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A method of communicating control information in systems that support multiple modulation schemes for communicating voice or data and control information. To provide backward compatibility dedicated control channels use the modulation scheme used in current systems, for example GMSK modulation scheme. Traffic channels and associated control channels use linear modulation schemes that have the same symbol rate. The modulation scheme of the associated control channel uses a reduced signal set of the modulation scheme used for traffic channels. Also, an in-band signalling procedure is used to indicate to a receiving station the modulation type, channel coding and speech coding used for a transmitted burst.
1. A method of communication between a base station and a mobile station comprising the steps of:
communicating control information over a non-associated control channel;
communicating voice or data over a traffic channel;
using a first modulation scheme to communicate the control information over the non-associated control channel; and
using a second modulation scheme to communicate the voice and data over the traffic channel, wherein the traffic channel has an associated control channel that uses a third modulation scheme for communicating associated control information.
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12. A method of communication between a base station and a mobile station comprising:
communicating control information over a non-associated control channel using a first modulation scheme;
communicating voice or data over a traffic channel using a second modulation scheme; and
communicating in-band signalling information over the traffic channel using a third modulation scheme, wherein the in-band signalling information includes reserved bits indicating at least one or more of a modulation type, a channel coding, or a speech coding used with a transmitted burst.
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24. A method of communication between a mobile station and a base station comprising:
communicating control information over a non-associated control channel using a first modulation scheme;
communicating voice or data over a traffic channel using a second modulation scheme; and
initiating a hand-over via an associated control channel using a third modulation scheme.
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36. A method of communication between a base station and a mobile station, comprising the steps of:
transmitting a burst that communicates three sets of information;
modulating a first set of information using a first modulation scheme, wherein the first set of information is control information;
modulating a second set of information using a second modulation scheme that is different from the first modulation scheme, wherein the second set of information is voice and data; and
modulating a third set of information using a third modulation scheme that is different from the first and the second modulation schemes, wherein the third set of information is other control information.
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This invention generally relates to the field of communication systems and, more particularly, to digital communication systems that supports multiple modulation schemes.
Digital communication systems use a variety of linear and non-linear modulation schemes to communicate voice or data information. These modulation schemes include, Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK), Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), etc. GMSK modulation scheme is a non-linear low level modulation (LLM) scheme with a symbol rate that supports a specified user bit rate. In order to increase user bit rate, high-level modulation (HLM) schemes can be used. Linear modulation schemes, such as QAM schemes, may have different level of modulation. For example, 16QAM scheme is used to represent the sixteen variation of 4 bits of data. On the other hand, a QPSK modulation scheme is used to represent the four variations of 2 bits of data. Although 16QAM scheme provides a higher bit rate than QPSK, both of these modulation schemes could have the same symbol rate. Application of modulation schemes, however, differ in many aspects, for example symbol rate and/or burst format, which complicates their support in systems that use multiple modulation schemes.
In wireless digital communication systems, standardized air interfaces specify most of system parameters, including modulation type, burst format, communication protocol, symbol rate, etc. For example, European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) has specified a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) standard that uses time division multiple access (TDMA) to communicate control, voice and data information over radio frequency (RF) physical channels or links using GMSK modulation scheme at a symbol rate of 271 ksps. In the U.S., Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) has published a number of Interim Standards, such as IS-54 and IS-136, that define various versions of digital advanced mobile phone service (D-AMPS), a TDMA system that uses a Differential QPSK (DQPSK) modulation scheme for communicating data over RF links.
TDMA systems subdivide the available frequency band into one or several RF channels. The RF channels are divided into a number of physical channels corresponding to time slots in TDMA frames. Logical channels are formed from one or more physical channels, where modulation and channel coding schemes are specified. In these systems, the mobile stations communicate with a plurality of scattered base stations by transmitting and receiving bursts of digital information over uplink and downlink RF channels.
The growing number of mobile stations in use today has generated the need for more voice and data channels within cellular telecommunication systems. As a result, base stations have become more closely spaced, with an increase in interference between mobile stations operating on the same frequency in neighboring or closely spaced cells. Although digital techniques gain more useful channels from a given frequency spectrum, there still remains a need to reduce interference, or more specifically to increase the ratio of the carrier signal strength to interference, (i.e., carrier-to-interference (C/I)) ratio. RF links that can handle lower C/I ratios are considered to be more robust than those that only can handle higher C/I ratios.
In order to provide various communication services, a corresponding minimum user bit rate is required. For example, for voice and/or data services, user bit rate corresponds to voice quality and/or data throughput, with a higher user bit rate producing better voice quality and/or higher data throughput. The total user bit rate is determined by a selected combination of techniques for speech coding, channel coding, modulation scheme, and for a TDMA system, the number of assignable time slots per call.
Depending on the modulation scheme used, link quality deteriorates more rapidly as C/I levels decrease. Higher level modulation schemes are more susceptible to low levels of C/I ratio than lower level modulation schemes. If a HLM scheme is used, the data throughput or grade of service drops very rapidly with a drop in link quality. On the other hand, if a LLM scheme is used, data throughput or grade of service does not drop as rapidly under the same interference conditions. Therefore, link adaptation methods, which provide the ability to change modulation and/or coding based on the channel conditions, are used to balance the user bit rate against link quality. Generally, these methods dynamically adapt a system's combination of speech coding, channel coding, modulation, and number of assignable time slots to achieve optimum performance over a broad range of C/I conditions.
One evolutionary path for the next generation of cellular systems is to use high-level modulation (HLM), e.g., 16QAM modulation scheme, to provide increased user bit rates compared to the existing standards. These cellular systems include enhanced GSM systems, enhanced D-AMPS systems, International Mobile Telecommunication 2000 (IMT-2000), etc. A high level linear modulation, such as 16QAM modulation scheme, has the potential to be more spectrum efficient than, for example, GMSK, which is a low-level modulation (LLM) scheme. Furthermore, the use of 16QAM modulation scheme in conjunction with a higher symbol rate significantly increase the user bit rate compared to the GMSK modulation scheme. In this way, the maximum user bit rate offered by an HLM scheme, such as 16QAM modulation scheme, may be more than doubled. Because higher level modulation schemes require a higher minimum C/I ratio for acceptable performance, their availability in the system becomes limited to certain coverage areas of the system or certain parts of the cells, where more robust links can be maintained. However, a system can be planned to provide full coverage for HLM scheme. The modulation schemes provided in a cell may be a mixture of non-linear and linear modulation, with different symbol rates.
Generally, two types of logical channels are defined by air interface standards: control channels (CCH) and traffic channels (TCH). CCHs are used for control signalling such as registration, authentication, call set-up, and the like. TCHs, which are single user channels, are used to handle voice or data communication. For TCHs, some of the standards define various user bit rates.
In GSM systems, control signalling is carried out using different types of CCHs, including dedicated control channels (DCCHs), Broadcast Channels (BCHs), and Common Control Channels (CCCHs). BCHs include Frequency Correction channel (FCCH), Synchronization Channel (SCH), and Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH). The CCCHs include Paging channel (PCH), Access Grant Channel (AGCH) and Random Access Channel (RACCH). DCCHs include Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH), Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH), and Slow Associated Control Channels (SACCH).
FCCH indicates a BCCH carrier signal and enables a mobile station to synchronize to its frequency. SCH is used to signal TDMA frame structure in a cell and a Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) that indicates whether a base station belongs to a GSM system or not. BCCH is transmitted during a predefined time slot (e.g., time slot 0 in single carrier base stations) of a downlink RF channel, to provide general information to the mobile stations. SDCCH, which may be transmitted at a time slot adjacent to BCCH, is used for registration, location updating, authentication and call set-up. PCH is a downlink only channel, which is used for informing the mobile station of a network's signaling requirement, for example when the mobile unit is called. AGCH is a downlink only channel used for replies to access requests for assigning a dedicated control channel for a subsequent signaling. RACH is used by a mobile station to request a channel, when it is paged, or when it wants to initiate a call.
The associated control channels, FACCH and SAACH are always associated with traffic channels. Applicable standards specify a number of bits for FACCH and SACCH, which are communicated according to a pre-defined format. SACCH is used for communicating control and supervisory signals associated with traffic channels, including the transmission of parameters corresponding to a measure of bit error rate (BER) or a measure of received signal strength (RSS) at mobile stations. FACCH steals bursts allocated for traffic channels for control requirements, such as hand-over.
Fast signaling procedures are needed to quickly provide signalling information to the receiver. For example, in GSM systems, stealing flags, which are time-multiplexed at predefined positions within a burst, are used to distinguish between a FACCH burst and a TCH burst. By reading the stealing flags, the receiver determines the type of logical channels.
In systems that support multiple modulation schemes, specially those which use different symbol rates, handling control information communicated over control channels creates many complications. By introduction of link adaptation algorithms, adaptation of coding and/or modulation scheme becomes more frequent. The frequent link adaptations result in an increased control signalling effort, if, for example, link adaptation commands are transmitted on FACCHs, causing degradation in communication quality. Moreover, it is important to provide backward compatibility between enhanced systems that use high level modulation schemes and current systems that use low level modulation schemes. Therefore, there exists a need for an efficient and simple method for communicating control information in systems that support multiple modulation schemes.
