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Publications (29)87.5 Total impact
- SourceAvailable from: Jonas Sommar[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Mercury species samples for gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) with a temporal resolution of 5 min, 5 h and 20 min integrated measurements of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM), and 24-h sampling of particulate mercury (HgP) at urban Femman and total gaseous mercury (TGM) at rural Rörvik were conducted during the measurement campaign GÖTE-2005 in Göteborg, Sweden. Results showed that average concentrations for GEM, RGM, HgP and TGM were 1.96 ± 0.38 ng m−3, 2.53 ± 4.09 pg m−3, 12.50 ± 5.88 pg m−3 and 1.63 ± 0.19 ng m−3, respectively. A reverse diurnal distribution pattern between GEM and RGM was observed, and early morning GEM concentration was elevated compared to daytime values which was likely due to activation of fossil fuel combustion, electric utilities, etc., by the formation of a nighttime inversion layer, less activity of GEM and reduced mixing. The subsequent decline and afternoon minimum were likely related to increase vertical mixing, photochemical reaction, and coupling with the coal combustion. However, the photochemical conversion from GEM during daytime and nocturnal behavior of "sticky" gases under higher relative humidity may result in strong diurnal cycles for RGM. Sampling site was heavily affected by anthropogenic sources from two distinguished wind sectors. One was ESE-SSW sector which was likely impacted by long distance transport from south highly industrialized region; the other was likely tied with local sources from N–NE sector.Atmospheric Environment 11/2008; DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.08.007 · 3.06 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The assessment of the global mercury cycle involves estimations of the evasion of mercury form oceanic waters. In such estimations Henry's law constant is often used. In this study the Henry's law constant for elemental mercury has been re-determined in MQ water and artificial sea water. Moreover, for the first time it has been determined for 1.5M sodium chloride (NaCl) solution which is of relevance for modeling of atmospheric waters at coastal locations. For all solutions, experiments has been conducted at five different temperatures between 278 and 308K, using a novel technique, for mercury, based on direct measurements of the portioning of mercury between the aqueous and gaseous phase. Elemental mercury was extracted from the water column and the logarithm of the mass of extracted mercury was plotted against time. A dimensionless Henry's law constant, defined as: [see text] was obtained from the slope of the curve. Almost no difference was observed in the values comparing the Milli-Q water and artificial sea water, however for the 1.5M NaCl solution a salting-out effect was seen, i.e. the solubility of mercury in the water phase decreased. The decreased solubility will generate an increase in the value of Henry's law constant.Chemosphere 09/2008; 73(4):587-92. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.05.067 · 3.50 Impact Factor
Article: A description of an automatic continuous equilibrium system for the measurement of dissolved gaseous mercury.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A novel continuous equilibrium system with high time resolution, i.e. every ten minutes, was developed to sample and determine dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) in natural surface waters. The system is based on the opposite flow principle, can be connected to a ship's bow water system, and can be applied under most ambient conditions, such as high wind speeds and onboard a moving ship. For the DGM determination the system uses the measured equilibrium concentration of mercury established between the aqueous and gaseous phases, i.e. DGM = Hg(extr)/k(H'), where Hg(extr) is the measured mercury concentration in the outgoing gas phase and k(H') is the dimensionless Henry's Law constant at the desired temperature and salinity. The efficiency of the system was investigated via theoretical calculations and by comparing the continuous equilibrium system with discrete samples. The measurements obtained by the continuous equilibrium system agree within 13% at the 95% confidence level with the measurements of discrete samples obtained by the traditional technique. The theoretical calculations estimated that the continuous equilibrium system described here had an efficiency of 99% for determining the DGM concentration.Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 08/2008; 391(6):2277-82. DOI:10.1007/s00216-008-2127-4 · 3.58 Impact Factor
Article: Degassing of gaseous (elemental and reactive) and particulate mercury from Mount Etna volcano (Southern Italy)[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: There is an urgent need to better constrain the global rates of mercury degassing from natural sources, including active volcanoes. Hitherto, estimates of volcanic fluxes have been limited by the poorly-determined speciation of Hg in volcanic emissions. Here, we present a systematic characterisation of mercury partitioning between gaseous (Hg(g)) and particulate (Hg(p)) forms in the volcanic plume of Mount Etna, the largest open-vent passively degassing volcano on Earth. We demonstrate that mercury transport is predominantly in the gas-phase, with a mean Hg(p)/Hg(g) ratio of ∼0.01 by mass. We also present the first simultaneous measurement of divalent gaseous mercury (HgII(g)) and total gaseous mercury (Hg(g)) in a volcanic plume, which suggests that Hg0(g) is the prevalent form of mercury in this context. These data are supported by the results of model simulations, carried out with HSC thermodynamic software. Based on a mean 'bulk plume' Hg/SO2 mass ratio of 8.7×10-6, and a contemporaneous volcanic SO2 flux of 0.8 Mt·yr-1, we estimate an Hg emission rate from Mt. Etna during passive degassing of 5.4 t·y-1 (range, 1.1-10 t·y-1). This corresponds to ~0.6% of global volcanic Hg emissions, and about 5% of Hg released from industrial activities in the Mediterranean area. published 7377-7388 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive 4.5. Degassamento naturale JCR JournalAtmospheric Environment 11/2007; 41(35). DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.05.060 · 3.06 Impact Factor
Article: Trends in air concentration and deposition of mercury in the coastal environment of the North Sea Area[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: An evaluation of mercury observations from North Sea coastal stations during 1995–2002 has been performed. The mercury data originate from EMEP/OSPAR stations in Ireland, Netherlands, Germany, Norway and Sweden where mercury in precipitation and Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM) have been measured. A decreasing trend in mercury wet deposition is observed. The decrease is sufficiently large to be significant considering measurement precision and appears to occur at all the studied sites. The reduction in deposition is 10–30% when comparing the two periods 1995–1998 and 1999–2002. The trend is likely to be due to emission controls in Europe. In contrast, no decreasing trend in TGM could be observed during the same time periods. A plausible explanation is that the TGM concentration measured in the OSPAR area to a larger extent than before is dominated by the hemispherical background concentration of TGM.Atmospheric Environment 04/2007; 41(12-41):2612-2619. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.11.024 · 3.06 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Mercury in air has been measured at five coastal Mediterranean sites, involving measurements in Spain, France, Italy, Slovenia and Israel. Four two-weeks long measurements campaigns were performed at the five sites. The measurements were carried out during autumn 2003 and winter, spring and summer 2004. Total gaseous mercury/elemental gaseous mercury, particulate mercury and divalent gaseous mercury were measured in parallel at the five sites. The activities constituted a subtask of the EU funded MERCYMS research project, which also included Mediterranean Sea cruises where both mercury in air and water were measured. The result from an evaluation of all the coastal air data is presented. Mercury concentrations from the different sites are compared with similar data obtained in northern Europe and elsewhere. The result shows that the background concentration of mercury in Mediterranean coastal air is lower than earlier anticipated. Background concentrations of TGM, RGM and TPM corresponded to 1.75–1.80ngm−3, 1–13 and 3–23pgm−3, respectively. The measurements also showed that the mercury concentration occasionally can be very high in some areas due to local anthropogenic emissions. It is proposed that diurnal variation in RGM concentrations observed during situation with nocturnal inversion merely is an effect of meteorology rather than due to local photochemistry.Environmental Fluid Mechanics 04/2007; 8(2):101-116. DOI:10.1007/s10652-007-9047-2 · 1.16 Impact Factor
Article: Reprint of "Seasonal and daily variation of mercury evasion at coastal and off shore sites from the Mediterranean Sea"[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) was measured continuously using two newly developed techniques and a manual technique. The continuous techniques were based on the equilibrium between the aqueous and gaseous phase (DGM = Hgextr / H', Hgextr is the measured mercury concentration in the gas phase, H' is the Henry's Law coefficient at the desired temperature). In order to calculate the annual mercury evasion from the Mediterranean Sea, diurnal and seasonal measurements of DGM, total gaseous mercury in air (TGM), water temperature and wind speed were performed. During August 2003, March–April 2004 and October–November 2004 measurements of these parameters were conducted on board the RV Urania. The continuous measurements of DGM showed a diurnal variation in concentration, at both coastal and off shore sites, with higher concentrations during daytime than nighttime. The concentration difference could be as large as 130 fM between day and night. The degree of saturation was calculated directly from the measurements, S = Hgextr / TGM and was found to vary between the different seasons. The highest average degree of saturation (850%) and the largest variation in saturation (600–1150%) was observed during the summer. The spring showed the lowest variation (260–360%) and the lowest average degree of saturation (320%). The autumn also showed a large variation in saturation (500–1070%) but a lower average (740%) compared to the summer cruise. This might be explained by the temperature difference between the different seasons, since that parameter varied the most. The flux from the sea surface was calculated using the gas exchange model developed by Nightingale et al. [Nightingale, P.D., Malin, G., Law, C.S., Watson, A.J., Liss, P.S., Liddicoat, M.I., Boutin, J., Upstill-Goddard, R. C., 2000. In situ evaluation of air–sea gas exchange parameterization using novel conservative and volatile tracers. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14(1):373–387]. The evasion varied between the different seasons with the highest evasion during the autumn, 24.6 pmol m− 2 h− 1. The summer value was estimated to 22.3 pmol m− 2 h− 1 and the spring to 7.6 pmol m− 2 h− 1. Using this data the yearly evasion from the Mediterranean Sea surface was estimated to 77 tons.Marine Chemistry 03/2007; 107(1):104-116. DOI:10.1016/j.marchem.2007.06.020 · 3.20 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: As part of the European Mercury Emissions from Chlor Alkali Plants (EMECAP) project, we tested the hypothesis that contamination of ambient air with mercury around chlor alkali plants using mercury cells would increase the internal dose of mercury in people living close to the plants. Mercury in urine (U-Hg) was determined in 225 individuals living near a Swedish or an Italian chlor alkali plant, and in 256 age- and sex-matched individuals from two reference areas. Other factors possibly affecting mercury exposure were examined. Emissions and concentrations of total gaseous mercury (TGM) around the plants were measured and modeled. No increase in U-Hg could be demonstrated in the populations living close to the plants. This was the case also when the comparison was restricted to subjects with no dental amalgam and low fish consumption. The emissions of mercury to air doubled the background level, but contributed only about 2 ng/m(3) to long-term averages in the residential areas. The median U-Hg levels in subjects with dental amalgam were 1.2 microg/g creatinine (micro/gC) in Italy and 0.6 microg/gC in Sweden. In individuals without dental amalgam, the medians were 0.9 microg/gC and 0.2 microg/gC, respectively. The number of amalgam fillings, as well as chewing, fish consumption, and female sex were associated with higher U-Hg. The difference between the countries is probably due to higher fish consumption in Italy, demethylated methyl mercury (MeHg) being partly excreted in urine. Post hoc power calculations showed that if the background mercury exposure is low it may be possible to demonstrate an increase in U-Hg of as little as about 10 ng/m(3) as a contribution to ambient mercury from a point source.Science of The Total Environment 10/2006; 368(1):326-34. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.048 · 4.10 Impact Factor
Article: Seasonal mercury concentrations measured in rural air in Southern Poland: Contribution from local and regional coal combustion[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The concentration of total atmospheric gaseous mercury (TGM) and total particulate mercury (TPM) have been measured during one summer campaign (19–29 August 2003) and one winter campaign (26 January–3 February 2004) at a rural site in Poland. Mercury deposition was also measured using bulk samplers. The measurement campaigns were performed in a typical agricultural area of Southern Poland where 85% of the houses use low capacity domestic heating units (DHUs) fuelled with hard coal during the cold season. An average TGM value of 1.63±0.35ngm-3 was obtained in the summer campaign, whereas a 2.5 times higher TGM concentration was found during winter. The mean TPM concentration during summer was 0.11±0.05ngm-3 while 10 times higher values were obtained during the winter campaign. The mercury deposition was also found to be much higher during winter in comparison to summer. The summer TGM values are at the same level as the annual average TGM at background locations in most West European countries including Scandinavia. The higher TGM values in winter are most likely due to the use of DHUs in the local area. However, both summer and winter TPM concentrations and mercury deposition fluxes are much higher than in most neighbouring West European countries. This probably reflects the regional use of coal combustion for electric energy production and in low-capacity DHUs.Atmospheric Environment 12/2005; 39(39):7580–7586. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.08.003 · 3.06 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Mercury in air near a mercury cell chlor-alkali plant in Sweden has been measured within the EU-project EMECAP. Based on the measurements and modelling the annual distributions of GEM and RGM have been calculated for the local area around the plant. The average concentration of GEM in residential areas near the plant was found to be 1–3.5ngm−3 higher in comparison to the background concentration in this part of Sweden. The emission of RGM (0.55kgyear–1) results in elevated RGM concentrations close to the plant. The greatest impact on the local area is due to wet deposition of RGM. However, only a small fraction (0.4%) of all mercury being emitted was found to be deposited in the local area. No impact on urinary mercury could be demonstrated in the population living close to the plant.Atmospheric Environment 12/2005; 39(39):7451-7458. DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.054 · 3.06 Impact Factor
Article: Application of Relaxed Eddy Accumulation Technique to Quantify Hg0 Fluxes Over Modified Soil Surfaces[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Fluxes of mercury from a waste repository and from an agricultural field amended with sewage sludge were measured. The measurements were performed by utilising a Relaxed Eddy Accumulation (REA) system synchronously coupled to automated mercury cold vapour atomic fluorescence analysers (CVAFA). The waste repository was severely contaminated and fluxes of between 0.16μg m−2 h−1 and 29μg m−2 h−1 could be measured. Fluxes at the slightly contaminated agricultural field measured between 8 ng m−2 h−1 and 1.9μg m−2 h−1. The results showed that the REA-CVAFA system could be used for measurements above both severely-and slightly contaminated soils. The measurements at the chlor-alkali plant showed that temperature was the most important parameter controlling the release of mercury at this site. At the agricultural field, the measurements indicated that both solar radiation and temperature may have influenced the emissions. Most of the mercury added to the field was lost to the atmosphere during the summer season.Water Air and Soil Pollution 09/2005; 167(1):331-352. DOI:10.1007/s11270-005-0012-8 · 1.69 Impact Factor
Article: Circumpolar transport and air-surface exchange of atmospheric mercury at Ny-Ålesund (79° N), Svalbard, spring 2002[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Mercury in different environmental compartments has been measured at Ny-Ålesund (78°54? N, 11°53? E) during an intensive campaign, 17 April to 14 May 2002. Time-resolved speciated determination of mercury in the atmosphere and snow was conducted at the Norwegian research station at the Zeppelin mountain, 474 m above the sea level, and at the Italian research facility Dirigibile Italia, 12 m above the sea level. Total Gaseous Mercury (TGM) was present in the range <0.1 to 2.2 ng m?3 during the campaign. Three mercury depletion events, identified as periods with decreased TGM concentrations, were observed. At the lower altitude, TGM concentrations following such events were found to exhibit both higher magnitude and larger variability in comparison to results from the Zeppelin station. Oxidised mercury species in air and fall-out with snow as well as mercury attached to particles were also measured and their concentrations were found to be anti-correlated with TGM in air. The strongest modulation was observed for total mercury concentration (Hg-tot) in snow (range 1.5?76.5 ng L?1). Solid evidence for photo-stimulated emissions of Hg0(g) from the snow pack in conjunction to depletion events were obtained from gradient measurements as well as from flux chamber measurements. Steep diurnal concentration variations of Hg0(aq) in surface seawater were also found to concur with changing solar radiation. The concentration of Hg0(aq) in seawater was found to be in the range 12.2?70.4 pg L?1, which corresponds to supersaturation. Hence, the seawater surface constituted a source emitting elemental mercury. The concentrations of the transient mercury forms RGM (Reactive Gaseous Mercury) and PM (Particulate Mercury) respectively and BrO column densities detected using a zenith and off-axis sky viewing DOAS instrument were very low except for a few individual samples during the major depletion event. An evaluation of trajectories for selected events and comparisons with BrO vertical column densities obtained by the GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) instrument aboard the earth remote sensing satellite ESR-2 indicates that the air masses exhibiting low Hg0 concentrations originated from areas with high BrO densities. It was concluded that the observed depletion events at Ny-Ålesund were a results of transport from areas with high photochemical activity around the polar region.ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 01/2004; 4:1727. DOI:10.5194/acpd-4-1727-2004 · 5.30 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The inventories of global anthropogenic emissions of mercury for years from 1979/1980 to 1995 suggest a substantial reduction in the 1980s and almost constant emissions afterwards. In contrast to emission inventories, measurements of atmospheric mercury suggest a concentration increase in the 1980s and a decrease in the 1990s. Here we present a first attempt to reconstruct the worldwide trend of atmospheric mercury concentrations from direct measurements since the late 1970s. In combination, long term measurements at 6 sites in the northern, 2 sites in the southern hemispheres, during 8 ship cruises over the Atlantic Ocean (1977-2000) provide a consistent picture, suggesting that atmospheric mercury concentrations increased in the late 1970s to a peak in the 1980s, then decreased to a minimum at about 1996, and have been nearly constant since. The observed trend is not consistent with the published inventories of anthropogenic emissions and the assumed ratios of anthropogenic/natural emissions, and suggests the need to improve the mercury emission inventories and to re-evaluate the contribution of natural sources.Geophysical Research Letters 05/2003; DOI:10.1029/2003GL016954 · 4.46 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Total particulate mercury (TPM) in air has been measured during five 2-week campaigns at five measurement sites in Northern Europe. The measurements covered four seasons and the result constitutes a unique TPM data set from this region. Evidence for transport of TPM on a regional scale is reported as well as the historical trend of TPM in south of Sweden. All TPM measurements were made using a new mini particulate sampler. The device consists of a quartz fibre filter contained in a quarts glass filter holder and is a modified version of the MiniSamplr. This approach proves to be reliable and more cost efficient in comparison to alternative methods. Tests made to evaluate the performance of the sampler in terms of precision and comparability with sampling on Teflon membrane filters are also reported.Science of The Total Environment 04/2003; 304(1-3):53-9. DOI:10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00556-9 · 4.10 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: A procedure for sampling gaseous methylmercury (MeHg) in ambient air using a refluxing mist chamber (MC) has