text:
A low cost and easy to assemble communicating utility meter provides selectable measurement, calibration, display, and communications means so as to be re-configurable based on several factors including; harmonic content of the power signal measured, LCD display alternatives, time of use measurements, bandpass filter settings, power quality measurements, PLC communications. alternatives, radio frequency communications alternatives, optical communications alternatives, and hard wire communications alternatives.
1. A circuit for filtering a current sensor signal comprising a second order infinite impulse response (IIR) filter, said IIR filter having a z domain response defined by:
wherein c is a normalization constant, and wherein k is approximately equal to 1, and wherein {circumflex over (k)} is approximately equal to k.
2. The circuit as recited in
a first digital summer;
a unity gain amplifier coupled to said first digital summer;
a normalization constant amplifier coupled to said unity gain amplifier;
a negative unity gain amplifier coupled to said first summer and coupled to said normalization constant amplifier;
a first unit delay coupled to said unity gain amplifier;
a second unit delay coupled to said first unit delay and coupled to said negative unity gain amplifier;
a second summer coupled to said first summer;
a third unit delay coupled to said second summer;
a fourth unit delay coupled to said third unit delay;
a 2k gain amplifier coupled to said fourth unit delay and coupled to said third unit delay;
a third summer coupled to said 2k gain amplifier, and coupled to said second summer; and
a {circumflex over (k)}2 gain amplifier coupled to said third summer and coupled to said fourth unit delay.
3. A method of selecting IIR filter constants k and {circumflex over (k)} within a circuit for filtering a current sensor signal, said method comprising the steps of:
selecting a first zero at z=1;
selecting a second zero at z=−1; and
selecting a pair of poles at the roots of equation z2−2k+{circumflex over (k)}2 sufficiently close to said first zero such that said pair of poles and said first zero appear as a single pole at z=1 for frequencies within a selected pass band.
4. The method of selecting IIR filter constants, as recited in
5. The method of selecting IIR filter constants, as recited in
This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/055,904 filed Aug. 15, 1997. Additionally, this application is related to co-pending application, Ser. No. 09/132,080, filed on Aug. 10, 1998, entitled, "AUTOMATIC METER READING SYSTEM USING LOCALLY COMMUNICATING UTILITY METERS, herein incorporated by reference.
This invention relates to power line communication systems, and more particularly to a power line communication system that is re-configurable to adapt the utility meter to the specific utility usage and display characteristics of the attached dwelling.
Present utility meter communication devices may employ several electronic parts which result in a high cost of acquisition and maintenance of the communication hardware. It is desirable to have a simple and adaptable utility meter communications system with few parts that can communicate with other utility meters and with a central database using standard protocols.
Currently there are numerous method available for utility meters to communicate to a central location. There are wireless methods, such as those marketed by ITRON™, CELLNET™, and standard protocols that operate in the 900 MHz ISM band. There are methods utilizing Power Line Carrier (PLC) techniques, such as those marketed by INTELLON™. Other methods include the use of integrated telephone modems. Additionally, communication modalities include optical communications, such as industry standard Infrared Data Association (IRDA), or direct communication with an external device via a serial port. In yet another communicating mode, one utility meter may function as a "bridge" for communications between other utility meters and a central hub, or to pass information in a daisy-chain manner through meters and eventually to a hub. It is desirable to have a utility meter that can be easily adapted to communicate using a variety of communication methods and protocols.
In electronic utility metering applications, conflicting demands exist for flexibility of metering functions and a low cost electronics metering platform. It is desirable to have a utility meter that uses "soft-key" to select measurement, calibration, and display features of the utility meter.
While LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) driver integrated circuits are readily available from many commercial sources, they are costly for high volume applications which have simple display requirements, such as electric meters. Typical LCD driver implementations use analog circuits to develop the multiple voltage levels required to drive multiplexed LCDs. Some implementations use voltage references and voltage multipliers to produce the required voltages which are coupled onto the. LCD driver lines as required. Other drivers use resistive dividers to produce voltages necessary to drive the LCD segments. Resistive dividers require external parts and consume additional power. It is desirable to have a low cost and low power LCD driver which utilizes a microprocessor to drive the LCD display.
High volume electric meters, such as residential electric meters, are typically designed with cost economy as a primary goal—a large contributor to the cost of such a meter is the power supply. Thus, it is important to design the meter optimizing the cost of the power supply. When power is removed from the typical utility meter it is important that the meter power supply contain enough stored energy to allow the meter to continue to function for a short time (i.e., ≈100 ms) so as to store important information, such as accumulated kilowatt-hours, in non-volatile memory. The alternative is to simply lose all information stored in volatile memory when power is lost. Providing an appropriate power-off sequence for the meter can reduce the energy requirement of the power supply, saving cost in the meter while still allowing important information to be saved.
In a typical solid state electric meter many functions of the meter such as metering algorithms, time-keeping, display, communications, etc., are controlled by a central processor. Each of these functions has a varying degree of importance in the event of a power failure. It is desirable to have a utility meter with an appropriately sized power supply to enable the utility meter to recover from a loss of power in a predictable manner.
In cost sensitive applications such as residential electricity meters, typical assembly techniques which include wires and soldered electrical connectors add unnecessary cost to the electric meter. A typical assembly technique includes soldering to the voltage bus-bar wires with relatively expensive connectors which are then attached to the printed wiring board (PWB) during assembly. It is desirable to have a utility meter that can be quickly and easy assembled without the use of soldered connections, screws, and wire bundles.
Traditionally, an iterative approach has been used in the calibration of residential electromechanical and electronic electricity meters, requiring a high accuracy meter standard, a single-bit test output signal, and multiple calibration cycles or multiple calibration stations under various test conditions. Traditionally, the test setup uses fixed currents at 3 Amps, and 30 Amps for these calibration points as required by the utility industry. These procedures require a count of the number of transitions of the single-bit test output signal over a fixed period of time to calibration the meter. It is desirable to employ a utility meter that can be quickly calibrated and accurately calibrated without having to count the number of transitions of a single-bit output signal.
The present invention addresses the foregoing needs by providing a power line communications system that is built to be modular so as to be re-configurable through the use of hardwire re-configurable jumper wires or soft-keys. Reconfiguration of the power line communications system is based on factors including: harmonic content of the power signal measured, the selection of an alternative electronic display, communication protocols with external devices, whether to provide time of use measurements, band-pass filter settings, low-pass filter settings, high-pass filter settings, and power quality measurements.
In a further exemplary embodiment a digital integrator is employed which integrates alternating current signals while at the same time is insensitive to residual direct current sub-components of the alternating current signals within the electronic utility meter.
In a further exemplary embodiment a liquid crystal display (LCD) driver is employed in the electronic utility meter which utilizes a capacitor multiplexer, wherein an array of multi-level voltage signals are generated by arranging a plurality of capacitors, having preselected capacitance values, and being coupled to a multiplexer, so as to drive the LCD with the multi-level voltage signals.
In a further exemplary embodiment a method of powering down the electronic utility meter is employed which selectively removes power from functions within the meter and stores critical operating parameters in non-volatile memory based on respective voltage levels of a monitored internal power supply signal.
In a further exemplary embodiment a method of calibrating the electronic utility meter to obtain optimal utility usage measurements is employed where utility usage measurements are made at the user site and adjustments are made on-the-fly to compensate for electronic utility meter sensor variability, circuitry variability, and user site usage data variability.
In a further exemplary embodiment components are employed to reduce the amount of soldering and assembly time of the current sensors employed in the electronic utility meter. A printed wiring board and a plurality of connectors are employed which cooperate to eliminate the need to solder wires to the base and printed wiring board. All components are selected so that each respective component may fit into pin connectors and socket connectors which are, in turn, mechanically snapped to the printed wiring board. Snap together housings are employed which eliminate the need for screws, bolts, and glue to hold sub-components to the printed wiring board, and which hold the housings together. Finally, current sensors are employed which are in electrical communication with the printed wiring board without the use of soldering, screws, and bolts, and which are secured to the housings without the use of solder screws and bolt.
The features of the invention believed to be novel are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to organization and method of operation, together with further objects and advantages thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like characters represent like parts throughout the drawings, and in which:
An electronic utility meter communication system 100 is described wherein all of the utility meters on the secondary side of a distribution transformer 128 have the ability to communicate with one another via a power line communication system within a "local area network," as is illustrated in
Modular "Soft-Key" Function Selectivity
The present invention enables a utility meter to selectively compute only those functions necessary to generate the utility measurement quantities desired by the utility company. These quantities may be reconfigured as desired by a user. The basic hardware 420, as illustrated in
An electronic utility meter having re-configurable modules 420, as illustrated in
DSP 462 includes the following functions, a current high pass block 428, a current band pass block 430, a current integrator block 432, a current phase corrector block 434, a current gain corrector block 436, a current sinc corrector block 438, a voltage high pass block 472, a voltage band pass block 470, a voltage phase corrector block 468, a voltage gain corrector block 466, a voltage sinc corrector block 464. Additionally, DSP 462 generates a current squared signal on current line 440, a power signal on power signal line 444, and a voltage squared signal on voltage signal line 446. DSP 462 also comprises functions which generate TOU (Time Of Use) measurements, demand measurements, power quality measurements, real energy measurements, reactive energy measurements, apparent power measurements, calibration and display functions, as shown in Power quality block 460, TOU block 458, Calibration signal block 456, LCD display block 454, and Power usage measurements block 452, all illustrated in
The selection of the functions described above is made by the use of "soft-keys." Programming of the "Soft-keys" dictate the selection and scheduling of software functions within DSP 462. Programming of the soft keys may be accomplished by programming an Erasable Programmable Memory chip (EPROM). Alternatively, programming of the soft keys may be accomplished by the location of hard wire jumpers on a printed wiring board within the electronic utility meter 110. Alternatively, programming of the soft keys may be accomplished by programming an Electronically Erasable Programmable Memory chip (EEPROM).