Furthermore, in some systems, there may be a requirement for one burst to carry broadcast information, that is, information directed to all users within a specific group, as well as user specific information. For example, GSM systems can support a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) that provides packet data service. In GPRS, an uplink status flag (USF), a broadcast information, is communicated on a downlink channel in order to multiplex uplink traffic from different mobile stations. The same burst may contain downlink data transfer directed to a specific user. Hence, a single burst can contain both broadcast and single user information. Also, in Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT) systems, control information and broadcast information (e.g. cell parameters) are communicated using one portion of each burst and user specific voice or data is communicated using another portion of the burst.
In systems that support multiple modulation schemes, it is difficult to broadcast the same burst to several mobile stations with different demodulation capabilities and different classes of service. Therefore, there exists a need for a system that allows broadcast information within a bursts to be received by different types of mobile stations independent of modulation scheme used for transmitting the burst.
The present invention that addresses this need is exemplified in a method of communicating control and broadcast information in systems that support multiple modulation schemes.
Briefly, according to the method of the invention, control information are communicated over a control channel using a first modulation scheme. The voice or data is communicated over a traffic channel using a second modulation scheme. The traffic channel has an associated control channel, which may be a fast associated control channel or a slow associated control channel, that uses a third modulation scheme for communicating control information.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the first modulation scheme is a non-linear modulation scheme, for example, GMSK modulation scheme, and the second and third modulation schemes are linear modulation schemes, for example, 16QAM and QPSK modulation schemes. The second and the third modulation schemes may have the same or different modulation levels. If different, the third modulation scheme, which may be a lower level modulation scheme, uses a reduced signal set relative of the second modulation scheme to communicate control information. Preferably, the second and third modulation schemes have the same symbol rate, the same pulse shaping, and regardless of modulation scheme, the same burst format and the same training sequences.
According to another aspect of the invention, an in-band signalling procedure between the base station and a mobile station communicates signalling information within transmitted bursts. Each burst contains one or more reserved bits at predefined positions. The reserved bits are used to indicate at least one or more of a modulation type, a channel coding, or a speech coding used for the transmitted burst.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, the mobile station and base station communicate voice or data over a traffic channel using a first modulation scheme. If a hand-over is requested during an on-going call, a hand-over procedure is initiated over the fast associated control channel using a second modulation scheme. Then, the communication over the traffic channel is resumed using the first modulation scheme, after the hand-over is complete.
According to still another aspect of the invention, a method of communication between a base station and a mobile station transmits a burst that communicates at least two types of information. A first type of information are modulated using a first linear modulation scheme, and a second type of information are modulated using a second linear modulation scheme that uses a reduced signal set of the first modulation scheme. The first and second types of information may be a first user specific data and a second user specific data, respectively. Alternatively, the first type of information may be user specific data, and the second type of information may be broadcast information.
Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principles of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a communication system which advantageously uses the present invention.
FIGS. 2 (a) an 2(b) are diagrams of modulation constellations of a 16QAM and QPSK modulation schemes, respectively.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a subdivided RF channel that is used in the communication system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a normal transmission burst transmitted on the RF channel of FIG. 2.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a mobile station used in the communication system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a radio base station used in the communication system of FIG. 1.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a radio transceiver used in the base station of FIG. 6.
FIG. 8 shows a diagram of the format of bits and symbols of a transmitted burst.
FIG. 9 shows a diagram of a mapping scheme used for demodulating the transmitted bursts of FIG. 8.
Referring to FIG. 1, a communication system 10 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention supports multiple modulation schemes. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the system 10 supports three modulation schemes: a first LLM (LLM1) scheme, a second LLM (LLM2) scheme, and a HLM scheme. In an exemplary embodiment, the first LLM (LLM1) scheme is a non-linear modulation scheme, such as GMSK modulation scheme used in GSM systems. A second LLM (LLM2) scheme is a linear modulation scheme, such as QPSK. Finally, the HLM modulation scheme is a higher level linear modulation schemes, for example, 16QAM scheme. LLM2 and HLM schemes have the same symbol rate that is different from the symbol rate of LLM1 scheme.
The mode of operation of GSM communication systems is described in European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) documents ETS 300 573, ETS 300 574 and ETS 300 578, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Therefore, the operation of the GSM system is described to the extent necessary for understanding of the present invention. Although, the present invention is described as embodied in a GSM system, those skilled in the art would appreciate that the present invention could be used in a wide variety of other digital communication systems, such as those based on PDC or D-AMPS standards and enhancements thereof. The present invention may also be used in CDMA or a hybrid of CDMA and TDMA communication systems.
The communication system 10 covers a geographical area that is subdivided into communication cells, which together provide communication coverage to a service area, for example, an entire city. Preferably, the communication cells are patterned according to a cell pattern that allows some of the spaced apart cells to use the same uplink and downlink RF channels. In this way, the cell pattern of the system 10 reduces the number of RF channels needed to cover the service area. The system 10 may also employ frequency hopping techniques, for example, to avoid "deadspots."
Referring to FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b), the signal sets in modulation constellations of 16QAM scheme and QPSK scheme are shown, respectively. The outer signal points of 16QAM scheme are shown by points A, B, C, and D, and the signal points of QPSK scheme are shown by points A′, B′, C′, and D′. QPSK scheme can be viewed as having a reduced signal set relative to 16QAM scheme. If the symbol rates of QPSK and 16QAM schemes are the same, a 16QAM demodulator can demodulate the reduced signal set of QPSK modulation scheme by using exclusively the signal points A, B, C and D of 16QAM scheme. Consequently, the same demodulator can be used to demodulate signals that are modulated with QPSK and 16QAM schemes, if the same pulse shaping and burst format is used for both of these schemes. This arrangement significantly facilitates demodulation switching between QPSK and 16QAM schemes, for example, during link adaptation. One such demodulation method is described in a concurrently filed patent application, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/921,374 now Pat. No. 6,125,148 titled "A METHOD FOR DEMODULATING INFORMATION IN A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM THAT SUPPORTS MULTIPLE MODULATION SCHEMES," which is hereby incorporated by reference.
In one aspect, the present invention takes advantage of the ease of demodulation switching with modulation schemes that have the same symbol rate, pulse shaping, burst format, and where one modulation schemes has a reduced signal set relative to the other, to effectively communicate control information in systems that use multiple modulation schemes. The present invention communicates control information between a BTS 20 and a mobile station 12 over control channels (CCHs) and communicates voice or data over traffic channels (TCHs). Those CCHs that are associated with TCHs, for example FACCH and SAACH, are herein defined as associated control channels. The remaining CCHs, which are not associated with TCHs, are herein defined as non-associated control channels. The non-associated control channels include all Broadcast Channels (BCHs) (e.g., Frequency Correction channel (FCCH), Synchronization Channel (SCH), and Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)), all Common Control Channels (CCCH) (e.g., Paging channel (PCH), Access Grant Channel (AGCH) and Random Access Channel (RACCH)), and Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH).
In order to maintain backward compatibility with existing GSM systems, the system 10 communicates control information over non-associated control channels using a first modulation scheme, preferably, GMSK modulation scheme. The system 10 communicates control information over associated control channels, i.e., FACCH or SACCH, using a second modulation scheme, such as QPSK or 16QAM, that is different from the first modulation scheme.
Voice and data are communicated over TCHs using a third modulation scheme, which is different from the first and second modulation schemes. For example, if possible, the third modulation scheme is preferably HLM scheme, which may be a 16QAM modulation scheme. Otherwise, voice or data are communicated using LLM2 scheme, which may be a QPSK modulation scheme. Preferably, the second modulation scheme of the associated control channels and the third modulation scheme of TCHs has the same symbol rate, even though their levels of modulation may be different, or they may be the same. In an exemplary embodiment, the second modulation scheme of the associated control channels is the second lower level modulation scheme LLM2, which is a QPSK modulation scheme. The HLM and LLM2 modulation schemes use the same pulse shaping, the same symbol rate and burst format. LLM2 scheme, however, uses a reduced signal set of the HLM scheme. As described above, this allows for the use of an identical demodulator at the receivers to demodulate outer signal points of 16QAM scheme and signal points of, QPSK modulation scheme, which is used to communicate control information on associated control channels. The identical demodulator demodulates signals that are communicated using HLM scheme. Because LLM2 scheme uses a reduced signal set of HLM scheme, HLM demodulator can also demodulate LLM2 modulated signals by detecting the outer signal points of HLM modulation constellations.
The system 10 is designed as a hierarchical network with multiple levels for managing calls. Using an allocated set of uplink and downlink RF links, mobile stations 12 operating within the system 10 participate in calls using allocated time slots. At a high hierarchal level, a group of Mobile Service Switching Centers (MSCs) 14 are responsible for the routing of calls from an originator to a destination. In particular, they are responsible for setup, control and termination of calls. One of the MSCs 14, known as the gateway MSC, handles communication with a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 18, or other public and private networks. The communication system 10 uses the present invention to provide for link adaptation, when mobile stations 12 within a cell move within coverage areas that support one or more of LLM1, LLM2, HLM schemes.
At a lower hierarchical level, each one of the MSCs 14 are connected to a group of base station controllers (BSCs) 16. The primary function of a BSC 16 is radio resource management. For example, based on reported received signal strength at the mobile stations 12, the BSC 16 determines whether to initiate a hand-over. Under the GSM standard, the BSC 16 communicates with a MSC 14 under a standard interface known as the A-interface, which is based on the Mobile Application Part of CCITT Signaling System No. 7.
