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RiT Technologies Reports Financial Results For The Third Quarter And First Nine Months Of 2013 PR Newswire TEL AVIV, Israel, Nov. 14, 2013 TEL AVIV, Israel, Nov.14, 2013 /PRNewswire/ --RiT Technologies Ltd. (NASDAQ CM: RITT), today announced its unaudited financial results for the third quarter and first nine months ended September 30, 2013. Financial Results for the Third Quarter 2013 oRevenues for the third quarter of 2013 increased by 54.1% to $3.3 million, compared with $2.1 million for the third quarter of 2012 and 5.1% compared with $3.1 million for the second quarter of 2013. oGross margin for the third quarter of 2013 increased to 39.4%, compared with 13.9% for the third quarter of 2012. oNet loss for the third quarter of 2013 (including approximately $246,000 in stock-based compensation expenses) decreased to $1.8 million, or $0.20 per (basic and diluted) share, a 36.8% improvement compared with a net loss of $2.8 million, or $0.46 per (basic and diluted) share in the third quarter of 2012 (including approximately $164,000 in stock-based compensation expenses). Financial Results for the First Nine Months of 2013 oRevenues for the first nine months of 2013 increased by 29.3% to $8.2 million, from $6.3 million for the first nine months of 2012. oGross margin for the first nine months of 2013 increased to 37.3%, from 23.6% in the first nine months of 2012. oNet loss for the first nine months of 2013 (including approximately $932,000 in stock-based compensation expenses) decreased to $6.3 million, or $0.73 per (basic and diluted) share, a 23.2% improvement compared with the net loss of $8.1 million, or $1.48 per (basic and diluted) share recorded in the first nine months of 2012 (including approximately $256,000 in stock-based compensation expenses). Cash and cash equivalents totaled $1 million as of September 30, 2013. Shareholders' equity increased to $5.5 million as of September 30, 2013, from $2.3 million on December 31, 2012. Recent Developments oDuring the first nine months of 2013, the Company invested $3.1 million (net of government grants) in its product development activities including the continued development of its Beamcaster™ and PatchView+ product lines. oDuring the first nine months of 2013, approximately $8.5 million of outstanding convertible loan (principal plus interest) from Stins Coman was converted into a total of 2,053,398 of the Company's ordinary shares at an average price of approximately $4.14 per share. Comments of Management Commenting on the results, Dr. Vadim Leiderman, RiT's President and CEO, said, "We are pleased to report revenue growth, an improved gross margin and gross margin percentage and a decrease in operating expenses for the third quarter as well as the first nine months of 2013, demonstrating that the strategy we began implementing in 2012 is continuing to achieve its intended results. We intend to continue investing in our marketing and sales efforts as well as our R&D in order to realize the full potential of our new Beamcaster™ and PatchView+ product lines." About RiT Technologies RiT is a leading provider of IIM solutions and a developer of an innovative indoor optical wireless technology solution. Our IIM products provide and enhance security and network utilization for data centers, communication rooms and work space environments. They help companies plan and provision, monitor and troubleshoot their communications networks, maximizing utilization, reliability and physical security of the network while minimizing unplanned downtime. Our IIM solutions are deployed around the world, in a broad range of organizations, including data centers in the private sector, government agencies, financial institutions, airport authorities, healthcare and education institutions. Our Beamcaster™ product is the first of our indoor optical wireless technology solutions. It is designed to help customers streamline deployment, reduce infrastructure design, installation and maintenance complexity and enhance security in a cost effective way. RiT's shares are traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol RITT. For more information, please visit our website: www.rittech.com, the content of which is not part of this press release. Safe Harbor Statement In this press release, all statements that are not purely about historical facts, including, but not limited to, those in which we use the words "believe," "anticipate," "expect," "plan," "intend," "estimate", "forecast", "target", "could" and similar expressions, are forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. While these forward-looking statements represent our current judgment of what may happen in the future, actual results may differ materially from the results expressed or implied by these statements due to numerous important factors, including, but not limited to, those described under the heading "Risk Factors" in our most recent Annual Report filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on Form 20-F, which may be revised or supplemented in subsequent reports filed with the SEC. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following: our ability to raise additional financing, if required; the continued development of market trends in directions that benefit our sales; our ability to maintain and grow our revenues; our dependence upon independent distributors, representatives and strategic partners; our ability to develop new products and enhance our existing products; the availability of third-party components used in our products; the economic condition of our customers; the impact of government regulation; and the economic and political situation in Israel. Except as otherwise required by applicable law, we expressly disclaim any obligation to update the forward-looking statements in this press release, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. COMPANY CONTACT: Elan Yaish, CFO +972-77-270-7210 firstname.lastname@example.com RIT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS (US GAAP) (U.S. dollars in thousands, except per share data) (Unaudited) Three Months Ended Nine Months Ended September 30, September 30, 2013 2012 2013 2012 Sales 3,294 2,137 8,198 6,338 Cost of sales 1,996 1,840 5,140 4,842 Gross profit 1,298 297 3,058 1,496 Operating expenses Research and development, net 742 1,110 3,131 2,865 Sales and marketing, net 1,225 1,297 3,437 4,405 General and administrative 1,090 789 2,668 2,380 Total operating expenses 3,057 3,196 9,236 9,650 Operating loss (1,759) (2,899) (6,178) (8,154) Financing loss, net (37) 55 (94) (15) Loss before income tax expense (1,796) (2,844) (6,272) (8,169) Taxes on income Net Loss (1,796) (2,844) (6,272) (8,169) Net Loss Per Share - Basic and (0.20) (0.46) (0.73) (1.48) Diluted Weighted Average Number of Ordinary Shares Outstanding - Basic and 9,187,055 6,146,042 8,554,944 5,521,429 Diluted RIT TECHNOLOGIES LTD. CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS (US GAAP) (U.S. dollars in thousands) September 30, December 31, 2013 2012 US$ thousands US$ thousands Assets (Unaudited) (Audited) Current Assets: Cash and cash equivalents 1,010 2,183 Trade receivables, net 3,755 1,998 Other current assets 438 461 Inventories 4,710 3,359 Total Current Assets 9,913 8,001 Assets held for severance benefits 1,264 1,126 Property and equipment, net 499 545 Total Assets 11,676 9,672 Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity Current Liabilities: Short term loan - 174 Trade payables 2,628 1,234 Other payables and accrued liabilities 1,598 1,628 Total Current Liabilities 4,226 3,036 Principal shareholder convertible loan 500 3,000 Liability in respect of employees' severance 1,451 1,346 benefits Total Liabilities 6,177 7,382 Commitments and Contingencies Shareholders' Equity: Share capital 2,101 1,644 Treasury stock (27) (27) Additional paid-in capital 62,437 53,413 Accumulated deficit (59,012) (52,740) Total Shareholders' Equity 5,499 2,290 Total Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity 11,676 9,672 SOURCE RiT Technologies Ltd. Website: http://www.rittech.com
RiT Technologies Reports Financial Results For The Third Quarter And First Nine Months Of 2013
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Bugs Bunny's Valentine
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Bugs Bunny's Valentine
Alternate Title: Bugs Bunny's Cupid CapersBugs Bunny's Valentine (Bugs Bunny's Cupid Capers) (1979) Animated Cartoon Special by Dave Koch
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Cartoon Summary:
Elmer Fudd is a "stupid cupid" who zaps the wabbit with the love bug.