By using "soft keys," different functional blocks are selected after the user defines a desired function. For example, if the user selects "soft key" for fundamental only real energy power metering, then current high pass block 428, current band pass block 430, current integrator block 432, current phase corrector block 434, current gain corrector block 436, current sinc corrector block 438, voltage high pass block 472, voltage band pass block 470, voltage phase corrector block 468, voltage gain corrector block 466, voltage sinc corrector block 464, Watt-hour multiplication block 448, and LCD block 454 are programmed into the software schedule, as illustrated in Table 1. Table 1 depicts the combination of functional blocks that are selected for any given utility meter requirement of the present invention. It is to be understood that the order of the blocks listed in Table 1 is not indicative of the order of operation of the software schedule.
Power Quality block 460 provides several alternative sub functions including, sags, swells, surges, harmonic content, and power outage information. The technique of adapting the metering functions to suit varying metering needs allows a power utility to monitor different line and load conditions as needs change. LCD display block 454 is adapted to display power usage in two ways including the continuous display of alpha-numeric data or binary enunciation of the rate of energy consumption.
The analog interface functions include: low pass filtering tailoring the high frequency behavior of the meter and the resonance of the sensor, bandpass filtering, and similar analog signal conditioning functions, electrostatic discharge protection by use of a low frequency pass filter, and a serial metal oxide varistor or a transient voltage suppresser diode. The above circuit also provides over-voltage and overload protection as well as reduces electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic susceptibility by use of the low pass filtering function included.
Sinc corrector blocks 438 and 464 are required to correct for gain roll-off associated with over sampled delta-sigma analog to digital blocks 426 and 474. When non-over sampled analog to digital blocks 426 and 474 are used, sinc corrector blocks 438 and 464 are not used. Typically, over sampled delta-sigma analog to digital converters include dither to improve low amplitude signal performance of the analog to digital converter. Alternatively, analog interface circuitry 424 and 476 include dither to compensate for the analog to digital converters which do not include dither.
Electric Meter with Firmware Configurable Communications Protocols
This invention comprises the construction of an utility meter which employs a central processor (microprocessor, micro-controllers, digital signal processor, etc.) to implement metering functions as well as external communications capability. While the metering functions remain largely constant among different implementations, the processor firmware is altered to allow the meter to communicate with external devices using a variety of protocols.
This invention enables the production of low cost, communicating electronic utility meters by enabling basic metering hardware and software to remain constant while enabling flexibility among various communications protocols. This is accomplished by implementing the communication protocol in a firmware or software module and using generic input and output (I/O) from the processor to control communications hardware. The communications firmware module functions just as the "soft-key" selectable software functions as described above. Typically, any communication modality requires some type of control function which is normally implemented by a dedicated processor. By combining the functions of the metering CPU and the communications control processor into a single processor cost is further reduced.
In one embodiment of this invention, communications hardware 486 comprises at least one A/D converter interfacing a 900 MHz receiver (not shown) to CPU 484, and at least one D/A converter (not shown) interfacing CPU 484 to a 900 MHz transmitter (not shown). CPU 484 operates the transmitter and receiver by means of the A/D and D/A converters according to firmware selected by the user through "soft-keys." For example, one firmware selection enables the meter to transmit and receive according to an ITRON™ protocol and another selection enables the meter to transmit and receive according to a CELLNET™ protocol.
In another embodiment, rather than wireless hardware, meter 110 is equipped with a serial port for communication to an external device. The serial port transmit and receive data lines are also connected to infrared transmitter and receiver diodes which utilize an IRDA protocol.
As an example, a use may through "soft-keys" selection cause meter 110 to communicate with the external device via a standard hardware serial line, via an standard optical IRDA port, via a standard radio frequency protocol, or via a power line carrier protocol.
Software is written in a modular form such that replacing or switching the code implementing communications functions has no impact on the metering functions. The software is included in CPU 484 in the form of mask programmable ROM at fabrication time, and alternatively it is disposed in a memory mapped location in communications hardware 486. In the mask programmable ROM approach, a lower cost solution is achieved than in the memory mapped approach because fewer component parts are used. In the latter case, a more flexible solution is achieved as communications hardware 486 and communications software is modularized.
Digital Integrator for Electronic Utility Meter
In electronic utility meter 110 where digital integration needs to be performed, such as, electronic meters with air core current sensors, care must be exercised to avoid overflowing the integrator with DC signals. A digital integration technique insensitive to DC signals is developed, as part of a DSP based approach.
The air core based sensor does not generate voltage having a DC component, and the sensor is insensitive to DC currents. There, however, will be DC offsets or noise introduced into the sensor signal by the analog interface electronics 424, analog to digital conversion 426, as well as by finite precision truncation in any blocks within DSP 462, prior to digital integrator block 432. By using an IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) second-order filter with a transfer function as shown in equation 1,
In a digital filter implementation of equation 2, for example, an appropriate value of "k" may be k=1−2−10.
While "2k" is straight forward to implement, in this example, i.e., 2k=2−2−9, k2 would be a less convenient at:
An approximation is shown in equation 2, which makes implementation much easier, i.e.,
For values of "k" sufficiently close to 1, the pole pair locations are altered slightly off the real axis and again a sufficient approximation of an analog integrator is obtained for some bandwidth. One implementation of this filter is shown in
By placing the pole pair very near the zero located at z=1, cancellation of one of the poles with the zero at DC occurs so that the overall transfer function approximates that of an integrator for frequencies significantly away from DC. Also, insensitivity to DC at the integrator input is maintained due to the zero placed directly at DC(Z=1).
LCD Driver
This invention provides a low cost circuit that utilizes a microprocessor or digital signal processor to drive LCD segments.
A multiplexed LCD driver 570 comprising EXCLUSIVE OR (XOR) gates 572 and 574 and voltage level capacitors 580 and 582 is illustrated in
Liquid Crystal Displays, due to the high number of segments which must be driven, typically employ multiplexing to reduce the number of lines required to drive the display. Typically a number of "common" (also called "back-plane", or "scan") lines are connected to one side of the display segments while "segment" lines are connected to the opposite display segment die. The opacity of a given segment is determined by the rms voltage applied to the segment. The rms voltage applied to the segment is determined by the waveforms applied to the common line and segment lines. Because any DC voltage applied to an LCD segment can cause the LCD segment to degrade over time as a result of electrolysis, it is desirable to provide an rms voltage that alternate in polarity between frames so that the average voltage applied to a segment is zero volts. LCD driver 570 generates an rms voltage which has an average voltage of zero.
For example
The voltage levels shown in
With this configuration, charge is summed at LCD driver line 586 generates a voltage level which is proportional to the capacitance of voltage level capacitors 580 and 582. If the capacitance of voltage level capacitor 580 is equal to twice the capacitance of voltage level capacitor 582, then the contribution from MSB line 572 will be twice the contribution of the signal from LSB line 574. In this manner the LCD driver voltage level is proportional to the binary value stored in the RAM. The driver voltage signal from driver voltage line 586 may be coupled to the LCD segment common line and drive lines by a operational amplifier.
The output signal will provide four equally spaced voltage levels 548 (Vdd), 550 (V1), 555 (V2), and 557 (V3). Leakage current at LCD driver line 586 may cause an offset of Vdd/2 in the LCD drive signal. This bias level is accepted because the absolute driver voltage level is not critical to the operation of the LCD segment.
Alternately, a discharge switch 581 may be coupled from the driver signal line 586 to ground. Discharge may be selectively activated to switch 581 grounds driver signal line 586, forcing the driver voltage to zero each time a "00" value is applied to MSB 572 and LSB 574.
Although the LCD driver 570 described herein is adapted to generate a rms voltage waveform having four discrete levels it is to be understood that by adding additional XOR gates and voltage level capacitors the number of discrete voltage levels generated by LCD driver 570 may be increased. The number of discrete voltage levels is directly proportional to the number of bits coupled to LCD driver 570 according to the relationship "number of voltage levels=2(number of bits)." Additionally, voltage levels 448, 450, 455, and 457 need not be evenly distributed and can be changed by selecting a capacitance value of voltage level capacitor 580 that is not twice the capacitance value of capacitor 582.
Utility Meter Power-Down Sequence
This invention provides methods for power-off sequences in utility meter 110 (
Electrically re-writable non-volatile memory devices such as FLASH memory, which is used to save operating parameters in the event of a loss of power, have a limited number of write cycles during the device lifetime. As an example, MICROCHIP 93C86™ serial EEPROM is rated at 10,000,000 erase/write cycles. Hence, the program written to save data to non-volatile memory must be conservative in its decisions to write to this memory so as not to shorten the operating life of the electric meter. The program implements functions in a progressive manner, taking steps to first conserve power, then finally writing to non-volatile memory when it would appear that restoration of power is not imminently likely.
When power to the meter does fail it is important to have enough energy stored in the meter's own power supply to allow the meter to power-down in a predictable manner. Adding energy storage to the power supply by increasing the size of the storage capacitor in the supply is costly, and hence, undesirable.
In the present invention a power down process is implemented in utility meter 110 to take various appropriate actions as a result of power supply voltage drops or outages that pose a threat to continued operation of utility meter 110, as discussed below. After a voltage drop is detected within utility meter 110 the microprocessor stores important information, such as accumulated kilowatt-hours, to non-volatile memory so that this data will not be lost during the power outage, according to the process illustrated in
First, the utility meter voltage is monitored, when the utility meter voltage is not greater than a first threshold power is removed from non-critical functions, as illustrated in the process of
Next, if the utility meter voltage drops below a second threshold less than the first threshold save critical values in non-volatile memory, as illustrated in the process step 616. The second threshold is defined as the utility meter voltage level below which the utility meter fails to operate. Critical values include but are not limited to computer memory pointers, accumulated kilowatt-hours, utility meter voltage readings, and utility meter current readings. An example of a typical value for the second threshold in a 110 vac residential electric meter application would be 80 vac.
Next, if the utility meter voltage is not greater than a third threshold take no action, as illustrated by the process of step 620.
Alternatively, if the utility meter voltage is not greater than a third threshold and not greater than the second threshold take no action, as illustrated in process steps 616 and 624. The third threshold is defined as the utility meter voltage level at which normal utility meter operation is possible. An example of a typical value for the third threshold in a 110 vac residential electric meter application would be 100 vac.
