text:
VIEWS: 6 PAGES: 15 POSTED ON: 1/23/2011 Public Domain
Nitrogen transport and transformation at the groundwater – surface water interface – How important is the Hyporheic Zone? Stefan Krause1, Louise Heathwaite2, Andrew Binley3 and Daniel Kaeser3 1 Earth Science and Geography Department, Keele University 2 Centre for Sustainable Water Management, Lancaster 3 Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University In riparian floodplains, groundwater and surface water are often well connected. Especially during base flow conditions, groundwater contributions to the river represent a major proportion of the discharge. Increasing nitrate concentrations in many groundwater aquifers (the nitrate time bomb) and the alarming prognosis of critically high groundwater nutrient contributions to surface waters, make it essential to understand the implications of transport and transformation processes at the direct interface between groundwater and surface water. Especially the hyporheic zone, the area where groundwater and surface water are mixing in the streambed, is been considered to substantially contribute to the amelioration of groundwater nitrate contributions and the preservation of the stream ecological health. At the River Leith in Cumbria investigations have been carried out, aiming to quantify groundwater surface water exchange fluxes, nitrate transport and transformation rates in the hyporheic zone. The investigations at the Leith showed significant changes of nitrate concentrations in the upwelling groundwater, which have been found to be dependent on (i) streambed physical conditions controlling fluxes, mixing and residence times and on (ii) chemical factors as the pore water dissolved oxygen content and redox conditions. For the investigated stream sections, heterogeneous patterns of groundwater accretion rates and spatially variable groundwater – surface water mixing in the streambed have been observed to cause a high spatial variability of the pore water nitrate concentrations. Nitrate retention hotspots have been identified in direct neighbourhood to nitrate enrichment and nitrification areas, depending on the streambed redox conditions. The high observed turnover rates, but also the significant spatial heterogeneity of nitrate attenuation and enrichment, even in the relatively small-scale research area, are far more complex then acknowledged so far and demand for a more detailed investigation of hyporheic controls on nitrate transformation. The observations at the Leith also highlight the fact that the streambed area that shows substantial nitrate concentration changes in the upwelling groundwater may exceed the classical understanding of the hyporheic zones spatial extent. According to the current understanding of the hyporheic zones extend this is delineated by the mixing of groundwater and surface water. However, the investigations at the River Leith show that significant nitrate transformation may occur even in areas where groundwater; surface water mixing occurs only on an episodic basis. Our results furthermore indicate that the impact, nitrate contributions from the upwelling groundwater are causing for the surface water concentrations, varies in time. Future assessments of groundwater nitrate contributions and of the hyporheic retention efficiency may need to consider the temporally variable significance of this impact on the in-stream ecological processes. The shallow biogeochemically active hyporheic zone: nitrate sink but a methane source. Mark Trimmer School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom In permeable catchments, nitrate (and other contaminants) resident in the ground water are transported via subsurface flowpaths, but their ultimate fate may depend upon contact with the biogeochemically active hyporheic zone (HZ) of the river bed sediments. The capacity of the HZ to remove nitrate may modify the availability of N for the river biota and has important implications for the management of impacted systems (WFD and EU Nitrates Directive). However, the functional significance of the HZ will depend on its reactivity (processing rates) and spatial extent, both of which are not well described for chalk rivers. Although the high permeability of the alluvial sediments may permit hydrological exchanges over significant spatial scales, our data suggest that the HZ of some chalk streams is very thin. In addition, over spring and summer there can be a marked increase in the silt/clay fraction of the HZ, a concomitant drop in mean particle size and, hence, inferred permeability. Such areas tend to be transient and are often associated with deposition beneath macrophyte stands (Ranunculus). While these conditions favour the reduction and attenuation of nitrate they create ideal conditions for methanogenesis. Spring and summer is associated with an increase in methane transport through Ranunculus stems and an increase in water column methane concentration. Methane production and efflux can be similar to that from some UK peatlands and could be coupled to a transient input of organic matter, possibly of terrestrial origin. The dispersal and deposition of plant propagules in groundwater-fed rivers: linking hydrology and ecology H.L Moggridge, A.M. Gurnell, J.G. Goodson* Environmental Monitoring and Modelling Research Group, Department of Geography, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS * Current Address: Entec Uk Ltd., Gable House, Kenilworth Road, Leamington Spa, Warwickshire CV32 6JX Research has shown that rivers are an important agent for transporting and depositing plant propagules, but the relationship between the hydrological regime and riverbank vegetation is not well understood. This paper presents the findings from studies conducted along two UK groundwater-fed rivers, the River Tern, Shropshire and the River Frome, Dorset, which explored propagule transport and deposition in the river channel and on the riverbank. Sediment and propagules were sampled from the river bed and at varying elevations on the riverbank at all three sites. In addition, propagule transport in the river channel and from aerial seed fall was investigated along the River Frome. The abundance and diversity of propagules were considered in relation to the river water levels and sediment deposition. The species found in the samples were also compared to the standing vegetation and the seed bank, to identify 'new' species. Analysis revealed that aerial seed fall generated few propagules of low diversity and the river introduced large numbers of propagules and new species, resulting in high rates of propagule deposition on the riverbank. In all reaches, the abundance and diversity of deposited propagules changed with season and position on the riverbank, with very high numbers of propagules deposited in the winter months, following high flows. Winter deposits were characterised by high species richness, with many 'new' species recorded. Strong relationships were identified between the abundance and diversity of deposited propagules and river water levels and associated sediment deposition. Winter flows were very important for remobilising propagules from the river bed, introducing new species to the sites and for transporting propagules from the channel into the riparian zone. These findings show that in groundwater-fed river systems such as the Frome and Tern, high flows are very important for maintaining connectivity and promoting floristic diversity in the riparian zone. A study of the hypogean fauna in England and Wales AL Robertson1, T Johns2, JWN Smith3 Roehampton University, Whiteladies Road, Roehampton, Middlesex Environment Agency, Thames Region, Reading Environment Agency, Science Department, Solihull Groundwater ecology has received very little attention in the UK, however the preamble to the new EU Groundwater Directive encourages further research on groundwater ecosystem function and protection, and the well shrimp Niphargus glenniei, has recently been added to the UK Biodiversity Action Plan priority species list. This paper presents the results of a review of the distribution and ecological functions of subterranean aquatic fauna in England and Wales. Over 500 records of stygobites (invertebrates that live solely in subsurface aquatic habitats) were found for groundwater and hyporheic systems, which were obtained primarily from the Biological Records Centre, the Environment Agency's BIOSYS, caving records, published works and personal communications. In contrast to Europe (particularly karstic regions of France and the Balkans) there are very few stygobites recorded in England and Wales. They are typically found where the bedrock geology is fractured and calcareous, and usually in areas to the south of the maximal extent of the Pleistocene glaciation. Stygobites are slow moving and slow to disperse. Some species have been recorded from only one or two sites and it appears that they have not yet recolonised habitats affected by glaciation. Research suggests that stygobites are particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbance due to their restricted distributions, poor dispersal, low reproductive rates and poor competitive ability. Although species richness of stygobites is limited, the hyporheic and groundwater habitats make a unique contribution to UK biodiversity. There are also extensive assemblages of stygophile fauna occurring in both hyporheic and groundwater habitats; these may perform important functions such as modulating the activity of the hyporheic biofilm by grazing and bioturbation. The paper will consider what ecological functions and services the hypogean fauna provide, and outline options for their protection and enhancement, which are likely to be a part of the European Commission's review of the GW Directive in 2013. The response of aquatic invertebrates to hydrological extremes in riverine epikarst Rachel Stubbington, Paul J. Wood and Adam Greenwood Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Tel:01509 222797 Epikarstic habitats may be subject to extreme hydrological variability, but the ecology of such habitats has received little attention in the UK. The summer floods of 2007 provided a unique opportunity to examine how the aquatic invertebrate fauna in the naturally ephemeral epikarstic headwaters of the River Lathkill (Derbyshire) responded to rapid wetting and subsequent drying. At perennial sites, the initial flood disturbance resulted in low invertebrate abundance and species diversity, followed by a gradual recovery as flow declined. At ephemeral sites, the sudden inundation associated with the floods facilitated the rapid colonisation of the river by a limited number of taxa (particularly Gammarus pulex), probably from hypogean refugia including the epikarst and caves. The abundance of all colonising taxa at these ephemeral sites remained low as flow declined and the streambed ultimately became dry. The survival of aquatic invertebrates following streambed drying was investigated, and was found to be restricted to a relatively small number of taxa. Of these, some, for example Gammarus pulex, only persisted for a few days in areas retaining some moisture. Others, including a copepod (Cyclopoida: Diacyclops bicuspidatus ), larval chironomids (including Metriocnemus sp., Bryophaenocladius sp. and Rheocricotopus fuscipes), and adult Coleoptera (Agabus guttatus) were found alive in field damp sediments more than a months after flow ceased. Rehydration of dry sediments in the laboratory demonstrated the survival of other taxa, including cased caddisflies of the genus Stenophylax and stoneflies from the family Nemouridae, indicating that these taxa must possess desiccation resistant life stages. These results suggest that refugial habitats (which retain free water) and desiccation resistant life stages (eggs, larvae and adults) both play a role in the survival of invertebrate fauna in the ephemeral streams of temperate climates, as occurs in arid and semi-arid regions. WFD Groundwater body status classification: it's the ecology, stupid! Tim Besien Environment Agency We need to assess groundwater body status to comply with the Water Framework Directive, the Groundwater Direction and the Groundwater Daughter Directive. We must assess both chemical and quantitative status separately for each groundwater body. Chemical and quantitative status can be either good or poor. This presentation briefly describes each of the five tests for chemical status classification and each of the four tests for quantitative status classification (see figure below). The presentation goes on to explain the central role that ecology takes in the Surface Water, Wetland and Water Balance tests. Initial draft results for the individual tests are presented, along with the overall results for groundwater body chemical and quantitative status. Groundwater Groundwater Chemical Status Quantitative Status G G TEST 1: P Saline or other intrusions P G G TEST 2: Surface Water P P G TEST 3: G Groundwater Dependent Terrestrial P Ecosystems P G TEST 4: Drinking Water Protected Areas P G TEST 5: General Quality Assessment P G TEST 6: Water Balance P GOOD POOR GOOD POOR The results of each test are combined for overall classification of POOR or GOOD STATUS for both quantity and chemical. The worst result is reported for the groundwater body. Significant damage to Groundwater-dependent Terrestrial Ecosystems: Good regulation or lack of information? Mark Whiteman Environment Agency Recently, the Environment Agency, working with partners in Natural England and the Countryside Council for Wales, has classified each groundwater body in England and Wales at either good or poor status according to whether groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystems (GWDTEs) are significantly damaged. The work has been undertaken as part of groundwater status assessments for the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). Firstly, a risk screening exercise was undertaken (Hulme et al, 2007). This followed a methodology based on the source-pathway-receptor concept, where the source of pressure is the abstraction, or source of groundwater pollution, the pathway is the transmission route from the aquifer to the receptor, which is the groundwater- dependent wetland ecosystem. The results from the national screening were checked against local expert knowledge at 10 workshops throughout England and Wales and revised accordingly. The outputs were maps showing which wetlands are at risk of damage due to poor groundwater quality or inadequate quantity. Of 1,368 sites assessed, 63 were considered at high risk from abstraction pressures, and 117 at high risk from groundwater chemical pressures. Secondly, a site-specific assessment was made, for those high-risk sites where condition data from the conservation agencies indicated that unfavourable condition could be due to reasons related to abstraction or chemical pressures acting through the groundwater body. A seven-step process was followed, as defined by the UK Technical Advisory Group for the WFD. This involved defining a site-specific threshold for chemical pressures, and estimating the degree of departure from required environmental supporting conditions (e.g. flows and levels), as defined in the Environment Agency's Eco-hydrological Guidelines for Lowland Wetland Plant Communities (Wheeler et al, 2004) and similar documents produced by Natural England for other habitat types. 71 groundwater bodies were considered to be at good status, high confidence, with respect to quantitative pressures, however, 229 groundwater bodies were at good status, low confidence. 