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A method is provided for determining the validity of a signal received by a GPS receiver. A signal that is unfiltered, either mathematically or electronically, is monitored to determine the variability of different occurrences of the signal. These occurrences, which may be sequential, are compared to each other in order to detect whether or not variation exists between one occurrence of the signal and a subsequent occurrence of the signal. If no variation exists, it is determined that the signal is invalid and that a loss of fix of the satellite signal has occurred. If sufficient variability exists in the signal, between successive occurrences, the signal is deemed to be valid and suitable for use to control a vehicle such as a marine vessel.
1. A method for monitoring the operation of a receiver, comprising the steps of:
determining a magnitude of a difference between two occurrences of a first signal;
comparing said magnitude of said difference to a preselected threshold value; and
identifying an operating condition of said receiver as a function of the relative magnitudes of said difference between said two occurrences and said preselected threshold value, wherein said identifying step comprises the step of determining that said receiver is inoperative if the absolute value of said difference is not greater than said preselected threshold value.
2. The method of
said first signal comprises a plurality of serial occurrences.
3. The method of
said comparing step comprises the step of subtracting one of said two occurrences from another of said two occurrences to calculate said difference between said two occurrences.
4. The method of
said two occurrences of said first signal are sequential occurrences.
5. The method of
causing an alarm to be generated when said identifying step determines that said difference is less than or equal to said threshold value.
6. The method of
said first signal is unfiltered.
7. The method of
said operating condition is the validity of said first signal.
8. The method of
said receiver is a global positioning system receiver.
9. A method for monitoring the operation of a receiver, comprising the steps of:
receiving a first magnitude of a first occurrence of a first signal;
receiving a second magnitude of a second occurrence of said first signal;
calculating a change between said first and second magnitudes; and
identifying an inoperative condition of said receiver when the degree of change between said first and second magnitudes is less than a preselected threshold value.
10. The method of
said first and second occurrences are sequential.
11. The method of
said change is determined as a function of a ratio calculated by dividing said second magnitude by said first magnitude.
12. The method of
said first signal is a representation of a speed over ground signal provided by a global positioning system receiver.
13. The method of
said degree of change is a difference calculated by subtracting said second magnitude from said first magnitude.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is generally related to the use of a global positioning system (GPS) and, more particularly, to a method for monitoring the operability of a GPS receiver in order to determine, or verify, the validity of the signals being received by the receiver from global positioning satellites.
2. Description of the Related Art
Since the initial conception of a global positioning system (GPS), with a number of satellites transmitting data for receipt by GPS receivers, many different improvements and applications have been developed. These improvements include numerous data handling and error reduction techniques and numerous strategies to increase the speed and reliability of the data transmission, reception, and handling used in the determination of a global position of a GPS receiver.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,964, which issued to Babu on Sep. 19, 1995, describes a method and system for resolving double difference GPS carrier phase integer ambiguity utilizing decentralized Kalman filters. A reference station is provided at precisely known coordinates and carrier phase data and pseudoranges for each received GPS satellites are calculated at both the reference station and the mobile GPS receiver. A communication link couples carrier phase data, pseudorange data and the known reference station position from the reference station to the mobile GPS receiver. A first Kalman filter within the mobile GPS receiver operates on GPS satellite ephemeris parameters and the calculated pseudoranges to obtain an error state vector for position and time. The GPS satellite ephemeris parameters and calculated carrier phase data are then applied to a second Kalman filter to obtain a predicted vector of velocity and clock rate error. Line of site range and range rates are then estimated utilizing the outputs of both Kalman filters and utilized, together with double difference phase measurements, to resolve the double difference carrier wave integer ambiguity providing an accurate set of coordinates for the mobile GPS receiver.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,962, which issued to Tendler on Apr. 7, 1998, describes the time since last fix annunciation system for GPS-based wireless rescue systems. It is used in a wireless emergency location system in which a cellular phone is utilized to communicate the location of an individual or vehicle by announcing position based on the output of a GPS receiver, time since last fix is computed and annunciated to permit emergency personnel to ascertain if the position information is valid. The velocity and direction of travel can also be annunciated for permitting emergency personnel to calculate the location of the phone and thus a certain individual.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,121,923, which issued to King on Sep. 19, 2000, describes a fixed site and satellite data-aided GPS signal acquisition method and system. It includes lengthening a pre-detection integration interval so that weak signals can be detected by operating coherently on captured signals. Coherency is insured by relying on the predictability of the satellite signal's data pattern. The described method significantly reduces correlation resolution time based on applying information regarding code phase delays from each satellite in view to reduce to code search space for other satellites being correlated.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,273,771, which issued to Buckley et al. on Aug. 14, 2001, discloses a control system for a marine vessel. A control system for a marine vessel incorporates a marine propulsion system that can be attached to a marine vessel and connected in signal communication with a serial communication bus and a controller. A plurality of input devices and output devices are also connected in signal communication with the communication bus and a bus access manager, such as a CAN Kingdom network, is connected in signal communication with the controller to regulate the incorporation of additional devices, such as a GPS receiver, to the plurality of devices in signal communication with the bus whereby the controller is connected in signal communication with each of the plurality of devices on the communication bus.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,407,701, which issued to Ito et al. on Jun. 18, 2002, describes a GPS receiver capable of calculating accurate 2DRMS. In the GPS receiver, GPS solutions are calculated by performing GPS measurements using a Kalman filter. The GPS receiver is provided with a computing system which calculates 2DRMS according to a predefined equation.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,485,341, which issued to Lanyi et al. on Nov. 26, 2002, discloses a method for controlling the average speed of a vehicle. The method is described with reference to selecting a desired average speed, measuring an actual speed, and maintaining a cumulative error determined as a function of the difference between the average speed and actual speed and the time over which the actual speed measurement was taken. Based on the cumulative total of speed-time error, a compensatory speed is calculated that will reduce the cumulative speed time-error to an acceptable tolerance range within a selected period of elapsed time.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,559,793, which issued to Eschenbach on May 6, 2003, describes a differential global positioning system using a coarse GPS data for a fast time to a precise first fix. A differential global positioning system (DGPS) using coarse data for the locations in space of GPS satellites for ranging to the GPS satellites and then determining a precise differentially corrected GPS location of a GPS user receiver is described. The coarse GPS data can be GPS almanac data or non-current GPS ephemeris data as long as the same data is used by both a GPS reference receiver and the GPS user receiver.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,727,848, which issued to Eschenbach on Apr. 27, 2004, describes a global positioning system using almanac data for a fast time to first fix. A system using coarse GPS orbital parameters for providing a precise GPS location is described. It includes a GPS reference receiver and a GPS user receiver. Coarse locations in space of GPS satellites are computed from almanac or old ephemeris data.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,775,615, which issued to Yule on Aug. 10, 2004, describes a method of obtaining a position fix in a GPS receiver and a GPS receiver for the same. The method comprises the steps of providing an estimate of clock offset between the GPS receiver and the GPS satellite, measuring a set of pseudoranges from the GPS receiver to GPS satellite, and either resolving the set of pseudoranges to obtain a position fix or providing an estimate of the position of the GPS receiver, resolving the set of pseudoranges to obtain a position fix correction, and obtaining a position fix using the estimate of the position of the GPS receiver and the position fix correction, wherein resolving the pseudoranges does not involve resolving the pseudoranges for either a new clock offset or clock offset correction.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,842,715, which issued to Gaal on Jan. 11, 2005, describes multiple measurements per position fix improvements. Methods and apparatus for improved position determination of a device using multiple pseudorange measurements for transmitting sources at known locations, such as GPS satellites, is described. A plurality of pseudorange measurements for each transmitting source is processed together to obtain a simplified maximum likelihood estimate for the pseudorange for that transmitting source of a common reference time.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,885,919, which issued to Wyant et al. on Apr. 26, 2005, discloses a method for controlling the operation of a marine vessel. A process is provided by which the operator of a marine vessel can invoke the operation of a computer program that investigates various alternatives that can improve the range of the marine vessel. The distance between the current location of the marine vessel and a desired waypoint is determined and compared to a range of the marine vessel which is determined as a function of available fuel, vessel speed, fuel usage rate, and engine speed. The computer program investigates the results that would be achieved, theoretically, from a change in engine speed. Both increases and decreases in engine speed are reviewed and additional theoretical ranges are calculated as a function of those new engine speeds. The operator of the marine vessel is informed when an advantageous change in engine speed is determined.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,267,068, which issued to Bradley et al. on Sep. 11, 2007, discloses a method for maneuvering a marine vessel in response to a manually operable control device. A marine vessel is maneuvered by independently rotating first and second marine propulsion devices about their respective steering axes in response to commands received from a manually operable control device, such as a joystick. The marine propulsion devices are aligned with their thrust vectors intersecting at a point on a centerline of the marine vessel and, when no rotational movement is commanded, at the center of gravity of the marine vessel. Internal combustion engines are provided to drive the marine propulsion devices. The steering axes of the two marine propulsion devices are generally vertical and parallel to each other. The two steering axes extend through a bottom surface of the hull of the marine vessel.