been developed. The MC consists of a glass bulb with an air inlet tube at the bottom. Via a capillary mounted adjacent to the inlet tube, the solution inside the MC is pulled from the bottom of the bulb to form a mist inside the chamber. Two different aqueous sampling solutions were tested and evaluated, a dilute HCl (0.003 M) solution and a solution containing the chelating agent ammonium salt of pyrrolidine-1-dithiocarboxylic acid. The airflow rate through the sampler was 10-15 l min(-1). The sampling time was 6 h when using dilute HCl as an extraction solution, and 3 h when using the solution containing the chelating solution. Determination of atmospheric MeHg collected in the aerated water sample was accomplished using GC/CVAFS after aqueous phase ethylation, and pre-collection onto carbotrap column. To test the reproducibility and accuracy of the method, parallel sampling, and standard additions tests were carried out. Other quality control tests, i.e. procedure blanks and duplicated analysis have also been performed. The detection limit, based on three times the standard deviation of total blank (including sampling, distillation, and analysis) is 2 pg, which corresponds to a procedural detection limit of approximately 1 pgm(-3) in ambient air when sampling for 3 h. Measurements performed on the roof of the IVL building yielded concentrations from 3 to 22 pgm(-3) corresponding to 0.3-1% of the total gaseous mercury in ambient air.Science of The Total Environment 04/2003; 304(1-3):107-13. DOI:10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00560-0 · 4.10 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Atmospheric mercury species/fractions were measured near a chlor-alkali plant in Sweden during August 28 to September 4, 2001. The concentration of total gaseous mercury in the plume from the plant was measured using TEKRAN and GARDIS instruments. Gaseous elemental mercury was measured using a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) technique. From vertical LIDAR sweeps through the plume from the chlor-alkali plant mercury emission rates could be calculated. The concentrations of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) in the plume and also inside the cell house were measured using annular KCl coated denuders. The RGM emission constitutes 0.5-1.0% of the total mercury emitted from the plant. The mercury concentration adsorbed on particles was measured as well as the mercury flux from soil. The data presented also include an intercomparison showing an excellent agreement between TEKRAN/GARDIS and LIDAR gaseous mercury measurements.Science of The Total Environment 04/2003; 304(1-3):29-41. DOI:10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00554-5 · 4.10 Impact Factor
Article: Distribution of atmospheric mercury species in Northern Europe: final results from the MOE project[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: The mercury species over Europe (MOE) project was aimed at identifying sources, occurrence and atmospheric behaviour of atmospheric Hg species. Within MOE, emission measurements, ambient air measurements, process and regional-scale modelling and laboratory measurements were conducted. In this work, a summary of some of the main results is given. From the emission measurements, information on stack gas concentrations and emission factors for five coal fired power plants and three waste incinerators are presented. Results from field measurements of mercury species in ambient air at five locations in Northern Europe are presented. Examples from regional-scale atmospheric modelling are also given. The results emphasise the importance of information on Hg species for instance in emission inventories and measurement data from background sites. Furthermore, the importance of considering the role of the global cycling of mercury in future control strategies is emphasised.Atmospheric Environment 01/2003; DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00235-8 · 3.06 Impact Factor
Article: Evasion of mercury from coastal and open waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) was measured in coastal Atlantic seawater and in the Mediterranean Sea. The Atlantic measurements were performed during September 1999 at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station, situated on the Irish west coast. The measurements in the Mediterranean Sea were made along a 6000 km cruise path from 14 July to 9 August 2000 in the framework of the Med-Oceanor project. Total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations in air were continuously measured with a 5 min time resolution using an automated mercury analyser (Tekran 2537A) during both expeditions. Paired TGM and DGM samples from all campaigns showed that the surface water was supersaturated with elemental mercury. The mercury evasion was estimated using a gas exchange model (J. Geophys. Res. 97 (1992) 7373), which uses salinity, wind speed and water temperature as independent parameters. The predicted average mercury evasion from the coastal Atlantic water was 2.7 ng m−2 h−1 implying that the concentration of TGM in the Atlantic air is enhanced by mercury evasion from the sea.Measurements in different regions of the Mediterranean Sea showed spatial variations in DGM concentrations. The highest DGM concentration (∼90 pg l−1) was observed at a location in the Strait of Sicily (37°16N 11°52E). The mercury evasion in the eastern sector of the Mediterranean Sea (area: 32–36°N, 17–28°E) was generally higher (7.9 ng m−2 h−1) than that observed in the Tyrrhenian Sea (4.2 ng m−2 h−1) or in the western sector (2.5 ng m−2 h−1) (areas: 38–42°N, 8–13°E and 38–41°N, 7–8°E, respectively). Estimations of mercury evasion were also made at Mediterranean coastal sites using a dynamic chamber technique.In addition, a newly developed method making continuous in situ DGM measurements possible was tested.Atmospheric Environment 01/2003; DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00238-3 · 3.06 Impact Factor
Article: Comparison of procedures for measurements of dissolved gaseous mercury in seawater performed on a Mediterranean cruise[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: A comparison of manual procedures for measurements of dissolved gaseous mercury (DGM) in seawater was accomplished. The experiments were performed on board the Italian research vessel Urania during July 2000 as a subtask in the CNR "Med-Oceanor Project 2000". Water samples for DGM were collected by Go-Flo bottles and subsequently analysed for DGM on board the ship. Determinations of DGM were made in parallel by two groups using different analytical routines. The two sets of data obtained compare favourably. Based on the fieldwork and an additional laboratory study, analytical procedures are discussed and an optimised method to determine DGM is presented. In addition, a method for automated in situ measurements of DGM positioned in the water body was tested. This method has the potential to simplify studies of DGM dynamics, that is variation in concentration as a function of water temperature and solar radiation etc.Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 12/2002; 374(6):1002-8. DOI:10.1007/s00216-002-1592-4 · 3.58 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: Five mercury (Hg) chemistry models are compared using the same data set for model initialisation. All five models include gas-phase oxidation of Hg(0) to Hg(II) (except for one model), fast reduction–oxidation aqueous reactions between Hg(0) and Hg(II), and adsorption of Hg(II) species to soot particles within droplets. However, the models differ in their detailed treatments of these processes. Consequently, the 48-h simulations reveal similarities but also significant discrepancies among the models. For the simulation that included all Hg species (i.e., Hg(0), Hg(II) and Hg(p)) as well as soot in the initial conditions, the maximum simulated Hg(II) aqueous concentrations ranged from 55 to 148 ng l−1 whereas the minimum concentrations ranged from 20 to 110 ng l−1. These results suggest that further experimental work is critically needed to reduce the current uncertainties in the formulation of Hg chemistry models.Atmospheric Environment 08/2002; 36(24-36):3881-3898. DOI:10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00351-5 · 3.06 Impact Factor
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IVL Swedish Environmental Research InstituteTukholma, Stockholm, Sweden


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Recipe by amarachi
"This is a delicious breakfast option for the whole family. Quick and easy. Freezes perfectly for those that pre-plan. Place in a resealable bag and freeze. To reheat, remove from freezer and microwave on high for 1 minute, adding time as needed to heat through."
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3 spears
fresh asparagus, cut in half
1 serving
cooking spray (such as Pam®)
1/4 cup
large eggs
4 teaspoons
maple syrup
salt and ground black pepper to taste
onion, diced
1/4 cup
shredded Swiss cheese
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Maple Asparagus Mini Frittatas
Serving Size: 1/6 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 6
Amount Per Serving
** Calories: 87
** Calories from Fat: 44
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Raymond John McLean
Position: FB-HB
Height: 5-7 Weight: 155 lbs.
Born: September 13, 1897 in Detroit, MI
High School: Green Bay West
College: none
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (14760th overall since 1950)
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Health & Pregnancy
What's It Like in the Womb?
Finding the Edge
When Kurt and Cathy Meyer of Fishers, Ind., were expecting their daughter, who was born almost a year ago, they did everything they could to give Marie a running start. They read to her. They talked to her. They even researched all the different prenatal stimulation products on the market.
They settled on BabyPlus, a "cardiac curriculum" developed by Seattle developmental psychologist Brent Logan. The 16-tape series of audio tapes deliver sonic patterns to stimulate the fetus' nervous system and exercise its developing brain.
"We were looking for every possible competitive edge for our child," says Kurt Meyer. "From a parent's perspective, if you deprive your child of any opportunity to learn, you haven't done your job."
It's hard to prove the effect BabyPlus had on Marie. But the couple is convinced the prenatal stimulation allowed her to sleep better after birth and reach developmental milestones, like saying words and understanding when others spoke to her, faster.
"We have a lady who watches her three days a week, a mother of two who watches three other children about the same age as Marie, and almost a week doesn't go by when she hasn't told us that Marie is doing something, where the other kids aren't quite there yet," says Meyer, who owns a commercial real estate company.
The BabyPlus system consists of a belt with two tiny speakers fastened onto the mother's abdomen for two one-hour periods per day over 16 weeks in the second trimester. The series of tapes features an imitation of the mother's heartbeat, only the rhythms get progressively more complicated and faster with each tape. The cost of the system is $180.
