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Author Interviews Topics
Democracy Now! interviews the most important authors of the day. Check out our vast archive.
- Is depression manufactured? Two decades after the introduction of antidepressants, it's become commonplace to assume that our sadness can be explained in terms of a disease called depression. The National Institute of Mental Health estimates that more than 14 million Americans suffer from major depression every year and more than three million suffer from minor depression. Some 30 million Americans take antidepressants at a cost of over...March 01, 2010 | Story
- Eve Ensler has made it her lifelong mission to end violence against women and girls. The founder of V-Day and the bestselling author and playwright behind The Vagina Monologues, her latest book is a collection of fictional monologues and stories inspired by girls. It's called I Am an Emotional Creature: The Secret Life of Girls Around the World. [includes rush transcript]February 26, 2010 | Story
As Obama Pushes "Clean Coal," Jeff Biggers Tracks History of Destructive Mining in "Reckoning at Eagle Creek: The Secret Legacy of Coal in the Heartland"On the heels of President Obama's major initiative to develop so-called clean coal technology, the journalist and cultural historian Jeff Biggers explores the myth of clean coal in a new book on the secret history of coal mining in Obama's home state of Illinois. Jeff Biggers' family has lived in southern Illinois for 200 years. In 1999, their 150-year-old log cabin and 200-year-old settlement at Eagle Creek was destroyed by...February 26, 2010 | Story
- For his new book, The Watchers: The Rise of America's Surveillance State, National Journal correspondent Shane Harris spoke to the key architects of the US government's surveillance programs over the past quarter-century and tells the story of how spying on US citizens has become both easier and legal and is now the cornerstone of the Obama administration's national security strategy. But Harris argues that while this...February 25, 2010 | Story
- In Afghanistan, the number of civilian casualties continues to rise. On Tuesday, at least eight people died after a bomb exploded in the southern provincial capital of Lashkar Gah amid a major US-led offensive in the area. Local authorities said all those killed in the attack were civilians. Meanwhile, Afghanistan's government has condemned a NATO air strike on a convoy on Sunday that killed twenty-seven civilians, including four women...February 23, 2010 | Story
- New federal credit card rules that took effect Monday promise to outlaw the most egregious practices of the credit card industry that have plunged customers into insurmountable debt. The Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure, or CARD, Act includes new protections for customers under twenty-one and makes it illegal for credit card companies to retroactively increase rates and charge certain types of misleading fees. But many...February 23, 2010 | Story
- Haitian President René Préval said Sunday that the death toll from the earthquake could reach 300,000 once all the bodies are recovered from the rubble. We speak to Peter Hallward, professor of Modern European Philosophy at Middlesex University. "Unless prevented by renewed popular mobilisation in both Haiti and beyond, the perverse international emphasis on security will continue to distort the reconstruction effort, and with it the...February 22, 2010 | Story
Nobel Economist Joseph Stiglitz on Obama's Stimulus Plan, Debt, Climate Change, and "Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy"As President Obama defends the success of his one-year-old $787 billion stimulus package, we speak to Nobel Prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz, who says the stimulus was both not big enough and too focused on tax cuts. Stiglitz is the author of the new book Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the World Economy, which analyzes the causes of the Great Recession of 2008 and calls for overcoming what he calls an "ersatz...February 18, 2010 | Story
- The Vancouver-based Dr. Gabor Maté argues that too many doctors seem to have forgotten what was once a commonplace assumption — that emotions are deeply implicated in both the development of illness and in the restoration of health. Based on medical studies and his own experience with chronically ill patients at the Palliative Care Unit at Vancouver Hospital, where he was the medical coordinator for seven years, Dr. Gabor Maté makes the...February 15, 2010 | Story
- Despite fears of the euro's future amidst Greece's economic collapse, author Steven Hill of the New America Foundation argues the United States still has much to learn from Europe's social and economic policies. We speak to Hill about his new book, Europe's Promise: Why the European Way Is the Best Hope for an Insecure Age. [includes rush transcript]February 12, 2010 | Story
Show for Jul 07, 2015
Greece Talks Continue After Historic Anti-Austerity Vote
Yemen: Nearly 200 Killed in Deadliest Day of Saudi Offensive
Obama Vows to Intensify "Long-Term Campaign" Against ISIL
Iran Nuclear Talks Set to Continue Past Tuesday Deadline
South Carolina Senate Votes to Remove Confederate Flag at Capitol
NYC to Pay Occupy Wall Street Protesters $330K for Pepper-Spraying
Leak Shows Hacking Team Sold Spyware to FBI, DEA
Reports: U.S. Spied on Brazilian Officials, German Media
Eric Holder Returns to Corporate Law Firm with Bank Clients
Report: 95% of Elected Local Prosecutors are White
Bill Cosby Admitted to Drugging Women in 2005
Winning U.S. Women's Soccer Team Paid Fraction of Losing Men's Team
Protests Mark 2nd Anniversary of Lac-Mégantic Oil Train Disaster


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Learn more about AIAIAI TMA-1 Studio Headphones (no mic):
Manufacturer: AIAIAI
Mfg Part#: 08901
Sku: 235653007
See more in Headphones
|The TMA-1 Studio is the new addition to the acclaimed TMA-1 DJ headphones from AIAIAI. Through the addition of new features aimed at the contemporary DJ/producer, the TMA-1 Studio meets the requirements of the on-the-go musician and producer. Moreover, the nuanced, immersive sound experience is fully realized due to the development of new over-ear PU cushion that makes details stand out in full clarity. This is robust and thoroughly crafted audio technology for the frequently traveling, professional DJ/ producer who needs headphones that can perform while on the road, at the airport or in the air.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Bio: Della Martin has worked on some of the most unusual FoxPro and Visual FoxPro applications. She got her start writing a recruiting database for Duke Basketball and has worked for an architectural and engineering firm and at the University of Tennessee. She has written for FoxPro Advisor magazine and served as a judge for the 1998 and 1999 Visual FoxPro Excellence Awards. She lives in Cary, North Carolina.


