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In securities valuation, in setting the initial offering price of a financial instrument, or in later revaluation as financial parameters such as interest rates may change, an estimate of the value of the instrument may be represented as a multi-dimensional integral. For evaluation of the integral, numerical integration is preferred with the integrand being sampled at deterministic points having a low-discrepancy property. The technique produces approximate values at significant computational savings and with greater reliability as compared with the Monte Carlo technique. Further to estimating the value of a complex security, sampling at points of a low-discrepancy deterministic sequence can be used in estimating value at risk in portfolio structuring.
1. A method for structuring a portfolio, comprising:
(i) calculating, by computer, a number of potential-loss function values at points in a domain of stochastic market factors, the points being obtained from a low-discrepancy deterministic sequence;
(ii) determining a cumulative distribution function of the function values;
(iii) determining value at risk as one of the function values corresponding to a specified level of confidence; and
(iv) structuring the portfolio depending on a comparison of the value at risk with a specified target value.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein determining the cumulative distribution function comprises sorting the function values.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the number of function values is predetermined.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the number of function values is determined automatically.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein calculating comprises allocating function evaluations among a plurality of processors.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the low-discrepancy deterministic sequence is selected from the group consisting of Sobol point sequence, Halton point sequence, Hammersley point sequence, hyperbolic-cross point sequence and generalized Faure sequence.
7. A system for structuring a portfolio, comprising:
(i) means for calculating a number of potential-loss function values at points in a domain of stochastic market factors, the points being obtained from a low-discrepancy deterministic sequence;
(ii) means for determining a cumulative distribution function of the function values;
(iii) means for determining value at risk as one of the function values corresponding to a specified level of confidence; and
(iv) means for structuring the portfolio depending on a comparison of the value at risk with a specified target value.
8. The system according to claim 7, wherein the means for determining the cumulative distribution function comprises means for sorting the function values.
9. The system according to claim 7, wherein the number of function values is predetermined.
10. The system according to claim 7, wherein the means for calculating comprises means for determining the number of function values.
11. The system according to claim 7, wherein the means for calculating comprises means for allocating function evaluations among a plurality of processors.
12. The system according to claim 7, wherein the low-discrepancy deterministic sequence is selected from the group consisting of Sobol point sequence, Halton point sequence, Hammersley point sequence, hyperbolic-cross point sequence and generalized Faure sequence.
13. A computer program product embodied on a computer readable medium, having stored thereon:
(i) instructions for calculating potential-loss function values at points in a domain of stochastic market factors, the points being obtained from a low-discrepancy deterministic sequence;
(ii) instructions for determining a cumulative distribution function of the function values;
(iii) instructions for determining value at risk as one of the function values corresponding to a specified level of confidence; and
(iv) instructions for structuring the portfolio depending on a comparison of the value at risk with a specified target value.
14. The computer program product according to claim 13, wherein the instructions for determining the cumulative distribution function include instructions for sorting the function values.
15. The computer program product according to claim 13, wherein the number of function values is predetermined.
16. The computer program product according to claim 13, further including instructions for determining the number of function values.
17. The computer program product according to claim 13, wherein the instructions for calculating include instructions for allocating function evaluations among a plurality of sub-processors.
18. The computer program product according to claim 13, wherein the low-discrepancy deterministic sequence is selected from the group consisting of Sobol point sequence, Halton point sequence, Hammersley point sequence, hyberbolic-cross point sequence and generalized Faure sequence.
The United States Government has certain rights to this invention pursuant to grants CCR-91-14042 and IRI-92-12597 awarded by the National Science Foundation, and to grant AFOSR-91-0347 awarded by the U.S. Air Force.
This application is a continuation-in-part of pending application Ser. No. 08/902,921, still pending, which was filed Jul. 30, 1997 as a continuation application of now-abandoned application Ser. No. 08/285,902 filed Aug. 4, 1994.
The invention relates to portfolio structuring and, more particularly, to structuring of a portfolio including assets/liabilities such as real estate, stocks, bonds, futures, options, collateralized mortgage obligations, single-premium deferred annuities and insurance contracts.
Portfolio structuring includes transactions such as buying, holding and selling of assets/liabilities, as well the adoption, continuation, modification or termination of transaction strategies. Typically, decisions concerning transactions and strategies are based on the evaluation of one or several complicated functions of a large number of variables such as a multi-dimensional integral or the inverse of a distribution function, for example.
In financial securities transactions, which includes the initial sale, the value of a security may be estimated, e.g., based on expected future cash flow. Such cash flow may depend on variable interest rates, for example, and these and other relevant variables may be viewed as stochastic variables.
It is well known that the value of a financial security which depends on stochastic variables can be estimated in terms of a multi-dimensional integral. The dimension of such an integral may be very high.
In collateralized mortgage obligations (CMO), for example, instruments or securities variously called tranches, shares, participations, classes or contracts have cash flows which are determined by dividing and distributing the cash flow of an underlying collection or pool of mortgages on a monthly basis according to pre-specified rules. The present value of a tranche can be estimated on the basis of the expected monthly cash flows over the remaining term of the tranche, and an estimate of the present value of a tranche can be represented as a multi-dimensional integral whose dimension is the number of payment periods of the tranche. For a typical instrument with a 30-year term and with monthly payments, this dimension is 360.
Usually, such a high-dimensional integral can be evaluated only approximately, by numerical integration. This involves the generation of points in the domain of integration, evaluating or "sampling" the integrand at the generated points, and combining the resulting integrand values, e.g., by averaging. Well known for numerical integration in securities valuation is the so-called Monte Carlo method in which points in the domain of integration are generated at random.
With integrands arising in financial securities valuation, the computational work in combining the sampled values is negligible as compared with producing the integrand values. Thus, numerical integration methods in securities valuation may be compared based on the number of samples required for obtaining a sufficiently accurate approximation to the integral.
Sampling techniques are useful also as applied to formulations which need not be in terms of an integral. In particular, in portfolio structuring, this applies to a quantity known as value at risk (VAR) which may be defined as the worst potential loss of value of a portfolio over a period of time under normal market conditions, at a specified confidence level. While value at risk can be expressed as a definite limit in a one-sided indefinite integral (see Philippe Jorion, Value at Risk, Irwin Professional Publishing, 1997, p. 88), a more practical formulation is in terms of the inverse of a cumulative distribution function.
A preferred method for estimating the value of a financial security involves numerical integration unlike Monte Carlo integration in that an integrand is sampled at deterministic points having a low-discrepancy property. As compared with the Monte Carlo method, significant advantages are realized with respect to speed, accuracy, and dependability.
A computed estimate can be used in setting an offering price, e.g., somewhat higher that the estimate. An estimate can be used also in deciding whether to buy, hold or sell the security. For example, if the estimate exceeds the price at which the security is being offered for sale, a "buy" recommendation is appropriate.
A computed estimate can represent the value of other complex securities, e.g. a debt or insurance instrument.
Further to estimating the value of a complex security, sampling at points of a low-discrepancy deterministic sequence can be used in estimating value at risk in portfolio structuring.
FIG. 1 is a schematic of a programmed computer system in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a graphic representation of performance data obtained in computer trial runs with an exemplary embodiment of the invention as compared with two Monte Carlo computations.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a preferred embodiment of a method in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of a preferred further embodiment of the invention, including the use of multiple processors.
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of initially selling a complex security in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of buying/holding/selling a complex security in accordance with a preferred further embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram of determining value at risk (VAR) for portfolio structuring in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of an example of portfolio structuring in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.
Further included is an Appendix with two computer algorithms in "C" source language, respectively for computing Sobol points and Halton points. For a description of C, see B. W. Kernighan et al., The Programming Language C, Prentice-Hall, 1978.
FIG. 1 shows a stored-program computer 11 connected to input means 12, e.g., a keyboard, for entering financial securities data, and connected to output means 13, e.g., a visual display device, for displaying an estimated value of the financial security. The computer 11 includes a working memory 111 (M), a low-discrepancy deterministic point generator 112 (P), an integrand evaluator 113 (E), and an integrand-value combiner 114 (C).
In estimating the value of a multi-dimensional integral in financial securities valuation, a multivariate integrand is sampled at points corresponding to a low-discrepancy deterministic sequence of points in the multivariate unit cube as defined below. If the multivariate unit cube is also the domain of integration, the points of the low-discrepancy deterministic sequence can be used as sample points directly. In the case of a more general domain of integration, sample points correspond to points of a low-discrepancy deterministic sequence in the multivariate unit cube via a suitable transformation or mapping.
When a sufficiently large number of sampled values has been computed, an approximation of the integral is obtained by suitably combining the computed values, e.g., by averaging or weighted averaging.
In the d-dimensional unit cube D=[0,1]d, a low-discrepancy deterministic sequence z1, z2, . . . of points in D can be characterized as follows:
For a point t=[t1, . . . , td ] in D, define
[0, t)=[0, t1)�. . . �[0, td),
where [0, ti) denotes a left-closed, right-open interval, and denote with X.sub.[0, t) (.) the characteristic or indicator function of [0, t). For points z1, . . . , zn in D, define
Rn (t; z1, . . . , zn)=(Σk=1 n X.sub.[0, t) (zk))/n-t1 t2 . . . td,
and define the discrepancy of z1, . . . , zn as the L.sub.∞ -norm of the function Rn (.; z1, . . . , zn), i.e.,
∥Rn (.; z1, . . . , zn) ∥.sub.∞ =suptεD |Rn (t; z1, . . . , zn)|.
The sequence z1, z2, . . . is said to be a low-discrepancy deterministic sequence provided
∥Rn (.; z1, . . . , zn)∥.sub.∞ =O((log n)d /n).
Low-discrepancy deterministic sequences are described in the published literature; see, e.g., H. Niederreiter, "Random Number Generation and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods", CBMS-NSF, 63, SIAM, Philadelphia, 1992 and S. Paskov, "Average Case Complexity of Multivariate Integration for Smooth Functions", Journal of Complexity, Vol. 9 (1993), pp. 291-312. Well-known examples of low-discrepancy deterministic sequences are the so-called Hammersley points, Halton points, Sobol points, and hyperbolic-cross points.
