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Disclosed are composite laminates that can exhibit high strength and/or low dielectric loss and can also be lightweight. The laminates include layers formed of high modulus polyolefin fiber. The fibers can be woven or knit to form a fabric or can be included in a nonwoven fabric that can be one or more layers of the composite structures. The layers including the high modulus polyolefin fibers can include other fibers, such as fiberglass. The composites can also include layers of other materials, for instance layers formed of polyaramids, fiberglass, or carbon fiber wovens or nonwovens. The composites can advantageously be utilized in low loss dielectric applications, such as in forming circuit board substrates, or in applications beneficially combining strength with low weight, such as automobile and boat materials.
1. A method for forming a composite structure comprising:
melt extruding a plurality of multifilament semi-crystalline polypropylene fibers having a modulus greater than about 8 GPa, a maximum cross sectional dimension of less than about 100 microns, and at least one of the following characteristics: a) greater than 80% crystallinity according to WAXS measuring techniques, and b) a ratio of equatorial intensity to meridonal intensity of greater than 1.0 as measured by SAXS techniques;
forming a first layer, wherein the first layer is a fabric comprising the polypropylene fibers;
placing the first layer in an overlay arrangement with a second layer; and
securing the first layer to the second layer with a polymeric binding agent.
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14. A method for forming a composite structure comprising:
melt extruding a plurality of multifilament semi-crystalline polypropylene fibers having a modulus greater than about 8 GPa, a maximum cross sectional dimension of less than about 100 microns, and at least one of the following characteristics: a) greater than 80% crystallinity according to WAXS measuring techniques, and b) a ratio of equatorial intensity to meridonal intensity of greater than 1.0 as measured by SAXS techniques;
forming a first layer, wherein the first layer is a weave fabric comprising the polypropylene fibers;
pretreating the first layer to form functional groups or fibrillations on the surface of the first layer;
placing the first layer in an overlay arrangement with a second layer, wherein the second layer is a nonwoven fabric; and
providing a thermoset polymeric binding agent between the first layer and the second layer; and
curing the thermoset polymeric binding agent.
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Composite materials have been developed in many fields in order to obtain products that maintain the desirable characteristics of each component, while minimizing the less desirable characteristics. For instance, glass fibers can offer excellent tensile strength characteristics, but have a dielectric constant of about 6, and thus are often unsuitable for electrical applications at high usage rates. However, glass fibers can be combined with resins, such as certain fluorocarbon resins, that exhibit desirable electrical characteristics to form composite materials having good electrical as well as physical properties.
Other fibrous composite materials, for instance those providing high strength, often include highly engineered fibers such as glass fibers, steel fibers, carbon fibers, Kevlar� fibers (poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide), and the like, held in a stable matrix. These materials can offer excellent strength characteristics but can also be very dense, which can be problematic where weight of the product is a factor, e.g., body armor, automobile parts, boat materials, etc.
Moreover, when the composite materials must be designed to meet high engineering specifications, cost can begin to be a problem. For instance, in order to meet engineering specifications with regard to flexibility, modulus, density, electrical characteristics, and the like, though various combinations of different materials might be found that can form a composite material to meet the specifications, formation and materials costs often become prohibitive. As a result, characteristics must often be relinquished in order to provide an affordable product to the consumer.
Polyolefin materials can bring many desirable characteristics to composites. For example, polyolefin materials can be resistant to degradation and erosion, the raw materials can be easy to obtain as well as fairly inexpensive, and they can have low density and dielectric loss characteristics. Unfortunately, the low strength characteristics of polyolefin yarns and fibers have been such that even when combined with a secondary, relatively strong material in a composite, the strength requirements of the desired application have not been met. Moreover, as these polymers are generally nonpolar by nature, they often cannot be utilized with known thermoset resins common to fibrous composites, as a strong bond between the thermoset matrix and the polyolefin fiber cannot be formed.
While there have been improvements in polyolefin fibers and composite materials incorporating fibrous polymeric materials, there remains room for further improvement and variation within the art.
The present invention is directed to multi-layer composite structures, methods for forming the structures, and methods for using the structures. In one embodiment, the disclosed structures can include a first layer including a semi-crystalline polyolefin fiber having a modulus greater than about 8 GPa, and even higher in other embodiments, and a maximum cross-sectional dimension less than about 100 μm. The polyolefin fibers can also exhibit a high tenacity, for example greater than about 400 MPa and can have a low density, for instance less than about 1.3 g/cm3, in one embodiment. The composite structures also include a second layer that can be the same as or different from the first layer and a polymeric binding agent that can secure the layers one to another. In one embodiment, the polyolefin can be a polypropylene. In one particular embodiment, the polyolefin fiber can be formed via a melt extrusion process, for instance in a melt extrusion process involving a draw with a draw ratio of at least about 6.
In one embodiment, the first layer including the polyolefin fiber can be a weave fabric or a nonwoven. Optionally, the fabric can include composite yarns that include the polyolefin fiber in combination with a second fiber, e.g., glass, carbon, polyaramids, or the like. In one embodiment, the fabric can include high modulus polyolefin yarns as well as fibers of other materials, e.g., glass fibers, etc.
The second layer of the composite structures can be identical to or different from the first layer, as desired. For instance, the second layer can also include the high modulus polyolefin fibers in the same or a different arrangement as the first layer, or can be formed from completely different materials. For example, the second layer can be a fiberglass woven or nonwoven, a woven or nonwoven including another type of fiber that can be held in a polymeric matrix, or a metal construct.
The binding agent of the composite can be a thermoplastic or a thermoset. For example, the binding agent can be a thermoplastic film or resin placed between the layers or coated onto the fibers or formed layers, and the composite can be shaped and cured in a compression molding process that can include placing the construct under heat and/or pressure.
Optionally, the binding agent can be a thermoset resin. For instance the thermoset resin can be an epoxy thermoset resin. A thermoset resin can be included in the composite according to any process. For instance, the thermoset resin can be applied to the high modulus polyolefin fibers, to the polyolefin-containing layer(s), and/or to the materials forming a second, different layer of the composite. For instance, the thermoset resin that can bind the layers together can also form a polymeric matrix about the fibers of another layer, e.g., a fiberglass layer.
In certain embodiments, it can be beneficial to pre-treat the fibers and/or the finished layers prior to securing the layers together so as to improve the bonding strength of the composite. For example, it may be beneficial to oxidize materials of the layers, so as to promote stronger bond formation between the layers and the binding agents. In one embodiment, organic materials, e.g., the polyolefin fibers or fabrics found in the composites, can be oxidized, so as to better bond with resins that can be used as bonding agents. For instance, the materials can be oxidized via a plasma treatment method.
The composite structures of the invention can exhibit excellent characteristics. For example, the composite structures can have a low average density, such as less than about 1.5 g/cm3. Moreover, the composites can have a low density in combination with high strength characteristics, such as a flexural strength greater than about 80 MPa and/or a flexural modulus greater than about 3 GPa. In addition, the composite structures can have a low dielectric constant, for instance less than about 3.5 in some embodiments, or lower yet in other embodiments, for example, less than about 2.7. As such, the composite materials can be essentially transparent to electromagnetic waves.
The composite materials can be advantageously utilized in many applications including, for example, in forming circuit boards, radomes, and boat or automobile parts. For instance, the disclosed materials can be utilized in forming radomes or similar structures useful for housing and protecting electromagnetic transmitters and/or receivers for use in weather tracking, aircraft monitoring, or the like. In another embodiment, the low loss composite materials can be used in forming circuit boards, and in one particular embodiment, high frequency circuit boards, i.e., those operating at frequencies greater than about 100 KHz.
A full and enabling disclosure of the present invention, including the best mode thereof, to one of ordinary skill in the art, is set forth more particularly in the remainder of the specification, including reference to the accompanying Figures in which:
Repeat use of reference characters in the present specification and drawings is intended to represent the same or analogous features or elements of the present invention.
Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the invention, one or more examples of which are set forth below. Each embodiment is provided by way of explanation of the invention, not limitation of the invention. In fact, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. For instance, features illustrated or described as part of one embodiment, can be used in another embodiment to yield a still further embodiment. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover such modifications and variations as come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
In general, the present invention is directed to composite materials incorporating at least one layer including high modulus semi-crystalline polyolefin fibers as well as to methods for forming the disclosed composite materials and methods for using the disclosed materials. In one embodiment, the composite materials can exhibit improved characteristics as compared to previously known composite materials. For instance, the disclosed materials can exhibit high flexural strength and high flexural modulus while describing a lower density than previously known composites having similar strength characteristics. In addition, the disclosed composite materials can match or exceed the engineering specifications of previously known composites while being less expensive to produce.
The semi-crystalline polyolefins used in forming one or more individual layers of the disclosed composites can have a low dielectric constant as well as a low dielectric loss. For example, the dielectric constant of the composite could be below about 4.0, or below about 3.5, or even below about 3.0 in some embodiments. As such, in one embodiment, the disclosed composite materials can be essentially transparent to electromagnetic waves and can be beneficially utilized in electrical applications, for example in forming reasonably priced circuit board substrates suitable for high frequency electrical applications or for use as radomes or other protective enclosures or coverings of electrical circuitry.
In one particular embodiment, the semi-crystalline polyolefin can be a semi-crystalline polypropylene. This is not a requirement of the present invention, however, and though the ensuing discussion is generally directed toward polypropylene, it should be understood that other polyolefins can optionally be utilized in the invention. For example, in one embodiment, the disclosed invention can be directed to composite materials including one or more high modulus polyethylene or polybutylene fibers.
For purposes of this disclosure, the terms 'semi-crystalline polypropylene' and 'polypropylene' are intended to be synonymous and include any semi-crystalline polymeric composition comprising propylene monomers, either alone (i.e., homopolymer) or as a copolymer with other polyolefins, dienes, or other monomers (such as ethylene, butylene, and the like). Moreover, while in some embodiments, the high modulus fibers can be formed with one or more polypropylene homopolymers and/or copolymers as the only polymeric component of the fiber, in other embodiments, the polypropylene formations of the invention can include other polymers and thus the composite materials can encompass high modulus polyolefin fibers formed from polypropylene blends, for example polypropylene/polyethylene blends. The term is also intended to encompass any different configuration and arrangement of the constituent monomers (such as syndiotactic, isotactic, and the like). Thus, the term as applied to fibers is intended to encompass actual strands, tapes, threads, and the like, of a semi-crystalline polymer including polymerized propylene monomers.
In addition, the semi-crystalline polypropylenes of the invention can be formed of any standard melt flow. For example, in one embodiment, standard extrusion grade polypropylene resin possessing ranges of melt flow indices (MFI) between about 0.2 and about 50 can be utilized. In one embodiment, polypropylene possessing an MFI between about 0.5 and about 25 can be utilized. In one embodiment, the polypropylene utilized in forming the multi-filament yarn can have an MFI between about 1 and about 15.
For purposes of this disclosure, the term fiber is intended to encompass a structure that exhibits a length that exceeds the largest cross-sectional dimension (such as, for example, the diameter for round fibers). Thus, the term fiber as utilized herein differs from other structures such as plaques, containers, sheets, films and the like that can be extruded, blow-molded or injection molded. The term does encompass, however, structures including monofilament fibers, multi-filament fibers, yarns, tape fibers, and the like.
The term multi-filament yarn is intended to encompass a structure that includes at least three filaments that have been individually formed such as via extrusion through a spinneret prior to being brought in proximity to one another to form a single yarn structure that can then be incorporated into a fabric.
High modulus fibers suitable for use in the present invention can generally have a modulus as measured according to ASTM D2256-02, which is incorporated herein by reference, greater than about 8 GPa (100 grams/denier). In one embodiment, the fibers can have a modulus greater than about 10 GPa, for example, greater than about 12 GPa, or greater than about 16 GPa. In addition, the fibers of the present invention can have a high tenacity, for example greater than about 400 MPa (5 grams/denier) in some embodiments as measured according to ASTM D2256-02. In one embodiment, the fibers can have a tenacity greater than about 500 MPa, or greater yet, greater than about 560 MPa (7 grams/denier). Additionally, the fibers exhibit a maximum cross-sectional dimension of less than about 100 microns. The fibers can also have a low density, for example, less than about 1.3 g/cm3, in one embodiment. In another embodiment, the fibers can have a lower density, for instance less than about 1.0 g/cm3.
In one embodiment, multi-filament yarns formed from a melt according to the methods disclosed in co-owned U.S. Patent application having Ser. No. 10/983,153 to Morin, which is incorporated herein by reference, can be utilized in forming the disclosed composite materials.
One embodiment of a process for forming high modulus polyolefin fibers suitable for use in the present invention is schematically illustrated in
According to this embodiment, a polymeric composition can be provided to the extruder apparatus 12. The polymeric composition can include one or more polymeric components as well as any desired additives as are generally known in the art. For example, the mixture can include suitable coloring agents, such as dyes or other pigments. Other additives that can be combined with the mixture can include, for example, one or more of anti-static agents, antioxidant agents, antimicrobial agents, adhesion agents, stabilizers, plasticizers, brightening compounds, clarifying agents, ultraviolet light stabilizing agents, nucleating agents, surface active agents, odor enhancing or preventative agents, light scattering agents, halogen scavengers, and the like. In addition, additives can be included in the melt or can be applied as a surface treatment to either the undrawn formation or optionally to the drawn material.
In one embodiment, an additive can be included that can leave reactive groups on the surface of the extrusion product. Reactive groups can be added to improve the adhesion of the polypropylene to other materials utilized in forming the composite structures. For example, maleic anhydride can be included in the melt, leaving groups on the surface of the fibers suitable for reacting with unsaturated polyester resins, among others. These groups can then be available to bond with secondary materials, such as bonding agents for instance, and improve adhesion between the different materials forming the composites.
In one embodiment, the extruder apparatus 12 can be any melt spinning apparatus as is generally known in the art. For example, the extruder apparatus 12 can include a mixing manifold 11 in which a polymeric composition can be combined, mixed and heated to form a molten composition. The mixture can then be conveyed under pressure to the spinneret 14 where it can be extruded at a high temperature through multiple spinneret orifices to form multiple filaments 9. According to one embodiment, the polymer can be extruded through the spinneret at a relatively high throughput and low spinline tension. For example, the polymer can be extruded through the spinneret at a throughput of not less than about 50% of that required to give melt fracture. Specific melt fracture throughput values for any particular system and materials as well as methods of obtaining such are generally known to those of skill in the art, and thus a detailed discussion of this phenomenon is not included herein.
Following extrusion of the polymer, the un-drawn filaments 9 can be quenched in a liquid bath 16 and collected by a take-up roll 18 to form a multi-filament fiber structure or fiber bundle 28. In one embodiment, the bath 16 can be heated. For example, the bath can be heated to a temperature near the maximum crystallization temperature (Tc) of the polymer. In addition, the surface of the bath can be located close to the spinneret 14. For instance, the surface of the bath 16 can be at a distance from the spinneret 14 such that an extruded filament 9 can enter the bath 16 within the distance of the die swell of the filament 9. Optionally, the individual filaments 9 can pass through a heated or a non-heated shroud prior to entering the bath 16. Take-up roll 18 and roll 20 can be within bath 16 and convey individual filaments 9 and fiber bundle 28 through the bath 16.
At or near the location where the fiber bundle 28 exits the bath 16, excess liquid can be removed from the fiber bundle 28. This step can generally be accomplished according to any process known in the art. For example, in the embodiment illustrated in
In one embodiment, a lubricant can be applied to the fiber bundle 28. For example, a spin finish can be applied at a spin finish applicator chest 22, as is generally known in the art. Any suitable lubricant can be applied to the fiber bundle 28. For example, a suitable oil-based finish such as Lurol PP-912, available from Ghoulston Technologies, Inc. can be applied to the fiber bundle 28. Addition of a finishing or lubricant coat can improve handling of the fiber bundle during subsequent processing and can also reduce friction and static electricity build-up on the finished yarn. In addition, a finish coat on the yarn can improve slip between individual filaments of the yarn during the drawing process and can increase the attainable draw ratio, and thus increase the modulus and tenacity of the drawn multi-filament yarn.
After quenching of the fiber bundle 28 and any optional process steps, the fiber bundle can be drawn while applying heat. For example, in one embodiment the fiber bundle 28 can be drawn in an oven 43 heated to a temperature of between about 80� C. and about 170� C. In particular, the fiber bundle 28 can be drawn with a draw ratio (defined as the ratio of the speed of the second or final draw roll 34 to the first draw roll 32) of greater than about 6. In one embodiment, the draw ratio of the first (or only) draw can be between about 6 and about 25. In another embodiment, the draw ratio can be greater than about 10, for instance, greater than about 15. Additionally, the yarn can be wrapped on the rolls 32, 34 as is generally known in the art. For example, in one embodiment, between about 5 and about 15 wraps of the yarn can be placed on the draw rolls.