58 groundwater bodies were at good status, high confidence with respect to chemical pressures, and 245 were at good status, low confidence. This highlights the uncertainty due to lack of data, especially chemical monitoring and ecological survey data, from wetland sites. Five groundwater bodies were at poor status due to actual ecological damage caused by quantitative pressures, and 2 due to chemical pressures. Further work is required to increase confidence in the risk assessment methodology, to establish efficient and effective investigation techniques for determining significant damage (particularly due to chemical pressures), and to refine and extend our knowledge for the eco-hydrological requirements of wetland conservation interest features. Flow accretion profiling as a method of hydrological characterisation of wetlands in permeable catchments Heather Musgrave1, Mike Acreman2, Andrew Binley3 1 Entec UK Ltd, Reading, UK 2 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Crowmarsh Gifford, UK 3 Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK Hydro-ecological studies of wetlands have historically been very site-specific, in order to gain any certainty about the water sources contributing to and hydrological processes that control floral and fauna communities. This often requires installation of monitoring networks, and hence significant time and effort. Where characterisation of a large number of wetlands is required, there is a need for alternative approaches that operate at a broader scale. Flow accretion profiling along rivers is a recognised method for improving the understanding of catchment hydrogeological processes. Flows are measured at a number of points along the river to establish "gaining" and "losing" reaches. This allows the areas where the river is interacting with groundwater to be established, and gives a good spatially-distributed understanding of the surface-groundwater interactions. Our study of floodplain wetlands along the River Lambourn illustrates that flow accretion profiling can also be valuable for wetland characterisation at a catchment scale. We carried out within-wetland studies of individual sites to establish the hydrological processes occurring at those locations. In conjunction with this, flows were measured at regular intervals along the river to develop profiles of the flow accretion. We found that wetland areas adjacent to gaining river reaches had the greatest interaction with groundwater. In contrast, wetlands adjacent to reaches with little accretion were found to have relatively little direct groundwater contribution, instead being reliant on contributions from the river and near-surface deposits. Although more intensive monitoring is necessary to establish a detailed hydrological understanding of individual wetland sites, examining flow accretion profiles in the adjacent river can provide a useful first step or screening exercise in wetland characterisation. The wetland water balance: Linking hydrogeological processes to ecological effects D Ross & D Gasca Atkins Ltd, Woodcote Grove, Ashley Road, Epsom, Surrey, KT18 5BW, UK This paper describes a modelling methodology for linking hydrological and hydrogeological process to ecological effects using the wetland water balance approach. In recent years the methodology has been applied to sites including ecologically sensitive lakes, Special Protection Area (SPA) wetlands and large floodplain wet grasslands in connection with the Habitats Directive and Water Level Management Plans, amongst other policy drivers. A case study on the Arun Valley SPA will be presented. The modelling methodology links regional scale hydrogeology to wetland hydrology that is typically influenced by local processes occurring at a reduced spatial scale (eg. management). To assess impacts, it is therefore necessary to understand not only the hydrological sources of water that are affected by abstraction, but also to consider how the magnitude of these processes relates to other processes influencing wetland water levels. To apply the wetland water balance model daily time series are calculated for the main inputs and outputs to the wetland. Topographic data are then used to translate changes in water volume to changes in water level and the open area of water. By developing a model capable of predicting wetland water levels, the suitability of conditions for ecological habitats or species can be assessed with reference to national guidance material on hydro- ecological relationships. Once calibrated, the model can be extended over longer time periods and perturbed by alternative management options (eg sluice control), and groundwater or surface water abstraction scenarios to assess impact. Since the approach links changes in water volume to ecology, the options and measures that are most relevant at the ecological scale can be compared and assessed. The case study was part of Southern Water's PRO4 Environment Programme. The approach has considerable potential for a wide range of wetland applications including the Water Framework Directive programmes of measures. Balancing hydro-ecological needs with sustainable groundwater abstraction: Anglian region's framework for managing groundwater resources. Andy Brooks Entec UK Ltd Anglian Region has the largest number of wetlands designated under the EU Habitats Directive. It is also an area that relies heavily of groundwater abstraction for Public water supply and for spray irrigation. Consequently there are hundreds of ground (and surface) water licences abstracting in close proximity to designated wetland sites. In 1999 a strategy was implemented to develop groundwater models for all aquifer units across the Region and designed to provide the Agency with the tools and information to make groundwater resource decisions based on sound science and good technical practice. There are two strands to the work: 1. Development of distributed groundwater flow models Eight regional distributed groundwater models, covering the main aquifers have, or are being, constructed. These underpin the analyses undertaken for the vast majority of the Habitat sites within Region. 2. RSA and Habitats Directive Review of Consents Hydro-ecological site characterisation was undertaken for around 90 wetlands, including fens, bogs, floodplain and coastal grazing marsh, open water (rivers, broads, clay pits and ponds), estuaries and coastal sites. These described the hydro-ecological functioning of the sites and presented a risk assessment for the effects of abstraction, based on simple analytical techniques. As part of this site characterisation process site works were proposed with the specific aim of obtaining data that clearly links the location of the important ecological features with shallow and deeper water tables. Additionally guidance was produced on linking Hydrological Impact to Ecological Effect. Hydrological Impact Assessments informing the Stage 3 Appropriate Assessments were underpinned by the development of target hydrological regimes, based on the Hydro- ecological guidelines (Wheeler et al, 2004) and similar documents, and outputs from the regional models. It was possible to conclude that 'no adverse effect on the integrity of sites had been proven' for a number of sites. However those remaining have progressed to Stage 4 and are subject to on-going work. Does 10 cm matter? – Significance of groundwater table change to GWDTE Jan van Wonderen1 and Tim Lewis2 1 Mott MacDonald 2 Entec Regional integrated surface water and groundwater models are used extensively by the Environment Agency (EA) to assess both natural and anthropogenic influences on the water environment. The models represent complex groundwater systems and their interaction with the surface environment. However, there are limitations, particularly related to scale and to the assessment of impact on groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems (GWDTE). The resolution of regional model networks is generally 200 or 250 m2. Within model cells there is uniformity of properties and is thus no variation in topography, groundwater table elevation or soil properties. GWDTE can be small in size with often subtle variation in topography and soil characteristics. This results in a shallow groundwater table environment that is spatially variable and to which specific plant communities adapt. Influences such as groundwater abstraction or drought result in changes in the groundwater table, yet not evenly distributed within a GWDTE. Regional models can simulate changes in groundwater levels. However, such changes need to be considered in the context of water needs of plant communities. It is here that groundwater modellers struggle. Firstly the models represent saturated groundwater systems, while plants in GWDTE require specific soil moisture conditions. Therefore does a 10 cm decline in the groundwater table matter? Recent work has seen the introduction of soil moisture simulation approaches. This is a step forward towards understanding the impact on plant communities. Although scale could be addressed with detailed saturated/unsaturated flow models, this can be time consuming and costly. And data are generally lacking at the GWDTE scale. We see the way forward through the development of practical tools that can be bolted on to regional models and that allow for representation of local scale within model cells. However, this cannot be achieved without the meeting of minds. Water specialists and terrestrial ecologists need to collaborate and work together in addressing the challenges that face the groundwater dependent ecological environment. The eco-hydrology of wet dune slacks: experience from Winterton Dunes, Norfolk William Coulet1, Kevin Hiscock2, Tony Davy3, Hans Schutten4 and Ab Grootjans5 1 Van Hall Larenstein University of Professional Education, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands 2 School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK 3 School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK 4 Marine, Coastal and Freshwater Ecosystems Evidence Team, Natural England, Norwich, UK 5 Community and Ecology Conservation Group, University of Groningen, The Netherlands Wet dune slacks are distinctive wetlands that are sensitive to human influences on their hydrology. Dune slacks are characterised by seasonally fluctuating water tables; they may be waterlogged or have standing water in winter/spring but soils can dry out to a considerable depth in summer, depending on local hydrology. They must be considered as part of a larger dune system that functions as an eco-hydrological unit. Annex II and Red Data Book species are mainly associated with particularly sensitive early-successional stages that are base-rich and nutrient-poor. Information on the hydrological conditions in a range of European dune-slack habitats in the Wadden Sea area, along the coasts of The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark, has been used to develop a new conceptual model for dune-slack hydrology, based on a water balance approach that accommodates the complexity of a sequence of hydrologically-connected slacks within a dune system (Davy et al. 2006). In Britain, field measurements and quantitative modelling studies are limited but recent moniroring at Winterton Dunes, a rare acid dune system on the east coast of Norfolk between Hemsby and Horsey and known for its small population of Natterjack Toad (Bufo calamita), has been used to test the generic conceptual hydrological model. With the use of dip-wells and topographical data along two, 90-metre transects, water levels were monitored at Winterton NNR for 14 weeks during 2007 and showed that the current sea wall acts as a barrier to eastward flowing groundwater. The general groundwater flow direction is to the south-west, but with seasonal differences. During wet periods, precipitation is temporarily stored in the higher sandy dune areas, while the low-lying ponds overflow and groundwater infiltrates the fine- to coarse-sands and occasional gravel that comprise the dunes. During dry periods, water stored in the higher areas slowly drains until a balance is found as westward groundwater flow reaches the low-lying ponds where it is lost to evapotranspiration. Hydrochemical analysis of water samples collected along the transects and ponds confirmed a fresh (acid) water system with a slight seawater (sodium chloride) influence. Infiltration in the higher dune areas increases the mineral content of calcium and magnesium but, given the short period of monitoring during a mainly recharge period, no clear correlation with location or migration in groundwater was detected for iron. However, groundwater-fed springs show the visual effects of bacteria precipitating iron on the north- east side of the dune ponds. Further research is required to determine the conservation measures necessary to restore sustainable habitats at Winterton and at other wet dune slacks in Britain if the situation in the Netherlands is to be avoided where experience suggests that dune slacks may be irreversibly sensitive to water abstraction, recharge variation and changes in water quality. Reference: Davy, A.J., Grootjans, A.P., Hiscock, K. & Petersen, J., 2006. Development of eco- hydrological guidelines for dune habitats – Phase 1. English Nature Research Reports, No. 696, 78 pp. A hydrogeological study of Hatfield Moor Special Protection Area C Jones1, T Kohler2, A Collins3, J Van Wonderen1 and O Pattenden1. 1 Mott MacDonald 2 Natural England 3 Yorkshire Water Hatfield Moor is the second largest area of lowland raised peat bog in England and is now undergoing a significant recovery programme following the cessation of peat stripping. Water management on the mire is critical to the ecology and Natural England have made major changes to the drainage system to reduce runoff. Yorkshire Water Services (YWS) holds two abstraction licences nearby and their impact is assessed under the Habitats Directive through a hydrogeological study which includes 3 years of intensive water level monitoring in nested piezometers. Conditions in the saturated and unsaturated zones in the peats and in lakes and ditches are investigated and are linked to those in the deeper drift and underlying Sherwood Sandstone. The density and quality of observations, and comparisons with the nearby Thorne Moors, have allowed the climatic impacts on the water regime to be disaggregated from those from the extended pump/recovery cycles. In view of the uncertainty in actual evapotranspiration from mires and bare peat, the methodology appears more robust than one relying extensively on modelling. The study has allowed the areas affected by abstraction and the types of impact to be identified. The work reveals some issues for the future management of the Moors given the likely impact of climate change. Development of a high-resolution conceptual hydroecological understanding of an internationally recognised fen wetland – Cors Bodeilio, Anglesey, Wales Peter Jones1, Rob Low2 and Dave Headworth3 (deceased) 1 Countryside Council for Wales, Bangor 2 WMC-SWS, Shrewsbury 3 Environment Agency Wales, Cardiff The hydroecological functioning of wetland sites is usually understood only at a macro-scale through a knowledge of water sources and geological setting, and interpretation of the distribution of species and habitat types. Recent assessment of the impacts of various off-site influences on wetland hydroecology under the Habitats Regulations and the Water Framework Directive has highlighted the requirement for a more detailed conceptual understanding. In order to address this requirement at an example site, the Countryside Council for Wales and Environment Agency Wales have intensively investigated and instrumented Cors Bodeilio, an internationally recognised fen wetland which is part of the Anglesey Fens Special Area for Conservation (SAC). Investigations at the site have included vegetation and surface water feature mapping, and lithological characterisation of wetland substrate through hand-auger survey and lightweight percussion drilling. Over twenty dipwells (up to 1.5 m deep) and two deeper (up to 7 m) piezometers have been installed to measure near-surface and deeper groundwater levels and quality. Water levels in these and in surface water features are monitored both manually and automatically at a high frequency. Two deep EAW observation boreholes are located within 2.5 km of the site, providing information on groundwater levels and quality in the underlying Carboniferous Limestone. Rainfall is monitored on-site using an automated raingauge. The investigations have yielded information at high spatial, vertical and temporal resolutions, and this has been analysed and interpreted to produce a detailed conceptual hydroecological understanding of the site. Aspects of this site-specific understanding can be transferred to other sites, to help in the identification of key hydroecological processes and in turn lend greater confidence to hydroecological impact assessments. The use of geostatistical mapping in the hydroecological assessment of abstraction pressures on the vegetation of three groundwater dependant terrestrial ecosystem sites of special scientific interest. S. James1, R. Morris1, A. Headley1, H. Carlyle1, N. Walters2 1 Grontmij, Grove House, Mansion Gate Drive, Leeds, LS7 4DN 2 Anglian Water Services, Milton House, Cowley Road, Cambridge, CB4 0AP Three project sites, classified as Sites of Special Scientific Interest, have been identified as groundwater dependent terrestrial ecosystems potentially affected by groundwater abstraction. One of the aims of the study was to provide an accurate assessment of the distribution and abundance of plants found on each site, as a baseline against which to measure any change over time. To establish whether any identified change is attributable to groundwater abstraction, the study developed a conceptual understanding of the groundwater supply mechanisms and the degree to which abstraction could potentially affect the availability of shallow groundwater to the water dependant vegetation of the sites. Geostatistical Vegetation Monitoring uses GPS referenced survey methods to collect data that are free from the subjective assessment of vegetation boundaries by surveyors that has been a problem with traditional survey methods such as the National Vegetation Classification (NVC) system. Data collection is followed by geostatistical analysis using kriging methods, probability mapping and allocation of Ellenberg values to assess species soil moisture and pH requirements across each site. Reproducible baseline species distribution maps for each site provide a platform for monitoring future long-term changes in vegetation composition. Variations in climatic conditions between subsequent years will lead to natural fluctuations in plant distributions. However, an assessment of the extent and direction of any change in species distribution, in conjunction with their relative needs for moisture and acid/basic conditions, should enable a determination to be made as to whether it is reduction in the amount of available calcareous groundwater that is responsible for any change to the ecology of the sites, or changes in other parameters, or possible 'in combination' effects.
Pages to are hidden for
"Nitrogen transport and transformation at the groundwater – surface "Please download to view full document