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Originally written on Bronx Pinstripes | Last updated 12/5/12
Brian Cashman updating the media on Tuesday night (Associated Press photo) Good morning, folks! Day three is underway from Nashville, and we're covering all the action on a minute-by-minute basis at BronxPinstripes.com. 8:10 AM: Last night, Brian Cashman met with the media and revealed that he has spoken to the agent for at least five separate players – Ichiro Suzuki, Raul Ibanez, Eric Chavez, Kevin Youkilis, and A.J. Pierzynski. There was no mention of Jeff Keppinger, who the Yankees reportedly have been aggressively pursuing. Cashman's quotes seem to corroborate that the Yankees were likely the mystery team that had a deal in place for Asdrubal Cabrera, only to have it fall apart when the Indians pushed too hard for a third prospect in addition to a major league pitcher.
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Super service
Red Cross reservist marks 150th assignment
J.D. Evans has spent the past six years going from one disastrous job to another and it's work he feels privileged to do.
Evans was recently recognized for having completed 150 disaster relief operations for the Red Cross. As a reservist, he is part of an elite group of skilled organizers the Red Cross puts on the ground first whenever tornados, hurricanes and floods strike.
Someone produced a cake to mark Evans benchmark; it was served in a tent where the Red Cross was helping victims of recent California wildfires near San Bernadino.
"I've got the best job in the world. I find people who need things - really need things - and give them to them," said Evans, an Air Force retiree, glancing at a picture on his laptop of a 6-year-old California girl, her arms full of stuffed toys. "It's very gratifying."
After retiring from the Air Force and some civilian contract service, Evans said he and his wife Leslie looked around for some meaningful volunteer work. They were so impressed with the Red Cross' ability to "actually get donations to the victims" of a natural disaster, they signed up.
"I went down, trained and about a week later I was working a wind storm in Vernon," said Evans. "They called it a wind storm but I'm pretty sure it was a tornado. I've seen a few since then."
Leslie has been on about 40 missions but Evans is now a paid on-call relief specialist who focuses on mass care, providing shelter, food and distributing tools and other deeds to people whose lives have been uprooted natural disaster.
After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, he arrived Aug 26 in Montgomery, Ala., and set up shop, moved to Baton Rouge, La., a month later and didn't get back home until mid-January of the following year.
Tornados in Texas and Oklahoma, flooding along the Mississippi, four back-to-back Florida hurricanes in 2004, Evans has seen it all. Amid the loss and suffering, he said has to guard against becoming too emotionally involved, focusing on the task instead of the tragedy.
Still, he said the devastation of Ground Zero after the 9-11 attacks was something he "took personally."
"What was so amazing was how the city (New York) changed. How the people changed. We had ladies, volunteers, who could never get a cab back to their hotel. Every night they walked back to their hotel through Hell's Kitchen and were never bothered," said Evans. "Every morning when we would leave by the West Side Highway at the crack of dawn, there would always be people standing by the road waving American flags and holding up banners that said, 'Thank You.' "
Having thought he would give up his Red Cross duty at 65, Evans is still going strong. He said the support of his wife and family make it possible for him to stay on call 11 months out of the year.
He takes off from mid-December to mid-January to spend time with his and Leslie's conjoined group of 10 children and nine grandchildren.
Evens tells the story of an Air Force general who asked if he could ride along for a couple of days as relief crews waded into the devastation of Hurricane Iniki in Hawaii, The general was astonished at how quickly relief efforts were organized and aid was brought in.
"He told me, 'J.D., if we were doing something like this, we'd still be having team meetings two weeks from now.' "
Now a Henrietta resident, Evans said once when he tried to describe his job to someone, he asked them to imagine a company that could go into an area of total devastation, determine the needs of people, staff and supply the relief effort plus provide transportation, manufacturing and warehousing services in 70 or so hours.
"And we do it all on donated money with volunteers, people who want to help their neighbors," said Evans, grinning. "We couldn't do it without them."
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Farm to Table Feast at Oz Farm
"My buddy Nate organized this dinner at his family's farm in Mendocino County. I attended as a guest but couldn't resist doing a little documentation. I tried to shoot each dish as it came out, but I was so engrossed in the meal that I forgot to shoot the main course! "
read more
Dates of 2010 dinners
Guest Chef Barn Dinner Saturday October 16th, 2010 Featuring Scott Spencer
After cutting his teeth in some of the bay area's best restaurants,
Scott Spencer decided to open Spencer's Pantry, a high end
private chef service. Upon opening, Spencer's Pantry immediately
received rave reviews: "Scott's focus is always on using
the highest quality ingredients, cooking them perfectly,
and arranging them beautifully". Scott will be serving up
six memorable courses using local ingredients to be paired
with local wine and cocktails.
For more information please see:
Cost: $125 per person. ( Gratuities gratefully accepted. )
Dress: country casual. Evenings can be cool.
What's included:
Oz Farm tour beginning at 5:00 pm on the day of the dinner,
followed by wine and hors d'oeuvres around 6 pm, with dinner being
served around 7 pm. The dinner menus have not yet been decided but
will include seasonal produce and meats from Oz Farm and other local
producers, dessert, wines, cheese, coffee and tea. Click
here for the menu from the inaugural dinner in August 2006.
full payment in advance is required to reserve a space at a dinner. Checks only, please--we regret we do not accept credit cards. Please
contact us for additional information or to make reservations. Please provide your name, number in your party, dinner date, and the best way/time to reach you so that we can confirm dates and availability.
Cancellation policy: for cancellations made at least 30 days in advance of the date of the dinner, a full refund, less a ten percent handling fee, will be made. If a reservation is cancelled less than 30 days before the date of the dinner, a refund, less a ten percent handling fee, will be made only if we are able to re-book the reserved space. (We will maintain a waiting list for over-subscribed dinners and make our best effort to fill any cancelled reservations.)
Part of the pleasure of these dinners comes from the stimulating and interesting guests that attend, so our policies are designed to help insure that the limited number of spaces at Oz Farm Field to Table Dinners are fully enjoyed by guests, rather than remaining vacant.
In the unlikely event that Oz Farm has to cancel a dinner, you will be promptly notified and all reservation payments refunded in full. No handling fee would be applicable in such cases. However, it is understood that by making a full refund, Oz Farm would have no further liability due to any inconvenience caused by cancellation of the dinner.
Cabin rental special for dinner participants:
Late summer Oz Farm produce on display for 2006 Oz Farm Field to Table Dinner.
Photo: Margo Blair.
Table in the Barn ready for guests at August 2006
Oz Farm Field to Table Dinner.
Photo: Margo Blair.
Garden salad or organic greens and vegetables.
Photo: Margo Blair.
Place setting with menu , August 2006 Oz Farm Field to Table Dinner.
Photo: Margo Blair.
New Cob Oven -In Service June, 2008 Pizza, anyone?
Some of guests at August 2006 Oz Farm Field to Table Dinner.
P.O. Box 244, Point Arena, CA 95468 ~ Reservations & General Inquries ~ 707-882-3046 ~ email@example.com


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Tropical Uncheese Cake
|Graham crackers/1 cup crumbs
|3 Tablespoon, melted
|Firm tofu
|24 Ounce, well-drained
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Lemon juice
|2 Tablespoon
|Grated lemon peel
|1 Teaspoon
|Ground cinnamon
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Vanilla extract
|1 Teaspoon
|2 Medium, ripe
|Crushed pineapple
|8 Ounce, well-drained (1 Can)
1) Preheat the oven to the desired temperature of 350°.
2) In the work bowl of the food processor(use the metal blade,place the crackers, broken into pieces and blend to make fine crumbs.
3) While the machine is running, pour in melted butter.
4) Pulse on/off until mixed.
5) Take a 9-inch springform pan,press crumbs over the bottom of the pan.
6) Bake for about 6 minutes.
7) Cool on rack of the oven.
8) Lower the oven temperature to about 325°.
9) To the work bowl of the food processor,add tofu, broken into chunks..
10) Now add eggs, honey, lemon juice, lemon peel, cinnamon and vanilla extract.
11) Blend until well-processed.
12) Switch off the machine.
13) Remove the work bowl, cover with lid and empty the down sides of the bowl.
14) Now add the bananas, broken into chunks.
15) Empty the down sides of bowl, then add the pineapple.
16) Pulse on/off only until well-processed.
17) Pour into cooled crust.
18) Bake for about 1 hour or until center barely jiggles when pan is tapped.
19) Cool on the rack of the oven.
20) Cover with lid and refrigerate until well-chilled before serving.


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Five-minute workflow improvements for creative pros, covering Photoshop, Illustrator, WordPress, and other tools designers commonly use.
Find out whether Creative Cloud is right for you. Learn about installing and updating the app, working with cloud storage, and using CC on the go.
Learn how to draw on your tablet with Adobe's Line and Sketch apps and the new Ink pen and Slide digital ruler.
Create, share, and find amazing artwork with Behance, and create a customizable digital portfolio using your own unique URL.
Reveals how designers can create vibrant web graphics, wireframes, and complete web site mockups in Photoshop with navigation bars and buttons.
Create vibrant web graphics, wireframes, and complete web site mockups with the strong layout and color management tools in Adobe Illustrator.
"Keep up the good work—it's helping so many of us stay up to speed on all the many topics involved in building creative websites." —Sandra M.
more from our members »


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Nursing Research Program
Nursing Research Program Directors:
- Beth D. Quatrara, DNP, RN, CMSRN, ACNS-BC,
Director, PNSO Nursing Research Program
Email firstname.lastname@example.com
- Lisa Cantore Letzkus, MSN, RN, CPNP-AC, CCRN,
Assistant Director, PNSO Nursing Research Program
Email firstname.lastname@example.com
Contact the Directors for further information about our services including:
- Monthly Abstract Writing Sessions - Held the 1st Thursday of each month, 1100 - 1200, Main Hospital Room 3603A
- The Research Mentor Program
- Poster Design and Printing Guidelines
- The Institutional Review Board (IRB) and the Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI)
- Consultations for APN projects
Another resource: the R3 Committee!
The PNSO's Research Review & Recommendation Committee (R3) collaborates with the Clinical Practice Committee and is accountable to the Cabinet for implementing evidence-based practice by incorporating best evidence into daily interventions. Contact 2015 chair Barb Trotter. Membership will be considered based upon research application experience and education. Consistency of the group will be maintained over time to support growth in the development of research utilization skills. Per Bylaws, their mission includes:
- Collaborate with PNSO Practice Committees to incorporate the Evidence-Based Practice template into decision making processes.
- Foster understanding of Levels of Evidence.
- Support efforts to increase research utilization.
- Receive updates/reports from PNSO Nursing Research Mentor Program.
- Contribute to Evidence-Based Practice Symposium planning.
Background on the Nursing Research Mentor Program
In September of 2004, PNSO leadership developed a strategic plan to advance nursing practice and professionalism through the implementation of a unit-based nursing research program. The main goals of the program for the first 5 years were to:
- develop a research-based nursing culture by training selected clinicians as "research mentors" (RM)
- develop an infrastructure that supports the evolution and growth of a nursing research program and nurses who do clinical research
- improve nursing practice by disseminating the results of the studies, and
- recognize and celebrate the accomplishments of the nurse-researchers.
The critical elements of the PNSO research model include:
- active clinician involvement and ownership: team-oriented research projects, led by clinician researchers (referred to as Research Mentors-RMs) who mentor and guide the unit-based research teams through the research process;
- research projects which focus on clinical practice issues or problems of interest to practicing clinicians;
- the ability of the RMs to adapt research methods and approaches commonly used when conducting academic research projects to appropriate methods for use in the clinical setting;
- a program director and assistant director who work closely to teach and guide the RMs "one-step-at-a-time" so that in turn they can lead their teams.
The PNSO tracks and applauds outcomes of the Nursing Research Program which influence practice changes at UVAHS. We also celebrate the many contributions to national and international nursing practice achieved by publication of our clinicians' findings.
Outcomes of unit-based research programs go well beyond the expansion of the number of research projects being conducted within the nursing department. Clinicians who are involved in a unit-based research project:
- expand their skills in clinical inquiry, writing, communication, and formal presentations;
- increase their clinical knowledge and move beyond competence in their specialty area of practice;
- experience what it means to be a professional nurse and to take responsibility for their nursing practice;
- gain a high level of recognition for their research efforts; and
- they learn how to mentor others, as this skill is transferable.
These professional accomplishments have been evident in RM clinical ladder advancements; local, regional and national presentations; publications; awards; and also in second generation projects that have emerged.
Managerial and administrative outcomes associated with the unit-based research model include potential:
- improved patient outcomes and cost savings;
- a high level of research productivity, ensuring compliance with research standards of nursing organizations;
- increased regional and national visibility of the practice area and the Health System, leading to increased recruitment of nurses to the facility; and
- reductions in staff turnover.
The Research Program directors have also been frequently called to consult on projects not sponsored by the program, including collaborating with advanced practice nurses, administrators and other disciplines to structure new evidence-based projects. Specific examples include:
- Implementation of new strategies to reduce Pressure Ulcers
- Introduction of disposable EKG leads to reduce sources of contaminants to patients
- Tactics to increase vaccination rates