While the illustrated embodiment utilizes a series of draw rolls for purposes of drawing the yarn, it should be understood that any suitable process that can place a force on the yarn so as to elongate the yarn following the quenching step can optionally be utilized. For example, any mechanical apparatus including nip rolls, godet rolls, steam cans, air, steam, or other gaseous jets can optionally be utilized to draw the yarn. Following the yarn drawing step, the multi-filament yarn 30 can be cooled and wound on a take-up roll 40.
In one embodiment, the finished multi-filament yarn 30 can be wound on a spool or take-up reel 40, as shown, and transported to a second location for formation of the composite materials of the present invention. In an alternative embodiment, the multi-filament yarn can be fed directly to a second processing line, where the yarn can be further processed.
The invention is not limited to high modulus multi-filament fibers formed according to the above-described process. For example, in another embodiment, one or more layers of the disclosed composite structures can incorporate high modulus polyolefin fibers formed from an extruded film. For example, a high modulus melt processed film such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,588 to Perez, et al., which is incorporated herein by reference, can be utilized in forming fibers and fibrous webs for the disclosed composite structures.
In one embodiment, a highly oriented, semi-crystalline, melt processed film can first be formed with an induced crystallinity. An induced crystallinity higher than that normally attainable in a melt processed film can be obtained by a combination of casting and subsequent processing such as calendaring, annealing, stretching, and/or recrystallization. Following formation of the film, the film can be further processed to form the fibers and fabrics for use in the composite structures of the invention.
One embodiment for forming a high modulus melt-extruded polyolefin film is schematically illustrated in
Following extrusion, the film 114 can be quenched on a heated casting drum 102, the surface of which can be maintained at a temperature above the glass transition temperature, but below the melt temperature of the polymeric composition. Quenching on a heated casting drum is not a requirement of this particular embodiment, however, and in other embodiments, the film may be quenched in air or in a fluid such as water, which may be heated, as in the multi-filament fiber formation process described above.
In another embodiment, the film may be rapidly quenched to a temperature below the crystallization temperature and the crystallinity then increased by stress-induced crystallization; for example by drawing at a draw ratio of at least 2:1.
After casting (and drawing, if any), the film 109 can be calendered, as at 104. Calendering can allow higher molecular orientation to be achieved and enable subsequent higher draw ratios. In one embodiment, calendaring can be performed at or above the alpha crystallization temperature. The alpha crystallization temperature is herein described as the temperature at which crystallite subunits are capable of being moved within the larger lamellar crystal unit.
After calendering, the film 109 can be drawn under conditions of plastic flow that are below those at which catastrophic failure of the film could take place. When considering polypropylene, the films may be drawn to a length of at least about 5 times the extruded length. In one embodiment, when considering both the calendering and drawing steps, the combined draw ratio can be at least 10:1. In one embodiment, the combined draw ratio for a polypropylene film can be between about 10:1 and about 40:1.
As with the multi-filament fiber forming process discussed above, a draw can be performed at an elevated temperature, for instance in an oven 143, using heated draw rolls, or the like. In addition, the draw step can utilize two draw rolls, 132, 134, as illustrated, or optionally multiple draw rolls as well as any other suitable drawing method.
Following the draw step, the highly oriented film 109 can be collected on a roll 140 for additional processing or optionally immediately sent to a second line for additional processing. The final thickness of the film can generally be determined by combination of the casting thickness, the calendering thickness and the draw ratio. In one embodiment, the final thickness of the film can be between about 1 and about 20 mils (about 0.025 to about 0.5 mm). In another embodiment, the film thickness can be between about 3 and about 10 mils (about 0.075 to about 0.25 mm).
Following formation of the highly oriented, highly crystalline film, the film can be further processed to form high modulus fibers for use in the disclosed composite structures. For example, in one embodiment, the film can be sliced or cut according to methods as are generally known in the art so as to form a plurality of high modulus tape fibers.
In another embodiment, the film can be fibrillated and/or micro-fibrillated to release macro-fibers and/or micro-fibers from the film. For instance, in one embodiment, the film may be subjected to a fibrillation step using conventional mechanical means to release macroscopic fibers from the highly oriented film. One exemplary means of mechanical fibrillation uses a rotating drum or roller having cutting elements such as needles or teeth that can contact the film as it moves past the drum. The teeth may fully or partially penetrate the surface of the film to impart a fibrillated surface thereto. Other similar macro-fibrillating treatments are known and include such mechanical actions as twisting, brushing (as with a porcupine roller), rubbing, for example with leather pads, and flexing. The fibers obtained by such conventional fibrillation processes can be macroscopic in size, are generally several hundreds of microns in cross section, and may be either semi-detached or completely detached from the film.
Optionally, the oriented film can be micro-fibrillated by imparting sufficient fluid energy thereto to release micro-fibers from the film. For example, one or both surfaces of the film can be contacted with a high-pressure fluid via, for instance, a multitude of fluid jets. Any type of liquid or gaseous fluid may be used. Liquid fluids may include water or organic solvents such as ethanol or methanol. Suitable gases such as nitrogen, air or carbon dioxide may be used, as well as mixtures of liquids or mixtures of gases. Any such fluid is preferably one that is not substantially absorbed by the polymer matrix as that could reduce the orientation and degree of crystallinity of the micro-fibers. In another embodiment, the micro-fibrillation may be conducted by immersing the film in a high-energy cavitating medium. For instance, by applying ultrasonic energy to the fluid in which the film is immersed.
Micro-fibrils formed according to such a process are generally several orders of magnitude smaller in diameter than the fibers obtained by mechanical means and can range in size from less than about 0.01 microns to about 20 microns.
When utilizing a micro-fibrillation process, many if not all of the micro-fibers can stay attached to the film. Advantageously the micro-fibrillated article, including the micro-fibers semi-detached from the film, can provide a convenient and safe means of handling, storing and transporting the micro-fibers. If desired, the micro-fibers may be harvested from the surface of the film by mechanical means such as with a porcupine roll, scraping and the like and then utilized in forming the disclosed composite structures. Optionally, however, the web including a plurality of semi-detached micro- and/or macro-fibers can be used as is in the composite structures. In particular, the web including a plurality of high modulus micro- and/or macro-fibers can form a nonwoven web for inclusion as a single layer in the disclosed composite structures.
When considering high modulus polypropylene fibers formed according to a melt extrusion process, such as that illustrated in
where: IX is the intensity in the crystalline region and
IA is the intensity in the amorphous region.
In addition, the polyolefin fibers can be highly oriented, as shown by the narrow width of the WAXS peaks in
SAXS patterns of lower modulus polyolefin fibers generally include alternating crystalline and amorphous regions that appears as bright spots of scattering intensity in the yarn axis. (See, for example, Polypropylene Fibers—Science and Technology, M. Ahmed, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, 1982, pp. 192-203, which is incorporated herein by reference.) The positions of these spots can be utilized to obtain the long period spacing between repeating crystalline regions. The absence of these spots in
In addition, the equatorial scattering in SAXS patterns in general arises from the center normal to the fiber axis and projects in a long, thin streak away from the center in each direction. In the illustrated fiber, and in further reference to
As can also be seen in
In general, the high modulus fibers suitable for use in forming the disclosed composite materials can have SAXS characteristics including a ratio of equatorial intensity to meridonal intensity of greater than about 1.0. In one embodiment, this ratio can be greater than about 3. The fibers can generally exhibit an equatorial intensity integrated from 2 θ of between about 0.4 to about 1.0 and φ from about 60 to about 120 and from about 240 to about 300 (zero φ being parallel to the yarn, or vertical in reference to
In another embodiment, one or more layers of the composite structures can include high modulus polyolefin fibers formed according to a solution spinning process, as is generally known in the art. For example, layers of the composite can incorporate high modulus polyolefin fibers formed according to the exemplary solution spinning processes as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,413,110 to Kavesh, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,137,394 to Meihuizen, et al., or U.S. Pat. No. 5,958,582 to Dunbar, et al., all of which are incorporated herein by reference.
According to the present invention, composite, multi-layer structures are disclosed that include a plurality of high modulus, high tenacity polypropylene fibers in at least one layer. The disclosed composites also include a second layer that can be the same as or different from the first layer, and a polymeric binding agent. It has been discovered that due to the unique and beneficial characteristics of high strength polyolefin fibers, and in particular, those exhibiting high modulus and high tenacity in combination with low density and low dielectric constant, these materials can be beneficially combined with a suitable polymeric binding agent according to any suitable combinatorial process and optionally in conjunction with layers formed of other materials to form the composite materials of the present invention.
According to the invention, one or more layers of the disclosed composites can be a woven, nonwoven, or knit fabric incorporating the high modulus polyolefin fibers. The term 'fabric' is herein defined to encompass any planar textile structure produced by the interlacing of yarns, multi-filament fibers, monofilament fibers, or some combination thereof. Accordingly, one or more layers of the disclosed composite materials can include the high modulus polyolefin fibers in a predetermined, organized, and interlaced pattern, herein referred to as a weave fabric (i.e., a fabric formed according to a weaving and/or knitting process), or optionally can include the fibers in a random pattern (a nonwoven fabric), or in a unidirectional prepreg fabric, in which multiple unidirectional fibers are aligned and held in a matrix of a polymeric binding agent.
A weave fabric of the disclosed composite structures can be formed according to any textile formation process and utilizing any weaving and/or knitting textile formation systems and devices as are generally known in the art suitable for use with a polyolefin-containing fibers, such as those described herein. For example, for inclusion in a thin circuit board material, the fabric could be made from a small yarn, about 40 denier, and included in a weave structure of up to 100 picks per inch in either or both directions. For larger structures, the fabric could be composed of a larger yarn, up to about 10,000 denier or even higher, and woven in a structure with only 10 or even fewer picks per inch. In this way, composites of varying thicknesses and physical properties can be prepared. In addition, any weave pattern which allows the strength of the yarn to be transferred into the resin component is acceptable. For example, weave patterns such as twill and satin that are well known in the art can be utilized along or in combination in the disclosed structures.
A nonwoven fabric incorporating the high modulus polyolefin fibers can be formed according to any suitable formation process as in generally known in the art. For example, following formation, a plurality of fibers including the disclosed high modulus polyolefin fibers can be randomly laid on a traveling formation fabric according to any known process and bound to one another utilizing an adhesive, applied heat, applied pressure, or some combination thereof. Suitable adhesives are generally known in the art and can be applied during the fiber formation process or during the web-formation process, as desired. In one embodiment, a nonwoven fabric can include a plurality of macro- and/or micro-fibers partially and/or completely released from a high crystalline polyolefin film.
In one embodiment, a layer for inclusion in the disclosed composites can be formed entirely of the high modulus, high tenacity polypropylene fibers. For instance, both the pick and warp yarns of a weave fabric layer can be exclusively high modulus polypropylene yarns. Optionally, however, the composite structures of the invention can include other materials, in addition to the high modulus polypropylene fibers and a polymeric binding agent. For example, in one embodiment, the composite structure can include one or more layers including high modulus polypropylene fibers, and this layer can itself be a composite material.
For instance, in one embodiment, a layer of the composite can include high modulus polypropylene fibers as a component of a composite yarn. A composite yarn is herein defined to encompass a yarn formed from the combination of two different fiber types. For example, a high modulus polypropylene fiber can be combined with a fiber of a different material such as, but not limited to, glass fibers, carbon fibers, metal fibers or fibers formed of other polymers such as, for instance, high performance polyolefins such as ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), fluororcarbon-based fibers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or polyaramids such as poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide to form a composite yarn.
Exemplary composite fibers can be formed according to any suitable composite fiber-forming process. For example, two or more fibers can be combined via twisting, false twist texturing, air texturing, or any other yarn texturing or combining process. In one embodiment, a composite yarn can be formed including an inner core formed of a first material and an outer wrapping comprising a different material, and in one particular embodiment, a high modulus polypropylene fiber as herein described. One exemplary method for forming such composite yarns has been described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,701,703 to Patrick, which is incorporated herein by reference. In another embodiment, a composite yarn can be formed according to an air-jet combinatorial method, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,440,558 to Klaus, et al., which is also incorporated herein by reference. These are merely exemplary methods, however, and multiple such suitable combinatorial processes are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art, and thus are not described at length herein.
In one composite yarn embodiment, the composite yarn can include two or more polyolefin fibers having melt temperatures that differ by a significant amount. For example, one exemplary composite yarn can include a high modulus polypropylene yarn that has a melt temperature of about 165� C. combined with a polyethylene yarn that has a melt temperature of about 135� C. According to this particular embodiment, woven fabrics including the composite yarn, can be compressed with other layers under heat and pressure sufficient to melt the lower melting constituent and it can act as the aforementioned polymeric binding material providing a polymeric matrix reinforced by the high modulus polypropylene yarn as a layer in the composite structure. For the low melting temperature component, multiple polymers or mixtures of polymers which have an appropriately low melting temperature are possible and well known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and thus need not be described in detail herein.
In another embodiment, one or more layers of the composite structure can be a composite fabric that can include a mixture of fiber or yarn types in the fabric. For example, a weave fabric can be formed including high modulus polypropylene yarns or composites thereof in combination with yarns or fibers of different materials, such as, for example, materials such as those discussed above in reference to forming composite yarns. For example, a fabric can be formed including a plurality of high modulus polypropylene yarns in combination with glass fibers, carbon fibers, aramid fibers, composite fibers, or the like that can be included intermittently throughout the weave.
According to this particular embodiment, the size, total number, direction, and location of the secondary fibers in the fabric can be controlled to help define the specific characteristics of the fabric layer. For example, the composite structure can include one or more individual weave fabric layers that are anisotropic with respect to flexural and/or tensile strength characteristics that can be controlled through addition of secondary fibers at predetermined locations in the pick and/or warp of the fabric.
In addition to one or more layers incorporating a plurality of high modulus polypropylene fibers, the composite structures of the disclosed invention can also include one or more additional layers that need not necessarily include any high modulus polypropylene fibers. A non-limiting list of materials that can be beneficially included as one or more layers of the disclosed composite structures can include, for example, fiberglass woven and nonwoven fabrics; carbon fiber wovens and nonwovens; polymeric woven, nonwovens, films, sheets, and the like that can include any of a variety of polymeric fibers, polymeric matrices, or some combination thereof, including, for instance, fiber-reinforced thermoset matrices formed with halogenated polymers (e.g., PTFE, PVC, PVA, etc.), polyaramids (e.g., Kevlar�), UHMWPE, and the like; metal films and foils; and/or liquid crystal materials.
These additional layers can add desirable physical characteristics to the composite structure such as tensile strength, flexural strength, or cross-direction permeation strength. For instance the, composite structure can include one or more materials that can increase resistance of the layered structure to perforation or infiltration by a foreign substance (e.g., projectiles, liquid permeation, and the like) in the cross-direction.
In one embodiment, one or more layers of the composite can enhance particular electrical characteristics of the structure. For example, the composite structure can include a layer of an electrically insulating dielectric material upon which a metal can be applied, for instance in the formation of a circuit pattern on an electrical device.
Any layer of the disclosed composite structures can optionally be continuous or discontinuous across the entire structure. For instance, in the particular example of a composite structure for use in an electrical device, one or more layers of the composite structure can include conductive materials arranged in a particular pattern so as to form an electric circuit on the structure. As herein defined, the patterned formation of materials such as conductive materials can be considered a single layer of the disclosed composite structures, though the formation may be discontinuous across the surface of an adjacent layer of the structure. For example, multiple layers of composite material can each be patterned with electrical conducting materials to form a circuit, and then these layers combined to form a multi-layer electrical circuit board as is well known in the art.
Prior to combining multiple individual layers of the disclosed composite structures, it can be beneficial in certain embodiments to pre-treat one or more of the materials of the composite. For example, in one embodiment, either a fiber or a formed layer can be pre-treated to improve certain characteristics of the fiber or layer, such as wettability or adhesion, for example. For instance, a fiber can be fibrillated, subjected to plasma or corona treatments, or can be treated with a surface sizing, all of which are generally known in the art, to improve or enhance the physical characteristics. In one embodiment, the fibers or layer can be treated to increase the surface area of the material, for instance via a fibrillation process, so as to increase the area available for subsequent binding agent application and thus improve adhesion to adjacent layers. For example, fibers, films, or fabrics can be fibrillated or micro-fibrillated according to methods described above or similar such methods as are generally known in the art to improve inter- and intra-layer adhesion.
