text:
A telephone that communicates high-quality audio signals and a method for communicating an audio signal with an extended frequency range over a telephone network. The cordless telephone has a handset unit with a sampler circuit, a compression circuit, decompression circuit, as well as analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters, which handset is coupled by an infrared (IR) wireless link to a base unit connected to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). In one embodiment, the telephone includes a sampler, a compression block, a telephone port, a decompression block, and a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter. The sampler receives a analog audio signal and digitizes the signal into a high-quality (705.6 kbps) digital audio signal. The compression block then encodes the digital audio signal into a compressed digital signal at a lower bit rate (such as 150 kbps or 56 kbps) with a compression algorithm such as MP3. The compressed digital signal is communicated through the telephone port to a telephone network. An incoming compressed digital signal is received from the telephone network by the telephone port and provided to the decompression block. From the received compressed digital signal, the decompression block reconstructs a digital audio signal at the high data rate. The D/A converter generates a reconstructed analog audio signal in response to the reconstructed digital audio signal.
1. A telephone for high-quality audio signals, the telephone comprising:
a sampler circuit configured to receive an analog audio signal and to digitize the analog audio signal, thereby generating a digital audio signal at a first data rate, and wherein the sampler circuit samples the analog audio signal at a rate of at least 44 kHz;
a compression circuit coupled to said sampler circuit wherein said compression circuit generates a compressed digital signal at a second data rate less than or equal to the first data rate in response to the digital audio signal;
a telephone port coupled to said compression circuit and configured to provide the compressed digital signal to a telephone line;
a decompression circuit coupled to said telephone port; wherein said decompression circuit is configured to receive a received compressed digital signal through said telephone port from the telephone line, and wherein said decompression circuit is configured to generate a reconstructed digital audio signal at the first data rate in response to the received compressed digital signal; and
a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter coupled to said decompression circuit and configured to generate a reconstructed analog audio signal in response to the reconstructed digital audio signal;
wherein said sampler circuit, said compression circuit, said decompression circuit, and said D/A converter are comprised in a handset unit and wherein said telephone port is comprised in a base unit and wherein the handset unit and the base unit are coupled by a wireless link, wherein the wireless link is an infared (IR) link.
2. The telephone of
3. The telephone of
4. The telephone of
a microphone coupled to said sampler circuit and responsive to acoustic signals throughout an audible frequency range, wherein said microphone is configured to generate the analog audio signal in response to sounds incident on said microphone;
a speaker coupled to said D/A converter and capable of generating acoustic signals throughout the audible frequency range, wherein said speaker is configured to generate received sounds in response to the reconstructed analog audio signal.
5. The telephone of
6. The telephone of
7. The telephone of
an audio port coupled to said sampler circuit and to said D/A converter,
wherein said audio port is configured to receive the analog audio signal from an external audio source, and to provide the analog audio signal to said sampler circuit; and
wherein said audio port is configured to receive the reconstructed analog audio signal from said D/A converter and to provide the reconstructed analog audio signal to an external audio device.
8. The telephone of
9. The telephone of
a microphone coupled to said sampler circuit and responsive to acoustic signals throughout an audible frequency range, wherein said microphone is configured to generate the analog audio signal in response to sounds incident on said microphone;
a speaker coupled to said D/A converter and capable of generating acoustic signals throughout the audible frequency range, wherein said speaker is configured to generate received sounds in response to the reconstructed analog audio signal;
a line coder coupled to said compression circuit and configured to generate an uplink baseband signal carrying the compressed digital signal;
a transmitter coupled to said line coder and configured to modulate an uplink carrier with the uplink baseband signal and to transmit the modulated uplink carrier to said base unit;
a receiver configured to receive a modulated downlink carrier from said base unit and to demodulate the modulated downlink carrier into a downlink baseband signal, wherein the received compressed digital signal is encoded onto the modulated downlink carrier; and
a line receiver coupled to said receiver and to said decompression circuit, wherein said line receiver is configured to recover the received compressed digital signal from the downlink baseband signal and to provide the received compressed digital signal to said decompression circuit.