Finally, if the utility meter voltage is greater than the third threshold restore all utility meter functions, as illustrated in the process steps 620 and 622.
In another embodiment of this invention, rather than examining the voltage level presented to the meter, a "power-out" indicator generated by the meter CPU could also be used to make power-down decisions. This allows more logic and reasoning to be inserted into the power down process. In this embodiment, the meter may be powered down due to power quality reasons rather than simply power outage.
In an alternative embodiment of the present power down process, as indicated in Table 3 the use of 60 Hertz voltage cycle would, for example, provide the timing intervals for the following power-down sequence when the utility meter voltage is below the above described second threshold.
To ensure that power is conserved, when power conservation actions are taken by the processor a heuristic process may be desired to add some hysteresis to the measurement of the power supply voltage. Hence, if a voltage cycle is missed and power conservation actions are taken, a pre-determined time, or delay, must elapse before the meter would be stored to its fully operational state. This delay prevents an extraneous cycle from causing power consuming hardware to be turned back on. The length of this delay would be determined by the design of the power supply and the power consumption of the meter in the various states of power-down. It is understood that a timer may be used rather than the 60 Hertz cycle upon which actions are take as described above. It is also understood that if the number of cycles in which power is exhausted is greater than or less than 6 cycles, the delay before which the above described actions are take may be extended or contracted as appropriate.
Apparatus for Assembly of a Low Cost Communicating Electricity Meter
This invention is an apparatus for electronic communicating electricity meter 110 which minimizes expensive soldered electrical connectors and time consuming assembly. This invention is also a apparatus for wiring electro-magnetically sensitive signal carrying conductors. This invention also provides a apparatus for attaching the current sensor assembly that ensures final design dimensional stability while providing mechanical flexibility in meter socket insertion thus reducing socket and blade stress.
An important consideration in the simplification of assembly of communicating electricity meter 110 is in the integration of the communication, metering, and display functions on the same PWB (Printed Wiring Board).
Pin and socket type connections are used, with the aid of an appropriate fixture for temporary alignment, to align and connect a base 244, current sensor shield 236, and PWB 231, as shown in
The use of pin and socket type connectors 248 are integrated into prefabricated plastic molded housings that are snapped together during assembly. These assemblies also hold PWB 231, display 144, and current sensor shield 236. These components are then snapped to base 244, thus eliminating any screw connections. Disassembly can be done by simultaneous bending of the snap-pin(s) resulting in reduced disassembly time. In a alternative embodiment a single housing 140 is used. Housing 140 separated into two halves may also be used. If two housing halves are used, the upper housing holds display 144 and provides means for press coupling via an elasto-metric connector from display 144 to PWB 231. This upper half of housing 140 also provides the guides for pin connectors 229 from the current sensor and voltage bus bars 227 and holds PWB 231 in place. The lower half of housing 144 holds the current sensor and bus bars 227 in place and snap them to base 244. Both halves of housing 140 are then snapped together completing the electrical connections. These two housing halves are formed in such a way that the connection between PWB 231, pin connectors 229, and display 144 are rigid in nature, as well as the alignment of the current sensor and bus bars 227. However, the connection to base 244 is mechanically more flexible, allowing movement of the blade connectors attached to the bus bars to accommodate socket variations. This is accomplished by using a reduced housing wall thickness or base connection area.
When a single integrated housing 140 is used, the same principle described above applies but housing 140 houses the above described components. The connection pin guides are then incorporated into the housing. The assembly is comparable, but PWB 231 slides in between the guide pins and the top of housing 140.
Method of Calibrating a Low Cost Electronic Utility Meter
This invention details a efficient method of calibrating electronic residential meters, by allowing access to and making use of real-time acquisition of raw and processed sampled data (voltage and current) before it is typically multiplied and accumulated into the final energy quantity, and by using known meter performance data to determine the most optimal calibration point(s).
A block diagram of electronic residential electricity meter 110 adapted to communicate with an external device is illustrated in
In an exemplary embodiment, the integral data communication port 632 of communicating residential meter 110 is used to set meter 110 to a calibration mode by a calibration command supplied to the meter. Meter 110 is then supplied with a known precision voltage and precision current load having a known phase angle. The voltage and current, as well as the phase relationship between the two, is varied over a range of typically 180 Volts to 260 Volts and 1 Amp to 240 Amps for phase differences of zero degree up to ninety degree both lagging and leading to cover a range of power measurement environments. A fixed number of these combinations are used as calibration points for the calibration of meter 110. For a five point polynomial correction system, the calibration points used are illustrated in Table 4. The voltages and currents provided by the calibration unit are of known and accurate value and traceable to national standards. The process steps utilized to determine calibration constants are shown in the process flow diagram in
In an alternate calibration method, a physical connection is made to the electronic meter 110 via data port 632 (
In both cases above, access to the calibration software is controlled by use of a security access code to prevent data tampering.
The computed calibration constants for the magnitude and phase are used to program the filters in DSP 462. "N" separate calibration points are used to define the quantitative behavior of the meter. In this specification "N" is defined as the total number of calibration data points. "N" is typically chosen to be at least equal to or larger than 2 to insure that the calibration is based on the values of the current where there are accuracy requirements. Although the method of calibration mentioned herein would work with the single-point calibration (using "N"=1), "N">=2 is preferred for the reasons discussed below.
Typical meter calibration involves taking multiple readings at various test conditions, such as full load (30 Amps at a power factor (PF)=1), light load (3 Amps at a PF=1), and lag load (30 Amps at a PF=0.5). Each test consists of comparing the energy output value (integrated power) against a threshold value. When the threshold is exceeded a pulse is displayed on display 140 (
Any deviation from these known and predetermined values as measured by the un-calibrated meter are used to provide a correction approximation that is included in the power calculation algorithm. These corrections can account for non-linearities caused by the current sensor due to magnetic saturation for ferrite or other ferromagnetic materials where the B—H behavior deviates from a straight line at higher field values, correct for the effect of temperature dependence of the current sensor, and correct for the effect of physical change of the sensor location with respect to any shields and the main current carrying conductor causing a loss of symmetry due to high magnetic field forces.
To calibrate against an independent meter standard, samples are only acquired during a known interval of accumulated power as regulated by the external standard. In an alternate calibration method a DFT may be computed to determine both the magnitude and phase calibration constants. In an exemplary embodiment a Fourier Transform is performed using a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm (FFT) with 64 data points. In this case additional data points need to be established in the data collection phase of the calibration procedure. For higher accuracy additional data points are needed. These constants computed in the alternate calibration method are then stored in non-volatile memory for use in the normal calibrated operation of the meter. Once the data set has been acquired, a first meter may be released from the calibration setup while its data is being computed allowing a alternative meter to immediately take its place and start data acquisition. A separate station is then used to input the appropriate parameters and constants into the first meter. A simple identification scheme is used to identify the respective meter with the calibration information. This scheme relies on providing an optional unique serial number to each meter in turn and writing the data as part of the calibration data into the non-volatile memory of the meter.
By using the calibration table information about the meter (sensors, analog interface electronics, and DSP filters), calibration is no longer fixed to predefined test points, such as 3A and 30A, or to a predefined number of test points. If the meter performance or any component thereof is known to be of a certain characteristic shape (as graphed against some test condition, such as current or voltage), then optimal calibration schemes, such as the polynomial corrections, as disclosed above, rather than linear, and optimal calibration points may be chosen. Subsequent meter performance may be verified at the traditional test points, but calibration time may be significantly reduced and overall meter accuracy may be enhanced, by using this method of calibration. By use of a higher order, such as 5th order, as shown above, polynomial calibration and subsequent correction, a smoother correction can be obtained than by use of a second order calibration scheme as traditionally applied, resulting in a higher accuracy meter function.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, while the invention has been illustrated and described herein in accordance with the patent statutes, modifications and changes may be made in the disclosed embodiments without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. It is, therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spirit of the invention.
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Lisa Jackson, administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, is stepping down.
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Why did he want to 69 our first time together?
So I'm in my 30s and have plenty of sexual experience, but I recently met a guy who is younger than me (he's 24) and he's from Korea (so cultural... Show More
Most Helpful Opinion
He likes 69 & to make the move he went on top?
Mhhhh why not?
If sex is implied then where does one start? Just hit the bulls eye or have some foreplay.
None has started with oral before?
Seems to me like the right thing or right place to start.
- Show Older Hide Older
But you are right, I'm over analyzing! It was a fun experience and that's what matters :)
You have a very good point. More face to face time!
For my own info. do you find it strange if a guy works his way down the first time for oral?
I try to be a giver so maybe that's why I didn't find it that strange.
I will admit a great BJ is always welcome but sometimes we just need to get laid & not finishing with that aspect can be disappointing.
You stated "it was fun" but would you rather have had more?
What Guys Said 4
I just read somewhere that "to spice it up for both of you, you should try new positions". He was probably used to regular 69, and wanted to try something new.
Hmmm, that makes sense, but since it was our first time doing anything sexual together, it just seemed like an odd choice and we had nothing to spice up ~ he also seemed a little inexperienced.
Hmm... Well, then ignore my entry. =)
What Girls Said 1
What hot blooded guy no matter what the race doesn't want to taste the p**** of a first date girl. Probably hadn't had sex in awhile would be a reason for him popping so quickly and you might be very good doing your part. Was a gentleman though to keep going to finish you off.
Well that's the thing, I've been with plenty of guys and none of them have gone down on me the first time out ~ so my experience is that guys shy away from that until they feel more comfortable or know the girl better. And yes, he was a total gentleman :)
Take the view that he knew going in that he wanted to be sure you were pleasured before the date was over and he knew from experience that oral was the only way that was happening. Again showing the gentleman side of him.
Have an opinion?