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DSA Architects Karnes County Courthouse Roof Restoration project was awarded MJ Boyle Contractor Inc. This project will be funded with a $450,000 grant received from the Texas Historical Commission (THC). Construction will begin March 2015 and be completed in 180 days....more
New Project Karnes County restoration of the1894 Courthouse
Lorraine M. Dailey was hired in 2012 to assist Karnes County in the restoration of their 1894 Courthouse. The west side exterior restoration (Phase 1) and Foundation Stabilization (Phase 1A) have been completed and Karnes County is now ready to move to Phase 1B – Roof Restoration.Recently, the Texas Historical Commission awarded...more
Karnes County Courthouse Phase 1A Foundation Stabilization is Substantially Complete
We are pleased to announce the Karnes County Courthouse Phase 1A foundation stabilization is substantially complete. This was a well managed project where we were able to return 98% of the construction contingency to the owner....more
Sustainable Design
Lorraine M. Dailey is a LEED Green Associate The goal of sustainable design in architecture is to design buildings and spaces with minimal impact on the environment, reduced usage of non-renewable resources, and an emphasis on a connection with the natural environment. It is more than just a trend in the industry...more
Karnes County Jail, Sheriff's Office & Courtroom Ground Breaking Ceremony
Oct. 25, 2013 Karnes County Jail, Courthouse and Sheriff's Office Ground Breaking Ceremony. This facility was designed by Lorraine Dailey with DSA Architects, PLLC and is scheduled to be completed December 2014....more


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True Barn Find: California car purchased new in Pasadena, CA, remaining in the State this entire time. Discovered in this tin shed where it... More
1958 Jaguar XK150 FHC '58 Jaguar XK150 Fixed Head Coupe, matching numbers, however the cylinder head has been replaced. Shown here in old English... More
1954 Jaguar XK120 SE OTS 3442CC IN-LINE 6 CYLINDER ENGINE PRODUCING 180HP DUAL OVERHEAD CAMS TWIN SU CARBURETORS 4- SPEED MANUAL TRANSMISSION SERVO ASSIST 4 WHEEL DRUM BRAKES TORISON BAR... More
1952 Jaguar XK120 FHC '52 Jaguar XK120 Fixed Head Coupe with matching numbers in red with grey interior and comes with a manual transmission and... More
Jaguar XK140 SE FHC Nut and Bolt TOP restored This is a 1957 Jaguar XK140 Special Equipment Fixed Head coupe fully restored in Holland to... More
Jaguars gorgeous XK-series cars had been on the market for nearly a decade by the time the XK150 debuted in 1957. Jaguar had been... More
This 1953 Jaguar XK120 FHC is a good original car to restore. Black with black interior. For only $36,500. ... More
This 1959 Jaguar XK150 Roadster is an excellent car for restotation. Red with black interior. Non matching numbers. For just $49,500.... More
1956 Jaguar XK140 Roadster '56 Jaguar XK140 Roadster, matching numbers with a C-type head in red with black interior. Extremely clean and presentable car.... More
This 1959 Jaguar XK150 Roadster is a great matching numbers driver. It was restored in 1986 and again in 2014. Red with red interior.... More
1954 JAGUAR XK120 SE (SPECIAL EQUIPMENT) ROADSTER SPECTACULAR, NO EXPENSE SPARED, FRAME-OFF ROTISSERIE RESTORATION! MOST DESIRED AND SOUGHT AFTER COLOR COMBINATION! FULL DOCUMENTATION, INCLUDING JAGUAR HERITAGE CERTIFICATE,... More
Stunning Jaguar XK 150 FHC Automatic. MATCHING NUMBERS. A few years ago fully restored and overhauled. Very nice black leather interior with beautiful details... More
The Jaguar MkV (produced from 1948-1951) was debuted at the same time as the XK120, yet it outsold the latter more than 2 to... More
Extremely Documented New Mexico XK150 Same Owner for Nearly 50 Years Beautifully Restored Very, Very Clean 3.4 Liter Straight 6 Cylinder 4-Speed Manual Transmission Over $12,350 in Receipts MotoeXotica Classic Cars... More
Color Matched Wheels Red Leather Interior 3.4-Litre Engine Fixed Head Coupe Four Speed Manual Transmission Four Wheel Disc Brakes New High Quality 2 stage paint Solid California Car Many considered the XK150 a... More


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Why is Prisoners rated R?
Official MPAA Rating: Prisoners is rated R for for disturbing violent content including torture, and language throughout.
This additional information about the movie's content is taken from the notes of various Canadian Film Classification boards:
- Frequent explicit violence.
- Infrequent portrayals of gun, weapons, and hand-to-hand violence, with blood and some brutal detail.
- Violent acts shown in a realistic manner with details, blood and tissue damage.
- Brief portrayal of suicide with blood and detail.
- Depictions of fighting, beating, torture and shooting.
- Disturbing scenes / adverse psychological impact.
- Gory and grotesque images.
Sexual Content:
- Mild sexual references and language.
- Infrequent use of scatological slang and vulgar expressions.


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Tomatito: Flamenco-Jazz With Grammy-Winning Guitarist
Lisner Auditorium, At the corner of H and 21st Streets (George Washington University Washington, DC 20052)
Full Price
$36.00 - $56.00
Our Price
$18.00 - $28.00*
A five-time Latin Grammy winner, who picked up his latest in 2013 for the album Soy Flamenco, famed guitar master Tomatito brings his flamenco-jazz sextet to Lisner Auditorium. Known for his abundant stage charisma and impeccable musical technique -- not to mention his long, wavy locks -- Tomatito accompanied Camarón de la Isla for two decades until the legendary flamenco singer's death in 1992. The man born as José Fernández Torres has also collaborated with artists as varied as Elton John, Frank Sinatra, Chick Corea and more. Experience an artist the Miami Herald declared "one of Spain's greatest guitarists."
* Additional fees apply. No coupon or promo codes necessary to enjoy the displayed discount price.
All offers for Flamenco-Jazz Band Tomatito Sextet have expired.
The last date listed for Flamenco-Jazz Band Tomatito Sextet was Tuesday March 18, 2014 / 8:00pm.
Most Popular Music Event Nearby
Local Brews Local Grooves: Craft Beer, Tasty Bites and Live Music at The Fillmore
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Celebrate the best beer, music and food that D.C., Maryland and Virginia has to offer at the Local… More
Venue Details
The terrace seats in the Lisner Auditorium are horrible! I left early because the are so crowded on leg room. I'm 5'7" tall and my knees were jammed into the seat in front of my. It was worse than a 16 hour coach flight. Ppl were up and down because they were uncomfortable. It was hard to enjoy the show in such misery.star this tip starred
just a few blocks from Foggy Bottom Metrostar this tip starred
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Fountain Square
Now celebrating its 34th year, Fountain Square Art Festival is the largest and oldest fine arts fair on Chicago's majestic North Shore. Featuring the eclectic works of more than 225 juried artists, this sprawling art showcase epitomizes words like "cosmopolitan" and "sophistication." The festival takes place in downtown Evanston, just steps from the eponymous Fountain Square. It also features a popular children's art tent with fun activities overseen by the acclaimed Evanston Art Center, food, and a soothing jazz-centric music lineup.
North Shore Festival of Art
This festival has a long and rich history in the North Shore. Located in the Old Orchard Shopping Center in Skokie, the North Shore Festival of Art is a free, three-day, fine art festival showcasing approximately 140 juried artists from all across the United States and Canada. The artists display stunning works in a large variety of mediums, including painting, photography, jewelry, fiber, glass, wood and more for sale at the festival.
Skokie's Backlot Bash
Skokie's downtown summer street festival is held annually over three days in late August featuring carnival rides, events for all ages and a concert stage with regional and national acts. Since its inception, Skokie's Backlot Bash has presented some of the nation's most eclectic Rock, Blues and R&B artists. This year includes Fabulous Thunderbirds, Pychedelic Furs and more!