"Since we knew the mother's blood pulse is serving as the fetus' most elementary instruction, why not create a more intelligent heart, an orchestrated heart, that would be able to provide successive progressions of schooling?" Logan says.
He says stimulating additional brain connections early is particularly important since a significant portion of brain cells naturally die off in the later stage of pregnancy. "Like exercising a muscle, by getting the fetal brain to oscillate faster at more mature rhythms, you're able to lock into place a more mature brain," he says.


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YIELD: Makes 16 servings
Make cake:
Preheat oven to 350°F. Lightly spray 15 1/2 x 10 1/2 x 1-inch jelly roll pan with vegetable oil spray. Line bottom of pan with waxed paper, extending paper slightly at short ends; spray paper. Using electric mixer, beat 5 eggs, 1/2 cup plus 2 tablespoons sugar, 1 3/4 teaspoons vanilla and 1/2 teaspoon salt in large bowl until mixture triples in volume and is thick enough to fall in heavy ribbon when beaters are lifted, about 12 minutes. (This means there is enough air and structure in the mixture to support the flour and batter.) Sift 1/2 cup plus 2 tablespoons flour over batter in 2 additions, gently folding just to combine after each addition. (To help prevent the batter from deflating, "fold" the flour in by cutting into the center with a rubber spatula; slide it across the bottom of the bowl, then up the sides, bringing up some batter each time.) Drizzle 2 1/2 tablespoons butter over and fold in gently (do not over mix or batter will deflate). Pour batter evenly into prepared pan.
Bake cake until golden and tester inserted into center comes out clean, about 12 minutes. Transfer pan to rack; cool cake. Repeat with remaining ingredients and another pan to make second cake. (Can be prepared 1 day ahead. Cover cakes with foil and store at room temperature.)
Make custard:
Place milk in medium saucepan. Scrape in seeds from vanilla bean; add bean. Bring to boil. Whisk yolks, sugar and flour in medium bowl until smooth. Gradually whisk in hot milk mixture. Return mixture to pan; whisk over medium heat until custard thickens and boils, about 4 minutes. Strain into medium bowl. Press plastic wrap onto surface. Chill until cold, about 3 hours.
Using electric mixture, beat cream in medium bowl to stiff peaks. Fold cream into cold custard. (Can be prepared 1 day ahead. Cover and refrigerate.
Make caramel syrup:
Stir sugar and 1/3 cup water in heavy small saucepan over low heat until sugar dissolves. Increase heat; boil without stirring until syrup turns deep amber, brushing down sides of pan with wet pastry brush and swirling pan occasionally. Remove from heat. Add 3 tablespoons water (mixture will bubble vigorously). Stir until caramel is smooth. Pour caramel into medium bowl; mix in remaining 2 tablespoons water. Cool. (Can be made 1 day ahead. Cover; let stand at room temperature.)
Assemble trifle:
Sift generous amounts of powdered sugar over 2 kitchen towels. Cut around pan sides to loosen cakes. Turn each cake out onto prepared towels. Hold the cake in place, and gently peel off the waxed paper, pulling it straight back and almost parallel to the cake.
Stir jam and 2 tablespoons rum in small bowl to blend. Cut each cake crosswise in half. Spread half of jam mixture over the golden sides of 1 piece of each cake. Gently press second piece of each cake onto jam.
Cut cake sandwiches crosswise into 3/4-inch-wide strips. Arrange enough cake strips in 3 1/2- to 4-quart glass trifle dish or bowl to cover bottom, trimming strips to fit and allowing jam layer to show at sides. Brush cake layer with 2 tablespoons rum. Next, set up a decorative row of strawberries around the side of the bowl; then fill in center.
Add banana slices to caramel syrup; gently stir to coat. Using slotted soon, remove banana slices, a few at a time, draining all excess caramel back into bowl. As with strawberries, layer half of banana slices atop berries, arranging some to show at sides of dish.
Spoon half of custard over bananas, spreading to side of dish, using the back of the spoon to press the custard to the edge of the bowl in a clearly defined layer. Repeat layering with cake, rum, berries, banana slices and custard. Arrange remaining cake strips atop custard; press gently to compact. Brush with 2 tablespoons rum. Cover trifle. Chill at least 4 hours and up to 10 hours. Cover remaining caramel syrup; store at room temperature.
Halve additional berries. Slice additional bananas. Arrange fruit atop trifle, leaving 1-inch plain border at edge. Brush fruit with enough caramel syrup to glaze. Spoon cream into pastry bag fitted with medium star tip. Pipe cream around fruit. Garnish with mint, if desired.


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Tripoli ✈ Cologne Flights
Enjoy great fares for your flights
Cologne Information
Flight to Cologne, TIP-CGN
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Weather in Cologne
More Flights To Germany
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Classes on the Cobbles
- Sports & Fitness
- On Gansevoort Street between Ninth Avenue and Hudson Street, New York, 10014
#IslesMeetup - #Isles vs #NHLJets - Get Connected Night
New York Islanders
Thursday, November 3, 2011 at 6:00 PM (EDT)
This is a night just for you connected types.
It's "Get Connected" Night so we're expecting a bigger crowd than usual, which means more chances for you to meet up with your online friends at the Isles Meetup in Doolin's.
All connected fans are welcome to attend but this will be the meeting spot for those taking advantage of the special Get Connected Pack. If you're part of the Social Networking Night group, come down to the social media table on Doolin's Deck in the lower concourse to pick up your free t-shirt and get yourself entered into the raffles. If you're just coming down to meet up with your fellow fans, don't forget to print out your ticket so you can be entered into a raffle just for being connected! Then come back down during the first intermission for the raffle drawings.
The crew from Hockey This Week will be broadcasting their pre-game show LIVE from Doolin's. Make sure you check them out while you're there.
For information on how to become part of the Social Networking Night group with special ticket prices and a chance to win cool prizes, keep an eye on Twitter and Facebook.
The New York Islanders are bringing fans together from all over the world with their social netowrking events. Check out our events page for upcoming #IslesMeetup events which feature player appearances, contests, prizes and the opportunity to meet other fans.
We're all Islanders!
Join millions of people on Eventbrite.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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800GS shock bolt design flaw?
View Single Post
Law Dawg (ret)
Studly Adventurer
Joined: Sep 2003
Location: Left Coast
Oddometer: 820
Originally Posted by
Didn't notice the crossmember being bent earlier, that would probably need to be cut out and a stronger piece welded in with the ears already attached of course. I weld and mod, so could fix that ONE, but the design still exists, I don't like it.
Just a thought here (not an engineer but I can think...sometimes, even though it hurts). Even if the cross piece is replaced how would one go about returning the two outside frame members to their original width? How about other related/attached frame geometry? This one needs to be fought at the highest levels of (shudder) BMW corporate. I'd hold out for a new bike as your frame makes me fret.
That said, if BMW corp does what we long time Beemer riders expect it to and kicks you to the curb, I will be very interrested in what your redneck tech redo looks like. Seems to me that if you replace the cross brace some further modifications could be made to the top mounting for the shock. Fingers crossed for you.
Firefly; the way it will actually be...rednecks in space, dealing with the mess made by urban progressives while being hounded by them and all without any goofy alien stuff. Shiney!
Law Dawg (ret)
View Public Profile
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Ariz. home: 'Ditto' to neighbor's Christmas lights
MARICOPA, Ariz. (AP) - An Arizona woman who knew she couldn't compete head on with her neighbor's elaborate Christmas light display is attracting attention for her response.
Using red and green lights, Kristina Green of Maricopa spelled out the word "ditto" and made an arrow pointing toward her neighbor's home.
KNXV-TV reports ( http://bit.ly/Uv8Qz9) that Green's display is made of around 600 lights. Her neighbor's set-up has about 16,000 colorful lights.
Green has created a Facebook page for her "ditto" sign.
Last year, a family in Beaverton, Ore., also erected the word "Ditto" with an arrow on the side of their own home toward a neighbor's house as part of an online movement.
Information from: KNXV-TV, http://www.abc15.com
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)
Latest Arizona Stories
- Petition calls for Gov. Ducey to take down Confederate monuments on Arizona public land
- 2 toddlers recovering after nearly drowning in Phoenix pool
- 1 dead, 1 hurt after car hits Lake Havasu City bicyclists
- Kingman plans to celebrate Fourth of July without fireworks
- Holiday weekend leaves blood shortage critical, donors needed


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Christopher Eddie Mims
Position: DE-DT
Height: 6-5 Weight: 288 lbs.
Born: September 29, 1970 in Los Angeles, CA
Died: October 15, 2008 in Los Angeles, CA
High School: Susan Miller Dorsey
College: Tennessee (school history)
Drafted by the San Diego Chargers in the 1st round (23rd overall) of the 1992 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 32 (3041st overall since 1950)
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Homecoming 2014 Reunion Classes
Homecoming Weekend 2014 will be celebrate nine of the college's most treasured classes--1969, 1974, 1979, 1984, 1989, 1994, 1999, 2004 and 2009—plus affinity reunions among ALANA and Pre Law graduates.
Join Your Reunion Class Committee
The Alumni Association invites you to be a class committee member or co-chair for the reunion. Committee members work with former classmates, fellow alumni and Canisius staff to increase attendance and participation, work toward class gift goals and leave their mark on Homecoming 2014. It is a great opportunity to reconnect with classmates and have a role in planning your reunion. Join today by emailing us at email@example.com or by calling 716-888-2700.