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A state Senate committee has passed legislation that would limit federal control over so-called Common Core standards for math and English instruction in Oklahoma's public schools.
Oklahoma Senate panel passes repeal of Common Core
The Senate Education Committee voted 11-0 for the measure Monday. The House-passed bill authorizes development of new English and math standards and prohibits the state Board of Education from entering into any contract that would limit state control.
The measure's author, Sen. Josh Brecheen of Coalgate, says the bill ensures that Oklahoma's standards exceed those of Common Core without surrendering state control. Under the bill, the Board of Education would work with higher education and Career-Tech officials to adopt new standards by 2015.
Common Core has been criticized by conservative groups concerned about federal takeover of state education.
House Bill 3399: http://bit.ly/1fUswaW


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I just got my new traxxas 3s lipo 5000mah battery in. So I drove it for about it ten minutes and then I forgot to turn it on lipo mode. So I did that, and then the next day I cleaned it and then I turned the car on and when I drove for about 30 seconds the esc started blinking red. Like blink once then off blink once then off etc. It wouldn't t let me go forward or reverse it just let me turn.
What does this mean?


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Waste Crushers Companies in Lithuania
Category: Waste & Recycling ×
Subcategory: Waste Crushers ×
Industry: Shipbuilding & Water Transport ×
Location: Europe ×
Location: Lithuania ×
Tech Oil Products
based in New Iberia, LOUISIANA (USA)
Founded in 1980, Tech Oil Products, Inc. is known for the Enviro-Pak® line of compactors, balers, galley grinders, and other waste management solutions for the offshore and maritime industries. The company is also known for SafeSub®, an innovative solution for the handling and transporting of drilling subs, and its Recycle The Gulf® program for the Gulf of Mexico, a ...
redFox Environmental Services Inc.
based in Youngsville, LOUISIANA (USA)
redFox Environmental Services, Inc. is a world leader in self-contained sewage treatment units through their redFox Wastewater Treatment System. The redFox Wastewater Treatment System is unmatched in quality, maintenance and performance. Over 6000 installations have been placed into service for over 750 customers, worldwide. The redFox Environmental Services Wastewater ...
Delitek AS
based in Alsvaag, NORWAY
Delitek AS is a leading manufacturer of marine waste handling systems & compactors specially designed for use onboard ships, offshore installations and the marine industry in general.
BELLMER KUFFERATH Machinery GmbH
based in Düren, GERMANY
BELLMER KUFFERATH Machinery GmbH has become a 100%-subsidiary of Gebr. Bellmer GmbH, originated during the transfer of business operations from the Solid/Liquid Separation division of former Andreas Kufferath GmbH & Co. KG. Andreas Kufferath has been dealing with Solid/Liquid Separation issues for many years and consistently introduced new and innovative products to the ...
Fox Pollution Systems (UK) Ltd
based in Gloucester, UNITED KINGDOM
Fox Pollution Systems (UK) Ltd has been providing ship owners, both Naval and Merchant, with Marine Waste Disposal solutions, which are cost effective and simple to use. Fox Pollution Systems have over 165 Waste Compactor and Macerator Systems in service with customers ranging from the British / Brunei / Malaysian Navies to Cruises Line Companies around the World .
Husmann Umwelt-Technik GmbH
based in Dörpen, GERMANY
Manufacturers of equipment for waste disposal / environmental technology in Europe. Since more than 50 years the brand Hussman stands in the disposal branch for liability, quality and competence. We use our experience for finding solutions that fit exactly our customers' requirements. This as well as our innovative technology and our wide range of products for the ...


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It seems to be working, and makes my legs really really smooth
Lovely oil not seen difference yet in my cellulite. But after exercise skin brushing and shower its lovely to massage into my wobbly bits and leaves my skin soft and smelling lovely .I will keep using it for sure and if a miracle happens I will share with the world of unhappy lady's with cellulite .keep exercising and eating healthy x
Service-Bewertung : Toller Service
Produkt : Bombenprodukt!!!!
I can't give very good answer fot this one as I don't do any special diet or exercising and only used it for about two weeks but it definitely makes my skin in the affected areas smoother and firm and with combination of all the other things required to get rid of cellulite I think the product will give good results.
Nice and light smell. Slowly can notice changes
Have a build up of cellulite so not sure right now, but I can see some improvement.
This actually does improve the look of your cellulite...let's get real though, it won't remove it completely but anything that improves the look of it then it's money well spent. I am onto my second bottle and use it religiously...try it, you won't be disappointed!
Great product, highly recommend.
I'm using it for over a month now and really can see good results. Will definitely continue using it.
Too early to say for this product
Too early to see results on cellulite, but my skin is noticeably softer and the oil absorbs well, which means you also have to use quite a bit.
I must say that I think this product has definitely improved the look of the cellulite on the backs of my legs. I have combined it with daily dry brushing and in 2 weeks it has made a difference. I will order again.
Still too early to fully rate (only had for 1 week) but I have noticed a difference. I am using this product morning and night massaging it in as directed, not sure whether the massage is contributing to how it looks. Still would like cellulite to completely go which may never happen ;(
Happy with product need to keep using it to really get a good result but so far so good.
Great selection of products at good prices, delivery was good.
This product smells really nice, leaves skin really soft and I can already notice an improvement
I Love this oil, I have tried different types and this is the only one which has worked. I really like the addition of the bottle top sprinkler, it is so much easier to get the correct amount out of the bottle and doesn't waste any oil. I would never change to another brand and the price is excellent. Than you.
Excellent service
Unbelievably good product I will defunetely keep using it. Thanks
Really easy to use for first time customer, hassle free
Ratings Guide Read about our product rating system


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The Graduate School
Graduate School Calendar
See the Academic Calendar
Graduating students should meet with their advisor to ensure all preparations for graduation are in order the semester BEFORE they intend to graduate. The Graduate School Calendar is subject to change.
Note: Some graduate programs may have earlier admissions deadlines; please check with your specific program for exact dates. We urge you to begin planning for Graduate School early and to submit all required application materials by the deadlines listed below.
These are priority deadlines, which means completed applications with all official supporting documents received by this date will be processed for the desired semester.
We will continue to accept applications past the deadlines, but cannot guarantee that they will be processed for your desired semester of entry.
|Fall 2014
|Spring 2015
|Summer 2015
|Fall 2015
|Spring 2016
|New Graduate Fellowship Application
|May 1
|Nov 1
| May 1
extended to May 14
|Nov 1
|U.S. Student Application Deadline
|Aug 15
|Dec 20
|April 15
|Aug 15
|Dec 20
|International Student Application and
Readmission Deadline (in and out of country)
|April 30
|Sept 30
|Feb 28
|April 30 - extended to May 14
|Sept 30
|PhD Nursing
|Summer only
|Summer only
|Mar 1
|Summer only
|Summer only
|PhD Human Resource Development
|Mar 1
|Fall only
|Fall only
|Mar 1
|Fall only
|Nursing Master's Applicants (except NP)
|Mar 15
|Oct 15
|Fall/Spring only
|Mar 15
|Oct 15
|Nurse Practitioner
|Feb 15
|Sept 15
|Fall/Spring only
|Feb 15
|Sept 15
|Graduate Student Orientation
|Aug 23
|Aug 15
|Classes Begin
|Aug 25
|Jan 12
May 18
|Aug 24
Jan 19
|Final Date to Request Master's Exam/Dissertation Defense and Submit Copy to Supervising Committee
|Nov 7
|April 3
|Check with advisor
|Nov 7
April 3
|Final Date to Submit Approved Thesis/Dissertation to Graduate School for Mechanical Check and Submit Report of Final Master's Examination/Dissertation Defense
|Nov 21
|April 17
|July 24
|Nov 21
|April 17


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Leona M. Uptgraft, 83, a resident of Merriam and widow of William A. Uptgraft, passed away at 8:20 a.m. Wednesday, Feb. 6, 2013.
Mrs. Uptgraft was born April 20, 1929, in Allen County, a daughter of Earl and Mary (Harter) Geiger.
Surviving relatives include her six children; two daughters-in-law; three brothers; three sisters; 24 grandchildren; 46 great-grandchildren and one great-great-grandchild.
The Mass of Christian Burial will be celebrated at 11 a.m. Monday at St. John Bosco Catholic Church in Churubusco with Father Danney Pinto, the celebrant.
COLUMBIA CITY — Whitley County's Prosecutor's Office has issued a warrant for a DNA test in a sexual abuse case.
Dean Pressler was arrested in late December on multiple counts of sexual assault to a minor.
Case reports indicate the alleged victim had two children during the period of the alleged crimes. She stated Pressler was the father of both children, which include a child born in April of 2012 and June of 2010.
Pressler already gave a DNA sample for the younger child. He then asked that sample not be used to determine paternity of the older child.