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,305,928, which issued to Bradley et al. on Dec. 11, 2007, discloses a method for positioning a marine vessel. A vessel positioning system maneuvers a marine vessel in such a way that the vessel maintains its global position and heading in accordance with a desired position and heading selected by the operator of the marine vessel. When used in conjunction with a joystick, the operator of the marine vessel can place the system in a station keeping enabled mode and the system then maintains the desired position obtained upon the initial change in the joystick from an active mode to an inactive mode. In this way, the operator can selectively maneuver the marine vessel manually and, when the joystick is released, the vessel will maintain the position in which it was at the instant the operator stopped maneuvering it with the joystick.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,446,700, which issued to Yu et al. on Nov. 4, 2008, describes methods and apparatus for decreasing time to first fix of GPS receiver. It provides a GPS receiver which is capable of computing a local time reference without employing RTC circuitry and employing a nonvolatile storing unit to store backup navigation data, wherein the local time reference and the backup navigation data can be used to reduce the TTFF of the GPS receiver. The GPS receiver includes a nonvolatile storing unit and a positioning unit. The positioning unit is capable of retrieving the backup navigation data from the nonvolatile storing unit and computing a local time reference after the GPS receiver is powered up. The positioning unit is further capable of employing the backup navigation data and the local time reference to computing the position of the GPS.
The patents described above are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in the description of the present invention.
Under certain circumstances, a receiver can experience a loss of GPS fix. When that happens, information relating to the global position of the receiver, as calculated by the software in the microprocessor of the receiver, becomes untrustworthy. In many applications, a temporary loss of fix is not extremely serious and, if the fix is regained within a relatively short period of time, the loss of fix is sometimes not even noticed. However, in other applications, a loss of fix can be very serious. For example, when a vehicle (e.g. a marine vessel) is being automatically controlled as a function of its GPS position, a loss of fix can cause a dangerous condition. It would therefore be very beneficial if a method could be provided for quickly and reliably detecting a loss of GPS fix condition and reporting that status to an operator of the vehicle. In addition, it would be significantly beneficial if, upon the detection of a loss of GPS fix, an alarm condition could be generated to halt all potentially dangerous actions that might subsequently be taken based on invalid information calculated on the assumption that the receiver was receiving valid and reliable information when, in fact, it was not because of a loss of fix.
A method for monitoring the operation of a global positioning system receiver, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, comprises the steps of determining a magnitude of a difference between two occurrences of a first signal, comparing the magnitude of the difference to a preselected threshold value, and identifying an operating condition of the receiver as a function of the relative magnitudes of the difference between the two occurrences and the selected threshold value. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first signal comprises a plurality of serial occurrences and the comparing step comprises the steps of subtracting one of the two occurrences from another of the two occurrences to calculate the difference between the two occurrences. The two occurrences of the first signal can be sequential occurrences but this is not required in all embodiments of the present invention. The identifying step can comprise the step of determining that the receiver is inoperative if the absolute value of the difference is not greater than the preselected threshold value. The method of the present invention, in a preferred embodiment, can further comprise the step of causing an alarm to be generated when the identifying step determines that the difference is less than or equal to the threshold value. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first signal is unfiltered. The operating condition in a preferred embodiment of the present invention is the validity of the first signal.
The present invention will be more fully and completely understood from a reading of the description of the preferred embodiment in conjunction with the drawings, in which:
Throughout the description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, like components will be identified by like reference numerals.
Those skilled in the art of the use of GPS receivers to determine the position of the receiver are familiar with many different applications that can be used to detect the position of the receiver on the earth. When a GPS receiver is used to provide information relating to the navigation of a vehicle, and the propulsion of the vehicle is automatically controlled by a microprocessor that uses the GPS information, it is critically important that any type of malfunction that affects the validity of the data be recognized quickly so that corrective action can be taken and so that potentially harmful actions based on invalid data can be avoided.
Before describing the basic concepts involved in preferred embodiments of the present invention, it will be helpful if certain terminology is defined so that later descriptions are more easily understandable.
Those skilled in the art of GPS technology are familiar with many different types of sophisticated hardware and software that provide much more detailed and complex information than is described above in conjunction with
In GPS systems, several causes can contribute to the overall error of the distance measurement and the variability between sequential data values. For example, even though each GPS satellite is provided with four atomic clocks on board, a time error of 10 nanoseconds can create a position error of approximately three meters. The position of any particular satellite is generally known only to within approximately one to five meters. The signals from the satellites, which travel at the speed of light, can slow down when traversing the ionosphere and troposphere and therefore this speed cannot be known precisely or assumed to be constant in all cases. Furthermore, when the GPS receiver receives the signal from a satellite, it is generally only able to determine the time of that receipt within a range of approximately 10 to 20 nanoseconds. Unfortunately, this corresponds to a positional error of approximately three to six meters. The effects of these errors can be exaggerated if the four selected satellites are in disadvantageous positions relative to each other. This type of effect on the accuracy of the measurement is referred to as the geometric dilution of precision, or GDOPIn summary, numerous environmental, situational, and positional characteristics can introduce error into the calculation of the position of the GPS receiver. The effects of the ionosphere can account for an error of approximately four meters, clock errors can cause an additional error of approximately two meters, GPS receiver measurements can account for an additional 0.5 meters, ephemeris data can be responsible for approximately two meters, the effects of the troposphere can account for slightly less than a meter and multipath errors can account for an additional 1.4 meters of error. As is understood by those skilled in the art of GPS receivers, multipath errors are caused by the fact that the transmitted signal from a satellite can be reflected by buildings, trees, and other structures which distort the path between the satellite and the receiver. Those skilled in the art of GPS technology are familiar with all of these sources of potential error and, in recent years, various techniques have been developed to account for the errors and to accommodate them. In order to understand the basic concepts of the present invention, it is helpful to recognize the existence of these errors and acknowledge the effect that the errors have on the magnitude of the signals received by the GPS receiver. In many applications, this type of signal variability can be considered to be highly disadvantageous, but the preferred embodiments of the present invention are able to take advantage of this variability in order to be able to validate incoming signals and the data calculated from those signals. In other words, the present invention uses potentially disadvantageous error inducing characteristics for the advantageous purpose of assessing the validity of the signals processed by the GPS receiver.
With continued reference to
With continued reference to
As described above, numerous causes can result in errors in GPS data. Throughout the description of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, the term "error" is used in conjunction with GPS receiver data to describe certain effects which may not always be erroneous in the normal definition of that word. If a certain variable (e.g. the distance between a GPS satellite and a GPS receiver on earth) is obtained numerous sequential times with different results and no intervening movement of either the satellite or the receiver has occurred, obviously not all of the measurements can be correct and some of them must therefore be erroneous. Some of the "errors" are explainable for the reasons described above. In some cases, no matter how accurate a measurement system is, it must have some limitation as to its resolution. Even if that resolution is 64 bits, a slight natural variation in the measured variable beyond the 64th bit can result in two sequential measurements being different from each other. If that particular variable is multiplied by an extremely large constant (e.g. the speed of light), the difference between two sequential distance calculations can be appreciable and can contribute to a perceived "error". In some situations, this "error" in sequential measurements of the same variable may be referred to as "variation" in the magnitude of the variable. This variability is often referred to as "dither." It is this characteristic that can be considered annoying or distracting to some users of a GPS receiver. However, this same characteristic is taken advantage of by preferred embodiments of the present invention to provide a very significant benefit that enables the present invention to reach beneficial conclusions about the validity of the data being used by the GPS receiver in the automatic control of a vehicle control system. This characteristic, which is considered distracting or annoying to some users of GPS devices, is advantageously used by preferred embodiments of the present invention to perform a very valuable service that might not otherwise be available or might take much longer to achieve than is affordable in maintaining the safe control of the propulsion and guidance system of a vehicle, such as a marine vessel. In some instances, these errors are relatively minor and explainable but exist nonetheless. During the investigation of the problems associated with the results illustrated in
Although the variability, or dither, of the data is evident in
Beginning at functional block 101, the program obtains a first occurrence of a first signal. With reference to
With continued reference to
In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the occurrences of data are both serial and sequential. In other words, the comparisons are made between two sequential occurrences with one following immediately after the other. However, it should be understood that this is not always a requirement of the present invention. In alternative embodiments, the software may be designed to skip a preselected number of occurrences before selecting a subsequent occurrence for the comparison. This selection procedure should not be considered to be limiting to the present invention although a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention uses two immediately sequential occurrences of data. The example described immediately above relates to the use of the SOG for the purpose of determining the validity of the GPS receiver operation. Alternatively, the COG could have been used. Unfiltered data, such as SOG or COG in the example described above, are suitable for these purposes because the unfiltered data exhibit sufficient variability or dither to allow for the comparisons described above.
