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This section titled "Extension Of Time Provided For States To Request Payments Under Title 1" extends the time permitted to request funds, for election administration and the replacement of old punch card voting or lever voting systems. The deadline is extended from "not later than 6 months after the date of the enactment of the act" (which would be April 29 2003) to "not later than the Tuesday next after the first Monday in November 2003" (which would be November 11, 2003).
Section 4 is titled "Promoting Accuracy, Integrity, And Security Through Voter-Verified Permanent Record Or Hard Copy" and amends the "Voting Systems Standards" section of HAVA to allow voters to not only check their electronic vote but to also check the permanent paper record.
Where HAVA requires voting systems to include a "permanent paper record" available as "an official record" for any recount that might occur and to allow voters an "opportunity to change the ballot or correct any error before the permanent paper record is produced", VCIAA is specific that systems must include an "individual paper record" that is "the official record", "made available for inspection and verification by the voter at the time the vote is cast" and preserved for "later use in any manual recount".
This section also adds a new section to HAVA covering software and modems. This amendment requires that the software contained or used in voting systems is disclosed to the Federal Election Commission as source code and that the code can be made "available for inspection upon request to any citizen".
To address security concerns, Section 4 also disallows the use of any wireless communication devices at all in voting systems.
Disabled voters are also given the option of using an "interim paper system" with help from an aide as well as the "direct recording electronic voting system" outlined by HAVA. The deadline for requesting funds for such a system is moved from January 1 2007 to January 1 2006.


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My theory is that if a book is good enough, it'll be made into a movie. I'm lazy enough to just wait until then.
My theory is that if a book is good enough, it'll be made into a movie. I'm lazy enough to just wait until then.
Porkys was written by Ron Renauld and published in 1983. Currently out of print. Mint condition 1st edition going for about 3 bucks.
Thanks,I wish I did not know that now.
"I like my antiques new " - Steve Martin
Has anyone read any of the "A Very Short Introduction to..." series from Oxford Press? The few I've read have been pretty good, and they cover a lot of different subjects.
p.s. I'm not associated with them in any way
It is a take off on the %~@^&=* for Dummies series ?
No, of course not. As near as I can tell, the series is all written by British professors. The "Dummies" series concept suggests a practical need to learn the information. The "A Very Short Introduction" speaks more to intellectual curiosity. You would never see a Dummies for Christian Art, or Dummies for Locke, but the Oxford Press is publishing shorts on these subjects. I'm currently reading one on Medieval Britain.
Just finished "The Difference Maker" by Maxwell. Listening to "Leadership" by Lee Iacoca now, a little too much Bush bashing for no reason in the beginning which makes it hard to get through. About to start "Good to Great" and "Success on Your Own Terms."
Just finished "Neither Here nor There" by Bill Bryson, who is a great travel writer and it is a laugh out loud funny book. And "Cheyenne Moon" by Larry McMurtry, one of my favorite authors.
Currently reading "Rabbit is Rich" by John Updike as part of my quest to read all of the Pulitzer Prize winning fiction books.

subset: commoncrawl


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Earth Poets & Musicians celebrating 25 years
The Milwaukee Earth Poets & Musicians will celebrate 25 years of performing together with a big benefit shindig Friday at the Urban Ecology Center, 1500 E. Park Place.
Mainstays Harvey Taylor, Louisa Loveridge Gallas, Jahmes Finlayson, Holly Haebig Wake, Jeff Poniewaz and Suzanne Rosenblatt have invited a bevy of other local performers to join them for "Thirty Performers in Three Hours for the Earth," which will begin at 7 p.m. »Read Full Article
A Spotify playlist for "Respect Yourself," Robert Gordon's history of Stax Records
This week I reviewed Memphis music writer Robert Gordon's excellent "Respect Yourself: Stax Records and the Soul Explosion," an excellent history of the label that gave us hits and deep cuts by Booker T. and the M.G.'s, Carla Thomas, Otis Redding, Sam and Dave, the Bar-Kays, Isaac Hayes, the Staple Singers and many others.
Here's a Spotify playlist with 252 tracks discussed in the book, include the complete soundtrack for Wattstax. It's about 16 hours of music. »Read Full Blog Post(1)
Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra, chorus excel in dynamics for 'Mass'
For those to whom music speaks volumes, hearing Schubert's profound "Mass No. 6" was a meaningful commemoration of the 50th anniversary of President John F. Kennedy's assassination.
The Milwaukee Symphony Orchestra and Chorus gave a powerful performance of the piece Friday evening, under guest conductor Hans Graf. »Read Full Article
Smart staging sparks Skylight's 'Les Misérables'
The student revolution commemorated in "Les Misérables" may have gone bust, but with all due respect to the flag-waving Enjolras, he's no Molly Rhode.
One year after making her Skylight Music Theatre directorial debut with an unforgettable "The Sound of Music," Rhode is leading the charge in the Skylight's revolutionary production of "Les Miz," which combines some of the smartest staging I've seen all year with a glorious cast, ensuring you'll hear the people sing as never before. »Read Full Article(5)
Milwaukee Rep's ensemble shines in 'Noises Off'
That theater troupe that just hit town is having the same kind of season the Green Bay Packers are — bumblin', stumblin' and getting hurt. Only its audience is shaking with laughter, not frustration.
The Milwaukee Repertory Theater opened a lively production of Michael Frayn's farce "Noises Off" Friday evening to constant ripples of laughter from the Quadracci Powerhouse Theater crowd. Director KJ Sanchez's staging makes strong use of familiar Rep actors while giving all of the talent chances to shine. »Read Full Article(1)
Hong Thai in West Allis closed; it's to reopen as Krung Thai
Hong Thai, 6425 W. Greenfield Ave., West Allis, has closed; a sign on the door says it will reopen as Krung Thai in a new location but doesn't specify where.
The restaurant first was opened in the mid-1990s by Noudeum Pophananouvong nearby, at 6501 W. Greenfield. When that building was scheduled to be demolished, the restaurant moved to 5114 S. 108th St. in Hales Corners. It ultimately returned to Greenfield Ave., in new construction. »Read Full Blog Post


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Articles tagged alpha omega
25 Jun 2008 // 11:00 PM
Glenn McDonald talks to the creators of Alpha Omega about their new table top game, the challenge of game development, and that little Cloverfield mix-up.READ more
//Mixed media
Colette Carr "Static" (video) (Premiere) // Music
House of Blondes "First of July" (audio) (premiere) // Music
Digisaurus 'No More Room For Love' (EP stream) // Music
Eszter Balint 'Airless Midnight' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.
// Announcements
"PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.READ the article


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Baldwinsville Lysander fall registration underway
Fall Registration starts Sept. 10 for the Lysander Parks & Recreation Department. Registration is on a first-come, first-served basis; registration is required to attend all programs. There are many new programs this year as well as favorite programs from last year; don't forget to friend Lysander Parks and Recreation on their Facebook page to receive updates on programs and special events, as well as signing up for their newsletter at townoflysander.org. For more information, call 635-5999.
Van Buren offers Yankees trip and NYC trips
The Town of Van Buren will offer a trip to NYC on Saturday, Sept. 22, to watch the New York Yankees play the Oakland A's. The cost is $105 per person and the price includes the ticket and bus transportation (time of the game is yet to be determined).
On Saturday, Oct. 6, the town will offer a day trip to New York City. The bus will drop attendees of at 11 a.m. at Macys then pick attendees up for the ride home at 8 p.m. at Macys. The day is yours to do sightseeing, take in a play and more. $75 per person; registration required.
Call Van Buren Parks and Recreation Department at 638-4727 for more information or visit b-ville.com.
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55 year old man | Lompoc, CA, USA | Seeking women 40-56 within 100 miles
Active within 24 hours
April 2015: I'm a single, happy guy who's...