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I had added Mr. Jay Paloma's Out of Office blog as the first in my Blog Roll. Welcome and thank you, Sir Jay!
If you wish for me to have a link of your blog in my site, please do not hesitate to email me via [email protected].
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Category: Personal


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Photo by Victoria Pearson
YIELD: Makes 4 servings
Bring water, mint, and sugar to a boil in a 1- to 2-quart saucepan, stirring until sugar is dissolved, then reduce heat and simmer, uncovered, 3 minutes. Add lemon juice and pour through a fine-mesh sieve, pressing hard on solids and discarding them, then cool.
Freeze mixture in a 1 1/2- to 2-quart shallow nonreactive metal container, stirring and crushing lumps with a fork every 30 minutes, until evenly frozen, 2 to 3 hours. Scrape with a fork to lighten texture, crushing any lumps. Spoon into glasses or bowls.


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Suspension question for a 990
View Single Post
Plenty of seasoning
Joined: Jun 2009
Location: West Nebraska
Oddometer: 1,019
Just wondering what your list adds up to...
From what you are saying you might be playing with damping settings by disassembly and by changing fork oil. I think this is one of he main reasons a lot of guys go with people like Superplush...they have the accumulated experience of hundreds maybe thousands of rebuilds and customers to get the work done right the first time (mostly). A lot of riders (self included) don't have the time to mess with multiple disassemblies and adjustments, or the experience to know what to change to correct bad behavior. More power to you for tackling this yourself...the satisfaction of getting it right is priceless and the knowledge you gain in the process put you in a better position than the off-the-shelf buyer.
For me it always boils down to a time vs money thing, and I am poorer than the average KaTuM owner on both. I do my own wrenching because of shortages on both fronts (and I am 4 hrs from anyone I would trust to play with my pride and joy), so this is the reason for the first question, and also the main thing the OP has to consider.
Originally Posted by
I hope no one here thinks by any stretch of the imagination that I think I know more then the people at places like Superplush, Slavenracing, etc because it just isn't true.
Dan Kyle of Kyle racing basically set up both my Ducati and Aprilia for the track. He transformed both my bikes from fast exhausting to ride, accidents looking for places to happen to cornering and braking works of art. Because of him I'm not only faster but safer doing it. There is no substitute for experience.
The difference between those two bikes and my 990 is I never sent anything to Dan. I installed and made all the changes myself under his tutelage. By doing this I'm able to set up both of those bikes for different tracks and conditions and don't see why my 990 should be any different.
Like one member wrote. Suspension is a Science and Science can be learned, tested and applied.....................okay I added (Science can be learned, tested and applied) myself. LOL
2009 KTM Adventure
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Yen Plus February 2011
It's the valentine's issue, with pink cover and all, but there isn't a lot of loving going on. But that …Read the Rest
It's the valentine's issue, with pink cover and all, but there isn't a lot of loving going on. But that …Read the Rest
Intent on being an independent young woman, high schooler Himeyuka lives on ther own inan unremarkable apartment complex in a …Read the Rest
So, cute and cuddly rabbits don't do it for you? How about cute and (not so) cuddly girls dressed as …Read the Rest
It's a new year, and that means another new series in Yen Plus! Yeah! And it's about a cat! Double …Read the Rest
As Kyousuke and Tena go about their contentious daily lives in Japan, they're blissfully ignorant that something's afoot at the …Read the Rest
Yen Plus finishes up the year with a new title and a new announcement. When Nightschool ended in September, a …Read the Rest
As the impromptu dad and his charge learn to adapt to both one another and their very new living situation, …Read the Rest
It's the 4th issue of the digital version and the third subscription issue. The monthly payment has been very smooth …Read the Rest
The third issue of Yen Plus online doesn't have many changes. Night School is gone (sob), but we do get …Read the Rest
As high sciety's social calendar opens up and the Season draws to a close, London is gripped by fear. Someone …Read the Rest
Ignoring the digital world has finally become impossible for the comics world. Over the last several months, mostly after the …Read the Rest
While at summer camp, the young Si-Joon gets lost in the mountains. He a girl wearing a pig mask and …Read the Rest


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This is a Wire site.
This is the official Wire site. From 1977's Pink Flag to the band's most recent album, Wire, legendary art-combo Wire have created a unique body of work. Subverting genres, Colin Newman, Graham Lewis, Robert Grey and Matthew Simms continue to work on new material, regularly confounding expectations.
On this site, find out about Wire news and upcoming Wire gigs. Also view Wire albums/lyrics, contact Wire, join the Wire forum, and more.
@ Get Wire news first
Subscribe to the Pinkflag mailing list
Latest Wire news
CHOOSE YOUR DRILL & STREAM THE ALBUMApr 07
We have a bounty of DRILLS! On the main page of drillfestival.com you can now CHOOSE YOUR DRILL- either the newly launched DRILL : CHICAGO June 11-13 - full line up here or the previously announced DRILL : LEXINGTON April 14-18.
It is now also possible to stream the New album WIRE in its entirety - either from NME.com or npr.org. Which one works will be dependent on your location.
DRILL : LEXINGTON - Full Lineup - NEW Track UPMar 12
The full line-up of DRILL : LEXINGTON can now be announced. Brought to you by a the team of The Quietus, The Lexington & Wire who were also responsible for DRILL : LONDON the latest edition of the festival with no fixed City, Date or Format comes perfectly formed and Lexington sized! Each night Wire will host a different support band in a way that echoes DRILL : FESTIVAL's roots in 2 nights at the Lexington in November 2010. See below for Lineup and ticket links.
Alongside the announcement we are making a further track from the new album WIRE available to stream on Soundcloud. The track is entitled Split Your Ends
In addition we have just now added 2 dates to the US tour
Portland OR, Dantes - May 26th
Millvale PA, Mr Smalls Theatre - June 7th
Upcoming Wire gigs
- July 30: Bolognetti Rocks Festival, Bologna, Italy
- July 31: Arena Parco Castelli, Brescia, Italy - FREE FESTIVAL
- Aug 08: Absolutely Free Festival, Genk, Belgium - FREE FESTIVAL
- Oct 22: West End Centre, Aldershot, UK
- Oct 23: Mono, Falmouth, UK
- Oct 24: Simple Things Festival, Bristol, UK
View past gigs in the gigography
More recent Wire news
New album!Feb 11
Today, Wire's new album - simply entitled WIRE - is being launched. You can right now stream the track "Joust & Jostle" at Noisey and pre-order from pinkflag mail order. We are also announcing a UK tour (including DRILL : LEXINGTON) and a US tour. You can read more about the album HERE.
6 Music Festival Jan 27
Today we are able to share that we will be part of the 2015 6 Music festival line up. The show will be in the main concourse at the Sage in Gateshead. More info can be found here. For those who cannot get to Gateshead the show will be filmed and be able to view under the red button as well as online.
Watch this space for further announcements
UK datesJan 09, 2015
Today we are announcing a couple of UK dates:
19th February 2015 - The Musician, Leicester
20th February 2015 - Unity, Wakefield
There will be plenty more announcements in 2015 but for now that's all we can say, apart from all the best for 2015!
Githead news (Githead.com) | 27#11 news (MySpace) || News archive »


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SC State PIRC/Parentwise is the network of Parent Information and Resource Centers in South Carolina. Partnering with eight South Carolina school districts, SC PIRC/Parentwise helps fund parent educators across the state that model effective learning through play strategies, promote early language development, and work with parents to develop good parenting skills.
- Age Range: All ages
- Category: Children & Family