With reference to
It can be seen that a method for monitoring the operation of a GPS receiver, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, comprises the steps of receiving a first magnitude of a first occurrence of a first signal, receiving a second magnitude of a second occurrence of the first signal, calculating a change between the first and second magnitudes, and identifying an inoperative condition of the receiver when the degree of change between the first and second magnitudes is less than a preselected threshold value. The change can be an absolute value of a difference calculated by subtracting the second magnitude from the first magnitude. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the first and second occurrences are sequential but, as described above, this is not a requirement in all embodiments of the present invention.
In alternative embodiments of the present invention, the change can also be determined as a function of a ratio calculated by dividing the second magnitude by the first magnitude or vice versa. In this alternative embodiment of the present invention, the resulting ratio would be generally equal to unity if there is no change between the first and second magnitudes. The difference between the calculated ratio and the value of 1.00 would represent the variability and, as a result, the validity of the monitored signal. The first signal, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, can be a representation of a speed over ground or course over ground signal provided by the global positioning system receiver.
Alternatively stated, the method of a preferred embodiment of the present invention can comprise the steps of receiving a first magnitude of a first signal at a first point in time, receiving a second magnitude of the first signal at a second point in time, determining a degree of change between the first and second magnitudes, and characterizing the operation of the receiver as a function of the degree of change. The degree of change can be mathematically calculated by subtracting the second magnitude from the first magnitude and, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, an absolute value can be taken of that difference. The absolute value of the difference would represent the validity of the signal and subtracting a preselected value from that degree of change would determine whether or not sufficient change is observed to signify a signal that is sufficiently valid to warrant its use in a control system.
In the embodiment of the present invention described above, the signal being monitored is described as an unfiltered input received from a GPS satellite. The term "unfiltered" is used herein to describe a series of data values or magnitudes that has not undergone a mathematical or electronic manipulation that artificially decreases its variability or its amount of dither. This manipulation could occur as a result of the use of a Kalman filter. In its simplest form, the mathematical manipulation can comprise the determination of a moving average, taken over a series of occurrences, which smoothes the data. Although it is common to find a GPS receiver that filters the data for display of the longitude and latitude results while not filtering the SOG and COG results, it should be understood that alternative configurations of the software within the GPS receiver can also be used in combination with the basic concepts of preferred embodiments of the present invention. By "unfiltered" as used herein, this term indicates that the data are not manipulated to the extent that its variability can no longer be used as an indication of the continuing variation of the received data transmitted by a GPS satellite and received by the GPS receiver. In the examples described above, the SOG and COG data are unfiltered and suitable for use by the method of preferred embodiments of the present invention whereas the longitude and latitude displayed by the GPS receiver is filtered and unsuitable for these purposes.
Notwithstanding the use of the terms "filtered" and "unfiltered", it should be understood that, in certain preferred embodiments of the present invention a method for testing the validity and acceptability of incoming signals can, by its very nature, introduce a certain degree of "filtering". This is acceptable and is not considered to be filtering within that definition used herein. In making the judgment of whether or not an incoming signal is invalid because the GPS device has lost its fix, it is very beneficial to avoid making an erroneous judgment based on a coincidental inherent characteristic of the data. For example, it is possible that a perfectly valid signal, for SOG or COG as an example, exhibits two or more sequential values that are precisely equal to each other. It is necessary to avoid a premature judgment of invalidity in situations like this. It is also beneficial if a judgment of invalidity can be made rather quickly in order to avoid having a propulsion system control the movement of a marine vessel based on invalid data for an extended period of time. To avoid both of these types of error in judgment, it is sometimes necessary to make some compromises. One type of compromise is to implement an "X out of Y" criteria system. Simply stated, this type of system bases the validity judgment on an observance of X occurrences in Y observances. As an example, in order to judge the incoming signal as being invalid for loss of a fix, six occurrences of apparently faulty values must be observed within ten observances of values. As described above, a single occurrence would be determined to be faulty if no change in magnitude is observed relative to the most recent previous value. If six observances have no change in magnitude, in comparison to their previous values, within the span of ten total observances, the incoming data is judged to have lost fix. If less than six occurrences of this type are observed, the incoming data is judged to be valid. The implementation of this type of "X out of Y" methodology can, in itself, create the effect of a slight degree of "filtering". However, since this effect is caused by the methodology of judgment itself, after the data has already been received and is being reviewed, it is not considered to be "filtered" in the sense that that terminology is used in the description above.
Although the present invention has been described with particular detail and illustrated to specifically show various preferred embodiments, it should be understood that alternative embodiments are also within the scope of the present invention.
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Linus Torvalds Receives Award
San Francisco, February 16, 1995—In conjuction with its 20th year of publication, Dr. Dobb's Journal magazine honored outstanding achievement in the field of computer programming by hosting the first annual "Excellence in Programming" awards at the Software Development `95 conference. Awards were presented to Alexander Stepanov, for his development of the C++ Standard Template Library (STL) and Linus Torvalds, creator of the Linux operating system. Richard Guggenheim, honorary council of Finland, was present to accept the award for Torvalds.
In his presentation, Phil Hughes, president of Specialized Systems Consultants and publisher of Linux Journal, discussed why Linus should receive this award for the most innovative software product of 1994. "Lots of software was designed in 1995. I see the key here as being innovative. Innovation can consist of development of a new type of product. For example, Multiplan, the first spreadsheet was innovative," Hughes said.
He continued, "Linux is innovative in a very different way. While Linux is another Unix-like system, its development has been done in a totally unique fashion. Linus started the development effort but managed to continue his work in such an open manner that it made possible and even encouraged others to get involved in the effort.
Thousands of individuals have contributed to the effort to make Linux what it is today but Linus gets credit for the innovation. After all, he did manage to get these thousands of people to work on the development of Linux and the serious innovation is that he managed to get them to do all the work for free."
"The recipients were chosen based on their contribution to an area of software development that has significant impact on programmers," said Jonathan Erickson, Editor-in-Chief for Dr. Dobb's Journal. "The editorial committee was formed last year to look at and promote significant innovations in software development," explained Erickson.
Mr. Torvalds almost single-handedly implemented true innovation in operation-system kernel design while achieving 100 percent UNIX System V compatibility—something even commercially-available systems have not accomplished. Torvalds is a student at the University of Helsinki in Finland.
Richard Guggenheim accepts the award for Linus Torvalds from Jonathan Erickson.
The whole gang: Alexander Stepanov, Peter Hutchinson, Jonathan Erickson, Richard Guggenheim, Phil Hughes, Bjarne Stroustrup.
Phil Hughes delivers another pithy speech.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Thanks to the GPU-Xpander Desktop 4 with 4 PCI Express 16-Channel Slots from Cubix, you can add four PCI Express x16 slots to your computer system without overheating your computer or over-burdening its power supply. This expansion chassis is a separate hardware unit that has its own cooling fan and its own power supply, which can handle up to 1,200W of power. As such, it allows you to connect high-powered, professional-grade graphics processing unit (GPU) cards to the hardware unit that would otherwise be too taxing to run within your desktop tower PC or rack mount computer. While especially well-suited for handling GPU adapters, this unit also supports other PCIE adapters that are enabled with FireWire, USB 2.0, Gbps Ethernet fiber-optic or copper interfaces, or that are meant for professional audio applications.
To get started, you will need to plug-in the included PCIE 16x host adapter in an available PCIE slot in your desktop, tower, or rackmount computer. After, simply connect the GPU-Xpander, and power up and install the appropriate device drivers for each GPU or other PCIE adapter that you've inserted in the GPU-Xpander. You can also use the GPU-Xpander with laptops; however, you will need to buy a separately sold adapter. In terms of scalability, if your computer has multiple PCIE slots, you can install a host adapter in each slot and connect each adapter to a GPU-Xpander.
All told, the GPU-Xpander is a PCIE bus extender that won't tax your current computer and that provides a more economical alternative to buying an expensive, specialized workstation for handling your more demanding computer applications.
- PCIE Bus-Expansion
- Adds four PCI Express x16 slots
- Go from Computer to Workstation
- Convert your desktop tower computer into a workstation with multiple adapters and controllers, including high-end 3D graphics, audio, and other multi-port IO adapters such as those with FireWire, USB 2.0 or Gbps Ethernet interfaces
- Take It Easy on Your Computer
- Provides an independent life support system with its own power and cooling dedicated to the GPUs themselves, so you don't tax your existing PC's cooling capability, power supply, or violate its warranty by operating it beyond its specifications
- Economical
- Thousands of dollars less than buying a specialized, overpriced GPU-enabled PC
- No Disruptions to Your PC, Easy to Install
- Simple, quick installation with minimal impact on your desktop; just install a host adapter and graphics drivers
- Scalable
- Connect two or more GPU-Xpander units to one computer (using two or more PCIe slots available in your host computer)
- Great for these Applications
Cloud-computing initiatives
Financial trading applications
Real-time ray-tracing, unbiased physically-based rendering
Greatly enhanced transcoding performance
Scientific research
CAE / Simulations / Visualization
Image Processing (medical, video, machine)
- Supports the Following NVIDIA GPUs While Not Limited to Just These
Quadro FX 1800 / 3800 / 4800 / 5800
Quadro 4000 / 5000 / 6000
Tesla C1060 / C2050 / C2070
GeForce GTX 465 / 470 / 480 Fermi
GeForce 9800GT / 8800GT