April 2015: I'm a single, happy guy who's "Playful, friendly, open and centered. I believe in honesty tempered with tact and empathy. I'm extremely curious (aren't you?). I think that to truly grow, we need to be able to take some risks and even more than that, we have to learn from them. Not afraid to fall in other words. I believe in broadening ones horizons both physically and mentally. We should be always learning. It doesn't have to be classic schooling. I think that we should just know more than we did the day before. I'm surprised in everything that I learn on a daily basis and I want that process to continue. Music has huge part in my daily life and you will find me listening to it at many points during my day. Many people are surprised when they go through my ipod. I enjoy working with my hands and applying myself to a variety of projects which provide challenge and personal reward on a daily basis. I think that communication is paramount in a successful relationship of any type and love the long talks and conversation that lead two people to discover one another. I try to answer at least most if not all of the message that's sent to me even if to say thanks but no thanks and I seek the same in others. Me! Not desperate, mean spirited nor a pushover. Not ready for a retirement home, Not controlling and not interested in being controlled. Not into drama, Not living in the past. "Yes!" to huge hugs that last forever, laughing, smiles, talking for hours, yes to exploring the world in some shape or form. You! Normal, mixed with equal amounts of fun, daring and laughter! I value creativity and self reliance in a woman. I want the girl who wants to be with me, but doesn't NEED to breathe the same air as me 24/7! Although we all have some to a greater or lesser degree. I'm severely allergic to drama and work to avoid it at all costs. I'm alright with a little, who doesn't have a small bit but I'd rather leave the heavy stuff to the experts. Superficial or obsessive behavior is also on that same list.. I'm looking for intelligence and natural inquisitiveness. I am enjoying my life and all that it has to offer and hope that you are too. Born and raised in the Bay Area, I enjoy Sports (both watching and participating), people (watching and participating) and reading. I love long conversations and talks mixed with the occasional debate and I will stand up for issues that I consider to be important I also know when to relax and let things go. I've done some great domestic traveling including a 2 week trip across 8 states on a motorcycle using mainly one lane back roads. I've upped my activity level this year so I hope that you are already there or interested in moving in that direction with me. I walk everyday with my dog and love how that makes me feel. Some of my outdoor interests are hiking, biking, beach trips, photography, outdoor PCPA (I love theater)as well as the summer concerts in both San Luis Obispo as well as Santa Barbara. Indoor would include museums, movies, dancing (I should mention that I'd love to take classes with the right person). I enjoy motorcycles and it would be nice if you did as well but it's not a deal breaker, just understand that it is an enjoyment of mine and from time to time, I'll take a day to myself for a long ride. I enjoy writing short stories and poetry which provides my imagination with a chance to roam and I'm happy with the results of that wandering.
Alumni connections , Book club , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Baseball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Other types of exercise, Running, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Cats, Dogs, Fish
Middle of the Road
Harry's in Pismo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, Sycamore, La Purisma Mission, Cold Springs Tavern, The Palm theater. I love taking rides to anywhere. Morro Bay, Cambria and Ojai. Las Vegas, San Francisco where ever the mood takes me.
Wine, Cooking: Lasagna, Dessert: Mocha Almond Fudge or Baseball nut Ice cream. Taking quiet walks, gardening, woodworking. Listening mostly to music that doesn't fall under the heading "TOP 40". Rain on the roof of the car.
A movie night , get togethers, cooking together, any type of fun. Bike night with other riders, the beach, or hiking. Anything fun! I'd like to one day take a motorcycle tour through Europe. I've begun working out again and love it.
Currently reading "Fall of Giants", Read fifty shade and didn't find it exciting enough to trudge through the rest of the series.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'11" (180cms)
|4'10" (147cms) to 6'2" (187cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|Slender, About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned, Full-figured, A few extra pounds, Stocky
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Salt and pepper
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Silver, Dark blonde, Grey, Platinum
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally, Cigar aficionado, Yes, but trying to quit
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker, Moderately
|Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering
|No preference
I'd rather talk over coffee so that we can learn about one another than just give you a one sided view from here
|$75,001 to $100,000
|$35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live away from home (2)
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure, Probably not, No, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|Black / African descent
|Asian, Black / African descent, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian, Other
|Spiritual but not religious
|Agnostic, Atheist, Buddhist / Taoist, Christian / Catholic, Christian / Protestant, Spiritual but not religious, Other, Christian / Other
|Some college
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
I'm now taking courses to further my career, from that point on, I'm after my degree.


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Suzuki Endurance Racing Team – SERT – has done it once again. The team, consisting..
Yamaha GMT94 Riders David Checa, Kenny Foray and Mathieu Gines made the last race of..
2014 24 Hours of Le Mans Qualifying The 2014 FIM Endurance World Championship concludes this..
2014 Oschersleben 8 Hours Results Honda Racing achieved its debut win Sunday in the FIM..
2014 Bol d'Or 24-hour Qualifying Results The 2014 FIM Endurance World Championship began this week..
2013 FIM World Endurance Championship For the fourth consecutive year, the SRC Kawasaki team won..
2013 FIM World Endurance Championship The final round of the FIM World Endurance Championship gets..
2013 Endurance World Championship Unlike last year's four-rider lineup, the Honda TT Legends team will..
2011 Ulster Grand Prix
Like the Isle of Man TT, the Ulster Grand Prix is an International Road Race that tests the boundaries of some of the world's fastest motorcycle pilots.
Joining the Ulster grid this year is the newly-formed Honda TT Legends team, which has competed in the IOMTT and the Endurance World Championship.
BMW Superbike
Fourth place at the Suzuka 8-Hour race catapulted Team BMW Motorrad France 99 to the top of the FIM Endurance World Championship standings.
2011 Isle of Man TT
In just three days, the official festivities began for the 2011 Isle of Man TT (May 30-June 10).
And two Honda TT Legends riders that will contest at this year's IOMTT – outright lap-record holder and 15-time IOMTT winner John McGuinness and teammate Keith Amor – already have two rounds of Endurance World Championship under their leathers.
World Motorcycle Endurance Racing
The team that won the first race in the 2011 World Endurance Championship at Bol d'Or, the Suzuki Endurance Racing Team (SERT), has placed the GSX-R1000 on the pole position for Saturday evening's 8 Hours of Albacete in Spain.
2011 FIM Endurance World Championship
The first qualifying session for the 8 Hours of Albacete got underway Friday in Spain, with the Monster Yamaha Austria Racing Team (YART) taking the provisional pole.
FIM Endurance World Championship
The Honda TT Legends team finished its debut Bol d'Or in an impressive fifth place after a grueling 24-hour race that saw John McGuinness, Steve Plater and Keith Amor complete 796 laps of the Magny-Cours circuit, France.


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Observing the International Order of Odd Fellows creed of "friendship, love and truth," members of The Daughters of Rebekah are involved in social and charitable activities worldwide. That includes in Milton-Freewater, where members are active in Integrity Rebekah Lodge 175. The IOOF branch and international service-oriented organization for women was founded in 1851.
As guest speaker for a recent Milton-Freewater Rotary Club meeting, Rebekah member Donna Stewart talked about IOOF, sponsored for male membership in the United States by the Manchester, England, order and chartered on April 26, 1819, in Baltimore, Md. After the Rebekah Order was established, its membership grew to 3.4 million by 1914.
The Milton-Freewater Lodge was established in 1908 and met in an office space at 10th and Main streets. Other area chapters are in Heppner and Pendleton. Active in youth and veterans projects, members began placing American flags on graves of veterans when McCaw Hospital in Walla Walla (now site of the Jonathan M. Wainwright Veterans Affairs Medical Center) and provided care for wounded military troops during World War II.
Through fundraising activities, they provide meals for the Milton-Freewater Rotary meetings and support an active scholarship program. The international organization has provided $3.5 million to more than 3,500 young people since the program was established on Sept. 27, 1927.
Dan Preas, a 31/2-year volunteer chaplain at the Washington State Penitentiary, also spoke to the Rotarians.
Preas and his wife were apprehensive about the program when they attended their first informational meeting. Warnings about what they might encounter during their visits increased their anxiety levels, which heightened more when doors closed and locked behind them as they entered, he said.
Their first encounter with inmates was polar opposite to what they had envisioned, he said. Rather than being aggressive or manipulative, the men were attempting to find meaning in their lives. They came to church to see how that might give them the hope they had been missing, he said.
Because many of the men could become neighbors, "it seems best to give them an opportunity to change before they are released."
The penitentiary houses about 2,000 inmates who are separated into four levels of security. The prison is currently constructing housing units for a fifth level of security.
Dan serves as a volunteer chaplain four to five days per week.
Annie Charnley Eveland will be back in the office on May 22. Items for the Etcetera column may be submitted to email@example.com or, if too timely, to Alasdair Stewart at email@example.com. Call Stewart at 526-8311 for more information.
