily converted to a value representative of the deformation of the fiber 14 responsive to the load or strain applied to surface 18. For example, where the 400 micron fiber is provided with a bend radius of approximately one half inch (1/2"), it will demonstrate linear response characteristics where the stress induced bend of the fiber caused the bend radius to vary between one quarter inches (1/4") and three quarter inches (3/4"). Accordingly, the precise shape of the fiber 14 is chosen such that, for a particular size and composition of the fiber utilized, the fiber is essentially biased to a linear region of conductivity wherein the physical displacement of the fiber 14 due to the application of strain upon surface 18 is linearly translated to attenuation of the light signal received at receiver 26. It is to be understood that selection of materials, the size of the optical fiber, and other factors that affect the existence and parameters of the linear region of attenuation may be varied in order to utilize the invention in a specific environment, or for different applications.
Moreover, it is also understood that the relation between the applied load and the deformation of the curved fiber portions may vary with the composition of the structure supporting the fiber 14, as well as other environmental conditions. In the simplest case, the relationship between applied load and the fiber deformation is a linear function. Unless otherwise specified, such a linear relationship will be assumed in the discussion below.
As previously mentioned in connection with FIG. 1, optical sensor 12 comprises a substantially serpentine shaped optical fiber 14 mounted on a substrate 16. The substrate 16 may be formed of any of a variety of materials such as glass, various types of plastics or plastic clad silica. The substrate 16 is fixed to the surface 18 such as by gluing or taping, such that variations in the contour of surface 18 in response to applied load are communicated to the optical fiber 14 to thereby vary the shape of optical fiber 14.
Light source 22 may be a coherent or noncoherent light source, and may operate in either the visible or infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The light source 22 is coupled at the first end, or input 20 of optical fiber 14, and may be located at any desired distance from fiber 14. Similarly, the second end, or output 24 of optical fiber 14 is connected to a detector, i.e., photodetector 26, that also may be disposed at any desired distance from sensor 12. The output of the photodetector is typically amplified by an amplifier (not shown) and passed to an output terminal, to which any suitable piece of equipment may be connected to utilize the information emplaced on the optical signal by the transducer. A power supply (not shown) supplies electrical power to the light source, the photodetector and the amplifier, and may be portable.
The light source 22 may be constructed in any convenient form; however, two forms are presently preferred. Firstly, a constant intensity output may be supplied from the light source, i.e. a steady state light source having an output amplitude that exhibits only negligible change over a period of time. Secondly, the light source may supply a train of constant amplitude pulses at a sufficiently high repetition rate. In the latter case, amplitude modulation of the pulse train produces pulse amplitude modulation that may be suitable for use directly by some audio systems. The presently preferred device for performing this light modulating function is a light emitting diode. Such components are readily available, consume a minimum of power, may be easily adapted for use in optical fiber systems, and may be operated continuously or may be pulsed.
Photodetector 26 is preferably constructed to detect variations in the intensity of the light signal transmitted through fiber 14 and generate a responsive electrical signal that is communicated to a display device 28, which may be an oscilloscope, a meter, a printer, or other similar device. Photodetector 26 may be implemented as a photodiode which for economic reasons is preferably of the non-avalanche type. A typical photodiode which is suitable for use in this application is model SGD-040A silicon photodiode produced by EG&G, Inc., Bedford, Mass. The photodiode converts the incident optical power into an electrical signal containing the information derived from the optical signal which may then be amplified by the detector amplifier (not shown). The detector amplifier provides sufficient gain so that its output may be utilized in whatever succeeding apparatus is connected to the output terminal.
Referring to FIG. 2, the construction indicated therein is generally identical to that illustrated at FIG. 1, with the exception that the optical fiber 14 is shown embedded into the surface where the load is to be measured, rather than attached to the surface by means of a supporting strip 12. Though it is envisioned that the construction illustrated at FIG. 2 may be used in conjunction with various types of surfaces, that construction is believed to be particularly useful where the surface 18 is formed of a composite material such that the fiber 14 may form an integral, load bearing portion of the surface.
FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention for measuring the load applied to a surface. That embodiment includes an optical time delay reflectometer (OTDR) 34 operative to generate and direct light signals to the curved optical fiber 14 and to receive light signals reflected from fiber 14 via optical signal delay element 40. The embodiment illustrated at FIG. 3 also includes a signal processor 35 adapted to receive information from OTDR 34, and to detect and measure variations in the reflected optical signal attributed to or applied to the material under study. Signal processor 35 is operative to translate the detected variations to compute the applied load.
OTDR 34 includes a light source for generating a light signal, e.g. a pulsed light signal through the fiber 14, and a photodetector for detecting the intensity of backscattered light reflected back through the fiber 14 as a function of time. OTDR 34, in cooperation with processor 35, thus provides an indication of backscattered light intensity for each point along the length of the fiber, thereby enabling measurement of the load applied at various points along the surface corresponding to locations along the length of fiber 14.
The unloaded attenuation in backscattered light intensity at each microbend is sensed by the OTDR 34, in cooperation with processor 35, indicate the location and magnitude of the attenuation, thereby identifying the location and magnitude of the force acting upon the structure. Optical power intensity attenuation PL1 and PL2, illustrated in FIG. 4A at distances "D1 ", and "D2 ", along the length of the fiber 14, correspond to the magnitude of the static attenuation attributable to the microbends under no load conditions, i.e., the normalized load. Optical power intensity attenuation PL3, shown at FIG. 4B represents the power loss attributable to the same microbend as represented b PL1, with a load applied. The difference in power loss between PL1 and PL3 is identified as ΔPL, the dynamic power loss. In accordance with the present invention ΔPL corresponds linearly with deformation of the curved fiber attributable to the load, and consequently corresponds to the magnitude of the load applied. The output of the photodetector can be scaled to provide a direct reading of the strain magnitude.
In view of the attenuation characteristics depicted at FIGS. 4A and 4B, the invention operates as follows. Having bent and disposed the optical attenuator as earlier described so as to linearly attenuate any signals sent along said optical attenuator, a light signal, also referred to as an interrogating signal is communicated to the optical fiber portion 14. A return signal is reflected and attenuated to a degree linearly related to the microbend radii. The signal is processed by a processor by linearly translating the deviations in the return signal intensity to determine the unloaded characteristics as well as to measure the load applied to the material being studied. Thus, for example, if a deviation such as PL3 in FIG. 4B is greater or less than the magnitude of the deviation of PL1 , the difference in deviation may be linearly translated to derive the deformation of fiber 14, and ultimately to the applied load, in accordance with scaling factors corresponding to the particular construction and environment of use. By sending a series of interrogating pulses and subsequent processing of the data received, the present invention permits monitoring of the changes occurring at the fiber 14 over a period of time by comparing or linearly scaling the deviations to provide a comprehensive analysis of the load applied to the material being tested overtime. Furthermore, if a plurality of fibers 14 are used, and the results correlated, a comprehensive picture of the entire surface may be perceived. It is anticipated that the results of such an analysis may in turn be used to regulate control functions that affect the applied load. Thus, for example, information relating to the applied load along an aircraft surface may be communicated to an aircraft controller, such as Auto Pilot 48 shows at FIG. 6, to permit automatic adjustment of the aircraft control surfaces in response to the load. One exemplary system for regulating aircraft control surfaces in response to a sensed load is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,422,180 for Control Signal Transmitter Apparatus Particularly for Aircraft. It is to be understood, however, that various control systems may be utilized in conjunction with the present invention other than the system disclosed in the cited reference. Moreover, it ia also to be understood that the present invention may be used in conjunction with various manufacturing processes wherein the process may be regulated in response to sensed pressure conditions.