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Located in Columbus, GA, The Greystone at Green Island Oaks offers one, two and three bedroom apartment homes. We are a pet friendly community with a swimming pool, fitness center, garages, playground and so much more.+−Preview Details
Greystone at The WoodlandsColumbus, GA 31904
The Greystone at the Woodlands offer elegant living in a natural wooded setting. We have distinctive one, two and three bedroom apartment homes for rent. Our beautifully decorated Clubhouse and Renovated Cardio-Fitness Center and Resident Business Library will assure you of the ultimate in apartment amenities.+−Preview Details
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Greystone at Country Club is a one, two and three bedroom apartment and town home community in Columbus, GA. Walk to Lakebottom Park with its fitness trail, tennis courts and ballfields. We're minutes from uptown Columbus, Blue Cross/Blue Shield, AFLAC and Total Systems. Come see our luscious landscaped grounds and affordable apartment homes.+−Preview Details


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Comment: Re:License (Score 1) 37 37
by dshiffman (#42545913) Attached to: Book Review: The Nature of Code
The code examples in the book are MIT License. It's only that you can't make money from reselling the book *text* itself. You can use all of the knowledge and source code in anything you like, commercial or otherwise.


text:
RELATED: Kasich stands by pick for jobs chief
By Marc Kovac
Calling it a "historic day," Gov. John Kasich signed into law legislation establishing a new private nonprofit that eventually will take control of the business-incentive and job-creating functions of the Ohio Department of Development.
House Bill 1 was the first legislation to reach Kasich's desk, and he signed it quickly — just two days after lawmakers in the Ohio House and Senate gave their approval.
"It will allow us to move at the speed of business," Kasich said during a signing ceremony at the Statehouse, where he was joined by Republican leaders of the House and Senate. "And it's important that we move at the speed of business for one reason: People need jobs; with jobs comes hope."
He added later, "Today is a day that is a very big step in restoring the vibrancy of our state."
House Bill 1 passed with support of Republican members of the Legislature, plus most of the Democratic members of the Ohio Senate and two Democrats in the Ohio House.
Supporters have said the bill is a first step in the process of moving the economic-development programming of the Ohio Department of Development into the private nonprofit JobsOhio, which they say will be better suited to react to businesses thinking about expanding.
JobsOhio would be overseen by a nine-member board, including Kasich and eight other individuals he will appoint.
He told reporters Friday that Mark Kvamme, a longtime friend and current director of the Ohio Department of Development, would be one of the board members.
Additional legislation will have to be passed by lawmakers later this year to complete the transfer of state programs to the new nonprofit.
As a private entity, JobsOhio would not be subject to the state's open meetings and records laws, ethics and conflict of interest rules or other requirements that generally affect state agencies.
The setup prompted concern from the Ohio Newspaper Association and other public meeting and records advocates. But Kasich tried to quell those concerns Friday.
"To the members of the media, there's no trapdoors or secret programs," the governor said. "You will have access to what happens in JobsOhio. We want to maintain privacy when it is appropriate only from the standpoint of being able to do a successful negotiation, to create jobs and not put ourselves in a position to compete against ourselves.
"JobsOhio would not be subject to the state's open meetings and records laws, ethics and conflict of interest rules or other requirements that generally affect state agencies."
Okay, first he's funding his buddy in this deal with millions... second, theres a reason for open meetings, records, ethics and conflict of interest laws... this sounds like he's going to appoint his buddies to set themselves up in business using state funds..
Don't believe that media comment ! Time will tell. And my guess it won't go any where.
OK, red flags are going up. King John is already setting things up so as to avoid all those nasty, inconvenient laws he doesn't like.
And, there are some things, such as the entire service field, that cannot be run like a business. But that's OK, "those who do not learn from history are doomed to repeat it." (Santayana) I just hope Ohio is still in one piece when we're finally done re-learning that.
Why call it a jobs bill? It is a get rich scheme for business con artists.
More like ROBSOHIO. Similar plans have failed miserably in each and every state they have been tried.
"JobsOhio would be overseen by a nine-member board, including Kasich and eight other individuals he will appoint."
Does this mean that Kasich is going to be getting another income besides the bucks he's making as governor? I'm not being ignorant, I just don't know and would like to know.
This is what you voted in !!!!! LIVE WITH IT . Did you think he was only going after the poor black in Ytown ???? FOOL
Well, it can't be worse than the old Dev guys, who were giving away tens of millions of dollars to foreign firms which turned around and hired students from their home country educated at US colleges and universities.
When I saw the words: "As a private entity, JobsOhio would not be subject to the state's open meetings and records laws, ethics and conflict of interest rules or other requirements that generally affect state agencies," I froze! This all seems so shady and backroom, I can almost smell the cigar smoke now!


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While making your weekend plans, don't forget to include Monday night.
Japanese-born Takashi Yagihashi is hosting a special dinner Monday at Takashi restaurant (1952 N. Damen Ave.) to benefit the victims of Japan's earthquake and subsequent tsunami. And a host of Chicago's top chefs are joining in.
If that sounds like a lot of star power for Takashi's small kitchen, you're correct. Indeed, some of the participating chefs will be acting as waiters. Eating Paul Kahan's food while Mindy Segal waits on you (or the other way around)? Who could pass that up, knowing that the money is going to a great cause?
The cost is $200 for the early (5 and 5:30 p.m.) and late (9:30 and 10 p.m.) seatings, and $250 for seatings between 6 and 9 p.m. All proceeds will benefit the Japanese Red Cross Society.
Reservations can be made by calling the restaurant: 773-772-6170.
Star chefs gather for earthquake-victim benefit at Takashi
Abel Uribe/Chicago Tribune


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Tyson Chandler
WATCH: Tyson Chandler Flop Gets Cousins Out Of Game
Mavericks center Tyson Chandler will likely hear from the league office after his flop late in the 4th quarter of the Mavs win over the Kings. Cousins fouled out on the play so the Kings […]
Kings Recap: Mavs Defeat Kings 108-104 in OT
By: Morgan Ragan The Dallas Mavericks ended their two-game losing streak defeating the Sacramento Kings in overtime 108-104 at Sleep Train Arena Tuesday night. Rudy Gay left the game with a left knee strain at […]
Chandler, Knicks Expect Celtics To 'Play With Pride' In Emotional Return To Boston
The Celtics need a pick-me-up after losing the opening two games of their first-round playoff series against the Knicks. The city of Boston could use one, too, after a traumatic two weeks of bombings and manhunts and grieving.
Melo, Knicks Get Rival Celtics In 1st Round
The Knicks should have their size back in time for their playoff opener, with Tyson Chandler and Kenyon Martin both on the mend.


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|« Back to Article
Steve Ballmer now official owner of NBA's Clippers
Beth Harris, AP Sports Writer | August 12, 2014 | Updated: August 12, 2014 12:55pm
Photo By Elaine Thompson/Associated PressFILE - In this Jan. 25, 2014, photo, then-Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer, left, shakes hands with former NBA players Bill Russell, right, and "Downtown" Freddie Brown as Omar Lee looks on during an NCAA college basketball game between Washington and Oregon State in Seattle. (AP Photo/Elaine Thompson, File)
Photo By Marcio Jose Sanchez/STFIn this April 27, 2014 file photo, Shelley Sterling, estranged wife of Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling, watches from a court side seat during the second half in Game 4 of an opening-round NBA basketball playoff series between the Clippers and Golden State Warriors in Oakland, Calif. (AP Photo/Marcio Jose Sanchez, File)
Photo By Danny Moloshok/FREFILE - In this Dec. 19, 2011 file photo, Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling watches the Clippers play the Los Angeles Lakers during an NBA preseason basketball game in Los Angeles. (AP Photo/Danny Moloshok, File)
Photo By Danny Moloshok/FRE
In this Dec. 19, 2010, file photo, Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling, third right, sits with V. Stiviano, left, as they watch the Clippers play the Los Angeles Lakers during an NBA preseason basketball game in Los Angeles. NBA commissioner Adam Silver banned the owner for life from the Clippers organization over racist comments in recording made by Stiviano, his then girlfriend. (AP Photo/Danny Moloshok, File)
Photo By Paul Sakuma/STFMicrosoft's Steve Ballmer, left, and Ford's Alan Mulally confer at a 2009 event.
Photo By Elaine Thompson/STFMicrosoft is seeking a replacement for Steve Ballmer as chief executive officer.
Photo By Kimhiro Hoshino/AFP / Getty ImagesMay 14, 2013: NBC's ProBasketballTalk reports that the Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer has taken the reins of the Seattle's ownership group and is beginning to cause friction between Seattle and the NBA. The report paints Ballmer as a hotheaded investor ''on a rampage'' to beat Sacramento and buy the Kings.
Photo By Markku Ulander/SUBMicrosoft CEO Steve Ballmer, left, shakes hands with Nokia's Chairman of the Board Risto Siilasmaa during a press conference in Espoo, Finland on Tuesday, Sept. 3, 2013, Microsoft Corp. is buying Nokia Corp.'s line-up of smartphones and a portfolio of patents and services in an attempt to mount a more formidable challenge to Apple Inc. and Google Inc. as more technological tasks get done on mobile devices instead of personal computers. (AP Photo/Lehtikuva, Markku Ulander) FINLAND OUT
Photo By Gary Fountain/FreelanceMicrosoft CEO Steve Ballmer, addressing Microsoft's Worldwide Partner Conference on Monday, said that the company's partners account for "in some way, shape or form," 90 percent of the tech giant's overall revenues.
LOS ANGELES (AP) — Steve Ballmer officially became the new owner of the Los Angeles Clippers on Tuesday.
The team said the sale closed after a California court confirmed the authority of Shelly Sterling, on behalf of the Sterling Family Trust, to sell the franchise to the former Microsoft CEO. Her estranged husband, Donald Sterling, had unsuccessfully fought the sale of the team he owned since 1981 in court.
The NBA Board of Governors had previously approved the $2 billion sale.
"I am humbled and honored to be the new owner of the Los Angeles Clippers," Ballmer said in a statement. "Clipper fans are so amazing. They have remained fiercely loyal to our franchise through some extraordinary times."
Ballmer added he will be "hardcore" in giving the team, coach Doc Rivers, the staff and players the support they need.
Rivers called it "an amazing new day in Clippers history," and said he's inspired by Ballmer's passion for the game.
The Sterlings have been in probate court, with Donald Sterling contesting his wife's proposed deal to sell.
Adam Streisand, Ballmer's attorney, said Tuesday that Superior Court Judge Michael Levanas signed the order authorizing the sale even if Donald Sterling's attorneys filed an appeal.
"We were ready," Streisand said. "Within minutes, the deal was signed, sealed and delivered."
He said even if Donald Sterling seeks an emergency order directing the judge to vacate his order, the attorney is confident an appellate court would agree that Levanas made the correct decision.
Ballmer, Rivers and Clippers players will attend a new fan festival announced for next Monday at Staples Center.