For illustration, in the case of Sobol points in a single dimension (d=1), a constructive definition may be given as follows: Choose a primitive polynomial
P(x)=xn +a1 xn-1 +. . . +an-1 x+1
(whose coefficients ai are either 0 or 1) and define so-called direction numbers vi, i>n by the following recurrence formula:
vi =a1 vi-1 ⊕a2 vi-2 ⊕. . . ⊕an-1 vi-n+1 ⊕vi-n ⊕(vi-n /2n),
where ⊕ denotes a bit-by-bit "exclusive or" operation.
The initial numbers v1 =m1 /2, . . . , vn =mn /2n can be chosen freely provided mi is odd and 0<mi <2i for i=1, 2, . . . , n.
Using the direction numbers vi so defined, now define the one-dimensional Sobol sequence x1, x2, . . . by
xk =b1 v1 ⊕b2 v2 ⊕. . . ⊕bw vw, k≧0
where k=Σi=0.sup..left brkt-top.log k.right brkt-top. bi 2i is the binary representation of k.
For higher dimensions (d>1), the first d primitive polynomials P1, P2, . . . , Pd are used. If {xk i }k=1.sup.∞ denotes the one-dimensional Sobol sequence generated by the polynomial Pi, the d-dimensional Sobol points are defined as xk =(xk 1, xk 2, . . . , xk d).
While this definition can be implemented as a computer algorithm directly, faster techniques are known which produce these points in a "shuffled" or permuted sequence. In particular, this applies to the computer algorithm given in the Appendix.
For specificity in the following, a preferred embodiment of the invention is described as applied to a collateralized mortgage obligation known as CMO FN, 89-23. This has thirty-year maturity and consists of the following tranches:
PAC tranches 23-A, 23-B, 23-C, 23-D, 23-E
supporting tranches 23-G, 23-H, 23-J
residual tranche 23-R
accrual tranche 23-Z
The monthly cash flow is divided and distributed according to pre-specified rules which are included in a formal prospectus. Some of the basic rules may be stated as follows:
First from the monthly cash flow, the coupon is paid to the tranches. The remaining amount, called Principal Distribution Amount, is used for repayment of the principal. Prior to a fixed date in the future, the Principal Amount will be allocated sequentially to the tranches 23-G, 23-H, 23-J and 23-Z. After that date, the Principal Distribution Amount will be allocated sequentially to the tranches 23-A, 23-B, 23-C, 23-D and 23-E according to a planned schedule. Any excess amount of the Principal Distribution Amount over the planned schedule will be allocated sequentially to the tranches 23-G, 23-H, 23-J and 23-Z. A distribution of principal of the tranche 23-R will be made only after all other tranches have been retired.
In deriving an estimate for the present value of the security at the time of issue, the following notation is used below:
C--the monthly payment on the underlying mortgage pool;
ik --the projected interest rate in month k, k=1, 2, . . . , 360;
wk --the percentage of mortgages prepaying in month k;
a360-k+1 --the remaining annuity after month k.
A remaining annuity ak can be expressed as
ak =1+v0 +. . . +v0 k-1, k=1,2, . . . , 360,
with v0 =1/(1+i0), where i0 is the current monthly interest rate. Thus, after k months, the remaining amount of principal borrowed is C.ak.
It is assumed that the interest rate ik can be expressed as
ik =K0 exp(ξk)it-1,
where exp(.) denotes exponentiation and where ξ1, ξ2, . . . , ξ360 are independent, normally distributed random variables with mean 0 and variance σ2, and K0 is a given constant. For the present example, σ2 =0.0004 is chosen.
It is assumed further that wk as a function of ik can be computed as
wk =K1 +K2 arctan (K3 ii +K4),
where K1, K2, K3, K4 are given constants.
Under these assumptions, the cash flow in month k, k=1, 2, . . . , 360 is
C(1-w1 (ξ1)) . . . (1-wk-1 (ξ1, . . . , ξk-1)) (1-wk (ξ1, . . . , ξk)
+wk (ξ1, . . . , ξk)a360-k+1),
wk (ξ1, . . . , ξk)=K1 +K2 arctan (K3 K0 k i0 exp (ξ1 +. . . +ξk)+K4).
This cash flow is distributed according to the rules of FN, 89-23. Then, the cash flow for each of the tranches is multiplied by the discount factor
v1 (ξ1) . . . vk (ξ1, . . . , ξk), with
vj (ξ1, . . . , ξj)=1/(1+K0 j i0 exp (ξ1 +. . . +ξj)), j=1, 2, . . . , 360,
to find the present value for month k. Summing of the present values for every month gives the present value PVT, for each tranche T.
The expected or estimated value,
E(PVT)=E(PVT (ξ1, . . . , ξ360)),
upon a change of variables is represented by
E(PVT)=∫D PVT (y1 (x1), . . . , y360 (x360))dx1. . . dx360,
xi =(2πσ)-1/2 ∫-∞yi exp (-t2 /(2σ))dt.
Thus, for each tranche T, a 360-variate integrand has to be integrated over the 360-dimensional unit cube.
After generating a point
(x1, x2, . . . , x360)
of a low-discrepancy deterministic sequence in the unit cube, the point
(y1, y2, . . . , y360)
is computed by finding the value of the inverse normal cumulative distribution function at each xk. Then, for each tranche T, the function value
PVT (y1, y2, . . . , y360)
is computed. These are the function values used in numerical integration.
FIG. 2 shows results from trial runs for CMO FN, 89-23 with a preferred method using Sobol points generated by the corresponding computer algorithm given in the Appendix, as compared with Monte Carlo integration. Two Monte Carlo computations were carried out, with different "seeds" or starting values of a congruential pseudo-random number generator known as RAN2; see W. Press et al., Numerical Recipes in C, Cambridge University Press, 1992. It is apparent that the preferred method reaches a steady value more rapidly. In this and other trial runs, with typical requirements of precision and confidence, a speed-up by a factor of 3 to 5 was realized as compared with Monte Carlo integration. Much greater speed-up can be expected when higher precision or/and higher levels of confidence are sought.
In a further trial run with CMO FN, 89-23, instead of Sobol points, Halton points were used as generated by the corresponding computer algorithm given in the Appendix. It is felt that Sobol points may be preferred over Halton points for integrals of high dimension. However, this preference may not apply in the case of lower-dimensional integrals, e.g., with dimension up to 5 or so.
A computation as described may be terminated after a predetermined number of function evaluations. Alternatively, e.g., after every function evaluation or after a predetermined incremental number of function evaluations, a current approximation may be compared with one or several preceding approximations, for termination once a suitable condition depending on the difference between approximations is met. Such termination criteria may be called automatic. Automatic termination is particularly reliable where a sequence of approximations settles down smoothly; see, e.g., the curve in FIG. 2 corresponding to Sobol points.
Advantageously in computing function values, a cluster or network of multiple parallel processors or workstations can be used. This may involve a master or host processor providing points of a low-discrepancy sequence to slave processors and combining function values returned by the slave processors into an approximate value for the integral. Thus, the computation can be speeded up in proportion to the number of processors used.
Advantageous further, in combination with numerical integration as described above, is the use of error reduction techniques analogous to variance reduction in Monte Carlo integration as described, e.g., by M. Kalos et al., Monte Carlo Methods, John Wiley & Sons, 1986. This may involve a change of variables or/and variation reduction, for example.
The specific embodiment described above, involving valuation of a collateralized mortgage obligation, can be interpreted as follows: The definite integral represents the expected value of the sum of a series of payments on the obligation, namely the regular payments of mortgage principal and interest, plus any mortgage prepayments. The likelihood of prepayment depends in part on the prevailing level of interest for mortgage refunding.
For each payment, the value of the payment is weighted by the probability of all interest rate scenarios up to the time of the payment. Thus, for example, the amount of next month's payment will be valued based on the probability of all possible interest rates likely to prevail next month, and the impact of each of those possibilities on the likelihood of prepayment of principal. For the month after, valuation takes into account the interest rate scenarios of both months, their probabilities of occurrence, and the effect of interest rates on prepayment. In addition to next month's valuation, the month-after estimate will include an additional term corresponding to the month-after payment, represented by an integral over the possibilities of the two-month process. Further monthly payments, i.e. third, fourth et seq., are represented analogously. With each additional integral term representing a scheduled or unscheduled payment amount, the over-all value of the CMO is represented by the sum of the terms.
The value of the CMO can be decomposed further, e.g., by valuing the interest payment and the principal payment separately in each period to represent an "interest-only tranche" and a "principal-only tranche". Thus, the value of the CMO can be represented by the sum of a yet-greater number of integrals. Conveniently, the value of each of the individual integrals in the sum can be estimated as described above, using a low-discrepancy deterministic sequence of sample points.
A sum of payment integrals can also be used to represent the value of a portfolio of two or more CMOs, giving the same result as a single integral over the sum of the payments. The range of possibilities over which the integration is effected is the same in both cases.
A CMO portfolio can be augmented in other ways, e.g., by the inclusion of one or several bonds. For valuation purposes, a high-grade bond differs from a CMO in that prepayment will take place for the entire issue or not at all. Again, valuation depends on the fluctuation of interest rates, taking into account all possible future interest rate scenarios. This applies whether there is one payment (from a single CMO), several payments (from several CMOs), or payments from a combination of CMOs and bonds.
Other than CMOs and bonds, a complex security portfolio may include securities such as single-premium deferred annuities (SPDA). An SPDA is a contract sold by an insurance company to an annuitant investor. Under the contract, the insurance company takes money from the investor, invests this money in a portfolio of various investments, and credits a portion of the investment proceeds to the investor's account. The SPDA is an asset of the insurance company. There is an initial investment by the company in the cost of producing the contract. There is a predictable return for the company on the investment portfolio, of interest and principal payments by the various borrowers less the contractual crediting to the annuitant's account. The unpredictable factor in the valuation of the portfolio is again random movements of interest rates, as these influence prepayment of investment assets as well as unexpected withdrawals and cash demands by the annuitant. The same methodology of valuation can be used after inclusion of the SPDA asset in the complex security.
Valuation, by the insurance company, of a portfolio including an SPDA contract involves estimating the value of the contract itself. In pricing a new contract, its value is estimated in advance of issue by making assumptions about the kinds of assets that will be in the portfolio along with the SPDA. The pricing of the SPDA before issue and its valuation after issue are equivalent to the calculation presented above for a CMO.
A life insurance policy, or any other kind of insurance contract differs from the above in that, in addition to the interest rate variable, there is an additional stochastic variable representing health risk, mortality risk or fire risk, for example. Under inclusion of this variable, the same techniques as described above can be used for valuation.