FIG. 6 illustrates a sensor network comprising a plurality of interconnected optical fibers 14, as illustrated at FIGS. 1 and 2. In the network illustrated at FIG. 6, each fiber 14 is preferably disposed adjacent a discreet portion of the surface where strain is to be measured. Separate circuits may be formed to interconnect additional strain sensors elsewhere on the same surface, or on a different surface. The various circuits may be interconnected to a multiplexed light source, or reflectometer, in order to isolate the fiber 14 responsible for a variation in conductivity in any circuit.
The arrangement depicted in FIG. 6 includes a plurality of the above-described sensors arranged in a network. The fiber optical system of FIG. 6 invention comprises an OTDR 34; critical timer 50; signal processor 46; autopilot 48; optical delay element 40; an optical bus 54; a plurality of optical pulse routing switches 56; optical conductor 44; and a plurality of optical fibers 14, each having a first and 30 and a second and 32. The basic principles of the presently described network system are analogous to those earlier described, that is, a pulse or signal is generated by a light source and directed toward the optical sensor for attenuation and subsequent analysis by OTDR 36 and processor 46 in conjunction with critical timer 50. However, additional elements are included to deal with the new problems which arise with the integration of signals from a plurality of sensors.
More specifically, a signal generated by an optical pulse generator is initially passed along a connecting bus to the individual sensor system to be tested. In accordance with the present invention, the optical pulses may be distributed such that each succeeding pulse is directed to a different one of the fibers 14 until each fiber has been pulsed. The sequence may then be repeated. Moreover, each pulse preferably passes through only one of the optical fibers 14, thereby eliminating interference from pulses passing through other fibers. That selective diversion of pulses from optical bus 54 may be accomplished in several different ways.
By encoding or addressing the signal or optical pulse as it leaves OTDR 34, the signal may be made specific for an individual sensor system. Upon encountering the pulse routing switch for an individual fiber 14, the pulse routing switch may recognize the encoded signal and selectively route the optical signal onto the sensor circuit with which it is associated, for interaction with the optical sensor it contains. By this means each individual fiber 14 can be separately addressed and normalized.
In the alternative, uniform pulses may be sent to the optical bus 54 In this embodiment the optical pulses are not encoded and selective routing is effected by the action of switches 56, which, for example, will divert only the first pulse received at the switch, until each of the switches have progressively been activated.
Upon return of each reflected signal the load magnitude and locational information may be determined to normalize each load analysis and compute the load applied to each fiber 14 as previously described. The return signals can also be compared with each other to determine the stresses or loads, or rates thereof, across the material to be examined.
By putting additional multisensor circuits in parallel with the first circuit and electronically multiplexing the sensed signals, it is possible to further extend the invitation to easily measure complex strain fields of interest.
As described above, the foregoing description represents only the presently preferred embodiment of the invention. Various modifications and additions may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention, which is intended to be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
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Israel's U.N. Ambassador Ron Prosor said on Sunday there was no kidnapped Israeli soldier, dismissing a televised announcement in the Gaza Strip from Hamas's armed wing that it had captured an Israeli soldier during the fighting in Shejaia.
"There's no kidnapped Israeli soldier and those rumors are untrue," Prosor told reporters at the United Nations as the Security Council held an emergency meeting on the escalating crisis between Israel and Palestinians.
Reporting by Michelle Nichols; Editing by Michael Urquhart
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text:
Georgia Peach Cobbler
|For filling
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|3 Tablespoon
|Fresh lemon juice
|1 Tablespoon
|Ripe peaches
|3 Pound, peeled, pitted, and thickly sliced (8 Large Sized)
|For biscuits
|All purpose flour
|1 1⁄2 Cup (24 tbs)
|13 Teaspoon (1/4 Cup Plus 1 Teaspoon)
|Baking powder
|1 1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Baking soda
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Ground cinnamon
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Ground nutmeg
|1⁄8 Teaspoon
|Cold butter/Margarine
|4 Tablespoon, cut into pieces
|Heavy cream/Whipping cream
|13 Tablespoon (3/4 Cup Plus 1 Tablespoon)
1. Prepare filling: In 3-quart saucepan, combine sugar and cornstarch. Stir in lemon juice and peaches. Heat to boiling over medium-high heat, stirring. Remove from heat and keep warm.