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Stunning electrical storm lights up the sky in the capital as UK heatwave continues
Londoners were treated to a stunning light show last night as an electrical storm hit the city.
16 September 2013
Barclays today admitted it may face a £50 million fine from the City regulator as it issued final details of its £6 billion rights issue.
16 September 2013
Coutts has overtaken Barclays as the largest wealth manager in the UK by assets under management.
16 September 2013
The receding spectre of military action in Syria helped airlines soar to the top of the benchmark index today as oil prices fell.
16 September 2013
The debate over the Coalition's efforts to kick-start the housing market intensified today as Barclays chief executive Antony Jenkins warned of a "property-driven boom" in the UK.
11 September 2013
Banks love wooing students — so much so that when the contract to offer the 16-25 railcard free with the bank accounts came up for renewal this year, a bidding battle erupted. Santander, the eventual winner, paid out millions of pounds.
10 September 2013
An experimental ovarian cancer drug that maker AstraZeneca had written off today moved closer to successfully treating patients.
04 September 2013
Banks have paid out £500,000 in redress to small businesses that were mis-sold interest rate swaps since the regulator ordered them to review 30,000 cases four months ago.
04 September 2013
Ministers came under fire today over the lack of women in key economic posts, amid fears that the "appalling" gender imbalance could damage Britain's recovery.
03 September 2013
Complaints about financial firms have surged to a record high as a huge insurance mis-selling scandal continues to weigh on the industry.
03 September 2013
The new Bank of England Governor certainly laid down a marker today as he delivered the global scoop of his first newspaper interview into the lap of… the Nottingham Post.
29 August 2013
Property group Countrywide wobbled today as news emerged that two major private equity investors had reduced their stake.
14 August 2013
Piccadilly Circus will soon become even brighter with a new LED display.
14 August 2013
Barclays finance director Chris Lucas is leaving the bank at the end of this week, six months earlier than planned, because of his deteriorating health.
14 August 2013
A petition signed by 25,500 people will be handed in to Downing Street today urging Barclays not to pull the plug on a service that allows people living in Britain to send small amounts of money to family and friends in developing nations.
07 August 2013
The Boris Bikes scheme is to be hit by a 48-hour strike — from 9pm on Sunday until the same time on Tuesday.
05 August 2013
PricewaterhouseCoopers has won the most lucrative audit in the FTSE 100 after being chosen to replace KPMG at banking giant HSBC.
02 August 2013
The interesting thing about Barclay's decision to raise almost £6 billion of additional capital from its shareholders is not that it has done so but that it has been so churlish about getting there.
31 July 2013
The City was fired up today by news that Centrica is poised to become the biggest gas supplier to America's east coast. The deal to buy Hess's energy marketing business for around £500 million drove Centrica into the top risers on the benchmark index.
30 July 2013
Barclays was forced to confirm to the stock market today that it is looking at raising fresh capital, with growing speculation that it could announce a £4 billion rights issue with tomorrow's first-half results.
29 July 2013
The City has been desperate for takeover deals to perk things up and today traders were spoilt for choice as shares in media and drugs groups soared.
29 July 2013
28 July 2013
BSkyB today warned operating profits will take a hit of up to £70 million next year as it invests in new on-demand services and technology in the pay-TV and broadband wars with rivals from BT to NetFlix.
26 July 2013
Gareth Bale is in contract talks with Tottenham Hotspur, his manager Andre Villas-Boas has confirmed.
26 July 2013
An alleged gunman seized by members of the public after a failed bank raid was on day release from jail, it is understood.
26 July 2013
Britain's major banks are to publish lending data across 10,000 postcodes by the end of the year as part of efforts to boost credit to homeowners and small businesses.
24 July 2013
JPMorgan Cazenove has been hired by UK Financial Investments to advise the Government on selling its stakes in Lloyds and Royal Bank of Scotland.
19 July 2013
Two former brokers were today charged with conspiracy to defraud in connection with the rigging of the interbank lending rate Libor.
15 July 2013
China fired off more warning signals over its slowing economy today as official figures showed a shock export collapse last month.
10 July 2013
The Government today finally fired the starting gun on the stock-market flotation of Royal Mail, claiming Britain's biggest privatisation since the railways was vital as "the public will always want to invest in schools and hospitals ahead of" the postal operator.
10 July 2013
The City regulator should re-consider the strict capital rules it has imposed on Co-op Bank to plug its black hole, bondholders in the group said today.
09 July 2013
He's one of the cleverest blokes I know. He can explain the most complicated of macro- and micro-economic theses. He knows more about yield curves, backwardations and contangos (whatever Samba moves they may be) than most in the City.
09 July 2013
Holiday business Travelzest today admitted that it had only three days left to agree a new credit arrangement.
09 July 2013
Chancellor George Osborne today backed plans to jail "reckless" bankers but ignored demands for banks to beef up their balance sheets.
08 July 2013


text:
Capital Cities, "kangaroo court" This song has been around for a few weeks, but this video takes it to a whole new level.
I felt as if I were in a literary version of kangaroo court.
A court that ignores principles of justice; a court characterized by incompetence and dishonesty.
noun phrase
[origin unknown]


text:
Quest Handbook-Venturing Sports and Fitness Award$23.49Sports and physical fitness have become a very important activity within crew programs. Now here is a 205-page, must-have handbook for those Venturers seeking the new Quest Sports and Fitness Award. Includes a "Sports Resource" section. Learn More
Venturing TRUST Award Handbook$17.99Nationally, Religious and Community Life crews form the largest population in Venturing. Following in the tradition of the Quartermaster, Ranger, and Quest awards, a similar, challenging award program has therefore been created for Venturing's religious life emphasis. The TRUST Award is a unique opportunity for the youth of Venturing. This handbook details the background and requirements for Venturing's TRUST Award for religious and community life. Learn More
Your Flag Book$10.99Learn the proud history and etiquette of the American flag. Includes information on proper display of the flag, flag ceremonies, and situations to avoid. Learn More
Cub Scout Magic$10.99Contains more than 200 stunts, tricks, and puzzles. Softbound edition. Learn More