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Men's Northside® Granger 600 gram Thermolite® Insulation Pac Boots, Brown
Item # WX2-300227
- Google+
- Details & Specs
Northside® Granger Pac Boots are seriously warm... rated to 50° below!
WOW! The 600 gram Thermolite® Insulation locks in heat to keep your feet toasty warm no matter how far the mercury falls. These Boots are also seam-sealed and WATERPROOF to keep water out, so you don't have to deal with wet feet and frozen toes! The rugged rubber outsole gives you sure-grip traction on even the snowiest, slickest ground.Look:
- Suede / nylon uppers
- Waterproof seam sealed and treated
- 600 gram Thermolite Insulation
- Rubber traction outsole
- Flexible TPR shell
- Compression-molded EVA midsole
- Removable, washable, breathable insole
- Padded tongue and collar
- Half-gusseted tongue
- Comes in eco-friendly recyclable packaging.
- Each approx. 9" h., 23 ozs.
State Size, as available in the Shopping Cart. Medium width. Half sizes, order the next larger full size. Order Today!
- Reviews
Men's Northside Granger 600 gram Thermolite Insulation Pac Boots, Brown is rated out of 5 by 6.Rated 5 out of 5 by Milty from Good Boots Wore them the 2nd day I had them shoveling/plowing snow they kept my feet warm and dry. Great price for warm boots.Date published: 2015-03-06Rated 5 out of 5 by SmokeLeader1 from Great value, fit, and traction I received the boots quite soon after ordering. I immediately used them. They are easy to put on with the boot liner no matter what socked I'm wearing (better than leather). Lacing is easy and it does not have a lace hook right at the ankle joint, which makes walking comfortable. The fit was very good with good ankle support. The warmth is exactly what I wanted - not too insulated because I use these for winter hiking. I have been impressed with the traction especially on slick icy terrain.Date published: 2015-02-16Rated 3 out of 5 by Seadog from PAC Boot? I just received these boots and was disappointed that they were not what I expected. To me, a PAC boot should have a removable inner booty that slips into the main outer boot. The boots seem well made and are nice and light. Just beware...if you are looking for a true PAC boot, do not order these. I suggest they change the name or description of the boots.Date published: 2014-12-04Rated 5 out of 5 by HERBERT from Good productDate published: 2014-01-17Rated 5 out of 5 by DAVID from Warm!Date published: 2013-12-13Rated 5 out of 5 by LARRY from First thing i noticed when i took these boots out of the box how ultra light they were. They live up to the desciption, today the wind chill was -15 the boots were nice and warmthey grip well on the snow and ice. They are not bulky and are sized correctly. I highly recommend these for winter activities. Semper Fi !Date published: 2013-12-10

 Sized right means what? I wear a 12, should I order size 13 due to a wider foot

Asked by: Steve

 This is only offered in a regular width. If you need a wider size, you may want to order the next size up.
Answered by: Customer Service

Date published: 2014-11-19

2015-07-05T11:17CST

bvseo_cps, prod_bvqa, vn_cps_3.1.5

cp_1, bvpage1

co_hasquestionsanswers, tq_1

loc_en_US, sid_300227, PRD, sort_recentAnswersFirst

clientName_sportmansguide

- Articles & Tips


text:
Welcome to a breathtaking series of home-style apartments at Avalon Pasadena. Discover lovely one- and two-bedroom Pasadena apartments that are equipped with world-class amenities such as central air conditioning, walk-in closets, decorative niches and architectural elements, Roman bathtubs, cable TV and more. The community itself is the best place to spend your leisure time with facilities that include a fitness center, a sparkling pool and spa, and sundecks. The combination of great services and a courteous, professional staff make Avalon Pasadena an ideal place to live.
Pasadena offers a whole new world of exciting experiences. Perfectly situated in the heart of the Playhouse District, Avalon Pasadena is surrounded by the city's best restaurants and is close to fantastic retail stores on South Lake Avenue in Old Town Pasadena. There will never be a dull moment when you make the Avalon Pasadena your home.
When you decide on moving into these wonderful Pasadena apartments, you will also discover the amazing Avalon Advantage. This program offers a wonderful collection of assurances to residents. All routine maintenance is addressed within one business day of a resident's request to the management. Avalon also works individually with you to customize leasing terms that meet your needs. If you're relocating, Avalon will also be happy to help you to find a new home in one of its many beautiful communities. Live a happy life with Avalon!
Learn More
View Pet Policy
Show me more.
Beer drinkers can make themselves at home at Yard House. The Pasadena establishment boasts one of the largest draft selections in the area. Have your pick of wheat ales, bitter beers, lambics, seasonal ciders, and many other brews. There's an impressive food menu, too, so make sure to fill your... Read more
Your pets are part of your family. That means finding a home that welcomes all of you. We couldn't agree more, which is why we are a pet-friendly community and created WAG The Pet Program to take pet-friendly living to the next level.
Cats and dogs are welcome! Please check the dog breed and pet restrictions below.
Max of 2 Pets Allowed
Max Weight Limit: N/A
Maybe you want room to entertain. Maybe you're going for class without the extravagance. Maybe you'll know when you see it. So look around, and make yourself at home.
Square footage and/or room dimensions are approximate and may vary between individual apartments. The pricing displayed is per month for new move-ins to the community and based on the move-in date selected. Pricing may vary between individual apartments that share the same floor plan and based on lease terms available for the apartment selected. Other fees and charges that may be part of your lease are not included in the pricing displayed (i.e. utilities, parking, etc.). Please contact the community for details. Prior to signing a lease, pricing, specials, availability, and other terms and conditions are subject to change without notice.
Property Map
This floor plan is currently not available - please sign up for an email below to receive notice when this floor plan has an available unit.
I would like to be alerted when the following apartment(s) become available:
If you already know exactly which apartment is right for you, you can use this form to jump straight to it.
Find more Avalon locations and other properties designed by the people that bring you Avalon, here.
You've put a lot in to get where you are. You deserve the freedom to enjoy it. So go ahead. Shed the hassles of ownership without sacrificing the comforts of home. Rent to live. Avalon style.
Cats welcome! Check out WAG The Pet Program and see what we do to take pet-friendly living to the next level.
We partnered with Fashion Furniture to make it easier for you to actually live in our apartment homes even when you can't have your own furniture come along.
From the 210
Exit at Lake Avenue (head South). Turn right on Colorado Boulevard (to go West). Turn left on South Oak Knoll Avenue (to go South). Avalon Pasadena is located on the corner of Colorado Boulevard and South Oak Knoll Avenue. Future resident parking can be accessed from South Oak Knoll Avenue.


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Sometimes when you reinstall windows the customer can not find their installation CD. Assuming the computer can boot and all you need to do is reformat. Then you can use the program
"Jellybean Keyfinder"
to locate and write down their existing Microsoft Office serial and which version of Microsoft Office they had. You can then use one of the links below to download a trial version of Microsoft Office that corresponds with the version they had. Then during the installation use the key you wrote down to install and activate the product.
Microsoft Office 2003
Standard Edition
Microsoft Office 2007
Standard Edition
Small Business
Home and Student
Microsoft Office 2010
64 bit
Standalone Components
Microsoft Access 2010
These are the only links I could find. If you could provide other links to even more Microsoft Office Products that would be great and I will add them to the list.