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VIEWS: 0 PAGES: 2 CATEGORY: Education POSTED ON: 1/11/2010 Public Domain
Washington State PTA Uniform Bylaws: Amendment Recommendation Process Bylaws — The document containing the basic rules of the organization: defining its primary characteristics; how the organization functions; and, includes rules the organization considers so important that they cannot be changed without previous notice to the members and a vote — in a manner specified in the bylaws themselves. Bylaws cannot be suspended. All local PTA/PTSA units, all PTA/PTSA councils, and the Washington State PTA (WSPTA) are governed by the same set of Uniform Bylaws. Amendments to the WSPTA Uniform Bylaws can be made only at the WSPTA Convention. How to Submit a Bylaws What Happens to Each Amendment Recommendation/Proposal Recommendation for a Bylaws Amendment? Recommendations for amendments to the Uniform Bylaws of the Washington Each amendment recommendation is State PTA may be submitted by: reviewed and discussed by the Bylaws Any current PTA/PTSA member Committee. The committee may: of a Washington State PTA local Accept the proposed amendment unit.* as submitted. A PTA/PTSA local unit affiliated Make changes to the proposed with the Washington State PTA. amendment. ** Combine two or more related A PTA/PTSA council affiliated proposals. with the Washington State Reject any proposed amendment. PTA. ** A Washington State PTA commit- At the winter meeting of the Washing- tee. ton State PTA Board of Directors in The Washington State PTA Board January 2010, the Bylaws Committee of Directors. will make its report. The Board of Directors, when acting on the report, * If a recommendation is submitted by may: a PTA member, that person must iden- Propose an amendment. tify the PTA/PTSA local unit in which Place any proposed amendment (s) he is a member and include his/her on the convention agenda. membership number — which must be on file in the Washington State PTA Make changes to any proposed office. amendment. Reject any proposed amendment. * * If a recommendation is submitted by a PTA/PTSA local unit or council, The WSPTA Board of Directors a copy of the minutes of the meeting makes the final determination as to at which the recommendation was ap- which recommendations for amend- proved must be included. The minutes ments to the Uniform Bylaws will be must clearly indicate that a quorum placed on the 2010 WSPTA Conven- was present. tion agenda. Article 14 of the WSPTA Uniform Bylaws governs amendments to the Uniform Bylaws. (Bylaws Submittal Form is on next page.) WSPTA Uniform Bylaws Amendment Recommendation Form NAME OF SUBMITTER _________________________________________________________________________________________ If this recommendation is being submitted by a local unit, council, or WSPTA committee... Unit/council number ______ . ______. _____ Committee Name _______________________________________ Contact person _____________________________________________________________________________________ Address ___________________________________________________________________________________ Phone ______________________________________________ Email _____________________________________ If this recommendation is being submitted by a PTA/PTSA member... Name and local unit number of PTA ____________________________________________________________________ Membership number ________________________________________________________________________________ Address __________________________________________________________________________________________ Phone Email Article Number _______ Title of Article Section Number ___________________ Wording of Current Bylaw (If this recommendation modifies, in any way, any portion of the current Uniform Bylaws, insert the current wording from the Uniform Bylaws.) Proposed Amendment (Write the proposed amendment to the Uniform Bylaws exactly as you wish it to appear in the Uniform Bylaws.) Explain why this amendment is needed. Explain how this will improve or affect: (a) the operation; (b) the management; and, (c) the governance or further the mission of the Washington State PTA. Explain the impact of this proposed amendment on local units, councils, regions, and the WSPTA Board of Directors. Signature___________________________________________ Position Date Review this recommendation form thoroughly. Additional information may be included with this recommendation form. You may use a word- processed form as long as all the information requested above is included. The form must be completed in its entirety and mailed or emailed to Bonnie Kayla no later than November 1, 2009. (This form is also available on WSPTA's website: www.wastatepta.org.) th Bonnie Kayla, WSPTA Bylaws Committee Chair, 9218 34 Dr. SE, Everett, WA 98208 Email: email@example.com Questions? Call Bonnie at (425) 338-2947
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A collection of short Photoshop and Illustrator projects and creative effects from computer graphics guru Deke McClelland.
Shows how to create professional-quality illustrations for print and electronic output, in the shortest time possible.
Shows how to take advantage of the wide array of dynamic effects in Illustrator CS5.
Take advantage of the wide array of dynamic features in Illustrator CS5.
An exploration of Adobe's vector graphics program.
"Loving the pace of training, the clarity, and the flexibility to learn anytime at your own pace. The range of courses is great." —Nick C.
more from our members »


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Latest news: Michley Launches Brand-New Line of Windows Tablets
MiTraveler 803W -- 8" Windows tablet
$199.00Boost your productivity with Michley's first-ever Windows 8.1 tablet, featuring 16GB storage and the Intel Bay Trail-T quad-core CPU.
MiTraveler 10Q-8 -- Quad-core 10.1" tablet with IPS panel
Enjoy a bright and beautiful 10.1" IPS screen with the MiTraveler 10Q-8, a quad-core tablet with 8GB storage.
MiTraveler 3D-8 -- Glasses-free 3D tablet
Enjoy 3D movies in a whole new way! This revolutionary 8'' tablet lets you view 3D images without glasses, along with all the familiar features you expect from an Android tablet.


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Article Comments
(AAron Ontiveroz, The Denver Post)
RockiesColorado Rockies' losing ways are losing their hard-core fans
A helping of sports commentary each weekday near noontime
Lunch Special: Each weekday near noontime, a Denver Post sports writer dares to dish. In this installment, Patrick Saunders looks at the Colorado Rockies losing their hard-core fans.
Speed the 150-year-old tortoise dies at San Diego Zoo
SAN DIEGO (AP) — One of San Diego's oldest residents has died. The Los Angeles Times reports (http://lat.
(Matt Rourke/AP)
It was Bill Cosby's moralizing that was his undoing
NEW YORK (AP) — For decades, Bill Cosby cast himself as America's dad and then as America's granddad, a moralist with tough talk for young people about acting responsibly. Full Story


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A Stunning and Rare 1928 Auburn Boattail Speedster This 1928 Auburn Boattail Speedster 8-88 is a beautiful original car. It's nearly impossible to find an original boat-tail speedster and this... More
1929 Auburn sedan. Excellent condition. Multiple award winner including First Place Primary at the 2012 Auburn Festival. Black with Navajo Red accents. 41,453 actual... More
The Auburn Automobile Company started life in Auburn Indiana as the Eckhart Carriage Company in 1875 founded by Charles Eckhart. Near the turn of... More
Additional images and a complete description of this vehicle will be available closer to the auction dates. Please check back for more information.... More
AUBURN: 1929 8-90, multiple award winner including First Place Primary at the 2012 Auburn Festival, rust-free barn find, 12-year restoration, black with red accents,... More
AUBURN: 1929 cabriolet, a very pretty car, black with chrome wires. Hyman Ltd, 314-524-6000, MO; www.hymanltd.com... More


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Olongapo City Transpo
Olongapo City is known for its colored jeepneys. for all those travellers who want to explore the city, the following are the jeepney colors and their respective routes:
p.s., let the Victory liner terminal be our point of origin; in terms of the direction, if you are facing the ULo ng Apo Monument, let it be our NORTH
YELLOW- jeepneys that ply to the Olongapo's main avenue, Rizal Ave., if you want to go to the New Public Market, City Hall, Rizal Triangle Park, ride the jeep going SOUTH. if you want to go to the Magsaysay Drive or the Main Gate of Subic Bay Freeport, ride the jeep going north. Flat rate fare is P8.50
BLUE- jeepneys going to Barangay Barretto (where most beaches are located), the towns of Subic, Castillejos, and San Marcelino. The terminal is located beside the Victory terminal.
BROWN- jeepneys going to the Bgy. New Cabalan, Olongapo and its neighboring barangay of Bangal and Tipo, Dinalupihan, Bataan
RED- jeepneys going to Bgy. Mabayuan, the uptown area of Olongapo. Flat rate fare is P8.50
ORANGE- jeepneys going to Pag-asa Market. From the terminal you will have to walk WEST. Flat rate fare is P8.50Related to:
- Budget Travel
- Backpacking
- Road Trip
Travel from Clark/Angeles to Olongapo/Subic Bay
When arriving at the Clark Airport you will notice the amount of private taxis available for hire. They will try to get you to Angeles for around 400 Pesos or take you to Subic Bay area for 2300 Pesos. If you aren't a budget traveler go for it! It is probably the fastest and most comfortable way to go. But for us $$ mattered. Walk out of the airport doors and keep going! Walk to the gate and take a left. On that next corner you should see numerous Jeepneys waiting to fill up with people. Jump into one going to C. Point if you want to go into Angeles. It should cost arounf 9.50 Pesos/person. At C. Point you will have to transfer to another Jeepney to get you to the Dao Bus Station in Angeles. This one should cost about 7.50 Pesos/person. I'm not sure which Jeepney goes that way, but just ask someone riding with you on the first Jeepney. People were very helpful and friendly. Once you make it to the bus station look for a bus heading to your location. You may have to wait awhile. They have both air-con and non-air buses. If you are going to Olongapo City the air-con bus should cost arounf 122 Pesos/person and the non-air bus should be around 107 Pesos/person. After arriving in Olongapo City take a Jeepney to the specific area where your hotel is.Related to:
- Budget Travel
Taking a Jeepney
While in Olongapo City and around Subic Bay area take advantage of the local Jeepneys. They are extremely convienent and cheap! Most rides are less than 10 Pesos. Just jump on one, pass your money up to the driver, and then say "para" to stop or hit your ring/watch against the metal bar above you. Before you get on a Jeepney it is a good idea to ask someone which one will take you where you want to go and how much it should cost. We found security guards to be most helpful. If you are heading to Baloy Beach or Subic City jump on a Blue Jeepney near the Victory bus station. If you want to head to SBMA or the Olongapo Mall get on a yellow Jeepney. Have fun!Related to:
- Budget Travel
jeepneys a plenty
there arent many large roads in olongapo city, unlike inside subic base. its just intersting to see how different they are. coming from a north american city, i'm use to seeing lots of cars. but here, there are lots of cars and limited driving space. we were in lots of traffic.
the most common way to travel is either using the jeepneys or tricycle. we were in a car, so i dont know what it they were like. i guess there is colour code for them. yellow and blue. but i dont know where they go.