10. The telephone of
a line coder coupled to said telephone port and configured to receive the received compressed digital signal therefrom, wherein said line coder is configured to generate a downlink baseband signal carrying the received compressed digital signal;
a transmitter coupled to said line coder and configured to modulate a downlink carrier with the downlink baseband signal and to transmit the modulated downlink carrier to said handset unit;
a receiver configured to receive a modulated uplink carrier from said handset unit, wherein said modulated uplink carrier is encoded with the compressed digital signal, wherein the receiver is configured to demodulate the modulated uplink carrier into an uplink baseband signal; and
a line receiver coupled to said receiver and to said telephone port, wherein said line receiver is configured to recover the compressed digital signal from the uplink baseband signal and to provide the compressed digital signal to said telephone port.
11. The telephone of
12. The telephone of
13. The telephone of
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to electronic communication and, more particularly, to wired and cordless telephone systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
Telephone systems have evolved with the central goal of transmitting human-voice signals. Other goals have been added with the increasing capacities of telephone systems and the increasing demands of telephone users. A major change has been the rapid growth of digital telephone links for long-distance and local connections. With this growth has come the expectation of increased bandwidth on a telephone connection.
To transmit a voice signal or other analog signal through a digital link, the analog signal is digitized so that it can be represented by a stream of information symbols. Digitizing the audio signal involves sampling it so that values are recorded only at discrete points in time. Each sampled signal is subsequently quantized so that its amplitude is recorded as one of a discrete set of possible values. For human voice, the spectral power distribution has a bandwidth of approximately 3 kHz, so a sampling rate of 8000 samples/second (8 kS/s) records sufficiently many samples to reproduce the signal. With this sampling rate, 256 appropriately-chosen quantization levels (such as the logarithmically spaced A-law or μ-law levels) are sufficient for producing a "toll-quality" digital audio signal.
Within the nominal 3 kHz bandwidth, the typical spectral power distribution of human voice is highly peaked in the 200-800 Hz frequency range, with diminishing amplitudes at higher frequencies. Since the power spectral density of a voice signal is not flat over the nominal 3 kHz frequency range, a digitized voice signal can be compressed and decompressed without much loss of fidelity. This compression may be performed in conjunction with the digitization, by using different forms of differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) such as delta modulation, "linear delta mod" (LDM), continuously variable slope delta modulation (CVSD), or various forms of adaptive differential pulse code modulation (ADPCM). Because of their reduced data rates, these coding schemes are commonly used in many communications systems for voice signals. These coding schemes and others are used in many implementations of telephone equipment. While these schemes work well for voice signals, they are not adequate for high quality audio signals. Indeed, many aspects of telephone equipment make standard telephones unsuitable for high quality audio. Even without the voice-oriented compression features (ADPCM, CVSD, etc.), regular telephones are not desirable for communicating clear audio over the audible frequency spectrum. The primary limitation comes from a systemic design consideration: each call is generally limited to a roughly 3 kHz bandwidth.