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Long ago solar panels appeared as the most thrilling and overwhelming discovery for the human civilization. Backed by the plenty of solar energy available for human use and increasing demand for energy, the solar panels were considered as one of the most viable and effective technology solution. At that time, nearly about 6o years ago, when Solar panels came up as the major breakthrough for energy sector, Silicon came under the discussion of major research societies and energy centers. Silicon is used in the formation of multilayered inner composition of a solar cell. Silicon appeared to be an ideal choice for the formation of solar cell as it is copious and non-hazardous. Solar wafers composed of Silicon, require extensive heat, which is provided through high temperature, and covers most of the cost associated with solar panels
But this discovery, about 60 years ago, was just a beginning, since the extensive efforts have been extended to make further progress and the result is the discovery of Perovskites, as the major milestone. This implies that very soon the solar panels will not only become more proficient but also affordable for everyone. This next cohort solar cell, composed of organic-inorganic hybrid Perovskites materials, is expected to be ten times cheaper than existent thin-film solar cells, because of much efficient solution-based manufacturing process. So the days are not far where Perovskites will replace Silicon in the solar energy industry.
Perovskites is known to be a remarkable solar cell material as it can convert up to 15 % of sunlight to electricity, close to the efficiency of the current solar cells. Although, in its initial stage of discovery, yet Perovskites are budding as the potential material for solar cells, Chase revealed, a solar analyst in London. Perovskites maintain a number of features which are accurate for making panels, and even more efficient than Silicon. The pace of development and expansion in the research centers has been astonishing. Among many other research groups, solar energy Australia has been one of the most active advocates of this new and surprising material.
Solar energy Australia has been a fast paced researcher group in this field. Australian renewable energy group has entered into a deal with Nesli DSC to initiate and industrialize Perovskites Solar Cells in Turkey. The physical properties of Pervokosites which aid in the rapid functioning of the solar cells include its crystalline structure, which naturally consists of a particular mixture of iodine, lead and other organic components. In its laboratory research, life Perovskites has been marvelous where only five years of research has improved its workability from 4% to 20%. Hence, this emergence has astounded the scientists at photo-voltaic centers and community at solar energy Australia. Many solar companies including companies like Eurosolar, who have a lot of Eurosolar reviews on-line are pushing massively for innovation.
Most of the solar energy Australia projects are still based on the Silicon panels, which are said to covert almost 25 % of sun's energy into Solar panels. But Perovskites have already come near this level, even being in the laboratory trials. They can convert about 20% of solar energy in the usable form, says the head of solar energy Australia. So chances and hopes are even greater for this surprising and more productive material.
In the initial phase, there have been proposals about the hybrid solar cells in which both the materials, Silicon and Perovskites will be consolidated. This can make a remarkable combination, as the scientists believe the Silicon to be the reliable one, and the Perovskites to be more efficient. There have been a number of laboratory exploration sessions in different communities of solar energy Australia, which are discovering to come up with the most efficient solutions for extending the Perovskites solar panels, towards industry. Many of the critics always pose the blunted questions about the industrial future of Perovskites solar panels.
The basis of its competence is the crystal's orderly and shipshape internal structure, according to scientists at the Melbourne Energy Institute, who are striving to make the solar energy Australia efficient. In the crystal of Perovskites the electrons can travel a distance of three millimeters, much further than the needed distance of electrodes in printed solar cell. So Perovskites is emerging as a dream material for solar energy Australia and many other energy centers. The extensive efforts are being extended to continue with the in depth research of this element and answer all the queries along with covering all the hurdles, which may hinder the way of industrial use of Perovskites in the solar panels.


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Tarrant Keynston, Dorset
Tarrant Keynston, a parish in Dorsetshire, 2 miles NE of Spetisbury station on the Somerset and Dorset Joint railway, and 3 ESE of Blandford. It has a post office under Blandford; money order and telegraph office, Spetisbury. Acreage, 1348; population, 260. The living is a rectory in the diocese of Salisbury; net value, £320 with residence. The church is good. In the village are the remains of an old cross.
|Ancient County
|Poor Law union
|Blandford (1835-)
Dates in this table should be used as a guide only.
Church Records
The parish register dates from the year 1737. The original register books are now deposited with the Dorset Archives Service, but have been digitised by Ancestry.co.uk and made available on their site (subscription required).
Details of the places of worship in Tarrant Keynston, and their records, can be found on the following pages:
- All Saints (Church of England)
Civil Registration
For general information about Civil Registration (births, marriages and deaths) see the Civil Registration page.
Old maps of Tarrant Keynston are available on the old-maps.co.uk site, and a current map is available on the Streetmap.co.uk site.
Newspapers and Periodicals
The British Newspaper Archive have fully searchable digitised copies of the Dorset County Chronicle and the Sherborne Mercury online.
Visitations Heraldic
The Visitation of Dorset, 1623 is available on the Heraldry page.


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Keep up with the news by installing RT's extension for . Never miss a story with this clean and simple app that delivers the latest headlines to you.
Supporters of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro hold a poster of former Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez (1954-2013) during a demonstration in Caracas on August 3, 2013. (AFP Photo)
How are relations between Latin America and the US developing? Can Latin America challenge US influence? What does each party stand to lose in this contest? CrossTalking with Alejandro Sanchez and Mark Weisbrot.
Enduring terror
Cold war redux (featuring Chris Hedges)
Minsk 2.0 RIP?


text: Paul Domowitch is looking into the Philadelphia Eagles' future. And while he acknowledges that the biggest offseason decisions the team faces are at head coach and quarterback, there are obviously other big decisions beyond that. So Paul today is looking at the issue of what to do with starting cornerbacks Nnamdi Asomugha and Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie, who have had their moments but have, overall, been disappointing.


text: We booked our trip to Santorini quite last minute and unfortunately could not stay at Almyra Studios for the first couple of nights of our stay. We had a good time in Kamari for our first few days however it wasn't until we got to Almyra Studios that we really started to relax. The studios are very homely and immaculately... more


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During a physical exam for
eating disorders, the doctor will:
Other physical signs include:2
Because vomiting is often part of an eating disorder, the
doctor may also check for:3
CitationsSteering Committee on Practice Guidelines, American Psychiatric Association (2006). Treating Eating Disorders: A Quick Reference Guide. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.American Academy of Pediatrics (2003). Policy
statement: Identifying and treating eating disorders. Pediatrics, 111(1): 204–211.Fairburn CG, Harrison PJ (2003). Eating disorders.
Lancet, 361(9355): 407–416.
Last Revised:
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Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
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Vatican: Bishops Should Follow Pope Francis' Lead On Caring For Gay And Divorced Catholics
The Vatican set the stage Tuesday for Pope Francis' next church meeting on the family, urging bishops to be guided not just by doctrine but by Francis' message of mercy and the "turning point"Read More »
The Last Speech Of Qaddafi
For 40 years, or was it longer, I can't remember, I did all I could to give people houses, hospitals, schools, and when they were hungry, I gave them food. I even made BenghaziRead More »
Secret Document Reveals Pope Francis About To Make Major Vatican Changes
For more than 800 years, scholars have pointed to a prophecy regarding "the last pope," and of a "great apostasy" and even the destruction of Rome. Taken from St. Malachy's "Prophecy of the Popes,"Read More »
Pope Francis' New Cross of the "BEAST"–Displays Satanic Symbolism!
Here is an excerpt of a prophecy regarding this: (Please note, I don't know of this particular websites other links, nor do I claim to support this person's prophecy or belief system. I amRead More »
Frank Ocean's 'Pyramids' NSFW video Illuminati symbolism
After Ocean was on SNL (he performed with John Mayer for the last performance of the evening), he let his music video for Pyramids go online. As the post's caption suggests, this video isRead More »
The Beatles — Illuminati Mind Controllers
In his book, The Committee of 300, former MI6 officer John Coleman reveals the Beatles were a psychological operation run by the Tavistock Institute for Human Relations. The Beatles were created to advance theRead More »
Elites Announce Post Gadhafi Hit List
This will make your blood boil if it's not already. News "source" outlets like AP and Reuters are owned propaganda mouthpieces for the elite controllers. Whatever they put out, especially in profiling pieces like this,Read More »
Qaddafi the Jew, the Rothschilds & the Mossad
Colonel Gaddafi's close ties to the Rothschild family and the Mossad make complete sense when we consider the fact that he is a Jew, the son of a Jewish mother, according to a reportRead More »
Muslim Brotherhood- Illuminati Tools
In his book "Hostage to Khomeini," Robert Dreyfuss gave a pretty accurate rendering of the MB in 1980, which as I have witnessed, is common knowledge in high government, diplomatic and Intelligence circles: "The realRead More »
The Occult Dajjali Symbolism of Sherlock Holmes
Follow The latest Hollywood blockbuster Sherlock Holmes revolves around occult murders and world conspiracies. The movie is riddled with occult symbols and allusions to a "New Order". We'll look at the history of SherlockRead More »
Sherlock Holmes Movie and Our Dajjali "New Age Religion"
Follow By Paul A Drockton M.A. I went and saw "Sherlock Holmes", Hollywood's latest New Age Propaganda. I have been a fan of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle since childhood (the author of the originalRead More »
The Avatar Movie, Maitreya and our "New Age" Dajjali Religion
Follow Paul A Drockton M.A. The Avatar movie is just the latest installment from Hollywood to move us closer to accepting the Global Elite's psychopathic religious beliefs. Plato, the Greek philosopher, taught that thereRead More »