By Sea The international seaport of Subic Bay Freeport is at present, being utilized as a general cargo port by the Investors of the Subic Bay Freeport but plans are afoot to develop it into a fully-operational international port. In the interim there are ferries that travel near the area.
Olongapo City offers more than enough rooms ranging from furnished housings and luxurious condominiums to modest hotel accommodations.
Amenities include air-conditioned rooms, hot or cold water and restaurants. While most resorts are located at Bo. Barretto, going North to Zambales.
Most hotels and resorts accommodate walk-in customer.
During peak season, however, reservations are highly recommended in major tourist establishments, most of which have booking offices in Manila.
Subic Olongapo, Philippines is 126 Kms.
away from Manila (Rizal Monument)
Philippine Travel Tips and General Informations
Source of Information: Department of Tourism, Philippines
A rationalized transport scheme started in 1983 is being implemented to maintain orderly traffic flow within the City. Color coded jeepney's and tricycles, each representeing a specific route strictly follow traffic rules and regulation. Following are the color schemes and their respective routes.
Public Utility Jeepneys
Sta. Rita/Pepsi to Main Gate - Yellow Jeepney
Gordon Heights to Main Gate - Red Jeepney
Gordon Heights to Pag-asa - Orange Jeepney
Gordon Heights to Balic-Balic - Beige Jeepney
Cabalan/New Cabalan to Public Market - Brown Jeepney
Mabayuan to Public Market - Green Jeepney
Subic to Olongapo City - Blue Jeepney
Color - coded Jeepneys and Tricycles are affordable modes of transportation throughout Olongapo City and Subic.Related to:
- Budget Travel
Winstar Taxi
If you where in Subic Bay, wanted to go around or to go some place near of the sea or to have appointment than needed to be right on? Winstar is the safe way to ride. This taxi is what we ride always going to Pier 1, Trade, Royal and even to go out of Subic Bay.Related to:
- Study Abroad
Best transportation going to Olongapo
The most popular and regular bus line servicing Olongapo is Victory Liner. Buses run from the Caloocan and Pasay terminals in Manila terminating in the center of Olongapo one block from the corner of Rizal Avenue and the National Highway. There are also hourly Victory buses to and from Baguio, the last of the day departing Olongapo at 4:00pm
Blue Jeep is your ride!
You'll find this Jeep beside of Victory Liner Terminal. Route to Subic Zambales and back to Olongapo. Pay for 10 pesos each.Related to:
- Road Trip
- Budget Travel
- 1
Olongapo City Hotels
Wild Orchid Beach Resort Subic Bay
Baloy Long Beach, Barrio Barretto, Olongapo, Philippines
Satisfaction: Very Good
Good for: Business
Treasure Island Resort
Treasure Island is more of a single mans traveler stop than for any family. And it's not a resort,...more
Blue Rock Resort & Dive Center
Blue Rock was quite a busy hotel when we called in and booked but we were lucky enough to get rooms...more
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text:
Mods if you can poll this that'd be excellent.
Flashback to the All Star Break, the Pirates are in first place in the NL Central and quite frankly I was scared they might be the best NL Central team.
Today, the Pirates are barely over .500 and as of right now are in 4th place behind the Brewers.
While I feel bad for Pirates fans, I also find their total collapse kinda funny. Though I'd rather see them in instead of the Cards, at this point I'd love to the Brew Crew take the final WC from St. Louis.
So where do YOU think the Pirates will finish.
1. Over .500 and in the postseason
2. Over .500 but miss the postseason
3. Under .500 and in the postseason
4. Under .500 but miss the postseason
5. 81-81 and in the postseason
6. 81-81 but miss the postseason
Based on nothing other than a guess, I think they will barely finish above .500 but miss the playoffs.
And I would bet at the beginning of the year Pirates fans would've gladly taken this. But honestly at the ASB I thought there was almost no way Pittsburgh would have another losing season.
What do you guys think?


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text:
Cannot wait for tomorrow night and start of another NHL season for the Bruins. This team appears to be rock solid across the board with a couple of new faces to keep things fresh. They will be tough to beat and should provide an exciting watch from either a seat in TD Garden or via NESN.
The boys down in RI should be a fun bunch to follow as well with promising young players like Spooner, Fraser, Knight, Khokhlachev, Lindblad, Miller, Morrow, Trotman and Svedberg on the roster. I am already checking the calendar to find a date when I can head down to catch a game with my younger son - BOGO Sunday tix are a really good deal!
Quick question : has anyone watched streamed or archived games via AHL Live? $3.99 for an archived game seems a cost-effective way to keep an eye on the prospects, if the video is decent.
"Keep your stick on the ice!"


text:
Junie has been competing in archery for the last 24 years and currently competes in the Semi-Professional division. Junie trusts his Conquest 4 set at 62# 28 3/4″ Draw, Easton ACC 3-30 (363 Grains 281FPS), with a Scott Longhorn 3 Release. Junie's most memorable archery moment is winning the Kentucky State Field Archery Championship twice.
Junie credits his friend and pro shooter Evan Baize to having made the biggest impact on his archery career. "He pushes me to practice andhelps me stay focused when we shoot together," O'brien said.
When Junie is not competing he enjoys spending time with my family, ATV riding, fishing and shooting handguns.
Junie resides in Grayson, KY and enjoys hunting Whitetail deer to most.


text:
A base station synchronized Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) System with a discontinuous control channel carrier is disclosed. Control channels are planned in a time reuse, overlaying the ordinary frequency reuse. Different base stations are allocated different timeslots for control channel transmissions. The control channels are allocated timeslots in a slot hopping fashion, such that transmissions from different base stations are detected by only monitoring one timeslot. Thus, MAHO measurements are possible on all neighbors, and no traffic allocation will continuously coincide with control channel transmissions from certain base stations.
1. In a radio communications system employing time reuse for transmission of at least one logical channel, a method of transmitting broadcast and common control information from a base station in a first time group to mobile stations in the system, said method comprising the steps of:
transmitting the broadcast and common control information in a first allocated timeslot in a first frame;
transmitting the broadcast and common control information in a second allocated timeslot in a second frame, said second allocated timeslot having a different position in the second frame than the position of the first allocated timeslot in the first frame; and
transmitting in each frame, a synchronization burst indicating to the mobile stations in the system, which timeslot in that frame includes the broadcast and common control information.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. In a radio communications system employing time reuse on broadcast and common control channels, wherein different base stations transmit broadcast and common control transmissions in different timeslots, a method of enabling a mobile station in the system to make measurements, in a single timeslot, of the broadcast and common control channel transmissions from at least two base stations in the system, comprising the steps of:
transmitting a downlink broadcast or common control channel, from a first base station, during a first portion of a first timeslot, and during a subsequent portion of a second timeslot;
transmitting a downlink broadcast or common control channel, from a second base station, during a first portion of the second timeslot and during a subsequent portion of a third timeslot;
measuring the transmissions from the second base station, at the mobile station, during at least a part of the first portion of the second timeslot; and
measuring the transmissions from the first base station, at the mobile station, during at least a part of the subsequent portion of the second timeslot.
15. The method of
16. A base station in a radio communications system employing time reuse for transmission of broadcast and common control information to mobile stations in the system, said base station comprising:
a controller that designates a sequence of timeslots in a sequence of associated frames, each designated timeslot in the sequence indicating the timeslot in each associated frame in which broadcast and common control information is to be transmitted to the mobile stations in the system, wherein the designated timeslot in each frame is different than the designated timeslot in the immediately receding frame;
means for transmitting the broadcast and common control information in the designated timeslot in each frame; and
means for transmitting in each frame, a synchronization burst indicating to the mobile stations in the system, which timeslot in that frame includes the broadcast and common control information.
17. The base station of
18. The base station of
19. The base station of
20. The base station of
21. The base station of
22. The base station of
23. The base station of
24. The base station of
25. The base station of
26. A radio communications system employing time reuse on broadcast and common control channels, comprising:
a first base station transmitting a downlink broadcast or common control channel during a first portion of a first timeslot and during a subsequent portion of a second timeslot;
a second base station transmitting a downlink broadcast or common control channel during a first portion of the second timeslot and during a subsequent portion of a third timeslot; and
a mobile station measuring the transmissions from the second base station during at least a part of the first portion of the second timeslot and measuring the transmissions from the first base station during at least a part of the subsequent portion of the second timeslot.