Many other types of securities are amenable to corresponding valuation and estimation, where each period's prospective payment is valued depending upon all previous values of a stochastic variable. For example, in the case of an interest rate option, the stochastic variable is interest rate and the payment is the value of a bond. In the case of a stock option, the variable is the price of the stock. In the case of a currency option, the variable is the relative value of two currencies.
As an example of an application of sampling of a function other than an integrand, the following concerns value at risk (VAR). If
h=h(ξ1, . . . , ξd)
denotes the potential loss of a portfolio whose value depends on d market factors represented by stochastic variables ξ1, . . . , ξd, and if Fn denotes the cumulative distribution function of h, i.e.
Fh (x)=Prob {h<x},
then, for a specified percentile or quantile p,
VAR=xp =Fh -1 (p).
The value of p represents a level of confidence, with p=1 representing certainty. For practical purposes, a choice of p=0.98 is typical, indicating that the loss may exceed VAR with a probability of 2%.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, VAR can be estimated by a technique as illustrated by FIG. 7, using sampling of the potential loss function at m points of a low-discrepancy deterministic sequence. The potential loss hk is evaluated for each point of the sequence, resulting in a list h1, . . . , hm. The number of points, can be pre-set, e.g. at m=1000. The list is sorted, and the cumulative distribution function is determined. The cumulative distribution function is a monotonically increasing function whose domain {x} includes the h-values and whose range {Fh (x)} is in the interval from 0 to 1. The desired estimate of VAR is determined as that value of x for which Fh (x)=p. (It is understood that, wherever exact equality cannot be realized in calculation, a value will be approximated or interpolated.)
An implementation of the technique was applied to a 34-dimensional problem, namely a portfolio of 34 at-the-money currency and equity options having maturity of one year, with $10,000 allocated to each of the options, yielding a total portfolio of $340,000. Volatility and correlation data were taken from J. P. Morgan/Reuters RiskMetrics data sets.
The technique was applied further to a 360-dimensional problem, namely the CMO portfolio consisting of ten tranches as described above, with $100,000 allocated to each tranche, yielding a total portfolio or $1,000,000.
For the options portfolio, 1,000 points of the low-discrepancy deterministic generalized Faure sequence resulted in VAR being determined to within 1% of a reference determination using 100,000 points. For the CMO portfolio, a determination of VAR using 1,500 points of the same sequence also was within 1% of a reference value, obtained from 150,000 points. These results are contrasted with prior-art Monte-Carlo computations where, for the same numbers of samples (1,000 and 1,500, respectively), VAR could be estimated only to within 10% of the respective reference values, i.e. with 10-fold error as compared with the low-discrepancy deterministic sequence determinations.
In the technique as described, computational effort is greatest in evaluating the hk 's, and the computation can be accelerated significantly by using multiple processors for evaluation in a fashion analogous to FIG. 4. In this fashion, e.g. if 10 processors are available, a 10-fold increase can be achieved in the computational speed in sampling of the loss as compared with a single processor.
As illustrated by FIG. 8, a computed value of VAR can be compared with a target value which is considered acceptable. If VAR meets the target level, the portfolio may remain unchanged; if VAR is considerably less than the target level, the portfolio may be restructured for assumption of greater risk and potentially increased return; if VAR exceeds the target level, restructuring for reduced risk is indicated. Restructuring may be performed immediately or over time, e.g. by changing investment policies affecting future transactions.
APPENDIX__________________________________________________________________________/************************************************************void sobol(int n)This is the function sobol for generating Sobol points. It returns then-th d-dimensional Sobol point. (The point (0,0, . . . , 0) is skipped.)The point is implicitly returned through the array x. The functionsobseq from Numerical Recipes, 1992 was used as a basis, butchanged significantly to accommodate the parallel distributed approach.The function sobol can generate Sobol points skipping an initialpart of the sequence. The constant MAXDIM, see Numerical Recipes,is extended to 360 which required adding more initializing data tothe arrays ip (the primitive polynomials),mdeg (their degrees), and iv (the initial direction numbers). Thepolynomial x is used to generate the first coordinate of Sobol points. **************************************************************/#include "nrutil.h"#define MAXBIT 360#define MAXDIM 360extern int d; /* actual dimension of the points */extern double *x; /* This returns implicitly the n-th Sobol point in x*/void sobol(int n)int j,k,l;unsigned long i,im,ipp;static double fac;static unsigned long in,ix[MAXDIM+1],*iu[MAXBIT+1];static unsigned long mdeg[MAXDIM+1]={0,MAXBIT,1,2,3,3,4,4, 5,5,5,5,5,5, 6,6,6,6,6,6, 7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,/*16*/ 8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8,8, 9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9, 9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9, 9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,9,/*20*/ 10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10, 10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10, 10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10,10, 11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11, 11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11, 11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11, 11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11, 11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11, 11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11, 11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11, 11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11, 11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11,11, 12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12,12, 12,12,12 };/* The first coordinate is set to MAXBIT, but it is never used */static unsigned long [MAXDIM+1]={0,MAXBIT,0,1,1,2,1,4,/*deg 5*/ 2,13,7,14,11,4,/*deg 6*/ 1,16,13,22,19,25,/*deg 7*/ 1,32,4,8,7,56,14,28,19,50,21,42,31,62,37,41,55,59,/*deg 8*/ 14,56,21,22,38,47,49,50,52,67,70,84,97,103,115,122,/*deg 9*/ 8,13,16,22,25,44,47,52,55,59,62,67,74,81,82,87,91,94,103,104,109,122,124,137,138,143,145,152,157,167,173,176,181,182,185,191,194,199,218,220,227,229,230,234,236,241,244,253,/*deg 10*/ 4,13,19,22,50,55,64,69,98,107,115,121,127,134,140,145,152,158,161,171,181,194,199,203,208,227,242,251,253,265,266,274,283,289,295,301,316,319,324,346,352,361,367,382,395,398,400,412,419,422,426,428,433,446,454,457,472,493,505,508,/*deg 11*/ 2,11,21,22,35,49,50,56,61,70,74,79,84,88,103,104,112,115,117,122,134,137,146,148,157,158,162,164,168,173,185,186,191,193,199,213,214,220,227,236,242,251,256,259,265,266,276,292,304,310,316,319,322,328,334,339,341,345,346,362,367,372,375,376,381,385,388,392,409,415,416,421,428,431,434,439,446,451,453,457,458,471,475,478,484,493,494,499,502,517,518,524,527,555,560,565,569,578,580,587,589,590,601,607,611,614,617,618,625,628,635,641,647,654,659,662,672,675,682,684,689,695,696,713,719,724,733,734,740,747,749,752,755,762,770,782,784,787,789,793,796,803,805,810,815,824,829,830,832,841,847,849,861,871,878,889,892,901,908,920,923,942,949,950,954,961,968,971,973,979,982,986,998,1001,1010,1012,/*deg 12*/ 41,52,61,62,76,104,117,131,143,145,157,167,171,176,181,194,217,236,239,262,283,286,307};static unsigned long iv[MAXDIM*MAXBIT+1]={0, /* 40 elements in a row */1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1, /*end 1 */1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,3,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,1,3,1,3,1,3,1,3, /*end 2 */1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,5,7,7,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,3,3,1,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,5,7,7,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,3,3,1,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,5,7,7,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,3,3,1,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,5,7,7,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,3,3,1,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,5,7,7,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,3,3,1,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,5,7,7,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,3,3,1,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,5,7,7,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,3,3,1,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,5,7,7,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,3,3,1,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,5,7,7,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,3,3,1,7,5,1,3,3,7,5,1,1,5,7,7,5,1,3,3, /*end 