At a still lower hierarchical level each one of the BSCs 16 controls, a group of base transceiver stations (BTSs) 20. Each BTS 20 includes a number of TRXs that use the uplink and downlink RF channels to serve a particular common geographical area. The BTSs 20 primarily provide the RF links for the transmission and reception of data bursts to and from the mobile stations 12 within their designated cell. In an exemplary embodiment, a number of BTSs 20 are incorporated into a radio base station (RBS) 22. The RBS 22 may be configured according to a family of RBS-2000 products, which is offered by Ericsson, the assignee of the present invention.
With reference to FIG. 3, an RF channel 26 (uplink or downlink) is divided into repetitive time frames 27 during which information are communicated. Each frame 27 is further divided into time slots 28 that carry packets of information. Speech or data is transmitted during time slots designated as traffic channels (TCH1, . . . ,TCHn). All signaling functions pertaining to call management in the system, including initiations, hand overs, and termination are handled via control information transmitted over control channels.
In order to provide backward compatibility with GSM systems, the system 10 uses GMSK modulation scheme for communicating control information over the non-associated control channels. The mobile stations 12 use the slow associated control channels (SACCHS) to transmit associated control signals, such as an RX-LEV signal, which corresponds to the received signal strength at the mobile station 12 and RX-QUAL signal, which is a measure of various levels of bit error rate at the mobile station 12, as defined by the GSM standard. Fast associated control channels (FACCHs) perform control functions, such as hand-overs, by stealing bursts allocated for TCHS. Fast signalling procedure is used to indicate whether a burst contains control or voice and/or data. In the present invention, the FACCHs and SACCHs may use LLM2 or HLM modulation schemes to communicate control information independent from the modulation scheme used for TCHS, if LLM2 and HLM are supported.
The BSC 16 instructs the RBS 22 based on measures of channel characteristics of RF links between mobile stations 12 to the RBS 22. As described later in detail, the channel characteristics may be measured based on a number of parameters, including received signal strength at the mobile station 12, bit error rate at the mobile station 12, the multipath propagation property of the uplink RF channel, for example, time dispersion, or a combination of them.
The system 10 carries out the transmission of information during a time slot in a burst that contain a predefined number of coded bits. The GSM specification defines various types of bursts: normal burst (NB), frequency correction burst (FB), synchronization burst (SB), access burst (AB), and dummy burst. The normal burst, which has a duration of 576 μs, is used both during the traffic and some control signalling channels. The remaining bursts are primarily used for access and maintaining signal and frequency synchronization within the system.
As shown in FIG. 4, a normal burst 29 includes two separate data portions 30 during which digital data bits are communicated. The normal burst also includes tail and guard sections 31 and 32 as shown. Among other things, the guard section 32 is used to allow for up-ramping of the burst and for down-ramping of the bursts. The tail section 31 is used for demodulation purposes. All burst transmissions, except dummy burst transmissions, include training sequences. The training sequences are patterned with predefined autocorrelation characteristics. During demodulation process, the auto correlation characteristic of the training sequence helps in the synchronization of the received bit sequences over an RF channel. In the normal burst 29, a training sequence 33, is positioned in the middle of the burst between its data portions.
In order to compensate for propagation delays, the communication system 10 uses a time alignment process by which the mobile stations 12 align their burst transmissions to arrive at the BTSs 20 in proper time relationship relative to other bursts transmissions. As described later, the mobile station 12 and the RBS 22 incorporate equalizers, which correlate received baseband bit sequences over the uplink or downlink RF channels with the training sequences, to provide correlator responses that correspond to the properties of multipath propagation. Based on the correlator responses, the receiver section of the BTS 20 generates a timing advance (TA) parameter, which corresponds to a propagation delay over the uplink RF channel. The mobile station 12 uses the TA parameter, which is transmitted from the RBS 22, for advancing or retarding its burst transmissions relative to a time reference.
With reference to FIG. 5, the block diagram of a mobile station 12 is shown. The mobile station 12 includes a receiver section 34 and a transmitter section 36, which are coupled to an antenna 38 through a duplexer 39. The antenna 38 is used for receiving and transmitting RF signals to and from the BTS 20 over allocated uplink and downlink RF channels. The receiver section 34 includes an RF receiver 40, which includes a local oscillator 41, a mixer 42, and selectivity filters 43 arranged in a well known manner, for down-converting and demodulating received signals to a baseband level. The RF receiver 40, which is tuned by the local oscillator 41 to the downlink channel, also provides an RX-LEV signal on line 44 that corresponds to the received signal strength at the mobile station 12.
The RF receiver provides a baseband signal to a demodulator 46 that demodulates coded data bits representing the received speech, data and signaling information. Depending on the type of mobile station 12, the demodulator 46 can support one or more demodulation schemes corresponding to LLM1, LLM2, and HLM schemes. For example, the demodulator of a mobile station 12 subscribed to an operator that supports LLM1 scheme may be capable of demodulating LLM1 modulated signals only. On the other hand, the demodulator of a mobile station 12 subscribed to an operator that supports all of the three modulation schemes is preferably capable of demodulating LLM1, LLM2, and HLM schemes.
As described above, the demodulator 46 includes an equalizer (not shown) that processes the coded bit pattern disposed on the training sequences, to provide correlator response that are used for predictive demodulation of the baseband signal. The equalizer uses the correlator responses to determine the most probable bit sequence for demodulation. As defined by the GSM specification, a channel decoder/interleaver 50 also provides an RX-QUAL signal on line 48, which is a measure of various levels of bit error rate at the mobile station 12. The mobile station 12 reports the RX-QUAL signal and the RX-LEV signal to the BSC 16 on a SACCH channel.
Preferably, bursts modulated according to LLM2 and HLM scheme, i.e., 16QAM and QPSK schemes, use the same pulse shaping, symbol rate and burst format, and use the same training sequences. Both modulation schemes use the same signal points to modulate the training sequences. For example, a 16 QAM modulator modulates the training sequence using outer signal points A, B, C, and D, (shown in FIG. 2(a)). Similarly, a QPSK modulated signal, which has a reduced signal set relative to 16QAM modulated signal, uses signal points A′, B′, C′, and D′ (shown in FIG. 2(a)) for transmitting the training sequence. Although the training sequence used in bursts that communicate control information is the same as the training sequence of bursts that communicate of voice or data, in the present invention, the modulation scheme used for communicating the training sequence of a control channel is different from that of a TCH. Similarly, the in-band signalling information as well as stealing flags are modulated using the outer signal point of the linear modulation constellation. As described before, the mobile station 12 can use the same demodulator, i.e., a 16QAM demodulator, to demodulate the in-band signalling information, as well as the training sequences. This arrangement significantly facilitates decoding of both the training sequence and in-band signalling information of HLM and LLM2 modulated signals.
The channel decoder/de-interleaver 50 decodes and de-interleaves the demodulated signal. The speech data bits are applied to a speech decoder 52 that decodes the speech pattern using one of a variety of speech decoding algorithms. After decoding, the speech decoder 52 applies an analog speech signal to a output device 53, e.g., a speaker, via an audio amplifier 54. The channel decoder 50 provides the decoded data and signalling information to a microprocessor 56 for further processing, for example, displaying the data to a user.
The transmitter section 36 includes an input device 57, e.g., a microphone and/or keypad, for inputting voice or data information. According to a specified speech/data coding techniques, a speech coder 58 digitizes and codes the voice signals according to a variety of supported speech coding schemes. A channel coder/interleaver 62 codes the uplink data according to a specified coding/interleaving algorithms, which improves error detection and correction at the BTS 12. The channel coder/interleaver 62 provides an uplink baseband signal to a modulator 64. The modulator 64 modulates the uplink baseband signal according to one or more of supported modulation schemes. Similar to the demodulator 46, the modulator 64 of the mobile station 12 may support one or more of LLM1, LLM2, and HLM schemes.
The modulator 64 applies the coded signal to an up-converter 67, which receives a carrier signal from the up-converted signal local oscillator 41. An RF amplifier 65 amplifies the up-converted signal for transmission trough the antenna 38. A well known frequency synthesizer 66, under the control of the microprocessor 56, supplies the operating frequency information to the local oscillator 41. The microprocessor 56 causes the mobile station 12 to transmit the RX-QUAL and RX-LEV parameters to the RBS 22 over the SACCH.
Referring to FIG. 6, an exemplary block diagram of the RBS 22 is shown to include a plurality of BTSs 20 that serve different geographical areas. Through a timing bus 72, the BTSs 20 are synchronized with each other. Voice and data information are provided to and from the RBS 22 through a traffic bus 74 that may be coupled, through the A-bis interface, to a public or private voice and data transmission line, such as a T1 line (not shown). Each BTS 20 includes TRXs 75 and 76 that communicate with the mobile station 12. As shown, two antennas designated as 24A and 24B are spaced accordingly to cover cells 77 and 78. The TRXs 76 are coupled to the antennas 24 through combiner/duplexers 80 that combine downlink transmission signals from the TRXs 76 and distribute the uplink received signals from the mobile station 12. The RBS 22 also includes a base station common function (BCF) block 68 that controls the operation and maintenance of the RBS 22.