Telephone subscribers communicate via a vast telephone network, referred to as the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). In the present disclosure, the terms "PSTN" and "telephone line" are intended to include the analog or POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service), PBX (Private Branch Exchange), ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), and Wireless Local Loop (WLL), among others. In describing the methods and systems that apply to a "telephone," it is noted that these methods and systems can be used in a standard telephone, or in other telephone devices configured or adapted to communicate on these networks, such as personal computers and household appliances with remote-access functionality. A telephone subscriber's communications devices, e.g., telephones, are typically connected in parallel to a telephone line that links a subscriber's premises to a telephone service provider's central office (CO). The communications link is generally carried from the caller to the receiving party through one or more CO's. The links from caller to CO and from CO to receiving party are generally made over twisted-pair copper lines, which have a wide bandwidth (10 MHz-10 GHz). In a few situations therefore, a caller and a call recipient may communicate over a high-bandwidth channel. In general, however, the transmitted signal is filtered to have roughly a 3 kHz bandwidth adequate for most human-voice communication. This filtering, performed either at the CO or at a switching unit located near the caller, makes efficient use the PSTN's switching equipment and its multiplexed communications lines. The filtering is especially important in the case of telephone calls involving more than one CO, such as "long-distance" calls. In this case, the communications link between CO's is typically carried over digital communications channels, such as fiber-optic networks and satellite relays. The digital links are generally designed to accommodate only a 64 kbps data rate (=8 bits/Sample�8000 Samples/second) for each telephone call, which limits the bandwidth of the telephone signal to roughly 3 kHz. Since essentially all long distance and local voice-traffic calls are limited by the design of the PSTN to the 3 kHz bandwidth, telephone equipment is generally made with this design limitation as well. Thus, speakers, microphones, and circuitry in most telephones are generally optimized for the main frequency range of the human voice, nominally 30 Hz-3 kHz. This makes most telephone equipment unsuitable for transmission of high quality audio signals. CD-quality music, for example, with stereophonic channels and an approximate frequency range of 20 kHz, is transmitted poorly through telephone equipment.
Like regular wired telephones, cordless telephones generally limit the bandwidth of the audio signals they carry. Cordless telephones use either analog or digital links between a handset and a base unit. These units generally communicate through a wireless link such as a radio (although the signal may alternatively be transmitted through a free-space optical signal, a waveguide, or an optical fiber). In general, the voice data on a digital wireless link are compressed through techniques such as ADPCM or CVSD coding. The wireless link thus only needs to carry payload data at a reduced rate, typically 30%-60% less than the nominal 64 kbps rate.
Described herein is a telephone that communicates high-quality audio signals, such as "CD-quality" sound (sampled, for example, at 44.1 kHz with 16-bit resolution). In one embodiment, the telephone includes a sampler, a compression block, a telephone port, a decompression block, and a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter.
The sampler receives an analog audio signal (generated, for example, by a microphone or supplied through an audio port in the telephone) and digitizes the signal into a digital audio signal with a high bit rate (such as 44.1 kSamples/sec�16 bits/Sample=705.6 kbps) that permits the communication of high-quality audio. The compression block then encodes the digital audio signal into a compressed digital signal at a lower bit rate (such as 150 kbps or 56 kbps). The compressed digital signal is communicated through the telephone port to a telephone network.
An incoming compressed digital signal is received from the telephone network by the telephone port and provided to the decompression block. From the received compressed digital signal, the decompression block reconstructs a digital audio signal at the high data rate. The D/A converter generates a reconstructed analog audio signal in response to the reconstructed digital audio signal.
Also described herein is a method for communicating an audio signal with an extended frequency range over a telephone network. The method preferably includes steps of sampling the audio signal to generate a digitized signal, compressing the digitized signal with a compression algorithm, communicating the compressed signal over the telephone network, decompressing the compressed signal to generate a recovered digitized signal, and converting the recovered digitized signal to a recovered analog audio signal. The compression algorithm preferably includes psycho-acoustic perceptive coding and preferably generates an MPEG-audio data stream.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a representative view of a telephone system configured to communicate high-quality audio signals;
FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a telephone from FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a handset transceiver from the cordless telephone in FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a base unit transceiver from the cordless telephone in FIG. 2.
While the invention is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
FIG. 1: Telephone System with High-quality Audio
A representative digital communications system 100 suitable for communication of high-quality audio is shown in FIG. 1. The system includes two telephone units, 10 and 20, that are connected to the PSTN through telephone links 15 and 25, respectively. Telephone units 10 and 20 are configured with microphones, speakers, and other components suitable for transmitting audio signals throughout the audible range (nominally, 20 Hz-20 kHz). Telephone links 15 and 25 may be standard telephone lines, and are preferably digital links such as DSL lines, or cable-modem connections, capable of transmitting data at rates in excess of 96 kbps. This rate allows the communication of compressed audio with "near-CD" quality.
