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The present disclosure is directed to processes for manufacturing shaped articles for unit-dose packaging with at least one formed recess (e.g., a blister), in particular for unit-dose packaging of pharmaceutical dosage forms. In certain embodiments, the first step of the process is directed to drawing the film material (e.g., metal-plastic foil) with one or more plungers to form a primary contour, the contour having a depth of at least 100% and up to 150% of the depth of the formed recess. The second stage involves shaping the primary contour with one or more plunger(s) to the desired formed recess, with a depth that is less than the depth of the primary contour, while substantially maintaining the surface area of the primary contour formed in the first stage. The formed recess may be formed using warm-forming or cold-forming techniques.
1. A process for manufacturing a shaped article for unit-dose packaging with at least one formed recess, which comprises:
(a) holding a film between at least one retaining tool and at least one die, wherein the die has at least one die opening;
(b) driving a first plunger into the die opening, which causes the film to be formed into a primary contour, the contour having a depth of at least about 100% and up to about 150% of the depth of the formed recess, and an Area Ratio of about 1.0 to about 3.0; and
(c) driving a second plunger into the primary contour to a depth that is less than the depth of the primary contour, wherein the second plunger forms a different geometric shape for the formed recess with substantially the same Area Ratio as the primary contour.
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This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/972,634, filed Sep. 14, 2007, and International Patent Application PCT/US08/76399, entitled "Deep Draw Container Forming Method," filed on Sep. 15, 2008, the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
This disclosure relates to shaped structures or containers and methods of manufacturing shaped structures suitable for use in packaging articles, for example pharmaceutical products. In particular, this disclosure relates generally to blister packages and methods of manufacturing blister packages.
2. Description of Related Art
Shaped articles, such as a shaped structure, shaped packaging, or shaped blister (e.g., blister packs), have been commonly used to package a variety of products, including pharmaceutical dosage forms, where each individual unit-dose of the product may be contained or housed separately from each other and protected from the environment. Pharmaceutical dosage forms (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions), especially those packaged as individual pre-measured doses, present significant packaging challenges, as many such products are susceptible to chemical or photo-degradation, chemical reaction and/or inactivation upon exposure to air, water, light or other environmental factors. Given the frequently considerable cost of such dosage forms, as well as the importance of delivering the intended dose of active ingredient(s) to a patient, losses or deterioration due to such environmental variables must be rigorously protected against.
Blister packs, also sometimes referred to as push through packs, have been used for many years to house individually separated products, including individual doses of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Typically, blister packs contain an array or series of blisters positioned in a square or rectangular-shaped film. Each blister contains the product therein and is covered with a cover layer such as a lidding secured to the film layer at least at the perimeter of the top of each blister. This lidding typically seals the blister and protects the contents therein by isolating the contents from the environment outside the blister. Any conventional lidding material and techniques well-known to those of skill in the art can be used to seal the formed recess. For example, polymeric sheet layers, metallic sheet layers such as foil, and bonding techniques associated therewith such as adhesives and the like can be used.
Blisters in blister packs may be manufactured by deforming a film layer, which may be accomplished by a number of different techniques known to those of skill in the art. Generally, shaped blisters are made by deep drawing, stretch-drawing or thermoforming of a film. Other blister-forming techniques include blow forming and vacuum forming softened films against a die. Blisters typically are produced in circular, square or rectangular overall cross-sections. Additionally, film layers may be in the form of a laminate including a metal foil coated with a plastic, for example to manufacture shaped articles where a section of the film is forced into a mold defining a recess having substantially similar dimensions to the desired shape of the blister to be created.
Blister packs can also have the additional function of acting as a mold during the manufacturing process of a product such as a pharmaceutical dosage form. In such an example, the blister pack acts as a mold for forming the product, as well as the containment and packaging for the in situ molded product. For example, in situ molded dosage forms can be prepared by depositing a liquid form of a composition directly in a blister and subsequently treating the blister and its contents such that the composition solidifies to form the final dosage form. This technique may be used to prepare freeze-dried or lyophilized dosage forms, for example. An example of such a technique is disclosed in Thompson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,457,895.
Processes for forming shaped packaging of laminates containing metal foils typically involve shaping tools including a stamp (i.e., a plunger), a die, and a retaining tool. As it is being deformed, the laminate is clamped securely between the die and the retaining tool, and the stamp is moved towards the laminate. As it is lowered, the stamp moves deeper into the openings in the die thereby deforming the laminate. In such a process, the flat laminate is converted into a shaped part exhibiting one or more recesses which are surrounded by an area corresponding to the original flat plane of the laminate. Only that part of the laminate in the region of the die opening can flow or be stretched to form a shaped part. The process methods known in the art are limited, however, because adequate lateral distance must be maintained between the stamp and the die opening in order that the laminate, especially laminates containing metal foil, can be deformed without cracks and pores forming, and the process should not generate folds in any layer of the laminate. In addition, heat treatments of such foils can generate irregularities in the formed film, and can make subsequent handling of the formed film difficult.
Two areas of concern with forming blister packs using methods known in the art are the uniformity of the material thickness after the draw is complete, and fracturing of the material. For example, current methods draw the film material in a manner that does not adequately distribute the stresses evenly in the blister, which results in uneven distribution of the material and leads to higher stresses and a greater likelihood of failures. In addition, the material is more likely to have thin spots that are prone to fractures. Thus, processes that can overcome these deficiencies are needed in the art.
The present disclosure is directed to processes for manufacturing shaped articles for unit-dose packaging with at least one formed recess. One advantage of the processes disclosed herein is that as the film is drawn to form a recess, the resulting stresses on the film are more evenly distributed in the formed recess then in current methods, which reduces the likelihood of thin spots, fractures, and other failures of the formed recesses. Current limitations on processes for blister forming do not adequately address the difficulties with complicated blister shapes such as deep blisters or blisters with steep angled/vertical walls. The limitations are compounded when manufacturing deep drawn blisters with a small inner radius and vertical walls. In certain embodiments of the present disclosure, the film material is drawn with a plunger(s) that is designed to evenly distribute the stress and the material to a depth that is not based on the final depth of the formed recess, but rather to a depth associated with the first stage of drawing being formed to the final surface area of the formed recess. At this point a second stage plunger(s) with complicated features such as a small radius and vertical walls then reshapes the drawn film into the final formed recess while maintaining the surface area formed in the first stage. Current methods that form blisters from metal-plastic foils also have complications associated with delamination of the plastic layers from the foil, particularly when the blisters contain fluids. The problem results when the plastic materials retain residual stresses causes by the forming process that tend to cause the plastic to spring back at a different rate than the foil. As disclosed herein, warm-forming processes may overcome this problem by allowing such stresses to be relaxed in the plastic materials, thereby reducing delamination.
In certain embodiments, the processes disclosed herein comprise:
The Area Ratio may be calculated as the Formed Surface Area/Beginning Surface Area Within Mold Clamp. The film may be selected from suitable materials well known to those of skill in the art, including, for example, a metal-plastic laminate, which may have a plastic layer on one or both sides of the metal foil layer. The steps (b) and (c) may both be performed using a warm-forming process, a cold forming process, or a combination of warm-forming and cold-forming steps. In some embodiments, the shaped article is a shaped blister. Certain embodiments of the present disclosure further comprise placing a unit dose of a pharmaceutical dosage form and/or piercers (e.g., internal piercers) in the packaging recess. In other embodiments, the shaped articles of the present disclosure maybe associated with an external piercer. The pharmaceutical dosage form may comprise one or more active ingredients, and may be in a solid form, an aqueous form, or a form that is subsequently solidified (e.g., formulations which are lyophilized, freeze-dried, or subjected to solid state dissolution). After the recess is formed, a lid stock such as a metal foil lidding may be sealed onto the shaped article.
After the primary contour is formed, the second plunger may be driven into the primary contour to a depth that is less than the depth of the primary contour (i.e., up to about 100% of the primary contour), and may redistribute, reshape, or stretch the film of the primary contour to a different geometric shape, thereby forming the formed recess. In certain embodiments, the retaining tool is an upper die plate and the die is a lower die plate. In other embodiments, the upper die plate comprises the first plunger and the second plunger, while the lower die plate comprises a primary forming chamber and a final forming chamber. The plunger may comprise a surface or a finish that influences the level of friction between the plunger and the film. For example, the first plunger may comprise a high friction forming surface, the second plunger may comprise a low friction forming surface, and/or the first (or previous) plunger may have a higher friction forming surface than the second (or subsequent) plunger. As used herein, a "high friction forming surface" is a surface that prevents or impedes the film from slipping or sliding over the surface of the plunger. As used herein, a "low friction forming surface" is a surface that assists or contributes to the film slipping or sliding over the surface of the plunger. When a series of plungers are used in forming the recess, the plungers may be sequenced such that there is a gradual reduction in the degree of friction between the plungers and the film. In addition, different topography, geometry, molding, configuration, materials, surface finishes, or combinations thereof may be utilized with the plungers, for example on the end of the plungers, to affect the friction between the plungers and the film.