2. Meanwhile, preheat oven to 400°F. Prepare biscuits: In large bowl, combine flour, 1/4 cup sugar, baking powder, baking soda, salt, cinnamon, and nutmeg. With pastry blender or two knives used scissor-fashion, cut in butter until mixture resembles coarse crumbs. Add 3/4 cup cream, stirring just until mixture forms soft dough that leaves side of the bowl.
3. On lightly floured surface, knead dough 6 to 8 times. With floured rolling pin, roll dough into 1/2-inch-thick rectangle. Cut dough lengthwise in half, then cut crosswise into fourths to make 8 biscuits. With pastry brush, brush with remaining 1 tablespoon cream and sprinkle with remaining 1 teaspoon sugar.
4. Reheat filling until hot. Spoon into 11" by 7" baking dish or shallow 2-quart casserole. Arrange biscuits on top of filling. Place baking dish on foil-lined cookie sheet to catch any overflow during baking. Bake until biscuits are lightly browned and filling is bubbling, 20 to 25 minutes. Cool on wire rack 30 minutes. Serve warm.


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text: http://news.softpedia.com – OpenTTD, an open source simulation game based upon the popular Microprose game "Transport Tycoon Deluxe" written by Chris Sawyer, is now at version 1.3.1 RC2. OpenTTD has improved the original game in many areas, starting with the maps, which are now 64 times bigger than they were in Transport Tycoon Deluxe. Highlights of OpenTTD 1.3.1 RC2: • The content menu list now appears faster; • An infinite recursion loop that occurred when freeing ... (read more) (IT news)


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The Magazine
Birth of an Army
With the Iraqi forces in Ramadi.
Jul 24, 2006, Vol. 11, No. 42 • By DAVID BELLAVIA, OWEN WEST and WADE ZIRKLE
American troops have heard that before, of course. Since early 2004, when defense department officials first began touting Iraqi leadership in battle, U.S. soldiers have been wondering where exactly this phantom was, sometimes bumping up against a group of insurgents and sarcastically shouting, "It's the ICDC [Iraqi Civil Defense Corps], leading from the front again!" Here in Ramadi, it's real.
Enemy mortars echo in a concrete canyon, too distant for accuracy, but plenty close for the shock waves to cause the Iraqi soldiers to hunch. The quick radio chatter that follows marks the new relationship; American Marines fighting on the flank are trading information with the Iraqis, who control their own large piece of the battlefield.
Their infantry skills aren't perfect. Iraqis carry their weapons every which way, and they enter buildings like horses out of the gate, often bumping into one another. American units drill urban movement to exhaustion; Iraqi squads may discuss it over sweet chai tea. Yet, when they search a building, they confidently rip detonation cords from under rugs and blasting caps from corners and belt-fed ammunition from hidden cupboards. Iraqis find in minutes all kinds of suspicious or incriminating items that even a polished American unit would have missed.
A junior Iraqi enlisted man, called a "Jundi," recognizes the signal to halt given by his sergeant, or "Areef." He kneels and immediately lights a cigarette. His mustache is the best indicator of his rank. The Jundies wear scraggly, almost pre-pubescent mustaches. The Areefs wear thicker ones, but not as bushy as the officers'.
It isn't your classic combat halt. Some Jundies remove their helmets to wipe their brows, and others ignore roads they should be securing. But they have the guts to look for contact. And in a Sunni city like Ramadi, where the populace is vacillating between murderous thugs on one side and the soldiers of a Baghdad government perceived as unfriendly on the other, the Iraqi army's willingness to brawl is essential to winning people to its side.
An Areef notices a young civilian ambling toward his platoon. "Why don't you join us?"