In another embodiment, it can be beneficial to surface functionalize the materials forming one or more layers so as to promote formation of a stronger bond between the layers during the composite formation process. In such embodiments, functionalization may be obtained according to any suitable method. For example, a fiber sizing can be coated onto the individual fibers prior to forming a fabric layer or optionally onto the fabric itself. A suitable sizing can include any sizing that is capable of bonding to the fiber surface while leaving reactive groups for bonding to a matrix resin or for bonding directly to another layer of the composite.
In one particular embodiment, organic materials to be included in the composite structure, and in particular the high modulus polypropylene fibers or layer formed thereof can be oxidized prior to combining individual layers one to another, so as to promote better bonding of the layers. For example, high modulus polypropylene fibers can be oxidized either before or after a fabric forming process according to any suitable oxidation method including, but not limited to, corona discharge, chemical oxidation, flame treatment, oxygen plasma treatment, or UV radiation. In one particular example, atmospheric pressure plasma such as that created with an Enercon Plasma3 unit using an 80% helium and 20% oxygen atmosphere at a moderate power level can be formed and a fabric or fiber can be treated with the plasma so as to create reactive groups that can improve wetting and binding of the fibers to thermoset resins such as epoxy or unsaturated polyester resin systems.
Layers of the disclosed composite materials can be combined according to any of a variety of suitable processes that utilize a polymeric binding agent. For purposes of the present disclosure composite formation processes have been broadly classified as either compression molding formation processes or thermoset resin molding processes. Optionally, a combination of both types of processes can be utilized to combine the layers. For example, two or more of the layers to be incorporated into the final product can first be combined via a compression molding process to form an intermediate laminate, and following this initial process one or more intermediate laminates can be combined with one another or with additional layers via a thermoset resin molding process to produce the finished composite structure.
In one embodiment, a compression molding process can be utilized in which layers can be compression molded to one another with the inclusion of a low melt thermoplastic binding agent as a matrix material within and/or between the layers of the composite. For example, in one embodiment, a layer of a low melt thermoplastic film can be included between other layers of the composite. According to this embodiment, the thermoplastic film can have a melt temperature less than that of the materials of the adjacent layers, and in particular, less than that of the high modulus polypropylene fiber. Upon addition of heat and pressure during a compression molding process, the thermoplastic film can at least partially melt and act as the binding agent.
In another embodiment, a thermoplastic resin binding agent can be coated onto individual yarns, fibers or layers prior to assembly of the composite structure. For example, individual yarns or fibers and/or finished layers of the composite can be extrusion coated with a thermoplastic resin having a lower melting point than that of the high modulus polypropylene fibers. Upon application of heat and pressure during a compression molding process, the thermoplastic material can at least partially melt and securely attach the layers together.
Possible thermoplastic resins and films for use as a binding agent in compression molding processes can include, for example, low melt polyethylenes, low melt polypropylene copolymers, or low melt fluoropolymers, as are generally known in the art. Adjacent layers that can be secured via compression molding processes can be the same or different from one another. For example, while two or more adjacent and essentially identical polypropylene fabrics can be secured utilizing compression molding processes, such processes can also be utilized to secure layers that are not identical.
Adjacent layers of the disclosed composites can also be secured to one another via a thermoset resin molding process utilizing a thermoset-binding agent. As is generally known in the art, such a process can include applying a thermoset matrix resin to one or more individual layers or optionally to the fibers forming an individual layer, bringing the individual layers into proximity with one another, shaping the multi-layer structure, such as in a mold, and curing the thermoset resin to secure the layers together, optionally curing while the structure is held under pressure. Optionally, the thermoset resin can be applied to the multi-layered structure after the individual layers have been brought together and shaped, for instance via injection of a liquid thermoset bind agent into the mold, but in any case, following cure of the thermoset resin, the resin can form a matrix around and among other constituents of the composites and secure the structure.
Suitable thermoset resins for use according to this embodiment can generally include any standard thermoset matrix resin. Optionally, and depending upon the desired product use, thermoset resins can be chosen based upon specific physical or electrical characteristics of the material. For example, when considering formation of a composite structure for use in an electric application, it may be beneficial to utilize a low loss thermoset resin such as is generally known in the art.
Exemplary thermoset resins suitable for use in forming the composite structures of the present invention can include, but are not limited to, phenolic polymers, melamine polymers, epoxies, silicones, unsaturated polyesters, polyurethanes, polyamides, polybutadienes, polyether block amides, polyetherimides, polyimides, polyureas, vinyl esters, fluoropolymers, cyanate esters, polyisoprenes, diene block copolymers, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and the like.
Individual layers of the disclosed structures and/or the polymeric binding agents used in the composite structures can include fillers and/or reinforcement materials, as are generally known in the art. For example, one or more layers can be a fibrous reinforced fabric, for instance a fiberglass reinforced fabric, or the like. In addition, individual layers and/or binding agents of the disclosed composites can include fillers as are generally known in the art. For example, ceramic fillers such as silica or fillers such as carbon black can be included in one or more layers, or optionally in the polymeric binding agents or other matrix materials of the disclosed composite structures. Fillers can be included in one embodiment to provide particular electrical or mechanical characteristics to the structure.
The composite structures can include specifically pre-designed materials to form a composite for use in a particular application. For example, due to the low dielectric constants of the polyolefins used in the composites, the composite structures can be beneficially used in many low loss electrical applications. In one particular embodiment, one or more layers of the composite can comprise a plurality of high modulus polypropylene fibers, and the composite structure can be essentially transparent to electromagnetic radiation. According to this particular embodiment, a construct of the invention may be beneficially utilized as a circuit board or as a protective enclosure for an electromagnetic sending and/or receiving device, such as a radome. Electrical devices of the present invention can exhibit improved characteristics as compared to previously known devices that do not include high modulus polyolefin fibers. For example, the dielectric constant and/or dielectric loss can be less than that of previously known laminates utilized in similar applications. For example, composites of the present invention can exhibit a dielectric constant of less than about 3.5 in one embodiment. In another embodiment, the dielectric constant can be lower, for example, less than about 3.0, or even lower in other embodiments, for example less than about 2.7.
In one particular embodiment, one or both exterior surfaces of a device of the invention particularly well-suited to electrical applications can include a reinforcement fiber having high thermal stability, such as glass, for example. This can enable the device to be used in high temperature processes such as those involving standard solder processes, among others.
In one embodiment, a low loss composite substrate as herein disclosed can be provided at a lower cost than many previously known low loss substrates due to the relatively low costs associated with polyolefin materials as well as the low cost formation methods that can be used in forming the composites.
In one embodiment, a composite structure of the invention can be used in forming a protective structure that can be essentially impervious to weather, dirt, and/or other elements that could damage devices that can be placed within the protective structure. In one particular embodiment, such a protective structure, and in particular, that portion of the protective structure formed of a composite of the present invention can be transparent to electromagnetic waves of various frequencies. As such, an electromagnetic wave could be provided, such as that transmitted from or received by a communications antenna, microwave tower, a radar transmitter/receiver, or any other transmission device. The protective structure could thus protect the electrical devices held within the protective structure, but would not impede the operation of the devices, as the electromagnetic waves passing to and/or from the electrical devices held within the protective structure can pass through the laminate composites of the protective structure. Such a protective laminate material can include various composite structures as herein described. For instance, in one embodiment an electromagnetically transparent laminate material can include one or both external layers composed of glass, Kevlar, or ultra-high-molecular-weight-polyethylene, in addition to one or more inner layers comprising the high modulus polypropylene fibers.
One particular example of an electromagnetically transparent protective structure is a radome within which an electromagnetic wave can be generated and transmitted from a dish antenna. The wave can then pass through the radome, and in particular through that portion of the radome comprising a composite structure as described herein. Following wave reflection from an object such as a cloud or an aircraft, the wave can pass back through the radome again and be received again at the dish antenna.
Other known methods for transmitting and/or receiving electromagnetic waves can optionally be considered for various electrical applications of the present invention, in addition to those associated with radar applications. For example, a protective structure as herein described could be utilized to house and protect lasers, masers, diodes, and other electromagnetic wave generation and/or receiving devices. In one particular embodiment, a protective structure as herein described can be utilized in conjunction with devices operating with radio frequency waves, such as those between about 100 kHz and about 100 GHz, or in one embodiment between about 1 MHz and about 50 GHz, or between about 10 MHz and about 20 GHz in another embodiment. Protective structures of the invention could be useful for protecting electrical equipment used to monitor weather patterns, to monitor air or ground traffic, or to detect the presence of aircraft, boats, or other vehicles around military facilities, including warships.
In another electrical embodiment, a laminate composite structure of the invention can be utilized as a substrate for electrical circuits, and in particular for high frequency circuits. For purposes of the present disclosure, the term 'high frequency' is herein defined to be greater than 100 KHz. Accordingly, high frequency electrical circuit boards of the invention can be beneficially utilized for circuits capable of operating at greater than about 100 KHz. In one embodiment, the substrates of the invention can be utilized in conjunction with higher frequency circuits, for example circuits operating at frequencies above about 1 MHz or even higher in other embodiments, for instance above about 1 GHz.
High frequency circuit boards have in the past been formed including conductive layers which have been adhered to substrate layers such as composites of glass and epoxy. Such glass fiber/epoxy composites have high dielectric constant and high loss, however. Composites such as those described herein including a plurality of melt extruded fibers with high modulus can have a lower dielectric constant than these previously known substrates. For example lower than about 3.0, or about 2.5, or even lower than about 2.2 in some embodiments.
Circuit boards according to the present invention can be composed of multiple layers, at least one of which includes conductive materials in a predetermined pattern so as to form an electrical circuit and at least another of which is a substrate layer including plurality of high modulus polyolefin fibers. Optionally, conductive materials can be included on multiple layers and/or different conductive materials can be included on a single layer and placed in electrical communication with one another, for instance via holes as is generally known in the industry. Optionally, one or more layers of the substrate can be formed from other non-conductive materials, for instance one or more layers of a composite material comprising glass fibers that can provide additional structural benefits to the multi-layer substrate such as, for example, low coefficient of thermal expansion, or the ability to be exposed to high temperatures for a short period of time such as in a soldering operation used to connect wires, circuit portions (e.g., transistors, capacitors, diodes, etc.) and/or external devices to the circuits located on or in the substrate.
In general the disclosed circuit boards can be used by first providing an electromagnetic signal of the appropriate frequency, transferring the signal to a circuit of the circuit board through wires, cables, solder joints, and/or other devices as are well known in the art, propagating the signal along the conductive arrangement of the circuit, which may include conductive strips and/or striplines as well as capacitors, transistors, and any other circuit components as are generally known in the art, and then receiving this signal at another element, which can be internal or external to the circuit board, as desired. External elements can include, for example, a computer chip, a memory chip, or any other external electrical device. The signal may optionally be provided via wireless communication from an antenna, or alternately a microwave power sources such as those available in integrated circuits or vacuum tubes, or any other sources as are generally known to those of ordinary skill in the art.
The disclosed circuit boards can provide the benefits of low dielectric constant and low dielectric loss, which can result in higher signal integrity, lower data loss, and lower circuit operating voltage, among other benefits that are well known in the art. The disclosed circuit boards can be an integral portion of a cellular telephone, or beneficially utilized in telephone switching equipment, computers, high power microwave devices, or any other electrical device operating in the microwave frequency as is generally known in the art.
In other embodiments, the composite structures can include one or more layers exhibiting high flexural strength and/or modulus. For example, one or more layers can be formed of a fiber glass woven or nonwoven, a polyaramid nonwoven, such as a Kevlar� fabric, or a carbon fiber mat or nonwoven. In one particular embodiment, these other materials can form the outer layers of the composite structure, with one or more high modulus polyolefin-containing layers sandwiched between the two outer layers. These outer layers could provide to the composite the benefits of these particular materials, but the composite structure can still be a much lower weight construct and/or lower cost construct than previously known composites while still attaining the desired strength characteristics due to the inclusion of the low cost, low density, and high modulus polyolefin fibers in layers of the composite.
For example, the disclosed composites can be used in forming extremely strong yet lightweight materials for use in body armor, vehicle parts including car chassis and bumpers, boat hulls, and helmets. In one embodiment, a composite structure of the invention can have a low average density, for instance less than about 1.5 g/cm3. In other embodiments the average density can be even less, for example less than about 1.2 g/cm3, or lower yet, such as less than about 1.1 g/cm3. These materials can also exhibit excellent flexural strength and flexural modulus characteristics. For example the flexural strength of the composite materials can be greater than about 80 MPa, greater than about 100 MPa, or greater than about 150 MPa, in various embodiments of the invention. The flexural modulus can be quite high as well, for example greater than about 3 GPa, in one embodiment, or higher yet in other embodiments, for example greater than about 10 GPa, or greater than about 15 GPa, in other embodiments.
As is well known in the art, stiffness of a laminate composite such as those herein disclosed increases proportionally with the cube of the thickness of the composite. In addition, the bulk of the load will be born by the outer layers of the composite. According to the present invention, composites can be designed and constructed that can describe increase in thickness without the expected corresponding increase in weight, via the inclusion of the low-density materials in the composite. In addition, the disclosed composite structures can take maximum advantage of stiffer, yet heavier and/or more expensive materials at the exterior layers of the composite. Thus, excellent strength characteristics can be attained in the composites at a reduced cost and/or weight as compared to previously known composites that incorporate the higher modulus materials (e.g., glass, Kevlar�, etc.) throughout the construct.
The present invention may be better understood with reference to the following examples.
High modulus, multi-filament polypropylene yarns were formed according to a process such as that illustrated in
The HMPP layers were combined with other materials to form composite structures as herein described. Other layers utilized are designated as follows:
Individual layers were coated with a thermoset resin selected from PET-FF (77-A polyester molding resin, Fiberglast Company), PET-TAP (8777 Marine Vinyl Ester Resin, available from TAP Plastics), and epoxy-TAP (made from 8752 Marine Epoxy A Side Resin and 8722 Medium B Side Hardener in a 4:1 ratio, both from TAP Plastics). Layers were then brought together, the mold was hand tightened with c-clamps and the thermoset resin was allowed to cure. Composites were prepared as shown below in Table 1. (Composites labeled as 4/5 alternating include 4 layers of the first listed material alternating between 5 layers of the second material with the second listed material forming the exterior layers of the construct.)
Eight layers of HMPP fabric were layered alternating with a polyethylene film, and then compressed at 150� C. and 8,000 psi for 5 minutes. The resulting composite had good stiffness and extraordinary toughness.
In addition, eight layers of HMPP fabric were layered alternating with a random copolymer polypropylene (RCP) film under similar conditions. The resulting composite was stronger and stiffer than the composite including the polyethylene film, and still extraordinarily tough.
As a comparative example, eight layers of HMPP fabric were overlaid together with no polymeric binding agent. Three identical structures were compressed at 150� C., 155� C., and 160� C., respectively, and held at 8000 psi for 30 minutes. In each case, the resulting layers peeled apart easily, and at 160� C., the fibers were found to have shrunk to one half of their original length.
It will be appreciated that the foregoing examples, given for purposes of illustration, are not to be construed as limiting the scope of this invention. Although only a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention that is defined in the following claims and all equivalents thereto. Further, it is recognized that many embodiments may be conceived that do not achieve all of the advantages of some embodiments, yet the absence of a particular advantage shall not be construed to necessarily mean that such an embodiment is outside the scope of the present invention.
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About ALZ Stars
ALZ Stars Partners
ALZ Stars A to Z Fundraising Ideas
ALZ Stars Events
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Used Infiniti G35 Reviews
Autobytel has reviews that will walk you around a car, give you a peek under the hood and get you behind the wheel with an industry expert. Browse by category or get into a specific brand to see how well a car does when put to the test.
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2007 Infiniti G35 ReviewBuzz Lightyear's New G-Unit
Infiniti G35 – Review:Infiniti was comatose before the G35 arrived to save the day in 2003. Sales were flat-lining, the product lineup was almost entirely comprised of...
2007 Infiniti G35 Photo GalleryFlagship treatment for the entry-level buyer
Among upwardly mobile young professionals, those who work long and hard hours in an effort to fight for their rung on the ladder, there are few items...
Kelley Blue Book ® - 2004 Infiniti G35 OverviewVehicle Overview from Kelley Blue Book
Body Why the Germans Should Be Worried When it arrived last year, the G35 sedan was critically hailed...