In other embodiments, the die may have a plurality of spaced die openings, which may comprise sequential forming chambers, including a primary forming chamber and a final forming chamber. The die openings may be spaced in a single row, or in multiple rows. In certain embodiments, the forming chambers are aligned with a plurality of plungers, which are used sequentially to create the formed recess. The plungers may be lowered sequentially into the same die opening, or sequentially into a series of forming chambers, for example by pushing the film from die to die, e.g., from chamber to chamber, such that the film is advanced after being further formed by a plunger, until it comes to the final forming chamber and plunger and is given its final formed shape. The plurality of plungers include at least a first and a second plunger, and may include a third plunger, and additional sequential plungers for creating the formed recess. After the primary contour is formed in the film, a second or final plunger is used to redistribute, reshape or stretch the primary contour to add geometric features, thereby forming the formed recess. The final shape of the formed recess may be accomplished by one or more additional plungers, which add the desired geometric features to the contour and/or stretch it to the final desired area and shape. In certain embodiments, when the film comprises an aluminum foil, the plunger(s) may be shaped to take into account the grain of the aluminum and produce greater stretch area without rupture of the aluminum layer of the laminate.
Other embodiments of the present disclosure include devices for manufacturing a shaped article for unit-dose packaging with at least one formed recess as disclosed herein, which comprises:
Another embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to shaped packaging, for example warm-formed shaped packaging, which comprises a plurality of shaped articles comprising a formed recess in a film, for example a metal-plastic laminate, wherein the formed recess has a surface area wherein the ratio of the area of the formed recess to the area of the opening in the plane of the laminate is about 1.0/1 to about 3.0/1, for example, about 2.0/1. In some embodiments, a foil lidding is sealed onto the shaped packaging. In certain embodiments, the shaped article is a shaped blister.
In another embodiment of the present disclosure, shaped packaging, for example warm formed shaped packaging, is prepared by a process comprising:
It is contemplated that any embodiment discussed in this specification can be implemented with respect to any process, device, or composition of the invention, and vice versa. The term "about" as used herein is defined as being close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limiting embodiment the terms are defined to be within 10%, within 5%, within 1%, or within 0.5%. The term "substantially" and its variations as used herein are defined as being largely but not necessarily wholly what is specified as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in one non-limiting embodiment substantially refers to ranges within 10%, within 5%, within 1%, or within 0.5%. The use of the word "a" or "an" when used in conjunction with the term "comprising" in the claims and/or the specification may mean "one," but it is also consistent with the meaning of "one or more," "at least one," and "one or more than one."
It is to be understood that each of the variously stated ranges herein is intended to be continuous so as to include each numerical parameter between the stated minimum and maximum value of each range. It is to be further understood that, while not intending to limit the applicability of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should at least be construed in a manner consistent with the reported number of significant digits for each numerical parameter and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. It is to be even further understood that, while not intending to limit the applicability of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, even though a number may be contained within a numerical range wherein at least one of the minimum and maximum numbers of the range is preceded by the word "about," each numerical value contained within the range may or may not be preceded by the word "about." For Example, a range of about 1 to about 4 includes about 1, 1, about 2, 2, about 3, 3, about 4, and 4.
As used in this specification and claim(s), the words "comprising" (and any form of comprising, such as "comprise" and "comprises"), "having" (and any form of having, such as "have" and "has"), "including" (and any form of including, such as "includes" and "include") or "containing" (and any form of containing, such as "contains" and "contain") are inclusive or open-ended and do not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.
Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the examples, while indicating specific embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. Additionally, it is contemplated that changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects and embodiments of the present invention. The disclosure may be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments presented herein.
The present disclosure is directed to processes for manufacturing shaped articles such as shaped structures, containers, packaging, or blisters, suitable for unit-dose packaging. One purpose of the forming process is to produce a formed recess, such as a blister, suitable for holding pharmaceutical products, foodstuffs, luxury consumables, and technical articles. The pharmaceutical products may include but are not limited to medication, ampoules, pills, capsules, tablets, lozenges, drag�es, suppositories, fast-dissolving dosage forms (e.g., freeze-dried dosage forms, lyophilized dosage forms), molded devices, and the like, which can then be sealed by the application of a coating such as a lidding over the opening of the formed recess. In particular, the disclosure is directed to manufacturing blister packages, for example for packaging pharmaceutical products. When the unit dose is a pharmaceutical product, the unit dose is typically the amount of a pharmaceutical dosage form administered to a patient in a single dose, and may comprise one or more active ingredients, as well as one or more excipients. Unit-dose packaging is the packaging of a unit dose in a non-reusable container.
The processes disclosed herein are capable of creating shapes and degrees of stretch in the film material that cannot be obtained by methods known in the art. The processes of this disclosure involve clamping a film such as a foil laminate and forcing a succession of stamping tools (i.e., plungers) into the film to produce a desired shaped recess (i.e., depression) in film. The process for manufacturing the shaped articles generally involves at least one retaining tool, at least one die, and at least two plungers. The retaining tool and the die are designed to hold a film between them, with the die having at least one opening, which allows the film layer to be deformed into the desired shape of the formed recess.
Plungers of various shape, size, number and surface finish (which exert, for example, varying degrees friction on the film) may be incorporated into the process. For example, a forming process may use a first plunger which exhibits a high degree of friction and a second or subsequent plungers which exhibit progressively higher or lower degrees of friction. The film layer may include a variety of different materials, including, but not limited to, thermoplastics, polymers, copolymers, composites and laminates. When the unit dose is a pharmaceutical dosage form, the film will need to be able to undergo aseptic manufacturing processes to produce sterile shaped articles, for example gamma ray irradiation. Preferably the film is flexible but capable of holding its shape, can be crushed with minimal force, creates a barrier, withstands radiation, and has desirable chemical properties (e.g., does not react with the pharmaceutical dosage form to be administered). For blister packs, the film is preferably a foil laminate, and more preferably a metal-plastic laminate. The metal-plastic laminate comprises a metal foil coated on at least one side, or on both sides, with a plastic layer. If the metal-plastic laminate comprises a plastic layer on both sides of the metal foil, the plastic layers may be the same type of plastic layer, or different types of plastic layers.
Materials which may be used in the plastic layer of the laminate are well known by those skilled in the art and include, but are not limited to, a variety of commercially available polymers and copolymers, such as polyvinylchloride, nylon, nylon derivatives, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyacetal, vinylidene chloride, propylene ethylene copolymers, polyethylene napthalate, fluoropolymers, cyclic polyolefins, polyamides, and similar materials or combinations thereof. The plastic layer may be present in the laminate at a thickness of about 8 μm to about 80 μm, about 10 μm to about 70 μm, about 15 μm to about 60 μm, about 20 μm to about 50 μm, or about 25 μm to about 40 μm, and any ranges therein. The plastic components may be non-stretched, or alternatively uniaxially or biaxially stretched, or may be thermoplastics such as halogen-containing polymers, polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters, acrylnitrile copolymers, or polyvinylchlorides. Typical examples of thermoplastics of the polyolefin type are polyethylenes such as low density polyethylene (LDPE), medium density polyethylene (MDPE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), uniaxially, or biaxially stretched polypropylenes, polypropylenes such as cast polypropylene and uniaxially or biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate (PET) from the polyester series. The above examples are in no way meant to be limiting, as other materials known in the art may be used in the plastic layer as well.
Examples of plastics based on halogen-containing polymers include but are not limited to polymers of vinylchloride (PVC) and vinyl plastics, containing vinylchloride units in their structure, such as copolymers of vinylchloride and vinylesters of aliphatic acids, copolymers of vinylchloride and esters of acrylic or methacrylic acids or acrylnitrile, copolymers of diene compounds and unsaturated dicarboxyl acids or their anhydrides, copolymers of vinylchloride and vinylchloride with unsaturated aldehydes, ketones, etc., or polymers and copolymers of vinylidenchloride with vinylchloride or other polymerizable compounds. The vinyl-based thermoplastics may also be made soft or pliable in a conventional manner by means of primary or secondary softeners.
