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aksky800's Profile
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Hi Anita - yes Ealing has changed quite a bit but many things are still the same nevertheless
Happy birthday Anita!
happy birthday
i am currently reading Daniel Stoffman's Who Gets In about Canada multicultural policy. still have to do lots of reading.....
Thanks for your comment on my Moab page...its a different world out there for sure...by the way I liked your Barcelona page...can't wait to visit!
Okidoki Anita That sounds great I will keep you in mind and I will try to remember to remind you when a Toronto VT meeting is planne d
Yea, I hear Iceland's a bit of a budget buster! In June hoping to cycle to India. See how it goes. Depends a bit on visas etc. Fingers crossed.
hey there!! thanks for stopping by. so i see yer in toronto, eh? i'm heading there next month :-)
A trip to Iceland will be an unforgettable experience. Whenever you're ready, ask away....I'd love to help you plan! :-)
Happy New Year 2008. Cheers from Penang, SL :)
Share your travels with the world!Join Now!
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In theory, your business's debt is an investment in its future prosperity. Learn to differentiate between debt that will advance your company's objectives and debt that won't.
By John Mulligan
Nobody starts a business with the intention of owing money, yet debt is a fact of life for most business owners. Unless you are independently wealthy, you will probably need to borrow money in order to make money. "Debt may be unavoidable when you start a business," says Patricia Stallworth, president and CEO of PS Worth Associates in Suwanee, Ga.
That isn't necessarily a bad thing, according to Stallworth. Borrowed capital can open up a lot of possibilities for your business, and debt on loans or business credit cards is tax deductible, she says.
Just because debt is inevitable, however, doesn't mean you don't need to be cautious with it. "Small businesses are notorious for defaulting on debt," says John Fair, a Houston-based financial advisor for AXA Advisors. The key is to distinguish between debt that will help you to accomplish your goals and debt that will hurt you.
Good Debt
Generally speaking, good debt is debt that will ultimately create more profit than what it will cost you to pay it back. "You go into business because you want to make a profit. If the debt will help you do that, it's good," Stallworth says.
The primary way in which debt creates profit for your business is by allowing you to pursue business opportunities that require more resources than you currently possess. "If you are using other people's money to grow your business and can pay them back, that can be a good thing," Stallworth says.
Fair says he worked with a hazardous waste company that borrowed money solely to hire one employee. "They realized they lacked a certain degree of scientific expertise necessary to take the company to the next level and land a different kind of contract than what they had been getting," he says. The company took out a loan to cover the large salary of the expert they needed and consequently landed a contract they otherwise would've lost out on.
Fair cautions that the company did a substantial amount of research and developed financial projections before taking out the loan, to feel confident that the move would pay off. Make sure the debt you are taking on is good debt by performing a cost versus benefit analysis, Stallworth says. "Is the return on investment going to be worth what you must pay in interest?" she asks.
The simplest way to ensure a loan's return on investment is to focus primarily on the return, only taking out loans earmarked for specific projects that you are confident will generate income. However, it can also pay to take advantage of good terms when you find them, regardless of whether you have an immediate need for the money. "If you can get an interest rate lower than your rate of return, get it," Fair says. "Borrow as much as your business plan dictates and what you reasonably anticipate that you will need."
Fair says that many times businesses underestimate their needs and find themselves undercapitalized down the road. However, if you go back and try to borrow more money when your business is in trouble, you may find that you are no longer able to get it. "It pays to be able to anticipate financial needs in advance," he says.
Bad Debt
Borrowing money you don't yet need can be risky, however, unless you are able to refrain from spending it until you find a project that will generate a sufficient rate of return. "You really need to have a reason for the debt, and a sense of whether you can pay it off," says Stallworth.
Overspending on space and equipment are two examples of common mistakes that lead to bad debt, Stallworth says. Spending extra money on a space that is bigger than what you need means spending more on interest too. "Keep expenses as low as possible until the business can catch up," she says.
Fair agrees. "It may not be smart to use a loan to buy brand new equipment," he says.
Another common mistake is to assume that an infusion of capital will pick up your business, without knowing specifically how that borrowed money will help. "A lot of times people assume money is the answer," Stallworth says. "If they had more money, their business would do better. You have to look objectively and make sure that there aren't other problems with your business."
And regardless of how promising an investment looks, you want to be careful about getting too far into debt. "While every industry is different, you don't ever want to be highly leveraged," Fair says. "I'd say 30 to 40 percent [leveraged] is playing it safe."


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Originally written on Tireball.com | Last updated 10/21/12
The tenure of John Farrell as manager for the Toronto Blue Jays appears to be over. The manager has been traded to the Boston Red Sox for infielder Mike Aviles. Farrell has reached what has been termed thus far as a multi-year agreement.It was no secret that the Red Sox have coveted Farrell. He will take over a club which openly clashed with former manager Bobby Valentine.Farrell had a 150-174 record during his two year tenure as manager of the Blue Jays. Boston interviewed a Tim Wallach, Brad Ausmus and Tony Pena, but it was clear from the start that Farrell was the guy they wanted.This is not the first time Farrell has been a part of the Red Sox organization. Farrell was the pitching coach for the Red Sox from 2007 to 2010. It was also not the first time he had been rumored to considered for the managerial position. The Red Sox were rumored to be considering Farrell for the position of manager following the firing of Terry Francona in 2011. Those rumors prompted the Blue Jays to ...
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YIELD: Makes 6 servings
Using a small melon baller, scoop out the top of each watermelon block. Divide feta among melon hollows. Top each block with basil.
Per serving: 111 calories, 3 g fat, 2 g saturated fat, 19 g carbohydrate, 1 g fiber, 4 g protein
Nutritional analysis provided by Self


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East Coast Greenway Alliance leaders meet in Stuart
STUART - More than 30 miles of the finished trail now partially link the Treasure Coast south from Sebastian Inlet to Jupiter.
The meeting starts at 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. at the Best Western Plus Downtown Stuart, 1209 SE Federal Highway. To reserve a seat call the Greenway Alliance Florida office at 386-547-0395.
"Trail leaders from up and down the coast will take up the challenge of extending the greenway at a time when funding for trails is down but demand has never been higher," says meeting coordinator Herb Hiller, southeast region program consultant to the alliance.
"It's precisely now that especially Floridians would give up their cars for short-distance driving if they had safe places to bike."
Florida contains the longest section of the planned greenway route, 581 miles of 2,907 altogether. That's 201 miles of the entire 767 so far in place.
Regionally, this includes 24 miles through Indian River County, six miles of the Green River Parkway Trail that crosses between St. Lucie and Martin counties, and more than a mile of the Jupiter Riverwalk that trustees Saturday evening will newly designate on site.
At 12:30, Martin County trail staff will join trustees to post the first East Coast Greenway signs on a section of trail just below Jensen Beach Boulevard.
The Greenway Alliance formed in 1991. It's a tax-exempt nonprofit corporation headquartered in Durham, North Carolina.
* * * * * For further information about the sign posting: Paul J. Bangs, P.E.. Martin County Engineering
Capital Projects Division. 772-463-2848.
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Catcher Javier Valentin declined a minor league assignment and became a free agent. I post this because the candidates for the Reds LH bench bat are so bad.
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Catcher Javier Valentin declined a minor league assignment and became a free agent. I post this because the candidates for the Reds LH bench bat are so bad.
John Fay reports on his blog that Javy is visiting the Reds and "chatting up" Dusty...
"Javy Valentin is watching the Reds take BP and chatting up Dusty Baker.
He's on my top 5 of favorite Reds. Great guy. Ill-suited for his role last year."
Stop it.
No, thanks. If that's what the Reds are looking for, I think it makes more sense to bring back Daryle Ward.
Chip, I know you've orchestrated this Dusty and Javy meeting. Stop the madness!
We most move foward, not backwards. Upward, not downward. And always twirling, twirling, twirling towards...not having Javy.
This is the epitome of the state of the Reds.
Epic fail.
We do not need 3 catchers. Could use another 3rd baseman though ;)
Bringing back Javy would just about top things off.
The Reds should trade Votto to the Dodgers for Castro. Javy & Castro will bring a title to Cincy!
I don't mind being in the minority...sometimes.... he ain't a bad lefty to have off the bench....with the catchers "we" have he wouldn't figure to see any time behind the plate anyway.
Gimme the pornstache!!
I watched Javy strikeout the other night while on MLB TV. Really awful approach. I used to not have much against Javy when he was hunkered down and taking some good swings. (That was at least 3 years ago.) Somewhere along the way he decided he was going to be a PH HR specialist. His swing is now LONGER than when he was here. I wasn't sure that was possible.
The three longest swings I have seen in person are Terrance Long, Pete Rose Jr., and Javy Valentin.
The most impressive bat that I have had the great fortune to watch (On TV) has been Chris Davis of the Rangers. Great plate coverage, Oppo power, awesome bat speed. Looking forward to watching him in an already potent lineup.