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Homecoming is still for you! There are activities, events and parties for everyone.
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To get involved, contact the Office of Alumni Engagement at firstname.lastname@example.com or 716-888-2700 or 800-201-4952.
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CNN Breaking US & World News
CNN connects you to the world -- wherever you are.
The redesigned CNN App for Android has been rebuilt and redesigned for use on both your phone and tablet.
Stay informed with the latest headlines and original stories from around the globe. Follow up-to-the-minute reporting with breaking news alerts and live video. Share stories and videos and comment on top stories.
•Get breaking news alerts and follow stories as they develop.
•Go beyond the surface with international, politics, opinion, tech and entertainment stories and more.
•Watch video clips and coverage of live events as they unfold. View your favorite CNN shows live (as available, check with your cable, satellite or telecommunications provider).
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•Access your local weather information, including current and extended forecasts.
•Browse photo galleries related to today's news.
•Sync your Samsung Galaxy Gear to your CNN app and receive breaking news and top stories on your wearable device (available on select Android phones).
The CNN App may ask your permission to access certain functions on your device such as location, network connection, camera and social media accounts. Doing so can enhance some features of your app such as weather forecasts, iReport submissions and ability to share stories with your social networks. The CNN App may also ask your permission for "phone calls" to allow you to call CNN regarding story ideas or general feedback. CNN respects your privacy and would never misuse your personal information.
Have questions or feedback on the CNN App? E-mail us at email@example.com. We are always looking for suggestions on how to provide the best experience possible for you.
BBC News
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• Ability to store the app on the SD card. Widgets will not be available if you choose to use this function. This is a feature of the Android system.
*Currently unavailable for devices running 2.2 and below. We are working on a fix and this will be available soon.
Version 2.4.4:
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If you choose to receive push notifications, a unique identifier relating to your device will be stored by ProcessOne on behalf of the BBC to provide you with the service.
No other personal data relating to you (such as a username or email address) is processed. The BBC will keep your information secure and not share it with anyone else in accordance with the BBC's Privacy and Cookies Policy, available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/privacy/
You can choose to unsubscribe from push notifications in the app's settings screen.
• INTERNET: Used to get the latest news content from the BBC
• ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE: Used to determine whether you are on 3G or WiFi to deliver the best quality content
• WAKE_LOCK: Used if you enable background updates in settings
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• C2D_RECEIVE/C2D_MESSAGE: Used to receive Push messages if you opt in
Fox News
Live Video Streaming
- Watch Fox News Channel and Fox Business Network live wherever you are*
- View streaming coverage of live events and exclusive programming
- Browse the latest headlines while watching Fox News live coverage and clips on demand.
- Adjust the player size to your preference - go full screen by flipping your device into landscape or shrink it down to read news stories while you watch!.
Breaking News & Alerts
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Enhanced News Format
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With the Fox News Android TV App you can:
- Watch the latest videos from the #1 name in news, Fox News Channel
- View streaming coverage of live events and exclusive programming
- Catch up on your favorite show clips
- Watch the clips most shared by Fox News viewers
*Fox News Channel and Fox Business Network live are only available through authorized cable, satellite, and telco subscription packages.
We may work with mobile advertising companies and other similar entities that help deliver advertisements tailored to your interests. For more information about such advertising practices, and to opt-out in mobile apps, see www.aboutads.info/choices. You may also download the App Choices app at www.aboutads.info/appchoices.
NYTimes – Latest News
Favorite Features:
* A new top navigation for swiping quickly across popular sections
* Customize which sections will be in your shortcuts and available for instant offline reading
* Improved app performance including speed and stability
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* Share articles, photos and videos through your favorite sharing platform
* Watch exclusive videos and browse our award-winning photography
Download the NYTimes app for Android FREE today and subscribe to receive your first 14-days at no cost*. All users can access up to 10 free news articles per month, from any section: national news, world news, business, the arts, technology, style, sports, food, travel, opinion and more.
The New York Times app also includes our International edition, The International New York Times, with breaking news, world news, current events and cultural stories from our 50 newspaper bureaus around the globe.
For unlimited access to the NYTimes app for Android, subscribe now and get your first 14-days at no cost via Google Play*. Subscriptions are $14.99/month (Smartphone + Web), $19.99/month (Tablet + Web) and $34.99/month (All Digital Access which includes tablet and smartphone apps). All subscriptions auto-renew.
The NYT app for Android is built responsively and is formatted from 4" phones to 12"+ tablets. The app works on all devices running Android OS (4.1+), including Samsung Galaxy Tab, Samsung Galaxy Note, Samsung Galaxy S5, Samsung Galaxy S4, Nexus 5, Nexus 6, Nexus 7, Nexus 9, HTC One and beyond.
The NYTimes app requires certain permissions to provide you with the best possible reading experience. Here's a little bit about what each one does:
* In-app purchases: This allows you to make purchases within the app.
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ABC News Breaking Latest News
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Read stories and watch video clips from your favorite ABC News shows including Good Morning America, World News, Nightline, This Week and 20/20.
CNNMoney Business and Finance
Track the markets with real-time data, and personalize a Watchlist to keep up with your stock performance. CNN Money's Android app features an elegant design, making it quick and easy to get the latest business, markets and finance news.
· Real-time Market data
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· World Markets, Currency and Commodities data
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NBC News
The completely redesigned NBC News app can be used on both your phone and tablet. Here are a few highlights:
• Faster and more visual than ever before
• Stories download automatically so you can keep reading when you're offline
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Our live, continuous coverage gives you all the news you want, and now it's easier than ever to share the stories that matter most to you.
Headlines - Browse the latest headlines in our News, Sports, Life, Money, Tech, Travel and Opinion sections. Stories are updated 24/7 and can be shared via e-mail, Twitter, Facebook or any sharing app you download on your device.
Scores - Check out the latest sports scores for the NFL, MLB, NBA, NHL, MLS, college football and college basketball.
Weather - Get current conditions, forecasts, and radar maps, and save them for up to ten locations.
Photos - Enjoy beautiful photo galleries, including the Day in Pictures, Day in Sports, and Day in Celebrities—you can flip through the day's best photos or play them back as a slideshow and share your favorites with friends. We've also added the Editorial Cartoon gallery to the Opinion section.
Snapshots - Check out our signature Snapshots in News, Money, Sports, and Life, and vote to see Quick Question results in each one.
Offline Reading - Save and read USA TODAY content offline, even when you don't have a connection.
*NEW for Android 2.3+ Users: Customized Alerts - Get Breaking News alerts and alerts from USA TODAY sections including News, Sports, Life, Money, or Tech. Choose up to six categories and know more about everything as it happens.
*NEW for Android 2.3+ Users: Quiet Time - Set times when an alert won't initiate a light, sound, or vibration on your device.
NPR News
- Hear live streams from hundreds of NPR stations: search by location (GPS) or zip code / call letters
- Listen to programs like Morning Edition, All Things Considered, Talk of the Nation, Fresh Air, and Wait, Wait…Don't Tell Me More
The Guardian
Specially crafted for tablets and phones, this app brings you breaking news and full access to the Guardian's award-winning content. Tailor your home screen with the sections that matter most to you, follow your favourite writers and stories for personal alerts, keep reading when you're offline, and save content for as long as you like.
⚫ Stay up to date with live news and sport
⚫ Enjoy the full range of Guardian content, beautifully designed for Android tablets and phones
⚫ Read offline
⚫ Make it yours by choosing the sections and topics that appear on your home screen
⚫ Stay informed with breaking news alerts
⚫ Follow your favourite stories, series, writers and football teams for personal notifications
⚫ Browse award-winning audio, video and interactive content, as well as full-screen galleries - with stunning high-resolution images
⚫ Save any content you want to keep
⚫ Read comments on articles and share your own thoughts
⚫ Search by keyword, topic, series, section, or contributor
⚫ Upgrade to the premium tier for our crosswords, specially curated content, extracts from Guardian Books, and an advert-free experience
Please note: this app is totally free to use. If you choose to upgrade to the premium tier - £2.49 or local equivalent - your payment can be taken immediately and is processed by Google Play.
Location: users can choose to include their location when contributing to our stories via GuardianWitness. As such, we request the 'Precise location' app permission. Including this is optional when contributing.
Terms of use
All content in the Guardian app is copyright Guardian News & Media 2014. All rights reserved. Terms of use and privacy policy apply when accessing content via the Guardian app.
⚫ Privacy policy: http://www.theguardian.com/help/privacy-policy
⚫ Terms and conditions: http://www.theguardian.com/help/terms-of-service
Yahoo - News, Sports & More
The Yahoo App for Android brings you the latest headline news, stories, and original content!