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(713) 796-2668
Cardiology Consultants of Houston, PLLC is a group practice that specializes in the management of cardiovascular diseases and was established in 1981. Our physicians are part of the The Texas Heart Institute, and our practice is centered at CHI St. Luke's Baylor Medical Center in the Texas Medical Center.
Our cardiologists are all Board Certified in Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine and are available for office and hospital consultations. Areas of interest and expertise include management of heart and vascular diseases including coronary disease, hypertension, heart failure, and heart transplant.
Our physicians perform some of the most complex coronary and peripheral vascular interventions, including balloon angioplasties, atherectomies and placement of stents. Management of cardiac arrhythmias, placement of pacemakers, defibrillators and monitoring devices are services offered by our practice.
The physicians serve as clinical investigators in the development of new forms of therapy for a variety of cardiovascular diseases.
We never forget that our primary purpose is to deliver the best patient experience that we can offer, and we greatly appreciate our patients who have come to us and made us their home for cardiovascular services.
Don't forget to schedule your Annual Visit! Call today to request an appointment.
Our Patient Portal provides the quickest access to our practice and is conveniently and securely available 24/7. Through our patient portal, you can update/change your information, view your clinical summaries as well as lab and imaging results, request prescription refills and appointments and send messages directly to our staff and physicians! Portal messages are monitored during the entire work day and are quickly responded to, bypassing the need for Voicemail messages and telephone tag! Login Now


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Chicago Cubs (40-55) at Arizona Diamondbacks (41-56), 8:10 p.m.
Probable Starting Pitchers: Chicago - Travis Wood (7-8, 4.96) Arizona - Wade Miley (5-6, 4.18)
(SportsNetwork.com) - The Chicago Cubs try to get on track when they resume a three-game series against the Arizona Diamondbacks Saturday at Chase Field.
The Cubs have lost three straight and nine of their last 11 games, including Friday's 5-4 setback to the Diamondbacks. The Cubs had a 4-2 lead until the D- backs forged ahead with three runs in the bottom of the sixth.
Paul Goldschmidt homered for the hosts during the decisive inning and Cubs reliever Brian Schlitter was dealt the loss. Edwin Jackson started for the Cubs and allowed three runs in 5 1/3 innings.
"I thought he minimized damage," Cubs manager Rick Renteria said of Jackson. "He looked very confident, very poised. I thought he threw the ball well. Well enough to give us a chance to win the ball game."
Anthony Rizzo homered twice and drove in three runs for Chicago.
The Cubs have lost seven of their last eight road games and are 20-33 outside of Wrigley Field this season. They hope Travis Wood can cure what ails them when he takes the mound Saturday and the left-hander is 7-8 with a 4.96 ERA.
Wood is 0-3 in his last five appearances and was reached for seven runs and seven hits in six innings of a 10-7 loss to Atlanta on Sunday. He has allowed three or more runs in each of his past five trips to the hill. Wood has a 4-5 mark in 10 road starts and is 2-4 with a 5.29 ERA in six career starts against the Diamondbacks.
Arizona began its six-game homestand on a positive note and has won five of the last eight games. Didi Gregorius went 2-for-4 with two RBI and knocked in a run during the sixth inning. Goldschmidt homered in that frame and has reached base safely in 33 of his last 34 games.
Martin Prado and David Peralta had two hits apiece for the D-backs. Trevor Cahill did not record a decision in the start, allowing three runs in five innings, while Eury De La Rosa picked up the win despite giving up a home run to Rizzo in the sixth.
"I felt pretty good," Cahill said after his first starting assignment with the team since April 13. "I was definitely a little bit nervous."
Addison Reed worked around a walk in the ninth for his 22nd save.
Wade Miley will take the mound for Arizona Saturday and he is 5-6 with a 4.18 earned run average. Miley has won back-to-back outings and tossed seven scoreless innings of four-hit ball in last Saturday's 2-0 win at San Francisco.
Miley hasn't pitched well at home this season, going 1-5 in 10 chances, but is 2-1 with a 3.90 ERA in four career starts against the Cubs. The D-backs are 4-1 in Miley's last five trips to the mound.
The D-backs, who have won four of the past six games at Chase Field, are 9-3 in the last 12 home games versus the Cubs and own a slim 3-2 lead in this season's series between the clubs.


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
29 year old woman | Ocoee, FL, USA | Seeking men 28-31 within 50 miles
Want to meet an honest and sincere gentlemen.
I am Vietnamese American, born and raised in Orlando Florida. I graduated from the University of Florida and am a gator girl. I believe I am a very understanding, down to earth, easy going, sweet loving girl. I have been told by many I am too nice which is why I need to find a guy who can compliment my kindness and not take advantage of me. I love to go out and spend quality time with friends but enjoy the simplest thing such as staying home and cuddling while watching movies or TV shows. Enjoy volunteering at the Ronald McDonald house and other activities as part of the community. Love to learn new things and meet new people. Super friendly and willing to explore what's out there. I work in a pharmacy so I am very much a health care professional. I enjoy traveling and going out for car rides. Live in Orlando so of course enjoy visiting the theme parks here often and fortunately to do so. Baking is a passion and trying to master my skills of cooking Vietnamese and American dishes... Yum. I value the respect of family and friends and I can be close to them. But I also understand the importance of being independent and living a life away from family. There is so much more but I feel like it should be said in person and not on a website. What I am looking for is someone I can grow old with and make memories I can look back on and smile. Also someone who will love me unconditionally with the same degree of passion as I will and not be afraid to express it. A man that take care of me and I will take care of him and his needs and desire. So if any guys out there looking for something similar just hit me up.
Alumni connections , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing sports , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Volunteering , Watching sports
Bowling, Dancing, Running, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'5" (165cms)
|5'7" (170cms) to 8'1" (246cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|Brown, Hazel
|Black, Light brown, Dark brown
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|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness
|No preference
|$25,001 to $35,000
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|Asian, White / Caucasian
|Buddhist / Taoist
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|English, Other
|English, Other
|Bachelors degree
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree
Environmental science with a minor in food science


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Member since Dec 2012
1 Curated Comments,
3 Total
Wow, my other self is commenting...get back in there you!! ;-)
Just fix Engineering and I'm good. ;-) Actually the fact that we have ST to debate makes me happy. Also..at …
Fix the engine room and I am good. ;-) Just happy we have ST to discuss at all!! Also @ …


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What's in it for the student: After two years plugging away at the University of Kansas' industrial design program, Brett Palmer was ready to quit higher education.
"I wasn't quite sure what I wanted to do with my life, and I didn't want to waste any more time or money while I figured that out," he said.
The small class sizes at Centriq appealed to Palmer, who said he knew he was sacrificing some career potential with the decision.
"I couldn't see myself jumping right into a top-level IT job, but you can't get that with a four-year degree, either," he said.
Within a month of graduating Centriq's program, the Shawnee Mission School District hired him as a network analyst.
What's in it for the employer: Lockton Cos. Inc. has hired at least six workers from Centriq's program.
The Kansas City insurance brokerage communicates regularly with Centriq on what skills it needs from new IT employees. This front-end investment saves Lockton time on the back end.
"We're pleased with the quality of candidates that we're getting, both from a skills standpoint and a fit to our culture, so we're not having to go through pile of sand, a pile of resumes to find people," CIO David Robinson said.
Nondegree hires typically earn less than those with degrees, he said.
"I don't want to negate the value that a four-year degree brings to an organization," he said.
College graduates often see a more accelerated career path because of their maturity and skill level, but employees without degrees aren't held back from opportunities for growth, he said.