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The Ark, adjoining St Laurence Parish Church, Alvechurch, Worcestershire, B48 7SB
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PILATES Two classes Mondays 6pm & 7pm and Fridays two classes 9.30am & 10.30am. Your first session is FREE!!
PILOXING workout Tuesdays 9.30am to 10.30am. Contact Alison on 0121 448 3303 / 07790916947 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com
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ART CLASS - Hillside Art Group 2nd Wednesday of the month at 2pm. For more information contact Denise Morris on 0121 445 4185.
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CHILDREN'S DANCE CLASSES run by Jo of Kicks School Of Dance on Saturday mornings. Various classes from 9.30am.
THE ARK CAFE - CLICK HERE for more information.
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"The United States of America" United States of America by TinKan
United States of America Travel Guide: 295,042 reviews and 693,197 photos
Did you know that the Schoharie River in upstate New York runs upstream?
The first foreign country south of Detroit is Canada.
Buffalo is further east than Jacksonville, Fla. even though it is on the Atlantic.
New York is the only state that touches both the Great Lakes and the Atlantic.
Reno, Nevada is farther West than Los Angeles, California.
Western Maryland is only three miles wide at its skinniest point. This point is located halfway between Cumberland, Maryland and Baltimore, Maryland .
College Park Maryland has the oldest functioning airport in the USA. The Wright Brothers tested airplanes at this airport!
Only four of the US's 50 states still regard themselves as Commonwealths: Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts and Virginia.
The State of Kentucky has more toll roads (which they call Parkways) than any other state---9. They are Hatcher (Green River),Audubon, Pennyrile, Western Kentucky, Cumberland, Daniel Boone, Bert T Combs Mountain, Blue Grass Purchase. Of the nine, however, only four still require toll charges, Audubon, Cumberland, Daniel Boone and Hatcher (Green River).
The present population of California (32 million) is equal to that of the entire United States at the outbreak of the civil war.
If Los Angeles county were to become a state of it's own, it would rank 9th in population behind CA, TX, NY, FL, PA, IL, OH and MI.
If the Southernmost nine counties in California were to secede from the state to become a state of their own, they would rank first in population, in front of TX, NY, FL and the remainder of CA.
Lake Michigan is the largest lake in the U.S.Half of Lake Superior is in Canada...
The Statue of Liberty, which is often associated with the state of New York, actually is located (physically) in the State of New Jersey.
The State of Alabama has more navigable waterways (7) than any other state in the USA. They are the Alabama, Black Warrior, Chattahoochee, Coosa, Mobile, Tennessee, and Tombigbee Rivers; altogether a total of 1,445 navigable miles of inland waterway is available in this state.
The alpine mountain range of the Rockies and Continental Divide within the State of Colorado gives birth to three major US River systems--the Arkansas, Colorado, and Rio Grande Rivers. It also is home to the headwater streams that form the Missouri Rivers' two largest tributaries --the Kansas River (formed by the Republican & Smoky Hill Rivers) and the Platte River (formed by the North and South Platte Rivers).
It is said that the state of Oklahoma has more shore line, surrounding its many lakes, than the East and West coasts combined.
ReelFoot Lake in Tiptonville, Tennessee is the largest lake formed by earthquake
Alaska is the Westernmost and Easternmost State in the United States. It is the easternmost because the Aleutian Island Chain crosses the 180 degree Meridian which places part of the state (some of the Aleutians) in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Anchorage, Alaska holds over 1/3 of the state's population of 600,000
Alaska is not the least populated state; Wyoming and Vermont are smaller
Temperatures in Fairbanks, AK, range from the 90's in summer to -60s in winter
Highest temperature in Alaska: 100F, Highest in Hawaii: 100F
The population of Oregon is about the same as the Seattle Metro Area-around 3 million
Passenger traffic at the Portland International Airport (Oregon) has more than doubled in the past decade to over 13 million people a year
Did you know that the oldest private school in the country is the Collegiate School, located on the Upper West Side of Manhattan?
50% of the state of Florida is covered in swamp.
Ashtabula County, Ohio, has more covered bridges than any other county in the state of Ohio.
Shelby County, Tennessee has more horses per capita than in any other county in the United States.
The strongest surface wind ever recorded was 231 mph at Mount Washington, New Hampshire. It was recorded in 1934
The shortest river is the D River in Lincoln City, Oregon. It flows 440 feet from Devil's Lake to the Pacific Ocean.
The Pacific Crest Trail is 4,300 Km, or 2666 miles long.
The Great Lakes hold one-fourth of all the fresh water in the world. There is enough to cover the whole United States 12 feet deep.
The lowest point in the USA is Death Valley, California. It is 282 feet below sea level
The exact geographical center of the entire United States is twelve miles north of Medical Springs, Oregon, where Highway 203 meets Catherine Creek. This unlikely central position came about with the addition of Alaska and Hawaii as states. The actual center lies in a canyon between Burger Butte and China Cap Mountain on the Middle Fork of Catherin Creek.
Texas is also the only state that is allowed to fly its state flag at the same height as the U.S. flag.
The United States has never lost a war in which mules were used.
The San Francisco Cable cars are the only mobile National Monuments
Hang On Sloopy is the official rock song of Ohio.
The longest bridge in the USA is the bridge that crosses Lake Ponchartrain in New Orleans.
Did you know that the capital building of Georgia, in Atlanta, has a domed roof that is gold leaf. The gold is mined from the Dalonhega Mountains in North Georgia.
Domes on capitol buildings other than GA are also gold leafed, for example NJ which had their dome recovered in Gold during the 1980s.
The Statue of Liberty weighs 254 metric tons.
The Dallas/Ft. Worth Airport is larger than New York City's Manhattan Island!
Texas has more counties (254) than any other state.
The land area of Texas is larger than all of New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Illinois combined, extending 801 miles from north to south and 773 miles from east to west.
Of the nation's 10 largest cities, 3 are in Texas (Houston, Dallas & San Antonio).
Niagara Falls, on the New York-Canadian border and fed by the waters of Lake Erie, goes down 193 feet (59 meters) to feed into Lake Ontario. Enough water plunges over the edge to fill approximately 4,000 bathtubs every second!
The Liberty Bell is found in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The liberty bell rested in Independence hall until 1976 the year of the U S bicentennial. During that year in time for the 4th of July celebration a new building was constructed just to house the liberty bell. This building is entirely made of glass so that visitors can observe the liberty bell 24 Hrs. per day. When the building is closed; observers can select a button to push to here the story of this great piece of Americana on demand, electronically, in a variety of languages. This is the bell used to ring out the news of the independence of the United States of America. The bell's tones rang out for the last time on February 22, 1846, George Washington's Birthday.
On December 17, 1903, history was changed once again when Wilber and Orville Wright sent their new airplane into the air for 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
Alaska is the least crowded state in the USA with about 0.7 person per square mile (0.3 person per square kilometer).
The deepest gorge in the USA and the world is at Hells Canyon, on the Snake River, in Idaho. This gorge is 7,900 feet deep (2,408 meters).
The highest waterfall in the USA is in California's Yosemite National Park. It is 2,425 feet high (739 meters).
The highest city in the USA is in Colorado. The city, Leadville, is 10,200 feet above sea level (3,109 meters).
90% of the land in the state of Maine is forested!
The distinction of having the most rainfall of any spot in the USA and in the world goes to Mt. Waialeale, Hawaii. It receives 460 inches (11,684 millimeters) of rainfall each year!
The highest point in the USA is Mount McKinley in Alaska. The mountain is 20,320 feet high (6,194 meters).
The largest meat-eating land animal in the USA and in the world is the Alaska Brown Bear.
Wyoming became the first place in the USA to allow women to hold office and vote. This was in 1869, even before Wyoming became a state.
You can stand in four states at the same time at Four Corners. Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona make up these four states.
If you are standing in Rugby, a town in North Dakota, you will be standing at the center of the North American continent.
In Minnesota, there is an acre of water for every 20 acres of land!
In the early 1800's, a man named John Chapman crossed over and around the state of Ohio planting Apple seeds. We know him better as Johnny Appleseed.
Lake Superior, one of the Great Lakes, is the largest body of fresh water in the USA and in the world. It is 1,333 feet deep (406 meters).
Okefenokee Swamp, in southeast Georgia and northern Florida covers 681 square miles (1,764 square kilometers).
The Appalachian mountain chain stretches all the way from northern Alabama up to northern Canada, though it is known by different names along the way.
The Statue of Liberty was a gift to the people of the USA from the people of France in 1884. The famous statue, situated in New York Harbor in New York State is 151 feet 1 inch tall (46.05 meters).
Reviews (6)
I have never seen so many churches in and around a city as I had found here in St Louis. There are plenty of places to... more travel advice
The town on the Nevada side is not that big and most of the people live on the other side (Arizona) of the river but you... more travel advice
I lived here in this little town of Mayberry for a year and it was such a great little hidden town of the great big... more travel advice
This is my home town.... No better place in the world. AND YES PEOPLE DO LIVE HERE. No matter where I travel in the... more travel advice
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Great idea for the 'hello' listing. Sorry I have nothing else to offer, I have a hard enough time remembering how to say hello in Italian. Pa (mapakettle)
Ahh..I love my commonwealth state :) The Liberty Bell was rung after 1846. Prior to June 6, 1944 the bell was gently rung seven times, once for each letter in the word victory, the rings were recorded and played for the troops prior to the invasion.