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Rebecca Schaeffer, a 1980s sitcom star on "My Sister Sam," was stalked for three years by an obsessed fan named Robert Bardo.
Bardo worshipped Schaeffer until the 21-year-old actress did a love scene for the 1989 movie, "Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills." After seeing the movie, Bardo went to Schaeffer's apartment and shot her in the chest when she opened the door. She later died at the hospital. Bardo was sentenced to life in prison after confessing to the murder.
Kourtney Reppert's stalker seemed to share that same possessive delusion that she belonged to him and no one else. Reppert said she received nearly 400 vile, threatening messages from her stalker, who knew where she lived, where he parents lived and who her friends were.
"That's what it was all about with the threats," Saunders said. "'How dare she, she's not remaining pure for me, she loves me, and now she's putting these pictures of herself out on the Internet.'"
So why not stop posting photos and tweets, and just delete her online presence? Reppert said doing that would cause her to lose her livelihood and keep her from doing what she loves. The stalker also wins and most likely won't go away.
"It's a Catch 22," she said. "You've got to put yourself out there, but I never signed up for what—this is not something I asked for."
The break in Reppert's stalking case came when she said she noticed a similarity in style between the vile threats and supportive messages posted on Facebook. The FBI first traced the emails to computers in Chicago public libraries, which eventually led them to Luis Plascencia's door, a 47-year-old man who lives with his mother in Chicago.
Plascencia was charged with interstate stalking. He has yet to plead.
"I feel relief, but I don't still feel safe," Reppert said.
The model has now teamed up with former Miss USA Chelsea Cooley to start a website, KourtneyandChelseacare.com, which offers advice and supports other victims of online abuse. But for her, Reppert said the damage is done.
"It's worse right now because all the while the adrenalin these past four months has kind of kept my emotions at bay, and I never wanted this person to see what he's done to me," she said.


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Population: No data availableSeems like we could not load the Census Data for New Haven, VT (What should have appeared here). Sometimes this happens when we can not properly match a city or hamlet with 2010 census data. Please go back and click on another area. The error has been logged and we will look into the issue.
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Brief Information About New Haven
The town of New Haven is located in the county of Addison.� It has a total area of about 108 sq. km., and is situated 340 ft. above the sea level. Commercial properties are utilized by arts and crafts shops, campgrounds and recreational vehicle parks, convenience stores, home improvement centers, parking lot stations, public schools, restaurants and tourist information centers. Supplies of auto parts, artists materials, building materials, insulation materials and housewares, maintained a hold in the economy of New Haven. Services related to auto repair, bookkeeping, health, senior services, service stations and home health contribute to the local economy.
Recent News from the Green Blog
Each year as a tradition to myself and this green movement website, I write on the events of Earth Day (April 22nd) this year is no exception. I will focus more on some new ideas and representations of our planet Earth. The symbols of Earth Day have been similar throughout the years, including an image or drawing of the Earth..


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Originally written on The Football Fan Spot | Last updated 11/30/12
SAN DIEGO - JANUARY 17: Quarterback Philip Rivers #17 of the San Diego Chargers walks on to the field prior to the AFC Divisional Playoff Game against the New York Jets at Qualcomm Stadium on January 17, 2010 in San Diego, California. (Photo by Donald Miralle/Getty Images)
Cincinnati Bengals (6-5) at San Diego Chargers (4-7) Last week, I took the Chargers for a big play for several reasons. Philip Rivers was 31-19 ATS in week 11 or later. In the last 3 years, as mediocre as they've been, they were still 10-5 ATS in week 11 or later, including a cover the week before in Denver. As underdogs, as they were last week, Rivers was 12-4 ATS in week 11 or later, including 3-0 ATS as home dogs. I also felt the Ravens were not as good as their record and I noted their struggles as non-divisional road favorites in the last 2 seasons, going 1-5 ATS in those spots, including a loss in almost exactly this same situation in San Diego the year before. Well, I thought I had it perfectly handicapped. The Chargers led throughout, including 13-3 with a few minutes left in the game. The Ravens a scored to make it 13-10, but the Chargers had the ball and a 3 point lead with about 4 minutes left. That is 4 minute offense time, go conservative and try to run as much as much ...
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June 24, 2014
Good thick material. washes well & pattern in-tack.
May 20, 2014
I got two of these, one for me and one for my sister, they wash and iron great, what's more we normaly can't get into childrens clothes, so this makes these even more of a great buy.
December 26, 2013
Son loves it - wanted some nice t'shirts appropriate to his age (7) can't always find ones with nice pictures on but yours' fit the bill!
November 27, 2013
Easy wash and iron.... slightly stretchy material - good fit for everyday use... with a fun logo.
November 18, 2013
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Marketing Information
Post-it Super Sticky Removable Identification Labels stick securely and remove cleanly. Easily identify the contents of binders, shelves, containers and more. Write on or print using laser or inkjet printers with popular label software packages and templates. Each sheet has 30 labels.
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Divider Tabs
By BejeweledTonia
from Plaquemine, LA
Comments about 3M Super Sticky I.D. Label:
I used the divider tabs to take a journal and turn it into a password and internet address book. By alphabetizing all of this information utilizing the journal to become an attractive item always kept by my computer to access key information with ease of the hand.
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This is the first year my ...
By Diana6545
from Undisclosed
This is the first year my grandson is moving from class to class during the day and labeling his books and folders has been very easy with the labels.
Help for the Frustrated Neatnik
By Buella
from Brentwood, CA
Owning my own business and volunteering part-time with a dog rescue, I have been frustrated with keeping files neat and organized, as well as keeping the two entities separate. Not any more. The Post It 1"X 2 5/8" ID Labels have made my life so much easier. No longer do I face the frustration I have had in the past. The labels come off so easily that I can switch file colors or organizational boxes without having to stick another label over the top of the old one, or worry that a file will be damaged when I do remove a label. AND they have helped me be greener in my recycling/reuse efforts. I have been able to coordinate and separate materials into different categories and not throw anything out. When it's time for a change, I simply reuse containers and files now as I can move the label I need to the new storage place. I have not been disappointed in any way with the purchase of this product and look forward to using many of the other Post-It labels.
We get cabin fever in ...
By Kyee
from Vermont
We get cabin fever in vermont so the need to reorganize keeps us busy on the long 6 months of winter and your labels are the ones to use.
Post-it identification labels
By Doris
These handy labels can be used for so many applications. I use them to identify the pages of books that I will need to find in the future.I also use them for my flower pots . I mark them when they bloom and what color the flowers are. Next year I know to move them to a brighter location so to ensure more blooms. Very handy post its.
Worked Great
By rhaigh
from Oskaloosa, Iowa
I really love them and sharing the product with co-workers
By nnteacher
from Texas
I used the labels to redo a storybook. I covered the printed passage with labels that had vocabulary at the student's reading level. I can adjust the story for the student easily. It was so easy to print, easy to apply, and a breeze to remove,
These labels are great!!! ...
By TML1
from Minnesota
These labels are great!!! I use them to label lots of different things. I really like to use them to label the totes I use for storage in my basement.
By twocrazydogsmom
from Nevada
Trying to get organized and Post It's came to the rescue. They stick well, removed easily and without a messy residue left. Thanks Post It's
love all the postits. ...
By ruthie12
love all the postits. iuse them for everything, from marking boxes to files.


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(Editor's note: When the Sebastiani Theatre kicks off its yearlong, 80th anniversary celebration with a spectacular variety show April 19, it may remind old-timers of another Sebastiani celebration that took place on March 22, 1941. It was, as former Index-Tribune managing editor John Lynch wrote years ago, "a day the people of Sonoma Valley never forgot." What follows is John Lynch's account of that event. Lynch died in 1999.)
On March 22, 1941, the cast from the just-released movie "The Sea Wolf," including Edward G. Robinson and John Garfield, came to Sonoma Valley and were entertained in a gala celebration.
Also with the group from Hollywood was a handsome actor named Ronald Reagan, just starting to get roles in films. Little did anyone know that some years later his real-life role would be to serve as California's governor, and later, President of the United States.
The occasion was the premiere of the movie, based on the popular novel by Jack London, at Sebastiani Theatre. The premiere crowned a full day of parties and picnicking at the London Ranch in Glen Ellen and at the beautiful estate of Mr. and Mrs. Elmer Awl (she was the former Alma Spreckels) in Sobre Vista.
The movie stars steamed into San Francisco Bay on the luxurious ocean liner America from Los Angeles. During the voyage, the stars had witnessed an onboard premiere showing of "The Sea Wolf." They were met by Charmian London, widow of the late author, and the author's nephew Irving Shepard, and his wife, Mildred.