text:
Garden Crafts
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
Wooden Birdhouse Cottage
By: Heidi Borchers
We are adding the craft to your Craft Projects.
The project was added to your Craft Projects.
Click here to view your Craft Projects.
Make crafts for outdoor decorations - it's an inexpensive way to make your garden shine during the summer. Create a Wooden Birdhouse Cottage from Heidi Borchers that you can hang on your porch and display all season long. It's both pretty and rustic.
- Aleene's Super Thick Tacky Glue
- Craft sticks
- Craft knife and ruler
- Wire cutters
- Toothpick
- Wooden mini birdhouse
- Plastic fairy
- Acrylic paint – black, white, brown
- Paint brush (fine tip and 1/2″ shader)
- Sheet moss
- Silk flowers
- Use ruler and pencil to draw straight lines from birdhouse opening to bottom. Use craft knife to score/cut along pattern lines. It is best to use a sharp craft knife for this step so that it will cleanly cut through the wood.
- If needed, use pliers to pull cut piece from birdhouse.
- Continue to pull away cut piece and do not worry if it does not come out completely clean. You will be gluing craft sticks over the cut edges.
- Using your sharp craft knife, you should be able to cut away a section that looks like this.
- For an added effect of the look of wood, I glued craft sticks to the outside of the birdhouse. Mark, measure and cut your craft sticks with wire cutters.
- In this step, I have cut and glued three craft sticks to the front right. You can see how the craft sticks slightly cover the opening so if you have any rough cut edges, you can see how the craft sticks will cover them. I like to apply the Aleene's Super Thick Tacky glue to the back of my craft sticks with a toothpick.
- For the roof detail, I cut varied lengths of craft sticks and glued them to the rooftop.
- To create a weathered wood look, use a fine brush to paint black along the edges of the craft sticks. Let dry. Paint with a white wash of white. I also used my Aleene's Super Thick Tacky Glue to glue pieces of moss over sections of the roof.
- You can also glue several pieces of craft sticks together to create a "Fairy Cottage" sign. I used a black permanent marker for the lettering and I painted it with the same white wash.
- Paint rope hanger brown. For a pretty touch on your Fairy Cottage, glue silk flowers over the moss.
For a comprehensive video tutorial of this project, check out How to Make a Birdhouse Fairy Cottage.
Your Recently Viewed Projects
Images from other crafters
Love these projects? Get MORE delivered to your Inbox – FREE Click Here!
Report Inappropriate Comment
Are you sure you would like to report this comment? It will be flagged for our moderators to take action.
Thank you for taking the time to improve the content on our site.
Something worth saving?
- SAVE all your favorite crafts
- ADD personal notes
- QUICKLY reference your crafts
Free eBooks
- 14 Toilet Paper Roll Craft Ideas
- 23 Fabulous Picnic Craft Ideas + Restaurant Copycat Recipes
- 4th of July Crafts and Recipes
- 4th of July Crafts: Blogger Edition 2010
- Crafts for Father's Day: 36 Homemade Father's Day Gift Ideas
- Garden Crafts
- Graduation Crafts
- How To Make Tie Dye Shirts, Decor & More: 18 Tie Dye Patterns
- The Best Blogger Craft Ideas 2015: Home Decor Ideas, DIY Jewelry, Easy Crochet Patterns and More
Our Newest Projects & Articles
- 12 Days of Christmas in July Giveaway
- Houndstooth Wallpaper Stencil
- Quilted Paper DIY Wall Art
- Sweet Decoupage Picture Frame
- Super Simple Painted DIY Wall Art
- Scrap Fabric Hair Accessories
- Metal Stamped Floral Stakes
- Ultimate Plaid Home Decor Assortment
- 9 Free Knitting Patterns for Accessories
- Grab & Go Organizer