Referring to FIG. 7, a block diagram of a TRX 76 is shown. The TRX 76 includes a transmitter section 86, a receiver section 87, a baseband processor 88 and a TRX controller 90. Through a corresponding antenna 24 (shown in FIG. 6), the receiver section 87 receives uplink signals from the mobile station 12. A down-conversion block 91 down-converts the received signal. After down-converting the received signals, the receiver section 87 samples its phase and magnitude, via a sampler block 92, to provide received bit sequence to the baseband processor 88. An RSSI estimator 94 provides an RSSI signal on line 95, which is a measure of the received signal strength. The RSSI estimator 94 may also measure noise disturbance levels during idle channels. The TRX controller 90, which is coupled to the traffic bus 74, processes the commands received from the BSC 16 and transmits TRX related information, such as various TRX measurements, to the BSC 16. Under this arrangement, the TRX 76 periodically reports the RSSI signal and noise disturbance levels to the BSC 16.
The baseband processor 88 includes a demodulator 96 that receives uplink baseband data from the receiver section 87. The demodulator 96 generates correlator responses that are processed in a well known manner to retrieve the uplink baseband data. The demodulator 96 may support demodulation of signals that are modulated using one or more of LLM1, LLM2 or HLM schemes. The uplink baseband data is applied to a channel decoder 97 that decodes the baseband signal according to one or more supported channel decoding scheme. The channel decoder 97 places the decoded baseband signal on the traffic bus 78, for further processing by the BSC 16.
When transmitting downlink baseband data, the baseband processor 88 receives properly coded data or digitized speech information from the BSC 16 over the traffic bus 74 and applies them to a channel coder 102 that codes and inter-leaves speech and data according to one or more of supported channel coding schemes. The transmitter section includes a modulator 104 that modulates the supplied data bits according to one or more of LLM1, LLM2, and HLM schemes. The modulator 104 provides downlink baseband signals to an up-conversion block 106 for up-conversion. A power amplifier 108 amplifies the up-converted signal for transmission through a corresponding antenna.
In an exemplary operation, the system 10 establishes a call between a mobile station 12 and a BTS 20 using LLM1 on the SDCCH. The system 10, for example, uses one or a combination of the RX-QUAL, RX-LEV, or TA parameters, which are measures of channel characteristic of the RF link, to decide whether a inter-cell hand-over, an intra-cell hand-over, or a link adaptation procedure should be initiated or not. The initiation of a link adaptation procedure within coverage areas that support LLM1, LLM2, and HLM schemes is based on the channel characteristic of the RF link as well. The BSC 16 compares the channel characteristic parameter to corresponding thresholds to determine whether to perform a link adaptation, or an intra-cell or inter-cell hand-over.
When a call is requested, TCHs are allocated based on the capabilities of both the mobile station 12 and BTS 20 to use LLM2 and HLM schemes. When only LLM1 is supported, TCHs use LLM1. If the system 10, including the mobile station 12 , can support LLM2 or HLM schemes, allocated TCHs use LLM2 or HLM schemes. If link quality is sufficient for HLM scheme, the system 10 uses HLM scheme for communicating over the allocated TCHs. Otherwise, the system 10 uses LLM2 scheme. After hand-over is completed, a link algorithm for switching modulation within a cell continues. A concurrently filed patent application, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/921,319 now Pat. No. 5,909,469 titled "A LINK ADAPTATION METHOD FOR LINKS USING MODULATION SCHEMES THAT HAVE DIFFERENT SYMBOL RATES", which is hereby incorporated by reference, discloses a link adaptation procedure that may preferably be used to perform link adaptation in system 10.
While a call is ongoing, voice or data are communicated over TCHs using HLM scheme, when possible. If the BTS 20 detects a hand-over condition based on the channel characteristic of the RF link, according to one aspect of the invention, a method of communication between the mobile station 12 and BTS 20 initiates a hand-over on an associated control channel using LLM2 scheme. After the hand-over is complete, the mobile station 12 and the BTS 20 resume communication over TCH using HLM scheme. In this way, the present invention provides an easy hand-over method because the hand-over commands over FACCHs are communicated using reduced signal sets of LLM2 scheme that are easily demodulated by the same demodulator used for demodulating HLM modulated voice or data over TCHs.
For the sake of maintaining compatibility with existing systems, the number of bits in one FACCH block that should be transmitted must remain the same. In an exemplary embodiment, a higher level modulation scheme, like 16QAM modulation scheme, with a significantly higher maximum number of bits can be used. Using the greater bit rate provided by 16QAM modulation scheme, a greater number of redundancy bits can be used to increase communication reliability of control information.
According to another aspect of the invention, the system 10 uses LLM2 to transmit control information over associated control channels, e.g., FACCH, independent of the modulation scheme used on TCHs, which may be one of LLM2 or HLM schemes. LLM2 scheme, which has a lower level of modulation relative to HLM scheme, uses reduced signal set of HLM modulation scheme to communicate control information over associated control channels. For example, LLM2 scheme may be QPSK modulation scheme and HLM scheme may be a 16QAM modulation scheme. In this way, both QPSK modulated signals and 16QAM modulated signals can be demodulated using a 16QAM demodulator. Consequently, data reliability over associated control channels is improved compared to TCHs by increased Euclidean distance between signal points of modulation, that is, QPSK modulation scheme compared to 16QAM scheme.
Furthermore, the system 10 uses stealing flags to indicate whether a transmitted burst contains voice and data or control information. The stealing flags contained in the transmitted burst may be transmitted using either QPSK or 16QAM modulation schemes. In case they are transmitted using QPSK modulation scheme, no additional bit is transmitted for stealing flags over TCHs. The advantage of transmitting the stealing flags using, QPSK modulation scheme, i.e., LLM2 scheme, is that they can be demodulated and evaluated independent of the modulation applied to voice or data.
Generally, SACCHs are transmitted on the same carrier as TCHs. The position of SACCHs is well defined so that the receiver is able to demodulate SACCH bursts. In yet another aspect of the invention, LLM2 scheme is used for transmissions over SACCHs. In this way, the demodulation process is simplified, because the symbol rates of LLM2 and HLM are the same. The present invention may also use LLM2 scheme for some of the non-associated control channels, such as SDCCH, PCH and AGCH, in the same way as that used for the SACCHs.
As described above, in-band signalling procedure places control signals in each burst, i.e., time-slot for TDMA systems, on pre-defined positions. According to another aspect of the present invention, in-band signaling is used to indicate at least one or more of a modulation type, a channel coding, and/or a speech coding used for a transmitted burst. The present invention reserves a number of bits (or symbols), similar to the stealing flags, as in-band signaling information to indicate which modulation scheme or channel coding scheme or speech coding is used in the transmitted burst. The reserved symbols or bits have a predefined location within the burst. In order to use the same demodulation scheme as that used to demodulate LLM2 or HLM modulated voice or data, the reserved bits or symbols are preferably modulated using LLM2 scheme. In this way, the receiver can demodulate and evaluate the in-band signaling information independent of the modulation scheme used for voice or data by using identical demodulation schemes. Therefore, the present invention may modulate in-band signalling information and voice or data using separate modulation schemes, but it demodulates them using the same demodulation scheme.
Referring to FIG. 8, a frame containing bits and symbols within a burst is depicted. Each 16QAM symbol comprises four bits. For transmission of data symbols, all four bits contain information that are estimated at receivers. For symbols that are used for in-band signaling, only two bits, bits 1 and 2, bear signalling information, the other two bits, bits 3 and 4, are set to zero. According to in-band signalling method of the invention, only the four outer signal points (in the corners of the 16QAM constellation) are used.
Referring to FIG. 9, a diagram of a mapping scheme used for demodulation of LLM2 and HLM modulated symbols is shown. As shown in FIG. 9, all four outer signal points have the bit pattern 'xy00', where x and y are equivalent to the bits 0 and 1 of the symbol used for in-band signaling. In this way, in-band signaling is efficiently used for transmission of fast control information, for example, to indicate the used modulation scheme.
According to another aspect of the invention, the in-band signalling procedure reserves symbols or bits within a burst for communicating at least two types of information. The different types of information may be data directed to different users or they may be broadcast and user specific information. The system 10 transmits a burst that communicates the two sets of information by modulating a first set of information using a first modulation scheme and modulating a second set of information using a second modulation scheme that is different from the first modulation scheme. According to this aspect, the second modulation scheme, which may be linear or non-linear, uses a reduced signal set of the first modulation scheme. In case of linear modulation scheme, the first modulation scheme may be 16QAM scheme, and the second modulation scheme may be QPSK scheme. In case of non-linear modulation, the first modulation scheme may be 4GMSK scheme, and the second modulation scheme may be GMSK. In this way, the modulation scheme can be optimized according to the link quality and class of each user.
In an exemplary embodiment, the system 10 supports GPRS extension of GSM, which provides packet data service to users. Under this arrangement, each burst contains both broadcast information and user specific information. The broadcast information may, for example, be a USF and user specific information may include packets of user data. This aspect of the invention uses a first modulation schemes for transmitting broadcast information and a second modulation scheme for transmitting user specific information. Preferably, the first modulation scheme, which is a linear modulation scheme, uses a reduced signal set of the second modulation scheme, which has a higher level of modulation than the first modulation scheme. For example, the first modulation scheme is LLM2 scheme, e.g. QPSK scheme, and the second modulation scheme is HLM scheme, i.e., 16QAM modulation schemes. Also, the first and second modulation schemes have the same symbol rate and the same pulse shaping and use the same burst format. As described before, the LLM2 modulated broadcast information can be demodulated by all receivers that are capable of demodulating HLM. Consequently, the present invention ensures that maximum coverage for broadcasting within cells is obtained where either LLM2 or HLM can be used.