Favorite features
- All your news in one place with 12 categories, from Business, to Finance, to Sports and so much more
- Save time by honing in on your favorite topics with a personalized news feed
- Always stay up to date with breaking news notifications
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- Show your friends how much you know by sharing stories, videos, and photos
- Article summaries let you browse before reading the full article
- Beautiful visual cards that display images and videos help you see the story
Helpful tips
- Sign in to manage and save your news preferences
- Select the stories you want to see more or less of at bottom of each article
- Swipe left or right to navigate between stories in full screen view
- Tap the Yahoo logo to instantly see all the news categories
- Save stories to read later. Access them in Main Menu > My Saves
What people are saying
"The app's personalization strategy, which combines editorial curation with machine learning, are drawing users back…" - Casey Newton, The Verge
Tell us what you think
We are committed to building the best mobile experiences and would love to hear your feedback
Let us know your thoughts here: https://yahoo.uservoice.com/forums/202867
Features include:
• Breadth of Coverage: Navigate between stories to explore a wide range of topics from Politics to Opinion to Oddly Enough and more.
• Customization: Create and edit your personal watchlist of tickers.
• Flexible Access: Read online or save stories and read them later offline
Al Jazeera English
The 24-hour news and current affairs channel is the first international English-language news channel to broadcast across the globe from the Middle East.
Al Jazeera's global footprint continues to grow and now broadcasts to more than 220 million households on six continents in more than 100 countries.
What's New
- Share stories on Facebook, Twitter, and email
- Add and remove social accounts and update weather location through settings
- Upload photos and videos directly to Al Jazeera through the new Your Media section
- Listen to live audio broadcast
- View weather forecasts by location
- Easily delete articles from the My News section
- Save stories to My News for easy access
- View comments that have been added to stories by website viewers
Features of this app:
- All the latest news, features, spotlight, opinion and blogs from Al Jazeera English
- Programmes videos and information for the latest shows
- News video clips
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- Breaking news alerts
- In Pictures gallery
- Send your media to Al Jazeera
- Search articles
- Preload articles
Note: This app features content from Al Jazeera English.
CNN Indonesia
Al Jazeera America News
Key features:
- Top articles covering national and international news topics like politics, education, culture, business, and more - straight from the Al Jazeera America newsroom
- Beautiful photo-rich navigation
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- Audio Commuter feature powered by Umano lets you listen to the day's news read aloud by real people
- Playlist Mode lets you enjoy a continuous listening experience, hands-free
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- Channel Finder and Schedule tools help you find Al Jazeera America on TV
- Twitter, Facebook and Email integration allows you to easily share articles with your friends
News TV: BBC WSJ CNN NYTimes
Features include:
* All the best news channels, including BBC, Reuters, WSJ, The Associated Press (AP) and more!
* Watch streaming videos with no lag or latency!
* Swipe to start new videos, instantly!
* Wallow in great videos endlessly!
Tired of the dreaded spinning wheel of "waiting to download"? Then get Endless News.
More from developer
CNNMoney Business and Finance
Track the markets with real-time data, and personalize a Watchlist to keep up with your stock performance. CNN Money's Android app features an elegant design, making it quick and easy to get the latest business, markets and finance news.
· Real-time Market data
· Personalized Watchlists
· World Markets, Currency and Commodities data
· Breaking news alerts


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Remote Sensing and Actuation Using Unmanned VehiclesWiley 2012; US$ 106.95
Unmanned systems and robotics technologies have become very popular recently owing to their ability to replace human beings in dangerous, tedious, or repetitious jobs. This book fill the gap in the field between research and real-world applications, providing scientists and engineers with essential information on how to design and employ networked... more...
Optimal Mobile Sensing and Actuation Policies in Cyber-physical SystemsSpringer London 2011; US$ 129.00
Shows the reader how to optimize the positions of networked sensors to model challenging distributed-parameter systems Demonstrates how cyber-physical systems can be used in applications from environmental science to national security Extensive use of illustrations and related examples helps the reader to assimilate the ideas presented more...
Fractional Order Motion ControlsWiley 2012; US$ 154.95
Covering fractional order theory, simulation and experiments, this book explains how fractional order modelling and fractional order controller design compares favourably with traditional velocity and position control systems. The authors systematically compare the two approaches using applied fractional calculus. Stability theory in fractional order... more...
Solving Applied Mathematical Problems with MATLABCRC Press 2008; US$ 99.95
Computer Mathematics Language?An Overview. Fundamentals of MATLAB Programming. Calculus Problems. MATLAB Computations of Linear Algebra Problems. Integral Transforms and Complex Variable Functions. Solutions to Nonlinear Equations and Optimization Problems. MATLAB Solutions to Differential Equation Problems. Solving Interpolations and Approximations... more...
Iterative Learning ControlSpringer 2007; US$ 179.00
Studies the design of robust, monotonically-convergent iterative learning controllers for discrete-time systems. This monograph presents a unified analysis and design framework that enables designers to consider both robustness and monotonic convergence for typical uncertainty models. more...
Fractional Processes and Fractional-Order Signal ProcessingSpringer 2011; US$ 189.00
Fractional processes are widely found in science, technology and engineering systems. In Fractional Processes and Fractional-order Signal Processing, some complex random signals, characterized by the presence of a heavy-tailed distribution or non-negligible dependence between distant observations (local and long memory), are introduced and examined... more...
Distributed-Order Dynamic SystemsSpringer 2012; US$ 39.95
Distributed-order differential equations, a generalization of fractional calculus, are of increasing importance in many fields of science and engineering from the behaviour of complex dielectric media to the modelling of nonlinear systems. This Brief will broaden the toolbox available to researchers interested in modeling, analysis, control and filtering.... more...
System Simulation Techniques with MATLAB and SimulinkWiley 2013; US$ 124.00
System Simulation Techniques with MATLAB and Simulink comprehensively explains how to use MATLAB and Simulink to perform dynamic systems simulation tasks for engineering and non-engineering applications. This book begins with covering the fundamentals of MATLAB programming and applications, and the solutions to different mathematical problems in... more...
Optimal Observation for Cyber-physical SystemsSpringer London 2009; US$ 179.00
Presents a framework within which many problems can be solved without resort to a combination of different methods Gives the reader access to a co-ordinated body of theoretical and applied research on the increasingly well-studied subject of cyber-physical systems more...
Fractional-order Systems and ControlsSpringer 2010; US$ 209.00
Fractional-order Systems and Controls details the use of fractional calculus in the description and modeling of systems, and in a range of control design and practical applications. It is largely self-contained, covering the fundamentals of fractional calculus together with some analytical and numerical techniques and providing MATLAB(R) codes for... more...
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text:
Gets or sets the text decoration for the content in this element.
Type: TextDecorations Enumeration
One of the enumeration values that specifies the desired text decoration.
This property is read/write. The default value is None.
By using the TextDecorations property, you can create the visual appearance of a hyperlink in a Run or TextBlock object.
The "Applies To" section of this topic lists LineBreak, because it does exist in the object model and you can get and set it. However, all LineBreak properties are ignored for rendering purposes.
The following XAML example shows how to define a TextBlock that simulates a hyperlink by displaying an underline in response to the MouseEnter event. The underline is removed in response to the MouseLeave event. Notice that the Cursor property is set to display the Hand cursor when the mouse pointer is over the TextBlock.
<TextBlock Text="Click to Win!" TextDecorations="None" Cursor="Hand" FontSize="14" FontWeight="Bold" MouseEnter="onMouseEnter" MouseLeave="onMouseLeave" MouseLeftButtonUp="onMouseLeftButtonUp" />
The following JavaScript example shows the corresponding event-handling functions for the TextBlock that is defined in the previous XAML example.