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Learn more about Glowing 7-Color LED Digital Alarm Clock and Thermometer:
|This alarm clock glows in seven different colors with the use of LED lighting. It displays the time, day of the week, date and temperature and has an alarm and sleep function. An excellent clock fun for any room.
Customer Reviews of Glowing 7-Color LED Digital Alarm Clock and Thermometer
Terrible and cheap4/19/2013
My customer couldn't wait to return this to me. It's cheaply made, and would have been outdated in the 80s. I would avoid this unless you have an absolute desperate need for a cheap alarm clock. Not recommended at all - there are other, much better alarm clocks available.
Good value.7/24/2012
It's a basic clock. It tells time, date and temperature. It has an alarm. Big numbers makes it easy to read. It glows different colors when you push it down. It is very light weight made out of cheap plastic. I don't know how sturdy it is over time, but for the price you can't go wrong and my daughter loves it.
Like it7/1/2012
I like this product
Looks simple and nice6/15/2012
Worth for buying. Looks decent, simple and nice!!
It's a good product6/15/2012
I started loving it right out of the box. All different color lights. Kids love it.
The color light doesn't work at all6/3/2012
The color light doesn't work at all
Review Correction4/17/2012
Correction - The clock can indeed stay backlit. That was user error that I posted in an earlier review. You still cannot select a color, it cycles through all, but you CAN make it stay on constantly which I did not realize before (if you have this probably too, it is stuck in "Demo" mode). That said, it is rather bright and awoke me and my husband 3-4 times during the night so we again have it turned off. All in all not a bad clock for the price.
This Clock Is Awesome!3/20/2012
For $5.72 This clock is absolutely the best. I love the different colors and it also display the temp! It's definitive worth the money even if it was 20.00 dollars! My boyfriend and I love this clock. Our's broke and was looking for something inexpensive! Soooo Glad I got this instead of what I was going to get!
This Alarm Clock is exactly what I was looking for! It is perfect in every way! It does glow in 7 different colors and it is absolutely amazing. I have never seen anything like this which really makes this clock fantastic! I am so glad I got this. Now I actually wake up on time, and this clock has really made an impact in my life. Buy it right now!!
good value10/7/2011
Great value for the price. Needs 4 AAA batteries thou and it does not come with an AC charger.
Not bad for $6.3410/5/2011
I took a chance and purchased one of this unit. The item is very fragile, it is not made out of hard plastic. However, it is very nice unit, it changes colors, illuminating soft different colors and for the price, it is a great deal. Not the best gift item but it feels cheap but after it is displayed, it is very nice. I would recommend this unit for self home use. My wife likes it.


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Obama Administration Officials: No Coup In Egypt
The Obama administration told lawmakers that it won't declare Egypt's government overthrow a coup… Click here to watch the Video. (Also a conversation on the implication of Egypt's coup) .
by Debbie Menon
It is language.
You can say anything you like. Call it what you like and, yes, the ignorant and ill-informed will believe you if you say it forcefully and frequently enough, especially while standing in front of an altar, a flag or some such token of symbol of Truth, and Sincerity.
We have had many re-definitions; Richard Nixon on what constitutes a "crook," and a criminal "conspiracy".
Bill Clinton redefining "sexual" activity, and Tito Gonzalez and George Bush on defining "torture."
Common sense, if such exists, should be able to help us discern the difference between a slug and a sunflower; advance and retreat, reduction and increase, crooks, liars and sages, sex and a handshake!
GEORGE Bush, Tito Gonzales, David Levin, Keith Olbermann, many others have had their chance to speak, and their words to say on waterboarding and " torture; "we do not," "…we do, but it is legal." "It is not," "It is…" etc.
If you've ever been dunked under water and held there by someone who you know does not like you and who doesn't give a jot for your life or survival (I have not been), I would expect we would be able to discern the difference between a playful dunking in the swimming pool and an attempted drowning while tied to the end of a board.
If you call something which is not good by a different name, it may not become exactly good, but then, it is no longer "not good."
Torture becomes legal, "creative interrogation"; kidnapping becomes "rendition." C'mon! My common sense tells me better.
Words, and the reassignment of definitions to words. An overhaul of the English language to suit the expedient of the day, that's all!
Keep them as ignorant and as uninformed as you can for as long as you can. And you can torture them with your own tortuous terms which can be made to sound as if they mean anything you want them to say. But it will hardly turn being slowly drowned on the end of a board into a swim meet, or diving event.
It would appear that "common sense" is not so common anymore. In fact, it's becoming a rare, very rare, commodity throughout the world—particularly in North America.
An adjunct to Truth and Beauty, it is of no use in the politics of today's world.
I expect a spade is a spade, but then, I would not be surprised if someone suddenly told me that a spade is a derogative racist term invented by us Muslim apologists to denigrate one of a different race, and was a racist remark, like Apartheid or Holocaust!
Don't people read dictionaries anymore?
I remember when I was 10, sitting in my mother's big "easy" chair by the window, reading from her big, thick red Webster's. I never got all the way through it, it had no plot or storyline at all and was boring for the most part, but I enjoyed reading about words and what they meant.
I guess words don't mean those things anymore. Maybe, in this world where individualism is so important, we can write our own definitions, and if someone doesn't like them, then we can holocaust, apartheid, genocide, or just kill them all, ship them out or ban them from a web.
Or, we can brand them an anti-Semite and destroy their intellectual credentials and no one will ever listen to anything they ever say again.
Barb Weir is the pseudonym of a writer and social justice advocate in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Egyptian takeover not a "coup"; ketchup still a vegetable
If the military takeover in Egypt is a coup d'état, U.S. law requires the suspension of $1.5 billion in aid per year, second only to the more than $3 billion annual gift to Israel. If ketchup is not a vegetable, U.S. school meals may be violating nutritional guidelines.
In order to answer these questions, I consulted Professor I. Ben Lyon, chief lexicontortionist in the office of White House Press Secretary Jake Arney. Here is a transcript of our conversation:
Barb Weir: Professor Lyon, I've never heard of a lexicontortionist. What exactly do you do?
Lyon: I invent new definitions for old words. For example, I shrunk the definition of torture to almost nothing during the Bush administration. I also changed ketchup from a condiment to a vegetable. Or take the phrase "legitimate government". It used to mean one that is elected through free and fair elections.
Barb Weir: What's wrong with that?
Lyon: Unfortunately, a communist regime was elected in Chile through free and fair elections, as was the Hamas Islamic party in the last Palestinian elections. We therefore changed the definition of legitimate government to "one that is elected through free and fair elections and is acceptable to the U.S. and Israel".
Barb Weir: What about coup d'état? I understand it has gone through some changes.
Lyon: Yes, it used to mean the overthrow of a government. However, the U.S. passed a law denying support to a regime that comes to power through a coup d'état. At that point it was taken to mean overthrow of a legitimate government, i.e. acceptable to the U.S. and Israel. That worked fine until Egypt.
Barb Weir: What do you mean?
Lyon: The Muslim Brotherhood not only came to power in Egypt through free and fair elections, but it agreed to be co-opted by the U.S. and Israel. They agreed to uphold all the agreements of the Mubarak government, maintain a friendly business climate for foreign corporations, keep good relations with Israel and even repress Palestinians.
Barb Weir: So what's the problem?
Lyon: It's Muslim, Barb. It encouraged and inspired Islamic movements in other places. Vilifying Muslims is a big part of U.S. and Israeli foreign policy, so they had to go. Unfortunately, that constituted a coup d'état even by U.S. standards, which meant suspending aid to a military government that the U.S. had encouraged and helped to seize power. That's where I come in.
Barb Weir: What was your solution?
Lyon: I suggested changing coup d'état to cou d'état. The first is French for "overthrow of state" while the second means "neck of state". If you look at a map, you'll see that, unlike Thailand, Egypt has no neck, so there would be no requirement to suspend aid.
Barb Weir: Brilliant!
Lyon: I'm glad you think so. They actually opted to make no determination at all, and to avoid having to stop aid that way. Basically, they said, "We know it looks like a coup, but it isn't if we don't say so, and we've decided not to say so." I don't mind. At least ketchup is still a vegetable.
Source: http://glossynews.com/top-
Debbie Menon
Her main focus are the US-Mid-East Conflicts. Her writing has been featured in several print and online publications in the Middle East. She is committed to exposing(AIPAC) the Israel Lobby's control of American policy for the Middle East. Control which amounts to treason by the Zionist Lobbies in America and its stooges in Congress, and that guarantees there can never be a peaceful resolution of the Middle East conflicts, only catastrophe for all, in the region and the world.