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Book Search
A Faculty Guide to Advising and Supervising Graduate Students
This practical guide provides college and university faculty with resources for supervising and advising graduate assistants, guiding doctoral students through the dissertation process, and preparing the next generation of scholars. Exploring common situations that faculty and their graduate...
Published January 28th 2015 by Routledge
A Faculty Guide for Succeeding in Academe
All too often a culture of silence permeates academia, where faculty and administrators ignore or misunderstand difficult situations. A Faculty Guide for Succeeding in Academe is a practical guide for prospective and current faculty that addresses real, complex issues that are too often left...
Published May 29th 2013 by Routledge


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Step 2
Canopy Wagon
- Color:
- multi
Qty: 1
- 1
- 2
Please select an available size.
Please select a size.
Share This Item: Email
Description: Canopy Wagon:
- All-purpose wagon with a foldable handle
- Contains two contoured seats and deep leg with molded-in drain holes
- Features a detachable plastic canopy design
- Seat belts, hinged rear seat and extra large storage included
- Assembly required
- 75 lbs weight capacity
- For ages 1 year and up
Measurements: 40" W x 20" D x 38½" H
Care: Wipe with a damp cloth
Material: Plastic
Brand: Step 2
Origin: United States


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|Country Inns By Carlson Riviera Beach hotels are listed below. Search for cheap and discount Country Inns By Carlson hotel rates in Riviera Beach, FL for your upcoming individual or group travel. We list the best Country Inns By Carlson Riviera Beach hotels + motels so you can review the Riviera Beach Country Inns By Carlson hotel list below to find the perfect place.
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Date: 1900 ca.
Description: Five miners inside a lead mine.
Date: 1905 ca.
Description: Exterior of barn built by Nelson Dewey at Cassville, seen in about 1905 when the property was owned by T.J. Bunn. The building is now the State Farm Museu...
Date: 1869
Description: Birds eye drawing of Boscobel, Grant County, depicts street names and street layouts, houses, rivers and trees. A reference key at the bottom of the map sh...
Description: Small wooden building with water wheel, presumably a mill.
Description: Wine cellar on the Nelson Dewey estate before it was remodeled.
Date: 1938
Description: Elevated view of the Wisconsin River from Bogus Bluff. There is a tree in the foreground and sandbars in the river.
Date: 1962-05-16
Description: Wrecked and abandoned automobiles in a hidden rural hollow.
Date: 1935 ca.
Description: Text on the postcard: Hotel Oelke - on the banks of the Mississippi River, Cassville, Wisconsin. Sign on the hotel says, "Old Denniston House". This view...
Date: 1962
Description: Display of military, perhaps Civil War, artifacts in Rollo Jamison's private museum of curiosities.
Date: 1918
Description: A tree-lined road the locals know as Lover's Lane.
Date: 1925
Description: View down street towards a garage with a gas pump on the left. There is a man standing by a parked car. Two women and a boy are standing near a parked car...
Date: 1912-05-05
Description: Large group of children and adults posing outside a brick building. Some students are posing in open windows.
Date: 1872 ca.
Description: Galena (lead sulfide) was melted at this open hearth furnace owned by Richard Straw and Company on the Roundtree Branch of the Little Platte River. The men...
Date: 1890 ca.
Description: Several generations of a family posing on the porch of a house.
Date: 1921 ca.
Description: View down unpaved Main Street. A row of houses are on either side of the road, and there is a steep hill in the background.
Date: 1920 ca.
Description: Exterior of Central House, later known as the Boscobel Hotel, with cars parked outside. The Order of the Gideons was founded at the hotel.
Description: View from street of the Badger State Bank, which is on the first floor. On the second floor is a dentist's office. A telephone or telegraph pole is on the...
Date: 1945 ca.
Description: The hotel includes a sign: "Old Denniston House".
Date: 1921
Description: Several businesses in Blue River's downtown, including a drug store and a lumberyard.
Date: 1954-01-04
Description: Group portrait of Boscobel High School boys' basketball team with their coach.
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Beyond the Frame: Photography and Experimentation
14 Jun 2014
Event times
14.00 - 16.00
Cost of entry
£12 (£9 concessions)
- Bankside
- London
- United Kingdom
- www.tate.org.uk/modern/
Travel Information
- Bus: 45, 63, 100, 344, 381, RV1
- Tube: Southwark/Blackfriars
- Train: London Bridge
AboutAn International line up of artists and curators explore how photographers have experimented with processes that push our understanding of the photographic form, from experimenting with the materiality of paper and analogue processes, to the role of light, color, composition and space. The panel brings together both emerging and established practitioners to discuss processes and conceptual underpinnings, and to debate new directions in photographic practice as well as relationships to other artistic disciplines. Speakers include Brendan Fowler, Sophy Rickett and Alberto Peral. The discussion is chaired by Duncan Wooldridge, Course Director, BA (Hons) Photography at Camberwell College of Art, University of the Arts London. This event is organised in partnership with UCA Farnham and the journal Photography & Culture.
Art form
Have you been to this event? What do you think? Join the discussion here!
Remember, you can include links to your instagram pictures and to videos.


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Calories in Cooking Bag & Seasoning Blend
Wondering how many calories are in Cooking Bag & Seasoning Blend?Manufactured by Parade
Cooking Bag & Seasoning Blend
for Pot Roast
C- Grade
5 Calories
Nutrition Facts
Serving Size 1 tsp dry mix (3 g)
Per Serving % Daily Value*
Calories 5
Calories from Fat 0
Total Fat 0g 0%
Saturated Fat 0g 0%
Cholesterol 0mg 0%
Sodium 420mg 18%
Carbohydrates 1g 0%
Dietary Fiber 0g 0%
Sugars 0g
Protein 0g
Vitamin A 0% · Vitamin C 8%
Calcium 0% · Iron 0%
*Based on a 2000 calorie diet
Cooking Bag & Seasoning Blend Calories and Health Benefits
- No saturated fat
- No cholesterol
- No sugar
- Very high in vitamin C
- Very high in sodium
Get Nutritional Facts and the Health Benefits for Cooking Bag & Seasoning Blend
Related Foods & Categories
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(Celestial Seasoning) Green Tea - Bag
Allergy Remedies
Is It Possible to Go Natural?
The side effects of allergy medications keep some people from using them. Natural remedies can be a great alternative, but some are more effective than others.
The side effects of allergy medications keep some people from using them. Natural remedies can be a great alternative, but some are more effective than others.


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Today, U.S. Senators Tom Udall and Martin Heinrich and U.S. Reps. Steve Pearce, Ben Ray Luján and Michelle Lujan Grisham announced they have sent two joint, bipartisan letters to President Obama, urging him to respond quickly to separate requests for disaster assistance for the state of New Mexico and Santa Clara Pueblo.
The state and the Pueblo are asking the federal government for help with hazard mitigation and to repair public infrastructure damaged between Sept. 9 and Sept. 22. During that time, historic, record-breaking rain across New Mexico – which followed severe storms and floods in July – caused catastrophic flooding and damage in about two-thirds of the state. Two people were killed and numerous others evacuated during the rainstorms, and the Red Cross opened shelters in several counties.
Los Alamos County was one of the counties appealing for relief from the government. The county estimated it had more than $5 million in damage.
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Absolute Mediation was developed to provide a new and versatile approach to family law and divorce problems. In particular we can provide genuine initial choice and information for you to consider either family mediation options, or alternatively, for most of our clients, the traditional and established family solicitor route in respect of divorce, breakdown of relationship or legal probems concerning child care law or contact.
We also aim to respond to all enquiries within 24 hours and offer you an initial consultation without obligation.
Contact us on 02920789007 or send us an online enquiry. Alternatively send your text message to 07837007007.
We concentrate on family law issues including divorce, separation,children matters (both private law and public law) pre-marital agreements, finances,civil-partnerships, domestic violence remedies, special guardianship and schemes to assist in respect of securing potential funding.
We also believe it is always cost effective to seek advice and information at an early stage to achieve both an early cost effective, professional evaluation of matters and to secure peace of mind.
Jane Williams qualified as a Solicitor in 1987 after attending the College of Law in Chester. She also has a Masters degree in Media Studies from the Cardiff School of Journalism.
Based as a solicitor in Penarth for several years, she formally practised from 1989 until 2010, as the Litigation and Family law Partner in a large South Wales Solicitors Practice.
She has worked as a Consultant Solicitor with Sinclairslaw for the last four years. She is based in their Cardiff office although there are other offices in London, Birmingham and Penarth.
Absolute Mediation has been established to help promote solicitor- based family law in conjunction with Sinclairslaw, who are the premier education specialists for children law in the country.
An extremely versatile solicitor and Law Society accredited panel member in family law and mediation, Jane has over 25 years experience as a solicitor and daily advocacy experience in the family courts.
She is also a Resolution solicitor member and accredited mediator and as such, is committed to the Resolution code of conduct, in initially dealing with matters in a non aggressive, and indeed non adversarial manner. The code defines trying to avoid escalating legal costs and unnecessary distress, with the aim of promoting fair, equitable and amicable settlements at ideally, an early stage, in final relationship breakdown.
Read more about Jane Williams on The Good Lawyer Guide: Click here.
Alternatively you can follow her on LinkedIn below:


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Need to know: CV cliches Why you can`t find a jobHF interviews
By P.R. Venkat
Shareholders of Fraser & Neave agreed to sell their stake in a beer joint venture to Heineken for about $4.6 billion, ending a two-month saga in which the Dutch brewer's bid to strengthen its foothold in the lucrative Asian beer market looked to be threatened by a reclusive Thai billionaire. Continue reading here.
By P.R. Venkat and Isabella Steger
Can a Thai billionaire take on global beer giant Heineken NV ? Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi, who has been raising his stake in Singapore's Fraser & Neave Ltd ., is preparing a takeover of the company. That has thrown Heineken's bid for Fraser & Neave's crown jewel, a profitable beer maker called Asia-Pacific Breweries, into disarray. Continue reading on Deal Journal blog.
By P.R. Venkat And Sam Holmes
Heineken offered to buy Singapore beverage maker Fraser & Neave's entire stake in Asia Pacific Breweries for 5.1 billion Singapore dollars ($4.06 billion), a move that could trigger a takeover battle between the Dutch brewer and suitors linked with Thailand tycoon Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi.
Deal Journal India is a one-stop destination following deals, deal-makers, private equity and venture-capital activity in India. The real-time blog is updated throughout the day with breaking news, exclusive analysis, commentary and profiles. Edited by The Wall Street Journal's Vibhuti Agarwal, Deal Journal India features contributions from the South Asia bureaus of The Wall Street Journal and Dow Jones Newswires in Mumbai and Delhi as well as bureaus around the world. Reach our Editors at firstname.lastname@example.com or follow Deal Journal India on Facebook and Twitter.
FINS has become a part of DHI in order to improve your job search experience. eFinancialCareers will provide you with the best possible service, the best job opportunities and editorial content and the best talent. With our long track record of helping finance professionals develop their career, from graduating to landing top positions in the industry, we will continue to deliver.
For technology jobs outside the financial industry users can visit Dice.com


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Brandy Alexander
- Total Time:
- 5 min
- Prep:
- 5 min
- Yield:
- 1 serving
- Level:
- Easy
- 1 -ounce creme de cacao
- 1 -ounce brandy
- 4 ounces milk
- Orange twists and ground cinnamon, for garnish
Combine ingredients in a cocktail shaker with ice and shake vigorously. Strain into a chilled martini glass over ice. Garnish as desired.
Recipe courtesy of The Cookworks
CATEGORIES:View All
Cooking Tips
More Recipes and Ideas
Brandied Shrimp
Recipe courtesy of Ingrid Hoffmann
Recipe courtesy of Sandra Lee


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All What's New
- Today
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Investigating the gender gap in agricultural productivity : evidence from Uganda
Women comprise 50 percent of the agricultural labor force in Sub-Saharan Africa, but manage plots that are reportedly on average 20 to 30 percent less productive. A... Show More +
Are women less productive farmers ? how markets and risk affect fertilizer use, productivity, and measured gender effects in Uganda
African governments and international development groups see boosting productivity on smallholder farms as key to reducing rural poverty and safeguarding the food s... Show More +
Agricultural intensification : the status in six African countries
The Boserup-Ruthenberg framework has long been used to explain and understand the determinants of agricultural growth, the nature of the intensification of farming ... Show More +
Does livestock ownership affect animal source foods consumption and child nutritional status ? evidence from rural Uganda
In many developing countries, consumption of animal source foods among the poor is still at a level where increasing its share in total caloric intake may have many... Show More +
Non-farm enterprises in rural Africa : new empirical evidence
Although non-farm enterprises are ubiquitous in rural Sub-Saharan Africa, little is yet known about them. The motivation for households to operate enterprises, how ... Show More +
Information is power : experimental evidence on the long-run impact of community based monitoring
This paper presents the results of two field experiments on local accountability in primary health care in Uganda. Efforts to stimulate beneficiary control, coupled... Show More +
International remittances and financial inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa
This paper uses World Bank survey data, including about 10,000 households in five countries -- Burkina Faso, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, and Uganda -- to investigate t... Show More +
The end of seasonality ? new insights from Sub-Saharan Africa
This paper revisits the extent of seasonality in African livelihoods, which has disappeared from Africa's development debate. Through econometric analysis of monthl... Show More +
Bridging the gap : identifying what is holding self-employed women back in Ghana, Rwanda, Tanzania, the Republic of Congo, and Uganda
Does institutional finance matter for agriculture ? evidence using panel data from Uganda
Smallholder agriculture in many developing countries has remained largely self-financed. However, improved productivity for attaining greater food security requires... Show More +
Post-harvest loss in Sub-Saharan Africa -- what do farmers say ?
The 2007-2008 global food crisis has renewed interest in post-harvest loss, but estimates remain scarce, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper uses self-repo... Show More +
Mobile money services development : the cases of the Republic of Korea and Uganda
This study intends to increase understanding of how different types of mobile money services have developed in different environments. For this purpose, two countri... Show More +
The effect of weather-induced internal migration on local labor markets : evidence from Uganda
Relying on census data collected in 2002 and historical weather data for Uganda, this paper estimates the impact of weather-induced internal migration on the probab... Show More +
Shorter, cheaper, quicker, better : linking measures of household food security to nutritional outcomes in Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Uganda, and Tanzania
Using nationally representative household survey data from five countries -- three from South Asia (Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal) and two from Sub-Saharan Africa... Show More +
Missing(ness) in action : selectivity bias in GPS-based land area measurements
Land area is a fundamental component of agricultural statistics, and of analyses undertaken by agricultural economists. While household surveys in developing countr... Show More +
Different dreams, same bed : collecting, using, and interpreting employment statistics in Sub-Saharan Africa -- the case of Uganda
Employment and earnings statistics are the key link between the size and structure of economic growth and the welfare of households, which is the ultimate goal of d... Show More +
Weight calculations for panel surveys with sub-sampling and split-off tracking
The Living Standards Measurement Study -- Integrated Surveys on Agriculture project collects agricultural and livelihood data in seven countries in Sub-Saharan Afri... Show More +
Uganda's infrastructure : a continental perspective
Uganda has made substantial progress on its infrastructure agenda in recent years. The early and successful ICT reform detonated a huge expansion in mobile coverage... Show More +
Fact or artefact : the impact of measurement errors on the farm size - productivity relationship
This paper revisits the role of land measurement error in the inverse farm size and productivity relationship. By making use of data from a nationally representativ... Show More +
Is informality welfare-enhancing structural transformation ? evidence from Uganda
While Africa's recent decade of growth and poverty reduction performance has been lauded, concern has been expressed regarding the structure of this growth. In part... Show More +