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|29 posts found
Spotlight Poster
Joined: 2/09/06
"No path is darker then when your eyes are shut." -Flemeth
Maybe tradition is the wrong word with a ~30 year old genre. But I didn't know a better word. I hope you get my meaning. What I meant is this: If you have professional book critics for novels, or movie reviewers or restaurant & cooking reviewers, they have a really serious, critical and demanding approach. If a new novel is bad, there sure are book critics who will shred the book to pieces. If a restaurant cooks mediocre meals, sure the gourmet testers will stomp it. If a new movie is really lame, movie critics will burn it. But if a game is mediocre, when it comes from a big and influental company, we have no reviewers anywhere who really dare to give it the bad vote.
Now let's be sure about one thing: every critical review is always subjective. If literature critic X tosses Novel Y into the flames in his review, there sure are others who still love Novel Y. But the critic dares to be critical. Really critical. He doesn't try to "be objective" or make a rating that speaks for everyone. He will make a *personal* impression, he will explain why Novel Y in his opinion is trash and give a clear verdict. Then, based on the tastes of the critic, you have an impression, even though you may disagree, because you know how to place that critic. You may seek critics which usually are along your lines of thinking. Or you may seek critics who always hate what you like, and then take his negatives as your positive. But it will be a statement, a clear opinion. And in the long term, we may hope at least a bit, harsh critique can help the customers. At least I feel that way about books, movies and other stuff which is *seriously* reviewed.
Now in terms of games, as I see it, we just have no reviewer culture, or tradition. Now ever so often, we read reviews full of critique and negatives from the reviewer, and then totally surprisingly the the rating is 8/10. How often did we not think this rating was sort of in contradiction with the entire text of the review?
But the most stunning thing is: I can't recall any expensive title of the big companies like EA which ever got anything but 8, 9 or 10 of 10. No matter what you take, games in which cases we really, really have reasons to be skeptical. Like Mass Effect 2+3, Like Dragon Age 2, like SWTOR, like DCU, like Sims 3. Anything. And if you go to Metacritic or Game Rankings, you see that all along these games get 8, 9 or 10 of 10 ratings. And every time I think WTF? I mean, sure I can understand SOME of these reviewers really like these games so much. But if we take MMOs like Age of Conan or Warhammer, or said DCU - they got SO MANY stellar, top reviews, and how the heck can that be? How is it possible games with such OBVIOUS flaws and so clearly lacking in many departments get ~9/10 in almost EVERY SINGLE MAG, both online mags and print mags?
And I tell you why. Now people in mags are not "paid" for these ratings. But there are mechanics in gaming, which coerce conformity and assure that games from big companies never are worse than 7/10. The ex of a friend of mine works as reviewer in a game mag. And no I won't tell which. But when he visits a game company to see the new game, he gets a free pass for a game fair, he gets free demos for games which other people have never even seen, he gets "thank you stuff" like a new monitor, a new mouse, a new keyboard, and the like. And of course he gets to see those games in time so he can write a review at release day. Because OTHERWISE he would have to BUY the game, then make a review which would be complete weeks after launch. And that would mean his review is meaningless, because all other mags have of course Day One reviews, and no gamer is then interested in reviews 6-8 weeks after release. That is how big companies assure, that their most expensive games never rated worse than 7 or 8 of 10. And even a 7 rating is VERY rare these days.
And this is, because we have no "critic pride", no critical culture or tradition. A gourmet critic, a car tester, a literature or movie critic would NEVER betray his pride into his critics in such ways. If a book is horrible in his opinion, he would shred the books to pieces. End of story. People could then read his explanation and agree or disagree, but it would be a clear statement. And some bad stuff would be revealed as bad stuff. But in gaming, I am sorry to say, every mediocre stuff is getting top ratings through all the mags. And that is just wrong. Even if we assume some reviewers REALLY feel a game like Dragon Age II was the best RPG ever, I can not believe a second, that ALL of them really felt this way. What we need is a culture of reviewers who take pride in their work! Who feel their job is to warn the customers of bad or mediocre games, who see themselves as helping to BETTER the games and not make a kowtow before powerful companies!
I must admit, in recent years that in gaming the ratings and reviews of magazines have as much validity as Sovjet propaganda about the "triumph of Socialism". Zilch.
People don't ask questions to get answers - they ask questions to show how smart they are. - Dogbert
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This topic has been done over and over again. It basically comes down to the fact that MMORPGs requires a far larger time investment than the other forms of entertainment you mentioned. It is not about tradition directly, it is about lack of time which lead to a lack of tradition.
Novice Member
Joined: 6/30/11
No. I don't think this is MMO specific. Is gaming specific.
IMO the biggest cause of this is endorsement of sameness.
The Hangover: Huge critical success
The Hangover 2: Huge citical flop. The reason? Basically the same movie as The Hangover 1
Every CoD game every made: Greatest FPS ever made.
Originally posted by Sythion
In the single player culture, we allow sequels to be rather similar to their predecessors without lowering their point significantely. Only sequels though, unless critics have changed their behaviour the past few years: external copies were always rated low.
Basically, you have to come up with a good idea and then you are allowed to use that idea for a few games without any major negative impact.
As for MMORPGS: time is the major issue which is why many flaws are never brought up in reviews. Wouldn't surprise me if you need hundreds of hours to do an accurate one.
Joined: 12/11/08
Originally posted by InFaVilla
This, really.
The problem is that game reviewers don't play games long enough to really understand the details before they have to write the review. So they fundamentally don't know what they're talking about when they write the review. That's how you get things like the recent Spiral Knights review on this site in which the reviewer somehow managed to completely miss the entire point of the game.
Spotlight Poster
Joined: 2/09/06
"No path is darker then when your eyes are shut." -Flemeth
Originally posted by Sythion
That is what I meant, it is an issue of gaming reviews, not merely MMO reviews.
People don't ask questions to get answers - they ask questions to show how smart they are. - Dogbert
Novice Member
Joined: 5/04/07
Originally posted by Quizzical
This is just so awesome in so many ways
"I have only two out of my company and 20 out of some other company. We need support, but it is almost suicide to try to get it here as we are swept by machine gun fire and a constant barrage is on us. I have no one on my left and only a few on my right. I will hold." (First Lieutenant Clifton B. Cates, US Marine Corps, Soissons, 19 July 1918)
Novice Member
Joined: 3/22/12
Originally posted by Quizzical
Then they clearlyare not doing their job- Which is why every AAA totle scores very high.
Reviewing 1000 page book takes soome time as well. Plus approaching a gaming review in the same way you would a book is quite stupid.
I see the ops point. And yes, payola and plugola are alive and well in the gaming World- Along with huge amounts of Advertising money- This is the real reason.
Originally posted by SaintPhilip
I do wonder how long time a good review of a 1000 pages long book takes to make. It is also of interest to investigate how much they are paid. I am suspecting that reviewing MMORPGs doesn't pay nearly as well and has far lower social status as well.
Novice Member
Joined: 3/22/12
Originally posted by InFaVilla
-Agree. But there is a huge diffrence here.
And there is far more money in the Gaming Industry thean in Books (paper or otherwise) or even Hollywood. So why are these reviewers second rate (many are) or so easily influenced by payola?
Its because its so Ad saturated. Trust me, MMOPRG.Com makes more in ads than any Book review site out there (not that I am vastly familiar with a Book review site- Just making a valid point). Its the monetary influence, and since Gaming is still associated as "play" and "for kids", its easy to find cheap reviewers ...Just like Beta testers (who used to be paid) now work for free or even pay for the privlidge.
Novice Member
Joined: 10/04/04
Originally posted by Quizzical
In addition to the above I think also is future access and advertising dollars. Most sites who do these reviews rely on both these and when you totally beholden to the few large corporations that make most of the games today for your existence trashing its new MMO or FPS is not a good business move. Most of the few negative reviews that they do put out are reserved for indie studios.
And I do not know a single person at this point who take any of these "professional" reviews seriously anyway, let alone base a buying decision on them.
Joined: 12/11/08
A good review of a game that isn't completely awful should be able to simultaneously tell some people that they ought to try the game and others that they shouldn't be interested. A numerical score alone can't do that. Give some basic information about the game (sandbox or theme park? soloing, grouping, or tries to do both? PVP, PVE, or both, and if both, then how mixed are they?), and in particular, explain any key game mechanics that are unusual. Do that well and you've got a good review. The score at the end doesn't matter.
Advanced Member
Joined: 2/24/07
MMO sandbox games are as exciting as watching paint dry.
I would say mags like Game Informer are great sources for info.
You would think they would be beholden to trying to pass every game off as good, but it doesnt work that way.
As far as claims of "MMO guys dont play long enough".....the IGN guy put in 150 hrs on TOR, and blogged about his playtime all the way thru. I dont think folks can ask for more.
What goes on around here is folks throw extreme bias into the mix, rather than basing a game on how it works, enjoyment to be had etc.....A game with minimal bugs, and plenty of content is always going to get a good score. Whether you like the content or not is irrelevent. That isnt what goes on around these parts, so calling professional reviewers out is pretty lame IMO.
I know I would trust a number of them over anyone around here spouting "SWG was the best game all time" etc. Stuff like that is bias, where I would expect the professional to give it a 6 or 7.
Asking Devs to make AAA sandbox titles is like trying to get fine dining on a McDonalds dollar menu budget.
Novice Member
Joined: 5/18/11
part of the problem of gaming journalism is the fear of being black listed. Then you lose out on sneak peeks, game news firsts, and other perks. Then your competitors will get those perks leaving you in the lurch which can ultimately leave your publication without any business. They just don't have any sort of relative power over the game producers.
There will never be any sort of "60 Minutes" type game journalists.
Novice Member
Joined: 10/05/08
Got to remember lots of gaming reviewrs review on the school scale not the 5 star or a real 100% system. So instead of 80% (4 stars) being a great game that anyone who likes that genre should try out, it's copy crap that no one should try till it's in the bargan bin...
I will not play a game with a cash shop ever again. A dev job should be to make the game better not make me pay so it sucks less.
Novice Member
Joined: 7/07/05
Originally posted by Elikal
Awesome post, and I totally agree. Just don't have much of an answer. There really isn't the same sort of critic integrity, that you see in other entertainment industries. Maybe it's because the mainstream culture still doesn't take video games seriously, in the same sort of way. Gaming critics don't have the same integrity to lose, the way other critics do. They're just game reviewers, and even gamers don't take them that seriously?
When I want a single-player story, I'll play a single-player game. When I play an MMO, I want a massively multiplayer world.
Advanced Member
Joined: 2/24/07
MMO sandbox games are as exciting as watching paint dry.
Originally posted by Drakxii
Game Informer is the best place for reviews IMO.
Although they use a zero to ten scale, with half point intervals, a game that nails an "8" is going to be a pretty decent game. This past yrs Madden got a 7 or 7.5 which is what you are describing as an "8". LoTR War in the North got a 5.5 which they said was real buggy game play. A Square Enix title(cant recall name) was at the 6 range. Hulk Hogan Kinect got one of the few "1" ratings I have ever seen.
I think folks around MMORPG.com have a huge bias towards their ideal game, rather than accepting games for what they are. They are instead judged on what they are not.
It would be like me throwing EVE or WoW a 5 or similar score cause I dont play them. That is silly. They work, and give folks plenty to do. Thus they would warrant a high score.
Asking Devs to make AAA sandbox titles is like trying to get fine dining on a McDonalds dollar menu budget.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 7/24/03
There are many reasons why games are not thouroughly reviewd by mainstream sites.
1. The people that write for mainstream sites like MMORPG.COM TTH and so on do not play MMOS except in the most casual of sense. They write their reviews on playing level 1-6. They play 30 minutes to 2 hours and thats it. They have no idea how to play a MMO except in the most basic sense and they almost never play endgame.
2. Sites like this are not worried about news or journalism but page hits. Page hits are how they make money. Which means their interest aligns with hyping games. Because their writers do not play the games they pretend to write about, have very little knowledge of MMOs and their job is to hype games not to be journalists they generally just repeat developer talking points.
3. Many of the major sites uses require their writers to fufill quotas. 2 or 3 articles per week. The concern here is quantity not quality. It doe snot matter what they write about except that it has a catchy title that gets page hits.
4. Readers are Morons - It is not entirely the fault of mainstream fansites because the people that read them and play MMOs except it. They do not care and they do not question. When companies lie to us we defend them and still buy their products. We always believe there is a miracle patch and we accpet poor products and we accept the lies by developers thier minions at the mainstream fansites. We never learn.
Mainstream sites have nothing to do with journalism. There are no ethics and there is no desire to covergames form a player perspective. It is simply all about page hits. Its all about money and that is whatdrives the stories. They could care less about accuracy or the genre.
I know some well known writers that worked for one of the big MMO websites and each wrote 2-3 artic;es a week about a certain game. In the first year and a half they wrote about this game neither of them ever was able to get a character above level 20. Something most people I know did the first day of release. This did not stop them from continuiung to write with authority about the game they pretended to play. Theyare not an exception. Sadly they are the norm. Almost everyone that writes at mainstream sites are ultra casual and simply do not play the games they pretend to write about. Mainstream sites are simply about making money which is in direct conflict with writing critical reviews.
If you want less tainted information you need to visit independent sites. But even independent sites have a lot of pressure. Devopers give these peopleaccess to alpha and beta , make frinds with them and give them access to developers which means they need to write nice things to continue to get access. Fanboys will generally not visit an independent site that bashes a game they like. So if the independent site is game specific there is little incentive to give an honest review. The one big advtange independent sites give is the people that write for them while unpaid actually play the games they write about and have actual knowledge of the game they write about. They might be lacking in writing style, and in consistent updates but the quality is so much better than mainstream sites.
It is such a shame the mainstream gaming media is so bad. The mainstream media does so much damage to the genre by their actions hyping and promoting poorly made games. Thye help create the buzz and hide the what games are lacking and engage in shady practices and outright lies in the case of Funcom ,SOE Dark and Light and so many other bad games and developers.
If this genre is ever going to improve it will be when we get a responsible media with actual journalistic ethics and sites like MMORPG.Com cease to exist.
The last honest gaming mag died in January, 2002.
Novice Member
Joined: 7/07/05
Originally posted by Moaky07
That would be fine, though - good critics pan things they don't personally like. You look at the scores of a variety of critics, and get the whole picture. Rather than every critic trying to paint an objective picture, that ends up failing to be much of a critique at all, because they aren't looking at the most important part - did they personally find the product entertaining?
Is there even such a thing as objective entertainment value? I trust critics to tell me if they liked a game. Not if they think I'll like it. How the hell should they know what I like?
When I want a single-player story, I'll play a single-player game. When I play an MMO, I want a massively multiplayer world.