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Hotel Valaskjalf Egilsstadir
No prices found through our partners. Please contact the business directly or check some of our recommended alternatives.
TripAdvisor Reviews Hotel Valaskjalf Egilsstadir
Travel Blogs from Egilsstadir
Another Waterfall
... direction), and up into a hill covered with nice orange and brown autumnal vegegation. The trail at the end passes two waterfalls, the second one slightly larger. There is a good viewpoint and then a continuation of the path descending to a lower viewpoint closer to the waterfall with the aid of a chain.
On getting back to the campsite around six pm there are several more people hanging out in the indoor section, including Michel - the French guy who ...
Myvatn to near Egilstaddur
... like this but I've never seen those. Super impressive.
We contemplated going around to view it from the other side but then the rain came so that was abandoned. Lunch was at a pullout next to the main road with a coffee stop a few miles further on. The long afternoon drive lacked major sites except for the unexpected Ysta Rjukundi waterfall, If we had not just come from Dettifoss, we would have thought this a pretty impressive set of falls. Even so, we really appreciated ...
The Sun Came Out Today!
... herd near the road. Icelandic horses appear to be somewhat smaller than the horses I'm used to seeing and they sort of trot rather than walk when they have riders on them. Maybe it's even a prance type of walk. They also like to "nuggle" each other. It is not uncommon when we've seen the horses that two of them are "nuggling". I'm not sure how to explain ...
Day 4: Hot Springs and Other Things
... woke up at noon to the hostel keeper opening my door to vacuum, apparently having slept through my alarm set for several hours earlier. Having wasted the entire morning, I quickly packed up my things and hit the road for Lake Myvatn. As a hotspot for geothermal activity, the lake is one of the biggest attractions in North Iceland due to the preponderance of natural hot springs, wildlife, and cool mountains. After only about an hour of driving, I made it to ...
Eastbound to Egilisstadir
... with caramelized onions and Cumberland sauce and smoked goose with horseradish sauce. Minna's main was an amazing beef tenderloin, while Howard feasted on reindeer steak that was as tender as meat could be. This is the restaurant's signature dish as this is reindeer country. After dinner we watched from our hotel window for the aurora borealis as the internet reports showed a moderate chance for it tonight. It has been very cloudy every night so ...
Other places to stay in Egilsstadir
Icelandair Hotel HeradMidvangur 5 - 7 , Egilsstadir | 3 star hotelfrom $166
Hotel Edda - EgilsstadirTjarnarbraut 25, 700, Egilsstadir | 2 star hotelfrom $196