Her focus is Israel's drift towards greater oppression of the Palestinian people; the political deceptions and crisis in Syria and Ukraine; the cold hard facts about America's so-called 'war on terror' and grim future; countering the propaganda war towards Iran & Russia and calling attention to, the new, developing, promising, strategic alliances as a consequence.
Her mission is to inform and educate the public on issues of the US/Middle East conflicts that are unreported, underreported, or distorted in the Zionist ownedAmerican Media.
Her writing reflects the incredible resilience, almost superhuman steadfastness of the occupied and oppressed Palestinians, who are now facing the prospect of a final round of ethnic cleansing.
Her mission is to inform and educate internet viewers seeking unfiltered information about real events on issues of the US/Middle East conflicts that are unreported, underreported, or distorted in the American media.
Her purpose is to look at the current reality from a different and critical perspective, not to simply rehash the pro-US/Israel perspective, smoke and mirrors that has been allowed to utterly and completely dominate Mainstream discourse.
PS: For those of her detractors that think she is being selective and even "one sided," tough, that is the point of her work, to present an alternative view and interpretation of the US-Israel-Middle East conflict, that has been completely ignored in mainstream discourse and denied the US public. Oh, and she is not Muslim or Palestinian and not married to one either! She is practicing Roman catholic.
Latest posts by Debbie Menon (see all)
- Israel Lobby Conference: How big is the Lobby ? - April 13, 2015
- US Declassifies Document Revealing Israel's Nuclear Program - March 26, 2015
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text: late 13c., prouesse, from Old French proece "prowess, courage, brave deed" (Modern French prouesse), from prou, later variant of prud "brave, valiant," from Vulgar Latin *prodem (cf. Spanish proeza, Italian prodezza; see proud). Prow was in Middle English as a noun meaning "advantage, profit," also as a related adjective ("valiant, brave"), but it has become obsolete. "In 15-17th c. often a monosyllable" [OED].


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Off-duty cop shot own son as son fatally stabbed mother
Police say an off-duty police officer has shot and killed his son as the son fatally stabbed his mother at their Md. home
Associated Press
GAITHERSBURG, Md. — Police say an off-duty police officer has shot and killed his son as the man fatally stabbed his mother at their Maryland home.
Montgomery County police spokesman Capt. Jim Daly says the officer fired at his 25-year-old son Wednesday night after he saw him attack his mother with a sharp object in the family's Gaithersburg home. The woman — the officer's wife — was critically injured and later died at a hospital.
The reason for the fight was not immediately known.
The officer's name has not been released, but Daly says he is a sergeant and 27-year veteran of the department. He has been placed on administrative leave, which is standard.
Police say they will release more information after other family members have been notified.
Gaithersburg is a suburb of Washington, D.C., northwest of the city.
Copyright 2014 The Associated Press
Copyright 2015 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
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A method for determining the viscosity and relative change of viscosity of a fluid over plural shear rates caused by a decreasing or increasing pressure differential resulting from fluid flow to a defined chamber in a capillary system. The flow of liquid through the capillary restriction, the pressure variation rate and known dimensions of the system can be used typically by a processor to determine a rheological property of a fluid.
1. A method for screening or determining a variation in viscosity of a fluid, the method comprising:
a) providing a fluid sample to a reservoir placed in a thermostatic control system;
b) placing a capillary in fluid communication with the fluid sample, wherein the capillary has a first end and a second end with a substantially uniform diameter over a predetermined length, the first end being submerged in the fluid sample to be measured, the second end attached to a manifold having at least one selectable valve, the capillary together with the manifold and the at least one selectable valve define a chamber of predetermined volume;
c) actuating at least one selectable valve attached to the manifold to allow an oxidative gas to enter into and pass through the manifold and capillary;
d) inducing the sample into the capillary by rapidly generating a dynamic differential pressure in the chamber thus allowing the sample to flow from the reservoir through the capillary;
e) detecting pressure change of the chamber as a result of the fluid flow; and
f) relating the rate of pressure change to the variation in viscosity.
2. The method of
wherein μ is the apparent viscosity, R is the radius of the capillary, L is the length of the capillary, t is time measured of the interval, ΔP is the pressure measurement over the interval and V is volume measured over the interval.
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. A method for measuring a relative increase in viscosity in a plurality of fluid samples comprising:
a) providing a plurality of fluid samples into individual reservoirs, wherein the reservoirs are placed under thermostatic control;
b) providing a plurality of capillary systems which provide a flow path for the fluid sample in a reservoir, each system having a capillary tube having a first end and a second end with a substantially uniform diameter over a predetermined length, the first end positionable and submerged in the fluid sample, the second end attached to a manifold having at least one selectable valve thereby defining a chamber of predetermined volume, the manifold having a pressure sensor;
c) actuating at least one selectable valve attached to the manifold on each capillary system to allow an oxidation gas to enter into and pass through the manifold and capillary;
d) switching the actuation in step c) and suddenly inducing the sample into the capillary by rapidly generating a dynamic differential pressure in the chamber thus allowing the sample to flow from the reservoir through the capillary;
e) detecting pressure change of the chamber as a result of the fluid flow; and
f) relating the rate of pressure change to an apparent viscosity property.
9. The method of
10. The method of
The present invention is directed to a method for determining the viscosity and relative change of viscosity of a fluid over plural shear rates caused by a decreasing or increasing pressure differential resulting from fluid flow to a defined chamber in a capillary system using an alternate pressure viscometer device. The flow of liquid through the capillary restriction, the pressure variation rate and known dimensions of the system can be related, typically by a processor, for determining a rheological property of a fluid. More particularly, the process can monitor the relative increase of apparent viscosity with regard to oxidative thickening.
Rheology is branch of physics dealing with the deformation and flow of matter. It is particularly concerned with the properties of matter that determine its behavior when a force is exerted on it. Thus, it is concerned with the study of the change in form and flow of matter, embracing viscosity, elasticity and plasticity. The present application is directed to the subset of fluid dynamics concerned with the flow of fluids, primarily liquids in Newtonian and non-Newtonian regimes. Rheological relationships can provide a direct assessment of processability, are useful for monitoring and controlling a process, are a sensitive method for material characterization (such as changes to the molecular weight), and useful for following the course of a chemical reaction or changes to a fluid in simulated conditions. Rheological measurements allow the study of chemical, mechanical, thermal effects, effects of additives, or the course of reaction byproducts. All measurements of viscosity involve imparting motion to a fluid and observing the resulting deformation of that fluid.
Viscosity is a physical property that characterizes the flow resistance of a fluid. It has been defined as a measure of the internal friction of a fluid where the friction becomes apparent when a layer of fluid is made to move in relation to another layer. It is the resistance experienced by one portion of a material moving over another portion of the material. Viscosity is commonly used to characterize petroleum fluids, such as fuels and lubricants, and often they are specified in the trading and classification of petroleum products. Kinematic viscosity for petroleum products is commonly measured in a capillary viscometer by a standard method such as the ASTM D445 standard. The ASTM D445 standard involves measuring the time for a fixed amount of liquid to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary under a reproducible driving head and a closely controlled temperature. In practice, this method has some challenges due to size limits of the apparatus, due to geometry, the relative sample size, and difficulty in changing shear rates. In addition, the calibrated glass tubes are fragile, difficult to clean, and relatively expensive. Therefore, it is undesirable to use a capillary viscometer for samples which would tend to diminish the repeatability of the capillary tube for example by coating the tubes, since these tubes would need to be removed and cleaned or disposed of prior to reuse. Changing glass capillary tubes in the ASTM D445 standard is a cumbersome and delicate procedure with a process delay since the replacement glass capillary and temperature bath must come to equilibrium.
Viscometers commonly are separated into three main types: Capillary, rotational and moving body. Most of these viscometers can produce viscosity measurements at a specified constant shear rate. Therefore, in order to measure the viscosity over a range of shear rates, one needs to repeat the measurement by changing the parameters (such as height, capillary tube dimensions) for capillary tube viscometers, by changing the rotating speed of the cone or cup in rotating viscometers, or changing the density of the falling object in the moving body viscometer.
The capillary tube viscometer has been principally defined by the Hagen-Poiseuille Equation especially for Newtonain fluids. In a Newtonian fluid the shear stress is proportional to the shear rate, and the proportionality constant is called the viscosity. To measure viscosity with a capillary tube viscometer, the pressure drop and flow rate are independently measured and correlated to some standard fluid of known viscosity. The three general types of glass capillary viscometers most frequently used include the modified Ostwald types for transparent liquids (Cannon-Fenske routine), the suspended level type for transparent liquids (Cannon-Ubbelohde types) and the transverse-flow for transparent and opaque liquids (British Standard BS U-tube reverse flow). While there are precise instructions for operating each of the above capillary viscometers, generally all follow the same set of basic steps. The test sample is inserted into the viscometer and temperature controlled. After reaching test temperature the test sample is allowed to flow under gravity past two timing marks with time recorded on the calibrated capillary tube. Thus, the driving force is the hydrostatic head of the test liquid. The viscosity is calculated as a product of the flow time and the calibration constant. External pressure can be applied to many of the capillary viscometers to increase the range of measurement to enable the study of non-Newtonian behavior.