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Pupils at an Aberdeen primary school were given a rare insight into the depths of the oil and gas industry's subsea sector after getting to sit in the driving
Integration of Aveva and DNV GL's Sesam Reduces Costs in Maritime and Offshore Engineering. Engineers designing ship hulls and offshore floaters can now save
FORAN has been chosen by state-owned company PERTAMINA to review the design of their future oil product carrier ships, under construction in a shipyard with the FORAN System.
Fincantieri has been awarded the contract with the Bangladesh Coast Guard (BCG) for the supply of four Italian Navy "Minerva" class corvettes to be upgraded and
WOC Sustainable Ocean Summit (Singapore, 9-11 November 2015) Will Enable Industry to Organize its Input to this Major New Ocean Treaty Development
The U.N.
The Swedish Defence Materiel Administration (FMV) has awarded contracts worth Skr8.6bn ($1.03bn) to Saab AB for the construction of two new Type A26 submarines


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Water Resources Commissioner
Huron River Day - Sunday, July 12th Noon - 4pm
Celebrate the beautiful Huron River and participate in free family river activities during the Huron River Day celebration at Gallup Park, 3000 Fuller Road in Ann Arbor, on Sunday, July 12, 2015.
Office Closed for the 4th of July
The Water Resources Commissioner's Office will be closed Friday, July 3, to celebrate Independence Day. The Office will reopen on Monday, July 6th at 8:30 a.m.
Spotlight on a Rain Garden
Read a personal account of how a rain garden helped reduce flooding in an Ann Arbor resident's basement.
Online Service Requests - Washtenaw County Water Resources Commissioner
Did you know that you can now report flooding and other problems right here, on our website?
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"murderer," after failing to prevent the massacres of Lebanese civilians at the Sabra and Shatila camps in 1982.
murderer, lunatic, and defamer of Islam will certainly be listed in his obituaries.
mid-14c., alteration of murtherer (c.1300), agent noun from murder (v.); in part from Old French mordrere, from Medieval Latin murdrarius, from Germanic. Old English words for this included morðorcwalu, morðorslaga, morðorwyrhta, literally "murder-wright." The original murderer's row was in New York City's Tombs prison; figurative use in baseball dates to 1858, though the quintessential one was the 1927 New York Yankees. Fem. form murderess attested from late 14c. Murderee (1920) never caught on.