3 */1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,13,11,1,3,7,9,5,13,13,11,3,15,5,3,15,7,9,13,9,1,11,7,5,15,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,13,11,1,3,7,9,5,13,13,11,3,15,5,3,15,7,9,13,9,1,11,7,5,15,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,13,11,1,3,7,9,5,13,13,11,3,15,5,3,15,7,9,13,9,1,11,7,5,15,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,13,11,1,3,7,9,5,13,13,11,3,15,5,3,15,7,9,13,9,1,11,7,5,15,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,13,11,1,3,7,9,5,13,13,11,3,15,5,3,15,7,9,13,9,1,11,7,5,15,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,13,11,1,3,7,9,5,13,13,11,3,15,5,3,15,7,9,13,9,1,11,7,5,15,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,13,11,1,3,7,9,5,13,13,11,3,15,5,3,15,7,9,13,9,1,11,7,5,15,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,13,11,1,3,7,9,5,13,13,11,3,15,5,3,15,7,9,13,9,1,11,7,5,15,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,13,11,1,3,7,9,5,13,13,11,3,15,5,3,15,7,9,13,9,1,11,7,5,15,1,15,11,5,3,1,7,9,/*end 4 */1,17,13,7,15,9,31,9,3,27,15,29,21,23,19,11,25,7,13,17,1,25,29,3,31,11,5,23,27,19,21,5,1,17,3,7,15,9,31,9,1,17,13,7,15,9,31,9,3,27,15,29,21,23,19,11,25,7,13,17,1,25,29,3,31,11,5,23,27,19,21,5,1,17,3,7,15,9,31,9,1,17,13,7,15,9,31,9,3,27,15,29,21,23,19,11,25,7,13,17,1,25,29,3,31,11,5,23,27,19,21,5,1,17,3,7,15,9,31,9,1,17,13,7,15,9,31,9,3,27,15,29,21,23,19,11,25,7,13,17,1,25,29,3,31,11,5,23,27,19,21,5,1,17,3,7,15,9,31,9,1,17,13,7,15,9,31,9,3,27,15,29,21,23,19,11,25,7,13,17,1,25,29,3,31,11,5,23,27,19,21,5,1,17,3,7,15,9,31,9,1,17,13,7,15,9,31,9,3,27,15,29,21,23,19,11,25,7,13,17,1,25,29,3,31,11,5,23,27,19,21,5,1,17,3,7,15,9,31,9,1,17,13,7,15,9,31,9,3,27,15,29,21,23,19,11,25,7,13,17,1,25,29,3,31,11,5,23,27,19,21,5,1,17,3,7,15,9,31,9,1,17,13,7,15,9,31,9,3,27,15,29,21,23,19,11,25,7,13,17,1,25,29,3,31,11,5,23,27,19,21,5,1,17,3,7,15,9,31,9,1,17,13,7,15,9,31,9,3,27,15,29,21,23,19,11,25,7,13,17,1,25,29,3,31,11,5,23,27,19,21,5,1,17,3,7,15,9,31,9, /*end 5 */1,51,61,43,51,59,47,57,35,53,19,51,61,37,33,7,5,11,39,63,27,17,15,23,29,3,21,13,31,25,9,49,33,19,29,11,19,27,15,25,1,51,61,43,51,59,47,57,35,53,19,51,61,37,33,7,5,11,39,63,27,17,15,23,29,3,21,13,31,25,9,49,33,19,29,11,19,27,15,25,1,51,61,43,51,59,47,57,35,53,19,51,61,37,33,7,5,11,39,63,27,17,15,23,29,3,21,13,31,25,9,49,33,19,29,11,19,27,15,25,1,51,61,43,51,59,47,57,35,53,19,51,61,37,33,7,5,11,39,63,27,17,15,23,29,3,21,13,31,25,9,49,33,19,29,11,19,27,15,25,1,51,61,43,51,59,47,57,35,53,19,51,61,37,33,7,5,11,39,63,27,17,15,23,29,3,21,13,31,25,9,49,33,19,29,11,19,27,15,25,1,51,61,43,51,59,47,57,35,53,19,51,61,37,33,7,5,11,39,63,27,17,15,23,29,3,21,13,31,25,9,49,33,19,29,11,19,27,15,25,1,51,61,43,51,59,47,57,35,53,19,51,61,37,33,7,5,11,39,63,27,17,15,23,29,3,21,13,31,25,9,49,33,19,29,11,19,27,15,25,1,51,61,43,51,59,47,57,35,53,19,51,61,37,33,7,5,11,39,63,27,17,15,23,29,3,21,13,31,25,9,49,33,19,29,11,19,27,15,25,1,51,61,43,51,59,47,57,35,53,19,51,61,37,33,7,5,11,39,63,27,17,15,23,29,3,21,13,31,25,9,49,33,19,29,11,19,27,15,25, /*end 6 */1,85,67,49,125,25,109,43,89,69,113,47,55,97,3,37,83,103,27,13,33,115,41,79,17,29,119,75,73,105,7,59,65,21,3,113,61,89,45,107,1,85,67,49,125,25,109,43,89,69,113,47,55,97,3,37,83,103,27,13,33,115,41,79,17,29,119,75,73,105,7,59,65,21,3,113,61,89,45,107,1,85,67,49,125,25,109,43,89,69,113,47,55,97,3,37,83,103,27,13,33,115,41,79,17,29,119,75,73,105,7,59,65,21,3,113,61,89,45,107,1,85,67,49,125,25,109,43,89,69,113,47,55,97,3,37,83,103,27,13,33,115,41,79,17,29,119,75,73,105,7,59,65,21,3,113,61,89,45,107,1,85,67,49,125,25,109,43,89,69,113,47,55,97,3,37,83,103,27,13,33,115,41,79,17,29,119,75,73,105,7,59,65,21,3,113,61,89,45,107,1,85,67,49,125,25,109,43,89,69,113,47,55,97,3,37,83,103,27,13,33,115,41,79,17,29,119,75,73,105,7,59,65,21,3,113,61,89,45,107,1,85,67,49,125,25,109,43,89,69,113,47,55,97,3,37,83,103,27,13,33,115,41,79,17,29,119,75,73,105,7,59,65,21,3,113,61,89,45,107,1,85,67,49,125,25,109,43,89,69,113,47,55,97,3,37,83,103,27,13,33,115,41,79,17,29,119,75,73,105,7,59,65,21,3,113,61,89,45,107,1,85,67,49,125,25,109,43,89,69,113,47,55,97,3,37,83,103,27,13,33,115,41,79,17,29,119,75,73,105,7,59,65,21,3,113,61,89,45,107, /*end 7 */1,255,79,147,141,89,173,43,9,25,115,97,19,97,197,101,255,29,203,65,195,177,105,17,47,169,109,149,15,213,135,253,191,155,175,63,47,7,23,39,1,255,79,147,141,89,173,43,9,25,115,97,19,97,197,101,255,29,203,65,195,177,105,17,47,169,109,149,15,213,135,253,191,155,175,63,47,7,23,39,1,255,79,147,141,89,173,43,9,25,115,97,19,97,197,101,255,29,203,65,195,177,105,17,47,169,109,149,15,213,135,253,191,155,175,63,47,7,23,39,1,255,79,147,141,89,173,43,9,25,115,97,19,97,197,101,255,29,203,65,195,177,105,17,47,169,109,149,15,213,135,253,191,155,175,63,47,7,23,39,1,255,79,147,141,89,173,43,9,25,115,97,19,97,197,101,255,29,203,65,195,177,105,17,47,169,109,149,15,213,135,253,191,155,175,63,47,7,23,39,1,255,79,147,141,89,173,43,9,25,115,97,19,97,197,101,255,29,203,65,195,177,105,17,47,169,109,149,15,213,135,253,191,155,175,63,47,7,23,39,1,255,79,147,141,89,173,43,9,25,115,97,19,97,197,101,255,29,203,65,195,177,105,17,47,169,109,149,15,213,135,253,191,155,175,63,47,7,23,39,1,255,79,147,141,89,173,43,9,25,115,97,19,97,197,101,255,29,203,65,195,177,105,17,47,169,109,149,15,213,135,253,191,155,175,63,47,7,23,39,1,255,79,147,141,89,173,43,9,25,115,97,19,97,197,101,255,29,203,65,195,177,105,17,47,169,109,149,15,213,135,253,191,155,175,63,47,7,23,39, /*end 8 */1,257,465,439,177,321,181,225,235,103,411,233,59,353,329,463,385,111,475,451,263,19,249,275,369,393,167,333,473,469,101,21,451,229,247,297,403,497,61,361,1,257,465,439,177,321,181,225,235,103,411,233,59,353,329,463,385,111,475,451,263,19,249,275,369,393,167,333,473,469,101,21,451,229,247,297,403,497,61,361,1,257,465,439,177,321,181,225,235,103,411,233,59,353,329,463,385,111,475,451,263,19,249,275,369,393,167,333,473,469,101,21,451,229,247,297,403,497,61,361,1,257,465,439,177,321,181,225,235,103,411,233,59,353,329,463,385,111,475,451,263,19,249,275,369,393,167,333,473,469,101,21,451,229,247,297,403,497,61,361,1,257,465,439,177,321,181,225,235,103,411,233,59,353,329,463,385,111,475,451,263,19,249,275,369,393,167,333,473,469,101,21,451,229,247,297,403,497,61,361,1,257,465,439,177,321,181,225,235,103,411,233,59,353,329,463,385,111,475,451,263,19,249,275,369,393,167,333,473,469,101,21,451,229,247,297,403,497,61,361,1,257,465,439,177,321,181,225,235,103,411,233,59,353,329,463,385,111,475,451,263,19,249,275,369,393,167,333,473,469,101,21,451,229,247,297,403,497,61,361,1,257,465,439,177,321,181,225,235,103,411,233,59,353,329,463,385,111,475,451,263,19,249,275,369,393,167,333,473,469,101,21,451,229,247,297,403,497,61,361,1,257,465,439,177,321,181,225,235,103,411,233,59,353,329,463,385,111,475,451,263,19,249,275,369,393,167,333,473,469,101,21,451,229,247,297,403,497,61,361,/*end 9 */1,771,721,1013,759,835,949,113,929,615,157,39,761,169,983,657,647,581,505,833,139,147,203,81,337,829,989,375,365,131,215,733,451,447,177,57,471,979,197,251,1,771,721,1013,759,835,949,113,929,615,157,39,761,169,983,657,647,581,505,833,139,147,203,81,337,829,989,375,355,131,215,733,451,447,177,57,471,979,197,251,1,771,721,1013,759,835,949,113,929,615,157,39,761,169,983,657,647,581,505,833,139,147,203,81,337,829,989,375,365,131,215,733,451,447,177,57,471,979,197,251,1,771,721,1013,759,835,949,113,929,615,157,39,761,169,983,657,647,581,505,833,139,147,203,81,337,829,989,375,365,131,215,733,451,447,177,57,471,979,197,251,1,771,721,1013,759,835,949,113,929,615,157,39,761,169,983,657,647,581,505,833,139,147,203,81,337,829,989,375,365,131,215,733,451,447,177,57,471,979,197,251,1,771,721,1013,759,835,949,113,929,615,157,39,761,169,983,657,647,581,505,833,139,147,203,81,337,829,989,375,365,131,215,733,451,447,177,57,471,979,197,251,1,771,721,1013,759,835,949,113,929,615,157,39,761,169,983,657,647,581,505,833,139,147,203,81,337,829,989,375,365,131,215,733,451,447,177,57,471,979,197,251,1,771,721,1013,759,835,949,113,929,615,157,39,761,169,983,657,647,581,505,833,139,147,203,81,337,829,989,375,365,131,215,733,451,447,177,57,471,979,197,251,1,771,721,1013,759,835,949,113,929,615,157,39,761,169,983,657,647,581,505,833,139,147,203,81,337,829,989,375,365,131,215,733,451,447,177,57,471,979,197,251,/*end 10 */1,1285,823,727,267,833,471,1601,1341,913,1725,2021,1905,375,893,1599,415,605,819,975,915,1715,1223,1367,663,629,525,469,981,1667,1587,1251,451,481,721,483,1209,1457,415,1435,1,1285,823,727,267,833,471,1601,1341,913,1725,2021,1905,375,893,1599,415,605,819,975,915,1715,1223,1367,663,629,525,469,981,1667,1587,1251,451,481,721,483,1209,1457,415,1435,1,1285,823,727,267,833,471,1601,1341,913,1725,2021,1905,375,893,1599,415,605,819,975,915,1715,1223,1367,663,629,525,469,981,1667,1587,1251,451,481,721,483,1209,1457,415,1435,1,1285,823,727,267,833,471,1601,1341,913,1725,2021,1905,375,893,1599,415,605,819,975,915,1715,1223,1367,663,629,525,469,981,1667,1587,1251,451,481,721,483,1209,1457,415,1435,1,1285,823,727,267,833,471,1601,1341,913,1725,2021,1905,375,893,1599,415,605,819,975,915,1715,1223,1367,663,629,525,469,981,1667,1587,1251,451,481,721,483,1209,1457,415,1435,1,1285,823,727,267,833,471,1601,1341,913,1725,2021,1905,375,893,1599,415,605,819,975,915,1715,1223,1367,663,629,525,469,981,1667,1587,1251,451,481,721,483,1209,1457,415,1435,1,1285,823,727,267,833,471,1601,1341,913,1725,2021,1905,375,893,1599,415,605,819,975,915,1715,1223,1367,663,629,525,469,981,1667,1587,1251,451,481,721,483,1209,1457,415,1435,1,1285,823,727,267,833,471,1601,1341,913,1725,2021,1905,375,893,1599,415,605,819,975,915,1715,1223,1367,663,629,525,469,981,1667,1587,1251,451,481,721,483,1209,1457,415,1435,1,1285,823,727,267,833,471,1601,1341,913,1725,2021,1905,375,893,1599,415,605,819,975,915,1715,1223,1367,663,629,525,469,981,1667,1587,1251,451,481,721,483,1209,1457,415,1435,/*end 11 */1,3855,4091,987,1839,4033,2515,579,3863,977,3463,2909,3379,1349,3739,347,387,2881,2821,1873,1959,1929,2389,3251,1149,243,3609,1131,1701,143,1339,3497,2499,1571,983,4021,1625,3217,1163,29771,3855,4091,987,1839,4033,2515,579,3863,977,3463,2909,3379,1349,3739,347,387,2881,2821,1873,1959,1929,2389,3251,1149,243,3609,1131,1701,143,1339,3497,2499,1571,983,4021,1625,3217,1163,29771,3855,4091,987,1839,4033,2515,579,3863,977,3463,2909,3379,1349,3739,347,387,2881,2821,1873,1959,1929,2389,3251,1149,243,3609,1131,1701,143,1339,3497,2499,1571,983,4021,1625,3217,1163,29771,3855,4091,987,1839,4033,2515,579,3863,977,3463,2909,3379,1349,3739,347,387,2881,2821,1873,1959,1929,2389,3251,1149,243,3609,1131,1701,143,1339,3497,2499,1571,983,4021,1625,3217,1163,29771,3855,4091,987,1839,4033,2515,579,3863,977,3463,2909,3379,1349,3739,347,387,2881,2821,1873,1959,1929,2389,3251,1149,243,3609,1131,1701,143,1339,3497,2499,1571,983,4021,1625,3217,1163,29771,3855,4091,987,1839,4033,2515,579,3863,977,3463,2909,3379,1349,3739,347,387,2881,2821,1873,1959,1929,2389,3251,1149,243,3609,1131,1701,143,1339,3497,2499,1571,983,4021,1625,3217,1163,29771,3855,4091,987,1839,4033,2515,579,3863,977,3463,2909,3379,1349,3739,347,387,2881,2821,1873,1959,1929,2389,3251,1149,243,3609,1131,1701,143,1339,3497,2499,1571,983,4021,1625,3217,1163,29771,3855,4091,987,1839,4033,2515,579,3863,977,3463,2909,3379,1349,3739,347,387,2881,2821,1873,1959,1929,2389,3251,1149,243,3609,1131,1701,143,1339,3497,2499,1571,983,4021,1625,3217,1163,29771,3855,4091,987,1839,4033,2515,579,3863,977,3463,2909,3379,1349,3739,347,387,2881,2821,1873,1959,1929,2389,3251,1149,243,3609,1131,1701,143,1339,3497,2499,1571,983,4021,1625,3217,1163,2977/*end 12 */};if (n < 0) {for(j=12;j<=MAXBIT; j++) iv[1+j*MAXDIM]=1; /* Initialize all direction numbers for the first coordinate to 1 */for (j=1,k=0;j<=MAXBIT;j++,k+=MAXDIM) iu[j] = &iv[k] ;for (k=1;k<=MAXDIM;k++) {for (j=1;j<=mdeg[k] ;j++) iu[j] [k] <<= (MAXBIT-j) ;for (j=mdeg[k]+1;j<=MAXBIT;j++) {ipp=ip [k] ;i=iu[-mdeg[k] ] [k] ;i = (i >> mdeg[k] );for (1=mdeg[k]-1; 1>=1;1--) {if (ipp & 1) i = iu[j-1] [k];ipp >>= 1;}iu[j] [k]=i;}}fac=1.0/ (1L << MAXBIT);in=0;}else{/* Check if the (n-1) -th number was generated in the previous callto sobol. If not, update in and ix */if(in!=n-1) {unsigned long gray;/* Set ix to 0 */for (k=1;k<=IMIN(d,MAXDIM) ;k++) ix[k]=0;in=n-1;gray=in(in>>1) ; /* Find gray code of in */for (j=1;j<=MAXBIT;j++) {if(gray&1) { /* Only digits which are 1 are used */im=(j-1) *MAXDIM;for (k=1;k<=IMIN(d,MAXDIM) ;k++) ix[k] = iv[im+k];}gray>>=1;}}im=in; /* Calculate the next vector in the sequence */for (j=1;j<=MAXBIT;j++) { /* Find the rightmost zero bit */if (!(im & 1) ) break;im >>= 1;}if (j > MAXBIT) nrerror("MAXBIT too small in sobseq") ;im=(j-1) *MAXDIM;for (k=1;k<=IMIN(d,MAXDIM) ;k++) {ix[k] = iv[im+k] ;x[k-1]=ix[k]*fac;}in++;}}#undef MAXBIT#undef MAXDIM/**********************************************************void halton (int n)This is the function halton for generating Halton points.It returns the n-th d-dimensional Halton point. The point is implicitlyreturned through the array x. The last two digits of n-1 in base p[j]are kept in q1[j] and q2[j]. When both digits become p[j]-1, theradical inverse function is computed again. That way the accumulationof round-off error is avoided. In practice, there are not any upperboundson the values of d and n.*********************************************************/extern int d; /* actual dimension of the points */extern int *q1, *q2; /* q1[j] is the last digit of n-1 in base p[j],q2[j] is the digit before the last one */extern double *x; /* This will contain the Halton point */extern int *p; /* the first d prime numbers */extern int *p-- 1; /* first d prime numbers minus 1 */extern double *incr1, *incr2; /* incr1[j] is 1/p[j] and 1/(p[j]*p[j])*/double find-- fi (int p, int n); /* See below */void halton(int n){double a;int j,nn;static int ins-- n; /* The default value of ins-- n is 0 *//* Check if the (n-1) -th number was generated in the previous callto halton. If not, update q1, q2, and x */if(ins-- n!=n-1){ins-- n=n-1;for (j=0; j<d; j++){q1[j]=ins-- n % p[j];q2[j]=(ins-- n/p[j] % p[j];x[j]=find-- fi(p[j],ins-- n);}ins-- n++;}for(j=0;j<d[j++){if(q1[j]<p-- 1[j]){/* It is easy to update when the last digit is less than p[j]-1 */q1[j]++;x[j]=x[j]+incr1[j]){else if(q2[j]<p-- 1[j]){/* This is the case when the last digit is p[j]-1 and the digit before the last one is less than p[j]-1 */q1[j]=0;q2[j]++;x[j]=x[j]+incr1[j]+incr2[j]-1.0;}else{/* This the case when the last digit is p[j]-1 and the digit before the last one is also p[j]-1 */q1[j]=0;q2[j]=0;nn=n/(p[j] *p[j]);a=nn % p[j];nn=n/p[j];if(nn) x[j]=(a+find-- fi(p[j],nn) ) *incr2[j]*incr1[j];else x[j]=a*incr2[j]*incr1[j];}}}/******************************************************************find-- fi(int p, int n)This returns the radical inverse function fi(p,n) at n for the prime p.********************************************************************/double find-- fi(int p, int n){int p2,nn;double s,fi,incr;incr=1.0/p;p2=p*p;nn=n/p2;fi=0.0;s=incr;while (nn > 0){fi+= (nn % p) *s;nn=nn/p;s*=incr;}/* The two largest components of fi are added later to avoid possibleloss of precision */fi=( (n/p % p)+ fi) / p2;fi+=(n % p) / (double) p;return fi;}__________________________________________________________________________
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text:
Report: Vanessa Hudgens Back for 'High School Musical 3'
The Disney Channel star will reportedly come back for the highly anticipated "
"Vanessa is locked for the movie," says the loose-lipped source. "She is very happy that the deal is done."
The contract will reportedly be signed within the next week.
In September, nude photos that Hudgens had apparently taken and sent to a friend leaked onto the Internet, which prompted the young star to apologize to her fans in a statement: "I am embarrassed over this situation and regret having ever taken those photos." And even though Disney backed the star, stating, "We hope she's learned a valuable lesson," this didn't stop rumors that Hudgens' "HSM" role would be taken by either Adrienne Bailon or Sabrina Bryan, both members of the Cheetah Girls.
Bryan, who was recently ousted from "Dancing With the Stars," refuted this rumor on Oct. 27. "Vanessa is in control of her own career right now," Bryan told Us. "If she decides not to do 'High School Musical,' I can guarantee you that it will be her deciding that. No one will strip anything away from her."
In the meantime, costars Corbin Bleu, Monique Coleman and
The movie, which will be a theatrical release, is scheduled to begin shooting in January 2008.


text:
GAMBIER — Betty Svoboda, 91, of Gambier, died Friday, June 21, 2013, at The Laurels of Mount Vernon.
She was born April 13, 1922, in Kansas City, Mo., to J. Lewis and Lois (Chase) Ward. She was a member of the Navy's WAVES Division in WWII; and a lifelong active Episcopalian and volunteer. She was also the great-great-great granddaughter of Kenyon founder Philander Chase.
Betty is survived by her children, Helen Svoboda-Barber, Alan Svoboda, Joyce Svoboda, Janet Svoboda and Margaret Thorp, as well as seven grandchildren. She was preceded in death by her husband, Charles R. Svoboda MD; and son, Donald Svoboda.
Funeral services for Betty will be held in Kansas at a later date.
The Dilley-Lasater Funeral Home in Mount Vernon handled the arrangements for the Svoboda family.
In lieu of flowers, donations may be made to Harcourt Parish Episcopal Church.
To express a condolence or share a memory with the Svoboda family, please visit www.dilleylasater.com.Copyright The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
NEWARK, N.J., April 8, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- BioNeutral Group, Inc. (OTCBB: BONU), a specialty life science technology-based company, today announced the appointment of Michael D. Francis, J.D., as a new member to its Board of Directors.