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Political Protests and the State of Democratization in Jordan
February 27, 2004 // 11:00am — 12:00pm
Jillian Schwedler, Department of Government and Politics, University of Maryland
Preparing for the Post-Post War Reconstruction in Iraq: What Has Been Accomplished and What Lies Ahead
February 26, 2004 // 8:30am — 9:30am
A Director's Forum with Nesreen Berwari, Minister for Municipalities and Public Works, Iraq.
Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
February 24, 2004 // 2:30pm — 4:00pm
Author Steve Coll, managing editor of The Washington Post, discusses the findings of his latest book on the CIA's involvement in the covert wars in Afghanistan that fueled Islamic militancy and gave rise to bin Laden's al Qaeda. To view the video feed of the discussion, please click on the "Event Summary" link below.
Cold War Legacy: A Discussion of the Azarbaijan Issue in Iran
February 18, 2004 // 8:00am — 1:00pm
(Co-sponsored with the Cold War International History Project)
An Analysis of the Emerging Political Alignments in the Light of Iran's upcoming Elections
February 13, 2004 // 8:00am — 9:30am
with Bijan Khajehpour, Atieh-Bahar consulting firm (Tehran, Iran)
Saudi Reforms and Saudi-US Relations
February 12, 2004 // 11:00am — 12:00pm
Afghan Women in the New Constitution
February 11, 2004 // 11:00am — 12:00pm
Iran and Israel: A Couple at Odds
February 04, 2004 // 11:00am — 12:00pm
David Menashri, Incumbent of the Parviz and Pouran Nazarian Chair for Modern Iranian Studies and Professor, Department of Middle Eastern and African History, Tel Aviv University
Women: MENA's Untapped Resource
January 30, 2004 // 11:00am — 12:00pm
Nadereh Chamlou, Senior Advisor, Office of the Chief Economist, Middle East and North Africa Region, The World Bank
Iran: Reform, Reaction & the Upcoming Parliamentary Election
January 09, 2004 // 11:00am — 12:00pm
Ali Massoud Ansari, University of Exeter, UK