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Antenna Systems Overview
Satellite Antenna Systems To Fit Your Application
From our past work, we've developed a set of antenna system "building blocks" – reflectors, feeds, mounts, servo controls, converters, modems, monitor and control (M&C) software – that enable us to quickly put together systems for any application. Here are a few examples:
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Home Celebrity Denim Charlize Theron Loves Her Henry & Belle Jeans
Charlize Theron Loves Her Henry & Belle Jeans
New mother, Charlize Theron is papped wearing her pair of Henry & Belle Super Skinny Ankle Jeans in Superior on two separate occasions. The actress wore her Henry & Belle's to a Lakers game at Staples Center in Los Angeles. Then, just a few days later, Charlize headed into an LA hair salon wearing the H&B Skinny Jeans yet again.
Looks as though she had no interest in the paparazzi during either spot.


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41 year old woman | ANT | Seeking men 36-44 in Curaçao Island, Netherlands Antilles
Life is beautiful...
I'm interested in someone funny, but takes things serious when necessary. Someone who can be my best friend, my boyfriend, my family and my lover. Family is very important to me and want someone serious who can be a part of my family.......
Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Wine tasting
Walking / Hiking
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Dogs
I had a Rottweiler and a Labrador. Loved them so much and I guess I didn't got another dog after that, because my heart breaks when they're gone :-(
Local: Saint Tropez, Omundo, De Heren, Heineken Snack, Cabana Beach, Mambo, Starbucks, The Movies Curaçao, Cinamas, De Dames, Cravings, Chopstix. Travel: Miami, Las Vegas, Orlando, Amsterdam (Holland), Sint Maarten
Love to shop and travel. Loveeeee sushi and sometimes I grave my Mc Donald's but try to eat healthy most of the time. My favorite movie is The Note Book. I love staying home with my partner watch movies, but also do something nice together else where
Movies, Dining out, Socializing, Hanging with friends and Family, Relax by the beach, concerts
Abraham teachings, Heal your life, Law of Attraction, books on planning and setting goals.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|6'0" (182cms) to 6'8" (203cms)
|Body type:
|A few extra pounds
|About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Salt and pepper, Dark blonde, Bald
|No Way
|No preference
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Executive / Management
|No preference
Manager in the finance department
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|No preference
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live at home (1)
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|White / Caucasian
|Black / African descent, Latino / Hispanic, Native American, White / Caucasian
|Spiritual but not religious
|Spiritual but not religious
I'm Protestant, but not really interested in religion at all. You can say I'm more a spiritual person.
|Dutch, English, Spanish, Other
|Dutch, English, Spanish
|I'll tell you later
|No preference


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Product Information
A La Nanita Nana composed by Traditional Mexican Carol - Digital Sheet Music (Easy Piano)
At a Glance
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* This arrangement contains complete lyrics
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ESPN has had a number of HOF discussions this week. This link was mentioned in an article that discussed a high-tech approach to lobbying for one's favorite players.
I love Davey--but I don't see how he will get in. Ozzie dominated the era defensively in the minds and hearts of the sportwriters.


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Book Search
2nd Edition
Stairs are a fundamental and universal feature of buildings. The late Alan Blanc had a lifetime's obsession with stairs and steps and provided a definitive reference source that bridges the aesthetic and practical aspects of staircase design. His wife Sylvia, who worked with him on the first...
Published June 21st 2001 by Routledge
Internal Components
Series: Mitchells Building Series
This book and its companion volume External Components encourage an evaluation of alternative methods for putting components together. Both use contemporary case studies to relate component design to real building....
Published September 26th 1994 by Routledge
Architecture and Construction in Steel
This book provides a comprehensive guide to the successful use of steel in building and will form a unique source of inspiration and reference for all those concerned with architecture in steel....
Published October 7th 1993 by Taylor & Francis


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State says windstorm insurance holders shouldn't worry
CORPUS CHRISTI - The Texas Department of Insurance isn't planning to revoke windstorm insurance policies from more than 400 property owners in Corpus Christi whose windstorm inspections were faked.
"We are still in a fact-finding mode at this point," department spokesman Jerry Hagins said. "We're not contemplating any changes in any current insurance policy. No one needs to worry."
Earlier this week, Police Chief Troy Riggs sent more than 400 letters to notify property owners that their windstorm inspections were fraudulently issued. The inspections were conducted before 2008 on properties throughout Corpus Christi.
If the affected properties had active windstorm insurance policies, those policies will stay valid this year. It's not clear whether the state will require new inspections.
The fraudulent inspections were issued by Gary Garza. He also operated under the business name of Geotech Engineering, which is similar to a legitimate engineering firm's name.
Garza, of Corpus Christi, pleaded guilty in January to a lesser offense after being charged with 10 counts of tampering with a governmental record. He received two years probation, according to records with the Travis County District Clerk's Office.
Garza, who is not an engineer, affixed a legitimate engineer's seal to the documents and submitted them to the Texas Department of Insurance, according to court documents. Garza stole the seal from two engineers and used it without their knowledge, Riggs said.
Corpus Christi police began investigating the case in 2006 and turned it over to the Texas Department of Insurance in 2007.
In 2008, the Texas Department of Insurance issued an emergency cease and desist order against Garza to prevent him from submitting more windstorm inspections.
A windstorm insurance inspection for wind and hail coverage through the Texas Windstorm Insurance Association must be conducted by either a Texas Department of Insurance inspector or an engineer who has been appointed by the Texas Department of Insurance commissioner.
The inspection process is administered by the Texas Department of Insurance and requires the Texas Windstorm Insurance Association to insure inspected properties.
Windstorm insurance inspections typically are done on new construction, additions, alterations, re-roofs and repairs, and during various stages of the construction process.
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Wayne R. Barnes
Professor of Law
Email Professor Barnes
View Professor Barnes's SSRN author page.
Courses: Bankruptcy, Consumer Law, Contracts, and Secured Transactions
Professor Wayne Barnes has been a member of the faculty since 2003. Prior to teaching, Professor Barnes practiced law at Strasburger & Price in Dallas, and earlier at Gibson, Ochsner & Adkins in Amarillo, Texas. During his practice, Professor Barnes concentrated on cases in the area of commercial litigation, with an emphasis on commercial credit, collections, and bankruptcy.
Professor Barnes' scholarship focuses on contract law, including the implications of contract theory for ascertaining assent by consumers to standard form contracts. Professor Barnes has especially focused on such assent to form contracts in the online Internet context, and the implications of the online environment for the contracting process. In addition to his scholarly pursuits, Professor Barnes was voted the Texas Wesleyan Upper Level Professor of the Year in the 2006-07 academic year. He also previously served as the faculty advisor to the Texas Wesleyan Law Review.
Professor Barnes holds a J.D. from Texas Tech University School of Law, where he graduated summa cum laude and served as editor-in-chief for the Texas Tech Law Review. Professor Barnes earned his B.B.A. in finance from the University of North Texas, where he graduated cum laude.
Selected Publications
"Render Unto Rawls: Law, Gospel and the Evangelical Fallacy", 24 U. FLA. J.L. & PUB. POL'Y (forthcoming 2014) [SSRN]
"Social Media and the Rise in Consumer Bargaining Power", 14 U. Pa. J. Bus. L. 661 (2012) [SSRN]
"Consumer Assent to Standard Form Contracts and the Voting Analogy," 112 West Virginia Law Review 839 (2010). [SSRN]
"The French Subjective Theory of Contract: Separating Rhetoric from Reality," 83 Tulane Law Review 359 (2008). [[SSRN]
"The Objective Theory of Contracts," 76 University of Cincinnati Law Review 1119 (2008). [SSRN]
"Toward a Fairer Model of Consumer Assent to Standard Form Contracts: In Defense of Restatement Section 211(3)," 82 Washington Law Review 227 (2007). [SSRN]
"Introduction, Theory and Anti-Theory in the Work of Allan Farnsworth," 13 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 1 (2006). [SSRN]
"Rethinking Spyware: Questioning the Propriety of Contractual Consent to Online Surveillance," 39 University of California Davis Law Review 1545 (2006). [SSRN]
"Contemplating a Civil Law Paradigm for a Future International Commercial Code," 65 Louisiana Law Review 677 (2005). [SSRN]
"Hadley v. Baxendale and Other Common Law Borrowings from the Civil Law," 11 Texas Wesleyan Law Review 627 (2005). [SSRN]
"Texas Bucks the Trend - No Cause of Action for Lost Chance of Survival in the Medical Malpractice Context (student note): Kramer v. Lewisville Memorial Hospital," 858 S.W.2d 397 (Tex. 1993), 25 Texas Tech Law Review 219 (1993). [Hein][Westlaw]
"The Complete Guide to Mechanic's and Materialman's Lien Laws of Texas" (5th ed. Lexis-Nexis), co-authored by Sterling W. Steves and Wayne Barnes.