Mr. Francis is a graduate of the Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania and received his Juris Doctorate from Rutgers University, School of Law. He has been an attorney in the state of New Jersey since 1971. Throughout his career, Mr. Francis has held numerous board appointments within the health care industry. From 1978 to present, he has been Director of the Daughters of Israel Geriatric Center, and held former posts as Treasurer, President and Vice President.
Previously, Mr. Francis was Chairman of Board for the following organizations: Newark Beth Israel Medical Center from 1980 to 1998; United Way of Essex and West Hudson from 1986 to 1990; and Beth Health Care Foundation from 1988 to 1999. His executive management experience includes Chairman and CEO of the Planned Companies from 1989 to 2008 and President of All State Cleaning Contractors from 1971 to 1985. He was CEO of Atlantic Building Maintenance Corp. from 1971 to 1985, where he was responsible for managing the aforementioned companies, providing multifaceted building maintenance services with in excess of 1,000 employees.
"We are honored to welcome Mr. Francis to our Board. He is not only a significant investor but also a long time advisor to the company and advocate of our innovative technology. He is an experienced successful entrepreneur and health care advocate, who has won numerous awards by serving his local community and government," stated Stephen J. Browand, Chairman and CEO of BioNeutral Group, Inc. who went on to say, "His legal acumen and health care advisory experience will provide additional, valuable insight as we move forward with commercializing our newly EPA-approved Ygiene® Hospital-Gra
|SOURCE BioNeutral Group, Inc.
Copyright©2010 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Description: Several mountain goats standing on top of a structure of piled rocks at the Vilas Park Zoo (Henry Vilas Zoo).
Date: 1956-07-16
Description: The Olson and Veerhusen Boy's Shop team of the West Midget Wingra League of the Madison Boys Baseball Program.
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Date: 1951-09-26
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Date: 1899
Description: Color plat map of Verona in Dane County.
Date: 1958-11-07
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So, Hollywood is finally making a movie about The Runaways. Shit yes, right? Well, no, actually, because cast as Joan Jett is Kristen Stewart, who played Bella in some tiny production-or-other, Twilight. To make matters worse, Cherie Currie will be played by...wait for it...Dakota Fanning. Um. Okay. This week, it was announced that Alessandra Torresani (who?) has signed on as Lita Ford. And all I can think is, these must be some lost little girls (pun intended) because Torresani had to literally research the band to become familiar with them. Am I just being cynical, expecting that this project will not do The Runaways their deserved justice? Or can today's hottest teen stars actually pull it off? More after the jump!
I have to admit, when Christina Aguilera debuted "Genie In A Bottle" in 1999, I liked it. Granted, I was 15, but even then I didn't exactly dig Britney Spears, and thought it was kind of ridiculous that Aguilera was lumped into the same category as her. I still like Aguilera, I will sing along to her songs without (much) shame and I respect some of the music she has made over the last 10 years. She is a not-so-guilty pleasure of mine. However, recently the the internets have been abuzz with chatter about who Aguilera is collaborating with on her next album, thusly granting me permission to exclaim how I've felt all along. Word is, Aguilera is bringing in Ladytron, Goldfrapp and the where-the-hell-have-they-been Le Tigre to work on what is being called an "electronic" album. Hmm. Win! Read more after the jump!
I try to think of a theme when I'm making mixes; for my friends, as a DJ and on these here BitchTapes. This week, however, the only theme tying these songs together is that I like them. Ergo, this week's BitchTapes is aptly titled the Heavy Rotation Edition. There's a random Led Zeppelin cover, new music from Peaches and Passion Pit and the best Pat Benatar song you may never have heard. Get the scoop after the jump!
The other day, a friend of mine challenged my claim that Peaches is brilliant. This launched us into a debate on her lyrical soundness in comparison to other artists who are characterized by sexual explicitness and why her raunchiness is different than theirs. We bounced around a few choice lyrics and ended upon "Azz and Tittiez" by Three Six Mafia, a song whose refrain slurs those three words along with the pejorative-packed "big booty bitches". Would I appreciate those lyrics more coming from Peaches? You're damn right. Lyrics, though, are just part of the Peaches puzzle, lending themselves to her progressiveness above and beyond their similarities to other hip-hop/electro/dance-pop groups. Her brilliance comes through in her live show.
Song writing is hard to do—and writing a song that's not about love must be
even harder, because 'non-love' songs seem to be a really small percentage of
what's out there.
So in honor of the musicians who work a little harder to explore stuff other than love, here's your friday mix—a collection of tracks about politics, religion and...a rabid child. No love songs here!
Break ups can be a real bitch, can't they? Wouldn't it be nice if both parties could just go their separate ways, cordially, without rancor, and without, say, the desire to take a Louisville slugger to anyone's headlights, to make harassing phone calls at dinnertime, name-calling, jealousy, screaming, crying on the kitchen floor, all five stages of grief, begging, pity parties, ill-advised sex, or way-too-long Dear John messages left on answering machines?
Well, here's a li'l mixtape to get all of that out of your (or your ex's) system, for any future break ups you might experience. These artists do all the heavy emotional lifting--and tire-slashing--so you don't have to. Once played, this mix will enable the listener to make a crime-free, self-respecting, graceful exit. I guarantee it.


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Le Dîner à San Francisco 2015
- Food & Drink
- San Francisco
SHEnanigans! A San Francisco Soiree Celebrating Women's History.
Ladies Who Vino, Women Get It Done, Good Ol' Girls, San Francisco Women's Political Committee, and Spark SF
Thursday, March 28, 2013 from 6:30 PM to 10:00 PM (PDT)
We are going big, ladies!
San Francisco's women's groups are coming together for an evening of ladies and libations celebrating ourselves and each other.
Who: You, Me, and every woman we know - sorry guys, not this time!
What: Drinking, dancing, and socializing
Why: Because we're women, and we're amazing, and we want to hang out together!
Come let your hair down and meet like-minded women in the Bay Area!
Hosted By:
Ladies Who Vino, Women Get It Done, Good Ol' Girls, and San Francisco Women's Political Committee (SFWPC)
Spark SF - a philanthropic network of young professionals who invest to improve the lives of women around the world
In Partnership With:
XX in Heath, Lesbians Who Tech, and Women Who Tech(
Are you interested in promoting this event to your women's group? email firstname.lastname@example.com)
Sponsored by:
Important Note: This is a women only event. Gentleman, we ask that you please refrain from purchasing tickets or attempting to attend... however we do encourage you to invite your female friends, family, and colleagues! Thanks!
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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Deborah J. "Debbie" Verberkmoes, 48, of Columbia City, died at 3:18 p.m. Sunday, Oct. 31, 2010 at Select Specialty Hospital Rehab, Fort Wayne where she was transferred Oct. 21 from Parkview Hospital, where she was admitted Sept. 17.
She was born Feb. 17, 1962 in Fort Wayne, a daughter of Ralph B. and Marian J. (Chandler) Weller. Her formative years were spent in the New Haven area. She graduated from Heritage High School and International Business College.
Each week of the Indiana high school football postseason has had its share of tests for the class A Churubusco Eagles.
The sectional opener was titled for its revenge of an early exit the year before to Adams Central.
After getting by the Flying Jets, a road trip to Southern Wells pitted rushing against rushing with Churubusco coming out on top in a defensive battle 12-6.
Sectional championship week has a new test for 'Busco with the high- scoring offense of the South Adams Starfires.
A child's first introduction into a classroom is often the first day of kindergarten and teachers in Whitley County Consolidated Schools are beefing up the way these youngsters are evaluated.
Mary Raber Elementary School Principal Julie Turpin presented a new kindergarten report card to the school corporation's Board of School Trustees during the panel's Monday work session.
The 2010 Indiana high school football season has certainly been good to Columbia City quarterback Logan Rehrer.
School passing records have fallen. A Northeast Hoosier Conference championship has been captured and an appearance in the sectional championship awaits Friday night.
The QB at the top of all the Columbia City career passing records has another recognition to add to that list.
Sports Illustrated.


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Library Journal
Long-range planning has been promoted by the American Library Association as a necessary tool for administering a library since 1980, but the process has always required a time commitment of one year or more. The entire plan in library consultant Nelson's revision of her 2001 The New Planning for Results: A Streamlined Approach can be completed in four months for libraries of all sizes. This allows libraries to keep pace with technological changes. The planning tool originally dealt with long-range strategies, library roles, and community needs. Service responses were introduced in the 1990s and defined as what a library offers its users to meet community needs. In the new edition, service priorities have increased to 18 and planning tasks reduced to ten. Part one contains instructions for the planning process, how to design it, and the tasks to be accomplished. Milestones introduce each chapter, which then conclude with key points to remember. Part two covers public library service responses in-depth, and part three provides tool kits to help navigate through difficult situations during planning. Part four contains useful worksheets. There is also a web site of downloadable electronic work forms that can be modified. A sequel (Implementing for Results: From Ideas to Action) on how to implement the new plan will be released later this year. Nelson, a specialist in public library management, has presented training programs and facilitated strategic planning processes for 30 years. She has also worked in small and large public libraries as well as state library agencies. Her latest book is essential for any public library undertaking the planning process.


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U.S. Sen. Chris Murphy said Monday the National Rifle Association isn't as powerful as it used to be and Congress shouldn't fear going forward with a vote in favor of gun control.
Murphy said numerous polls demonstrate that NRA leaders are out of step with NRA members and Americans.
There will "probably be more (reports) to continue to make the case to lawmakers that they don't need to listen to members of the NRA, they need to listen to the American public and what gun owners really believe, not what the NRA tells Congress people believe," Murphy said Monday during a conference call.
Murphy said there are a lot of Democratic and Republican legislators "who want to do the right thing when it comes to passing gun legislation."
"They know the atmosphere changed after Sandy Hook and yet still are left with the political impact question of going up against the NRA," he said.
Some memebrs of the Connecticut congressional delegation are optimistic about implementing universal background checks and limits to high-capacity magazines. Whether any gun control legislation will pass through a Republican-controlled House is questionable. A representative of the Coalition of Connecticut Sportsmen said Monday that Connecticut sportsmen don't think it's likely and that gun control should be done at the state level.
Recently, NRA leadership has changed its stance on background checks.