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what is this supposed to be
This mod makes every single part of Sonic Generations levels be on 3D
This is it. The full release of 3Derations Every Stage has been finished, tested and confirmed as working Hope you have fun!
what is this supposed to be
A complete transformation of Generations. From 2D areas to 3D areas.
No it's not. It's an update, I think :P I'm done with modding and I forgot what this is!


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A Gustavus Adolphus College student was named recently one of the top 11 most influential college students in the US by "degreesource.com" for his volunteer work during what would have been his final year as a Gustie. Daniel Venn, originally from Cannon Falls, spent the whole summer of 2013 working in an elementary school in Riobamba, Ecuador. He taught students, and planned and implemented an English-intensive summer camp for young children.
Gustavus Student Named Most Influential


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In our stake, there has been some questions about the monthly Young Single Adult report that is sent to CHQ each month. The main question revolves around who to count as a Young Single Adult.
Of course, a YSA is a person who is not married and is 18-30 years old for whom we have a membership record. However, there is some resistance to following this definition when submitting the monthly YSA report that goes to CHQ. Some want to exclude those YSA's who have turned 18 who have not completed high school. Others want to exclude missionaries because they are not living in the ward. And because those who are creating this report have no control over membership records, they want to count YSA's who live in the ward whose membership records have not yet arrived and not count YSA's who have moved from the ward.
From the perspective of many, we should only be filling out the report for the YSA's who actually live in the ward because we have no idea what's going on with those who don't live here. On the other hand, I'm pretty sure that the Church wants the wards to account for every YSA for whom they have a membership record.
I'm wondering if anyone can tell us what Church policy is on the YSA monthly report.