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Chrysler New Yorker Problem Report
Chrysler New Yorker Tappet/lash adjuster Noise
(1 report)
A tappet/lash adjuster noise may be noted from 3.0L engines. Proper testing of the valve lash adjusters should be performed before replacing any parts. Our technicians tell us a full crankcase of clean engine oil is necessary before determining if any lash adjusters are bleeding down and causing a noise concern.


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The Land of FictionPosted on 09/03/14 by drakey
I have been a writer for a very long time. I make my living by writing… whether it be emailing or blogging away. Regardless, my favorite form of writing is actually fiction writing. You see, fiction writing allows us to truly give in to the illusion around us. It allows us to explore life in meaningful and often unique ways, ways that we may never had anticipated before. The raw tragedy of all of this is that fewer and fewer people are picking up books.
However, with the advent of the Kindle and other amazing ebook stores, I believe the tide is truly turning. People ARE reading books. They are reading them in droves now! Look what Amazon did and it is easy to see that people are getting back into the wide wild world of fiction.
So what is my goal with this website? Well, I guess nothing in particular.
I would love to showcase a few stories, maybe even debut a novel. Likely, I will do hardly anything because like every great fiction writer out there… I am very lazy.
That being said, I will probably write more articles on here talking about weird aspects of fiction you may never have thought about. Things that likely will interest no one else but me… but… whatever!
And all that jazz.
Now with all of that said, I want to leave you with this video.
It is a video narration of one of the many, numerous and haunting short stories of Thomas Ligotti. If you have no clue who Thomas Ligotti is, have no fear, most people do not. He is super underground, yet he carries the new horror crown. Truly, Ligotti is the heir to Lovecraft, no small claim by any means. Without further ado… enjoy this narration and the rest of my website.
Anchorage Roofing Contractors: A Valuable Asset towards Maintaining a Well Functioning Roofing SystemPosted on 11/11/14 by drakey
No homeowner should be without the availability of trusting and reliable roofing contractors. There will always be a need for roofing maintenance and with this fact it will be such an important issue to always have one handy for when there is the need to maintain the condition of the upper covering on the home. They will provide the services for such matters as installations, replacements and repairs of any kind so to create a home with a roofing system that is safe and secure from the outdoor environmental elements. It takes quite a lot of special education and training for anyone to become a professional roofing contractor and due to these requirements it is also essential for homeowners to only allow projects for the upper covering on their homes to be given to such professionals as Anchorage roofing contractors for the most sufficient means for maintaining a well functioning roofing system for their property.
Keeping the roof on a house in good stable condition will be a must for all homeowners to maintain in order to control the indoor temperature as well as the protection for the home from various elements that are always present outside. When hiring the services of professional roofing contractors, all homeowners will be sure to get a team of experts who specialize with the maintaining of the roofing system, which will include regular inspections, choosing the right kind of materials for the roof, the proper means of installations, the ability to re-roof the upper portion of the house and they can also offer advice for the homeowner to consider with regards to keeping the upper covering on their property in good form.
Situations will occur over time with regards to the need for some work to be done for the roof of a house and depending on just what type of maintenance needs to be addressed; it will be these professional roofing contractors who will be there when called upon for their outstanding and dependable quality services. Having these local roofers available to homeowners when they need such roofing projects for the purpose of re – roofing, installations, repairs or any other means of maintenance with regards to maintaining the well functioning of the roofing system shall be a very valuable asset to rely on, as there will certainly be times when this area of the home will be in need for the type of workmanship that makes them the number one choice among so many homeowners concerns for the well being of their roofing system.
You can be sure when having the professional services of Anchorage roofing professional contractors around that there will never be a need to worry about whether or not the upper covering on your house will be durable and reliable enough to tolerate the outdoor environmental elements, as they specialize with providing the type of work that will always keep this roofing system in excellent form, which is what places their business at the top of the roofing industry.
Why Roofs are Important in LiteraturePosted on 09/08/14 by drakey
The wide world of literature leads us to many different rooftops and viewpoints. It might be a weird thing to discuss, but the way a roof is described in a piece of literature is actually very telling. In fact, many such details as this are telling signs of good literature. These little details such as food, clothing people are wearing, and even the kind of commercial roofing system characters have can all add a 3 dimensional feel to a story.
This is an important thing. It is through multi-dimensional characters and story arcs that make a terrific story. The deeper the details go, the deeper the reader will feel for the world that the writer has made with his ink and computer pixels splashing across the screen.
One of my friends recently came to me talking to me about what makes a good story, I told them flatly that it is all about the characters. The characters you create need to have weaknesses more than strengths. Sure, strength is good but it is the weakness that a character displays that really endears us to the character, makes us relate. Maybe the character is the owner of a Northern Contractors business, a brand new business that they are trying to build. Why are they building it? Maybe this character is a single mom trying to support herself in a man's world. The contracting business after all is very much male dominated. Now this angle gives us an interesting take, for one what kind of woman is she for becoming a contractor?
The real answer will develop as the story itself unfolds. It is these kind of angles that are important. It is these angles that make the story important in the first place. In this example, we may learn of the commercial roofing she does to pay the bills. Or maybe she gets into a fight with her vendor that sells her the materials for her latest and greatest EPDM roofs. There is all sorts of richness now… all because of a certain detail, a certain weakness or oddity that marks a character as different.
In this case that oddity is a woman in the world of contractor work who is selling commercial roofing services, while also being a single mom trying to raise her son to have a good life and a good education so he can better himself in a very competitive world. The details we paint become small subtle clues as to what makes a great story. When you add all these subtle clues together, they make the best story that can be told. It is these kind of stories that win actual awards in the land of the Fiction Kingdom.
Now ask yourself, what can you do to make YOUR characters more likely to stand out with their bold weaknesses? What is the kind of roof THEY live under?


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An ALPS tunneling protocol (ATP) is used to transport airline reservation data over ATP virtual circuits extending between branch and data center resources of an air-line reservation internetwork system. The resources include branch and data center routers, along with AX.25/EMTOX virtual circuits, bordering a TCP/IP network cloud of the internetwork system. The ATP protocol includes a set of primitives used to establish ATP virtual circuits for transporting ATP-encapsulated frames between the branch and data center routers. The frames are encapsulated in accordance with an encapsulation technique of the ATP protocol that enables maintenance of airline reservation data frame boundaries over the TCP/IP network and correlation between ATP virtual circuit end-points in the routers.
1. A method for transporting reservation system data over a network transport between intermediate stations bordering a TCP/IP network of a reservation system internetwork, the method comprising the steps of:
establishing airline protocol support (ALPS) tunneling protocol (ATP) virtual circuits over the network transport between the intermediate stations for transporting reservation system data frames;
encapsulating the data frames as ATP-encapsulated frames at one of the intermediate stations; and
transporting the ATP-encapsultated frames over the ATP virtual circuits in accordance with ATP protocol software processes executing on the intermediate stations.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of establishing the ATP virtual circuits comprises the step of exchanging a set of primitives between the intermediate stations.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of exchanging the set of primitives further comprises the step of passing configuration information in the form of vectors among the intermediate stations.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the step of passing configuration information comprises the step of passing agent set control unit (ASCU) multiplexing and encapsulation information by way of a user data vector.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the step of passing configuration information further comprises the step of passing AX.25 and EMTOX configuration information by way of an AX.25/EMTOX configuration vector that is used by the intermediate stations to correlate ASCU and AX.25/EMTOX resources.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the step of encapsulating the data frames comprises the step of providing an ATP header to each data frame, the ATP header having a length field whose contents specify a length of the data frame.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein the step of providing an ATP header further comprises the step of providing source and destination correlators within the ATP header, the correlators utilized by the intermediate stations to identify the ATP virtual circuits associated with the ATP-encapsulated frames.
8. The method of claim 7 further comprising the steps of, wherein the intermediate stations are routers and the network transport is a TCP session between the routers, and wherein the AX.25/EMTOX resources are AX.25/EMTOX virtual circuits:
multiplexing the ATP virtual circuits across the TCP session; and
using the correlators to associate the multiplexed ATP virtual circuits with appropriate AX.25/EMTOX virtual circuits.