From the foregoing it would be appreciated that the present invention significantly facilitates communication of control information in a system that supports multiple modulation schemes by reducing the overhead associated with demodulation of control information, while providing backward compatibility. The present invention takes advantage of higher data throughput provided by higher level modulation schemes to improve reliability when control information are communicated. With modulation schemes that have the same symbol rate, same pulse shaping and burst format, the present invention uses in-band signalling procedure to identify modulation, channel coding and speech coding in transmitted burst. In this way, the present invention improves communication quality of systems that support multiple modulation schemes.
Although the invention has been described in detail with reference only to a preferred embodiment, those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications can be made without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the invention is defined only by the following claims which are intended to embrace all equivalents thereof.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
A Diverse Energy Portfolio
A national leader in both energy production and natural resources
For any business, energy costs are an important part of your budget. Pennsylvania's abundant natural resources and competitive energy markets can put your business ahead in today's global economy. Significant growth markets are nearby as Pennsylvania lies within a day's drive of 60% of North America's population.
To help capture these markets, Pennsylvania's diverse and abundant resources offer nearly endless opportunity due to affordable and less volatile energy prices. Jobs and capital are mobile in today's competitive marketplace. We understand this and are committed to winning your investment and helping you succeed.
Energy News
Read more about how the energy industry is making headlines in Pennsylvania.
Tapping into homegrown resources unlocked by new technology.
Economic Benefits
The shale gas boom positively impacts both consumers and the economy.
Research & Development
Working at the forefront of innovation.
Our internationally-renowned universities foster an environment of creativity and innovation.
The commonwealth's strategic location is a natural advantage to northeast U.S. markets and beyond.
Site Selection
Discover the prime location for your business.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Product Specs
Product Description
Time stands still on your wedding day. For every other day, give the gift of this engraved silver-plated pocket watch. Whether you need a present for dad, grad, groomsmen or the best man in your life, this distinguished keepsake is just the thing.
This unique watch features a gleaming, silver-plated finish, black face and durable chain. Each can be custom-engraved with three block initials of your choice. Measures 2.25" x 1.75" with a 12" chain.
More groomsmen gifts to make your men smile: personalized leather koozie and personalized cherry wood humidor.


text:
Irene's Roasted Leg Of Lamb
|Leg lamb
|6 Pound, trimmed of all visible fat
|Garlic clove
|8 Clove (40 gm), sliced (Or To Taste)
|Extra virgin olive oil
|2 Tablespoon
|Dried oregano
|2 Tablespoon
|Lemons juice
|4 Tablespoon
|2 , chopped coarse
|3 , chopped coarse
|Small red potatoes
|2 1⁄2 Pound, scrubbed
|2 , chopped coarse
|To Taste
|To Taste
|To Taste
1) Preheat oven hot to 500°F.
2) With the tip of a knife, cut small slits over the lamb.
3) Pack the garlic slices into the slits. Use as much garlic as desired.
4) In a small bowl mix olive oil, oregano, salt and pepper.
5) Rub the mixture on the lamb.
6) Place lamb in a large roasting pan.
7) Squeeze lemons over it.
8) Place all the vegetables around the lamb.
9) Sprinkle paprika over it
10) In a pan add 1/8 inch of water and roast lamb and vegetables in the oven for 30 minutes.
11) Reduce oven heat to 300°E. Roast the lamb for 2 1/8 to 3 more hours or till a meat thermometer registers 160°E.
12) Baste with juices frequently adding water if necessary. Cook the lamb till done.
13) Keep the lamb aside for 20 minutes before carving.
14) Serve the lamb with some vegetables.


text:
Rugby Union
Select a team
Six Nations
- England
- France
- Ireland
- Italy
- Scotland
- Wales
Aviva Premiership
- Bath
- Exeter
- Gloucester
- Harlequins
- Leicester
- London Irish
- London Welsh
- Newcastle
- Northampton
- Sale
- Saracens
- Wasps
The Rugby Championship
- Australia
- New Zealand
- South Africa
Guinness PRO12
- Cardiff Blues
- Connacht
- Dragons
- Edinburgh
- Glasgow
- Leinster
- Munster
- Ospreys
- Scarlets
- Treviso
- Ulster
- Zebre
Top 14
- Bayonne
- Bordeaux-Begles
- Brive
- Castres
- Clermont Auvergne
- Lyon
- Montpellier
- Racing Metro
- Stade Francais
- Toulon
- Toulouse
- Grenoble
- La Rochelle
- Oyonnax
Soane Tonga'uiha
Final showdowns
Tuesday 21st May 15:29
The curtain will finally fall on the Aviva Premiership season on Saturday when East Midlands rivals Leicester and Northampton clash at Twickenham.
Jim Mallinder calls for Northampton fans to inspire side to victory over Gloucester
Friday 8th February 16:10
Jim Mallinder has urged Northampton supporters to inspire their side to victory over Gloucester on Saturday.
Saints claim third straight win
Sunday 6th November 17:31
Tries from props Soane Tonga'uiha and Brian Mujati helped Northampton clinch a 24-13 win over Wasps at Adams Park.
Leinster lead ERC nominations
Monday 16th May 10:07
Three players from Leinster have been named on the shortlist for the ERC European Player of the Year award.
Tigers tamed at Northampton
Sunday 5th September 17:16
Northampton made a bold statement of their Premiership intentions with a 27-19 win over Leicester at Franklin's Gardens on Sunday.
Ashton scoops player award
Wednesday 19th May 07:49
Northampton and England winger Chris Ashton has won the Guinness Premiership Player of the Season award.
Mallinder accuses Saracens
Friday 14th May 10:52
Northampton director of rugby Jim Mallinder has accused Saracens of approaching prop Brian Mujati about a move.
Shorlists for awards announced
Tuesday 11th May 12:01
Northampton and Saracens dominate the shortlist for the Guinness Premiership Player of the Season award.
Saints trio top nominations
Friday 7th May 11:37
Northampton trio Ben Foden, Phil Dowson and Soane Tonga'uiha are in the running to lift the prestigious RPA players' player award.
Tonga'uiha staying at Saints
Thursday 15th April 13:21
Northampton have reached an agreement with Saracens to retain Tongan prop Soane Tonga'uiha.
Sarries report Saints
Thursday 1st April 15:22
Saracens have reported Northampton Saints to the rugby authorities in the escalating row over Soane Tonga'uiha.
U-turn for Tonga'uiha
Thursday 1st April 13:56
Soane Tonga'uiha has performed a u-turn by agreeing a new deal with Northampton - just months after saying he was off to Saracens.
Griffiths blasts Saints
Wednesday 31st March 20:26
Saracens chief executive Edward Griffiths is unhappy with Northampton's behaviour in the row over Soane Tonga'uiha.
Tonga'uiha to join Sarries
Wednesday 27th January 12:36
Saracens have continued their preparation for next season by signing Tongan international prop Soane Tonga'uiha.
Saints - Power in the pack
Sunday 12th April 12:40
Jim Mallinder picked out the pack for special praise after Northampton's win on Saturday.
Rupert Cox's Off Load: Clermont, England Sevens and Jean Deysel come under scrutiny
Rupert Cox shares his highlights from the week's rugby action in his round-up blog.
Hits and tries
The biggest and toughest hits and tackles plus the best tries from the world of rugby union.
Rupert Cox's Off Load: Hurricanes, Toulouse and Nick Williams all come under scrutiny
Rupert Cox shares his highlights from the week's rugby action in his round-up blog.
Experts & Blogs
Phil Edwards
Read the thoughts and opinions of Phil Edwards with skysports.com


text:
Synchronize AngularJS scope between clients
For interactive web applications that are to be run on multiple devices at the same time, synchroscope makes it very easy to share scope variables.
synchroscope uses
Function.prototype.bind which is unavailable in some older browsers (such as iOS5 Safari).
Please use es5-shim if you want to target those.
Symlink or copy
client/sync.js to your Angular project, and include it like this.
Then, declare a dependency on
synchroscope module,
ask for the
$ync service, and just call it:
angularmodule'myApp' 'synchroscope' controller'MyController' $scopehello = 'initial data' $scopeworld = 'for synchroscope demo' $scopefoo = 'TRY IT!' var keys = 'hello' 'world' // keys that you want to share var room = 'test' // room name var sync = $ync$scope keys room
As soon as you call
$ync, the keys
hello and
world will be
synchronized across all browser clients.
Let's assume that
io is a Socket.IO server object obtained by something like this:
var io = require('socket.io').listen(server). Just add this line to your server:


text:
Zombie (Paperback)
|Author: Joyce Carol Oates
Learn more about Zombie:
|*Author: Oates, Joyce Carol *Publication Date: 2009/09/01 *Number of Pages: 181 *Binding Type: Paperback *Language: English *Depth: 0.25 *Width: 5.25 *Height: 7.75
From the Publisher:
Meet Quentin P.
He is a problem for his professor father and his loving mother, though of course they do not believe the charge (sexual molestation of a minor) that got him in that bit of trouble.