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Book Search
International Relations in Europe
Traditions, Perspectives and Destinations
Series: Routledge Advances in International Relations and Global Politics
A new and illuminating critical examination of international relations in Europe. This new volume presents all of the state of the art thinking, focusing particularly on international relations theory and theoretical debates in Western and Central European countries.The contributors seek...
Published June 10th 2008 by Routledge
Kosovo between War and Peace
Nationalism, Peacebuilding and International Trusteeship
Series: Cass Series on Peacekeeping
A major contribution to the debate about the reconstruction of Kosovo, and to the general discussion surrounding the revived 'trusteeship institution' model in the context of the UN internationalism of the 1990s and the War on Terror following 9/11. Bringing together leading international scholars,...
Published September 21st 2007 by Routledge


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Celeb Gloss
Scarlett Johansson opens up about her new boyfriend
By Chris Gardner
No subject seems to be off limits for Scarlett Johansson in Marie Claire's May issue. The actress dishes on porn, hackers, divorce and even provides a tiny bit of insight into her latest relationship with a French journalist. Keep reading to see what she reveals to the mag about all of the above ...
RELATED: Read more from Scarlett's cover story in Marie Claire
On the 10-year sentence received by the hacker who lifted nude photos of her: "I think that was a fair sentence. It's important to note that this affected so many people -- emotionally, I think, more than in any other way. The violation was so awful. I don't want to say, 'Oh, this person should be made an example of,' but I would be lying if I said I didn't feel that way."
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Gear Question
What's the best way to waterproof this...
What's the best way to waterproof this boot? Thanks!
andrew call
It already has a Goretex XCR insert in it so it will be very waterproof to begin with. But if you want you can treat the leather and make it even more waterproof by using this stuff:http://www.backcountry.com/store/NIK0032/Nikwax-Waterproofing-Paste-Wax.html
View More Details on Vasque Breeze GTX Hiking Boot - Men's


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The Cooper's Hawk winery event will offer an introduction to the company's red wines.
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Come late January, Cooper's Hawk Winery and Restaurants will undertake A Study in Reds, a promotion that will have all 15 locations across the country simultaneously serving a special $65- per-person four-course meal that fea- tures four separate red wine pairings, each specifically selected to comple- ment its respective dish for the evening.
There is one tiny catch, however -- but it's not really a catch at all, said Bradley Smith, manager at the Indianapolis location.
"You do have to be at least a one-bottle member of our wine club to take advantage of the event," said Smith, who has been ...