The local shakes his head, making a cutting gesture across his throat. Attrition for an Iraqi unit assigned to Anbar comes not so much via the sniper or IED as it does the relentless, deflating threat of retribution. If a face in a uniform is recognized, murder ripples through the soldier's entire social network. During a recent leave, 46 Iraqi soldiers out of 370 did not return to their unit. Half of the absent returned weeks later, but the permanent AWOLs are only replaced by constant recruitment, of the kind the Areef was doing.
"Relax. I still have my head," the sergeant jokes. He points to an American reporter accompanying him. "The Americans sew it back on that good, you don't see?"
The local laughs nervously and hustles down a street. In battle, the line between the humorous and the macabre is blurry. In the Al Anbar counterinsurgency, the line between inquisitive local and insurgent is even blurrier.
The first objective of the Ramadi "squeeze" is the Haj Dahr Mosque, whose minaret has been used to give American and Iraqi positions away under the guise of calls to prayer.
The mosque is entered and cleared by Iraqis who do not fire a single round. They're soon scrubbing floors, repairing broken windows, and filling two-week-old and two-year-old bullet scars with putty. They scrawl a message on a sign near the entrance: "This is a house of prayer and will be used to worship."
A reporter asks one of the soldiers, "You guys know there is a war going on, right?"
"Some things are more important than war," he says.
On the Ramadi battlefield, the American military is torn between using firepower to destroy enemy strong points and befriending the family asleep next door. The Iraqi army has problems, but the perception of cultural destroyer isn't one.
As one American Army officer stated, "If the Iraqis want to enter a mosque that they believe is harboring the enemy, they can just do it. A U.S. soldier would need the approval of a three-star general to do the same thing."


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I have made this delicious side dish for years and everyone loves it. I like to add something red to make it really beautiful looking. Red bell pepper or pimientos are great.
Unless it's fresh-off-the-cob, corn on its own is generally an average side dish ... just ok. So I was expecting lively, dancing flavors with the bell pepper, onion, curry AND sour cream. Whil...
I did this recipe twice this week. Emjoy by all..Only thing I would suggest is check your curry. I have a medium level so I used less then what the recipe calls for.


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36 year old man | Rodeo, CA, USA | Seeking women 25-32 within 50 miles of Vallejo, CA
May the Best of your past be the worst of your future!!!
I am a hard-working simple man. I enjoy the simple things in life being around my family, taking my neices on special trips to the zoo and such, and hanging out with my friends for a beer or two. I like being with that special someone wheather it be at the house watching TV or out on the town. I dont speak much, but I listen a lot. Actions speak louder than words. I dont judge people, and I have been known to be "too nice". I am loyal almost to a fault. I enjoy going to church. I love photography. One day I hope to have some of my work published. I like the nice things in life, but money doesn't make me happy. I would rather have nothing but have the love of a woman that truely cares for me. I love going to the mountains or the ocean and enjoying the sceanery. I love the outdoors. I love to go fishing, hunting, hiking, and camping. I am waiting for that special someone to share those special moments of life with. I am done playing games I am wanting to find someone that doesn't need to have drama in their life. Loyalty, honesty, and trustworthiness are big for me. I want someone who can get all glamed up for a night in the city. Get into her grungies and go camping, fishing, and shooting. Put on a pair of jeans and a t-shirt and go to Infinion and watch a race. Or just sit around the house, relax, and watch a movie. I am a very easy going man and I would like to find a woman that is the same.
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I like camping, hiking, outdoors, going to the beach, photography, fishing, watching football, nascar and nhra
happy endings by jim norton. The catch. Babylon Rising
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|6'0" (182cms)
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|Body type:
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|No preference
|Dark brown
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|Social Drinker
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|Native American, White / Caucasian
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scottish, german, irish, native american, and italian. Is there anything else left???
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Could it be it's fun to play football again at Southern California?
It sure seems that way with USC's 38-31 win over Arizona.
Interim head coach Ed Orgeron has brought is Cajun enthusiasm to L.A. and it seems to be catching on. You can chalk that up to what a difference a coaching change can make.