27. The system of
28. In a radio communications system employing time reuse for transmission of at least one logical channel, a method of transmitting common control information from a mobile station to a base station in a first time group in the system, said method comprising the steps of:
receiving by the mobile station, a synchronization burst transmitted by the base station, said synchronization burst indicating to the mobile station, which timeslot in each frame is designated to include the common control information;
transmitting by the mobile station, the common control information in a first timeslot in a first frame, said first timeslot being the timeslot in the first frame designated to include the common control information; and
transmitting the common control information in a second timeslot in a second frame, said second timeslot being the timeslot in the second frame designated to include the common control information, and said second designated timeslot having a different position in the second frame than the position of the first designated timeslot in the first frame.
29. The method of
The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/136,793, entitled "Slot Hopping Communication System and Method" and filed May 28, 1999, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
The present invention generally relates to cellular and wireless communication. More specifically, the invention relates to a system and method for introducing a communication system in a low frequency reuse pattern.
Recently, there has been a trend in the telecommunication community to focus more and more on wireless packet data communication rather than circuit switched voice communication. With the tremendous increase of Internet users, it is believed that the packet switched communication will soon increase more and become larger than the circuit switched voice communication that today dominates, e.g., the cellular communication. Cellular communication system manufacturers and operators are therefore looking for solutions to integrate their circuit switched services with wireless packet switched services that can provide reliable and more spectrum efficient connections for packet switched users, e.g., Internet users. This trend has made different types of packet switched communication system evolutions flourish. One of the more well known packet switched cellular systems in the telecommunications community, is the extension of the present Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), known as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS).
GPRS is a packet switched system that uses the same physical carrier structure as the present GSM cellular communication system and is designed to coexist and provide the same coverage as GSM. The GPRS radio interface is thus based on a TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) structured system with 200 kHz carriers divided into eight timeslots with GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying) modulation. The multiplexing is such that each timeslot can typically serve a number of users. One user can also be allocated more than one timeslot to increase its throughput of data over the air.
The GPRS specification includes a number of different coding schemes to be used dependent on the quality of the radio carrier. With GPRS, data rates well over 100 kbps will be possible.
There is also ongoing a development and standardization of a new air interface mode in GSM, which will affect both packet and circuit switched modes. This new air interface mode is called EDGE, Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution. EDGE's main features are new modulation and coding schemes for both packet switched and circuit switched data communication. In addition to the Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) modulation, an 8 symbol Phase Shift Keying (8PSK) modulation is introduced. This modulation can provide users with higher bit rates than GMSK in good radio environments.
A new technique called link quality control is introduced with EDGE. Link quality control is a functionality that allows adaptation in terms of coding and modulation with respect to present signal quality. In poor radio conditions, a robust coding and GMSK modulation is selected whereas in good radio conditions, a less robust coding and 8PSK modulation is used. GPRS (and the extensions thereof) also provides a backward error correction functionality in that it can request retransmissions of erroneously received blocks. This mechanism is called ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) and is well known in the art.
The packet data mode with EDGE modulation is called EGPRS (Enhanced GPRS) and the circuit switched data mode is called ECSD, Enhanced Circuit Switched Data. Bitrates over 384 kbps will be possible with EDGE.
Recent development for another TDMA based cellular system, the cellular communication system compliant to the ANSI/136 standard, below referred to as TDMA/136, has been focused on a packet data system to be integrated with the TDMA/136 circuit switched mode.
This packet data system will also be based on the new EDGE technology as defined for the GPRS extension. It will then allow TDMA/136 operators to provide bit rates up to 384 kbps on 200 kHz carriers with GMSK and 8PSK modulation as defined for EGPRS.
This integration of TDMA/136 and EDGE, does not, however, come without a cost. The TDMA/136 carriers have a bandwidth of only 30 kHz, to be compared with EDGE carriers of 200 kHz. This means that operators that want to introduce EDGE, have to allocate 200 kHz for each EDGE carrier or, to put it in another way, to free up spectrum for each EDGE carrier corresponding to 7 already existing 30 kHz carriers. Since operators already today are using these 30 kHz carriers for circuit switched communications, there is a large interest that the initial deployment for EDGE in TDMA/136 systems should be made on as small a spectrum as possible.
Reuse patterns are used in cellular systems, such that one can reuse the same frequencies in different cells. Systems are usually planned such that a number of cells share a number of available channels. For example, in a {fraction (4/12)} frequency reuse, there are {fraction (4/12)} different cells that share a set of frequencies. Within these 4/12 cells, no frequency is used in more than one cell simultaneously. (The number 4 in "{fraction (4/12)}" denotes the number of base station sites involved in the 12 reuse. The {fraction (4/12)} denotation thus indicates that a base station site serves 3 cells.) These 12 cells then form what is referred to as a cluster. Clusters are then repeated, to provide coverage in a certain area.
Similarly in a 1/3 reuse, there are 3 different cells that share a set of frequencies. Within these 3 cells, no frequency is used in more than one cell simultaneously. Thus, the higher the reuse, the better the carrier to interference ratio for an exemplary condition. For lower reuse patterns, the carrier to interference ratio is lower, since the distance between two base stations transmitting on the same frequency is shorter. An exemplary ⅓ reuse is illustrated in FIG. 1.
GPRS channels typically have different levels of robustness depending on the type of logical channel being transmitted. A logical channel is defined by its information content and is transmitted on one or several physical channels, defined by the physical channel structure, e.g., a timeslot on a certain frequency. In a packet data system, reliance on retransmission possibilities can allow a quite high error rate which means that the reuse for user data traffic channels can be kept quite low. For example, a data traffic channel can be deployed in a ⅓ reuse whereas common control channels and broadcast channels are not robust enough to be allocated in a ⅓ reuse, since the same retransmission possibilities are not used for these types of logical channels. At least a {fraction (3/9)} or even a 4/12 reuse is recommended for packet data common control and broadcast channels.
Note that a {fraction (3/9)} reuse entails that at least nine 200 kHz carriers are needed (i.e., TDMA operators must provide at least 1.8 MHz of spectrum for an initial deployment). This is considered quite substantial in a TDMA system with 30 kHz carriers.
This fact has driven the TDMA community to find other solutions for initial deployment of a packet data system based on EDGE and GPRS. U.S. Pat. No. 6,438,115 entitled, "High Speed Data Communication System and Method", to Mazur et al., hereby incorporated by reference herein, teaches a method of combining TDMA/136 and the EGPRS mode of EDGE.
Briefly, the solution is to put requirements on the base station transmissions of the EDGE carriers. Base station transmissions of EDGE carriers should be time synchronised. It is then possible to allocate the control channels on different frequencies and different timeslots in different cells and thereby construct a higher reuse than what is possible by only considering frequencies. This solution is often referred to as EDGE Compact. In addition to the frequency reuse, a time reuse is introduced. For example, a certain base station transmits control signalling on a certain timeslot at a certain time and on a certain frequency, at which no other base station in the same control channel cluster (i.e., all cells where each physical channel carrying control signalling is used once and only once) is transmitting anything at all. This is repeated between a number of base stations, such that different time groups are formed. Further, to increase reliability of control channel detection in the mobile stations and base stations respectively, timeslots adjacent to each other do not both carry control channel information.
EDGE Compact provides the opportunity to introduce a higher reuse than that allowed by frequency repetition only. Thus, it will be possible to allow an initial deployment of a GPRS/EGPRS packet data system within a spectrum bandwidth much smaller than that otherwise limited by the reuse requirement for the control channels. In FIG. 4, a typical allocation for the control channels is illustrated. Therein, four different time groups are illustrated on a single frequency, i.e., a 4�time reuse is formed. In one cell, control information is transmitted in timeslot 1, (TS1), i.e., timegroup 1 (TG1), in certain GSM frames defined. Base stations transmitting control information on the same frequency but belonging to another time group, will not transmit at all during the frames that are used for control in base stations belonging to TG1. In another cell, control information is transmitted in TS3 (i.e., TG2), again in certain GSM frames. Base stations transmitting control information on the same frequency but belonging to another time group, will not transmit at all during the frames that are used for control in base stations belonging to time group 2. Similar reasoning applies for TS5 and TS7. Combining the time reuse with e.g., a ⅓ frequency reuse, it is possible to transmit control information in an effective {fraction (4/12)} reuse using only 3 frequencies. In FIG. 4, different types of control information or logical control channels have been indicated. In block B0, broadcast information is transmitted on a logical Broadcast Channel (BCCH) and, e.g., in block C8 logical Common Control Channels (CCCH) is transmitted (e.g., paging messages). The structure of the control channel is such that more blocks than those indicated can be allocated for broadcast or control. For example, if one more block is needed for CCCH, this can be allocated in physical block 2, on GSM frames 8-11. Allocation of 2-12 blocks is possible on a single timeslot. One broadcast information block and one common control block is always needed.