text:
Instead, I'll give you some links to other lists on the Web, as well as a few of my picks for this year's best music:
(in random order)
Damien Rice, 9
While perhaps not as beautiful as his debut (2002's 0), Rice's latest effort is a sophomore success, thanks in large part to his extremely expressive voice and the haunting vocals of Lisa Hannigan. In a genre that can only be described as folk pop, he delivers music that is unquestionably unique in both lyric and arrangement.
|Damien Rice, 9 crimes
|Damien Rice, Coconut Skins
The Damnwells, Air Stereo
Yes, I know. I mention this album every chance I get. They're my absolute favorite.
|The Damnwells, Louisville
John Mayer, Continuum
Any naysayers should be silenced after listening to the album that finally showcases the multifaceted talent Mayer's fans have always known he possessed. Continuum is a career-defining, remarkable accomplishment.
|John Mayer covers Jimi Hendrix's Bold as Love
|John Mayer, Slow Dancing in a Burning Room
And a couple of my favorite singles:
|Justin Timberlake, My Love
|Regina Spektor, Fidelity
Best of... lists elsewhere on the Web:
Rolling Stone picks the 100 best songs of 2006
NPR listeners pick the best music of 2006
Amazon.com Best Music of 2006
What has been your favorite music this year?


text:
2014 – 2015 Student and Faculty Grant Opportunities
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text:
John Comazzi and Benjamin Ibarra-Sevilla (both Architecture) co-chaired a paper session at the 2009 Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture (ACSA) National Conference in Portland, OR. The session, entitled "Indeterminacy: Design-Build as Reflection-in-Action," examined the demonstrated the unique role played by progressive design-build projects in design education.
Comazzi and Ibarra-Sevilla co-chair 2009 ACSA Conference session
Posted By Michael Fraase
Sep 16, 2009 at 3:21 PM
Sep 16, 2009 at 3:21 PM
Posted In
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design college of design tom fisher architecture award awards announcement cdes sustainable 2014 students video university of minnesota goldstein museum of design landscape architecture aia exhibition alumni lecture lucy dunne research museum competition minneapolis art community fashion barry kudrowitz event project public interest design events from the dean goldstein international study abroad sustainability conference fashion show haiti awards magazine sustainabiliy conferences csbr graphic design metropolitan design center minnesota schedule star tribune


text:
Fun ways to show your American pride on the Fourth
This sweetie pulled his girl out of a sticky sitch
What to do when your BFF starts dating a new guy and ignores you
Exclusive: Teen Beach 2 stars tell all about their thoughts on the movie
July's Back-to-School Style Giveaway: week 1 winners (plus June's grand prize winner)
Turn heads with these adorable DIY American flag shorts
Beauty Spy: GL reader Anna I. shares her pretty, natural makeup routine
The only workout you need this summer
Have you ever been bullied? Share your story to help other girls!
GL + Disney take a look at the Teen Beach 2 premiere
More Friends = More Fun
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46 Comments | Add Yours
I need help. I have a lot of issues with making friends. I have moved a lot and people just don't fully except me into their group. Even when I make friends, they already have their group and they don't talk to me I just follow the group so Idon't look stupid and alone. I want friends but no one will give me the chance ever. This year, all my classes have the same girls in them and they don't have conversations with me. Please help, I've done everything I know to do.
by RainbowFairy on 1/4/2012 10:25:12 PM
by soccerpal5 on 9/7/2011 8:03:27 PM
Melissa's advice is so true!
by flower62 on 9/4/2011 10:54:02 PM
by helloimkelly on 9/3/2011 10:20:16 PM
I totally agree. High school is DEFINITELY not like the movies.
by hippiechick96 on 9/3/2011 10:13:08 PM
by mint.chocolate.chip on 9/3/2011 9:24:13 PM
by snicker on 8/31/2011 4:57:17 PM
by Shannon.Smiles on 8/30/2011 10:29:10 AM
-- The moderators can get reaaaaaaally busy with everything going on at this site (have you ever gotten a stock message saying they're currently busy and can't reply to your question?) So if you need advice, you can ask me Hopefully this will help the mods a bit..--
Hey everyone If you need to talk, I'm listening. Whether it's school, fashion, family, friends, (I'm cool with other topics too) I'll provide you with advice that comes from the most reliable source which you can trust- experience! So feel free to ask about anything, because advice for you could also help others in their daily lives. And yeah, it's true; no question is too weird/strange/awkward, haha. Things like that happen sometimes, but I've found that it's best to learn from my experiences, and enjoy life Devin A.
by foreverme! on 8/30/2011 3:13:42 AM
Hey everyone If you need to talk, I'm listening. Whether it's school, fashion, family, friends, (I'm cool with other topics too) I'll provide you with advice that comes from the most reliable source which you can trust- experience! So feel free to ask about anything, because advice for you could also help others in their daily lives. And yeah, it's true; no question is too weird/strange/awkward, haha. Things like that happen sometimes, but I've found that it's best to learn from my experiences, and enjoy life
by foreverme! on 8/30/2011 3:08:47 AM
by nwagirl on 8/29/2011 7:53:14 PM
greattttttt advice! Thnx GL!
by orangey98 on 8/29/2011 7:28:08 PM
by munchkin112096 on 8/26/2011 8:28:30 PM
thanks for picking mine <333
by katie10marie96 on 8/26/2011 3:08:15 PM
by josoccer5 on 8/26/2011 1:29:50 PM
Thanks for using my comment
by spacekitty on 8/26/2011 12:54:17 PM
by spazyjazy99 on 8/26/2011 10:02:25 AM
Hey girls!
Do you need advice?
I'm here to help! (:
Just comment on my profile, and I'll comment on yours, asap!
I can give you advice on just about everything, soooo, comment please! (:
by facebooker1240 on 8/25/2011 10:03:29 PM
2day was my first day! im in all but 2 classes w/one of my friends! locker wont shut i have 2 gym classes this semester (twice a day every other day) im trying 2 get tht changed lol
check out my profile adivce pg & clubs!
plz check out "Club Writers"!!!! if u dont, u will regret it
by briblue3 on 8/25/2011 2:37:03 PM
Haha the last one is the best. It's so true.
by mgrxoxo808 on 8/25/2011 2:25:01 PM
<3 Jess D.
by yesterdayskoolaid1 on 8/25/2011 1:56:15 PM
by yesterdayskoolaid1 on 8/25/2011 1:55:09 PM
by snicker on 8/25/2011 12:35:40 PM
by pandagirl12 on 8/25/2011 11:39:40 AM
@lemontwist12- I totally agree with you!
by nerdisthewurd26 on 8/25/2011 7:32:05 AM
by rellim on 8/25/2011 7:00:15 AM
I'M SO THIRSTY!!!!!!! sorry its true
(thats me panting
by rosierosie on 8/24/2011 10:27:55 PM
Why would you want to ask people to borrow their things when you don't need it..I find it annoying when people ask for supplies. It means they're not prepared and irresponsible. Instead, bring something up like "I was wondering if you've seen the harry potter movie since you had a poster of it in your locker" or something like that
by lemontwist213 on 8/24/2011 9:51:37 PM
I agree that high school is nothing like the movies (: they make it seem a lot more intimidating than it is.
by michipie205 on 8/24/2011 7:18:20 PM
by svds on 8/24/2011 6:18:27 PM
by svds on 8/24/2011 6:11:02 PM
great advice
by PolkaDots1999 on 8/24/2011 6:02:40 PM
by Alykat18 on 8/24/2011 5:37:27 PM
by pinkandlime on 8/24/2011 5:06:10 PM
Good tips!
by caligirl99 on 8/24/2011 4:20:32 PM
I like the "ask people for supplies excuse" =)
by filaluvva on 8/24/2011 4:15:37 PM
by lazer!beam!22 on 8/24/2011 4:09:47 PM
Some of those are funny! (:
by soccer babe <3 on 8/24/2011 4:01:45 PM
by pandagirl12 on 8/24/2011 4:01:16 PM
Today was my first day bak to skool, nd it was great! especially since I was there only from 8-10 am
by oceanlover69 on 8/24/2011 3:55:23 PM
2nd Poster? Probably not.
by beththebrave on 8/24/2011 3:50:44 PM
by RaceTiger7 on 8/24/2011 3:35:23 PM
High skool is NOT like the movies!!!
True dat!
by big time rush on 8/24/2011 3:17:11 PM
i totally agree w/ Melissa G! CONFIDENCE IS KEY!!! also if ur feeling down talk to a bestie or (better yet) ur crush! itll totally cheer u up! promise! <3
by sparklysydafrid on 8/24/2011 3:12:30 PM
good to kno!
by kristadakota on 8/24/2011 2:31:17 PM
by Yoga_Love on 8/24/2011 2:28:48 PM
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