If the plastic films comprise polyesters (PET-films), examples of polyesters include but are not limited to polyalkylene-terephthalate or polyalkylene-isophthalate with alkylene groups or radicals with 2 to 10 carbon atoms or alkylene groups with 2 to 10 carbon atoms interrupted by at least one oxygen atom, such as, e.g., polyethylene-terephthalate, polypropylene-terephthalate, polybutylene-terephthalate (polytetramethylene-terephthalate), polydecamethylene-terephthalate, poly 1.4-cyclohexyldimethylol-terephthalate or polyethylene-2.6-naphthalene-dicarboxylate or mixed polymers of polyalkylene-terephthalate and polyalkylene-isophthalate, where the fraction of isophthalate amount, e.g., to 1 to 10 mol. %, mixed polymers and terpolymers, also block polymers and grafted modifications of the above mentioned materials. Other useful polyesters are known in the field by the abbreviation PEN. Other polyesters are copolymers of terephthalic acid, a polycarboxyl acid with at least one glycol, copolymers of terephthalic acid, ethyleneglycol and an additional glycol, polyalkylene-terephthalates with alkylene groups or radicals with 2 to 10 carbon atoms, polyalkylene-terephthalates with alkylene groups or radicals with 2 to 10 carbon atoms which are interrupted by one or two oxygen atoms, polyalkylene-terephthalates with alkylene groups or radicals with 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and polyethyleneterephthalates (e.g., A-PET, PETP, PETG, G-PET). Glycol-modified polyesters are also referred to as PETG.
Examples of polyolefins for plastic films include but are not limited to polyethylenes (PE), e.g., high density polyethylene (HDPE, density larger than 0.944 g/cm), medium density polyethylene (MDPE, density 0.926-0.940 g/cm), linear polyethylene of medium density (LMDPE, density 0.926.0.940 g/cm), low density polyethylene (LDPE, density 0.910-0.925 g/cm), and linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE, density 0.916-0.925 g/cm), for example as non oriented (PE film) or uniaxially or biaxially oriented films (oPE film), polypropylenes (PP), such as axially or biaxially oriented polypropylene (oPP film), or cast polypropylene (cPP film), amorphous or crystalline polypropylene or mixtures thereof, ataktic or isotaktic polypropylene or mixtures thereof, poly-1-butene, poly-3-methylbutene, poly-4-methylpententene and copolymers thereof, polyethylene with vinylacetate, vinylalcohol, acrylic acid, such as, e.g., ionomeric resins, such as copolymers of ethylene with 11% acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylic esters, tetrafluorethylene or polypropylene, statistical copolymers, block polymers or olefin polymer-elastomer mixtures, ionomers, and ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers (EAA).
If the plastic films comprise polyamide films (PA), examples of polyamides include but are not limited to polyamide 6, a homo-polymer of [epsilon]-caprolactam (polycaprolactam); polyamide 11, polyamide 12, a homo-polymer of [omega]-laurinlactam (polylaurinlactam); polyamide 6.6, a homo-polycondensate of hexamethylenediamine and adipinic acid (polyhexa-methylene-adi-amide); polyamide 6.10, a homo-polycondensate of hexa-methylene-diamine and sebacinic acid (poly-hexa-methylene-sebacamide); polyamide 6.12, a homo-polycondensate of hexa-methylene-diamine and dodecandic acid (poly-hexa-methylene-dodecanamide) or polyamide 6-3-T, a homo-polycondensate of trimethyl-hexa-methylene-diamine and terephthalic acid (poly-trimethyl-hexa-methylene-terephthalic-amide), and mixtures thereof.
If the plastic comprise acrylnitrile-copolymers, examples of acrylnitrile-copolymers include but are not limited to copolymers of acrylnitrile or methacrylnitrile with acrylic acid esters, vinyl-carboxylate esters, vinyl halides, aromatic vinyl compounds or unsaturated carboxylic acid and diene, and acrylnitrile-methylacrylate copolymers.
Metals which may be useful in the foil component of the laminate are those that can be formed into a foil with the physical and chemical properties (e.g., thickness, malleability, temperature resistance and chemical compatibility) sufficient to adhere to the plastic layer(s) and remain intact during the forming processes disclosed herein. Such metals include, but are not limited to, aluminum, iron, nickel, tin, bronze, brass, gold, silver, chrome, zinc, titanium, and copper, combinations thereof, as well as alloys including the aforementioned metals, such as steel and stainless steel. The metal foil may be present in the laminate, for example, at a thickness of about 8 μm to about 200 μm, about 10 μm to about 150 μm, about 15 μm to about 125 μm, about 20 μm to about 100 μm, or about 25 μm to about 80 μm, and any ranges therein. In certain embodiments the foils, e.g., aluminum foil, may have a purity of at least about 98.0%, more preferably at least about 98.3%, still more preferably at least about 98.5%, and most particularly at least about 98.6%. Aluminum foils of the aluminum-iron-silicon or aluminum-iron-silicon-manganese types may also be used. Other suitable metal foils known in the art may be used as well.
The laminate may also include one or more adhesive layers between the foil layer and the plastic layer. The same or different adhesives may be used to adhere the plastic to the metal foil on each side. The adhesive layer should be capable of forming a bond with the plastic layer and the foil layer, and generally should be of a thickness of between about 0.1 μm and about 12 μm, more typically between about 2 μm and about 8 μm, and any ranges therein. Any number of adhesives known in the art may be used, and the adhesives may be applied using a number of known techniques. Suitable adhesives may contain one or more solvents, be solvent-free, or may be acrylic adhesives or polyurethane adhesives. The adhesive may also be a thermal bonding adhesive, for example an ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer or a polyester resin. The adhesive may also be of a type which hardens upon exposure to electromagnetic rays, for example ultraviolet rays. The laminate may also be formed by hot calendaring, extrusion coating, co-extrusion coating or through a combination of processes. Example adhesives that may be used in the present disclosure include but are not limited to polyethylene (PE) homopolymers, such as LDPE, MDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE; PE copolymers, such as ethylene-acrylic acid copolymers (EAA), ethylene methacrylic acid copolymer (EMAA); polypropylene (PP); PP copolymers; ionomers; and maleic anhydride grafted polymers.
In another embodiment, the film, e.g., a metal-plastic laminate, may feature a sealing layer in the form of a sealable film or a sealable counting on one of the outer lying sides, or on both of the outer sides. The sealing layer will be the outermost layer in the laminate. In particular, the sealing layer may be on one outer side of the film, which is directed towards the contents of the shaped packaging, in order to enable the lid foil or the like to be sealed into place.
Another embodiment for forming blister packaging is a laminate of aluminum, where the metal foil is coated with a plastic on each side. Aluminum foil is known to provide superior barrier properties to protect the contents of the package. The plastic coating provides an effective means of sealing the package plus provides a protective coating for the aluminum, and may also provide the ability to print on the package.
In some embodiments, the thicknesses and compositions of the laminate include but are not limited to:
Prior to the present disclosure, those of skill in the art used the ratio of the diameter of the depression in the original surface of the film to the depth of the formed depression in the film to describe the degree of deformation of a film after forming. While this ratio is simple and easy to calculate, it does not describe the amount of stretch of the material, which is a more accurate reflection of the deformation of the film. Therefore, the diameter to depth ratio is limited in its ability to reflect the success of a particular process to reliably and repeatedly stretch a film such as a foil laminate. A better description of the degree of deformation is the "Area Ratio." The Area Ratio is the ratio of the area of the stretched or final recess formed in the film (AreaF) to the area of the original surface of the film (AreaI). The Area Ratio takes into account the stretch of the material and shape of the formed recess, not just its depth. The techniques of forming described in this application are known to successfully produce a formed recess, such as a blister, with an Area Ratio of about 1.0, about 1.1, about 1.2, about 1.3, about 1.4, about 1.5, about 1.6, about 1.7, about 1.8, about 1.9, about 2.0, about 2.1, about 2.2, about 2.3, about 2.4, about 2.5, about 2.6, about 2.7, about 2.8, about 2.9, or about 3.0, to 1. As used herein, an Area Ratio of, for example, about "3.0" is equivalent to an Area Ratio of about "3.0/1."