text:
What's More Important: Having It All or Happiness?
After reading Anne-Marie Slaughters viral piece in the Atlantic, Why Women Still Cant Have It All, I came away wondering not if I could have it all or if I even deserved to. As long as I am 51 with no athletic ability, and Im pretty sure I will never have it all. Thats OK. I wanted to know if this woman with a teflon resume, high-powered career, and a family is actually happy. Hers is a fundamentally joyless account of life at the top, a Rolodex masquerading as manifesto.FULL ENTRY
Five More Places to Eat With Your Children (That Won't Make You Want to Eat Your Children)
Today I opened my refrigerator and pulled out chicken that appears to be growing fuzz. This means that we'll probably dine out tonight. A little while back, I listed five fabulous restaurants that don't make you feel like a leper when you trundle in with a stroller, an iPad trumpeting Sesame Street's most obnoxious ditties, and a bulbous diaper bag capable of beheading people. It's been a while, and we've eaten out with Andrew a fair bit since then. And so: Here are five more restaurants that you should definitely visit in lieu of frozen pizza.FULL ENTRY


text:
What Do You Think Hal Jordan Makes The Most With His Ring?
- Forum Posts: 27
- Wiki Points: 0
- Followed by: 5
- Reviews: 6 Lists: 2
- Kal'smahboi
- Online
- Follow
- Forum Posts: 3832
- Wiki Points: 12325
- Followed by: 123
- Reviews: 2 Lists: 1
He likes baseball gloves a lot.
- Forum Posts: 106
- Wiki Points: 0
- Followed by: 10
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 0
Definitely a hand. Grabbing, punching, swatting, Hal Jordan throws out the big green hand all the damn time. I think a jet fighter comes up second.
- Forum Posts: 7022
- Wiki Points: 0
- Followed by: 174
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 64
Wow we all think the same thing, fist, or weapon..........
- Forum Posts: 14517
- Wiki Points: 3549
- Followed by: 661
- Reviews: 7 Lists: 9
Most defiently a hand construct. What Hal lacks in imagination he does make in will power thou.
- Forum Posts: 14757
- Wiki Points: 12088
- Followed by: 391
- Reviews: 1 Lists: 30
I bet you anything he makes the Muppets when no one is looking.
he did admit to being a kermit fan...lol anywhoos Hal saves his "special constructs" for private time
Hands, Jets,.... Hal and Guy are the 2 Earth Lanterns whose constructs rarely are something to stop and admire.
Kyle and John on the other hands have very unique constructs that are almost always interesting to see and relate to their lives.
Kyle as an artist and having one of the most unique imaginations among the Earth Lanterns always makes constructs that are very intricate and exciting. He could usually use something less complicated but the thing with Kyle is that these ideas just come to him naturally. For example in one comic when 2 people were falling off a bridge into the ocean, instead of simply catching them with force fields or giant hands he created a giant octopus and had its tentacles grab them.
John makes a lot of constructs that reflect his military background and are always complete.
I hope they give Hal and Guys constructs a bit more attention with this upcoming reboot/relaunch/whatever.
- Forum Posts: 665
- Wiki Points: 0
- Followed by: 26
- Reviews: 6 Lists: 0
Hal Jordan on the other hand.........damn.
- Forum Posts: 361
- Wiki Points: 0
- Followed by: 20
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 0
he likes making hand constructs. i wish they wrote him to be more creative. i guess his unmatched willpower makes up for it.
@CaptianBlonde13 said:
I think a fist
- Forum Posts: 11197
- Wiki Points: 28
- Followed by: 421
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 6
Boxing gloves and choo choo trains
This edit will also create new pages on Comic Vine for:Beware, you are proposing to add brand new pages to the wiki along with your edits. Make sure this is what you intended. This will likely increase the time it takes for your changes to go live.
Comment and Save
Until you earn 1000 points all your submissions need to be vetted by other Comic Vine users. This process takes no more than a few hours and we'll send you an email once approved.