9. The method of claim 2 wherein the step of exchanging the set of primitives comprises the step of exchanging Open-- Request and Open-- Confirm message primitives among the intermediate stations to activate the ATP virtual circuits.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of encapsulating the data frames comprises the step of providing an ATP header to each data frame, the ATP header having a length field whose contents specify a length of the data frame.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the step of providing an ATP header further comprises the step of providing source and destination correlators within the ATP header, the correlators used by the intermediate stations to identify the ATP virtual circuits associated with the ATP-encapsulated frames.
12. Apparatus for transporting airline reservation data over a network transport of a TCP/IP network interposed within an airline reservation internetwork system, the internetwork system including a host reservation system (HRS) and a plurality of terminals coupled to an agent set control unit (ASCU), the apparatus comprising:
a branch intermediate station coupled between the ASCU and the TCP/IP network;
a data center intermediate station coupled between the HRS and the TCP/IP network;
an airline protocol support (ALPS) tunneling protocol (ATP) protocol software process executing on each intermediate station;
a plurality of ATP primitive data structures exchanged between the intermediate stations to establish ATP virtual circuits over the network transport to enable transporting of airline reservation data; and
ATP frame structures transported over the ATP virtual circuits in accordance with the ATP protocol software processes, the ATP frame structures encapsulating the airline reservation data.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein each ATP frame structure comprises an I-field appended to an ASCU identification header and an ATP header disposed between the ASCU identification header and an arrangement of a TCP header, an IP header and a backbone protocol header.
14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the ATP header comprises fields that contain vectors, each having a type, a length and a block of information.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the ATP header comprises a message type field having contents that specify the type of vectors transported within the frame structure.
16. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the ATP header comprises a message length field having contents that specify a length of the frame structure including the encapsulated airline reservation data.
17. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the ATP header comprises destination and source correlator fields having contents that provide handles to correlate virtual circuits within the internetwork system.
18. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the ATP header comprises a version number field having contents that specify a version of the ATP protocol contained within the frame structure.
19. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the ATP protocol software process executes within an ATP protocol layer of a modified TCP/IP protocol stack on each intermediate station.
20. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the branch and data center intermediate stations are one of routers and switches.
This invention relates to data communication internetworks and, more specifically, to a technique for efficiently transporting reservation system data over an internetwork system.
Data communication in a computer internetwork involves the exchange of data between two or more entities interconnected by communication links and networks. These entities are typically software programs executing on hardware computer platforms, such as end stations and intermediate stations. An example of an intermediate station may be a switch or router which interconnects the communication links and networks to enable transmission of data between the end stations.
Communication software executing on the end stations generally correlate and manage data communication with other end stations. The stations typically communicate by exchanging discrete packets or frames of data according to predefined protocols. In this context, a protocol consists of a set of rules defining how the stations interact with each other. In addition, network routing software executing on the routers allow expansion of communication to other end stations. Collectively, these hardware and software components comprise a communications network and their interconnections are defined by an underlying architecture.
Modern communications network architectures are typically organized as a series of hardware and software levels or "layers" within each station. These layers interact to format data for transfer between, e.g., a source station and a destination station communicating over the network. Predetermined services are performed on the data as it passes through each layer and the layers communicate with each other by means of the predefined protocols. An example of such a communications architecture is the Internet communications architecture.
The Internet architecture is represented by four layers which are termed, in ascending interfacing order, the network interface, internetwork, transport and application layers. These layers are arranged to form a protocol stack in each communicating station of the network. FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic block diagram of prior art Internet protocol stacks 125 and 175 used to transmit data between a source station 110 and a destination station 150, respectively, of a network 100. As can be seen, the stacks 125 and 175 are physically connected through a communications channel 180 at the network interface layers 120 and 160. For ease of description, the protocol stack 125 will be described.
In general, the lower layers of the communications stack provide intemetworking services and the upper layers, which are the users of these services, collectively provide common network application services. The application layer 112 provides services suitable for the different types of applications using the network, while the lower network is interface layer 120 utilizes industry standards defining a flexible network architecture oriented to the implementation of local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs).
Specifically, the network interface layer 120 comprises physical and data link sublayers. The physical layer 126 is concerned with the actual transmission of signals across the communication channel and defines the types of cabling, plugs and connectors used in connection with the channel. The data link layer (i.e., "layer 2") is responsible for transmission of data from one station to another and may be further divided into two sublayers: Logical Link Control (LLC 122) and Media Access Control (MAC 124). The LLC sublayer 122 is responsible for providing connectionless or connection-oriented communication services, while the MAC sublayer 124 is responsible for layer 2 addressing and controlling access to the transmission medium.
The transport layer 114 and the internetwork layer 116 are substantially involved in providing predefined sets of services to aid in connecting the source station to the destination station when establishing application-to-application communication sessions. The primary network layer protocol of the Internet architecture is the Internet protocol (IP) contained within the internetwork layer 116. IP is primarily a connectionless network protocol that provides internetwork routing, fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams and that relies on transport protocols for end-to-end reliability. An example of such a transport protocol is the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) contained within the transport layer 114. Notably, TCP provides connection-oriented services to the upper layer protocols of the Internet architecture. The term TCP/IP is commonly used to refer to the Internet architecture which is further described in Computer Networks by Andrew S. Tanenbaum, printed by Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, N.J., 1996.
Data transmission over the network 100 therefore consists of generating data in, e.g., sending process 104 executing on the source station 110, passing that data to the application layer 112 and down through the layers of the protocol stack 125, where the data are sequentially formatted as a frame for delivery onto the channel 180 as bits. Those frame bits are then transmitted over an established connection of channel 180 to the protocol stack 175 of the destination station 150 where they are passed up that stack to a receiving process 174. Data flow is schematically illustrated by solid arrows.
Although actual data transmission occurs vertically through the stacks, each layer is programmed as though such transmission were horizontal. That is, each layer in the source station 110 is programmed to transmit data to its corresponding layer in the destination station 150, as schematically shown by dotted arrows. To achieve this effect, each layer of the protocol stack 125 in the source station 110 typically adds information (in the form of a header) to the data generated by the sending process as the data descends the stack.
For example, the internetwork layer encapsulates data presented to it by the transport layer within a packet having an internetwork layer header. The internetwork layer header contains, among other information, source and destination (logical) network addresses needed to complete the data transfer. The data link layer, in turn, encapsulates the packet in a frame that includes a data link layer header containing information required to complete the data link functions, such as (physical) MAC addresses. At the destination station 150, these encapsulated headers are stripped off one-by-one as the frame propagates up the layers of the stack 175 until it arrives at the receiving process.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a conventional airline reservation system 200 that comprises a plurality of components including a host reservation system (HRS) 250. Users, such as reservation agents, access the HRS through display terminals 202 and printer terminals 204 connected to an agent set control unit (ASCU 210). The ASCU 210 is coupled to a network cloud 220 via a branch network interface system (NIS) 214; the ASCU functions as a communications controller between the network and terminals. A gateway 206 may be present downstream of the NIS 214 to provide high-level protocol conversion (i.e., higher than layer 2). The gateway 206 interfaces to a local area network (such as a token ring 208) having devices 205 coupled thereto; this arrangement enables a TCP/IP session between the gateway and a device as typically occurs in an airport where the gateway functions as an airport services gateway.
Communication between the branch NIS 214 and ASCU 210 or gateway 206 involves the exchange of data frames using character-oriented protocols, such as the IBM airline control (ALC) protocol or the Unisys terminal system (UTS) protocol. The ALC protocol (such as P1024B) is typically used to communicate with an IBM mainframe computer functioning as the HRS 250, whereas the UTS protocol (such as P1024C) is generally used to communicate with a Unisys computer system functioning as the HRS. The P1024 terminology originates from the Societe International de Telecommunications Aeronautiques (SITA) which is an international company (e.g., a service provider) for the airline reservation systems that provides, inter alia, the NISs 214. For ease of description, the ALC protocol will be used hereinafter as an example of the character-oriented protocol.
The branch NIS 214 receives the ALC frames and locally terminates the protocol by encapsulating the frames for transmission over the network 220 to a data center NIS 224. The data center NIS then forwards the data message from the network 220 to the HRS 250 over a communication link employing virtual circuits associated with, e.g., an Airline X.25 (AX.25) protocol or an Exchange of Mixed Traffic over X.25 (EMTOX) protocol. An example of an HRS 250 is an IBM mainframe computer executing a Transaction Processing Facility (TPF) operating system in support of various reservation application programs executing on the mainframe. The TPF mainframe is typically channelattached to an IBM 3745 (or 3725) front end processor (FEP) running an NCP application program. The HRS 250 creates a response to the data message and sends that response to the data center NIS over either an AX.25 or EMTOX virtual circuit. The data center NIS forwards the message over the network cloud 220 to the appropriate branch NIS 214 which, in turn, forwards this message to the appropriate ASCU 210 for output on the display terminal 202 or printer terminal 204.