In 1999, the executive vice president of the NRA, Wayne LaPierre, testified before the House Judiciary Committee and said, "We think it is reasonable to provide mandatory, instant criminal background checks for every sale at every gun show. No loopholes anywhere for anyone."
But last month when asked by Senate Judiciary Chairman Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., whether he still supported mandatory background checks in all instances at gun shows, LaPierre said, "We do not, because the fact is, the law right now is a failure the way it's working."
He said those who try to purchase a gun and are denied are generally not prosecuted.
"They are walking the streets," he said.
However, there have been more than 100 million National Instant Criminal Background checks in the last decade, leading to more than 700,000 denials, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's website. The system is designed to prevent criminals and other ineligible people from purchasing firearms.
Robert Crook, an NRA member who is the executive director of the Coalition of Connecticut Sportsmen, said instant background checks are normally done at gun shows in Connecticut. They take two minutes to two days, are processed by the state police and check multiple databases, he said.
"No gun is sold here at a gun show in Connecticut without instant gun (background) check approval, so we are tight," Crook said.
But there is room for additional tightening in Connecticut, Crook said, which he admits the NRA would be opposed to.
During a "casual sale" or a sale between two individuals, an instant background check is voluntary.
"One of our proposals is to make that mandatory," he said.
Crook said he would be in favor of universal instant background checks. However, he would question any additional background checks that might be more time-intensive, he said.
Crook said he is focused on what Connecticut needs and is not bound by what the NRA says.
Seventy-four percent of NRA members support criminal background checks for anyone purchasing a gun, according to a 2012 survey by Mayors Against Illegal Guns. Just last month, the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health reported that 84 percent of gun owners supported universal background checks for all gun sales.
"After dozens of mass shooting the NRA (leadership) has moved to the fringe," Murphy said.
He said he thinks it is because of the increasing contributions from manufacturers.
Since 2005, 74 percent of the funds contributed to the NRA were from "corporate partners" such as members from the firearms industry, according to a 2011 report titled Blood Money by the Violence Policy Center.
Crook said there was nothing wrong with the gun manufacturing industry donating to the NRA. Any national organization is funded partially by the industry they represent, he said.
Although Crook and his organization disagree with the NRA when it comes to instant background checks for "casual sales," overall "they do a bang-up job in Washington," he said.
The job of the NRA leadership in Washington is to protect the Second Amendment nationwide, he said. From there it should be up to every state to determine what gun control laws it wants and doesn't want, he said.
On the federal level, Crook said he didn't think universal background checks, high-capacity magazine limits or an assault weapons ban would be passed.
"The assault weapons ban here in Connecticut, it has accomplished nothing, it has failed on the federal level. … Why pass another one?" he said.
The ban is not relative to crime, it keeps assault weapons out of the hands of law-abiding citizens and in the hands of criminals, he said.
Murphy said he was optimistic about universal background checks and limits on high-capacity magazines.
"If we pass a bill in the Senate … it will be difficult for those in the House to sit on their hands," Murphy said.
There is real political danger if they don't vote, he said.
For example, in the 2012 election cycle, of 16 U.S. Senate races in 2012, the NRA lost 13, according to one of Murphy's reports.
"You were better off to be against NRA than with it," Murphy said about the 2012 Senate races.
President Barack Obama has also listed concrete recommendations and there is no mystery to what he supports, Murphy said. In Obama's State of the Union speech, he said Newtown community members deserved a "vote" on gun control. "Commonsense reform" including background checks, preventing anyone from buying guns for resale to criminals and limits to high-capacity magazines are some of the proposals on the table, Obama said.
"The president and vice president aren't backing down," Murphy said.
Vice President Joe Biden is scheduled to be at Western Connecticut State University in Danbury on Thursday to discuss the federal efforts to reduce gun violence.
Murphy talks economy, Social Security, but New London crowd dwells on gun control
Affidavit: Troopers fired on suicidal Groton man as he spoke to crisis negotiator
Sailfest: Police, emergency personnel gear up for New London festival
More than 100 discuss race, policing in southeastern Connecticut
Updated: Subway suspends ties with spokesman Fogle after raid at home
Lawyers: Cosby's drugs-sex admission could aid women's cases
Updated: Portion of Ocean Avenue in New London reopens after car snaps utility pole
Who will make us laugh during upcoming presidential campaign?
Newly signed state budget changes funding for cities and towns
High Hopes offers equine experience to Camp Harkness campers
Class of 2015: Marine Science Magnet High School's Jacob Hollis
Police: Maine man shoots off fireworks mortar tube from top of his head, dies
New London man charged with failing to safeguard gun discharged at middle school
Former East Lyme couple accused in string of residential burglaries
Huge crowds clog region's beaches as holiday weekend draws to close


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Vt. to share in Google settlement over privacy breachThe Associated Press | November 20,2013MONTPELIER Vermont is set to receive $467,000 out of a $17 million payment by Google Inc. to 37 states and the District of Columbia to make amends for snooping on millions of people using Safari Web browsers.
The settlement announced Monday stems from Googles shadowing of unwitting Safari users online, even though the browsers maker, Apple Inc., prohibited the tracking without obtaining a persons permission.
Vermont Attorney General William Sorrell said Safari blocks so-called third-party cookies files placed on computers by advertisers by default but that Google altered settings to get around that block.
The attorneys general alleged that Google violated state consumer protection and related computer privacy laws by failing to tell Safari users that it was circumventing their privacy settings.
By following what users were doing online, Googles DoubleClick advertising network could gain more insights about what types of ads were most likely to appeal to them.
This is the second time that authorities in the U.S. have cracked down on Google for its secret shadowing of Safari users from June 2011 through mid-February of last year. The Federal Trade Commission fined Google $22.5 million last year. It represented the largest penalty the FTC had ever collected for a civil violation.
Google has maintained the Safari intrusion was an inadvertent side effect of an attempt to make it easier for people to recommend ads.
The Mountain View, Calif., company disabled the surveillance coding, or cookies, in February 2012 after the violation of Safaris privacy policies was initially reported. Until the problem was uncovered by a graduate student at Stanford University, Google had assured Safari users that they wouldnt be monitored, as long as they didnt change the browser settings to permit the tracking.
Misrepresenting that tracking will not occur, when that is not the case, is unacceptable, as this settlement emphasizes, said Wisconsin Attorney General J.B. Van Hollen.
Google isnt acknowledging any wrongdoing in the settlement. Thats the same position that Google took when it paid the FTC fine last year.
We work hard to get privacy right at Google and have taken steps to remove the ad cookies, which collected no personal information, from Apples browsers, the company said in a statement Monday. Were pleased to have worked with the state attorneys general to reach this agreement.
The rebuke from the states is primarily a public relations blow to Google, whose privacy controls have suffered other lapses in recent years. In perhaps the most glaring privacy breach, a Google engineer installed a program that enabled company cars taking pictures of street scenes to scoop up personal data being transmitted over unprotected Wi-Fi networks.
The company also exposed the contact lists of Gmail users in 2010 when it launched a now-defunct social networking service called Buzz.
The settlement wont put much of a dent in Googles finances. After stripping out the companys advertising commissions, Googles revenue this year is expected to be about $47 billion, according to analysts surveyed by FactSet. According to that estimate, it would take Google slightly more than three hours to generate $17 million in revenue on an average day.
Besides paying the fine, Google is agreeing to maintain a special page devoted to cookies for the next five years and refrain from making any misleading statements about its online tracking practices.MORE IN Wire NewsWASHINGTON Earlier this year, Hillary Rodham Clintons campaign lost count of its experts. Full StoryATHENS, Greece Despite triumphing in a popular vote against austerity, Greece on Monday faced... Full Story
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1472, Orkney, Shetland islands put up as collateral by Norway to Scotland in lieu of dowry for MARGARET OF DENMARK on her marriage with JAMES III, king of Scotland; 1962, JOHN GLENN first American to orbit Earth.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: City mayoral candidates debate campaign issues; Hartford, Conn., woman still missing; Neal Goswami reports attempts to legislate suicide; local woman loses 100 pounds through TOPS program.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1878, JOHN TUNSTALL murdered near Lincoln, New Mexico, by the outlaw JESSE EVANS; in 1930, ELM FARM OLLIE first cow to fly in aircraft, first to be milked airborne; 1955, nuke test WASP; '79, snow in Sahara.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Rutland Herald News Editor Alan J. Keays and staff writer Gordon Dritschilo discuss stories planned for the February 18, 2015, edition of the newspaper: Winter budgets maxed, legal marijuana, Springfield bank job, USPS slowdown
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1249 AD, ANDRE of LONGJUMEAU is dispatched by LOUIS IX of France to meet the KHAGAN, ruler of the Mongol Empire; in 1804, during 1st Barbary War, STEPHEN DECATUR scuttles the pirate-held USS Philadelphia in Tripoli.


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Julien Cottereau: Imagine Toi, Purcell Room | Theatre reviews, news & interviews
Julien Cottereau: Imagine Toi, Purcell Room
Gallic mime to be enjoyed in former Cirque du Soleil clown's hour-plus show
There's something off stage, something loud and threatening, pulsating in dark red, at the beginning of Julien Cottereau's solo mime piece Imagine Toi. This is a show of fears and sweetnesses, and there's no holding back on the former as we progress between rumbling giants and large dogs. The show is billed as suitable for ages four and up, and what a youngster might feel with real apprehension, adults enjoy as a stage show (though I'm not sure how well teenage attentions would be held).
Cottereau was for years a lead clown at Cirque du Soleil, before bringing this solo mime act together (co-authored with Erwan Daouphars) in 2006. Since then he's toured it all over the world (including some grand Parisian venues, pictured below right), which might make it sound stale, but given that considerable effect in the hour-plus show comes from his interaction with audience members, there must always be an element of the unpredictable.
With his tousled waistcoat, ill-hanging trousers and floppy box hat he could be a French hobbit
Cottereau enters as if he hasn't noticed the audience, starting out of his daily routine of street and window cleaning: with his tousled waistcoat, ill-hanging trousers and floppy box hat he could be a French hobbit, a Gallic Bilbo Baggins whose elastic face runs effortlessly through a whole range of expressions, from innocent surprise (as if he's shrugging his shoulders with a not-too-emphatic "bouff!") to a Rowan Atkinson-like enjoyment of just how funny you can look when you screw it up (the face, that is).