He is a challenge for his court-appointed psychiatrist, who nonetheless is encouraged by the increasingly affirmative quality of his dreams and his openness in discussing them.
He is a thoroughly sweet young man for his wealthy grandmother, who gives him more and more, and can deny him less and less.
He is the most believable and thoroughly terrifying sexual psychopath and killer ever to be brought to life in fiction, as Joyce Carol Oates achieves her boldest and most brilliant triumph yet—a dazzling work of art that extends the borders of the novel into the darkest heart of truth.
Joyce Carol Oates blends fiction with crude drawings and typography to tell the story of Quentin P., a serial killer in search of the perfect zombie (who will do whatever he asks). Filled with gruesome detail, parts of this literary approach to serial killer fiction were previously published by "The New Yorker."
"Oates is at her most Grand Guignol in this searing study of a psychopathic killer....Minor Oates, then, but a raw, scorching draft just the same." 07/01/1995 San Francisco Chronicle Book Review
"'Zombie' isn't pretty, but it isn't gratuitous, either, mixing elements that are horrific, tawdry and banal, Oates strikes a balance that makes her cautionary tale hit home." - Michael Upchurch 09/24/1995
View all buying options for Zombie
New, unread, publisher over-stock copies. 100% Satisfaction Guarantee! Usually Ships in 1 to 2 business days.
+ $3.99 shipping
Shipping: Usually ships in 1 to 2 business days
Condition: Brand New
Seller: Buy.com
+ $3.10 shipping
Shipping: Usually Ships within 1 business day
Condition: Brand New


text:
Oh snap! Our new Drake cover (on newsstands as of yesterday) was featured on BET's 106 & Park recently and host Terence J said, "It's a collector's item one day" and then Rocsi clowned him for bad grammar. But we love it. Thanks for the support, guys!
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text:
The Pursuit Of HappinessIt's there...following your every move
Catch the elusive wave
deleted 26-30 5 Responses 16 Aug 12, 2012
There can never be any real happiness without true freedom.
Why is it following me? Why is it so elusive? Why am I on the beach?
Yeah. I am playing volleyball. There were too many people in the water. Wanna join in?
Sweeeet! You are gonna eat sand! Be ready.
*opens up a can-o-whoopass*
Don't think you can distract me with that bi...ki..ni........... Wow!
*wonders if he can play with only one eye on the ball* Nope.
"sooner or later she'd wade into it, he was waiting"
It plays peek-a-boo when you reach out to touch it.
Here I come with my surfboard :)


text:
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Just too easy!! I love this site. I look, I get inspiration, I choose, I pay, I download, and I get up and go to the sewing room!
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Just wanted to thank you for such a wonderful website. I love the patterns and cannot wait to start my patterns for the baby dresses I downloaded yesterday. I WILL be a return customer. Love the bookshelf :-)
I just want to say THANK YOU! Love the patterns that I can see, the pricing is wonderful; it's nice when you don't have to buy a complete book for just one pattern. I also like that you can "save for later."


text:
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Code 22665
Level of study Second Year
Credit value 10
Semester 2
The term Basque usually brings to mind adjectives such as primeval, ancient, mysterious, isolated, unknown. Although the Basque Country has maintained its cultural and historical legacy it is nowadays an open, modern and dynamic society.
This course aims to study Basque society from a historical, anthropological, sociolinguistic, political and cultural perspective, through the analysis of different forms of artistic and cultural expressions (literature, music, painting, films, TV programs, architecture, folklore, etc).
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Net weight: 100g / 3.53oz
Free delivery over £40
In stock
Origin: China
Leaf Type: Green Tea
Taste: Sweet and slightly smoky
Drink: Without milk
Brew: Lightly, 2-3 minutes according to taste with water off the boil
When to drink: Afternoon
The perfect gift for any green tea lover, this pretty tin is filled with 100g of Whittard's distinctive Gunpowder tea. The muted Oriental flower design pays tribute to the Chinese origins of Gunpowder Tea.
Gunpowder Tea takes its name from the tightly rolled pellets the leaves are rolled into, which were actually mistaken for real gunpowder by traders in the 16th century. Perfect for the afternoon, the leaves of this delicate Chinese green tea unfurl to produce a golden cup that is smooth, sweet and slightly smoky.
The tin has an internal lid that keeps the tea beautifully fresh, and when you have drunk all the tea it can be refilled and used again and again. It makes an original gift to treasure for a birthday or any other special occasion, whether Gunpowder Tea is already a favourite or something completely new.
Diameter: 5.3cm
Height: 17cm
Weight: 100g


text:
Contact Information
Moose Lake Area Chamber of CommercePO Box 110
4524 Arrowhead Lane
Moose Lake, MN 55767
(218) 485-4145 (Phone)
(218) 428-7019 (Phone 2)
(800) 635-3680 (Toll Free)
Region: Northeast
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Chamber of Commerce office & Tourist Information Center. The Moose Lake Area Chamber of Commerce is proud to be a proud supporter of our community and we connect businesses to opportunity.
More Information
- Located at the corner of Hwy. 73 and Hwy 61. Look for the 9' Moose Statue
Other Date Information
- Office hours: Monday - Friday 9 am - 3 pm, Saturday 9 am - 1 pm
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46th Annual Agate Days Celebration
Elm Avenue
Moose Lake, MN 55767
Call: (218) 485-4145
Toll Free: 1-800-635-3680
Gem & Mineral Show Saturday, July 18th - 9am-5pm & Sunday July 19th - 9am-4pm.
Agate and Gem Slide Presentation - Saturday, July 19th - 11am-1:30pm
Music in the Park, Saturday, July 20th - Moose Lake City Park
Art in the Park , Saturday, July 19th - 9am - 5pm - Moose Lake City Park
The Agate Stampede - Saturday, July 19th @ 2pm - Elm Avenue
Firemen's Steak Fry - Friday, July 18th - Moose Lake Fire Hall
Car Show - Saturday, July 19th from 10am - 2:00 pm - Moose Lake City Park
Crazy Corn Days
Call: (218) 485-4145
Toll Free: (800) 635-3680
Fundraising event for the Chamber of Commerce and our Junior Ambassador Program. Corn available for free(donations accepted) until supplies run out. Located in the parking lot of MarketPlace Foods in Moose Lake.
Moose Triathlon
Elm Avenue
Moose Lake, MN 55767
Call: (218) 485-4145
The Moose Lake Area Chamber of Commerce has organized the 3rd annual Moose Triathlon. There is a .4 Mile Swim, 12.5 Mile Bike, and 3.4 Mile Run. Registration available online.
Santa Visits Moose Lake
Call: (218) 485-4145
Toll Free: (800) 635-3680
Santa Visit, Tree Lighting, and Parade of Lights


text:
California Nurses Association charged with illegally attaining private mailing list of SEIU nurses during Iowa Caucuses for unsolicited mailers to workers
CORALVILLE, Iowa, May 12 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- The California Nurses Association (CNA) violated Iowa state law by improperly mailing promotional materials to 2,000 nurses represented by the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) Local 199 according to a lawsuit filed on behalf of nurses today. The suit charges the CNA broke the Iowa Trade Secrets Act when it sent unsolicited materials to the homes of Iowa nurses after illegally attaining a private mailing list of SEIU members earlier this year.
"It's frankly scary that an out-of-state union like the CNA would have gotten their hands on our confidential, internal list," said Cathy Glasson, a registered nurse and President of SEIU Local 199. "No one in America should ever have to worry that their private information will be taken and used without their consent."
The confidential membership list of SEIU union or local nurses was used by SEIU as part of a December 2007 effort to win support for then-presidential candidate John Edwards. The lawsuit states the CNA violated the Iowa Trade Secrets Act (IA Code SS 550) when it used SEIU Local 199's membership data and mailing lists without permission and by improper means. If found liable, the CNA could owe compensatory and punitive damages to the plaintiffs. The CNA could also be barred from using SEIU's list to initiate any further contact with SEIU nurses in Iowa.
"I could tell immediately something was fishy about the mailing I received because it was sent to my old address instead of the one I have on file with the state nurse registry," said Linda Merfeld, a registered nurse and member of SEIU Local 199 in Coralville, IA. "It's a little more than creepy that the CNA is digging for my personal information to use however they like."
The lawsuit was filed in
|SOURCE Service Employees International Union
Copyright©2008 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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Peer-Reviewed Publications
Found 2 resultsAuthor Title [ Year]
Filters: Keyword is Age Factors and Author is Senserrick, Teresa M [Clear All Filters]
Teen driver crash risk and associations with smoking and drowsy driving." Accid Anal Prev. 2008;40(3):869-76."
Recent developments in young driver education, training and licensing in Australia." J Safety Res. 2007;38(2):237-44."


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Inmate who escaped state prison twice dies
Posted: 12/23/2009 - McALESTER, Okla. (AP) - A convicted killer who escaped during the deadly 1973 riot at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary and eventually fled the prison again has died.
Posted: 12/23/2009 - McALESTER, Okla. (AP) - A convicted killer who escaped during the deadly 1973 riot at the Oklahoma State Penitentiary and eventually fled the prison again has died.
Posted: 12/23/2009 - ENID, Okla. (AP) - Attorney Scott Wood of Tulsa says he now represents Enid Police Capts. Dean Grassino and Tom Nichols after they were suspended and are being investigated.