Prior to the present disclosure, shaped articles made of laminates containing metal foils in the art were generally shaped into the desired structure using a cold-forming process. As used herein, the term "cold forming" refers to pressure forming under ambient conditions, e.g., without the application of exogenous heat. Cold-forming utilizes a temperature that is no higher than about 40� C., and more typically is no higher than about 35� C. As disclosed herein, a warm-forming process includes a warm forming step for manufacturing shaped articles using a film such as a metal foil containing laminate. The warm-forming process may comprise only warm-forming steps, or may comprise both warm-forming and cold-forming steps. When forming materials consisting of plastic film laminated to one or both sides of a metal foil, it is beneficial to warm the material during the forming step. Warming the laminate may help prevent delamination, allow the plastic to form with less tendency to warp back to the original shape, and result in a more uniform stretch of the material. To stretch and form the plastic without extruding it, the temperature of the material should be kept below the melting temperature of the plastic film during the warm-forming step. Warm-forming is therefore defined herein as forming a film such as a metal-plastic laminate in the temperature range of 45� C. to 95� C.; for example between 55� C. and 70� C., and any ranges therein. In other embodiments, the warm-forming step is performed at a temperature at or above 45� C., 46� C., 47� C., 48� C., 49� C., 50� C., 51� C., 52� C., 53� C., 54� C., 55� C., 56� C., 57� C., 58� C., 59� C., 60� C., 61� C., 62� C., 63� C., 64� C., 65� C., 66� C., 67� C., 68� C., 69� C., 70� C., 71� C., 72� C., 73� C., 74� C., 75� C., 76� C., 77� C., 78� C., 79� C., 80� C., 81� C., 82� C., 83� C., 84� C., 85� C., 86� C., 87� C., 88� C., 89� C., 90� C., 91� C., 92� C., 93� C., 94� C., or 95� C. In some embodiments disclosed herein, the process uses only warm-forming steps, cold-forming steps, or a combination of warm-forming and cold-forming steps.
The film layer is deformed into the desired shape of the formed recess using two or more plungers. The plungers employed in the present disclosure may be of any shape, including but not limited to cylindrical, conical, cone, blunted cone, pyramid, blunted pyramid, segment of a sphere or cap, or barrel shaped. The plungers may comprise particular vertical or steep side walls, vertical or sloping side walls, and the edges or periphery at the bottom of the plungers may have a small radius, or may be round or roundish in shape. It is preferred that the geometry of the shape-forming surface of the plungers vary to progressively form the desired recess, for example by using plungers with gradually different surface geometries. The recesses formed in the film according to the processes disclosed herein may be of any desired shape or depth, including but not limited circular, ovoid, square, triangular, rectangular, polygonal, and elliptical shapes, as well as complicated blister shapes such as deep blisters, blisters with steep angled or vertical walls, and deep blisters with a small inner radius and vertical walls. The base portion of the formed recess may be planar or hyperbolic, and may have a uniform width or a tapered width.
One unique aspect of the present disclosure involves the application of the first plunger to the film. While processes known in the art typically drive the first plunger into the film from 50% to less than 100% of the final desired depth, the processes disclosed herein drive the first plunger into the film to at least about 100% or greater of the final desired depth. For example, when two plungers are used, the first plunger is driven into the die opening, which causes the film to be formed into a primary contour, which has a depth of at least about 100% and up to about 150% of the depth of the formed recess, and any ranges therein. In other embodiments, the first plunger is driven into the film to a depth of about 105%, about 110%, about 115%, about 120%, about 125%, about 130%, about 135%, about 140%, or about 145%. The first plunger may also be driven to a diameter to depth ratio of less than about 2.5, about 2.4, about 2.3, about 2.2, about 2.1, about 2.0, about 1.9, about 1.8, about 1.7, about 1.6, or about 1.5. Thus, unlike other methods known in the art, the first step of the process disclosed herein produces substantially all of the draw of the film required for the final formed recess. Heat may be used to help accomplish this stretch in one or more warm-forming steps. In addition, the Area Ratio of the primary contour is from about 1.0/1 to 3.0/1, and any ranges therein, as described herein.
After the formation of the primary contour, a second or subsequent plunger is driven into the primary contour to a depth that is less than the depth of the primary contour, such that the second plunger forms a different geometric shape for the formed recess with substantially the same Area Ratio as the primary contour. Thus, the processes disclosed herein are again different from those known in the art, which typically involve driving a second or subsequent plunger to a depth greater than the depth achieved by the previous plunger, thereby producing additional draw of the film beyond that achieved by the first or previous plunger. In other methods known in the art, the second or subsequent plunger may also be driven to a depth beyond the final desired depth of the depression formed to compensate for films that spring back towards the original plane of the film. In contrast, for example, in the processes disclosed herein, the second (or subsequent) plunger is driven to a depth that is less deep than the first or previous plunger. The second (or subsequent plunger) may also be driven to a depth that is less than the final depth (i.e., less than about 100%) of the formed recess desired. In certain embodiments, the second (or subsequent plunger) plunger is driven into the film to a depth that is less than about 99%, about 98%, about 97%, about 96%, about 95%, about 94%, about 93%, about 92%, about 91%, about 90%, about 89%, about 88%, about 87%, about 86%, about 85%, about 84%, about 83%, about 82%, about 81%, or about 80% of the primary contour or of the formed recess. The second or subsequent plunger may reshape, stretch, or redistribute the previously drawn surface of the primary contour to form the geometric detail desired in the final formed recess. Thus, the second (or subsequent) plunger is not designed to substantially draw the film beyond the final shaped depth. Instead, the second (or subsequent) plunger reshapes, stretches, or redistributes the recess, which often results in decreasing the depth of the recess through directing the film into the desired shape. The application of heat in a warm-forming step with the second or subsequent plunger can help form the detail of the final recess.
Applying the second (or subsequent) plunger in a warm forming step can help to reduce elastic spring-back of the film, for example a metal-plastic laminate, and can assist in reducing potential delamination of the plastic layer(s) from the foil. Although the process described herein uses a first and second plunger, it is understood that more than two plungers may be used to achieve the desired shape of formed recess. Additionally, the forming of the desired formed recess may take place in a single line of sequential steps or in several parallel lines of sequential steps. For example, multiple plungers may be used to produce blister packs with a plurality of formed recesses.
The plungers disclosed herein may have the same or different degrees of friction when contacted with the film. For example, the plungers may be coated with a high friction layer or a low friction layer. In certain embodiments, the degree of friction is decreased with each successive plunger, while in other embodiments, the degree of friction is increased with each successive plunger. It is well within the skill of those in the art to vary the degree of friction of each successive plunger as desired, including increasing and/or decreasing the degree of friction as appropriate, even within a single series of plungers. The friction layer of the forming surface may comprise one or more plastics such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyethylene, polyacetal, polyethyleneterephthalate (PET), rubber (e.g., hard rubber), caoutchoucs, acrylic polymers, glass, ceramic, graphite, boron nitride, molybdenum disulphide, or mixtures thereof. Alternatively, the friction layer may comprise one or more metals, for example an aluminum, chromium, or steel layer (particularly polished metal layers), or a ceramic layer containing graphite, boron nitride or molybdenum disulphide. The surfaces of the plunger when metal may also be designed to achieve low friction values, for example by polishing.
In another embodiment, the process disclosure herein may be performed using plungers that are arranged coaxial or telescopically inside each other. For example, a first plunger can form the first contour, and then be raised within the first contour followed by the lowering of a second plunger, which slides telescopically in the first plunger, to effect the final forming of the desired recess in the film.
After the desired recess is formed, it may be sealed by the application of a coating such as a lidding over the opening of the formed recess. Sealing methodologies are well known to those of skill in the art, including but not limited to flat seals, diamond patterns, or otherwise applying heat and/or pressure (e.g., using a press, hot roller, platen press or a heated platen press) to the surfaces of the film and the coating. In certain embodiments, the lid stock material is puncturable at a limited distance, does not form flaps, is capable of splitting, creates a seal with the piercer (if present), minimizes the generation of particulates, creates a barrier, withstands radiation, has desirable chemical properties (e.g., does not react with the pharmaceutical dosage form to be administered), and/or can be printed on. Industry guidelines suggest a seal width in the range of 0.1 inch. When packaging pharmaceutical dosage forms, it is important to achieve a good seal such that gases or other environmental elements cannot diffuse into the formed recess and damage the dosage form packaged therein. In certain embodiments, particularly when the unit dose is small, it is desirable to minimize the area of the seal.
The sealing of a coating such as a lid stock onto a plane of film with one or more formed recesses may be accomplished in an area (e.g., circular area) around the shaped recess. When narrow seals are required, the flat seal may not provide sufficient seal strength to resist dynamic pressure when the formed recess (e.g., a blister) is crushed. Although such a seal is usually adequate to prevent water vapor or oxygen transmission, it may be more likely to leak when the contents are placed under the pressures caused during the dispensing process. Diamond pattern seals may provide a stronger seal by utilizing concentrated points of pressure to create a more robust seal. But diamond pattern seals, which are usually in a linear array pattern, may not uniformly encircle a round blister and may not be consistent around the circumference of the seal, especially in a narrow-width seal on a small blister. Thus, in certain embodiments, it may be desirable to add contours to the sealing area to reduce the width required by at least half or, conversely, produce a substantially stronger seal when using the suggested width. For example, creating annular seals (corrugated in the cross section) may provide the same benefits as the diamond pattern, but in a manner that is uniform around the circumference of the blister seal.