He's also a grand master of sound, tapping drum-tight notes out of his throat, as well as whistles, bubble-gum stickiness and the wildness of the wind, and almost every animal tone imaginable. Where there's music, it's often of the Sergio Leone der-der-dum Wild West comic style, where the mime plays off our expectations.
First invited up on stage is a young boy, age around seven, who gets into the bop-bop routine dribbling, throwing and kicking football with an élan that made me wonder briefly whether he was an audience plant. He's followed by a lady, and longest of all a gentle giant of a man, for whom especially you felt mime wasn't new. You may wonder how Cottereau copes on a night with an audience which doesn't feel so inclined to join him on stage, but one suspects the fun is just infectious.
How easily you could picture Cottereau swanning his way through a black and white silent film. One favourite here might be titled the "very many ways to kill a chicken" sketch. Cottereau coaxes his invited-up collaborator to gird himself with a gun, all the time squawking the noises of the bird (rapidly becoming birds, very much plural) at their feet. He takes over after the first bang-bangs have brought only more cackling, ratcheting concentration up through bazooka to a final enormous bomb. At its best this show is a small explosion of the imagination in itself.
Watch clips from Imagine Toi at the Edinburgh Festival 2010
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The New York Times noted that "the largest model of spire looks a lot like a giant iPhone."
The spire rests on the same basic principal as the old-school fountains.
And as The New York Times reported in May, Marcus Theatres, a chain of movie theaters, has been testing the spire in Wisconsin.
Old English spir "sprout, shoot, stalk of grass," from Proto-Germanic *spiraz (cf. Old Norse spira "a stalk, slender tree," Middle Low German spir "a small point or top"), from PIE *spei- "sharp point" (see spike (n.1)). Meaning "tapering top of a tower or steeple" first recorded 1590s (a sense attested in Middle Low German since late 14c. and also found in the Scandinavian cognates). The verb is first recorded early 14c.


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1605 Cameron St.Alexandria, VA email@example.com Director: Cheryl Anne Colton The Dr. Oswald Durant Memorial Center is the Department's multicultural center for the performing and visual arts. It offers programs in music, dance, theatre, and visual arts for people of all ages and cultural backgrounds. The Durant Center is located in the Upper King Street neighborhood of Old Town and provides spaces for rehearsals, performances, special events, meetings, and arts focused classes.
Facility Features:
Center Hours:
"Family Paint Night" @
Durant Arts Center
The Office of the Arts
invites you to explore the arts by attending a "Family Paint Night" on Friday,
June 5, 6 pm – 8 pm at the Durant Arts Center, 1605 Cameron Street, Alexandria,
VA. Teresa Brunson, featured artist who will guide you through
painting your very own masterpiece. No experience is needed. Art
supplies, pizza and soda provided. Advance reservations are $5 per person
or $15 per family. At the door reservations will be $10 per person, or
$20 per family. Children must be accompanied by one adult.
reservations and to pay online
visit: www.alexandriava.gov/webtrac
"Family Paint Night" is one of the "First Fridays" events. The
Series is a project of the Office of the Arts, a division of the Alexandria
Department of Recreation, Parks and Cultural Activities.
To obtain further information, please contact Cheryl Anne Colton
at 703.746.5565 or email: email@example.com,
or visit the Office of the Arts web site at www.alexandriava.gov/arts.
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Why so many utilities are rehearsing the death of the grid (and you should too)
By: SGN Staff
Quick Take: In case you missed it, the New York Times ran a piece describing the upcoming drill to rehearse for a major attack on the grid. This would be a great time to plan something similar for your own utility. - By Jesse Berst
In November, a group led by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) will simulate physical and cyber attacks that could bring down big chunks of the grid. NERC spokesman Brian Harrell claims the drill will go far beyond the type of two-or three-day outage caused by a storm.
The Times article describes the electric grid as "the glass jaw of American industry." A knockout blow could black out vast areas for weeks and interrupt essential supplies of water, gas and food. A National Academy of Sciences report last year said terrorists could cause hardships for months with physical attacks on hard-to-replace components.
The November drill - called GridEx II - will involve thousands of utility professionals, National Guard officers, FBI experts and federal officials from the United States, Canada and Mexico. More than 150 companies have signed up to participate. This is double the number of participants from the first such exercise, held two years ago.
In an effort to draw utilities and the government closer, the industry recently established the Electricity Sub-Sector Coordinating Council, which will meet for the first time in September. Some groups are pressuring state legislatures and regulators to force utilities to do a better job of protecting equipment.
Jesse Berst is the founder and Chief Analyst of SGN and Chairman of the Smart Cities Council, an industry coalition.


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More Stars Go 'Dancing'
Representing the sports world are boxer (and daughter of
Additionally, activist
As the competition episode moves to Monday, the results show airs each Tuesday, starting March 27. An admitted fan of "Dancing," Gibbons is glad she won't be eliminated for at least two weeks, since she's less than confident about staying to the end.
"One of the producers said that at its heart, this show is a fish-out-of-water story," she says, "and I thought, 'Man, they could not have snagged a better fish out of water than me!' I don't know the mambo from the merengue, I really don't. If they told me, 'You will fox-trot or we will take your children away,' I think I'd just let them have the kids.
"The second week of the show, I have my birthday," Gibbons adds, "and I am really looking at this as a wonderful opportunity to be fearless at 50. Especially as women, we worry so much about what people think of us. We're judged constantly, and here's a show you go on to be judged on something you don't do well. I figure this is a great way for me to deal with any control issues I still have."
For Ziering, still widely known from
"My mom was always so supportive; she enabled me to pursue my dreams. I danced on Broadway as a kid, and she would never miss a show."
Cheryl Burke, Smith's "Dancing" partner last time, is now teamed with Ziering. Other reality-show offers have come his way, but he says, "I never cared to crawl through grass to eat worms, or to expose my dating life. For the most part, it just wasn't right for me. As the landscape of the entertainment industry changes, though, you really have to modify.
"'Dancing With the Stars' has become a phenomenon," Ziering says, "and when I look at that type of reality show, it's like a variety show. It's not whether I can hold my breath the longest under water."


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Anyone feel LAZY
EP'd my way to GOLD ( oYo) yo!!
And so love grew a flower 5/17/11
Comments (9)
I was like that at first, but at 11 weeks everything just felt tons better! Not sure how far along you are, but everyone is different. I didn't have M/S at all and was worried. But, I had my first screening and things are good. Enjoy T2! It is WONDERFUL!
Caleb born at 28 weeks on February 17, 2011
I feel tired constantly and wish I could just sit around sometimes and watch tv. Unfortunately with two others and university I don't have that luxury. Lol. The first pregnancy is always the most relaxed.
Proud mommy to 3 princesses! Mya Viktoria, Addison Lena, and Brynn Violet.
I have been lazy for weeks too. I am just hitting 12 weeks and starting to get more active again.
Cece (40)� and DF RC (40)
DD - CJ 01/21/04, �angel baby 3/16/10,�Rainbow Baby due May 13, 2011.
Im 14 weeks and have absolutely NO energy! I did just get out the hospital with Pneumonia so that could have something to do with it. I am looking forward to this trimester being hopefully easier than the last.
Best Wishes.
I have been feeling super LAZY! I get burst of energy for a few hours but after that I'm on the couch or in my bed, especially once I get home from work. I can't wait until I start to get my energy back.
I wake up every morning feeling like I could go back to sleep for another 8 hours. I have a 2 year old and a 10 month old. We have definitely been watching more movies. :( When they take their nap in the afternoon I always intend to clean but by the time I've put the kids in their rooms for naps, I am too exhausted to do anything. My house is seriously suffering. :(
Oh my goodness, MommyLeGrand! How do you do it? I'm feeling so tired now at week 14! I can barely keep up with the housework and caring for my 2 year-old! How do you manage with TWO? If you say your house is suffering well, I understand! I never want to do anything when my little one sleeps either, and that's when I could be getting things accomplished. Unfortunately, getting my 2 year-old to nap has become a huge battle to the point where he rarely does them anymore anyway! Boo hoo for me!
Cally T
Just exhausted and when I do do anything around the house I'm sore and whooped! I don't know how some of you women do it!
EP'd my way to GOLD ( oYo) yo!!
And so love grew a flower 5/17/11
Yep...especially after a couple days with a sick 2 year old. I always have the best intentions for when she naps or is in bed, but they never happen. Hoping the energy will return soon.
FTM�to Lillyanne Elizabeth, born October 9, 2008.
Logyn Kenneth - coming May 11, 2011


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. Jack Horner would encounter him during the Civil War, and cheated him out of a game of cards. He stole his magic sack that could contain anything. During this he came upon Sally Cornwelles and promised to remove death from her life, in exchange for sleeping with him. Using the sack, he contained and captured death but it had a price, nothing could die. Seeing dead soldiers along with livestock, he released Death. Death let them both go for a while, since he had enjoyed his nap. Its unknown what became of Nick Slick's magic bag.Its revealed in Jack of Fables #16, that he had searched for Nick Slick to try and con out of several deals he had made with various Fable versions of the devil to cheat death. He'd be seen again when Jack had died, arguing over which devil should have Jack's soul. Nick proposed a game of cards, but the others quickly refused sayin' he'd either cheat or it'd be a game only he'd win.


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Find Campsites
FLOODING & FIREWORKS: Due to recent heavy rainfall, the beach is closed at Raccoon Lake. Portland Mills boat ramp, Hollandsburg boat ramp and Mansfield boat ramp are also closed. The Raccoon SRA boat ramp and the Walker boat ramp remain open at this time. Boaters should use caution and watch for floating debris. Also, because of the high water, the 4th of July fireworks display at Raccoon Lake has been cancelled. Nearby Rockville Lake will host a fireworks show on Saturday, July 4, 2015. Check back for updates
BLUE-GREEN ALGAE ADVISORY: Raccoon Lake: Swimming and boating permitted; Avoid direct contact with algae. Don't drink the water, and shower after you swim. Keep pets out of the water or, at minimum, bathe them after swimming, and prevent them from licking algae/water from fur. For more information about blue-green algae visit www.algae.IN.gov or read our FAQ sheet at Blue-Green Algae.
INDIANA DNR FIREWOOD RULE: Firewood Alert: Indiana DNR Firewood Rule - Important for Campers and Picnickers. Review details at www.firewood.dnr.in.gov before you visit!
Raccoon Lake, IN
Status: Open year round. Season Dates
Season Schedule


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