Posted: 12/23/2009 - TULSA, Okla. (AP) - The future is unclear for Tulsa-based Arrow Trucking after the trucking company suspended operations and laid off employees.
Posted: 12/20/2009 - OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) - Three Edmond residents have been charged in connection with the death of a 54-year-old homeless man known as "Bicycle Bob."
Posted: 12/20/2009 - TULSA, Okla. (AP) - A Tulsa County judge has sentenced a man convicted of murdering two children and wounding another to life in prison without parole.
Posted: 12/20/2009 - JONES, Okla. (AP) - Geologists hope new equipment coming to Oklahoma next year will help them determine the cause of a spate of earthquakes in eastern Oklahoma County near Jones.
Posted: 12/20/2009 - TULSA, Okla. (AP) - A woman wanted in connection with the beating death of a man killed in an apparent dispute over an English bulldog has turned herself in to authorities.
Posted: 12/20/2009 - OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) - More than two dozen Oklahoma school districts have told the state that they can't balance their budgets after state funding for public schools was cut by 10 percent this month.
Posted: 12/18/2009 - OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) - Police in Oklahoma City have arrested a 15-year-old boy after he admitted to accidentally shooting a teenage girl in the head.
Posted: 12/18/2009 - OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) - A North Texas water district seeking to buy billions of gallons of water from basins in southern Oklahoma has filed an amended lawsuit against officials in Oklahoma.
Posted: 12/18/2009 - BROKEN BOW, Okla. (AP) - An opinion from Attorney General Drew Edmondson effectively shuts down companies that rent cabins to tourists - unless they're supervised by a licensed real estate broker.
Updated: 12/15/2009 - OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) - A state panel has approved a rate hike for customers of Oklahoma Natural Gas.
Posted: 12/14/2009 - OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) - A 27-year-old Oklahoma County jail inmate has been found dead in his cell.
Posted: 12/14/2009 - MANGUM, Okla. (AP) - Authorities say they believe gangs are smuggling cell phones to inmates in order to stay in contact while in prison.
Posted: 12/14/2009 - BROKEN ARROW, Okla. (AP) - Police in Broken Arrow says a chase ended when the suspect fleeing police shot and killed himself.
Posted: 12/14/2009 - OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) - A man who was sentenced to death for the killing of a University of Oklahoma dance student has lost a bid for a new trial.
Posted: 12/14/2009 - TULSA, Okla. (AP) - Televangelist Oral Roberts has been hospitalized after falling during the weekend.
Posted: 12/13/2009 - TULSA, Okla. (AP) - Tulsa police have arrested five people in the death of a 40-year-old man and say his death is the result of a dispute over English bulldogs.
Posted: 12/13/2009 - STILLWATER, Okla. (AP) - A member of Stillwater's volunteer planning commission has filed a petition seeking the recall of Mayor Nathan Bates.
Posted: 12/13/2009 - OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) - Oklahoma is getting $465 million in economic stimulus money for state roads and bridges.
Posted: 12/13/2009 - ANADARKO, Okla. (AP) - Three months after the slaying of a pastor in her church, some residents of Anadarko say they still have a sense of unease.
Posted: 12/13/2009 - ALVA, Okla. (AP) - Officials say a man died when his small plane crashed near Alva while he tried to land in heavy fog at night.
Updated: 12/13/2009 - Marshall County, OK--The body of thirty four year old Teddy Pennytacker was found on the east side of North Island on Lake Texoma early Saturday morning. Officials say two men that were fishing in that area were walking along the shore line when they discovered Pennytackers lifeless body floating just off shore.
Posted: 12/11/2009 - OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) - A second teenager has been arrested in the suspected gang-related shooting death of a 17-year-old boy in the parking lot of an events center in northwest Oklahoma City.
Posted: 12/11/2009 - WEBBERS FALLS, Okla. (AP) - The mayor of Webbers Falls in eastern Oklahoma has surrendered to police on 15 felony charges of embezzlement.


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31 year old woman | Austin, TX, USA | Seeking men 28-38 within 50 miles
Open-minded free spirit looking for a companion
I'm looking for a funny man who knows what he wants, and will leave no doubts that he is ready to take advantage a every great moment life has to offer. A sweet man who loves a girl who cooks amazing dinners ,will jump at the chance to go out dancing, and loves night swims in exotic places. Someone who is willing to take chances and trust his partner. I do not live my life as others do but I live my life free from lots of worries with a trust in the universe to provide me with the right path and the chances to make a difference in this world one person, conversation, good deed, and love for all. If your willing to go on lots of vacations all around the world, dance till the sun rises in the dessert. Camp on the sands of Hawaii under the stars, go to concerts in Denmark, cook a wonderful meal for every once in a while. Then you are the man for me. ( notice I said willing NOT can afford)
Camping , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Travel/Sightseeing
Dancing, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Yoga
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I have Dogs
I like Birds, Cats, Exotic Pets, Fish, Horses, Other
I have a Half pit half lab named Doja he is an awesome dog very strong but also very gentle with my 2 year old niece.
Some other viewpoint
Sway. Korea House, Plush, Yellow jacket, Alamo draft house, Barton Springs, Hamilton Pool, The Narrows, Burner Events
I love Electronic dance music, Comedy of al kinds, Sci fi , and ghost shows, aliens, and so on. food I love it all I am a chef so I love to try new things and interesting combinations. I'm a burner so I go to as many burner events as possible
Info wars magizine
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|5'6" (167cms)
|5'6" (167cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|Big and beautiful
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|No preference
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|No preference
|Self-Employed / Entrepreneur
|No preference
|$75,001 to $100,000
|$25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married
|No preference
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|Latino / Hispanic
|No preference
|Spiritual but not religious
|Agnostic, Atheist, Buddhist / Taoist, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim / Islam, Spiritual but not religious, Other
|No preference
|Some college
|No preference


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Pre '96 Suzuki DR650S
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sometime dirt squirter
Joined: Jun 2004
Location: 51st state of the U.S.A
Oddometer: 585
I've got a 1999 model (well, ok its a Suzuki Freewind, but it's still a DR650 motor) and so far (11,000kms) it's been great. Never missed a beat and never looked like giving trouble either and I've ridden in everything from desert to highways to snow. Before I bought it, I was actually trying to decide wether to buy a DR650 or KLR650 so I spent hours searching for owners reports on both bikes details any problems they'd had. I found a few for the KLR, but apart from the weeping base gasket on some DR650's it was all pretty good. The only thing with mine is a slight oil leak from the rocker cover. But that only happens when you ride it hard (130kph+) for an extended period of time
The other great thing about the DR is screw and locknut vavle adjusters make it soooo easy to do your own valve clearances.
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Art Education
The art education program at NKU strives to provide quality preparation to future art teachers so they may go on to have successful teaching careers and a lifelong engagement with art.
A strong background in art education and the visual arts is necessary for teachers of art to help their students make, study, interpret and evaluate works of art. The mission of the art education program at NKU is to train art educators committed to teaching and to their students, to offer them a depth and breadth of knowledge about art; and to equip them with the current methods in curriculum development, instruction and assessment. Our program supports and affirms the idea that teachers must be reflective decision makers who continually engage in learning new content, skills, theories, art forms and technology.
The art education program, in association with the College of Education, provides a curriculum that includes foundations in both art and education fundamentals. Students must learn about and engage in a variety of the studio processes: ceramics, drawing, graphic design, painting, photography, printmaking and sculpture. While art educators need competence in a variety of studio areas, specialization in a particular art form enhances classroom teaching, and the teacher's personal involvement in art making serves as a model to students. The studio explorations component in the degree allows students to concentrate in a specific studio discipline.


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73 of 79 visitors recommend this product (92.41%).
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Dell UltraSharp U2311H, 23" saved
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Ricky Martin Guests on LIVE! WITH KELLY AND MICHAEL Today, 10/4
Superstar Ricky Martin will guest on today's October 4th LIVE! WITH KELLY AND MICHAEL. The actor currently stars as 'Che' in the current Broadway revival of EVITA.
A Grammy-winning, international pop icon, Martin has sold more than 60 million albums and performed to sold-out stadium and arena audiences throughout the world. Martin previously starred on Broadway as Marius in Les Misérables in 1996. Recently, Martin's critically praised autobiography "ME" debuted as a New York Times Bestseller, his latest album "Musica+Alma+Sexo" posted the strongest chart debut for a Spanish language album in 15 years. Martin also guest-starred as Spanish teacher David Martinez on the hit TV series GLEE.
In addition to Martin, the morning talk show will also welcome stars Christopher Walken on October 9, Stanley Tucci on October 11, Kyle MacLachlan on October 12, Cynthia Nixon on October 15 and Krysten Ritter on October 23.
Emmy Award-winning talk show "LIVE! with Kelly and Michael" is distributed in national syndication by Disney-ABC Domestic Television. Produced by WABC-TV in New York and executive-produced by Michael Gelman, "LIVE" airs in more than 200 markets across the U.S. Visit "LIVE" on the web at LIVEKellyandMichael.com, on Facebook, or follow "LIVE" on Twitter, @KellyandMichael.
Photo Credit: Walter McBride / Retna Ltd.