In one embodiment, telephone units 10 and 20 sample analog audio signals received from their respective microphones at CD rates and resolutions: 44,100 Samples/second (44.1 kS/s) and 16 bits/Sample. The sampled audio data are then compressed according to the MPEG Audio Layer 3 ("MP3") format, which typically provides a 8:1 to 14:1 compression ratio. The resulting compressed data stream has a bit rate of 50-90 kbps, and is communicated through telephone links 15 and 25 and the PSTN.
The quality of the communicated audio depends on three factors. The first of these is the encoder used to perform the compression in the telephone units. In general, compression protocols specify only the procedures followed by a decoder that reads the compressed data. The design of the encoder is largely left open, leaving room for advancements in the fidelity of the compression. This is especially important with encoders, such as most MP3 encoders, that employ "perceptual" coding. These systems take advantage of the fact that the human aural system is less sensitive to certain types of distortion than to others. Thus, the quality of the audio available in a particular compression format may advance with time as innovations are made in the design of the encoders.
Second, the data rate specified for the encoder may restrict the fidelity with which the encoder performs the compression. In general, when an encoder is restricted to generating an output with a low bit rate, it will produce a lower-fidelity compressed signal than when it is allowed to generate its output with a higher bit-rate. Commercially available MP3 encoders are generally used to compress CD-quality stereo music (dual-channel audio) from 1411.2 kbps (=2 channels�44.1 kS/s�16 bits/Sample) to lower bit rates for storage in portable systems (e.g.: the Rio™ portable player by Diamond Multimedia) and for transmission through the Internet. Current encoders typically compress the CD stereo audio down to 150 kbps with negligible loss in perceived sound quality. These encoders may also be used to generate monaural compressed sound at lower rates of around 56 kbps; the resulting sound from current encoders, however, is generally considered to have a somewhat lower fidelity at these lower rates.
Third, the compression routines introduce a delay in the transmission of the audio signal. In general, the better compression routines require longer delays for encoding and decoding. A long delay, such as � second to several seconds, would generally be acceptable for music playback through communications system 100. However, for conversations, a delay in the system of greater than 10-100 ms may be considered a nuisance by a user.
Thus, several different embodiments of telephone units 10 and 20 may be implemented according to the data rate available through telephone links 15 and 25. If a high rate data link is available to a user, such as a megabit-per-second cable-modem line, telephone units 10 and 20 may communicate CD-quality stereo or monaural signals with little or no compression and little or no delay. In the case where the link is a DSL line with a bi-directional capacity of 96-500 kbps, the high quality audio may be communicated with a small delay by using MPEG Audio Layer 1, 2, or 3 compression. If the user is limited to standard telephone lines with a 56 kbps modem capacity, telephone units 10 and 20 may use MP3 compression to communicate a somewhat degraded audio signal with a substantial delay. In this case, the quality of the signal may be improved to some extent at the expense of an increased delay. However, the communicated signal should in most cases be substantially clearer than the "toll-quality" uncompressed voice signal available through regular telephony.
FIG. 2: Digital Communication System
A representative telephone unit 10 is shown in FIG. 2 as a cordless telephone system. In other embodiments, telephone unit 10 may be a different type of telephone system, such as a wired telephone or a mobile telephone, among others. Cordless telephone system 10 includes a handset transceiver 110 and a base unit transceiver 120 that communicate through a wireless digital link 165. The system's audio components are all designed to communicate signals throughout the audible frequency range of 20 Hz-20 kHz.
Handset 110 and base unit 120 each comprise a transmitter and receiver for wireless digital signals communicated on wireless digital link 165. Base unit 120 receives an incoming telephone signal from telephone connection 122 and transmits information from the incoming telephone signal to handset 110 as an incoming wireless digital signal. Handset 110 is a portable unit that re-creates an incoming audio signal from the incoming wireless digital signal. In the opposite direction, handset 110 generates an outgoing wireless digital signal in response to an outgoing audio signal. Base unit 120 receives the outgoing wireless digital signal and converts it to an outgoing telephone signal for telephone connection 122.