The present invention is directed in part to a method for determining the rheological property of a fluid, such as viscosity and relative change of viscosity of a fluid, over a plurality of shear rates caused by a decreasing or increasing pressure differential resulting from fluid flow to a defined chamber in a capillary system using an alternate pressure viscometer device. The flow of liquid through the capillary restriction, the pressure variation rate and known dimensions of the system can be related, typically by a processor, for determining a rheological property of a fluid. More particularly, the process can monitor the relative increase of apparent viscosity with regard to oxidative thickening. Accordingly, disclosed is a method for screening or determining a rheological property of fluid comprising:
Rheological measurements allow for the study of chemical, mechanical, and thermal treatments, the effects of additives, the course of a reaction, and can be used to predict and control numerous product properties, performance aspects and material behavior. A particularly preferred rheological property is viscosity and/or variation of viscosity. The viscosity can be determined empirically using a suitable equation for Newtonian or non-Newtonian flow or from correlation using a calibration reference material which follows the same model under similar conditions. The measurement cycle of steps c) through f) can be consecutively performed to provide a more continuous insight into the viscosity or viscosity change of the fluid. Preferably, steps c) through f) are sequentially repeated under the control of a computer. The variation of viscosity can be affected by introduction of an oxidation gas in step c) under oxidative conditions: e.g. at a temperature from about 100� C. to 200� C., preferably 150� C. to about 180� C. The variation of viscosity can be continued until an oxidation breakdown parameter is determined, for example a relative viscosity increase (20%, 25%, 50% etc), a time period, or to preset viscosity limit, etc.
Another aspect is directed to a method for measuring viscosity or related rheological properties of a plurality of fluid samples comprising:
A capillary system can be employed in the method of the present invention. Thus, this aspect is directed to a method for measuring a relative increase in viscosity in a plurality of fluid samples comprising:
Other objects and many of the intended advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated by reference to the detailed description in connection with the accompanying drawings.
The capillary 120 provides a restriction to flow path and is selected to be a suitable length to mitigate end effects and of a cross section suitable to achieve laminar flow in the region. The capillary 120 is conveniently selected as being a long thin circular tube, commonly a needle. The capillary can also be selected such as to resemble a cylindrical annulus defining an annular region between two coaxial circular cylinders or a narrow slit formed by two narrow walls. Preferably, the capillary is a capillary tube.
The capillary 120 is connected by a manifold 130 to a selectable valve 140. The capillary 120 together with the manifold 130 and the valve 140 define a chamber of a predetermined volume. The volume of the chamber can be determined empirically, calculated, or by other suitable methods. In operation, the chamber receives a portion of the test fluid 110 which flows through the capillary 120 under the influence of a difference in pressure across the capillary system. The driving pressure can be positive pressure or vacuum, however it is important that the driving force be reproducible and relatively fast acting onto the chamber. The chamber is outfitted with a pressure sensor 150 which can be used to record the differential pressure in the chamber during a measurement cycle. The differential pressure can be output for data acquisition and control and to a computing device for recordation and further manipulation. The selectable valve 140 can be a single valve, such as for example a three way valve which conveniently can be in communication with a regulated pressure source 160, a second pressure source 170 and the pressure gauge 150. In a preferred aspect the regulated pressure source 160 and the second pressure source 170 are offset by more than one selectable valve 140 such as 142 EV1 which can be a normally closed electrovalve and 144 EV2 which can be a normally open electrovalve, wherein the electrovalves can be controlled by a data acquisition device and controller 180. The electrovalves are selected to be relatively fast acting valves, with valve actuation occurring in fractional seconds.
The pressure sensor device 150 converts said pressure measured to an electrical signal, typically a voltage or current capable or being converted to a digital signal for processing by a data acquisition and controller device 180. Typically the electrical signal output by the pressure sensor is a direct current voltage, being in the order of several volts. The output signal can also be direct current amperage, measured in milliamps. The pressure sensor can be used to measure differential pressure for example between the chamber and ambient pressure. The data acquisition and controller device 180 is used to convert the electrical signals to digital data for further computation with a computer 190, commonly a personal computer. Most typically, the conversion is analog to digital conversion. Modules combining data acquisition device, a control device and a computing device are commercially available.
The regulated pressure source 160 provides the motive force for inducing a test fluid 110 to flow through the capillary 120 and into the chamber. The regulated pressure source 160 is discontinuous in a test cycle, it is quickly applied to a predetermined setpoint to create a differential pressure which is dynamic and changes as test fluid 110 is induced into the chamber. Particularly preferred is a regulated reduced pressure source 160, such as a vacuum source. Regulation of the vacuum source may be accomplished by numerous methods known in the art. In one aspect, the reduced pressure source employs a vacuum pump 162 coupled to a vacuum tank 163 equipped with a vacuum tank pressure gauge 165. The vacuum tank is regulated around a set point by at least one vacuum tank selectable valve 164; typical set points are from −50 millibars to −150 millibars and have a desired precision from about +/−1 millibar around the set point. The vacuum tank pressure gauge 165 measures the vacuum in the vacuum tank 163, when this measure is greater than the desired precision, a controller 180 can open a vacuum tank selectable valve 164 and optionally commence operation of the vacuum pump 162 for a period of time until the vacuum regulation is within the desired precision. In a similar fashion if the vacuum tank is a pressure lower than the desired precision, a gas can be introduced into the vacuum tank.
A second pressure source 170 is coupled to at least one selectable valve 140 and used to evacuate the test fluid 110 from the capillary 120. The second pressure source is regulated in flow and pressure using suitable techniques. These parameters are not critical and selected under suitable conditions to induce the test sample to evacuate the capillary system and thus are selected with reference to the regulated pressure source 160. Typical parameters are around 0.5 bar (from about 0.1 bar to about 5.0 bar) and around 1.0 liter/hour (from 0.1 liter/hr to about 5 liters/hr). A convenient second pressure source 170 is selected from the group consisting of compressed gases such as air, nitrogen, oxygen, helium, NOx and the like. Particularly preferred is an oxidative gas and thus the test fluid 110 can be profiled by viscosity change in reference to oxidation. During operation, the second pressure source flow and pressure can be adjusted to slowly bubble a gas through the test fluid. In this method of operation, the device of the present invention can be used to study oxidative effects or the effects of nitration on a test sample or a battery of test samples. Thus, for example test samples may be evaluated for oxidative performance or nitro-oxidative performance in real time. In this aspect, the second pressure source 170 is integrated into the operation and serves the dual function of evacuating the test sample from the capillary and to serve as an oxidative gas source.
An alternate partial schematic configuration of the apparatus of the present invention is illustrated in
An apparatus employed in the method aspect of the present invention may comprise a capillary having a first end and a second end with a substantially uniform diameter over a predetermined length, the first end disposed for fluid communication with a liquid sample to be measured, the second end attached to a manifold having at least one selectable valve, the capillary together with the manifold and the at least one selectable valve define a chamber of predetermined volume, a regulated pressure source initially applied to induce the sample into the capillary and generate a differential pressure in the chamber, a pressure sensor attached to the chamber for outputting differential pressure to a computing device, and a second pressure source coupled to the at least one selectable valve for evacuating the sample from the capillary. In a preferred operation, as the liquid sample flows through the capillary, the differential pressure in the chamber is dynamic changing as the sample flows through the capillary and preferably this is a decreasing differential pressure and thus the regulated pressure source is a reduced pressure source for example derived from a vacuum device. The reduced pressure source may further comprise a vacuum pump, a vacuum tank, a pressure gauge and a control system to regulate the reduced pressure source around a defined setpoint.
In one aspect, the second pressure source is selected to be a pressure and flow rate suitable to allow the liquid sample to be measured to evacuate the capillary prior to a measurement cycle. A preferred second pressure source is a compressed gas at a pressure greater than the pressure of the regulated pressure source. In this aspect the compressed gas is selected from the group consisting of compressed gases such as air, nitrogen, oxygen, helium, NOx. A particularly preferred compressed gas is an oxidative gas.
The apparatus is particularly suited to viscosity and/or viscosity changes. Thus one aspect is directed to a capillary viscometer for sequential measurements of a liquid sample comprising: a capillary having a first end and a second end with a substantially uniform diameter over a predetermined length, the first end disposed for fluid communication with the liquid sample to be measured, the second end attached to a manifold having at least two selectable valves, the capillary together with the manifold and the at least two selectable valves define a chamber of predetermined volume, the first valve in communication with a regulated reduced pressure source for inducing the sample into the capillary and chamber, a pressure sensor attached to the cavity for outputting differential pressure, a computing device coupled to the selectable valves and pressure sensor, and a second pressure source at a pressure suitable to evacuate the sample from the capillary. The capillary viscometer can further comprise a device to record the variation of pressure over a measurement. Furthermore a computing device can be used to process the pressure variation speed and equate to a theological property. Preferably the computing device is used to define a relationship between the pressure variation speed and viscosity using a reference fluid.