function onMouseEnter(sender, mouseEventArgs) { sender.textDecorations = "Underline"; sender.foreground="Maroon"; } function onMouseLeave(sender, mouseEventArgs) { sender.textDecorations = "None"; sender.foreground="Black"; } function onMouseLeftButtonUp(sender, mouseEventArgs) { alert("Congratulations!"); }


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The Time Out Chicago blog
The ultimate Chicago events, restaurants, bars and nightlife blog
Latest posts
The three best things to do today in Chicago
1. Channel your inner impressionist Start off your month with the newest gallery of paintings in town. The Art Institute's new collection of works by impressionist painter Edgar Degas opens today. Titled "Degas: At the Track, On the Stage," the exhibit showcases the 19th-century artist's love of movement and his ability to depict it on a canvas. (Art Institute of Chicago, 111 S Michigan Ave. Included with museum admission, $14) 2. Bust a gut to some English wit Russell Howard is a stand-up comedy goliath across the pond, but he draws a much more indie crowd in the States. Howard hosts several panel/chat shows in the UK, and his new show, Russell Howard's Stand Up Central, debuted on Comedy Central in April. Tonight, he's bringing his spunky humor to Lincoln Hall for a night of laughs. (Lincoln Hall, 2424 N Lincoln Ave, 5pm. $25) 3. Catch a movie outdoors You can catch one of three "Movies in the Park" tonight, all of which are family-friendly options. How to Train Your Dragon 2 is playing at Washtenaw Park, The Princess Bride at Lincoln Park and The Sandlot is playing at Gladstone Park. Grab a blanket, fill up a flask and enjoy some films outside. (Various venues, 8:30pm. Free)Read more
56 exciting things opening in Chicago in July
July in Chicago is hot. Temps are rising, and our calendars are full to overflowing. But hey, we're not complaining. In fact, we're bragging. But then again, being faced with such a wealth of options can be overwhelming, so get to planning. You might want to get your personal calendar out for this one. From Taste of Chicago, Tour de Fat and a myriad of beer, rib and other summer festivals to music at Mamby on the Beach, Pitchfork and Lollapalooza, you have no reason to wonder, "What should I do today?" THINGS TO DO Jul 4: Put on your best red, white and blue and celebrate the Fourth of July with the crowds at Navy Pier. Get there early! Jul 4: Looking to celebrate USA off the beaten path? You'll find even more Fourth of July fireworks in and around the city.Jul 11–Sep 7: Love a good jousting? Make the trek to Kenosha and get in the Renaissance spirit at the Bristol Renaissance Faire.Jul 11: Have a freakishly good time at Tour de Fat, the New Belgium Brewing event that combines a love of beer, bikes and, well, the circus in Palmer Square. Jul 13: Run a little more than three miles and then treat yo' self to some serious carbs as part of the Burgers and Beer 5K at Soldier Field. Jul 14: Il est une fête! Mark Bastille Day with French rock music, plus fine food, wine and entertainment at Daley Plaza. Jul 23–26: That bedside table is looking pretty weak. Stock up on used books across genres at the Newberry Library Book Fair. Jul 25: Run, jump, crash and splash at the Wipeout RuRead more
Check out Chicago's most expensive home on the market
One year ago today, the mansion at 1955 N Burling St hit the market for a colossal $18.75 million, making it the most expensive home for sale in Chicago. The six-bedroom, 10.5-bathroom house has yet to fetch a buyer, presumably due to a lack of multi-millionaire egomaniacs shopping for real estate in Lincoln Park. The place spans 20,000 square feet, occupies five city lots and, even though it was built in 1999, has a classical, early 20th-century feel. It has a separate two-bedroom guesthouse, a six-car garage, an indoor pool and spa, a home theater, and a view of the skyline that could make Rod Blagojevich sell another Senate seat. Check out some photos of the home below and see how Chicago's one percent lives. Photographs courtesy of RedfinRead more
'70s bar Heavy Feather opens this week above Slippery Slope
When Slippery Slope opened last winter in Logan Square, we knew there would be a second floor with a different concept but didn't know the theme until last week—the Heavy Feather is going to offer '70s-themed drinks when it opens on July 2. Doug Phillips, the beverage director at Slippery Slope, is handling the menu upstairs as well, and it includes mostly $10 cocktails and a couple $12 drinks. The '70s isn't exactly regarded as the best era for cocktails, but lately bartenders have started improving upon drinks of the decade with better ingredients. And this isn't Chicago's first '70s-era bar—Jimmy has a '70s decor theme, though the drinks are much more contemporary. The Heavy Feather menu includes classics like an Old Fashioned, an amaretto sour and a grasshopper ice cream drink. There are also some local products used—the BroVo Boomerang is a cherry liqueur made by the Aviary's Micah Melton, Lucky Falernum is a falernum that Danny Shapiro made with BroVo, and Scofflaw Old Tom Gin is made with North Shore Distillery. Expect the space to be casual but comfortable (like Scofflaw and Sink|Swim, the group's other projects), with gold mirrors and leather booths. Hours are Thursday-Sunday from 8pm-2am. Here's the full menu: $10:Casino - Oolong-infused Death's Door Vodka, BroVo Boomerang, Sparkling Wine, Orange Bitters, LemonTony Negroni - Scofflaw Old Tom Gin, Beefeater Gin, Cocchi Di Torino, Campari, Creme De NoyauxPlum Gin Fizz - Averell Damson Gin, Letherbee Gin, Cynar, LRead more
11 art gallery exhibitions to check out in July
As we enter the dog days of summer, take the opportunity to sit in an air-conditioned room full of art. Here are 11 Chicago art exhibitions to help you cool off this July. She Soars: Join the Pilsen Art House for a night of art, music and performance all by women. BYOB. The Pilsen Art House, 1756 W 19th St. July 3, 7-11:30pm. Free. Necrocolor: In this new collection of work, Chicago-based artist Matt Greer returns to his horror roots with gusto, depicting rotting flesh in bright colorscope in an attempt to expose the decay of consumer culture and the death of capitalism. Pilsen Outpost, 1958 W 21st St. July 3, 6-10pm. Free. Galerie F 3rd Anniversary: Celebrate Galerie F's third anniversary and its third exhibition with the "You are Beautiful" project in Logan Square. Galerie F, 2381 N Milwaukee Ave. July 10, 6-10pm. Free. Radiance and Aesthetics of Wellness: "Radiance" investigates the contemporary use of light to explore physical properties and to emotionally engage. "Aesthetics of Wellness" addresses the racial bias, income disparity and social inequality found in stereotypical images used by mass media to portray good health, exploring the healing practices taking place in Chicago's diverse, multiethnic communities. Woman Made Gallery, 685 N Milwaukee Ave. July 10, 6-8pm. Free. WHEREVER: LVL3 and CHGO DSGN present this group exhibition celebrating contemporary Chicago designers and their expansive influence. LVL3, 1542 N Milwaukee Ave. July 11, 6-10pm. Free. PRO BRead more
16 ways to spend your leap second in Chicago
The rotation of the Earth has been slowing, Chicagoans. Fear not, as there's no cause for alarm. In fact, the slowly decelerating spin of our home planet is a natural phenomenon that has been occurring for the past few centuries. There'll be no doom and gloom, we promise. All it means is we're getting an extra second added to our clocks today. When the clock strikes 23:59:59 tonight, instead of rolling over to July 1 (00:00:00), clocks will advance to 23:59:60. This adjustment is scheduled by our timekeeper overlords every few years. The last appearance of the leap second was just two years ago in June 2012. There have been just three seconds added since 2005. While the added second to the world's clock may cause a few technical glitches for websites, computer systems and chronologists alike, for us laypeople it's time to relax and enjoy the finer, more bite-sized gems that make Chicago great. Here's our suggestions: 1. Take a bite of Lou Malnati's deep dish pizza. 2. Test the waters and dip a toe in Lake Michigan. 3. Take a shot of Malört. 4. Puke Malört. 5. Reenact Home Alone. 6. Gaze dreamily at the beautiful Chicago skyline. 7. Sip a late-night coffee from Dark Matter, Intelligensia, Metropolis or other best Chicago coffee shops. 8. Read a line from one of Chicago's best books, like Saul Bellow's The Adventures of Augie March (Find a copy at one of Chicago's best bookstores). 9. Bang your head like it's Wayne's World. 10. Try to identify a one-secondRead more
Where to find Grateful Dead-inspired food and drink this weekend
Nearly 20 years ago, the Grateful Dead played its final shows with Jerry Garcia at Soldier Field. This weekend, the original Dead reunite with Trey Anastasio in Jerry's place. To celebrate, restaurants and bars are serving up Grateful Dead-inspired dishes and drinks to get your groove on for the Fourth of July weekend. The Jam Band Concrete at Shake ShackShake Shack is serving a concrete with a vanilla custard base and lemon curd and raspberry jam swirls from July 3-5. Grab a single for $4.50 and a double for $6.75 at both the River North and Chicago Athletic Association locations. Steal Your Face Haight-Ashbury Farmhouse Ale from DryHop BreweryDryHop Brewery's bringing a low ABV (6.7%) farmhouse named after the Dead's 1974 live album. It's tart with lemongrass and coconut flavors. Stop by for a pint, or grab a growler over the weekend with DryHop's $7 growler fill special. Food & Drink Specials from Brasserie by LMGrab a pint of Capital Brewery's "Grateful Red" beer, Sweetwater's "Take Two Pils," or Tighthead's "Scarlet > Fire" for $6 all weekend at Brasserie by LM. They'll also be serving up food specials featuring a pork belly burger and deconstructed chicken wings. Grateful Dead-Themed Brunch at LuxbarLuxbar will jam along to all the Grateful Dead tunes at a themed brunch from July 3-5. The restaurant will pour a brew from Dogfish Head, "American Beauty," a tribute to the band ($12) and serving up its brunch menu. Tie-Dye Macarons at FoundStarting June 30, you can geRead more
This drone video will remind you why you love summer in Chicago
It's becoming quite clear that Chicago looks best from the perspective of a drone. The video above by Soaring Badger Productions is a prime example, as it captures some of Chicago's most famous spots from a unique vantage point. The arrival of summer in Chicago is always an amazing experience, and the stunning overhead shots of the 606, Navy Pier, Millennium Park and other iconic locations are a fantastic reminder of how inspiring the city is when the weather finally warms up. Soaring Badger Productions, which is owned by aerial photographer Colin Hinkle, has also produced drone videos of Chicago during the winter and spring. Earlier this year, Hinkle became the first person in Illinois to gain approval from the Federal Aviation Administration to fly drones for commercial purposes. We're certainly glad he did.Read more
Northwest Chicago Film Society returns for 2015 season
The Northwest Chicago Film Society is one of the great treasures of the city's local film culture. The programming endeavor, founded in 2011 by projectionists Julian Antos, Rebecca Hall and Kyle Westphal, aims to preserve the experience of seeing repertory movies projected on their original celluloid format (i.e., the way they were meant to be seen). After bouncing around the Portage and Patio theaters for the past several years, the NCFS has set up a new home at the auditorium at Northeastern Illinois University and unveiled an extremely impressive lineup for the summer 2015 season. Every Wednesday night at 7pm from July 1 through August 26, the NCFS will present beautiful 35mm prints of classic films ranging from Paramount's 1930 two-strip Technicolor musical Follow Thru (introduced by film scholar David Pierce) to Bill Forsyth's criminally underrated 1987 comedy Housekeeping (introduced by local independent filmmaker Stephen Cone). Admission is $5 with a discounted price of $2 for NEIU students. The exact address on the campus is Building E, 3701 W Bryn Mawr Ave. The complete schedule is as follows: July 8: Smile, 1975, directed by Michael Ritchie July 15: Gulliver's Travels, 1939, directed by Dave Fleischer July 22: Summer With Monika, 1953, directed by Ingmar Bergman July 29: Midnight, 1939, directed by Mitchell Leisen Aug. 5: It's Trad, Dad!, 1962, directed by Richard Lester Aug. 12: Housekeeping, 1987, directed by Bill Forsyth Aug. 26: Bend of the River, 1952,Read more
The three best things to do in Chicago today
1. Laugh your hoo-ha offLet's face it. It's early in the week, and you need a good belly laugh. And probably a beer. This weekly showcase from some of the city's funniest women—they've been on Comedy Central and HBO for crying out loud—never fails to please. Doors open at 7:30pm. (Rockit Burger Bar, 3700 N Clark St, 8:30pm. $5) 2. Dance with The Faint Yes, The Faint is still a band. You should be so lucky. Get tickets fast and dance with angst like it's the good old days to music from Omaha's sweethearts. Lasers and Fast and Shit will open. (Bottom Lounge, 1375 W Lake St, 8pm. $25) 3. Feel a little fancyChannel your inner fashionista and marvel at the evolution of Chicago style and the growth of the Magnificent Mile from the 1950s to '90s as part of "Chicago Styled: Fashioning the Magnificent Mile." Exhibits cover everything from Norman Norell and Adolfo to Versace and Chanel. Isn't it fun to play dress up? (Chicago History Museum, 1601 N Clark St, 930am-430pm. Included with museum admission, $14)Read more


text:
I have to read data from a spread sheet modify some rows and then write the updated rows / cells into the same file.