In one embodiment, handset transceiver 110 and base unit transceiver 120 also communicate with other transceiver units (not shown). Handset 110 communicates acoustic signals through a microphone and a speaker. As an alternative to the microphone and speaker, an audio port 116 on handset 110 may be used to directly receive electronic audio signals.
FIG. 3: Handset Transceiver—Block Diagram
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of handset transceiver 110. A transmitter 200T receives an analog transmit audio signal 215T from a microphone 210T or from audio port 116, and converts transmit audio signal 215T to an RF transmit signal 265T. A receiver 200R performs the inverse of this process: it receives an RF received signal 265R and processes received signal 265R to generate a received analog audio signal 215R. The received audio signal 215R is provided either to speaker 210R or to audio port 116. RF transmit and receive signals 265T and 265R are communicated to base unit transceiver 120 through wireless digital link 165 (from FIG. 2).
Transmit audio signal 215T is preferably an analog signal with frequency components in the range 20 Hz-20 kHz. Thus, transmit audio signal 215T is well suited for carrying high-quality audio signals as well as human voice. A selector 225T coupled to microphone 210T, audio port 116, and transmitter 200T determines whether audio signal 215T is received from microphone 210T or from audio port 116. Transmit audio signal 215T also includes any dialing signals such as rotary-dial interrupts or DTMF ("touch-tone") signals from a dialing unit (not shown). Another selector 225R coupled to speaker 210R, audio port 116, and receiver 200R determines whether received audio signal 215R is provided to speaker 210T or to audio port 116. Selectors 225T and 225R are preferably linked switches that act in conjunction to connect transmitter 200T and receiver 200R either to microphone 210T and speaker 210R or to audio port 116. The switching is preferably controlled by a detector (not shown) that determines if an external jack is connected to the audio port. In another embodiment, selectors 225T and 225R are switched by a user-actuated switch or pushbutton.
Transmit audio signal 215T is processed in transmitter 200T by several circuit blocks coupled in sequence: a sampler 220T, a compression block 230T, a line coder 250T, and an RF transmitter 260T.
The first block of the transmitter is sampler 220T, which samples transmit audio signal 215T to generate a digital signal 225T representing the audio signal. Sampler 220T is a lossless coder, that is, it digitizes transmit audio signal 215T and uses a coding scheme to generate a digital data stream 225T that completely describes the sampled signal, to within the limits of the digital sampling and quantization. In one embodiment, sampler 220T is a high-bandwidth PCM coder that generates 16-bit samples of transmit audio signal 215T at a 44.1 kHz sample rate so that digital data stream 225T is a 705.6 kbps digital signal of PCM (pulse-code modulation) bytes. The quantization levels used by sampler 220T for digitizing transmit audio signal 215T are preferably uniformly spaced (as in linear PCM). Alternatively, the levels may be logarithmically spaced (as in μ-law or A-law PCM coding). In one embodiment, a user may switch between quantization schemes, providing flexibility for the transceiver to better communicate human voice or high-quality audio or certain types of modem signals.
Digital data stream 225T is sent to compression block 230T, which compresses the data to a reduced data rate. The design considerations of compression block include preservation of sound quality, maximization of the compression ratio, and minimization of the delay time as discussed earlier. These considerations are made in response to the available data rates on links 15 and 20 and the desired sound quality. In one embodiment, the compression is performed by an MP3 encoder that generates an output stream at approximately 150 kbps in response to an input stream of 16-bit samples at 44.1 kS/s. The resulting compressed signal 235T is then provided to a line coder 250T that maps the compressed data into analog waveforms appropriate for the selected modulation technique, thereby producing a line-coded baseband transmit signal 255T. The baseband signal 255T is provided to an output stage 260T. This output stage 260T is an RF transmitter in which baseband transmit signal 255T is upconverted to an RF transmit frequency, amplified, and radiated as transmit signal 265T. Transmit signal 265T may use amplitude-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, phase-shift keying, or combinations of these to convey the compressed data stream 235T. The implementation of line coder 250T and output stage 260T are designed in consideration of the modulation technique chosen for transmit signal 265T.