To produce a controlled spray of liquid when bursting a sealed formed recess, such as a shaped blister, an internal piercer inside the sealed blister may be used, and may be positioned such that it maintains contact with the lid material. Internal piercers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,175, U.S. Ser. Nos. 11/114,251, 11/971,471 and 12/121,644, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. The internal piercer can take different shapes, including but not limited to a funnel design, or a disc shape design. The internal piercer may be constructed of styrene, polystyrene, or other pharmaceutical grade FDA approved materials of sufficient hardness to penetrate the lid material. The second, subsequent and/or final plunger(s) may be designed to shape the formed recess such that the internal piercer is locked into place within the formed recess, e.g., through manufacture, handling, transportation, storage, and actual use. For example, in a shaped blister, a protruding structure, an indentation, a diaphragm or an annulus may be formed to conform to the shape of the base of the internal piercer. The protruding structure, indentation, diaphragm, or annulus provides support for and holds the internal piercer in place during assembly and during dispensing. Thus, these structures function to capture the internal piercer (e.g., restrict vertical movement of the piercer), thereby holding it in place. The internal piercer may also be held in place through manufacture and actual use by, for example, press fit, welding, hydrostatic forces, or electrostatic forces. The shaped blister can also be formed by the second or subsequent plunger such that it insures that the protruding structure, indentation, diaphragm, or annulus seals to the internal piercer in order to achieve the desired spray pattern.
In certain embodiments, the internal piercer includes a hollow tube or channel (the delivery channel) through which the pharmaceutical dosage form flows as the shaped recess is compressed and pierced. In some embodiments, the tip of the piercer has an angled edge to aid in penetration of the lid material. The inside diameter of the piercer tube can range from about 0.015 inches to about 0.05 inches, but in certain embodiments is about 0.025 inches. The internal diameter, shape, or surface texture of the delivery channel, whether in, near, and/or at the exit point, may contain a nozzle or may be varied to form the optimum droplet size and spray plume geometry of the pharmaceutical dosage form as it exits the shaped article, as well as control the velocity, pressure, pattern, distribution, and aim of the released substance. Thus, the nozzle system and the piercer may be integrated into a single unit. The nozzle system can also be designed to determine the mixing of the substance as it is released.
In other embodiments the present disclosure can be described as an internally pierced unit-dose packaging that includes a substantially dome shaped, flexible blister, a substantially round pierceable surface sealed to the base of the dome-shaped blister, and an internal chamber containing a piercing nozzle as described herein and a pharmaceutical dosage form, for example a liquid composition. In certain embodiments the piercing nozzle includes a base and a piercing end, wherein the base is attached to the dome shaped blister and the piercing end is proximate the pierceable surface.
The following embodiments are included to illustrate the compositions and methods disclosed herein. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art, in light of the present disclosure, that many changes can be made in the specific embodiments which are disclosed herein and still obtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
The embodiment of
The embodiment of
The Area Ratio for each of the three shapes shown in
All of the compositions and methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are chemically or physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
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South America on Three Wheels
View Single Post
Joined: Aug 2010
Location: Washington DC
Oddometer: 188
And we're off...
Paperwork appears to be complete and I have a Peruvian plate on the motorcycle, which should mean I am all set to go!
I picked up some last minute spares including two tubes, two spark plugs, one each of throttle, clutch, and brake cables, a liter of oil and some chain lube. Additionally, I had them swap out the stock tires for dual sport tires to hopefully help me avoid getting stuck in the occasional patch of deep sand on bad roads (I got stuck for hours once at 4000 meters trying to push myself out of a sand well, the effort was exhausting to move six inches at a time).
The downside is that their shop was busy enough that they can't swap the tires until tomorrow morning, so in theory the mototaxi will be ready for pickup at 11AM and I should be on the road out of Lima by noon. I doubt I will make the 300km to Ica, but at least I'll be on the move!
I spent all of last week zooming around Easter Island on a Yamaha 250 enduro bike... I think I may be in for an adjustment!
One random comment: According to the manual, the transmission is a "rotary system" which goes N-1-2-3-4-5 then starts over (or vice versa, depending). This means you can shift "up" from 5th into Neutral (then first!) or shift "down" from Neutral into 5th and not go anywhere. The shifting is also set up like a race bike, meaning you click down to go up a gear and up to go down a gear. I've ridden a bike with such before, but never this "rotary system." Hopefully it doesn't confuse me too much!
Ride Reports:
2011 -
South America on Three Wheels
2010 -
DC to AK and back on a 106cc scooter (mini-report)
Check out my
2009-2010 Adventure Highlight Video
on Vimeo!
View Public Profile
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Gear Review
Brittany Lefler
Very cute, but make sure you get the right size!
So I love the look of these sandals and they are super comfortable, but they definitely had drawbacks for me. I bought a size 8(normally a size 7.5) because they don't have 1/2 sizes. They are a bit big so when I walk, the front will sometimes flip over and scrape the ground when I walk, tripping me. Pretty annoying, but I think a 7 would be too small. If you wear a whole size regularly, then I am sure you will thoroughly enjoy these shoes:)
View More Details on Sanuk Ibiza Sandal - Women's


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Dianna Agron sings the Star Spangled Banner
July 6th, 2015
"Exclusive"………………………William Shatner Playing Paparazzi
July 6th, 2015
Everyone loves photography! It's a way of capturing moments in time that can be preserved forever. Ask Actor William Shatner how hard it is as he tries to figure out Depth Of Field, F-Stop, Speed, ISO, Focal Length, and other items while having a friend teach him how to do so.
There is nothing easy about playing Paparazzi!!!
Shawn Mendes – Believe (Official)
July 6th, 2015
Woman Killed By Mexican Illegal Immigrant Deported Five Times
July 6th, 2015
The family of a California woman who was allegedly shot dead by an illegal Mexican immigrant have criticized officials who didn't hand him over after he was jailed just months before the attack.
Grieving relatives of Kathryn Steinle, 32, who was shot dead on San Francisco's Pier 14 Thursday night, made the comments in light of revelations that alleged killer Francisco Sanchez, 45, had already been sent back over the border five times.
Immigration officials said that they had made him a 'priority' request for any law enforcement officers who picked him up.
But when he was arrested over marijuana four months ago in San Francisco he was let go, in accordance with city policy designed to give 'sanctuary' to undocumented migrants.
Speaking to NBC Bay Area, Steinle's mother, Liz Sullivan, said: 'It would have been so much better if he were gone. Absolutely.'
The comments, made Friday, came around the same time that presidential candidate Donald Trump weighed in on the killing, claiming is proves U.S. border controls are 'totally out of control', and need to be bolstered by a solid wall along the nation's southern frontier.
From his Twitter page, the would-be Republican nominee shared a link to coverage of the attack and said: 'Our Southern border is totally out of control. This is an absolutely disgraceful situation. We need border security!'
He then continued: 'Our Southern border is unsecure [sic]. I am the only one that can fix it, nobody else has the guts to even talk about it.'
Penny Dreadful | Behind The Scenes:One Second a Day
July 6th, 2015
Kourtney Kardashian & Scott Disick Have Split.
July 6th, 2015
Will Smith Has Me "On Lockdown".
July 6th, 2015
Only eyes for him! Jada Pinkett Smith got candid during a chat with the hosts of the Today show on Wednesday, July 1, and admitted that though the temptation is there, she would never cheat on husband Will Smith.
"After you've been with somebody for 20 years, you think there's any room for [jealousy]?" she said of Will's feelings toward her. "He knows he got me on lockdown."
But it's not as though the Magic Mike XXL star hasn't been tempted, she admitted.
"[When that happens], the good Jada says, 'Boo boo, you're married, okay, so we need to shut it down.' But the bad Jada goes, 'Wow, procreate! Procreate! Procreate!'" she said with a laugh, adding that she still considers her husband "pretty beefcake-isn."
Pinkett Smith, 43, has spoken frequently about her marriage to Smith, 46. Just last month, the Gotham actress told SiriusXM radio host Howard Stern that maintaining their oft-discussed union hasn't always been easy.
Read more: Source


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
46 year old woman | Denver, CO, USA | Seeking men 43-55 within 50 miles
Active within 24 hours
Kissing is like drinking salt water, you drink and your thirst increases.