I have used Spreadsheet gem with Ruby 2.0.0.
When I write the results back to the same file, I am unable to open the xls any more. I get an error
"File Format is not Valid"
in MS Excel.
When the updates are written onto a different file, I am able to open the file but it is in protected view. Is there a solution to this issue?
Below is the sample code:
require 'rubygems'
require 'spreadsheet'
book = Spreadsheet::open('filePath')
sheet = book.worksheet 0
## have application logic in here


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Stronger Farms, Stronger Families
March 25, 2014
TechnoServe believes family farmers like Joska Aweko hold the key to alleviating poverty and promoting sustainable development.
Joska Aweko's family will never take its farm for granted. For two decades, armed conflict ravaged northern Uganda, forcing Joska and hundreds of thousands of others from their homes. When the conflict abated, Joska, a mother of eight, was one of the first people to return with her family and rebuild their farm. They planted cotton, the area's main cash crop, and staple crops such as corn and beans.
TechnoServe worked with Joska through the Amilobo Growers Cooperative Society, a group of 110 farmers that market their cotton collectively. Our business advisors showed its members improved farming techniques, such as planting seeds in rows and controlling pests by spraying their crops. We strengthened the cooperative's governance, improved its financial management and connected it to new markets. Today, income from cotton is helping to pay school fees for Joska's children and improve her home. And the staple crops provide both food security and a source of income.
The Key to Sustainable Development
The United Nations has designated 2014 the International Year of Family Farming, focusing the world's attention on the potential of farming families like Joska's. In the developing world, 2 billion people live and work on small farms. These farms are rarely simple enterprises. Instead, they feature a shifting lineup of crops and products, each meeting a specific need. Families cultivate the farm together, taking on roles and responsibilities often dictated by cultural customs.
TechnoServe believes family farmers hold the key to alleviating poverty and promoting sustainable development. We work across Africa, Latin America and India to help farmers apply business skills and knowledge to their work. We train farmers in agricultural practices that increase productivity and improve the quality of their crops, and we connect them with buyers, financial institutions and other market participants. Our work helps diversify farms so farmers can both feed their families and earn an income from their crops. We also focus on engaging and benefiting women, sometimes challenging perceptions of gender roles.
Today, the benefits of our work can be seen throughout Joska's village. The members of her cooperative now see farming as more than just a way to subsist. Families are improving their standard of living. The children are healthy and in school, and their parents can envision a future in which they have more choices. This kind of hope is growing on family farms throughout the developing world.
Learn more about TechnoServe's work with family farmers and other hardworking men and women in World View 2014, our annual update.
Related Blog Posts
Women-Led Business Helps Generate Peace and Prosperity in Peru
The women behind Mishky Cacao decided to create a safer future for their families and community – transitioning from coca to cocoa production and generating new value by manufacturing chocolate locally.
Designing Programs that Work in Diverse Settings
The Mobile Training Program demonstrates how innovative projects can be adapted to achieve success in different contexts and geographies.
How Young People Are Solving Africa's Agriculture Challenge
Through TechnoServe's STRYDE program, young entrepreneurs are adopting new agronomic and business practices to take advantage of market opportunities in agriculture.


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Microsoft is in the final phase of preparation ahead of the July 29 launch date for the next big update to its marquee software.
A move could help Foxconn lower its manufacturing costs, though Apple customers won't likely see those savings.
Investors hope the Cité de l'Objet Connecté in France will become a hub for designing and building new networked devices. French government agencies are chipping in some initial funding.
Right now 87 percent of Apple's global operations run on renewable energy. But its goal is 100 percent and converting China manufacturers will be key to getting there.
Technically Incorrect: A Hong Kong woman who left her iPhone to charge overnight says she was awoken by a big bang.
As part of a deal, Israel will grant Intel $300 million in total over five years and will allow the company to pay a lower-than-normal corporate tax rate for 10 years.
You don't have to use any force at all when building your own "Star Wars" weapon with these modular plug-and-play parts from Adaptive Saber.
The company is copying passenger-friendly details from its 787 Dreamliner into its upcoming 777X wide-body passenger jet, the company announces at the Farnborough airshow.
Lego announces a $150 million plan to seek a sustainable, environmentally friendly alternative to the oil-based plastics it has traditionally used.
Well-known manufacturers Foxconn and Pegatron reportedly are hiring tens of thousands of employees to make the next iPhone.


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This formula contains a hint of peppermint extract for an amazingly soothing, cooling sensation. We've selected peppermint because it is commonly used in Aromatherapy to stimulate the brain and used topically to soothe skin. It provides a mild cooling, tingling sensation. This formula is pH-balanced and latex friendly.
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WTF.. this show has been on the air for about half hour in the UK and we are switching off, I had great hopes for the show especially as I am a big fan of Lee Tergesen, what made us switch off!! the bloody attitude it portrayed of troops receiving mail supporting them from the public. I have a friend who lost her brother in Iraq and believe me these guys love to receive support from unknown public who show they care.
If you really want to see a show that shows the reality of the attitude of troops in the field watch Ross Kemp In Afghanistan and see how the troops over there really feel, this show is a piece of crap and does not do justice to what really goes on over there.


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Merlin Books: Best Bookstore
After many years in Kamloops, my favorite bookstore has closed its doors. The owners, David and Nathalie, have retired. Please be aware that Merlin books will likely still be included in many directories and guides for the next few years until new editions can be updated.
If you are looking for books in Kamloops, try Chapters in Aberdeen, or At Second Glance used books on the 400 block of Victoria St.
The Farmers Market: Organic and fresh fare
The Farmers Market is one of my favorite summer features in Kamloops. The market runs Saturdays and Wedensdays in downtown Kamloops. The Saturday market is the bigger of the two. Basically, it's your typical farmer's market: farmers, artisans and other vendors bring their wares to be sold to the throngs of weekend shoppers. Everything is fresh and tasty!
The best thing about the Farmers Market is that there is lots to see. There are always buskers and club information. The food isn't necessarily the cheapest, but you won't find anything fresher anywhere in the city!
What to buy: Some of my favorite vendors at the Farmers Market include Fresh is Best, who sell fresh salsa and tortilla chips, and also a cheese merchent who sells fresh goat cheese.
What to pay: About average. Produce prices vary depending on what you're buying, and whether or not you're buying organic. You can buy a fresh loaf of bread for under $2. Fresh flowers are about $5-$15 a bunch.
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From Our Editors
Located in harbor-friendly Grand Haven, MACkite Boardsports Center offers a diverse range of land and water equipment ideal for enjoying Michigan's seasonal splendor. Guests can peruse a range of amphibious goodies, including stand-up paddleboards, kiteboarding gear, and electric longboards. When the seasons shifts to winter, they will find plenty of snowboarding and snow kiting gear along with a helpful service staff that can tune up pairs of skis and or a snowboard. The team's passion for all things kiteboarding, stand-up paddleboarding, and snowboarding is reflected in the store's inventory. Whether it's a Cabrinha Switchblade or a Rome SKS snowboard, team members always ride the gear they stock and relay their recommendations to customers in earnest.