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Rugby Union
Select a team
Six Nations
- England
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Aviva Premiership
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The Rugby Championship
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Guinness PRO12
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Top 14
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|Home team
|Away Team
London Irish
|23 - 17
Match Links
- European Rugby Champions Cup
- Pool 3
- 9th Oct 2010
- Ground: Madejski Stadium
- Att: 20,188
London Irish v Munster - LIVE
80 O'Gara's drop goal conversion bounces off the post and wide, but it doesn't matter. LONDON IRISH WIN 23-17 but crucially, Munster take a bonus point home. With Ospreys picking up a bonus point in Toulon...this pool is still wide open! Thanks for joining us - cheers!
79 TRY, MUNSTER, TUITUPOU. 23-17. David Wallace busts through to set up the Munster attack, O'Gara chips over the top for Sam Tuitupou, who has an easy finish. Munster save the bonus point!
78 Munster have two minutes to save a bonus point. O'Gara finds touch from a penalty won at the scrum. This will be their last roll of the dice...
76 Armitage has struck it well....but it just doesn't have the legs.
75 Munster are throwing everything they've got into attack now. Howlett takes a quick throw-in and Tuitupou tears into the Exiles half. There's a pile of bodies in midfield after Mapusua puts in another huge hit. Penalty! Armitage will have another crack at goal, this time from 55m out!
73 PENALTY, LONDON IRISH, ARMITAGE. 23-12. Munster need a try to save the bonus point now...
71 It's real trench warfare now. London Irish have a penalty from just inside their own half. Armitage steps up and says he'll have a go at goal. It's about 52m out, but dead in front.
69 PENALTY, MUNSTER, O'GARA. 20-12. Munster are within touching distance of a bonus point but they'll still reckon they can win this.
68 Penalty! Stowers pinged for hands on the deck. This time O'Gara will have a crack at the posts...
67 Under massive pressure, Lamb hacks the ball into touch. Munster can have another go...
65 Stringer dives over! No! There was knock on from a Munster hand before. London Irish feed the 5m scrum. The pressure is on.
64 Bash, bash, bash. Munster hammer away. They must have taken it through 20 phases. Buckley!!! No! Armitage does brilliantly to get his body between the ball and the ground, no try!
62 O'Callaghan secures possession and Munster begin to maul it up. Penalty! The ref has a word with London Irish for collapsing the maul. O'Gara turns down the points and kicks for the corner! Game on...
60 Some fancy footwork from Earls nearly sees the Irish international break through but Seveali'i hammers his to the ground. Exiles are offside so O'Gara can set up an attacking line-out.
58 Exiles steal another line-out but Munster counter attack Hodgson's kick and the visitors are plying the pressure in the corner.
57 Another bad mistake from Armitage as he kicks it out on the full again. Munster have a line-out just inside the Exiles half.
53 It's getting a bit scrappy now with a few tired legs out there now. Exiles must defend at scrum time inside their own half. It goes against the head! Hodgon is forced to go offside to get the ball and Munster have a penalty...
50 Great burst from Munster hooker Damien Varley, and Munster are on the attack. In the Exiles 22, Stringer toes one ahead for Earls to chase....but the touchline beat both him and Armitage.
48 London Irish are turning on the gas here, sending the ball wide as Armitage joins the line again.
46 Two bad mistakes from Delon Armitage! First he fails to find touch with a penalty, then he kicks Johne Murphy's reply out of the full! What should have been an attacking line-out for London Irish is now a chance for Munster.
44 O'Gara misses a long-range penalty...20-6 it remains.
42 Lamb misses his first kick of the evening from the touchline as his conversion sails wide.
41 TRY, LONDON IRISH, OJO. 20-6. What a start to the half for Exiles! You can't give Ojo any space....the winger burns down the touchline for the first try!
40 That's it for the first half! Munster have played with plenty of positive intentions but London Irish have been very good at cashing in from their chances.
39 PENALTY, MUNSTER, O'GARA. 15-6. Vital score for the visitors as they stay in touch before the break. Armitage the guilty party for a high tackle.
37 PENALTY, LONDON IRISH, LAMB. 15-3. The gap is growing with half-time not far away. Clinical is the word that springs to mind about the Exiles tonight.
35 Doug Howlett cuts inside as Munster try to create something with ball in hand again. But then former All Black wing is isolated and forced to hang on...penalty! Lamb lines it up from 45m
33 DROP GOAL, LONDON IRISH, LAMB. 12-3. That's a sucker punch just before Tuitupou's return. Exiles making sure that get something from their time in Munster territory.
31 Trouble for Munster here as the ball finds Ojo in acres of space out wide. Denis Hurley makes a vital tackle to prevent Ojo getting his pass away to Elvis Seveali'i. The visitors breath again
29 Munster are trying to play expansive rugby but are struggling to get quick ball. Donncha O'Callaghan does well to secure the line-out and Murphy hoofs it upfield. Exiles are getting on top here - the extra man is telling.
27 The line-outs have been a feature of this first half. The hosts are very comfortable while Munster are clearly under pressure.
25 They throw isn't straight - that's a wasted opportunity for the visitors as Exiles can clear from the ensuing scrum.
24 Penalty to Munster as London Irish go off their feet. O'Gara sets up an attacking line-out. What can Munster's 14 men do?
23 Whoa! The handbags are out again, though this time it's a bit more serious. Sam Tuitupou is in trouble here for a spear tackle. Armitage and Earls get a talking too for the fisticuffs. YELLOW CARD, MUNSTER, TUITUPOU.
19 Exiles on the attack now as Topsy Ojo has a go at the Muntser defence. Now the ball is spun wide as Delon Armitage joins the line and finds some space. He's pulled down but the ref takes play back to an earlier infringement. Lamb will have another crack at goal.
17 Oof! Paul Hodgson busts through the line but his pass is just an inch out of Seilala Mapusua's reach. That could have been trouble for Munster.
15 The ref has a word with George Stowers and Denis Leamy, who were throwing handbags off the ball. Munster build in midfield, but progress is slow.
13 The visitors continue to play positive rugby. O'Gara has hardly kicked out of hand yet. The men in red rumble their way into the Exiles half.
10 BIG scrum from Exiles on the Munster 22. Penalty! That's a big boost from the home front row. Lamb lines it up from 30m
8 PENALTY, LONDON IRISH, LAMB. 3-3 It's all square after Munster are pinged for being offside. Good kick from Lamb.
7 A very positive start here from Munster, who are eager to keep ball in hand - though they are struggling to get out of their own half.
4 Penalty to Munster! London Irish making no attempt to roll away and O'Gara will have an early shot at goal from 25m out. It should be a formality for the Test veteran.
2 The first scrum ends in a penalty to Munster and Ronan O'Gara can send play back into the Exile's half
1 Ryan Lamb kicks off for Exiles. Munster take it in in their 22 and try run it back! Huge statement of intent from the visitors. Earls is caught in possession though.
0 We start with a long round of applause in memory of Irish rugby hero Moss Keane.
0 London Irish have only made it to four Heineken Cups but in 2008 reached the semi-finals. Munster on the other-hand are synonymous with Europe's premier competition. They have played in 109 games and won the competition out-right on two occasions, come runners-up twice, made five semi-finals including the last two years and made a further three quarter-finals.
0 Welcome to the Madejski Stadium where London Irish welcome two-times champions Munster in what should be a real cracker of a game! Both sides are setting the pace in their domestic competition and currently top their respective leagues.
Sky Bet Odds:Click Here for Your Free Bet
|Aviva Premiership
|Saturday 30th May
|Aviva Premiership
|Bath 16 - 28 Saracens
|Saturday 23rd May
|Bath 47 - 10 Leicester Tigers
|Northampton 24 - 29 Saracens
|Saturday 16th May
|Exeter 44 - 16 Sale Sharks
|Leicester Tigers 22 - 14 Northampton
|Bath 50 - 30 Gloucester
|Newcastle Falcons 37 - 21 Harlequins
|London Irish 40 - 40 Wasps
|London Welsh 17 - 68 Saracens
Rupert Cox's Off Load: Clermont, England Sevens and Jean Deysel come under scrutiny
Rupert Cox shares his highlights from the week's rugby action in his round-up blog.
Hits and tries
The biggest and toughest hits and tackles plus the best tries from the world of rugby union.
Rupert Cox's Off Load: Hurricanes, Toulouse and Nick Williams all come under scrutiny
Rupert Cox shares his highlights from the week's rugby action in his round-up blog.
Experts & Blogs
Phil Edwards
Read the thoughts and opinions of Phil Edwards with skysports.com


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3 bed, 2 full bath. CLASSIC 70's Cal Poly Inspired Architectural Home! First time on the Market! Exceptionally well maiMore info
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3 bed, 2 full bath, 1 half bath. Wonderful home in the popular Arbors neighborhood with cul-de-sac location! The living room has vauMore info
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Tribune archive photo
Bud Freeman grew up in Chicago during the city's golden age of jazz and as part of the " Austin High School Gang", snuck into clubs to soak up the music. The saxophonist played with Benny Goodman and Tommy Dorsey but also led his own band. He traveled and recorded around the world but returned to Chicago late in life and played into his 80s. He died in 1991.
Search This Weekend's Events
CTnow.com, 285 Broad St., Hartford, CT 06115
A Hartford Courant website


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GroupAustin Regional Clinic, P.A.
Contact InfoARC Southwest - Pediatrics
1807 Slaughter Ln, Suite 490
Austin, TX 78748
Phone: (512) 282-8967
Fax: (512) 406-7351
Year Joined ARC: 1983
Education: B.A. in Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX,1976
Medical School: University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 1980
Residency Internship: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, 1983
Certification: Board Certified in Pediatrics
Professional Positions and Honors:
- Member, Texas Medical Association
- Member, Texas Pediatric Society
- Member, American Academy of Pediatrics
Languages Spoken: Spanish, Dutch, German
Personal Summary:
Dr. de Wette has volunteered for over 20 years at El Buen Samaritano Health Clinic, which provides medical care for families without health insurance. She also provides medical advice and acts as camp physician every summer at El Ranchito, a nature-immersion camp for children and youth from low-income families. This allows Dr. de Wette to combine her love of kids with her love of the outdoors and exploration and protection of the environment.
Having lived on her husband's family ranch for over 25 years, she has had the privilege of watching her two children grow up on the ranch. Both children graduated college with degrees involved in the exploration and conservation of nature. Dr. de Wette enjoys hiking, gardening, and observing the birds and other wildlife that make daily life at the ranch a rewarding and relaxing experience. She is also involved in numerous church ministries.
Views on political or religious issues expressed by medical staff may not necessarily represent the views of the Seton Healthcare Family.


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The Education Blog
1:23 pm
Wed June 13, 2012
Ruth Simmons joins board at Princeton
Outgoing Brown University President Ruth Simmons will take a seat on the board of trustees at Princeton University next month. Simmons is stepping down on June 30th as head of Brown, ending an 11-year tenure at the Providence institution.
Simmons is no stranger to Princeton. She held several positions at the New Jersey school, including that of vice provost, before becoming president of Smith University. When she became president at Brown University, Simmons was the first African-American to lead an Ivy League school.
Brown's incoming president, Christina Hull Paxson, also has ties to Princeton. She comes to Brown after a stint as dean of Princeton's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs.
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Everything Berta Taught Us on Two and a Half Men
30 Day Doctor Who Challenge: Day 12 - Favourite Ships?
Smoleman/Menna/Matt & Jenna
30 Day Doctor Who Challenge: Day 1- Most badass character?
Captain Jack Harkness
Jenna #3
Jenna - #1
New video coming soon!
Okay, so this isn't my 'first' vlog, I've had many channels before, on e of them reached over 700 subscribers. I'll explain later why I changed but for now…enjoy! :D
I plan on posting some behind the scenes post's soon so look out! :))
Hi! My name is Laurence, I'm 14 years old, I'm a filmmaker, vlogger and now blogger. I can't wait to share some of my work with tumblr and hopefully make some new friends
Thanks for reading! More longer blog post's coming soon! :))