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An electrospray apparatus uses a microchannel formed in a microchip. Fluid is pumped through the channel to an outlet orifice using either hydraulic or electrokinetic means. An electrospray is generated by establishing a sufficient potential difference between the fluid at the outlet orifice and a target electrode spaced from the outlet orifice. Electrokinetic pumping is also utilized to provide additional benefits to microchip devices.
1. A microchip apparatus comprising:
a substrate having a microchannel formed therein said microchannel having first and second ends, and including a separation segment, a first reservoir connected to one end of the microchannel, a crosschannel forming an intersection with the microchannel, a second reservoir connected to one end of the cross channel, and a third reservoir connected to the opposite end of the cross channel, a fourth reservoir connected to the other end of the microchannel, a sidearm segment forming a confluence at one end with the microchannel at a point spaced from the intersection, and a fifth reservoir connected to the end of the sidearm segment opposite the confluence;
means for inducing electroosmotic flow of buffer introduced into the separation segment in one direction; and
means for inducing electrophoretic migration of a sample introduced into the separation segment in an opposite direction.
2. A microchip according to claim 1 wherein the means for inducing electroosmotic flow includes means for establishing an electrical potential difference between the fifth reservoir and the fourth reservoir.
3. A microchip according to claim 1, wherein the means for inducing electrophoretic migration of sample includes means for establishing an electric potential between the confluence and the intersection.
4. A microchannel according to claim 3, wherein the means for establishing an electrical potential includes a voltage source, a first electrode disposed in the fourth reservoir, and a second electrode disposed in one of the first reservoir, the second reservoir, and the third reservoir.
5. A method according to claim 1, wherein the step of inducing electrophoretic migration of sample comprises establishing an electric potential between two points along. the separation segment.
6. A microchip according to claim 1, wherein at least a portion of said microchannel has a surface imparting high electroosmotic mobility.
7. A microchip according to claim 6, wherein said surface comprises glass.
8. A microchip according to claim 6, wherein said surface comprises silica.
9. A method of performing high resolution separation of a sample in a microchip comprising the steps of:
providing a microchip comprising a substrate having a microchannel formed therein, said microchannel having first and second ends and including a separation segment, a first reservoir connected to one end of the microchannel, a cross channel forming an intersection with the microchannel, a second reservoir connected to one end of the cross channel, and a third reservoir connected to the opposite end of the cross channel, a fourth reservoir connected to the other end of the microchannel, a sidearm segment forming a confluence at one end with the microchannel at a point spaced from the intersection, and a fifth reservoir connected to the end of the sidearm segment opposite the confluence;
introducing a quantity of a sample into the separation segment of the microchannel;
introducing a quantity of buffer into the separation segment of the microchannel;
inducing electroploretic migration of the sample in the separation segment in one direction; and
inducing electroosmotic flow of buffer in the separation segment in the opposite direction, by establishing an electrical potential difference between the fourth reservoir and the fifth reservoir.
10. A method according to claim 5, wherein one of said two points is said intersection and the other of said two points is said confluence.
This application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No. 08/726,355, filed Oct. 4, 1996 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,343).
This invention was made with Government support under contract DE-AC05-840R21400 to Lockheed Martin Energy Systems, Inc. and the Government has certain rights in this invention.
The present invention relates generally to the field of chemical analysis and testing and, more specifically, to methods for transporting materials processed on microchips to off-chip devices for further interrogation. A microchip generates an electrospray from solutions emerging from channels etched on planar substrates. Fluids are delivered through the channels using either hydraulic or electrically driven forces and are sprayed electrostatically from the terminus of the channel. An electrical potential difference of sufficient magnitude to generate the electrospray is applied between a location on the microchip and a conductor spaced from the terminus of the channel.
Recently, miniaturized chemical instruments have been fabricated using micromachining techniques. These "microchip" devices have been used to perform liquid phase separations such as electrochromatography and electrophoresis and mixing of reagents in integrated microreactors for chemical reactions.
Among their many advantages, microchips allow increased speed of analysis and reduced reagent and sample consumption over conventional bench-scale instruments. In addition, integrated devices provide significant automation advantages as fluidic manipulations are computer controlled. These integrated devices are now being referred to as "lab on a chip" technologies, as the operations of a complete wet chemical laboratory could potentially be integrated.
Many chemical analysis tools that are used in modern laboratories are not presently miniaturized and many are not thought to be amenable to miniaturization in the immediate future. Although the microchip technology is quite powerful, there are situations where after processing on a microchip, further chemical interrogation is desired off of the microchip. A convenient way to transport fluids from microchips to other devices is to generate droplets that can be directed to specific locations for collection and/or analysis. Ink jet technologies are in wide spread use in printer products and are currently used to distribute liquid borne chemicals with spatial selectivity. Early ink jet formation methods included continuous stream ink jets, impulse ink jets, electrostatically generated ink jets. See, for example, R. D. Carnahan, and S. L. Hou, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., IA-13, 95 (1977). The first two methods use acoustic energy to form droplets and the latter uses electrostatic forces. Most modern ink jet printers utilize thermal energy to form droplets where bubble formation in the ink essentially provides the acoustic driving force to launch a droplet. See, for example, R. A. Askeland, W. D. Childers, and W. R. Sperry, Hewlett Packard Journal, August, pg. 28 (1988). Charged droplets and even molecular ions can be generated from liquids using the technique called "electrospray."
Electrospray is often used as a method for generating gas phase ions from solution for subsequent mass spectral analysis. Electrospray ionization is a soft ionization technique whereby species that are ionic in solution are transferred to the gas phase. The sample solution is dispersed as an electrically-charged aerosol and following solvent evaporation and disintegration of the droplets into smaller droplets, gas-phase ions are eventually produced. In the past, electrospray ion sources have employed needles or capillary tubes for spraying ion sources.
Essentially no fragmentation accompanies the ionization process and multiply-charged ions are typically produced from high mass polymers such as peptides, proteins, DNA and various synthetic polymers. Thus, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is an effective means to provide primary and secondary structural analysis of polymeric materials.
An object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for electrospraying a material for analysis in which the speed of analysis in increased.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for transporting material from microchips by generating droplets that are directed to a receiving substrate or device.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for electrospraying a material for analysis in which the amount of reagent and sample consumption are reduced.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus for electrospraying a material for analysis which is cost effective to produce and relatively simple in construction.
Another object of the invention is to provide a method and apparatus for electrospraying which enables a material manipulated by a planar substrate to be electrosprayed directly to a receiving device which uses the material as a gas phase entity or collects the droplets.
These and other objects are achieved by providing a method of electrospraying a material which includes placing the material i n a channel of a microchip, and forming an electric field in the channel with sufficient magnitude and direction to cause the material to be sprayed from an outlet of the channel.
Other objects, advantages, and salient features of the invention will become apparent from the following detailed description, which taken in with the annexed drawings, discloses the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a glass microchip with micromachined channels used to generate electrospray according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the microchip of FIG. 1 with a voltage supply and grounded electrode;
FIGS. 3A and 3B are photographs showing electrospraying according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a three port microchip for demonstrating electroosmotic flow;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a microchip according to another embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 6-10 are CCD images and photomicrographs illustrating the electroosmotic pumping and electrospraying techniques of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a mass spectrum obtained using the electrospraying techniques of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is a top view of another channel architecture for an electrospray chip according to another embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 13 is a top view of another channel architecture of a microchip used for performing high resolution separations.
Referring to FIG. 1, a microchip 10 includes a substrate 12 and a cover plate 14 bonded to the substrate 12. Both the substrate 12 and the cover plate 14 may be made of clear glass or other insulating materials such as quartz, fused silica, sapphire or plastics. One particular embodiment has the substrate 12 made from a standard glass microscope slide, and measures 40 mm in length and 25 mm in width.
The substrate 12 has a micromachined channel structure formed in the upper surface thereof, and including a first linear channel 16 and a transverse, intersecting linear channel 18. The two channels intersect at an area designated as the "intersection" 20. An exit port 22 is located at the end face 24 defined by the coplanar surfaces of the substrate 12 and cover plate 14.
Reservoirs 26, 28, and 30 are bonded to the substrate 12 over the terminal ends of the channels 16 and 18. Reservoirs 26 and 28 can be used for buffer or sample material, and reservoir 30 is for sample waste.
The microchip 10 is fabricated using standard procedures described in the literature. First the channels 16 and 18 are micromachined into the substrate surface using photolithographic patterning and wet chemical etching. Some typical channel dimensions are ≈60 μm wide by ≈10 μm deep. The cover plate 14 is direct bonded over the open channel structure to form closed channels. The small fluid reservoirs 26, 28, and 30 (where the channels exit from underneath the cover plate) allow fluidic communication with the channels.
The port 22 is created by scoring and breaking *he fabricated chip. The exit end face 24 of the microchip can be polished and/or chemically modified to control the hydrophobicity of the surface. These treatments do not greatly effect the electrospray performance. Exit surface hydrophobicity can control spatial location of fluid emanating from the channel opening. It should also be possible to spray in a direction normal to the plane of the substrate and cover plate by creating an exit orifice in that plane.
Referring to FIG. 2, electrical potentials are applied to the various reservoirs 26, 28, and 30 through a platinum wire inserted into the solutions contained in the reservoirs, or through other conducting material contacting the solutions contained in the reservoirs, and connected to respective voltage sources or a voltage source 32 with plural outputs. An electric field for an electrospray can be established by placing an electrode 34 near the exit port 22 and creating a potential difference between the electrode and the solution in the channel forming the exit orifice. The field strength for generating electrospray is typically several kV/cm and the desired polarity depends on the charge (negative or positive) of the ions to be generated. The electric contact to the spraying solution can be made in one of several ways, e.g., through one of the reservoirs 26, 28, 30, through a metal electrode formed on the end face 24, or through a side arm channel reservoir as described below.
For initial electrospray experiments, a voltage was applied to one of the buffer reservoirs relative to a grounded planar electrode placed in front of the channel opening. The distance between the electrode and the channel opening was typically 3-5 mm. The applied voltage was typically 3-6 kV. Electroosmotic flow due to electrospray currents is not sufficient, in general, to supply fluid to the channel opening for electrospray. Thus, a pressure of a few psig was applied to the three reservoirs to force fluid out the channel opening.
FIGS. 3A and 3B show a bead of solution at the channel opening without (3A) and with (3B) the electrospray field applied. A channel can be seen leading from left to right, terminating at the channel opening. Image 3A shows a hemispherical droplet as would normally be expected for a hydrophobic surface. Image 3B shows the droplet with the electrospray field applied. The droplet of buffer is pulled into a Taylor cone by the electric field between the solution droplet and the ground electrode or plate. A fine spray can be seen exiting from the tip of the Taylor cone as noted in FIG. 3B. Pure water and mixtures of water and methanol have been electrosprayed in this manner. Other solutions which can be electrosprayed include various buffers, solvents, and mixtures thereof.
Control over volumetric flow during electrospraying is critical to maintain a stable electrospray. If the flow rates are too low it may not be possible to establish the spray or it will be sporadic. Excessive flows will lead to formation of large droplets and poor ion signals will be obtained in the mass spectrometry. A method of generating fluid flow, in addition to pressure induced flow, is to use electroosmotically induced pressures as described below.
The velocity, v, of a fluid through a channel when driven by electroosmosis is given by Eq. 1
where E is the electric field strength, ζ is the zeta potential across the Stern layer at the channel-fluid interface, ∈ is the dielectric constant of the fluid, and η is the viscosity of the fluid at the interface. The steady state velocity of the fluid flow does not depend on the cross-sectional dimensions or geometry of the channel when all dimensions are much greater than the Stern layer thickness.
When an electric potential is applied across a channel of axially varying cross sectional area, the volumetric flow rate produced by electroosmotic pumping is constant along the channel axis. This can be confirmed from the following equations:
Flow rate, F
where A(z) is the cross sectional area of the flow channel as a function of the axial distance z. Ohm's law for the channel can be written as,
where V is the applied electric potential, I is the current, R the resistance, L the channel length and ρ the resistivity of the buffer solution. The electric field strength, E, is given by the gradient of the electric potential along the channel axis.