There were Trojans with "Coach 'O'" painted on their chest and it seemed USC was playing with more passion than before athletic director Pat Haden made the move to change coaches.
"Coach O was awesome," Haden said to the Los Angeles Times. "An entirely different energy for our team.
"It was just fun watching our kids having a blast. The game is supposed to be a game of joy and they played with joy tonight.""I had a blast," Orgeron said. "I think I woke up happy for the first time in my life [Thursday] morning, besides the day I married my wife and had my kids.
"I'm not a happy guy, but today I was happy. Just a feeling of happiness of being able to represent USC."
Leave it to Arizona head coach Rich Rodriquez to bring up USC's former head coach.
"And give Lane Kiffin credit. Lane recruited those guys and their talented and they played hard." Rodriquez said.
They played hard for Coach "O".
Southern California may have found another star receiver in Nelson Agholor who caught seven passes for 161 yards and a touchdown. Agholor had to step up against Arizona with All-American receiver Marqise Lee out with a knee injury.
USC quarterback Cody Kessler was an efficient 15-30 passing for 297 yards and a touchdown and no interceptions.
"It was awesome," Kessler said to the Los Angeles Times as he left the field. "It was great to come out and make a statement. I think people are excited about USC football again."
Notre Dame is next up for the Trojans.


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Tuesday, March 15, 2011
© Copyright 2015 Clayton News Daily
By M.J. Subiria Arauz
Individuals who wish to donate to disaster-relief efforts, following the recent earthquake and tsunami that devastated much of Japan and the surrounding areas should make sure the charity, or relief organizations are legitimate and reputable, said Fred Elsberry, Jr., president and CEO of the Better Business Bureau Serving Metro Atlanta, Athens & Northeast Georgia.
A 8.9-magnitude earthquake struck the country earlier this month, and was followed by a tsunami. The resulting destruction has left thousands missing, and hundreds dead, and homes, schools, factories and much of the infrastructure destroyed, or paralyzed, according to media and eyewitness reports.
"When we learn of these disasters, our natural instinct is to reach out to charities and relief efforts that can help," said Elsberry. He said donors should not only be concerned about fraud, but they also need to be sure that their monetary donations are handled by experienced charities that are equipped to jump the hurdles that must be overcome to provide assistance.
People should rely on expert opinion when they are evaluating a charity, he added. Bloggers and web sites may not have performed the adequate research needed to make sure the relief organizations, or charities they list are legitimate, or capable of providing the services they claim to provide.
Individuals should visit the BBB's web site -- www.bbb.org/charity -- to research these organizations and verify if they're accredited by the BBB, he said.
Donors should also be cautious when giving online, according to Elsberry. There are various spam e-mails that attempt to coax people to click on a link to donate, he said. Also, people should find out whether a charity or relief organization actually has staff located in the affected areas, he said.
"See if the charity's web site clearly describes what they can do to address immediate needs," he added. Elsberry said donors should consider giving directly to charities that have a direct presence in the affected area. He explained that some charities, however, do raise money to then give to relief organizations present in the area that needs assistance.
At the very least, he said, people should research the ultimate recipients of the donations, to ensure the organizations are prepared to effectively provide aid to victims. Also, he warned, be cautious of claims that promise that 100 percent of donations will assist the victims. Despite this claim, charities must meet fund-raising and administrative costs, he said.
Aside from monetary donations, donations such as food or clothing can be made, Elsberry said, but they won't get to the affected area quickly. "A money donation may be far more helpful to a charity that is responding to a crisis situation," said Elsberry, adding that the quickest way a monetary donation can get to a charity, is through the charity's web site.
More like this story
- Disaster-response donors urged to use care ( March 17, 2011 )
- BBB advises ways to wisely donate ( January 17, 2011 )
- Kroger customers donate $131,100 to Japan relief ( March 30, 2011 )
- Haiti donations qualify for immediate tax relief ( January 27, 2010 )
- Breast cancer month and making donations ( October 26, 2011 )


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