text:
User Comments, Suggestions, or Complaints | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Advertising
Page rendered in 0.7941 seconds
196 querie(s) executed
You are here > Home > Baseball Newsstand
Login to submit news.
ContributorsJim Furtado
Founder & Publisher
Editor - Baseball Primer
Baseball Newsstand
— All the News That's Fit to Link
Tuesday, June 16, 2015
Hamilton thinks about giving up switch-hitting
You can't? Somebody should tell Pablo and Shane.
Read More...
Jim Furtado Posted: June 16, 2015 at 08:37 AM | 16 comment(s)
Beats: billy hamilton, reds
Seven straight Red Sox losses, but not a negative word here - Boston Red Sox Blog - ESPN
The press and fans have every right to complain. Of course, although it might feel good to vent, it doesn't mean the venting actually does anything to improve the team's chances.
Jim Furtado Posted: June 16, 2015 at 08:34 AM | 10 comment(s)
Beats: red sox
Harper: With Gee out, time for Mets to welcome Matz - NY Daily News
Watch those innings. It certainly worked for the Nationals with Strasburg.
Jim Furtado Posted: June 16, 2015 at 08:30 AM | 0 comment(s)
Beats: mets, noah syndergaard, steven matz
Byron Buxton's first MLB hit was a triple because of course it was | MLB.com
Jim Furtado Posted: June 16, 2015 at 08:22 AM | 6 comment(s)
Beats: byron buxton, statcast, twins
September 9, 1965: 'A million butterflies' and one perfect game for Sandy Koufax | SABR
Includes a link to Vin Scully's call of the last three outs.
Jim Furtado Posted: June 16, 2015 at 08:19 AM | 0 comment(s)
Beats: dodgers, history, no hitters, sandy koufax
8 out of 9 Royals agree: OMNICHATTER!
Gamingboy Posted: June 16, 2015 at 12:23 AM | 104 comment(s)
Beats: mlb, omnichatter
Monday, June 15, 2015
Tribune: Cubs To Call Up Kyle Schwarber (1st Round Pick '14 Draft)
The second biggest sports news of the day in Chicago?
VoodooR Posted: June 15, 2015 at 11:52 PM | 23 comment(s)
Beats: cubs, kyle schwarber
San Diego Padres likely looking for sizzle in Bud Black's successor | FOX Sports
Jim Furtado Posted: June 15, 2015 at 06:05 PM | 8 comment(s)
Beats: bud black, managers, padres
NY Daily News: Mets designate pitcher Dillon Gee for assignment
Adam Starblind Posted: June 15, 2015 at 04:22 PM | 37 comment(s)
Beats: mets
Tampa Bay Rays Looking To New Tech To Study Pitching
But does it measure The Will to Win?
Read More...
RoyalsRetro (AG#1F) Posted: June 15, 2015 at 01:32 PM | 0 comment(s)
Beats: mechanics, pitching, rays, technology
3 reminders that long extensions for young players are still risky
Read More...
RoyalsRetro (AG#1F) Posted: June 15, 2015 at 01:30 PM | 20 comment(s)
Beats: blue jays, braves, cardinals, contract extensions, diamondbacks, jaime garcia, jedd gyorko, padres, ricky romero, trevor cahill
Kahrl: Will Streaking Blue Jays Add Pitching?
The title says it all. The Jays are hot right now, but do they have the pitching they need to get to the playoffs?
Chris Fluit Posted: June 15, 2015 at 09:45 AM | 15 comment(s)
Beats: blue jays, christina kahrl, johnny cueto
The No-More-Fallout-References-E3-Has-Started OMNICHATTER
Gamingboy Posted: June 15, 2015 at 09:22 AM | 105 comment(s)
Beats: mlb, omnichatter
Oh, so close: Scherzer inches away from historic performance | MLB.com
He's even better when not covered in chocolate sauce.
Jim Furtado Posted: June 15, 2015 at 09:16 AM | 15 comment(s)
Beats: max scherzer, nationals
Primer Dugout (and link of the day) 6-15-2015
Pittsburgh Press, June 15, 1915:
As of May 2007, 24 MLB first basemen had played an entire game without a fielding chance. That makes it just slightly more common than a perfect game, which has occurred 23 times in MLB history.
Dan Lee is a Big Hunk of Neufchâtel Posted: June 15, 2015 at 08:24 AM | 7 comment(s)
Beats: dugout, history
A-Rod redirects Yankees offer to donate HR bonus money - NY Daily News
Cost of lawyers and a lot of negative publicity. What a mess.
Read More...
Jim Furtado Posted: June 15, 2015 at 06:44 AM | 24 comment(s)
Beats: alex rodriguez, yankees
Chris Sale dominant again with 12 K's, but Rays win to complete sweep
At the least, some fine company.
Read More...
Jim Furtado Posted: June 15, 2015 at 06:30 AM | 0 comment(s)
Beats: white sox
Economics take toll on talent pool in MLB | TribLIVE
Read More...
Jim Furtado Posted: June 15, 2015 at 06:23 AM | 0 comment(s)
Beats: amateur draft, pirates
New York Mets promote Virgin Islands native Akeel Morris
Read More...
Russlan is fond of Dillon Gee Posted: June 15, 2015 at 05:58 AM | 28 comment(s)
Beats: mets
Kenny: The end of FIP as we know it
Professor Jon Heyman comments: "We're going to have to sit shiva."
Read More...
JE (Jason) Posted: June 15, 2015 at 05:58 AM | 22 comment(s)
Beats: fip, sabermetrics, strikeouts, three true outcomes, walks
Sunday, June 14, 2015
Cubs Den: The Starlin Castro Dilemma
This article sums up my feelings on Starlin Castro quite nicely. To wit:
How long will baseball let the All-Star Game be a joke?
Are you ready to watch the Kansas City Royals take on the St. Louis Cardinals in the All-Star Game next month? I hope so. That's what we're going to get.
Wahoo Sam Posted: June 14, 2015 at 01:20 PM | 84 comment(s)
Beats: all-star game
Wilson leaves it all on field in draining day | angels.com
It didn't impact his pitching.
Nick Cafardo | Sunday Baseball Notes: Unexpectedly, Alex Rodriguez has exceeded expectations - Sports - The Boston Globe
Tidbits from Cafardo.
Jim Furtado Posted: June 14, 2015 at 08:23 AM | 36 comment(s)
Beats: alex rodriguez, sunday notes
Sunday Notes: Cleveland, Taijuan, Coke, more | FanGraphs Baseball
David Lauria's latest with a distinctly Cleveland theme.
Jim Furtado Posted: June 14, 2015 at 08:18 AM | 5 comment(s)
Beats: indians, sunday notes
Video: Gallo's monster home run | MLB.com
This kid sure hits the ball a long way.
Your browser does not support iframes.
Jim Furtado Posted: June 14, 2015 at 08:16 AM | 46 comment(s)
Beats: joey gallo, rangers
Two blind Rockies fans still love a game they can't see | Nine Innings - The Denver Post
Read More...
Jim Furtado Posted: June 14, 2015 at 08:13 AM | 8 comment(s)
Beats: human interest story, rockies
For a Catcher Who Had a Pitcher's Surgery, Recovery From a Different Angle - NYTimes.com
Read More...
Jim Furtado Posted: June 14, 2015 at 08:08 AM | 4 comment(s)
Beats: matt wieters, orioles, tommy john surgery
Expect Phillies to attempt to make moves with a good deal of teams
Jim Furtado Posted: June 14, 2015 at 08:00 AM | 20 comment(s)
Beats: aaron harang, ben revere, chase utley, cole hamels, jonathan papelbon, phillies, ryan howard
Bryce Harper a future Yankee? Dodgers may have something to say about that - LA Times
He won't be a free agent for another 3.5 plus seasons. This speculation is more than a little premature.
Jim Furtado Posted: June 14, 2015 at 07:56 AM | 43 comment(s)
Beats: bryce harper, dodgers, nationals, yankees
Page 9 of 178 pages ‹ First < 7 8 9 10 11 > Last › | Site Archive
BBTF Partner
Support BBTF
Thanks to
You must be logged in to view your Bookmarks.
Hot Topics
Newsblog: Charges pending in alleged St. Louis Cardinals computer intrusion of Houston Astros - CNNPolitics.com
(10 - 9:17am, Jul 05)
Last: Swedish Chef
Newsblog: OTP - July 2015: Winning the Political Game: Politics is More Like Baseball Than Football
(630 - 9:05am, Jul 05)
Last: dlf
Newsblog: OT: Monthly NBA Thread - July 2015
(483 - 8:48am, Jul 05)
Last: RollingWave
Newsblog: OT: Soccer June 2015
(928 - 8:19am, Jul 05)
Last: The John Wetland Memorial Death (CoB)
Newsblog: Brian McCann's Three-Run Homer in 12th Helps Yankees Walk Off With a Victory - The New York Times
(5 - 7:42am, Jul 05)
Last: boteman asks Where's My Ring?
Newsblog: Alex Rodriguez, New York Yankees settle dispute over bonus payment
(17 - 5:59am, Jul 05)
Last: Swedish Chef
Newsblog: MLB and the Grateful Dead - JOIN US FOR THE FINAL 5 SHOWS EVER!
(219 - 2:04am, Jul 05)
Last: PreservedFish
Newsblog: Tigers place Miggy on DL with calf strain | MLB.com
(14 - 12:48am, Jul 05)
Last: Random Transaction Generator
Newsblog: Baseball and Fireworks -- What Better Way to Celebrate the Fourth of July? - providencejournal.com
(1 - 12:27am, Jul 05)
Last: Jose Is The Most Absurd Thing on the Site
Newsblog: Ben Zobrist is the mystery hitter Mets would 'overpay' to get | New York Post
(8 - 12:18am, Jul 05)
Last: flournoy
Newsblog: Klapisch: Mets' 16-13 win over Braves in 1985 an instant classic
(8 - 12:14am, Jul 05)
Last: Perry
Newsblog: 7-4-2015 OMNICHATTER
(74 - 11:14pm, Jul 04)
Last: you mess with the meat you get the wada
Newsblog: OT: Wrestling Thread November 2014
(1001 - 7:10pm, Jul 04)
Last: Chokeland Bill
Newsblog: No Chicago White Sox front office rift
(3 - 7:04pm, Jul 04)
Last: Walt Davis
Newsblog: Who is baseball's best manager? The survey says ...
(11 - 7:01pm, Jul 04)
Last: Bhaakon
About Baseball Think Factory | Write for Us | Copyright © 1996-2014 Baseball Think Factory
User Comments, Suggestions, or Complaints | Privacy Policy | Terms of Service | Advertising
Page rendered in 0.7941 seconds


text:
Through the initial launch of Area-Info.net in select markets (including:
Mr. Everton goes on to explain, "The goal of http://www.Area-
Area-Info.net has unique features to help communities become closer. Some of these are features that have been bandied about by groups wanting a single location where people can post events on a calendar, archived articles which are easily found and a truly local newspaper where they can get news they want. As a management group, and through our focus groups, we feel we have created one of the best sites around for this purpose, Area-Info.net.


text:
12 Thrifty Trash to Treasure Crafts
Bonus: Get our newsletter & special offers for free. We will not share or sell your email address. View our Privacy Policy
Steampunk Style Wine Stopper
By: Jeanne Baruth for Diamond Tech
We are adding the craft to your Craft Projects.
The project was added to your Craft Projects.
Click here to view your Craft Projects.
Make your own unique wine stoppers, like this Steampunk Style Wine Stopper from Diamond Tech. These wine bottle stoppers make great wedding and hostess gifts, and it's a great way to use up stuff in your craft stash! Pour a glass and get crafty!
Find this wine bottle project plus many more in our free eBook, 25 Cool Things to Do with Wine Bottles.
- 2 Fuseworks™ Bottle Stoppers
- Vintage Mosaics™ Black Toile
- Vintage Mosaics™ Red Toile
- Vintage Buttons for embellishments
- Studio Pro™ Foil ¼" Copper
- Studio Pro™ Wheeled Nippers
- Safety glasses
- Lint free cloth
- Binder clip or clothes pin
- E-6000® Glue
- Pencil
- Craft or newspaper
- Side cutter pliers optional
Read instructions thoroughly and gather all needed materials. Cover your work area with craft or newspaper.
Unscrew the head from the base of the stopper.
Try to find a scene on a piece of Toile large enough to cover the stopper top. Use the stopper head as a pattern. Place it over the picture and trace around it with a pencil.
Put on your safety glasses. Nip out the shape with your wheeled nippers. Wipe off the Toile with water and a lint free cloth, dry thoroughly.
Peel 2-3 inches of the paper-backing off the copper foil tape.
Hold the foil with the adhesive side up and center the Toile edge on the foil, leaving equal amounts showing on either side of the Toile. Fold edges over the Toile and press firmly, continue this process until you have covered all the edges of the Toile. Burnish the tape to the glass with a fid or the side of a pencil.
Squeeze a dollop of E-6000® on the back of the Toile. Press firmly on the bottle stopper top. Hold in place until dry with a binder clip or a clothes pin. Embellish with buttons as show in the photograph. Glue them in place with E-6000®. Once the buttons have dried securely to the Toile, screw the stopper head to the base.
Your Recently Viewed Projects
Images from other crafters
Love these projects? Get MORE delivered to your Inbox – FREE Click Here!
Report Inappropriate Comment
Are you sure you would like to report this comment? It will be flagged for our moderators to take action.
Thank you for taking the time to improve the content on our site.
Something worth saving?
- SAVE all your favorite crafts
- ADD personal notes
- QUICKLY reference your crafts
Free eBooks
- 14 Toilet Paper Roll Craft Ideas
- 23 Fabulous Picnic Craft Ideas + Restaurant Copycat Recipes
- 4th of July Crafts and Recipes
- 4th of July Crafts: Blogger Edition 2010
- Crafts for Father's Day: 36 Homemade Father's Day Gift Ideas
- Garden Crafts
- Graduation Crafts
- How To Make Tie Dye Shirts, Decor & More: 18 Tie Dye Patterns
- The Best Blogger Craft Ideas 2015: Home Decor Ideas, DIY Jewelry, Easy Crochet Patterns and More
Our Newest Projects & Articles
- 12 Days of Christmas in July Giveaway
- Houndstooth Wallpaper Stencil
- Quilted Paper DIY Wall Art
- Sweet Decoupage Picture Frame
- Super Simple Painted DIY Wall Art
- Scrap Fabric Hair Accessories
- Metal Stamped Floral Stakes
- Ultimate Plaid Home Decor Assortment
- 9 Free Knitting Patterns for Accessories
- Grab & Go Organizer