Further, to be able to find this control channel, a frequency correction burst and a synchronization burst is included in each 52 multiframe. A mobile will first search for the Frequency correction burst (located in GSM frame 25) and then it will know that following this, there will be a synchronization burst 26 GSM frames later, on the same timeslot. This synchronization burst will help the mobile station to identify the base station and to know where in the multiframe structure it is.
FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary cell pattern that is formed of the reuse of time groups and frequencies combined. Note that in EDGE Compact, only the control channels are transmitted in the higher reuse, utilizing the time groups. The traffic channels are still transmitted in a ⅓ reuse.
The transmission of control information in EDGE Compact is different than the control channel transmissions in present GSM systems. Present GSM systems have at least one carrier in each cell that transmits continuously with constant power (i.e., it transmits on all timeslots, even if there is no traffic allocated). This continuous transmission serves as a beacon in the system, for mobiles to more easily find the control channel carrier, identify the cell and e.g., make signal strength measurements for mobile assisted handover algorithms. In the EDGE Compact case, the suggested control channel carrier is discontinuous; when a certain base station transmits control information, all other base stations in that cluster that uses the same frequency are quiet.
EDGE Compact, with its discontinuous transmission on the control channel carrier frequency, provides the possibility to deploy a packet data system in a spectrum well below the 1.8 MHz, as earlier was discussed. In the example described, operators may deploy an EDGE Compact system with only three 200 kHz carriers.
It would also be interesting to provide circuit switched communication, e.g., GSM circuit switched voice communication in a system that can be deployed within a small frequency spectrum. There are, however, some fundamental differences between packet and circuit switched communication, that creates problems not addressed in the prior art. One of these difficulties relates to neighbor cell signal strength measurements.
A fundamental difference between packet switched and circuit switched communication is that for circuit switched communication, e.g., a voice call, a continuous connection in both uplink, from the mobile station to the base station, and downlink, from the base station to the mobile station, is allocated. An illustration of the allocation of up and downlink physical channels in GSM is illustrated in FIG. 2. A connection between a base station and a mobile station is allocated one timeslot for uplink traffic and one timeslot for downlink traffic. Each direction has its own spectrum allocation, i.e., uplink carriers are defined in one spectrum range and downlink carriers are defined in another spectrum range.
In FIG. 2 is illustrated that allocation of the uplink is also shifted in time from that of downlink, such that e.g., uplink timeslot 1, (UL1) is aligned with downlink timeslot 4 (DL4). The reason for this is that a mobile should not have to do both receive and transmit operations at the same time. Additionally, since uplink and downlink transmissions are separated in frequency, some time is required for mobiles to adjust transceiver filters between reception and transmission.
In the period after the receive and the transmit periods, signal strength measurements from neighbor cells may be performed. In systems employing Mobile Assisted Handover (MAHO), like e.g., the GSM system, when allocated a traffic channel, mobiles use the idle period between active slots for measurements on the control channels of adjacent base stations. Since only a few time slots are available for such measurements (there is only a 4 timeslot duration between a mobiles transmit and receive slot), the base stations are usually required to transmit continuously on all the time slots of the frequency used by the control channel. Since EDGE Compact base stations are not transmitting continuously, a mobile must know or be informed when it can measure signal strength for a certain neighbor.
With the EDGE Compact systems, it is the case that if a mobile is allocated e.g., DL2 and UL2 for traffic, then UL2 coincides in time with control channel transmissions on DL5, in the downlink. It will thus be difficult for a mobile with downlink traffic on DL2 and uplink on UL2 to make measurements on control channel on DL5. This is normally not a problem in a packet switched system, since it is rare that a mobile is allocated both uplink and downlink continuously. Additionally, it will probably be quite rare that a mobile is a sole user on a timeslot. Thus, with packet switched transmission, there will be certain GSM frames that are not busy for traffic on DL2/UL2 uplink and downlink, and the mobile can then make measurements on the control channel transmitted on downlink DL5.
However, for the case with a circuit switched connection, the situation is different. There, a connection is formed of a continuous use of both uplink and downlink. Hence, a mobile will not be able to make any neighbor cell measurements on some of the time groups where control channels are allocated on certain time slots.
It would therefore be advantageous to provide a solution where an EDGE Compact system can provide enough measurement possibilities for all the neighbor cells using different time groups, such that circuit switched communication could be introduced also in an EDGE Compact scheme.
The present invention solves the problem of providing adequate neighbor cell measurement opportunities in an EDGE Compact scheme, as described in the background description. This will enable allocation of circuit switched connections also in a system employing a control channel structure where the frequency carrying the control information is discontinuously transmitted.
In one aspect of the present invention, a slot hopping control channel is introduced. This means that a control channel is not continuously allocated on one single timeslot, but shifts use of timeslots according to some regular predefined hopping pattern. Thus, a mobile that is allocated a certain timeslot for traffic in the uplink and a corresponding timeslot in the downlink for traffic will, during the time it can make measurements, experience control channel transmissions from different base stations serving different cells.
The regular hopping pattern for the control channels ensures that an equal number of measurements can be taken for each neighbor during the time when a mobile can make measurements. The hopping sequences are made orthogonal between different base stations, such that no base station transmits control in the same timeslot on the same frequency as any other base station within a cluster.
In yet another aspect of the present invention, the slot hopping is introduced such that a certain control channel allocation always shifts to a timeslot preceding the presently allocated timeslot. For example, if a base station is transmitting control information in timeslot 5, DL 5 during a certain period, then during the next period, timeslot 3, DL 3 will be used for that control channel. By hopping backwards, there will be no overlap of uplink and downlink allocation, which would otherwise be the case by hopping in the forward direction, from timeslot 7, DL7 to timeslot 1, DL1, etc.
In yet another aspect of the present invention, the mobile is notified about the hopping sequence by reading the synchronization burst. The content of the synchronization burst does not include information about where the hopping sequence starts for a certain control channel. Instead, the allocation of a certain synchronisation burst from a certain base station, is such that it is allocated on the same timeslot as will be used for the first transmission in the following GSM frame in the predefined hopping sequence for other control channels in the same time group. The synchronization burst may or may not employ slot hopping.
In yet another aspect of the present invention, a system is described in which a slot hopping control channel is implemented. This system is able to provide measurement opportunities for mobile stations allocated continuous uplink and downlink timeslots. This enables continuous communication, such as circuit switched voice communication, in both directions in a communication system such as EDGE Compact, employing a discontinuous control channel carrier.
According to an exemplary embodiment, a radio communications system employing time reuse for transmission of at least one logical channel includes a base station and at least one mobile station. In the embodiment, the base station transmits a downlink common control or broadcast channel to the at least one mobile station on a portion of a first timeslot and on a subsequent portion of a second timeslot, wherein the second timeslot is a preceding timeslot with respect to the first timeslot. In other words, where the first and second timeslots follow a particular order of transmission, the transition from the second timeslot to the first timeslot is in reverse order as compared to the transmission order. For example, for GPRS timeslots 1 through 7, wherein control and broadcast information is typically transmitted on the odd timeslots, timeslot 1 is a preceding timeslot with respect to timeslot 3, timeslot 3 is a preceding timeslot with respect to timeslot 5, timeslot 5 is a preceding timeslot with respect to timeslot 7, and timeslot 7 is a preceding timeslot with respect to timeslot 1.
According to the invention, the portion of the first timeslot and the subsequent portion of the second timeslot can occur within a single block of four GPRS downlink frames. Alternatively, the portion of the first timeslot can occur in a first block of four GPRS downlink frames, while the subsequent portion of the second timeslot occurs in a subsequent block of four GPRS downlink frames.
In addition to transmitting on the first and second timeslots, the base station can, more generally, transmit a downlink common control or broadcast channel on successive portions of timeslots in a sequence of n timeslots (n an integer greater than 1), wherein an mth timeslot in the sequence, for every m in a range of 2 to n, is a preceding timeslot with respect to an (m−1)th timeslot in the sequence. For example, the base station can transmit the downlink common control or downlink broadcast channel on successive portions of a sequence of n timeslots in each of a succession of GPRS multi-frames.
According to the invention, the same sequence of n timeslots can be used in every multi-frame, or the sequence of n timeslots can change from multi-frame to multi-frame. Additionally, each multi-frame can include a synchronization burst indicating which sequence of n timeslots is used in a multi-frame.
For example, the synchronization burst for a multi-frame can be transmitted in a timeslot corresponding to the first timeslot in the sequence of n timeslots used in that, or a following, multi-frame. Advantageously, the synchronization burst can be transmitted in the same timeslot in each multi-frame, or the synchronization burst can be transmitted in a timeslot in each multi-frame such that the synchronization burst is a part of a timeslot hopping pattern provided by the sequence of n timeslots in the multi-frame.