A problem with the conventional reservation system network involves correlation between ASCUs and AX.25/EMTOX virtual circuits when transporting data messages over the network 220 between the terminals and the HRS. When the branch NIS 214 receives a message from an ASCU 210 and forwards the data over the network 220, the data center NIS 224 must be able to select the correct AX.25 or EMTOX virtual circuit for forwarding the data to the HRS. Similarly when the HRS 250 sends a message to a user, the data center NIS must forward the message to the correct branch NIS which, in turn, must forward the message to the correct ASCU.
This problem is currently solved by using X.25 as the backbone networking protocol between the branch NIS 214 and the data center NIS 224. The X.25 protocol is a conventional layer 3, connection-oriented protocol that employs virtual circuits. Data messages are transported between the HRS and the terminals over these X.25 virtual circuits, which are typically Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs). Connection establishment of an X.25 SVC comprises the exchange of conventional X.25 Call and Call Confirm messages/packets. An SVC can be established and brought down dynamically within the context of an X.25 network and its data terminal equipment, such as the branch and data center NISs. A logical channel number (LCN) is assigned by the initiator (e.g., a branch NIS) of the SVC connection in the X.25 network and is used by the data center NIS to correlate the X.25 SVC with an appropriate EMTOX or AX.25 virtual circuit. The details of X.25 virtual circuit connection establishment and termination are well-known and, thus, will not be described herein.
The AX.25 protocol is generally the same as the X.25 protocol with the exception that it employs a non-standard packet size of 240 bytes rather than conventional X.25 packet sizes of 128 bytes, 256 bytes or 512 bytes and that it utilizes permanent virtual circuits (PVCs) rather the SVCS. A PVC generally requires no Call set-up procedures for the connection between data center NIS and the HRS because that connection is technically "never" destroyed. EMTOX, on the other hand, is a specification for transmitting airline protocol data over standard X.25 SVCs.
The branch NIS may further associate a single SVC with each ASCU or with a group of ASCUs using ASCU identifiers that are passed within user data fields of Call and Call Confirm packets when establishing the X.25 SVC. The ASCU identifier identifies each ASCU to the HRS by two 1-byte values A1 and A2. Collectively, A1 and A2 provide a 2-byte representation (216) of ASCUs to the host; however, the ASCUs recognize themselves via a 1-byte interchange address (IA) value. The 2-byte A1/A2 value is prepended to each data message to identify the ASCU associated with the message.
In such an X.25 network environment, the branch NIS 214 may be a terminal protocol assembler-disassembler (TPAD) device that functions as a protocol converter to transfer ALC data messages over the network. Thus, the messages are converted by TPAD into an X.25 format and transported over one or more SVCs through the X.25 network cloud and onto the data center NIS 124, which may be a host protocol assembler-disassembler (HPAD) device. The TPAD device may establish an X.25 SVC directly with the FEP of the TPF system using the EMTOX protocol, i.e., without the assistance of the HPAD device. X.25 traffic support within the NCP program is provided via an NCP packet switching interface (NPSI) software program. However, the HPAD is needed to interface an X.25 SVC to an AX.25 link because the AX.25 protocol is non-standard and utilizes PVCs. The AX.25 PVC connection has an assumed LCN that the HPAD uses to associate the connection with an appropriate X.25 SVC.
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a data frame 300 having a format defined by the ALC protocol. The ALC frame format comprises a first 1-byte synchronization (SYNC 1) field 302, a second 1-byte synchronization (SYNC 2) field 304, a 1-byte interchange address (IA) field 306, a 1-byte terminal address (TA) field 308, an n-byte text (TXT) field 310 containing user data, a 1-byte end-of-message (EOM) field 312 and a 1-byte Cyclical Check Character (CCC) field 314 that is used to perform error checking on the frame. Note that the fields 306-312 comprise an I-field 320.
A terminal 202 sends a text data message to ASCU 210 which generates the ALC data frame 300 and transmits it to TPAD 214. TPAD processes the frame to create a conventional frame format 400, shown in FIG. 4, for transmission over the X.25 network. TPAD 214 parses the frame 300 to remove the SYNC bytes 302, 304 and replaces the contents of the IA field 306 with the A2 value in field 402 of the ASCU identifier; the A1 is value is then prepended to the parsed frame as an ASCU identification header 404. The TPAD device is pre-configured with translation information used to perform a mapping operation between the IA field contents and the A1/A2 values inserted into the parsed frame.
TPAD then prepends an X.25 protocol field 406 along with a Link Access Protocol B (LAPB) field 408, whose content describes a data link control (DLC) protocol that provides a reliable connection between TPAD and a switch of the X.25 network. A Frame Check Sequence (FCS) field 410 is also appended to the LAPB frame 400 to ensure the accuracy of the information contained within the frame. The FCS field is a 2-byte field that may encapsulate, inter alia, the CCC field 314, although in some embodiments the CCC field may be removed. LAPB encapsulation provides separate LAPB sessions between X.25 switches. The DLC protocol thereafter enables multiplexing of a plurality of X.25 virtual circuits over a single LAPB session. However, this encapsulation technique is generally restricted to operations over an X.25 network.
The LAPB frame 400 is forwarded over an X.25 SVC from the TPAD to HPAD, which forwards it over an appropriate AX.25 or EMTOX virtual circuit specified by a configured or "learned" LCN correlator. The LAPB frame format 400 remains generally in tact for the EMTOX protocol embodiment, but for the AX.25 protocol embodiment, the HPAD effectively reconfigures the segment size of the data transferred over the link to the HRS. For example, a 500-byte frame, representing the I-field 420 of the LAPB frame, is segmented into four 128-byte frames for transmission over the X.25 network. Upon receiving the four frames, HPAD combines them into three 240-byte frames for transmission over the AX.25 link.
In either embodiment, the ASCU identifiers are maintained so the HRS can determine the ASCU from which the message originated. When the HRS sends a response to the user, it also prepends the ASCU identifier to the message. Based on the AX.25 or EMTOX virtual circuit LCN (and possibly the ASCU identifier), the HPAD forwards the message over an X.25 SVC to the TPAD, which inspects the ASCU identifiers to determine the correct ASCU to receive the message.
Although the current solution works well for X.25 networks, it does not generally work for other WAN backbone protocols such as Frame Relay or ATM unless the X.25 SVC is "tunneled" over that backbone protocol. Service providers for airline reservation systems generally prefer interoperating with a common IP backbone over Frame Relay, ATM or X.25 so that other revenue-generating network services may be offered. Frame Relay is a layer 2 protocol that generally "switches" frames across the network in a connection-oriented manner; although there are some SVC implementations of Frame Relay, that protocol is primarily PVC-oriented. For example, when a branch NIS communicates with a data center NIS over a Frame Relay network, the Frame Relay network administrator is notified and a PVC is established between the two entities. In addition, customers generally prefer utilizing an IP backbone to the HRS.
RFC 2351 describes Mapping of Airline Traffic over IP (MATIP) which is a system for transporting reservation system data over a TCP session on a TCP/IP network. Any WAN media over which the IP protocol can be transported (such as Frame Relay or ATM, instead of just X.25) can be used by MATIP. However, the TCP session endpoints in such an environment reside within the branch NIS and the HRS. A typical HRS system does not generally have a TCP/IP protocol stack, thereby requiring use of a different processor in the HRS. In addition, although MATIP is layered over TCP/IP, it does not support multiplexing of multiple MATIP circuits over a TCP session and, as a result, requires a one-to-one correlation between a MATIP virtual circuit and a TCP session.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a system for transporting airline reservation data over a TCP/IP network.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an encapsulation technique for data messages that provides correlation between ASCUs and AX.25/EMTOX virtual circuits bordering a TCP/IP network.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a technique for limiting the number of TCP sessions used to transport airline reservation data over a TCP/IP network to thereby reduce overhead and consumption of resources in the network.
The invention comprises a novel tunneling protocol used to transport airline reservation data over virtual circuits extending between branch and data center resources of an airline reservation internetwork system. The resources include branch and data center routers, along with AX.25/EMTOX virtual circuits, bordering a TCP/IP network cloud of the internetwork system. The tunneling protocol is an airline protocol support (ALPS) tunneling protocol (ATP) that includes a set of primitives used to establish ATP virtual circuits for transporting ATP-encapsulated frames between the branch and data center routers. The frames are encapsulated in accordance with an encapsulation technique of the ATP protocol that enables (a) maintenance of airline reservation data frame boundaries over the TCP/IP network, and (b) correlation between ATP virtual circuit endpoints in the routers.