text: Missoula Art Museum New art exhibit aims to teach us how "to see" By Sally Mauk • Feb 27, 2014 Daniel Dauterive An exhibit featuring over 100 prints from some of the most notable artists of the modern era opened this month at the Missoula Art Museum. Works by such luminaries as Robert Rauschenberg, Jasper Johns and Barbara Kruger are featured - and are part of the private collection of Oregon real estate developer and philanthropist Jordan Schnitzer. New exhibit illustrates the individualism of American folk art By Sally Mauk • Oct 2, 2013 A new exhibit at the Missoula Art Museum showcases folk art from around the country.


text:
Is Big Data the Next Next Thing?
The 'Next Big Thing.' It's the latest trend, the newest technology or product. It's what everyone's talking about.
But here at Smart Grid News we couldn't help wondering during this prediction-packed beginning of a new year: What's coming after the Next Big Thing? That new or evolving smart grid wrinkle, development, technology, concept that's waiting just over the horizon where we can't see it yet. The Next Next Thing.
The Next Big Thing is already here. The Next Next Thing is still a mystery.
So we asked professionals working in the smart grid industry to help solve the mystery and weigh in on what could be the Next Next Thing. We gave them some suggested clues to work with but nothing more. We also gave them free rein to take their own approach. The result? Interesting and insightful observations on a number of possibilities for the Next Next Thing series of articles we're launching now.
By Doug Peeples
Of the several areas we suggested, Big Data attracted the most attention. As one of our series respondents observed, the smart grid industry has done a great job of creating the technology to gather massive amounts of data, but managing it well and wringing the most out of it remain challenging. In the first article of our Next Next Thing series, you will get a broad range of perspectives on what industry professionals believe are the rough spots, the best ways for utilities to take advantage of Big Data and where it will provide the most value.
Tom Osterhus, Integral Analytics CEO, laid out the current Big Data dilemma clearly. "One of the reasons utilities are so slow to adopt innovations in this space is that they continue to think in terms of the overall system. IT staff feel that any innovation needs to conform to the overall corporate IT infrastructure, and so small, quick proof of concept innovations about how using this data to yield significant operational results is lost in the bureaucracy." The problem, he says, is that utilities tend to concentrate on IT/OT security, data integrity and integration far too soon - and that makes it harder to test winning applications , and harder to decide what to integrate after that. "As such, we see many Big Data discussions merely discussions of IT infrastructure, and no discussion of business value or need."
Comverge CEO R. Blake Young further explains the challenges. "It's no secret that utilities today are faced with the dilemma of how to turn big data into actionable insights. They're focused on collecting vast amounts of data from all aspects of energy use - including sizes of homes and customer usage patterns - in hopes that they can learn from the past. Today, our customers area also now using data specific to demand response programs - such as the correlation between weather and opt-outs - and to better forecast load drop and improve the performance of control events."
Kim Getgen, marketing VP for Tollgrade Communications, believes the major difference between the "old data" and today's "Big Data" is now we're beginning to see 'near real-time' information that presents utilities with several ways to deal with problems and communicate with customers. "This is not about software, but more about business process transformation and improvement. How will utilities capitalize on this data to gain competitive advantages, take costs out of their business, operate more profitably and improve customer service? We are beginning to see the value of 'Near Real-Time Big Data' can provide.
"Watch out. It could be addictive."
Steve Jones, VP for product management at Pulse Energy, gives utilities more credit for moving quickly on Big Data. "The amount of data that utilities are collecting is still small in comparison to what is being done in other industries such as geological surveys, Internet search and scientific research. What's notable with utilities is how quickly they are transforming to embrace Big Data. We recommend that utilities start leveraging this data by focusing on a handful of specific applications that can deliver immediate value. The application we are most excited about is helping utilities to better understand and engage with their commercial customers. Through benchmarking, load disaggregation and other analytics, we are enabling utilities to use their Big Data to improve the depth of their relationship with their commercial customers."
***image10***For David Meyers, VP of sales for DC Systems, the key to successful mastery of Big Data lies in utilities asserting more control over the acquisition, communication and management of real-time data from the field. "As long as the data are byproducts of whatever the melting pot of field devices happens to provide rather than of a thoughtful, integrated data management effort, even the most advanced utilities will struggle to reap the benefits of Big Data analytics techniques."
Doug McCall, marketing director for Sensus, seconded Big Data's important role in outage management and response. "With Mother Nature continuing to disrupt our infrastructures, it's vital that utilities adopt resilient communications networks. Think about tornadoes, hurricanes or floods. Make sure you have back-up generation so that in a natural disaster, you have power and the technology to soften the blow.
"Electric, water and gas utilities can collect and access real-time data from various smart sensors that provide a critical view of a utility's infrastructure. It's this access to system status before, during and after a storm that helps utilities restore services faster and avoid additional damage."
Tim Wolf, Itron marketing director, sums up much of the thinking from the other contributors. "As an industry, we've done a great job of innovating and developing the technology to gather data and apply it to transform billing and revenue cycle services. Our challenge now is to manage it effectively and put it to work to drive better operating and business decisions." He also observes that some Big Data analysis is relatively straightforward, and as an example cites interval data that gives utilities more insight into demand forecasting and load shedding. In other instances, much more in-depth analysis is necessary. He explains that a meter tamper alert may not be all that useful by itself, but is much more valuable when integrated with load data, transformer metering, account billing history and utility field service dispatch information. The result? The ability to pinpoint possible energy theft with a lot more precision.
In his opinion, utilities can avoid much of their struggling if they follow this strategy: "In terms of time-to-value, more focused analytics solutions, pre-integrated with meter data management systems and addressing specific utility-business problems is likely the more efficient route to value and results."
There you have it. It's fairly easy to see why so many in the smart grid industry are so concerned about Big Data and the best, most cost-effective approach to managing it and extracting the most value possible. And it's just as easy to see why Big Data could be the Next Next Thing.


text: Transmitter FW9T - Simple Operation - Match up the FW9T with a FW7Q, FW8R or an upgraded FW10w Transceiver. You can set up sets of FreeXWire units to work together on the same channel, or separate groups of FreeXWires to work in independent channels. Each channel has an additional four "Zones" that can be activated in 15 possible combinations.