(The potential gradient along the z axis is assumed to have negative slope.) Combining equations 1), 4) and 2) gives,
The electric current, I, is a constant along the channel thus indicating that the flow rate, F, is independent of channel cross section, assuming that the channel interface and fluid are homoaeneous, i.e., the material constants ε, ζ, ρ, and η are invariant throughout the channel structure.
For an interconnected channel structure, the electroosmotic flow will follow the current path as that path is the direction of the potential gradient or electric field, E.
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a three-port embodiment of the present invention. The three ports 36, 38, and 40 are interconnected by three channel sections 42, 44, and 46 intersecting at an intersection point 48.
The above analysis indicates that for a structure such as shown in FIG. 4, when an electric potential is applied between ports 36 and 38, there will be no flow from port 36 to port 40 irrespective of relative channel cross sections (again assuming dimensions are greater than the Stern layer). In the types of channel structures being discussed, the Reynolds numbers are typically much less than unity. Thus the viscous forces far exceed the inertial forces and there is no significant pressure generated at the intersection 48 to cause fluid flow from channel section 42 into channel section 46.
The above equations assume that the electroosmotic pumping is everywhere equivalent. Reduction of the electroosmotic fluid flow in channel section 44 relative to channel section 42 will generate an excess pressure in channel section 42, allowing pumping of fluid from port 36 to both ports 38 and 40.
The electroosmotic fluid flow in channel section 44 can be reduced relative to that in 42 by a number of methods including reducing the zeta potential, increasing the surface viscosity, or reducing dimensions below that of the Stern layer, within channel section 44. Assuming that the electroosmotic flow velocity has been reduced to zero in channel section 44, then the pressure generated at intersection 48 can be calculated using Equation (1) and the standard equations for pressure induced flow velocity with the velocities equated. For the channels used here the Hele-Shaw equation could be used or for circular cross section, the Poiseuille equation. The fluid flow in channel sections 44 and 46 can then be determined again using standard fluid mechanics with using the dimensions of the channels and the calculated pressure at point 48. The distribution of ions in channel sections 44 and 46 will require inclusion of electrophoretic forces in addition to bulk fluid flow.
FIG. 5 shows a schematic of a microchip 10′ which is a variation of the embodiment of FIG. 1. In FIG. 5, like parts have the same, but primed, reference numerals. The FIG. 5 embodiment was used to demonstrate the pumping principles described above. The chip layout is quite similar to that of FIG. 1 except for a side arm channel section 17 that branches off of the separation channel 16′ below the injection intersection 20′.
The channel dimensions are similar to those described above. FIG. 6 shows a fluorescence image of the side arm channel intersection with homogeneous channel conditions, i.e., all channel walls are native glass surfaces and should have uniform zeta potential. A positive potential is applied to the upper most reservoir connected to the central separation channel relative to the side arm reservoir. The upper reservoir contains water doped with Rhodamine B dye. The image area is illuminated with the 514 nm line of an argon-ion laser which excites the dye, while the CCD camera is viewing this area through an appropriate colored glass filter to observe the dye fluorescence.
In FIG. 6 the sample reservoir is to the left and the side arm is toward the bottom. The fluid flow is from left to right in the image. At the intersection a small amount of fluid can be seen to extend past the intersection, but the bulk fluid flow is toward the side arm reservoir. There is no flow of fluid to the right of the intersection. The spatial distribution of fluorescence is stationary with time. The narrow bright line seen in the image that extends to the right of the intersection is an artifact from specular reflections of the laser light from the channel facet.
FIG. 7 shows a fluorescent image taken of the same chip intersection under the same experimental conditions except that the side arm channel and the channel between the intersection is and channel opening have been surface modified with linear polyacrylamide. The surface modification was performed using standard procedures and flowing the reagents between the side arm and channel opening only.
The linear polyacrylamide at the walls greatly increases the surface viscosity and thus reduces the electroosmotic flow, as indicated by Equation 1. It is clear in FIG. 7 that the dye solution propagates to the right of the intersection indicating the induced pressure generated at the intersection by the spatially inhomogeneous surface viscosity.
Evidence of fluid flow is also shown in FIGS. 8 and 9. In these white light images taken through a microscope, a drop of fluid has formed at the channel opening after application of the voltage as described above. The exit surface containing the channel opening is occasionally blotted with a sorbent wipe to remove any fluid. When the potential is applied a bead of fluid rapidly emerges. The images in FIGS. 8 and 9 are taken of the same chip separated by a short time interval. The size of the fluid droplet is clearly increasing.
This electroosmotically driven fluid flow has been used to supply the fluid for electrospray from the chip. FIG. 10 shows a photomicrograph of electrospray generated from an aqueous solution containing 40% methanol. A voltage of 6 kV was applied to the top reservoir and 4 kV was applied to the side-arm reservoir, providing a 2 kV potential drop for electroosmotic pumping within the uncoated channel segment and ≈4 kV potential for electrospray formation. Alternatively, the side-arm may be held at ground potential and the counter electrode at the elevated voltages necessary to establish the electrospray. The chip was positioned 3 to 5 mm from the target plate which was held at ground potential. The target is evident on the left-hand side of the photograph. The electrical current has been measured on a grounded collector plate, which served as a counter-electrode, using an electrometer and ranges upward from 20 na depending upon the solvent and distance from the target. As above with the pressure induced flow, Taylor cone formation is clearly evident with an emanating electrospray plume. An argon-ion laser was used to illuminate the electrospray in the image shown in FIG. 10.
A mass spectrum obtained from a 10 μM solution of tetrabutylammonium iodide (molecular weight=369) electrosprayed from the chip using electroosmotic pumping to deliver the analyte is shown in FIG. 11. Voltage conditions on the chip were the same as described above. The sample in 60/40 (v/v) water/methanol was continuously electrophoresed from the main channel to the exit where it was electrosprayed. The spectrum was obtained on a Finnigan-MAT quadrupole ion trap (San Jose, Calif.) modified for external ionization. The basic procedures used to sample gas-phase ions from an electrospray source and inject them into the ion trap for analysis have been published. In this experiment the ions were injected for 100 msec periods followed by a 300 msec delay before the mass analysis scan. Data were averaged over a 5 sec period. The tetrabutylammonium ion (M-I)+at mass/charge 242 is clearly evident as are some solvent cluster ions. Other major ions which are not identified may be due to fragmentation of the analyte.
Another common method for performing electrospray is called the "sheath" method, where a separation capillary tube is inserted inside a coaxial electrospray metal needle or capillary. A sheath fluid is pumped through the electrospray needle or capillary and thus makes contact with the separation buffer in the separation capillary. Thus, electrical connection of the separation potential to the separation capillary can be made through the sheath fluid.
According to the present invention, this method of electrospray is implemented in a microchip format to provide a supplemental fluid for enhancing electrospray performance or for providing bulk fluid for electrospray when using coated separation channels that do not provide adequate electroosmotic flow. Referring to FIG. 12, reservoirs 50, 52, and 54 and associated channels 51 and 53 form the basis of an injection valve, which was disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 08/283,769, filed Aug. 1, 1994, which is incorporated herein by reference. One of these channels would contain a sample to be analyzed. Reservoir 56 is connected to channel 51 by sheath channel 55 and generates an electroosmotic pressure using an appropriate electrospray buffer. Reservoir 58 is connected to the channel 51 by channel 57 and acts as the side arm channel described with reference to FIG. 5. That is, it provides an electrical potential lower than the other reservoirs for generating electric fields for separation in channel 51 and electroosmotic pumping in channel 55. Channel 57 would be surface modified, such as with linear polyacrylamide, to eliminate electroosmotic flow. Channel 55 would have a channel surface appropriate for electroosmotic flow such as native glass and be of a length to generate the desired pressure at the lower junction (or intersection). The separation channel 51, could have any appropriate surface for achieving the desired separation characteristics.
The dimensions of the various channels must be properly designed to achieve the desired flow characteristics. For example, the pressure generated by electrokinetic flow in channel 55 depends on its length and cross section. The flow due to this induced pressure at the lower intersection is split among channel 57 and the two directions for channel 51. For the majority of the flow to proceed out the channel opening, the pressure drop along this direction must be minimized compared to channel 57 and the upper portion of channel 51.
As an example of the potential distribution that might be utilized for native glass surfaces for all channels but channel 57, the upper reservoirs would have voltages to generate a high positive potential at the upper intersection. Reservoir 56 would also be at a high positive potential; reservoir 58 would be at a low potential relative to reservoir 56 and the upper intersection. The electrospray target electrode would have a potential that is more negative than reservoir 58 to produce cations or more positive to produce anions from the electrospray. Different potential distributions would be needed for the analysis of cations or anions with no electroosmotic flow in the separation channel.
An electrospray target electrode 60 is shown spaced from the exit orifice 62. In some applications, the electrode 60 is spaced 2-5 mm from the orifice 62. The electrode can have any suitable structure or shape, depending on the intended use of the electrospray. Also, while FIG. 12 shows the electrode grounded, any suitable potential can be applied to the electrode, depending on the material being sprayed and the potential present at the reservoirs.
Electroosmotically generated pressures for fluidic movement have applications beyond the electrospray technique. For example it may be desirable to have a field free region in which a chemical reaction can occur to eliminate dispersive effects from differential electrophoretic mobilities of reagents and products. Post-column labeling of biopolymers separated by electrophoresis is a specific problem where such a capability could be used. Amino acids and peptides are commonly labeled with o-phthaldialdehyde to render them detectable by fluorescence methods. A post-column reactor microchip design using purely electrokinetic pumping has been demonstrated previously in our laboratory. In this design the reaction channel of the device has a high electric field which causes band broadening due to the reaction kinetics and differential mobility between products and free amino acids.
A design similar to the sheath electrospray chip could be used for field free post-column reaction experiments. With reference to FIG. 12, channel 51 would be used for performing a separation by electrophoresis or chromatography while channel 55 would contain a buffer with the reacting species such as o-phthaldialdehyde. Channel 57 would be used in an identical mode as the previous side arm experiments to provide a means for electrical connection with minimal electroosmotic flow, thus generating a pressure at the intersection. Fluid will be forced through the portion of channel 51 below the lower intersection and contain a mixture of analyte from channel 51 and reactant from channel 55. This lower portion of the channel 51 will be field-free and thus free of axial distortion effects mentioned above. Other such applications that require pumping of fluids without the presence of electric fields could also be accommodated by such a method.
Another use of electroosmotic induced pressure is to counterbalance electrophoretic motion to obtain ultrahigh resolution separations. The resolution in an electrophoretic separation is given by R,
where V is the applied voltage and μI is the electrophoretic mobility of ions a, b, the average electrophoretic mobility of the two ions and the electroosmotic flow mobility respectively. If the fluid flow in the separation channel is made to be equal and opposite to the average ion mobility, then the resolution goes to infinity under ideal conditions. Jorgenson et al. have utilized this phenomenon to achieve exceedingly high resolution using a conventional capillary and a pressure source to produce an average buffer flow equal and opposite to the ion mobility. The apparatus of Jorgenson requires an external pressure source that is switched on and off at appropriate intervals or is regulated to counterbalance ion mobility.
The ability to generate pressures using electroosmotic pumping as described above using a side arm channel that has minimal electroosmotic flow can also be utilized to generate the counterbalancing flow for these high resolution separations. FIG. 13 shows a top view of a microchip 70 that could perform the pressure counterbalanced electrophoretic separations described here.
The upper three reservoirs 72, 74, and 76, along with the intersection 78 of channels 80 and 82 are used to make injections into separation channel 82. Channel 84 is the side arm channel similar to what has been described above. This channel, potentially along with channel 82, is modified to have minimal electroosmotic flow. Channel 86, a continuum of channel 82, has interfacial characteristics to provide high electroosmotic mobility such as native glass or silica surfaces. Channel 82, 84, and 86 meet at intersection 88.
Under normal conditions for separation of cations (assuming electroosmotic flow is minimal in channels 82 and 84), reservoir 90 would be at the lowest electric potential and reservoir 92 and intersection 78 would be at a high electric potential. The magnitude of the potential at reservoir 92 would be such that sufficient pressure would be generated at intersection 88 to produce a flow in channel 82 that opposes the mobility of the ions to be separated.
The dimensions of the various channels in FIG. 13 have to be appropriately designed to achieve the proper flow characteristics and to stay within the allowable electric field strengths for the device. For example, the flow induced by the pressure generated in channel 86 is split between channels 82 and 84; thus, there is a desire to make channel 84 longer than channel 82 to provide more flow to channel 82. The pressure generated in channel 86 is proportional to the voltage drop across this channel but the voltage is divided between channels 84 and 86; thus, it is desirable to have channel 86 longer than channel 84. The depths of the various channels relative to each other is another variable that can be manipulated in design of a structure.
While the preferred embodiment of the present invention has been shown and described, it will be understood that it is intended to cover all modifications and alternate methods falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims or their equivalents.
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