A Florida girl that relocated to the mountains, opposites attract right? I relocated from Charlotte, NC; but I was raised and lived most of my life in Florida near the beach, I do miss the water. I moved to Denver for a career opportunity several years ago. I've recently started my own business after working for corporate America for a long time. I confess that I am enjoying the freedoms of self employment. It is very rewarding to love what you do for a living. A little bit about me? I am caring and supportive, independent and confident, smart and sensitive, honest and straight forward and I love to laugh. Traveling is a way of life for me as my family lives in Europe and I have friends all over the US. With my business, I get opportunities to travel to some wonderful cities. It's always fun to find a great weekend adventure, and would enjoy having a travel partner. I live a busy and active lifestyle... but I am looking to simplify life a bit. I have spent most of my life dedicated to my job and now I am focused on adding more balance to my personal life. My free time is a premium - so I really appreciate the time I have to spend with family and friends. I love football! You will find me on Sundays anywhere I can catch up with the scores or at a game. I have been told I am a good cook. I enjoy cooking with/for friends and I am always happy to share my kitchen with someone. Chemistry is important to me...that spark just happens sometimes without any rhyme or reason, I am hopeful that it catches me. The two important qualities in my view for any good relationship consist of honest communication and a passion for each-other. I believe the rest of the details just have a way of working themselves out. I am a social person by nature. I have a great group of friends and we enjoy fun adventures together, but I can also be happy at home watching a movie or enjoying a quiet evening just one on one. I have to confess that I do have this one bad habit and I freely admit it...I am addicted to shoes. Hope that's not a deal breaker? Who catches my attention? An honest, self confident Man's Man. I appreciate a man who knows himself and what he wants in life. Financial stability is helpful, someone that has responsibility with money, but does not hold onto it so tightly that he does not enjoy life. I like being with someone who is on the "go", and is independent, spends time with his friends, and wants to make time for "us". Someone with a good sense of humor (and if you are a bit on the sarcastic witty side...even better!) Please have a positive outlook on life. It would be great to find someone that enjoys to travel, is easy about things and can hold his own in a conversation. I like a man who speaks his mind, and challenges my opinions respectfully. Integrity, kindness, a bit of swagger, as well as a respect for others are great qualities that I admire as well. I appreciate someone that has a passion for their career, hobby or cause, and does something because you really love it! I am not looking for perfection, everyone has imperfections and that makes you unique and interesting. Someone to add a different perspective and expand value in my life would be cool. Thanks for reading a little about me. Reach out and say hello.
Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Gardening/Landscaping , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Political interests , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Billiards / Pool, Cycling, Dancing, Golf, Hockey, Running, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs, Horses
No pets at this moment due to traveling a lot.
Middle of the Road
Any place there is an outdoor patio. My fav's this month are the Plimoth, Beast & Bottle, St. Ellie, The Nickel, and long time fav Cooper Lounge...new places in Rino, I want to try the new jazz place? Let's share our notes.
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
I have to confess that I do have this one bad habit that I must freely admit... I am addicted to shoes!!
Local weekend getaways. I enjoy fly fishing, working in my yard and golf, but admittingly my drive needs some serious improvement. Outdoor concerts are always fun at Red Rocks, City Park and Denver Botanic Gardens.
Just finished reading "Consulting for Dummies" my boss gave it to me as a going away gift, hmmm? Just downloaded Stephen McGee's new book "Get Real". It's about breaking through barriers, career, physical, he's a local guy and has a very cool brain.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'5" (165cms)
|5'11" (180cms) to 6'5" (195cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average, Athletic and toned
|Blue, Brown, Green, Hazel
|Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Dark blonde
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Self-Employed / Entrepreneur
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|$50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home
|Wants kids:
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|Not sure, Probably not, No, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|White / Caucasian
|Latino / Hispanic, White / Caucasian
|Spiritual but not religious
|No preference
|Bachelors degree
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
Get the Best Priced Mercedes 380SEL Air Intake Hose
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Mercedes 380SEL Replacement Air Intake Hose Information
Search our online air intake hose catalog and find the lowest priced discount auto parts on the web. We sell wholesale to the public. We offer high quality new, OEM, aftermarket and remanufactured Mercedes 380SEL Air Intake Hose parts. We specialize in a wide-variety of high-quality car parts and accessories for your car, truck or SUV. Call toll free to order or place your order online via our secure checkout system. Our online parts catalog uses real-time inventory, so you can be assured the parts you buy are in stock at the time of ordering. Most orders are shipped the same day. They are available for the following Mercedes 380SEL years: 1983, 1982, 1981, 83, 82, 81. This part is also sometimes called Mercedes 380SEL Intake Hose. We stock air intake hose parts for most Mercedes models including 300E, 500SL, 560SEL, 560SL, SL500, 280SL, 560SEC, 420SEL, 300SE, 300SL, 300CE, 450SL, 190E, 260E, 300TE, 300SEL, 500SEL, 300TD, 500SEC, 450SLC, 380SE, 300D, 380SEC, 300CD, 450SEL and 450SE.
We stock these Air Intake Hose brands for the Mercedes 380SEL: Genuine.
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(2 Reviews)
Genuine W0133-1636137
Air Intake Hose
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Retail Price:$18.13
Sale Price: $16.33
Product SKU: W0133-1636137
Product Note: Air Scoop to Air Filter
Inventory: In Stock
Condition: New
Made By: OEM
(Original Equipment Manufacturer) - a replacement part made by the manufacturer of the original part.
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I found the partsgeek by accident while surfing the net looking for parts for my mercedes. I must admit I was A bit skeptical when partsgeek was offering the same high quality parts as other distr...


text:
Mr. Sleva is President of Sleva Associates, an electrical consulting and training company founded in 1995.
He is a registered Professional Engineer with a BSEE degree from Pennsylvania State University. During his career, he has designed electrical systems for nuclear generating stations; designed 500-230 KV, 230-69 KV, 138-12 KV and 69-12 KV substations; provided technical support to power dispatchers, system operators and plant operators; and developed technical training programs for technicians, drafters, designers and technical clerks.
Presently, Mr. Sleva specializes in the analysis of power system events that cause the loss of customer load and/or the initiation of emergency load control procedures as well as events that may have been caused by incorrect protective relay actuations.
Engineering Programs Catalog
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Analysis, Database and Management Tools
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text:
Originally written on Diehardsport | Last updated 6/13/13
The Papa John's Pizza Twitter account was trying to get in on the hockey action prior to Game 1 of the Stanley Cup Final on Wednesday night and get their fans involved with them but they made a grave mistake. Whoever was running the Twitter account had no clue who was actually playing in the Stanley Cup Final. The Pittsburgh Penguins were swept by the Boston Bruins in the Eastern Conference Final, they should have said Chicago Blackhawks. The tweet stayed up for over five hours until they finally deleted the tweet and sent out this one. Whoops, thanks for catchin' everyone! Meant Blackhawks! Who do you think is gonna take it? — Papa John's Pizza (@PapaJohns) June 13, 2013 Perhaps if ESPN had a little less Tim Tebow coverage, Papa John's would be a little more informed. Just a thought.
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A living, breathing garden in a school is so much more than an extra-curricular activity! A garden is something that can teach and motivate children, parents and teachers to really understand and appreciate where food comes from and set up healthy eating habits for the rest of their lives.
Gardens are dynamic environments that foster enthusiasm for learning and promote self-confidence, responsibility, and other developmental skills. They are a perfect tool to provide hands-on experience in all school subjects while at the same time reconnecting youth with nature.
The links below will show you how to create a school garden in your own school:
Funding and Fundraising
Garden Creation
Choosing and Designing the Garden Location
Approval and Commitment
Frequently Asked Questions
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BY VICKY DeROSA
Genetics, alopecia, bad diet; why do some people go from a full head of hair to thinning hair?
Genes and stress might be the reason for some. Unfortunately there are times that stress will affect our hair and there is nothing we can do about it except to maintain a healthy diet to limit the affects of stress on our hair.
There are many people, men and women included, who quite frankly may not realize that a poor diet is to blame for their thinning hair. Yes, indeed, there are studies out there that demonstrate that food and the lack of the right food can have a significant impact on whether a person has a full head of hair or not.
Now, don't go crazy here folks, I know as well as you that genes do play a significant role and sometimes your path to a bald head is inevitable. Let me just add that if that is the case, please keep in mind that bald is beautiful too!
So genetics and stress, they most certainly matter and sometimes there's just not a dang thing we can do about it. I thought I should write a blog on one way to impact our hair.