Receiver unit 200R comprises components that reverse the functions of the blocks in transmitter unit 200T. The input stage 260R is an RF receiver that receives received signal 265R and downconverts it to produce a baseband received signal 255R. A line receiver 250R samples and decodes the baseband received signal. The sampling is preferably done at a high sample rate, with the resulting digital data stream decimated to generate a received digital signal 235R with the same overall bit rate as the compressed data stream 235T. Received digital signal 235R is provided to a decompression block 230R, which decompresses the compressed data, thereby recovering a received digital data stream 225R. In one embodiment the decompressed data stream 225R is a stream of 16-bit PCM audio samples at 44.1 kS/s. Decompression block 230R provides digital data stream 225R to an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 220R, which reconstructs received audio signal 215R from the digital audio signal 225R. In one embodiment, AID converter 220R is a PCM decoder.
In another embodiment, handset transceiver 110 is an infrared (IR) or other optical transceiver that communicates with other units by IR or visible-light signals transmitted either through open space or optical fibers. In this embodiment of the transceiver, transmitter output stage 260T is an optical source, such as an LED or a diode laser, that generates an optical transmit signal 265T modulated with the baseband transmit signal 255T. The optical modulation may be performed by binary on-off keying (OOK), amplitude-shift or frequency-shift keying, or phase-shift keying of a coherent optical signal. Receiver input stage 260R is an optical detector, such as a photodiode, that receives an optical receive signal 265R and in response generates an information-modulated baseband signal 255R that is sampled and decoded in line receiver 250R.
FIG. 4: Base Unit—Block Diagram
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of one embodiment of base unit transceiver 120. Base unit transceiver 120 may include a transmitter 300T and a receiver 300R that function in a manner similar to that of handset transceiver 110 described above, except that instead of receiving and generating acoustic signals in a microphone and speaker, base unit transceiver 120 communicates on telephone connection 122.
Transmitter 300T receives an incoming telephone signal 315T from telephone connection 122 through a telephone port 310. Transmitter 300T converts incoming telephone signal 315T to an RF transmit signal 365T (which is received by handset 110 as signal 265R). Receiver 300R receives an RF received signal 365R (which is generated by handset 110 as signal 265T) and processes received signal 365R to generate an outgoing telephone signal 315R. Outgoing telephone signal 315R is provided to telephone connection 122 through telephone port 310. RF transmit and receive signals 365T and 365R are communicated to handset 110 through wireless digital link 165 (from FIG. 2). If telephone connection 122 is configured to carry a digital signal, telephone port 310 converts incoming and outgoing telephone signals 315T and 315R from and to the appropriate digital format.
Transmitter 300T may include a line coder 350T and an RF transmitter 360T that perform the same operations as the corresponding components of transmitter 200T in handset 110. Similarly, receiver 300R may include includes a line receiver 350R and a receiver input stage 360R that function in the same manner as the corresponding components of receiver 200R in handset 110.
Depending on design considerations, compression and decompression blocks 230T and 230R may be placed in base unit 120 rather than in handset 110. This alternative configuration allows a simplified design and reduced power consumption of the handset. The trade-off of this configuration is the requirement that wireless digital link 165 must be a higher-capacity channel capable of communicating at the data rate of the uncompressed digital data streams 225T and 225R.
In one embodiment, telephone port 310 is configured to receive an analog telephone signal, such as a POTS ("plain-old telephone service") or wireless local loop signal, from telephone connection 122. In other embodiments, the telephone signal from telephone connection 122 is a digital signal or is included in a digital signal. The digital signal may be a DSL, ADSL, HDSL, HDSL2, other xDSL, ISDN, or T1 signal, among others. Telephone port 310 may convert the digital signal, or an audio portion of the digital signal, to incoming telephone signal 315T, and to likewise convert outgoing telephone signal 315R into the appropriate digital format for telephone connection 122.