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Claire Coffee
Adalind Schade
Claire Coffee stars in NBC's acclaimed drama series "Grimm" as the seductive villainess Adalind Schade, nemesis to Nick Burkhardt (David Giuntoli).
Coffee has appeared in several pilots and held recurring roles on "Franklin & Bash," opposite Mark-Paul Gosselaar, and on the acclaimed NBC drama "The West Wing." Her numerous guest star appearances include "The League," "CSI," "Psych," "Bones" and "Cold Case." Most recently, she starred as the title character in "Holly's Holiday," a film airing on Lifetime as part of their holiday slate. She created and starred in the web series "Chelsey and Kelsey are Really Good Roommates," which won Best Mobile Series at ITVFest in Los Angeles.
Coffee was born in San Francisco and grew up performing in the regional theaters of Northern California - notably The Mountain Play, Marin Civic Light Opera and The Western Stage.
She graduated from Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, with a bachelor of science degree in theater. Coffee is also a rabid fan of football (particularly of the San Francisco 49ers) and publishes weekly NFL picks videos on her website, clairecoffee.com.


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Crispy Fried Tofu Nuggets With Condiments
|1 , chilled, peeled (European Style)
|For tofu nuggets
|Firm tofu
|20 Ounce (1 Package, Chinese Style)
|Peanut oil/Vegetable oil
|3 Cup (48 tbs)
|Potato starch/Cornstarch
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs) (Use More Quantity, If Needed)
|For condiments
|Spicy soy sauce dip
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs) (1 Recipe)
|Dry roasted sesame seeds
|1 Tablespoon (Heaping)
|Green onions
|4 , smashed, flattened, slivered
|Grated fresh gingerroot
|1 Tablespoon
|Grated daikon
|2 Tablespoon (Japanese White Radish)
Cut cucumber in half lengthwise.
With a spoon, remove seeds.
Cut halves crosswise in 1/2-inch-thick slices.
Spread cucumber slices over a serving platter.
Refrigerate until needed.
Prepare Tofu Nuggets and Condiments.
Place Tofu Nuggets on top of cucumbers.
Serve at once with Condiments.
Invite guests to season individual bowls of Spicy Soy Sauce Dip with Condiments.
Spoon dip over Tofu Nuggets and cucumbers.Tofu Nuggets: Cut tofu horizontally in 1 -inch-thick slices.
Lay slices between double layers of kitchen towels or several layers of paper towels.
Place 1 pound of weight on top 5 minutes to press out excess liquid and firm tofu.
In a wok or shallow heavy saucepan, heat oil to 360F (180C) or until a 1-inch cube of bread turns golden-brown in 60 seconds.
Cut tofu in 1-inch cubes; coat with potato starch.
Fry tofu in several batches until golden-brown and crispy.
Drain on a wire rack.
To insure crispness, tofu can be fried again.
Heat oil to 375F (190C).
Fry tofu in 2 batches, about 45 seconds per batch.
Drain well.
Condiments: Serve Spicy Soy Sauce Dip in individual serving bowls.
Serve remaining condiments separately in small dishes.


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Deshima Freshop
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Excellent Reviews
Deshima Lunchroom Renewed!
Originally planned to last three days, our renovation took a few extra days for the complete make-over we envisioned.
We enjoyed the entire process - brainstorming ideas, measuring, drawing design plans, empting the space, removing the tiles and on so, redoing the wiring, and, the biggest job, painting and carpeting. The final top-to-bottom cleaning started early Saturday morning, October 25th, so we could open for the first lunch at 12 Noon.
Everybody did such a great job - thank you all!!!
Typical of the many positive reactions we received was: " Fantastic. It is so 2014!"
Delicious meals are now being served directly from the kitchen. Cozy sitting, with wall benches and chairs, is directly next to the kitchen.
You can now enjoy an expanded variety of appetizing soups, delightful meals with grain, bean, sea vegetable, tempura, pickles, salad and condiment dishes, refreshing drinks and, of course our yummy snacks and pastries - all prepared and served by our own chef and his assistants.
Stop in to see and taste for yourself. We look forward to welcoming you!
Shop / Mail Order / Lunch Service
Weteringschans 65
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Tel. shop: + 31- 20 - 4230391
Tel. lunch service: + 31- 20 - 6269933
Tel. mail order: + 31- 20 - 6257513
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Monday - Friday: 10.00 - 18.00h
Saturday: 10.00 - 17.00h
(except mail order)


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Here's an absolutely great new Facebook page from Patrice Pederson:
"Get to Know Mitt" is trying to offer a look at the real Mitt Romney, not the unlikable cold-hearted elitist created by the Obama campaign and its surrogates in the mainstream media.
Please take a look, and please "like" it and share it.
The thing that's keeping Barack Obama in the race despite his miserable performance on both economic policy and foreign policy, despite Obamacare, despite his attempts to control the means of production, despite his contempt for religious liberty, and despite his disdain for ordinary Americans, is Governor Romney's entirely unwarranted negative public image as a person.
It is wholly false and unjustified, and those who want to defeat Barack Obama in November had better do everything they can to change it.
The social media offer a painless and inexpensive way to do that, if enough people will get involved.


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Tailored Workflow for Modern Business™: As a boutique provider, BeSpoke Office Solutions helps companies with their office technologies. We specialize in MFP (Copy/Print/Scan) Hardware, Color systems, Pro-LCD, Projectors, IT Support and Services. For a free current-cost-analysis and to learn more about how we can help lower your office equipment costs contact us at email@example.com or call 888-865-8914.
There is no better publication that I am aware of that is so accurate and on top of any news and developments in our industry. I personally recommend it to many people that want to know and understand more about our industry. For the most part, shop-eat-surf.com gets the stories first. As a matter of fact, I require all the executives in our company to read it.- By Hezy Shaked, President & CEO, Tilly's
Being an Executive Edition member allows me to not miss a beat when it comes to the Industry business news. Definitely keeps me in the loop plus goes great with my morning joe.- By Tony Perez, Surfer and Surfing magazines
AGENDA: Last chance to register before July 8-9 show.
ISPO: Shanghai trade show runs July 2 - 4.
Details on Industry Insight.


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SurrenderSurrender (1981) Episode 211- Voltron Anime Episode Guide
This page has been viewed 14 times this month, and 389 times total.
- Voltron Anime Episode Guide
- Tôei Company Ltd.
- Distributed by: World Events Productions
- Cartoon Characters: King Zarkon, Cmdr. Yurak, Lance, Brox, Coran, Keith, Pidge, Princess Allura, Haggar, Nanny, Tammy's Mother, Hunk.
- Originally Released in 1981.
- Color
- Running Time: 30 minutes.
- Japan
Cartoon Summary:
When Yurak takes a village of Allura's people captive, the Voltron Force is forced to surrender.
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Do you have anything to add to this page? Have we made any mistakes... or do you ahve any additional information about Surrender? If so, we would love to hear from you. Please send us a quick note with your additions or corrections to this page, and we will make the corrections as soon as possible!Report Errors / Submit Additional Information
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1916 5C Doubled Die Obverse AU50 PCGS. The otherwise ...
2002 April Columbus, OH (CSNS) Signature Sale #288
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Elusive 1916 Doubled Die Obverse Nickel, An Attractive AU50 Example1916 5C Doubled Die Obverse AU50 PCGS. The otherwise slate-gray surfaces yield to more lively pastel undertones as the coin turns into the light. The ample remaining definition is suggestive of an above average strike, and the doubling is readily evident on the digits in the date. Both sides are uncommonly abrasion-free for a Nickel that saw 10 points of wear.
Although first published in the July 1962 edition of The Numismatic Scrapbook Magazine, the 1916 Double Die was not widely known to the collecting community until the mid-1970s. Of the perhaps 100-150 coins believed extant, only 10 examples are Mint State (per Lange, 2000). (NGC ID# 2TSS, PCGS# 3931)
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1940 Lincoln Zephyr V-12The Lincoln Zephyr bridged the wide gap between Ford's V-8 De Luxe line and the exclusive Lincoln K-series cars. This Lincoln... More
Estate Sale Vehicle - For sale is a 1939 Lincoln Zephyr Kit Car. This car was built approximately 10 years ago from the ground up. It... More
1941 Lincoln Zephyr factory limousine, divider window and jump seats, interior perfect, no rust ever, 454 Chevy motors and transmission, body and paint excellent,... More
Up for sale is a really nice example of an older restoration of the rare and desireable 1940 Lincoln Zephyr Cabriolet Coupe. Black exterior with... More
WITHOUT A DOUBT THE BIGGEST HEAD TURNER WE HAVE. THIS CAR GETS NOTICED! VERY SLEEK DECO RIDES BODY THAT HAS BEEN CHOPPED, REAR FENDERS... More
UNIQUE, SOPHISTICATED CUSTOM. THIS 47 LINCOLN ZEPHYR HAS BEEN TRANSFORMED INTO A TURNKEY DRIVER. HAS A CONVERTIBLE LOOK. ROOF HAS BEEN CHOPPED & LOWERED... More
383 CID / Automatic... More
1941 Lincoln Zephyr Streetrod. All steel California car. Built in Calf., updated Lincoln drive trane, PS, PB and AC. Much more!... More
1941 Lincoln Zephyr division window limousine,formerly chauffer driven,in the Boston,Mass. area,just retrieved from a lengthy museum stay.It has a rock solid body,an older repaint,and... More
LINCOLN: 1939 Zephyr coupe, a gorgeous example, finished in black, one of the prettiest coupes ever built. Hyman Ltd, 314-524-6000, MO; visit: www.hymanltd.com... More