This may surprise you, many of you are simply unaware that food matters even when it comes to your hair. So let's ignore stress and genetics for a moment and talk about what kind of a diet will lead to a full head of hair or at least maintaining what you have.
Well I'm sure you've all heard how important the B vitamins are for hair, skin and nails. Biotin, B12, yes; very, very important, so important many people take biotin supplements, but did you know in addition to the B vitamins here is the rest of the story. A daily dose of Omega-3′s, lean proteins, iron, silica and zinc. Let's make it easy, the following is a list of foods that your day should consist of for great hair maintenance. Obviously your day does not have to consist of the whole list but read the list below and ensure you are getting as much of it as possible.
- Fish
- Chicken
- Liver
- Brewer's yeast
- Low fat cottage cheese
- Eggs
- Raw walnuts
- Raw almonds
- Beans
- Yogurt
- Red meats
- Poultry
- Mussels
- Shrimp
- Raw nuts
- Oysters
- Bean sprouts
- Raisins
- Dark leafy greens
- Cucumber skins
- Potatoes
- Red and green peppers


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Center Stand for XR650L and XT225
View Single Post
Cigar Mike
Too Old and Too Slow
Joined: Jan 2007
Location: Centennial, Co
Oddometer: 1,484
Always Interested
Yes, I would be. I like motorcycles and have been enjoying the bikes and the people involved with them since 1970. It is fun for me to look at what I can do on models that don't have a particular item. Making center stands was an accident. I wanted stands for our bikes and I wanted to do something with motorcycles when I retired. It is more fun to come up with a design then to make or sell the product. Making them is a good hobby since it seems to fill a niche that has been over looked and keeps me from just sitting on my ass.
The problem is just getting a bike for a few days to be able to come up with something. I hope to look at a TE610 next week and a Motarded XR400 after that. Both look like they will be really easy if I can get my hands on them.
Any suggestions are welcome. But if there is one on the market. Do yourself a favor and buy one. The big guys make some really good stuff. The finish and components are top notch. If DualStar had made a stand for the XRL I would have bought one.
Norvegicus is one of those people that make it worth while messing with the business.
Cigar Mike
Originally Posted by
Mike--good to see these great designs prosper. Would you be interested in creating a stand for the Super Sherpa? I'd happily buy one and I'd bet there'd be a few others too. Glad to have good folks like you here! Cheers
BTW, Norvegicus speaks very highly of you and that's good enough for me. ;)
When in doubt, give it Gas!
Cigar Mike
View Public Profile
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ASN-online.org - Older adults taking the commonly used antibiotic combination trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX, aka Bactrim) - widely prescribed for urinary tract infections, and available as an inexpensive generic - are at increased risk of elevated potassium levels, called hyperkalemia, according to a study appearing in an issue of the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (CJASN). "We found a significant risk of severe hyperkalemia associated with TMP-SMX," comments Matthew A. Weir, MD (London Health Science Centre).
The study was based on 300,000 older adults in Ontario, Canada, who were taking beta-blockers - a widely used class of blood pressure drugs. From this group, the researchers identified 189 patients who were hospitalized for severe hyperkalemia shortly after starting TMP-SMX or other antibiotics commonly used for urinary tract infections.
"Hyperkalemia is a potentially deadly adverse drug reaction, and TMP-SMX is one of the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in North America," Weir explains. "TMP-SMX can decrease the kidney's ability to remove potassium from the body. Potassium plays an important role in regulating heartbeat, and severe episodes of hyperkalemia can cause fatal disturbances in the heart rhythm."
Patients receiving TMP-SMX were more likely to develop dangerously high potassium levels, the study found. Weir says, "The risk of severe hyperkalemia is five times higher in patients prescribed TMP-SMX compared to those prescribed amoxicillin - another popular antibiotic to treat simple bladder infections."
Very few of the patients taking TMP-SMX underwent subsequent blood testing of their potassium level. "Increasing this type of testing represents an avenue to potentially decrease the risk of hyperkalemia associated with TMP-SMX," Weir adds.
Beta-blockers and TMP-SMX can interact, so the researchers had suspected that patients taking both drugs would be at increased risk of hyperkalemia. However, the increase in hyperkalemia with TMP-SMX did not appear any greater in patients who were also taking beta-blockers.
In conducting the study, the researchers used the extensive Ontario health administrative databases. "Without the use of this powerful resource, quantifying this adverse drug reaction would not have been possible," says Weir.
The study had some important limitations - as in all observational studies, the patients were not randomly assigned to different antibiotics. "Also, data regarding factors that can predispose to hyperkalemia, such as diet and levels of physical activity were not available to us," notes Weir. He points out that the results may not be applicable to younger patients.
Reference: "Beta-Blockers, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, and the Risk of Hyperkalemia Requiring Hospitalization in the Elderly: A Nested Case-Control Study. Online at http://cjasn.asnjournals.org/ on July 1, 2010, doi 10.2215/CJN.01970310.


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The Day Ahead, Feb. 22: Mad City Mardi Gras, Genna's Lounge, 'Sid the ...
Jim Henson's "Sid the Science Kid Live!" Brings the popular PBS kids' show to Madison audiences with two performances at 1 and 4:30 p.m. Sunday in Capitol Theater of the Overture Center, 201 State St. Along with Sid, expect to see May, Gabriela, Gerald ...
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Jim Henson's Sid the Science Kid LIVE: Let's Play!" Comes to Stamford THIS ...
Jive to the music from the hit PBS KIDS television series and join Sid and his friends as they explore lots of interactive moments with the audience that will bring out the curious scientist in your kid! Find out "What's the Big Idea?" with Sid the ...
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Tartaglia hopes the stage version of "Sid the Science Kid" will nurture a love for theater -- as well as science -- in the kids who see the show. With so much entertainment available at home -- and on tablets wherever you go -- Tartaglia believes the ...
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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
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40 year old woman | Cary, NC, USA | Seeking men 38-50 within 80 miles of Apex, NC
Active within 24 hours
If you don't think every day is a good day, just try missing one.
About me: Random, yet focused, honest, loyal, feisty, slightly sarcastic, passionate………I live my life with integrity, compassion and honesty. Whenever something doesn't go as planned, I try to remind myself that it could be much worse. I can be stubborn but most of the time, I am ready to admit when I am wrong. I make a choice to be happy as I believe our moods and attitudes are a choice. I like to debate/discuss a little bit of everything and enjoy learning from those discussions. I like to try new things but admit I am not an adrenaline junkie. I am a mom first and love having such an amazing blessing. What I am looking for: I am not someone that has a list of specific criteria that must be checked off but I can tell you what I respect and the attributes that I am attracted to. I respect quiet intelligence, someone who is well versed in many things but doesn't need to prove it to others; someone who can be the life of the party but not always dominating the conversation; someone who can go to a black tie benefit and then later that night do the centipede (aka worm....or any other bad dance move) around the house; someone who is disciplined with working out and overall health but knows how to enjoy life enough to balance that with lots of dessert; someone who is ambitious, driven and dedicated to his purpose/career but knows how to make time for those important in his life; someone who is independent and self sufficient but ready and excited to share his life with someone else.
Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Religion/Spiritual , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Dancing, Other types of exercise, Running, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I have Dogs
I love Bald Head Island or pretty much any beach. I can't get enough of going to a good restaurant and enjoying a great bottle of wine.
My daughter, the beach, storms, snow, wine, chocolate......
Running, walking, enjoying the outdoors, cooking, hanging out with friends
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
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|5'8" (172cms)
|5'10" (177cms) to 6'5" (195cms)
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|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
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|Social Drinker
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My faith is very important to me and I try to guide our lives and parent with Christian values as the compass.