Specifically, the ATP protocol provides a routing/transport mechanism for "tunneling" ATP frame traffic over the ATP virtual circuits between the router endpoints and through the TCP/IP network. In the illustrative embodiment, Open-- Request and Open-- Confirm message primitives are exchanged among the branch and data center routers to activate the ATP virtual circuits. The messages preferably include vectors for passing configuration information used by the endpoints of the circuits. For example, a user data vector passes ASCU multiplexing and encapsulation information that includes a list of ASCU identifiers, whereas an AX.25/EMTOX configuration vector passes AX.25 and EMTOX configuration information that is used by the ATP endpoints to correlate ASCU and AX.25/EMTOX resources.
In accordance with the invention, each encapsulated frame comprises a novel ATP header having a length field whose contents specify the length of the data frame; this length information is also used to faciliate maintenance of frame boundaries. The ATP header fuirther comprises a pair of source and destination correlators that are used by the branch and data center routers to efficiently identify those ATP virtual circuits associated with the ATP-encapsulated frames. According to an aspect of the invention, multiple ATP virtual circuits may be multiplexed across a single TCP session using these correlators to associate the virtual circuits with appropriate AX.25/EMTOX virtual circuits.
The above and further advantages of the invention may be better understood by referring to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like reference numbers indicate identical or functionally similar elements:
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of conventional TCP/IP communications architecture protocol stacks used to transmit data between stations of a computer network;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a conventional airline reservation system;
FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of a conventional data frame that may be used in the airline reservation system of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of another conventional frame format that may be used in the airline reservation system having an X.25 network;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative internetwork that may be advantageously used with an ATP protocol of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a TCP/IP protocol stack that is modified to include an ATP protocol layer in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of an encapsulation format for the novel ATP protocol in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an ATP header in accordance with the invention; and
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative primitive exchange sequence to establish an ALPS virtual circuit over a TCIP/IP network in accordance with the invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative internetwork 500 that may be advantageously used as a reservation system network with the present invention. The internetwork comprises a data center router 524 coupled between a HRS system 550 and a TCP/IP network cloud 520. In addition, a branch router 514 is coupled between the TCP/IP network 520 and an ASCU 510. Communication between the ASCU and branch router 514 preferably comprises the exchange of frames defined by the ALC protocol, whereas communication between the HRS system 550 and router 524 comprises the exchange of frames in accordance with the EMTOX and/or AX.25 protocols.
The data center and branch routers are preferably routers manufactured by Cisco Systems, Inc. of San Jose, Calif. Each router typically comprises a plurality of interconnected elements, such as a processor, a memory and a network port adapter. The memory may comprise storage locations addressable by the processor and adapter for storing software programs and data structures associated with the inventive ATP protocol described herein. The processor may comprise processing elements or logic for executing the software programs and manipulating the data structures.
An operating system, portions of which are typically resident in memory and executed by the processor, functionally organizes the router by, inter alia, invoking network operations in support of software processes executing on the router. In the illustrative embodiment, the operating system is an Internetwork Operating System (IOS) and the application software includes an airline protocol support (ALPS) program, both of which are available from Cisco Systems, Inc. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other processor and memory means, including various computer readable media, may be used for storing and executing program instructions pertaining to the techniques described herein.
The TCP/IP network 520 replaces the X.25 network cloud 320 of the conventional airline reservation system 200 so that, instead of using conventional X.25 switched virtual circuits (SVCs), the invention provides ATP virtual circuits that run over the TCP/IP network. These virtual circuits are created by the ALPS process executing on the routers to encapsulate ("tunnel") data frames for transmission over a conventional TCP/IP virtual circuit connection in accordance with the ATP protocol. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a TCP/IP protocol stack 600 that is modified to include an ATP protocol layer 610. The ATP software is preferably layered between the TCP layer 608 (used to establish conventional connection-oriented TCP communication sessions) and the application layer 612, and uses a conventional application programming interface for communication into the TCP layer. The branch and data center routers 514, 524 are configured with the modified protocol stack 600 to enable interpretation and manipulation of the ATP frame formats according to the novel tunneling protocol.
As noted, virtual circuits are correlated by logical channel numbers (LCNs) in an X.25 network. In accordance with the invention, however, the ATP protocol provides correlation between the branch virtual circuit resources and the data center resources. That is, the ATP protocol provides a correlation between an AX.25 permanent virtual circuit (PVC) or EMTOX SVC and an ATP virtual circuit that allows efficient identification of corresponding connections for passing data through the network. The ATP protocol includes a set of primitives used to establish ATP virtual circuits for transporting ATP-encapsulated frames between the branch and data center routers. The frames are encapsulated in accordance with an encapsulation technique of the ATP protocol that enables (a) maintenance of airline reservation data frame boundaries over the TCP/IP network, and (b) correlation between ATP virtual circuit endpoints in the routers.
FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of an encapsulation format 700 for the novel ATP protocol. The ATP frame format 700 comprises an I-field 420 (FIG. 4) that includes an A2 field 402, a TA field 308, a Text field 310, and an End-of-Message (EOM) field 312. An ASCU identification header comprising an A1 field 404 is prepended to the I-field 420. In accordance with the invention, a novel ATP header 800 is also provided within the frame format 700. Prepended to the ATP header are a conventional TCP header 720, a conventional IP header 730 and a backbone protocol header 740. The header 740 may contain any backbone protocol that supports TCP/IP, including Frame Relay (FR), X.25, HDLC or ATM (i.e., any wide area network WAN). The backbone network may also be a local area network (LAN) such as Ethernet; in that case, the header 740 would contain a medium access control (MAC) address frame.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the ATP header 800 which includes a plurality of fields starting at bytes 00 and extending to a message length (ML) of ML-1 bytes.
______________________________________Bytes Frame Field______________________________________00 ATP Version Number01 ATP Message Type02-03 ATP Message Length04-07 ATP Destination Correlator08-11 ATP Source Correlator.12-n ATP Data, Reason codes, Vectors______________________________________
Broadly stated, the header 800 includes a 1-byte version number field 802 that specifies the version of the ATP protocol within the data frame and a 1-byte message type field 804 that specifies the type of primitive exchanged. A 2-byte ML field 806 specifies the length of the message including any encapsulated data, such as text data provided by an ASCII terminal or printer and forwarded across the network. A 4-byte destination correlator field 808 and a 4-byte source correlator field 810 provide "handles" (e.g., identifiers) to quickly correlate virtual circuits within the network. Fields 820a-n contain primitives that may include data through the use of variable-length vectors having a type and length. The vectors can be grouped in any desired manner to allow flexible use of the to protocol headers.
In one aspect of the invention, the ATP protocol provides an encapsulation arrangement that preserves and maintains frame boundaries. Although the ALC frame includes an EOM indicator, the TCP protocol is byte-oriented in that it transports data as a stream of bytes; thus, there is generally no means of identifying a message boundary. The contents of the the ML field 806 specifies the length of the I-field and the ASCU identification header, (i.e., the A1 field), along with the size of the ATP header. Programmed with such length information, the routers may easily discern the boundaries of the messages. For example, a 500-byte packet received at branch router 514 from an ASCU 510 has a frame length of 500 bytes plus the lengths of the ASCU identification (A1) header and the ATP header.
Moreover, the problem of correlation between virtual circuit resources at the branch and data center routers is solved through the use of source and destination correlators contained in fields 808 and 810 of the ATP header. The destination correlator is a 4-byte "cookie" used by the routers to efficiently find a connection control block data structure corresponding to an ATP virtual circuit when receiving an ATP frame. The source correlator is also a 4-byte cookie that corresponds to a connection handle of the agent transmitting the ATP frame. The receiving router stores ("caches") this latter correlator value for use as a destination correlator in ATP frames sent over the ATP circuit.