In another embodiment, telephone connection 122 is a dedicated computer line, such as an Ethernet line. Telephone port 310 in this configuration may extract a digital audio signal from data received on telephone connection 122 and to convert the digital audio signal into incoming telephone signal 315T. In this embodiment, telephone port 310 may be comprised in a separate conversion unit, such as a plug-in card for a home computer.
In yet another embodiment, telephone connection 122 is an analog or digital cellular telephone link, and telephone port 310 receives and transmits telephone signals 315T and 315R on the cellular link 122. Such a system may be particularly useful in an mobile communications setting.
One embodiment of this system is implemented in a personal computer that communicates through a modem. The individual block components, such as the compression and decompression blocks 230T and 230R, for example, may be implemented by software running on a CPU or on a dedicated processor on an add-in card. In this embodiment, the processing power is preferably used to carry out MP3 and DSL conversions.
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Winter!: Prepare for holiday gaming!
I don't care what CoD fanboys say about this game, it's awesome, get over it. The puzzles present a nice challenge, and no matter how many times I play it, I keep finding myself reaching for this game and its predecessor.
Game Traits applied to Portal 2 (PC-MAC) by BellBoy
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
I was born 87..
Bron bron
Type: Posts; User: the unknown
I was born 87..
Bron bron
I always wonder when bledsoe is gonna get his own team to run like collison did
no personality, no ego, not recognizable, he just doesnt have the it factor as far as star persona is concerned.. look at harvin harrison one of the best wr in nfl history.. do u remember what he...
Dude its lebron.. the question is who is #2.. melo duramt rose cp3 kobe.. can all be factored in for deucev
They play this week.... I guess we find out who is better on sunday
You can't teach height smh
Jerome Jordan 5 years 35.. career 4.1 ppg
Then stop it.. you should take advantage of mismatches
I think even when stat comes back the grizz have the best front court
If they win a chip.. he will likely be mvp
Landry was a 23 year old rookie shump was 21 .. Knicks already picked up shump 3rd year option...
Melo is light years ahead of anyone at sf.. and we have a defensive player of the year .. and stat...
Raptors will be good when the Celtics aren't .. 3 years
Nets u know damn well they have no front court depth .. and Gerald Wallace will miss Atleast 20 ganes
Celtics are in my opinion better this year than last .. Jeff green and sullinger are upgrades.. don't forget we have Jr smith camby Novak and Kidd off the bench
As far as talent is concerned he to me is top 5..
Megatron and fitz are slightly better
When nicks is healthy he is a top 5
U can make arguments elsewhere but 3rd best I think
I wouldn't put him know any lf those categories.. but I voted 30-40. Its hard to gauge because he has a history of injury. He has won 2 championships but you can argue he was the second best player...
Knicks have shumpert Jr smith camby sheed Kidd
Jets Knicks Mets and rangers are usually the talk of their sports outside the champs and teams from L.A.
Its just because of the fan base.. you always expected to do well with ****** rosters ......
Melo should be a top 5.. he is talented enough.. but he needs to make his team mates better and need to lock down on d.. but for sure he is a top 5 talent
Our roster isn't much worse than the team who won it all the year before last
Melo offensive weapons is the most. Diverse in nba.. he can pass well and rebounds we'll .. his effort on d.. is always a q
The Cavs aren't to far away from the playoffs either .. even the wizards have a good starting 5
Heat are better ..
Pacers are little worse
Bulls are a plus .500 team without rose .. so they will still win 50
Nets are a playoff team
Hawks are worse
Sixers are the same
Celtics are the same...