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University of Kentucky B.S. Dietetics Johns Hopkins University M.H.S in Health Care Finance & Management


text: 000 WGUS41 KCLE 292138 FLWCLE BULLETIN - IMMEDIATE BROADCAST REQUESTED FLOOD WARNING NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE CLEVELAND OH 538 PM EDT MON JUN 29 2015 ...The National Weather Service in Cleveland has issued a flood warning for the following rivers in Ohio... Scioto River Near Prospect PRECAUTIONARY/PREPAREDNESS ACTIONS... Never drive your car through flooded roadways. The water may be deeper than it appears. Turn around...don`t drown! Stay tuned to NOAA weather radio and other local media for further details and updates. && OHC101-300538- /O.NEW.KCLE.FL.W.0061.150630T0300Z-000000T0000Z/ /PRGO1.1.ER.150630T0300Z.150630T0600Z.000000T0000Z.NO/ 538 PM EDT MON JUN 29 2015 The National Weather Service in Cleveland has issued a * Flood warning for the Scioto River Near Prospect * From this evening until further notice * At 5:00 PM Monday the stage was...8.7 feet * Minor flooding is forecast * Flood stage is 9.0 feet * At 9.0 feet...Water inundates low portions of Highway 203 north of Prospect. && LAT...LON 4052 8324 4055 8318 4044 8317 4044 8324 $$


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Originally written on Fox Soccer | Last updated 1/27/13
Inter Milan president Massimo Moratti believes the deal to take Philippe Coutinho to Liverpool will work out well for everyone. It emerged earlier this week that the Reds were closing in on a move for the winger after agreeing a fee with the Serie A club. And it appears Inter are already planning for the future without Coutinho after Moratti confirmed that they would look to use the money from his sale to strengthen the squad. He told Sky Italia: "The deal for Coutinho to Liverpool is an opportunity both for Inter and both for the player. "We could be happy with the economic proposal and Coutinho could find the space he hasn't here. And then we'll have the opportunity to reinforce the team". If the deal is completed, Coutinho would become the club's second signing of this transfer window following the ?12million capture of Daniel Sturridge from Chelsea. Coutinho came through the youth system at Vasco da Gama before joining Inter at the age of 18. He spent the second half of l...
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Look Inside | Enlarge Cover
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Random House | Jan 21, 2009
| 496 Pages
Random House Trade Paperbacks
| Nov 07, 2006
| 496 Pages
| 6-1/8 x 9-1/4
Random House
| Jan 21, 2009
| 496 Pages
Even fifteen years after the end of the Cold War, it is still hard to grasp that we no longer live under its immense specter. For nearly half a century, from the end of World War II to the early 1990s, all world events hung in the balance of a simmering dispute between two of the greatest military powers in history. Hundreds of millions of people held their collective breath as the United States and the Soviet Union, two national ideological entities, waged proxy wars to determine spheres of influence–and millions of others perished in places like Korea, Vietnam, and Angola, where this cold war flared hot. Such a consideration of the Cold War–as a military event with sociopolitical and economic overtones–is the crux of this stellar collection of twenty-six essays compiled and edited by Robert Cowley, the longtime editor of MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History. Befitting such a complex and far-ranging period, the volume's contributing writers cover myriad angles. John Prados, in "The War Scare of 1983," shows just how close we were to escalating a war of words into a nuclear holocaust. Victor Davis Hanson offers "The Right Man," his pungent reassessment of the bellicose air-power zealot Curtis LeMay as a man whose words were judged more critically than his actions. The secret war also gets its due in George Feiffer's "The Berlin Tunnel," which details the charismatic C.I.A. operative "Big Bill" Harvey's effort to tunnel under East Berlin and tap Soviet phone lines–and the Soviets' equally audacious reaction to the plan; while "The Truth About Overflights," by R. Cargill Hall, sheds light on some of the Cold War's best-kept secrets. The often overlooked human cost of fighting the Cold War finds a clear voice in "MIA" by Marilyn Elkins, the widow of a Navy airman, who details the struggle to learn the truth about her husband, Lt. Frank C. Elkins, whose A-4 Skyhawk disappeared over Vietnam in 1966. In addition there are profiles of the war's "front lines"–Dien Bien Phu, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Bay of Pigs–as well as of prominent military and civil leaders from both sides, including Harry S. Truman, Nikita Khrushchev, Dean Acheson, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Richard M. Nixon, Gen. Vo Nguyen Giap, and others.Encompassing so many perspectives and events, The Cold War succeeds at an impossible task: illuminating and explaining the history of an undeclared shadow war that threatened the very existence of humankind.From the Hardcover edition.
Stephen E. Ambrose wrote twenty books on military affairs and foreign policy. Early in his career he was an associate editor of The Eisenhower Papers, and he later went on to publish the definitive, three-part biography of Eisenhower, as well… More about Stephen E. Ambrose
Caleb Carr was born in Manhattan and grew up on the Lower East Side, where he still lives. He attended Kenyon College and New York University, earning a degree in history. In addition to fiction, Mr. Carr writes frequently on… More about Caleb Carr
Thomas Fleming is a distinguished historian and the author of numerous critically acclaimed and bestselling novels. His masterpiece, The Officers' Wives, was an international bestseller with over two million copies sold. His novels Time and Tide and Liberty Tavern were… More about Thomas Fleming
Victor Davis Hanson was educated at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, and received his Ph.D. in Classics from Stanford University. He farmed full-time for five years before returning to academia… More about Victor Hanson
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The Roman group of Coolus helmets was based on a Gallic form of helmet made in the Coolus district of Marne. This group of Roman helmets covered the period from the 3rd century BC to around 79AD. These simple Roman helms consisted of a hemispherical bowl made from bronze and had a reinforcing peak that ran horizontally across the brow and had a larger extension in the back as a neck guard. Our Roman Coolus G Helm is from the 1st century AD. Made from brass, the
Roman Coolus helmet comes with a top spike for a plug in plume.
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2015: The road not taken
SIR: One unique characteristic of President Goodluck Jonathan is his unusual ability to accept the fact that he was not the best material for the post he currently occupies.This, he has said several times, directly or indirectly. Yet, the gods of godfatherism, quota system, electoral manipulation and millenial poverty have always favored him to the detriment of those who actually want to transform the country. This is the paradox of the Nigerian conundrum, the least having an upper hand above the best in a transparently dishonest contest. So sad!
Since the inception of our epileptic return to democracy in 1999, the man from Otuoke kingdom has been a major force to reckon with.Yet, so far, no substantial achievement is attributed to his credit as a way of deepening the democratic process and raising the bar of human capital development. It is, therefore, a big surprise that such a man is presiding over the affairs of the most populous black nation in the world. He counts his good luck as the reason for this. While this may work for him as an individual, it sure does not work for our country. For now, it is a big ill-luck for us if we are to go by the numerous woes bedevilling the nation. No slight intended to the President!
The story of the shoeless boy fishing in the creeks of Bayelsa to the Chief Priest in Aso Rock is all too familiar that an average primary four pupil can recite it. In fact, some families have started naming their new born babies 'Goodluck' irrespective of the gender! This is in spite of his unlimited indequacies as the president of the country. Without a doubt, our nation is not working and everybody can feel it except for those looting and plundering our commonwealth.
So soon, he has started paving the way for his re-election again in 2015 with so much gusto and energy. We all can glean that from the assertion of his presidential overbearing influence in the PDP and the body language of his sycophantic apologists with just some few inches into his first term in office. Nobody denies the fact that he is entitled to a second term. The constitution allows for it. But does his performance recommend him for a second term?
This is where our headache lies. The tragedy of a quota system and the forces of an- all- too powerful president who can get whatever he wants including the presidency at will. The South-south geopolitical zone, his own portion of tribal enclave has started raising their voices for his re-election. This has nothing to do with his below the average performnce. It is simply their turn!
At this juncture, factoring in the history of presidential elections in Nigeria and the tendency of the incumbent to win against the will of the majority, President Jonathan will most likely win a second term in office. Except a radical departure from the past occurs. This may sound too patronising of the President but the current realities lend credence to it. The opposition parties are simply not doing enough to present alternatives to him. It is beyond their occasional verbal outbursts in the media. It needs proper articulation of purpose, realignment of political forces across the six geopolitical zones. The ACN cannot do it alone nor the CPC. Some synergy is needed to root out the monstrous PDP and its catalogue of national inadequacies of which President Jonathan is the principal beneficiary. It is a Herculean task. But it is doable. The President has started working, the opposition and the civil society groups too should be alive to their responsibilities lest we come around again to blame our unlucky stars in 2015...
• Akinboyo Temidayo
Igbotako, Ondo State
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Between Awo's biological and ideological children
Sam Omatseye carries a bewitching smile that rhymes with his fluid easy to read flirtatious write ups. He dissects issues with such subtlety that his ... Full story


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DVD - Pedal Driven - A Bikumentary
On Sale! Regularly $30!
PEDAL-DRIVEN is an award winning non-profit documentary by Howell at the Moon Productions, made in partnership with the United States Forest Service and in association with IMBA, Shimano, Specialized, Pinkbike, Clif Bar, Yakima, Diamondback, Timberland, Steven Pass, Leavenworth and Bike Magazine.
The film examines the shared philosophies of stewardship and sustainability from both sides and, ultimately, offers examples of the ways in which opposing factions can find common ground in defense of the lands that belong to us all.
Running Time: 63 Minutes
Also features:
- "Join the Ride": A Guide to Advocacy
- Bonus Reel