text:
Smallville 8-2 "Plastique" - Discuss/Grade <Spoiler>
View Single Post
September 26 2008, 07:30 PM
the Dagman
Location: just north of Berkeley, CA
Re: Smallville 8-2 "Plastique" - Discuss/Grade <Spoiler>
Puh-leeze people.
The solution to this problem is so obvious. This is a wholly separate version of Superman. Just call this world Earth-CW and bear in mind that this world's Superman will have to wear a mask when he is in uniform. It will likely look very much like Warrior Angel's. Yes, I remember Clark saying he doesn't like masks. But that doesn't change the reality of his situation. Unless he suddenly develops the power of mass hypnosis and alters the perceptions of everyone he has ever met to believe he has always worn glasses. And even then, with all the times that Clark has been in newspapers sans glasses his cover would get blown pretty quickly. A mask added to the Superman costume is the easiest way out.
The Dagman has left the building.
the Dagman
View Public Profile
Send a private message to the Dagman
Find More Posts by the Dagman


text:
This member hasn't added any personal information yet.
Leave mrsteve809 a message to find out more.
Posted 11/16/2009 03:12:57 EST
I understand Belichick's explanation for what could not have been a worse call. So much for the notion that he is a "genius". I thought his trades and draft picks were questionable (especially the Ric more »
©2015 Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC
Separate multiple addresses with a comma


text:
|New airline company to start within six months
|Wednesday, 12 February 2014 12:51
WILLEMSTAD — The new airline company AVA Curaçao BV, founded in December, hopes to fly from Curaçao to various destinations within six months, Giovanni Atalita stated, who represents the company on Curaçao. AVA Curaçao is part of parent company AVA Airways in formation in Jamaica.
The airline company hopes to contribute to the economy of Curaçao, the employment and to increase the airlift. Initiators and investors of AVA Airways, Roger Williams and Olivier Arrindell, researched the aviation in the region three years ago and decided to found a new airline company that is to operate from Jamaica to Central and South America and the Caribbean area. Arrindell, originally from St. Maarten, informed this newspaper today that initially AVA Airways would focus on Jamaica but after meetings with Atalita and further research decided to make Curaçao the Latin American hub of AVA. According to Atalita, AVA will start with several destinations, including Brazil, within six months. The plan is to fly with four purchased Airbuses 319 and 320. Atalita: "Curaçao has a good geographical location, various aviation treaties and it seems that the upgrade of the aviation to category 1 again will be a fact within the near future. All reasons for AVA to have confidence in Curaçao."
Atalita and Arrindell recently visited Minister of Economic Development, Stanley Palm (PAIS), and presented all necessary documents for a permit to the aviation authority. Although they also intended to meet with Minister of Traffic, Transport and Regional Planning, Earl Balborda (PNP), the latter decided against such in anticipation of the permits. According to the minister, it remains to be seen if his ministry can issue the aviation and economic permit in six months. "One cannot found an airline company and immediately indicate when it will be operational. Worldwide this takes approximately twelve to eighteen months."
Arrindell and Atalita stated that everything is done according to the rules and hope it can be accomplished soon. Arrindell said he would wait until the authorities reached that point. "However, the longer it takes, the longer one has to wait for Curaçao to fulfill the function of hub." According to Arrindell, it's also possible to start with routes from Jamaica via Curaçao to Brazil within six months as soon as Jamaica has issued the permit. Jamaica and Curaçao signed a bilateral aviation treaty in December.


text:
State Policy
State lawmakers play a major role in advancing the quality of Americans' lives, from helping to protect the air we breathe and water we drink, to educating our children. By researching emerging topics and developing 50-state comparisons, Pew identifies innovative approaches states are using to help solve complex challenges. Pew also conducts extensive research and analysis to understand how states can better serve the public, and we work with states to develop data-driven, pragmatic solutions to issues such as children's dental health, the growing costs of incarceration, the need for cost-effective, high-quality home visiting programs, public pensions, and making voting more accurate, convenient, and secure.
Recent WorkView All
Results First Clearinghouse Database
To assist policymakers at all levels of government in identifying evidence-based programs and making data-driven budget decisions, the project has created the Results First Clearinghouse Database. This one-stop online resource provides policymakers with an easy way to find information on the effectiveness of various interventions as rated by eight national research clearinghouses. Read More
Results First Clearinghouse Database
To assist policymakers at all levels of government in identifying programs that can achieve strong outcomes, and making data-driven budget decisions, The Pew-MacArthur Results First Initiative has created the Results First Clearinghouse Database. Read More
Tax Incentive Evaluation Law: Texas
From 2012 to 2014, 10 states and the District of Columbia passed laws that will require regular evaluation of tax incentives or will improve existing evaluation processes.* In every state, the bills received strong bipartisan support. Read More
Related Projects
Related Experts
Our Approach
Through our non-partisan reporting and research, advocacy, and technical assistance we help cities and states deliver better results.


text:
Tattoo Medical Supplies
Please choose a body region on the right for you to pin point the problem area of your body.
Shop by Condition
Shop by Brand
For Medical Professional
For Tattoo Professional
Homecare > Incontinence >
Achieve optimum health! Shop with Medical Experts™ as we walk you through the process to reach your desired goals.
Need Help Finding Your Size? | Interested in Samples? | Questions? | Prevail | Tranquility
Prevent, treat, and soothe your little one's diaper rash! Our customer favorite, Booty Goo Diaper Rash Cream is…
Skin Sake is a creamy soothing ointment that provides a fast acting extra strenght treatment for incontinent rashes,…
Made for everyday skin protection, Surface Protectant proves that a high quality barrier ointment can be budget friendly!…


text:
Iwubill.com WebBoar Website Analysis
Whois Summary
Email Summary:
76 domains are linked to iwubill.com owner's email .
Phone Summary:
19 domains are linked to iwubill.com owner's phone .
Name Summary:
1,569,062 domains are linked to iwubill.com owner's name .
We've found 3 records in iwubill.com's whois history:
|Check Whois Analytics for iwubill.com to get a complete Whois report including a list of all the domains with the same owner, admin or tech contact details.
Web Hosting Information:
|Along the last month the amount of websites hosted at WEBAZILLA B.V didn't change. There are 18,246 website(s) hosted at WEBAZILLA B.V


text:
Most unusually, there are no on-going license fees, no royalties and no management fees. The contract is in perpetuity, not the usual three or five years, and with no renewal fees! This small investment in relative terms affords you the rarest of opportunities to build a business empire in your country in one of the worldÆs most exciting and vibrant markets!
Full training will be provided in South Africa albeit a trip to the manufacturer in the UK is suggested. Start-up stock included plus a website with on-line shop!
The guesthouse is reminiscent of old Afrikaans hospitality - lace trimmings on the verandah, potted plants and cheerful bougainvillea.
It might also be an idea to Contact a Recommended Broker in the geographical area of your interest. Knowing your requirements they can often source businesses that may not yet be on the general market.


text:
Letter to the Editor: Discipline lacking in society today
CORPUS CHRISTI - Bill Hirschey, Rockport
Discipline lacking
Comments on gun control by a senior citizen, raised in rural upstate New York on a dairy farm. I was raised to hunt, fish, garden, take care of cows, self and family and provide a home for wife and children. I was raised with a rifle and shotgun in my hands almost as soon as I was able to walk, plus served 4 years in the USAF.
This letter is in response to a comment by Mr. Jack Henley of Sinton that was published in the Caller-Times on Jan 25. The comment — "What do you do with a child who continues to write on the wall with crayons? Take away his crayons." This approach is, in my humble opinion, the root of our problem — not only with guns, but driving while intoxicated, cellphone use while driving and so on.
When I was 6 or 7, along with my classmates, peers and siblings, if we wrote on the wall with crayons, we were disciplined and taught the proper use of crayons. Repeat the offense thereafter and discipline probably involved a spanking, etc. My point is, we, and at that time "we" were the majority, had family, friends, teachers, coaches, ministers, priests who taught us right from wrong and it didn't involve taking away our crayons, our favorite .22 rifle, not letting us take the family car to the junior prom.
Subscribe to the Caller-Times
Need Help? Call us at 1-800-566-8098.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 7am-11am / Sunday: 7am-11am


text:
"I felt like as though I had a team of experts on my side." Hear how Grand Rounds helped Frances and Leo find the right diagnosis.
Grand Rounds provides expert second opinions and help with finding a highly rated, in-network physician for medical conditions. Click here to learn more.
Talk to a doctor anytime, anywhere by telephone or online consultations. Click here to learn more.
Click here to view video. Call your Health Concierge! They can help you and your family with benefit questions, find in network providers to save you money and so much more.
Click here to learn more about SimpleTherapy - your anytime alternative to physical therapy.
WellMatch - Wish you knew how much you will be paying
for a medical procedure before your visit? Need an easy way to find a provider? Click here to learn more.
Twitter FeedView all Tweets
Assist America - Travel Assistance
Traveling soon? Before you leave learn how Assist America can help you with "unexpected" travel emergencies whenever you are traveling 100 miles or more from home. Click here to learn more.
With ESS you can view your time cards, pay statements and W2s, as well as update your personal, bank and tax information.
New User?
Yes = Register
No = Login
Click here for more information or access the FAQs