According to another exemplary embodiment, a radio communications system employing time reuse on broadcast and common control channels includes a first base station transmitting a downlink broadcast or common control channel during a first portion of a first timeslot and during a subsequent portion of a second timeslot, and a second base station transmitting a downlink broadcast or common control channel during a first portion of the second timeslot and during a subsequent portion of a third timeslot. For example, the first portion of the first time slot and the first portion of the second timeslot can occur in a first GPRS frame, and the subsequent portion of the second timeslot and the subsequent portion of the third timeslot can occur in a subsequent GPRS frame.
The exemplary system further includes a mobile station measuring the transmissions from the second base station during at least a part of the first portion of the second timeslot and measuring the transmissions from the first base station during at least a part of the subsequent portion of the second timeslot. Additionally, either of the base stations can transmit a dummy burst during a portion of the second timeslot, the dummy burst being transmitted at a power level equal to a power level used by the base station in transmitting a broadcast or common control channel on the second timeslot.
These and other features, objects and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art when reading the following detailed description, where references are made to the appended figures in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a cellular pattern of a ⅓ frequency reuse;
FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary timeslot structure for up and downlink allocation according to the GSM specification;
FIG. 3 illustrates a cellular pattern of a ⅓ frequency combined with a 4�time reuse, creating an effective {fraction (4/12)} time-frequency reuse;
FIG. 4 illustrates a packet control channel allocation pattern in a 52 multiframe structure;
FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary hopping control channel allocation pattern in a 52 multiframe, including Packet Synchronization Channel and Packet Frequency Correction Channel allocation structure according to one embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 6 illustrates a circuit switched system integrated with a GPRS system according to one embodiment of the present invention.
The invention is hereinafter described with reference to a GSM cellular communication system. It should be noted however, that other types of cellular systems can make use of the invention, and that the description is to be considered exemplary. It should further be noted that the term GSM in the following description refers to both circuit switched and packet switched modes, both with GMSK as well as with 8PSK modulation.
In a GSM communication system, physical channels on which communication can occur are divided into timeslots on a radio frequency carrier. Each carrier frequency is divided into eight timeslots, or eight physical channels. Eight consecutive timeslots form a GSM frame. The timeslots are labeled TS0-TS7, refering to both uplink and downlink timeslots. Also, designators DL0-DL7 are used when referring specifically to downlink timeslots, and designators UL0-UL7 are used when referring specifically to uplink timeslots.
Four consecutive GSM frames form one block on each timeslot, TS0-TS7. There are different types of repetition cycles in the frame structure in GSM and EDGE Compact. One such repetition is the 52 multiframe, containing 52 consecutive GSM frames. This is the repetition cycle for many of the control channels in GSM and EDGE Compact, e.g., broadcast channels and common control channels but also traffic channels for user data. The 52 multiframe structure is used in GSM for all timeslots where traffic channels can be allocated. In EDGE Compact, it is always used.
The 52 multiframe also includes, apart from 12 blocks (i.e., 4*12=48 GSM frames) for traffic or control, 2 idle GSM frames and 2 GSM frames used for Packet Timing Advance Control Channel Signalling (PTCCH), for a total of 4*12+2+2=52 GSM frames. The GSM frame structure and block allocation of logical channels is further described in ETSI TS 100 908 v.6.2.0 Digital Cellular Communication System (Phase 2+); "Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path" (GSM 05.02 version 6.2.0 Release 1997), hereby incorporated by reference.
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical ⅓ reuse pattern. Communication between an exemplary mobile 10 and an exemplary base station 12 is possible in each cell, by allocating a frequency and a timeslot to a certain connection. The base stations can be situated in the center of a cell, in which case the antenna is transmitting in all directions. Alternatively, base station sites can serve e.g., 3 different cells, as in the figure, in which case sector antennas are used. A ⅓ reuse is a possible reuse pattern for data traffic. However, for control information or circuit switched communication, e.g., voice, a higher reuse is necessary.
The timeslot structure is illustrated in FIG. 2. Uplink transmissions occur in a different frequency region than downlink transmissions, but the timeslot structure is the same. FIG. 2 illustrates a time shift of three time slots such that mobiles should not have to perform both receive and transmit operations simultaneously.
The introduction of an EDGE Compact system is based on the possibility of initial deployment of a packet data system using three carriers only. These carriers carry both data traffic and packet associated and common control signalling. A ⅓ frequency reuse pattern forms the cell structure for the EDGE carrier. The base stations are, however, time synchronised. This makes it possible to allocate, e.g., Packet Common Control Channels (PCCCH) and Packet Broadcast Control Channels (PBCCH) in a way to prevent simultaneous transmission from different base stations, to create higher effective reuse for control signalling, e.g., a {fraction (4/12)} reuse pattern. This is illustrated in FIG. 3. In FIG. 3, a frequency repetition pattern f1-f2-f3 is illustrated together with an overlaid time group pattern t1-t2-t3-t4.
Each base station sector is assigned one of these time groups. In a neighbor sector using the same frequency, a different time group is used. Of course, it is also possible to assign a different number of time groups, and thereby form a different reuse. The four time groups are to be considered exemplary.
In FIG. 4 is depicted an exemplary allocation of control channels for an EDGE Compact system. FIG. 4, illustrates that a certain number of blocks on certain timeslots can be allocated for control channel transmissions, whereas other blocks on the same timeslots can be used for traffic (packet transmission in an EDGE Compact system is interleaved over 4 GSM frames, which is referred to as a block). There is flexibility in the number of control blocks to allocate. In FIG. 4, one broadcast information transmission is allocated in the first block, in GSM frames 0-3, and three common control channel blocks are allocated in blocks 5, 8 and 11 on GSM frames, 21-24, 34-37 and 47-50, respectively. The other periods on the timeslots used for control can be used for additional control channel blocks or packet data traffic channels.
FIG. 4 also illustrates, by shading some blocks in the different time groups, silent periods. For example, base stations in time group 1 will not transmit at all when base stations in other time groups transmit control information. This is indicated in FIG. 4 by shading some of the blocks, e.g., TS3 and TS5 and TS7 in block B0 in time group 1. (It should be noted that the terminology TS# (timeslot #) is used when both uplink,UL, and downlink, DL, timeslots are considered).
In GSM frame 25, a frequency correction burst is included, and in GSM frame 51 a synchronisation burst is included. These bursts enable mobiles to find the control channel and identify the current phase in the GSM frame repetition pattern.
According to one aspect of the present invention, the allocation of control channel blocks illustrated in FIG. 4 is split between different timeslots. A time group is defined by a starting timeslot and a predefined, regular slot hopping pattern. This slot hopping control channel is illustrated in FIG. 5, where only downlink is illustrated. A control channel in the uplink, i.e., a Random Access Control Channel (RACH) will be similarly allocated.
Time group 1 utilizes TS7-TS5-TS3-TS1 for its control channel block transmissions. Time group 2 similarly utilizes TS5-TS3-TS1-TS7, and time group 3 and time group 4 use the hopping sequences TS3-TS1-TS7-TS5 and TS1TS7-TS5-TS3, respectively. A control channel block is interleaved over 4 GSM frames. A control channel block thus starts a hopping sequence on different timeslots in different time groups. Since the hopping pattern is the same, orthogonality between different time groups is maintained and thus also the orthogonality between control channel transmissions of different base stations. In FIG. 5, an exemplary repetition pattern is illustrated. Other repetitions are possible. For example, it is possible that hopping occurs, not several times per control block, but rather between block periods, i.e., after 4 GSM frames.
The hopping pattern is such that a mobile always knows how to hop. This can either be a predefined hopping pattern that is always used, or information about the hopping pattern can be indicated in a synchronization burst that a mobile always initially decodes to find out a current frame number.
Considering the hopping pattern from the perspective of a mobile engaged in circuit switched communication, note that a busy mobile will have certain timeslots allocated for traffic, in both uplink and downlink directions. Note that in this example, the traffic channel will not employ any hopping pattern, but will be continuously transmitted on one and the same timeslot. In this example, a mobile allocated only a single slot in the uplink and a single slot in the downlink is considered. The same reasoning applies for other types of allocations, e.g., a mobile that is allocated more than one slot in one or both directions, i.e., multislot allocations.