Another aspect is directed to measuring a plurality of fluid samples using a single apparatus, thus disclosed is an apparatus for measuring viscosity or related theological properties of a plurality of fluid samples, the apparatus comprising: a frame; a plurality of capillary systems which provide a flow path for the fluid samples, each system having a capillary tube having a first end and a second end with a substantially uniform diameter over a predetermined length, the first end positionable for fluid communication with a fluid sample contained in a sample holder, the second end attached to a manifold having at least one selectable valve thereby defining a cavity of predetermined volume, the manifold having a pressure sensor; at least one pressure source coupled to each capillary system through the selectable valve and adapted to induce the fluid sample into each capillary system at the beginning of a measurement and to evacuate the sample at the end of the measurement; an assembly attached to the frame for securing at least a portion of the capillary system; and a device for recording differential pressure in each manifold and relating the differential pressure to a fluid property. A preferable rheological property is viscosity.
The equations required in the calculation are derived from the following theoretical considerations, assuming that the product of the pressure in the chamber and the volume of uncharged space are constant, the Boyle-Mariotte relationship can be used to determine the total volume test fluid in the capillary and chamber at the end of the measure as illustrated in Equation 1
The Hagen-Poiseuille equation can be used to model the flow considering a fluid element in the capillary tube by derivation of relationship of the pressure drop at the capillary as a function of capillary tube geometry, fluid viscosity and flow rate. Accordingly, Equation 2:
In a more pragmatic way, a function between the dynamic viscosity (cP) and the variation of the pressure vs time (mb/s) relationship can be defined using a set of adapted calibration products. Known viscosity of reference samples can be used to calibrate the system under specific set of conditions. Using the device of the present invention the pressure variation speed (Pv) can be measured and stored by a data acquisition device for use in defining a relationship between the pressure variation speed and the viscosity. Numerous mathematical models can be employed to describe this relationship, such as using the method of least square to fit the curve to define μ=f(Pv) or using geometric mean values, etc. The generated coefficients are stored, typically in a computer, and accessed to define the viscosity of an unknown sample from this relationship. Even without calibration, the relative viscosity change can be determined using repeat measurements.
For Newtonian fluids the viscosities are independent of shear rate, thus γa=ατw or γw=μτw. For non-Newtonian fluids, the viscosities of the test samples will vary with shear rates. Numerous acceptable models have been used to define these behaviors. For example, for power law fluids, the apparent shear rate is related to the shear stress by γα=(ατw)1/n and thus μ=(4n/(α(3n+1))n(γa)n−1 and γw=α((3n+1)/4n)τw 1/n where n is a power law exponent. If the liquid behaves as a Bingham fluid, the apparent shear rate is related to the shear stress by γα=α(τw−τB1) where τB1 is given from the yields stress relation τr=(3/4)τB1 and thus μ=1/α and γw=α(τw−3β/4). If the liquid behaves as a Casson fluid, the apparent shear rate is related to the shear stress by γa 1/2=α(τw 1/2−τCA) where τr=(49/64)τCA 2 and thus μ=a2 and γw 1/2=(τw 1/2−τCA)/α, where τCA is the Casson yield stress.
In the study of lubricants and lubricating oils, oxidation is an important phenomenon that needs to be controlled to increase oil drain intervals for engine oils and maintain good lubrication of the engine during the whole length of the drain interval. Many engine tests have been and are being developed to reproduce this phenomenon and qualify engine oils with adequate performance. These engine tests are long, expensive and require big amounts of test lubricant, which produce a lot of waste.
In order to classify the performance of new lubricants, additives, and formulations; it has been imperative to develop improved laboratory tests for predicting and simulating actual engine tests response more expeditiously with improved response, in less time and with less sample. Numerous laboratory oxidation tests have been developed for many years for this purpose, but even though they use less amount of test oil, they still require several days of testing, use around 100 g of test oil and require regular sample taking to be able to follow the oxidation reaction over time. Most of the existing oxidation tests require sampling to be able to follow the evolution of key parameters such as viscosity, oxidation, and/or nitration IR peaks, TAN, metals concentration and the like. Removal of the sample for quantification during the test is difficult and changes concentration in the bulk sample, thus many methods only take a sample at the end of the test. Some other methods follow the evolution of oxygen pressure in a closed reactor (rotary bomb oxidation test, TFOUT, etc.). Typically the inhibition period is determined from measurement of oxygen absorption (e.g. in an oxidation bomb apparatus), heat of reaction (e.g. DSC), formation of reaction products (e.g. acids, peroxides, insolubles, gaseous products) and/or change in physico-chemical properties such as increase in viscosity. However, a common feature to these tests is the need for big and costly equipment and the need for handling the samples, the method aspect of this invention overcomes this problem. An aspect of the method of the present invention can be used to screen and/or evaluate the antioxidant capabilities of base oils, engine oils, and lubricating oil additives by determining the relative viscosity increase in the presence of oxidation conditions.
The alternate pressure viscometer of the present invention can be employed to provide a rapid analysis of the relative increase of viscosity in a myriad of test conditions, such as high temperature oxidation/nitration curves, dispersivity study, thermic shear of VII etc. One feature of the device of the present invention is that it is able to measure in-situ the oil viscosity during an oxidation and provide viscosity measurements in-succession and without undue interruption since the measurement cycle is automated and short.
The alternate pressure viscometer of the present invention can also be employed to quickly provide the Viscosity Index (VI) of a liquid using at least two different temperature reference points. Petroleum oils have different rates of change of viscosity with temperature. The VI is a method of representing this change, based upon comparison with the relative rates of change of two arbitrarily selected types of oil that differ widely in this characteristic. A high VI indicates a relatively low rate of change of viscosity with temperature. Conversely, a low VI indicates a relatively high rate of change of viscosity with temperature. A method for measuring the VI of an oil is described in ASTM D 2270 incorporated herein by reference. Typically the VI scale is an empirical one based upon the arbitrary assignment of VI values to two different crude oils, commonly by measuring kinematic viscosity at 40� C. and 100� C. The viscosity temperature relationship of a Pennsylvania crude was arbitrary assigned a VI of 100 and the same relationship of a Gulf Coast crude was assigned a value of 0. The device of the present invention can be utilized to measure an oil sample at two controlled temperatures for example at 40� C. and 100� C., determine kinematic viscosity from the measured pressure variation rate, as described herein above, and calculating the Viscosity Index using data from published table that are stored in a computer or by extrapolating such data.
The following examples were performed to demonstrate the performance of the device of the present invention.
This example illustrates operation of the device using a single capillary system depicted in
In this example, four petroleum oils were selected which were representative of the range of viscosity chosen to study. More particularly four polyalphaolefin (PAO) oils were chosen: PAO2, PAO4, PAO5 and PAO7. Polyalphaolefins are manufactured by the oligomerization of linear alpha olefins (commonly 1-decene or 1-dodecene) followed by hydrogenation to remove unsaturated bonds and fractionation to obtain the desired product slate. PAO's are commonly categorized by numbers denoting the approximate viscosity in centistokes at one hundred degrees Celsius. The Kinematic viscosities (cSt) at 100� C. of these products were measured with a Hubbelhod viscometer according to the ASTM D445 and transformed in dynamic viscosity (cP) by using the density of each oil (cP=cSt*density).
The capillary system employed was similar to the capillary system depicted in
The viscosity ranges and parameters set forth in this example allow quick access to study the flow characteristics and allows formulator to study simulated flow regimes encountered in monograde and multigrade engine oils according to the ASTM D445 and ASTM D5293 requirements needed in the SAE-J300. This kind of formulation data often requires three, four or more pre-blends before reaching the right viscosities, and even if the last measures have to be done in ASTM conditions, a lot of time can be gained by using this invention for the pre-blends. For example, using the device of the present invention approximately 6 minutes including the temperature stabilization is sufficient to get an average of three or four values. This compares to around 15 minutes for a single measure with the Cold Cranking Simulator (ASTM D5293) or around 20 minutes for a Hubbelhod viscometer (ASTM D445).
The device was set-up using an apparatus as illustrated in
Software and hardware for the control of the process and the signal acquisition are from National Instrument Company (Austin, Tex.): LabVIEW™ for the software and field point modules for input/output signal, with the final data sent to an Excel spreadsheet. The process is largely automatic; the operator places the oil in the reservoir, the reservoir is placed in the thermostatic bath and starts the process. At the end of the process, the reservoir has to be removed and cleaned. An auto-sampler could easily be used to make measurements one after the other automatically for number of products in different reservoirs. Commonly robotic samplers can be fitted with one or more capillary systems to sample a single reservoir or to multiple reservoirs, either simultaneously or in rapid serial mode. Numerous robotic samples are known in the art and commercially available, suitable three axis robots are disclosed for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,476,358 and 5,234,163. According to the capillary used and range of viscosity studied, the software program allows modifying the set point for the pressure, the time for applying the reduced pressure, the measurement duration, the time between two measurements, and the coefficients of the equation μ=f(P) explained below.