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You have created the vision and the napkin sketch is done. That is when we want to start working with you. We believe you need us early in the process, when we can engage to develop the most efficient solutions.
In other words we want to "produce" the project. Our expertise in fabrication methods, materials and costs, applied early in the design development phase will help you realize your vision in a way that will be most valuable for you and your client.
We build the otherwise unbuildable; those elements of the design that are the most challenging to execute. When successfully built these are the elements that make a project truly successful, that give it a signature, an award- winning calibre and a deep appreciation by its owners and daily users.
1.Research and prototype/sample phase.
2.Signed and sealed engineering and calculations.
3.Managing all pre-installation fabrication and outsourcing
4.Installation management and quality control.
5.Walk through and punch list compliance.
You will find that we have worked with pretty much every building material on this planet. Below is a series of impressions that will take you to many of the finished projects and behind the scenes.


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Gear Review
james chrzanowski
good for late spring to early fall
Used this bag/liner on it's own so far and have been very happy. I have used all three ways of comfort and have slept well. Lowest night temps in this bag was about 50°f without a liner and was comfortable and preferred method of sleeping is draws only. Any lower may be a issue. The width of the bag is nice but let it be known that this bag does not have a hood(comes just over the shoulders). I'm 6'1" and I use the long. I do carry a StS liner just for that extra kick if needed.
View More Details on The North Face Mercurial Liner Bag


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Range of motion (ROM) exercises are done to preserve or improve flexibility and mobility of the jointsDiscover family fun, family health, family life, disability and parenting support for families with special needs - take the tour
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|Range of motion exercises reduce stiffness, prevent deformities, and help keep your joints flexible. the "range-of-motion" is the normal amount your
joints can be moved in certain directions.
If your joints are very painful and swollen, move them gently through their range of motion.
If you have a limb that is unable to complete range of motion exercises independently, then consider self range of motion exercises.
Move your joints through their full range of motion every day.
Daily activities, such as housework, climbing stairs, dressing, bathing, cooking, lifting, or bending do NOT move your joints through their full range of motion. They should NOT replace these therapeutic exercises.A person may increase a joint's range of motion through regular, gentle stretching exercises as directed by a health professional. Often these exercises are recommended after an injury or surgery to help prevent joint stiffness.
Just as there are different types of flexibility, there are also different types of range of motion stretching. Stretches are either dynamic (meaning they involve motion) or static (meaning they involve no motion).
Prepare for your future and protect your loved ones. If you were suddenly unable to work due to an accident what would you do? Request a Free Quote and Insiders Guide to Disability Insurance.
The different types of range of motion are: •AROM - active range of motion
•AAROM - active assisted range of motion
•SROM - self range of motion
* PROM - passive range of motion
We have also included a special page on range of motion exercises for babies.
Flexibility: the ability to move a joint through a series of articulations in a full non-restricted, pain-free range of motion (ROM).
Stretching: techniques used to lengthen shortened soft tissues at the musculotendinous units to facilitate an increase in ROM.
Stretching has an impact on both contractile and non-contractile soft tissues. Passive stretching to the elastic limit can allow these tissues to resume the original resting length. Passive stretching beyond the elastic limit into plasticity will lead to a greater soft tissue length compared to the original resting length when the stretch is removed. Prolonged lengthening of the contractile units of muscle, the sarcomeres, into the plastic ROM progressively leads to increased soft tissue length due to an increased number of sacomeres in series. Non-contractile units of muscle are ligaments, joint capsule, and fascia which all consist of collagen and elastin fibers. Prolonged lengthening of collagen up to its yield point leads to tissue lengthening due to permanent tissue deformation. Elastin fails without deformation with high loads. The more elastin the tissues contain, the more flexible the tissues. To avoid damaging soft tissues, healing and remodeling time must be allowed between periods of stretching.
* Essential for establishing normal ROM of joints and soft tissue
Contraindications: Do not stretch…
Guidelines and Precautions:
Equipment / supplies needed: Occasionally towels, buttress material, or straps are used to fixate or position a body part.
Stretching Methods:
Static Stretch: involves stretching a muscle to the point of discomfort and then holding it at that point for an extended period of time. Can be held between 3 and 60 seconds. Optimal stretch time is between 15 and 30 seconds. Advantages: Prolonged low load will best facilitate a long lasting change in ROM Least likely to exceed the limits of the tissue extensibility Requires less energy expenditure Produces minimal muscle soreness
Ballistic Stretch: dynamic, rapid action of repetitive bouncing motions applied to the muscle being stretched. The antagonistic muscle group of the muscle being stretched initiates the motion. It is an effective technique for athletes but creates increased chance of muscle soreness and injury. Uncontrolled force and proposed neurologic inhibitory influences of rapid stretch may cause injury.
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) Stretching Techniques:
The first three of the following techniques incorporate use of the stretch reflex. All muscles contain mechanoreceptors that when stimulated, stimulate the central nervous system. The muscle spindles and the Golgi tendon organs are sensitive to changes in length. Muscle spindles immediately increase muscle tension in response to an increase in length and fire for at least 6 seconds. The Golgi tendon organs over-ride the muscle spindles after 6 seconds and cause reflex relaxation of the antagonistic muscle allowing extensibility limits to be extended.
1. Hold Relax (HR): a. Passively move limb until the comfortable end range b. 6-10 sec sub-maximal isometric contraction of the antagonist (muscle to be stretched) against resistance c. This is followed by a concentric contraction of the agonist combined with light pressure from the therapist for a maximal stretch on the antagonist for 6-10 sec d. Repeat b. and c.
2. Contract Relax (CR): a. Passively move limb until the comfortable end-range b. 6-10 sec sub-maximal contraction of the antagonist (muscle to be stretched) isotonically against the resistance of the therapist c. The antagonist relaxes as the therapist moves the limb passively through as much ROM as possible returning to end-range for 6-10 sec d. Repeat b. and c.
3. Slow Reversal-Hold-Relax (SRHR), also Contract-Relax-Agonist-Contraction (CRAC): a. Passively move limb until the comfortable end range b. Isotonic contraction of the agonist c. Followed by isometric contraction of the antagonist (muscle to be stretched) for 6-10 sec d. Repeat b. and c.
4. Rhythmic Initiation: indicated when tone or muscle spasm is sensitive to stretch. a. Full PROM into the direction desired b. Commands are given "Relax let me move you," followed by "now you do it with me."
5. Rhythmic rotation: indicated when tone or muscle spasm is sensitive to stretch. a. Supported full PROM into the direction desired b. Rotation of the body part alternately in both directions in a slow rhythmic manner around a longitudinal axis for 10 sec c. The command to "Relax and let me move you." is given. d. Once relaxation is achieved, the limb is moved passively or actively into the newly gained range.
Patient Education: Patient should be instructed in proper techniques for self-stretching. Documentation:
Alternatives: Stretching is more effective when the intramuscular temperature is increased. Tissue heated to 103 degrees Farenheit is optimal and can be achieved through either therapeutic modalities or low-intensity warm-up exercises.
The following exercises can help keep your joints moving. Follow these tips to get the most benefit.
1. Do these two to three times a day.
Make a tight fist and hold for 10 seconds. Straighten your fingers out wide and hold for 10 seconds. Repeat 3 times
Wrist Rotation
With left and right arm in front of body, slowly rotate your palm upwards until a stretch is felt and hold for 10 seconds. Slowly rotate your palm downward until a stretch is felt and hold for 10 seconds. Repeat 3 times.
Tilt your head slowly to the right shoulder. Hold for 10 seconds. Tilt your head slowly to the left shoulder. Hold for 10 seconds. Repeat 3 times.
Turn your head slowly to the right and hold for 10 seconds. Turn your head slowly to the left and hold for 10 seconds. Repeat 3 times.
Tilt head downward with chin toward chest. Hold for 10 seconds. Tilt head upward and hold for 10 seconds. Repeat 3 times
Shrug your shoulders up towards your ears. Hold for 10 seconds then relax. Repeat 3 times
Shoulder abduction
Start with back and neck in a neutral posture. Place right arm in front of body with elbow flexed at a 90° angle. Hold right elbow with left hand and gently pull elbow towards
body. Hold for 10 seconds and relax. Repeat exercise stretching left shoulder. Repeat 3 times.
Place hands behind your head. Move elbows back as far as you can. As you move your elbows back, move your head back. Hold for 10 seconds, then relax. Repeat 3 times.
With elbows bent at 90 degrees, hands facing forward, move elbows behind back as far as possible and hold 10 seconds. Return to starting position and repeat 3 times.
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Celebrity Central / Top 25 Celebs
Rachel Bilson
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Published: Tuesday January 14, 2014 06:00 AM EST
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