Consider again FIG. 2, where uplink and downlink are illustrated. If a mobile is engaged in circuit switched communication, then only DL0/UL0, DL2/UL2, DL4/UL4 or DL6/UL6 can be allocated, since no continuous allocation is possible on the s a me time slots that have control channel transmissions to handle (i.e., DL1/UL1, DL3/UL3, DL5/UL5 and DL7/UL7). If additional carriers are added to EDGE Compact system, where no control channel transmission is allocated, then circuit switched communication can be allocated on any of the timeslots. A mobile can make signal strength measurements on base station transmissions for neighbor cells during a period after the UL timeslot. For example, a mobile allocated DL0/UL0 is able to make signal strength measurements in DL5. In the period coinciding with DL5, it must be possible to measure on all neighbors. For a certain frequency, measurements must be possible on transmissions from base stations belonging to any of the time groups defined.
With the exemplary hopping pattern illustrated in FIG. 5, DL5 will at some point be allocated for control in all the time groups. Thus, if a mobile knows the slot hopping pattern of the different time groups, it will be able to make signal strength measurements from all the neighbor cell time groups by listening only to on e time slot. Shifting to another frequency, a mobile can similarly listen to all the time groups on that frequency by only listening on e.g., DL5. This will enable continuous allocation of traffic, since a mobile will no t suffer from the fact that an uplink timeslot coincides with the timeslot where control information is transmitted.
According to another aspect of the present invention, packet traffic channels are also transmitted in a slot hopping fashion. For example, if packet data channels are allocated on the same timeslot as those of control channel transmissions, i.e., if packet transmissions occur on one or several of TS1, TS3, TS5 or TS7, these packet data channels also perform slot hopping. This slot hopping follows the same pattern as that used for the control channels. Additionally, these packet data channels can be transmitted with the same power as the control channel transmissions so that mobiles can make measurements on these channels as well, and are not restricted to make signal strength measurements during the control blocks only. This will enable mobiles to take a higher number of signal strength samples on neighbor cells during a certain time period, providing for better MAHO performance. This is illustrated in FIG. 5.
In FIG. 5, one broadcast block, B0, and three common control channel blocks, CCCH, C5, C8 and C11, are illustrated. Other combinations of control blocks are possible. FIG. 5 also illustrates that the blocks not used for control on the control channel timeslots can be used for traffic. These blocks are marked with an "x". If these "x" blocks are to be measured on, dummy bursts are transmitted if no traffic is allocated to those blocks. These dummy bursts are also transmitted with the same power as the control channel transmissions.
Alternatively, if it is considered sufficient to measure on the control channel blocks, then packet data channels can be allocated to timeslots that carry control, and then these packet data channels do not have to perform any hopping.
In other aspects of the present invention, a mobile is notified about where a hopping sequence cycle starts by detecting the synchronization burst(s) indicated in FIG. 5, and located in GSM frame 51 in the 52 multiframe. The synchronization burst is detected by mobile stations to acquire frame synchronization and for base station identification purposes. The coding of the synchronization burst includes an absolute frame number reference as well as the identity of the transmitting base station. The absolute frame number is a reference to a frame in the largest cycle defined in GSM, which contains 2715648 frames.
When a mobile is powered on, it scans all frequencies where a control channel can be found and searches for a frequency correction burst, F. This burst is included in FIG. 5 in GSM frame 25. After having found the frequency correction burst, a mobile searches for the synchronization burst, S, on a predefined allocation away from the frequency correction burst (GSM frame 51), such that it can determine the absolute frame number and the identity of the transmitting base station.
In one exemplary embodiment, the synchronization burst is always allocated in the same timeslot as the control channel transmissions first slot hopping allocation in the 52 multiframe. For example, if a synchronization burst for a certain time group is transmitted in timeslot 7, TS7, then the control channel allocation in GSM frame 0 of the 52 multiframe is also on TS7. In FIG. 5, the synchronization burst is aways transmitted in the same timeslot. Alternatively, it can also hop on the different control channel timeslots. This would then imply that the hopping cycles for the different time groups would also change. If so, then a time group would, during one 52 multiframe, hop according to TS7-TS5-TS3-TS1 when the synchronization burst is allocated on TS7. In the next 52 multiframe, the synchronization burst can be allocated on TS5, and then the hopping pattern TS5-TS3-TS1-TS7 is used. Further, the synchronization burst hops to TS3, implying that control channels in that time group use TS3-TS1-TS7-TS5 as a hopping sequence, and similarly when the synchronization burst is allocated on TS1, i.e., TS1-TS7-TS5-TS3.
Note, however, that it can be advantageous to always keep the frequency correction and the synchronization burst on the same timeslot, to make it easier for mobiles to find the synchronization burst once it has found the frequency correction burst.
The control channels in the foregoing exemplary description of the invention have been control channels mapped in a 52 multiframe repetition structure for TS1, TS3, TS5 and TS7. It is however possible to use another multiframe for control channel timeslots as well. For example, a 51 multiframe strucuture such as that used for the timeslot carrying the broadcast and common control channels in GSM can also be used.
With the slot hopping control channel allocation of the present invention, circuit switched communication is enabled in EDGE Compact systems on timeslots that do not carry control information, TS0, TS2, TS4 and TS6. Typically, all cells cannot allocate circuit switched communication on all these time slots simultaneously, since the control carrier is only planned in a 3 reuse pattern. Some type of fractional loading is necessary. Additional carrier frequencies, however, can be planned in any reuse, since they do not have to carry any hopping control channel.
Additionally, advantages are provided also for packet switched communication. A mobile can now make measurements even if it is continuously allocated on the same timeslot, e.g., if it is a sole user or if it is using a real time service over packet switched transmission.
FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary communication system 60 in which the invention can be used. Communication systems generally contain several more nodes than those shown in FIG. 6, and some of the nodes illustrated may not be present (though the functionality can be included in other nodes). The figure is simplified for purposes of explanation rather than limitation.
In FIG. 6, a mobile station 61 communicates over the air interface with a base station 62 that is connected with a Base Station Controller (BSC) node 63. The BSC node 63 typically handles radio related control, such as allocation of control channels on different physical channels. The BSC is connected with a Mobile services Switching Center (MSC) 64, which basically is an exchange for communication sessions, where routing functionality is included. The MSC typically serves a number of BSCs, although only one BSC is illustrated in the figure. MSCs are then connected to an external communication network, such as a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 65.
The BSC 63 can additionally be connected to a GPRS packet data network that contains a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 66 and a Gateway GPRS Support node (GGSN) 67. The GGSN is then connected to external packet data networks (PDN) 68. A Home Location Register (HLR) 69 is also illustrated. This node is connected to both the SGSN and the MSC to provide these nodes with subscriber information, as is known in the art.
In this exemplary system, allocation of control channels is possible according to the described techniques of the present invention. The BSC will handle the allocation of control channels according to the slot hopping patterns described and also the allocation of circuit switched control channels without any slot hopping pattern.
Although exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been described with respect to a communication system compliant to the GPRS/GSM standard specification, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the solutions presented are equally applicable to any other communication system. The specific embodiments should therefore be considered exemplary rather than limiting the scope of the invention, which is defined by the following claims.
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Congratulations to the Action Committee for Career Services Officers for 2012-13
Posted on April 19, 2012 by Deb Freeman
Thanks to all of the current members of the Action Committee for Career Services (ACCS) for making 2011-12 such a successful year! The ACCS are happy to announce next year's officers will be:
President – William Kronenberger
Vice President – Katie Ostrander
Secretary – Emily Stegich
Treasurer – Amelia Xu
2L Rep – Stephen Pulsipher
To become a member of the Action Committee for 2012-13, apply online today!
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Originally written on BruinsLife | Last updated 1/15/13
The Bruins 2011 first round draft pick (9th overall) Dougie Hamilton appears ready for the NHL and will be given the opportunity to play for the B's this year. The 6'5 200 pound youngster is receiving high praise from the likes of GM Peter Chiarelli and Captain Zdeno Chara. Chiarelli had mentioned before the lockout even began that he expected Hamilton to be in uniform for the Bruins this year. Hamilton has been a standout for his junior team the Niagara Ice dogs of the OHL for his prolific offensive ability as a defender as well as his tall frame and long reach. Dougie put up solid numbers for Niagara during the lock-out. He scored 8 goals and had 33 assists in 32 games. Dougie is well aware of the transition to the bigger faster stronger NHL and knows he will have to hold back and play a more defensive game. He had this to say about it; "In the NHL, there are not a lot of rushing defensemen and (the Bruins) kind of told me they like the 'D' to move the puck up and tran...
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After parading his abs for all to see last night at the MTV Movie Awards, plenty of lovely ladies were hoping for the chance to win over Zac Efron's heart, but unfortunately they might be too late.
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