Measure: approximately 3 milliliters of PAO were placed in an open ended (to ambient air) reservoir which was allowed to equilibrate in a constant temperature silicone bath (or dry aluminum bath) at 100� C. degrees Celsius. The capillary was positioned to have at least one end immersed into the fluid, and then the flow rate of air was set to assure that air was bubbling in the PAO. The system was allowed to equilibrate for a period of time until the oil temperature in the reservoir is stabilized at 100� C. Due to the small quantity of oil in the reservoir, typically around 5 minutes are sufficient. To begin the measurement cycle, the regulated reduced pressure is quickly applied to the capillary and chamber to allow sample to begin to flow into the capillary tube. The reduced pressure is applied by action on the adapted electrovalve during 0.3 seconds and during the following 5 seconds the pressure variation over time is recorded. The acquisition rate is fixed to 10 values per second, the 50 values recorded look like a light curve; the computer is employed to process a linear regression on these 50 values, the slope of this line is used to define the mean of the pressure variation speed (Pv) in mb/s. After approximately 5 seconds of measure, compressed air is applied to empty the viscometer. Typically only a few seconds are required before the air bubbles again in the oil, for example here we waited approximately 10 seconds. To increase the precision of the test we repeated the measurement cycle three times and the average of the three pressure variation speeds was calculated. The reservoir was removed from the bath and the parts were rinsed with a solvent like heptane and dried before the next oil is measured according to the same procedure describe above.
After measuring the four PAO samples, the viscosities (μ) and the Pressure variation speed (Pv) are stored. Using this data and mathematically manipulating for example using the method of least squares, the equation μ=f(Pv) is defined (TABLE 1 and
This example is a presentation of some sequences of measures done on several petroleum products. The data demonstrates the repeatability of the device of this invention when it is employed to measure viscosity. These measures have been done with the single capillary system and according to the procedure and calibration method described in Example 1. The specific parameters for the capillary systems employed in this example are set forth in Table 2.
The device and parameters were not optimized; accordingly the values of repeatability described below have to be considered as the minimum of performance for the ability of this invention. Repeatability has been demonstrated for two ranges of viscosity 1-10 cP and 3,000-10,000 cP.
As used herein the following terms are defined to mean:
"Repeatability (single measure)" means: The difference between two single measures done on the same product in the same conditions by the same operator will be different of 0.048 cP (example for PAO2) only in one case out of twenty.
"Repeat. (Average of 2 measures)" means: The difference between the average of two measures done on the same product in the same conditions by the same operator will be different of 0.034 cP (example for PAO2) only in one case out of twenty.
"Repeat. (Average of 3 measures)" means: The difference between the average of three measures done on the same product in the same conditions by the same operator will be different of 0.028 cP (example for PAO2) only in one case out of twenty.
Range 3,000-10,000 cP
Oxidation Test
The following study has been done with an eight channel capillary system. It differs from the single channel capillary system in the sense that the reduced pressure part is common for the eight capillaries so the measures have to be done one after the other. At the opposite, the gas pressurized part is unique for each cell and thus, there was a requirement to splice eight flowmeters. Here we used 150 mm flowmeters with a stainless steel ball for a range of 0 to 5 Liter per hour. The gas used for this example is air.
The oxidation performance of two passenger car engine oils is studied here. Each oil has been tested four times. A sequence of the eight measures of viscosity is done every 5 minutes. From the recorded values we calculate the percent of variation of the viscosity. The test is done at a temperature of 180� C., the air was bubbled in the oil at a flowrate of 1 l/h to commence suitable oxidation conditions. The test is stopped when the relative viscosity increase reached around 20 percent. TABLE 5 gives a summary of the parameters for this example.
We used the same device as configured in Example 3; however a different secondary pressure source was used to illustrate the ability to use gas other than air for an oxidation test. Here, NO2 was selected as oxidative gas to test the nitro-oxidation performance of Natural Gas Engine Oils (NGEO). Two internal low and high NGEO reference oils are tested. Oil A is the low reference and Oil B is the high reference. Only two capillaries have been used for this test, the six remaining capillary systems were disconnected. TABLE 6 gives details of parameters for this example.
This example depicts an oxidation test. Here we investigated the behavior of a Viscosity Index Improver (VII) at 180� C. in a binary blend with a base oil. The VII selected in this test is a hydrogenated styrene isoprene and a petroleum Group 3 base oil. We include in this base oil the necessary quantity of VII to obtain a viscosity of 14 cSt at 100� C. By using two of the eight capillary devices described in Example 3, we record the viscosity of the base oil alone in the first cell and the blend of base oil and VII in the second cell. The test is done at a temperature of 180� C. TABLE 7 gives details of parameters for this example.
Recording the variation of the viscosity versus time can show other performance attributes than oxidation. In this example we study the behavior of a dispersant additive. The role of a dispersant additive in engine oil is to maintain in suspension the carbon and other small particles which can appear in the oil. This additive protects the engine against plugging.
In the same procedure illustrated in Example 3 but at a temperature of 110� C. and using nitrogen (1 liter per hour) to prevent against any oxidation effect, we compared the viscosity variation of petroleum base oil, TOTAL 330Neutral (Group 1), where 2% of carbon black is well mixed before the test to the same oil where 2% of dispersant additive coming from the alkyl succinimide family is added. The introduction of carbon black in the oil increases the viscosity. If the carbon black remains in suspension in the oil, the viscosity remains at the same level. When the carbon black settles from suspension, the viscosity will decrease.
TABLE 8 gives details of parameters for this example. A difference between the procedures described above is the quantity of oil (5 ml versus 3 ml). The larger sample is due in part because the extremity of the capillary where N2 is bubbled should be positioned approximately in the middle of the height of the oil in the reservoir and not at the bottom where carbon black decants. This positioning is to prevent against plugging the needle during a sample sequence.
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User commands and logs
Keeping Log
Many logging and user-related commands can help you check on your system and keep track of security matters. We guide you through several helpful tools.
You can tell that Unix and Linux were designed for multiple logins by all the logs and commands that provide information about users. These tools often detect the first signs of an attempt to break into your system. In an institutional environment, they can be used to check not only what resources are being used but also whether users are doing what they are supposed to be doing.
If you have done any systems administration at all, you have probably used the
adduser command. The
adduser command (Figure 1) provides a simple wizard to help you create a new account. By default, much of the work is done for you, such as automatically creating a user ID (UID). However, you can choose to specify many details for yourself with options like
--gid ID and
--shell SHELL.
Or, you might have used
useradd instead, which is less convenient for creating a new user than
adduser but can be used for editing the details of an already existing user. Both of these commands have counterparts in
deluser and
userdel, which are similar in function, but whose options are different. For example,
userdel has a
-f or
--force option that
deluser lacks. And,
userdel uses
-r or
--remove to delete the user's home directory and mail and printing spools instead of
--remove-home and automatic removal of an account's spools.
But, these are just some of the items in the basic toolkit for users and their groups. At least 10 other logs and commands present information for administrator views – some of them overlap in functionality, but all provide detailed information.
User Information in Logs
Linux stores vast quantities of information about every aspect of the system, and users are no exception. Many logs are kept in plaintext files and are viewable with commands like
less or
cat. However, many are also long, so, when you are trying to pinpoint problems, you are usually better off using the command
tail -p LOGFILE. This command displays only the last dozen lines or so of the file, which are slowly replaced as new system messages are generated.
Other logs are stored in databases, so they are best viewed using the command that has the same name as the file.
/var/log/lastlog file is a database that records the previous logins of users. Entered by itself, the
lastlog command gives a complete list of all users who are currently on the system, including system-created ones used by some daemons. Deleted users are not shown. For every user, it shows the port they are (or were) logged into and either the date of their last login or Never logged in – at least, not since the password was last changed.
However, the resulting list is long, so you'll probably want to modify it with
|less at the end of the command. Better yet, you can use
-u or
--user, followed by a login name to specify each user to include in the result by name or UID, or to specify a number of users by giving a range of UIDs with the start and end points separated by a hyphen (Figure 2).
Results can also be modified with
-b DAYS or
--before DAYS, which prints records that are older than the number of days entered. Alternatively, you can use
-t DAYS or
--time DAYS to view records that are more recent than the specified number of days.
/var/log/faillog database records the number of time that users have tried unsuccessfully to log in. The
faillog command makes two uses of the faillog database.
First, the
faillog command is used by the root user to check the number of times in which a specific user has failed to log in. This statistic is a possible sign of a partially cracked system or of a user whose account needs to be reenabled, because the system is set to disable users who make a certain number of successive login failures.
You can use either the
-a option to display information for all users or the options
-u NAME or
-u UID to specify a specific user (Figure 3). The results show the number of failed login attempts, followed by the maximum permitted on the system and the date and time of the last unsuccessful attempt. If a user has never had an unsuccessful login attempt, the date given is the earliest the CPU can display – for example: 12/31/69 16:00:00.