In general, the establishment and destruction of an ATP virtual circuit is tightly-coupled with the establishment and destruction of an AX.25 or EMTOX circuit, since each ATP circuit is associated with a corresponding AX.25 PVC or EMTOX SVC. ATP circuit establishment and destruction generally comprises an exchange of a set of novel ATP primitives, including (1) Open-- Request which is sent to initiate establishment of an ATP circuit; (2) Open-- Confirm which is sent to confirm the establishment of an ATP circuit; (3) Open-- Failure which is sent to notify the sender of an Open-- Request of a failure to establish an ATP circuit; (4) Data which is used to forward data over an ATP circuit; (5) Enter-- Busy which provides notification of congestion at an endpoint of an ATP circuit; (6) Exit-- Busy which provides notification of clearing of a congestion situation at the endpoint of an ATP circuit; and (7) Ckt-- Closed which provides notification that the ATP circuit identified by the pair of correlators is closed and which is used to terminate a virtual circuit (see pg 85). The Open-- Failure and Ckt-- Closed primitives use diagnostic codes that specify a reason for sending the primitives. In addition to network management purposes, the reason codes may be used to determine, e.g., if a connection to an alternate data center router should be established.
Vectors are used to pass configuration information, e.g., in the Open-- Request and Open-- Confirm messages. A vector consists of a vector type, a vector length and a block of information. Vectors defined by the ATP protocol include: (a) a User Data vector for passing ASCU multiplexing and encapsulation information including the list of ASCU identifiers used by the ATP VC; (b) AX.25/EMTOX configuration vectors for passing AX.25 and EMTOX configuration information between the ATP endpoints; and (c) an ATP name vector for passing an ASCII name associated with each ATP circuit. The ATP name vector may appear in an Open-- Request or an Open-- Confirm primitive during ATP circuit establishment to assist users in management of the circuits. During the data transfer phase, the name is not passed in an ATP data message because the correlators are used to identify the circuit.
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of an illustrative primitive exchange sequence 900 between routers 514, 524 to establish an ATP virtual circuit over the TCP/IP network 520. In the illustrative embodiment, the ATP circuit interfaces with an AX.25 PVC or an EMTOX X.25 SVC. Establishment of the ATP circuit may occur as soon as the ATP circuit is configured, or it may be delayed until a data message is received from an ASCU using the ATP circuit. In either case, the router 514 establishes an ATP circuit by issuing an Open-- Request primitive (Ckt-- Open-- Request), including a set of vectors with configuration information, over the TCP/IP network to the data center router 524.
If an EMTOX link is coupled to the HRS system 550, the data center router 524 sends an X.25 Call packet over the EMTOX link to the HRS 550, which responds with a Call Confirm to the router 524 if the call is accepted. Thereafter, the router 524 returns a Open-- Confirm primitve (Ckt-- Open-- Confirm) to the branch router 514. In addition to establishing a SVC, the Call and Call Confirm packets include a user data section containing information (similar to the ATP user data vector) that specifies the connecting ASCUs. That is, the A1 and A2 values specify the ASCUs along with the appearance of the text format (ALC/UTS). Thus, there is an X.25 SVC established over the EMTOX link and an ATP VC established over the TCP/IP network.
Note that if the protocol running over the link between the router 524 and the HRS 550 is AX.25 instead of EMTOX, the exchange is modified to include transmission of (i) a reset (Reset) packet for a particular LCN from the router 524 to the HRS and (ii) a reset confirm (Reset-- Cfm) for that LCN from the HRS to the data center router. This modified exchange effectively merges an existing PVC associated with the LCN into the message path. Thereafter, the routers exchange Data primitives (Ckt-- Data packets) containing A1/A2 values and the TA value.
If the router 524 experiences some congestion, i.e., the router is unable to transmit over the AX.25 virtual circuit and begins "queuing" too many packets, that router sends an Enter-- Busy primitive (Ckt-- Enter-- Busy) to the branch router 514 to invoke some type of congestion control. The congestion may be manifested by the HRS (FEP) failing to acknowledge frames and slide the "window" and, rather, forwarding Receiver Not-Ready (RNR) frames; alternatively, the FEP may fail to send receiver ready (RR) frames which prevents the router 524 from sliding its window and sending more data. Because the data center router's queue "backs up", it exercises congestion control by instructing the branch router 514 not to send any more data until it is able to store the data. Notably, the conventional TCP flow control mechanism is not used over the TCP/IP network because the invention allows multiplexing of multiple ATP virtual circuits over a single TCP session.
According to another aspect of the invention, the source and destination correlators of the ATP header enable multiplexing of multiple ATP circuits over a TCP session. The TCP session end points are located at the branch and data center routers; once the frame has "tunneled" through the TCP network, the frame processed by these end points includes just the ATP header and data (that is, the TCP and IP headers have been stripped off the frame.). The ATP correlators are used to associate the actual ATP virtual circuits with appropriate AX.25/EMTOX virtual circuits used to transport data between the host mainframe and/or terminals. Prior to transmitting the ATP frame over the AX.25/EMTOX link, the ATP header is stripped off at the data center router 524 and an appropriate frame is encapsulated around the "data".
Operationally, when the data center router 524 receives a Ckt-- Open-- Request from a branch router 514, the router 524 initiates an X.25 Call exchange to build a virtual circuit over an EMTOX link. When the Call Confirm returns from the HRS 550, an X.25 SVC is established over that link. The data center router then returns a Ckt-- Open-- Confirm to the router 514 thereby confirming establishment of a complete path, including a one-to-one correlation between each X.25 SVC and each ATP virtual circuit, over the network to the host mainframe. The routers then commence exchanging Ckt-- Data messages, each of which includes a correlator that identifies an ATP circuit. The data center router 524 parses the ATP header from the frame and encapsulates the remaining data within an X.25 frame prior to forwarding the encapsulated frame over the X.25 SVC to the HRS 550.
Advantageously, the correlators are used by the routers to facilitate determination of the appropriate ATP virtual circuit and X.25 SVC needed to transport the data over a TCP/IP network cloud between the terminals and host mainframe of the HRS system. Since configuration information can be passed among the routers within a vector at ATP circuit establishment, the configuration of, e.g., the data center router can be substantially reduced, while the addition of branch routers generally do not require AX.25 or EMTOX configuration changes. In addition, extensions to the ATP protocol may be introduced by adding new vectors to the vectors used for passing information at circuit establishment. ATP circuit management and problem diagnosis may further be simplified by passing names and diagnostic codes among the routers. As noted, congestion at one end of an ATP circuit may be passed to the other end of the ATP circuit to minimize data loss and reduce consumption of bandwidth.
Since ATP protocol uses TCP/IP as a network transport, the internetwork 500 may include an integrated IP backbone network over which reservation system service providers may provide services to their customers. Any WAN media over which the IP protocol can be transported (such as Frame Relay or ATM, instead of just X.25) can be used by the service providers. As noted, MATIP also describes a system for transporting reservation system data over a TCP/IP network employing any WAN media over which IP can be transported, similar to the invention described herein. Unlike the ATP virtual circuits of the inventive protocol which have circuit endpoints within the branch and data center routers, the TCP session endpoints in a MATIP environment reside within the branch router and the HRS.
Although MATIP is also layered over TCP/IP, it does not support multiplexing of multiple virtual circuits over a TCP session and, as a result, requires a one-to-one correlation between a MATIP virtual circuit and a TCP session. Unlike the ATP protocol, there is thus no need for correlators within the MATIP protocol. It is also desirable to limit the number of TCP sessions over the network cloud in order to reduce overhead and consumption of resources. The novel ATP protocol significantly reduces the number of TCP sessions needed to transport data over a TCP/IP network. Furthermore, ATP is optimized for interoperation with AX.25 and EMTOX while MATIP is not. An example of such optimization is the ability to pass AX.25 and EMTOX configuration information in an ATP primitive.
The ATP protocol is also distinguishable from the Switch-to-Switch protocol (SSP) of data link switching (DLSw) described in RFC 1795. Specifically, the header fields of the SSP and ATP protocols are different, as are the primitives and different underlying protocol support (SNA for DLSw; ALPS for ATP) for these protocols. Yet, both protocols "tunnel" data frames over TCP/IP and utilize correlators.
The foregoing description has been directed to specific embodiments of this invention. It will be apparent, however, that other variations and modifications may be made to the described embodiments, with the attainment of some or all of their advantages. Therefore, it is the object of the appended claims to cover all such variations and modifications as come within the true spirit and scope of the invention.
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This is a "machine-selection optional" part.Please choose a vehicle to see products specific to your machine, select a product below.
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"What's a little Metal Gear hype without a few wild (and a few less wild) fan theories? We've all had over a week to watch and soak in the extended version of the first "proper" Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain trailer, shown at the beginning of last week's Microsoft conference, and I'm sure we've all got our own ideas about what's happening and how it all fits into the series as a whole.
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