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- CNBC to Air THE MAKING OF DIG, the USA Network Event Series, 3/1
- NBC to Air One-Hour Season Finale of CHRISTINA MILIAN TURNED UP, 3/1
- NBC Universo to Present ROMEO SANTOS DESDE VINA Concert Exclusive, 3/1
- Kelly Clarkson to Visit CBS SUNDAY MORNING, 3/1
- VIDEO: Clark Gregg Teases New AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D. Season Using Emojis
- Dakota Johnson to Host SNL Tonight; Alabama Shakes to Perform
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- Telemundo to Present FUTBOL ESTELAR: LEON VS SANTOS, Today
- Telemundo to Give Viewers Sneak Peek at Upcoming Programming on LO NUEVO, Today


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Angels ace Weaver 'not worried' about forearm tightness
SEP 21, 2013 9:10a ET
The tightness is on the outside of the forearm and inside of the elbow. It would be a bigger concern if it was on the inside of the forearm, where the ulnar collateral ligament is located.
"It's nothing I'm worried about; it's just something that's been lingering," Weaver said. "If we were in a playoff hunt, I could pitch. But I was honest with [manager Mike] Scioscia, and he felt it would be best to work this out and push me back."
Weaver, who is 10-8 with a 3.36 ERA, said the forearm began to tighten up after a Sept. 9 game at Minnesota. He felt fine last Sunday in Houston, where he allowed two runs and six hits in six innings of an Angels victory, but the injury flared up this week.
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Results 1 to 13 of 205
Thread: ► Ka.lie.doscope
November 20th, 2007 #1
► Ka.lie.doscope
My previous sb turned 1 y/o just over a week ago, and now stands at 22 pages. Which is my lucky number. I also just finished up my second year at college, so I took all this as incentive to start a new book on here and leave beautiful liar behind. Because new years comes sooner for me.
I don't feel like bumping my old sb, so I'll just very improperly thank everyone for posting and critting my work on there, it means a great deal to wake up some mornings and find that you peeps were interested enough to give well considered, well founded feedback. Muchos gracias.
Right so I'm pretty darn excited about this coming year, have a lot ideas bouncing around, a lot of pet projects, and best of all some time (college 3rd year gives you a lot of freedom, so I may well end up pursuing some of my own goals). Looking forward to doing some fun stuff.
Anycase, I'm rambling again. First art of this sb follows in my next post, this one is reserved for the almighty thumb.
- Brendan Noeth
- Similar Threads
- SketchBook: ◄◄Chaos Theory's sketchbook►►
- SketchBook: smrrfette►Odyssey
- SketchBook: ► beautiful liar
Last edited by Brendan N; May 14th, 2010 at 06:56 AM.Brendan Noeth
Hide this ad by registering as a memberNovember 20th, 2007 #2
So this was a pretty interesting project, it involved designing and illustrating your own ID book (the title is a play on this concept of this sb becoming an ID document and the Freudian term for the subconscious). Luckily my lecturer gave me quite a bit of liberty and increased creative direction, so I was able to ditch some parts of the brief and add extra stuff. these 9 spreads are the final result:
feedback welcome as always
Last edited by Brendan N; November 30th, 2007 at 08:26 PM.Brendan Noeth
November 20th, 2007 #3
Some animation stills (sans post-production, these are raw render):
Done mostly in XSI 6.0
Brendan Noeth
November 20th, 2007 #4
Something a little newer - a WIP for an upcoming exhibition of mine. Crits would be appreciated on this one, something feels really really off:
And, just a trivial little piece - the menu screen designed for me interactive portfolio:
think that's all for now. c&c would be greatly appreciated. rip this shit apart.
Brendan Noeth
November 20th, 2007 #5
Hi Brendan.
Didn't see your previous sketchbook, but I liked the style and the design of your project pages at the top so much, I'll have to check out your older stuff. I think you've nailed the theme, loose linework and textures really fit the subject. Good luck with your studies man, keep it up
November 21st, 2007 #6
IvkeBG - As the first person to post in my new sb, you have been bestowed with a most sacred honour: the first reply of my new sb! many thanks for dropping by, appreciate the kind comments .
Just thought I might throw in my sp for the awesome International SP day.
c&c welcome as always.
Brendan Noeth
November 21st, 2007 #7
Ahh new book new goodness.
Nice , nice ....congrats for the exhibition.What can I say....Post more....
NEW SketchbooK
My Finished Paintings(TIGHTropE)
November 21st, 2007 #8Registered User
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I really like the first ones
November 22nd, 2007 #9
bhanu - thank you bruthar, more coming up.
catti - many thanks, I think you may be one of the few who do .
just a tiny little late last night speedy:
this one was done with a new brush set I put together for myself, instead of the usual barontieri/min mix.
this is the first time I've used em, hope to take them further and evolve them.
Last edited by Brendan N; November 22nd, 2007 at 09:23 AM.Brendan Noeth
November 22nd, 2007 #10
Those textures are so great, gotta love them
As for your problem in post 4, I can't really see what's wrong either. When I squint, I can tell it's compositional.
I would only suggest moving the woman closer to the circle, and having her hair cross it. I find myself very unsatisfied with the 'touching' between the hair and the circle there; it irks me. See if that makes any difference.
Portfolio | Blog | Sketchbook
November 22nd, 2007 #11
Very interesting and unique pages, you have some really great textures in them. SP is really nice as well. Keep it up Brendan!
Mitchell Mohrhauser
November 30th, 2007 #12
drd - many thanks. The composition there is still very much flawed, and yes the hair is really uncomfortable at this stage - that'll be softened out in the near future. Many thanks for dropping by!
Skeiff - Thanks Mitch, always cool hearing kind words from you. Thanks for dropping by, remind me to pay you a visit.
Just a quick speedie-bump here - I don't think this one is more than 30 minutes. Real art soon!
c&c always appreciated!
Brendan Noeth
November 30th, 2007 #13Registered User
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- Brooklyn
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great start to your new sketchbook. the speedpaints are really strong. on the wip for the exebition i think the problem is that the position of the figure is pulling the eye off the page which is competing with the graphic shape of the hair and the circle on the right side. i dont know what is supposed to be going on but i would think about flipping the figure and have her looking to the right side of the image, also, maybe change the position of one of the arms to also help lead the eye through the image, not off it.
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NVIDIA says it will win back performance leadership this year
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Location: South Florida
Posts: 531
Re: NVIDIA says it will win back performance leadership this year
The HD 4870 X2 may be the fastest overall single card, but it is more expensive than the GTX 280 and has a higher power draw with just as much if not more generated heat. Dual-GPU cards are also problematic with certain games. We know that they just don't scale as well as single-GPU cards like the GTX 280 and then there's the dreaded micro-stuttering. If I had my choice, I would always go with a single-GPU card. Now that the GTX 280 has dropped to about $400, I think it's a better deal than the 4870 X2 at $550. On the other hand, the regular HD 4870 is a better buy at under $289 than the GTX 280. There is no question that ATI has won the price-performance round this time. The 4870 X2 is only for those who want the fatest card and money is no object.
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33 year old man | Sacramento, CA, USA | Seeking women 23-33 within 50 miles
Can you handle this?
I'm goofy and fun, smart and easy going, and I've even been known to be a smartass at times. I value the relationships in my life, and am genuine and honest. I value communication, and I consider myself a thinker. I'm getting my Masters in Computer Science while working full-time for THE MAN. And this "man" is my lady! (If you're wondering, that's the State of California; and they actually treat me pretty well.) I'm adventurous in my food taste, and love eating and cooking all types of cuisines. I love to travel and satisfy my urge for adrenaline: roller-coasters, skydiving, motorcycle riding, etc.
Cooking , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Travel/Sightseeing
Dancing, Skiing, Tennis / Racquet sports, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Dogs
I like hamsters, but they always die on me... never again. Never again. So now I'm looking for something with a longer lifespan.
I'm about finding a spot before it's hot. I was at In-&-Out before it was in. Disneyland!?! I've been hooked since I was five. My car? I practically live in it...
California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, CA
I'm not so much about the thing as I am about the experience. For instance, would you rather go to a big chain, or find a great hole-in-the-wall joint? From a night of laughing it up at a comedy club to making my friends cry at board games, I'm down!
What can I say, I have an adventurous spirit. I love new experiences and exploring my surroundings. Have you ever bungee jumped off the space needle? Or ran with the bulls in Barcelona? Well, me neither. I'm ready, are you along for the ride?
After watching Life of Pi, I started reading the book (yeah, I'm a rebel). I gotta admit, the movie was better! I also enjoy reading online articles about technology. I can go on and on about space exploration or nano-particles.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'11" (180cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 6'5" (195cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Salt and pepper, Dark blonde
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker, Regularly, Moderately
|Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military
|No preference
I'm getting my Masters while working full-time for THE MAN. If you're wondering, that's the State of California, and they actually treat me pretty great. That's one man I don't mind loving… no homo no homo.
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Someday, Not sure, Probably not
|East Indian
|No preference
I get this a lot: White people think I'm Mexican, Mexicans think I'm Persian, Persians think I'm an asshole. And assholes think I'm Indian. The asshole wins.
|Agnostic, Atheist, Buddhist / Taoist, Spiritual but not religious, Other
Who you are is more important to me than what you believe. I'm a humanist first and an atheist second.
|Graduate degree
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
I'm getting my Master's in Computer Science.