The second use of the
faillog command is to change how the system responds to failed logins. The options
-m NUMBER or
--maximum NUMBER set how many login failures can occur before an account is disabled; this is often set to 0 in most distributions, meaning that any number of login failures can occur. Additionally, the number of login failures for a specific account can be reset to 0 with
-r or
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NoScript Flaw
Mozilla's script blocker add-on could be putting malware sites on the whitelist.
RIP SSLv3
The Internet community officially banishes the notoriously unsafe Secure Sockets Layer protocol.
Mate 1.1 Arrives
Popular desktop environment continues the Gnome 2 legacy – with new support for the Gnome 3 toolkit.
US Government Requires HTTPS
The Obama White House has issued a memorandum telling all US government agencies they must use HTTPS for all websites and web communication.
Mozilla Signs Firefox Add-Ons
New program will dial up security for the Firefox browser.
Fedora 22 Arrives
Red Hat's community distro embraces the cloud.
Code.org and College Board Team Reach Out for Talented High School Coders
New partnership will bring more and better CS training to US schools
A Peek Inside TeslaCrypt Ransomware
Criminals offer online help over Tor network
Mumblehard Still Spams
Sophisticated malware is still present on Joomla and WordPress sites around the world.
Launchpad Gets Git
Future versions of Ubuntu's code service will support the popular Git version control system used with Linux and other open source projects.


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Daum: Inside the mating economy
Column | Oct 20, 2011
Daum: Inside the mating economy
Column | Oct 20, 2011
It's been a good weekend for the gals
Story | Mar 7, 2010
Itâs been something of a Great Dame weekend for me. First was my Saturday "Patt Morrison Asks" Q and A column with Gloria Steinem, the ground-breaking feminist, which you can read here. Whatever you think of her -- and judging from the e-mails Iâve...
Tuesday's TV Talk Shows: Salma Hayek on 'Late Night'
Story | Jun 21, 2010
The Early Show Managing diabetes. (N) 7 a.m. KCBS Today Miranda Cosgrove. (N) 7 a.m. KNBC KTLA 5 Morning News at 7 Mary McCormack. (N) 7 a.m. KTLA Good Morning America Tom Cruise and Cameron Diaz; Shawn Johnson; Macy Gray...
Brand X Files: 'Jersey Shore' boys duped. Gloria Steinem on Sarah Palin. Tasteless eatery to serve lion burgers
Story | Jun 23, 2010
Male cast members of MTV's 'Jersey Shore' duped into posing for Village Voice 'Queer Issue' cover: "They didn't know," a source told Page Six. (New York Post) Landon Donovan captures American spirit with dramatic goal: At the 11th hour, when hope was...


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The Journal Sentinel education reporters offer news and notes from their beat
Racine to interview Madison prof for superintendent job
UW-Madison professor James Shaw is the sole candidate in Racine Unified School District's complicated search for a new superintendent.
Shaw is scheduled to speak with members of the Racine community on July 28th and 29th, according to a statement the district released today.
The School Board interviewed Shaw, who directs a program in UW-Madison's Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Analysis, in closed session Monday. Earlier this week, Board President Tony Baumgardt said Racine Unified will move forward with interviewing Shaw rather than reopen a full search for an administrator to lead the district.
"We happen to have a great opportunity to interview someone who's highly experienced, who's from the state of
Shaw contacted the district's attorney last month to inquire about the opening, Baumgardt said.
Shaw served as superintendent of the Menomonee Falls School District from 1991 to 2001. Earlier in his career, Shaw worked in the Kettle Moraine and Waukesha districts.
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|21 posts found
Novice Member
Joined: 8/20/12
1. EVE has a great and mature community and its the best sandbox out there. But If you dont like open "world" PvP, forget it.
2. TSW is the best themepark nowadays imo (and in the opinion of a lot of people since its always top 3) and the skill wheel is great, but Its really a matter of taste. I love the "deck" system where you have all abilities but can only conbine a number of them. Its a lot like GW 1 a game that I really like even today. Also, TSW is not a fantasy MMO, so not for everyone, but for me its great. I am tired of elves and dwarfs.
3. GW 2 would be a good game for you, but since you had problems with the custom service (i never had) I understand youir opinion. Its a great game, but sadly they lacked in a) make a game for the funs of GW1, with a lot of horizontal progress; b) make a game for the ones that didnt like GW1, with a lot of vertical progression. Theres no endgame or skills enough... I have 7 lvl 80 chars there, with all the aesthetic things you might want, but Its very hard nowadays to play the game since Season 1 of WvWvW was terrible... and WvW is not enough for an end game.
4. You can try Wildstar, but the game is not for me. Too much like WoW and I am tired of it. But If you liked WoW, Wildstar is a better version of it, although I think they are making a big mistake with the raids concepts. Only time will tell.
The things above are just my humble opinion.


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What attracted me to this hotel was the price and its location, having stayed in other hotels in...
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What attracted me to this hotel was the price and its location, having stayed in other hotels in...
Stopped at the H-Residence for 4 nights on our way out of Thailand; everything about the hotel was...
See full review
Stopped at the H-Residence for 4 nights on our way out of Thailand; everything about the hotel was...
Customers who viewed H Residence also booked these hotels.
Rates quoted in currencies other than the hotel's base currency are subject to the rate of the international exchange. Rate may change throughout stay. Rate may reflect average nightly rate. Extra charges may apply. Incidental charges, such as room service, are not included in the rate.
The amenities and/or facilities may not be located at the hotel, but within a reasonable distance, and additional charges may apply for use. All information has been provided by this hotel and not by Orbitz
Overall score
would recommend to a friend.
Reviewer score
Would recommend
enjoyble stay
I stayed in this hotel for 8 nights while waiting for visa. The hotel is very new and very clean. Friendly staff who speak enough english to help you around. They have free internet. The area is very quiet because the hotel is not along a main
road. If you don't mind to walk a bit everything is here. Lots of different restaurans, 7 eleven, and the nice shoppingstreet of Silom. The great Lumphini Park is easy to reach. With the nearby skytrain you can get easily to the big shoppingmalls or you can take the riverferry to the touristique sides.The swimmingpool and fitnessroom is still not ready and breakfast is on the menu (but good choices) but this is certainly a place to come back to.
Lumphini Park. Nice please to relax. Also possible to go running, bicycling, canoeing or do fitness (there are even showers in the toiletarea's). Or just watch the tai chi or dancing.
First time at this hotel but not to Bangkok
What attracted me to this hotel was the price and its location, having stayed in other hotels in the Sathorn area.
While the hotel is advertised as being close to the BTS station, the fact it is not an easy walk if you are carrying heavy bags.
The hotel is situated on a soi which is a narrow lane without sidewalks. The fact is that you need to walk about 10 minutes on a couple of sois before reaching the hotel and you need to walk about 5-7 minutes from the BTS station to get to that soi which is located at the 7-eleven store on Sathorn.
It is dark at night and the soi is not really lighted up but there are some lights. Generally speaking, it is pretty safe as in most areas of Bangkok.
The room itself is good (on the small side but adequate for my needs as a single person). It is true what other travelers who stayed at this hotel say that you can hear conversations from guests at the adjacent rooms. The room is cleaned daily with the changing of the towels and pillow cases but not sheets. I also noticed that during my 3 weeks stay that most guests stayed on average a few days...2-3 or 3-4 days.
My recommendation is that the cleaning of the room includes sweeping under the bed or beds at least twice a week as well as cleaning of the windows, both of which I observed were never done.
The staff at the H-Residence were pleasant but some clearly lacked a full understanding of English. For example, I asked the girl behind the counter if the post office was open on Saturday and she said no which I found out later not to be true.
Overall, it was a very positive experience for me during my long stay and I would recommend this hotel to anyone who is looking for a 3 star hotel on a budget and doesn't mind the hotel not being on a main road.
I would also recommend that the hotel keep the pool open during the evening hours and to provide restaurant service on the roof deck which would be awesome for guests.
On my next trip to Bangkok, I would probably stay at the H-Residence.
Would not recommend
Get what you pay for- cheap, but comfortable
Pool empty, wifi down 75 of the time, lights difficult to make work with key card, but otherwise clean and comfy.
4 Night Stay
Stopped at the H-Residence for 4 nights on our way out of Thailand; everything about the hotel was ok, but nothing was spectacular. Rooms were average, more like private rooms at an upscale hostel than at a full-blown hotel.
Location was good -
about a 20 minute walk to Patpong, and about 10 minutes to the BTS Skytrain - but note that there is limited restaurant options close by. The hotel restaurant was expensive, and we only chose to eat there once, although the coffee was quite good and we enjoyed a cup or two each morning.
The rooftop pool was a plus, and helped with the hot Bangkok afternoons.
Staff were extremely friendly and helpful, and even opened our beers for us that we bought at the local 7-11.
Make use of the hotel's free tuk-tuk service; it will run you to the train station, 7-11, and any restaurants within a reasonable distance.
Great Hotel!
Alittle off the main round, and not quiet a minutes walk to the BTS. But they do provide free tuk tuk service to the main road through-out the day and well into the night.
Staff are awesome, so friendly and always ready to help.
Its a perfect
little accomodation, will definatly be visiting again!!
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