text:
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Her House My MW invited my to her house after work. Her H was staying out and she didn't want to be alone. I could not refuse. I followed her home. She txt'd the H to make sure he would be out late enough... [more]
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Things You Don't Think About When The Affair First Starts I am not sure if this story a confession belongs in this category or another, but I am having an affair with a married woman. The problem is we are both married, both have children and, although we … [more]
To Each Of The Woman In My Life I am married and having an affair with another married woman. We work together so we see each other everyday. But, we lives double lives. We are emotionally and physically connected. Yet, we have … [more]
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Learn about Windows PowerShell
Hey, Scripting Guy! How can I clear a list box in an HTA?-- AK
Hey, AK. For those of you who aren't familiar with the term, an HTA - among other things - is a way to use Internet Explorer to provide a graphical user interface for your scripts. (If that still doesn't answer your questions, don't despair. Instead, stay tuned for April 11th when we debut our new HTA Developers' Center.) With an HTA (short for HTML Application) you can make your system administration scripts look - and run - like real applications, applications complete with radio buttons, text boxes, check boxes, and, yes, list boxes.
So suppose you do have a list box, one with a bunch of items (technically known as options) already in it. In other words, something that looks like this:
Suppose that you want to remove all of those options, leaving you with a nice, clean, empty list box. How can you do that?
To begin with, as far we know there's no single command that can clear all the options in a list box. But that's OK; even if we can't clear all the options at once, we can clear the options one at a time using the RemoveNode method. All we have to do is iterate through the all the options in the list box and then delete each one. We can do that by adding a subroutine (in this case, a subroutine named ClearListbox) to our HTA:
Sub ClearListbox
For Each objOption in AvailableOptions.Options
End Sub
Note. This subroutine assumes that the list box we want to clear is named AvailableOptions.
As you can see, we create a For Each loop that loops through all the Options in the list box named AvailableOptions. For each option we find (and, remember, the options correspond to the items in the list box), we call the RemoveNode method to remove that option. By the time the For Each loop is done, we will have found - and removed - every item in the list box.
The only other thing we need to do is add a button to our HTA; this button, when clicked, will call the ClearListbox subroutine. Here's some HTML that will add a button like this to our HTA:
<input id=runbutton class="button" type="button" value="Clear Listbox"
name="run_button" onClick="ClearListbox">

That's all we have to do. If we run our revised HTA and click the Clear Listbox button, all the options in the list box will be removed, and our HTA will look like this:
Breath-taking, isn't it?
If you'd like to try this out for yourself, here's code that will bring up an HTA with a list box pre-populated with 8 items. Click Clear Listbox and all 8 items will be deleted. To use this sample code, copy it, paste it into Notepad, and then save it with a .hta file extension (for example, listbox.hta). Then just double-click the file in My Computer or Windows Explorer, and see what happens.
Here's the HTA code:
<title>Clear a Listbox</title>


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Jeff Smith 6 p.m., July 6
Jeff Smith noon, July 3
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Daniel Powell 1 p.m., July 1
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We are taking a long weekend. Pre-order for delivery on July 3rd.
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Pay online with a credit card (Paypal), or on delivery (Cash).
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Order Products directly from PPP.
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Occidental College
Office of Community Engagement
MLK Week of Service
The MLK Week of Service has become a hallmark event coordinated by the Office of Community Engagement, attracting nearly 200-300 participants. In honor of Dr. King's spirit of service and peace, the aim of the the MLK Day of Service is to engage Oxy students, staff, faculty, and alumni in community-based projects.
Many of the community partners we work with have well-established relationships with the OCE or other offices (such as the UEPI and the CCBL), and we strive to sustain these relationships by creating mutually beneficial projects and educational opportunities for our students. Most community partners speak very highly of Oxy students and they are appreciative of the service project collaborations. Similarly, students are provided with the opportunity to become familiar with important community-based work and some even decide to return as volunteers or interns. By coordinating projects that offer meaningful co-curricular learning, the MLK Day of service upholds Oxy's mission of excellence, equity, community, and service.
Saturday, January 24, 2015: MLK Day of Service
Community Partners:
Midnight Mission
Downtown Women's Center
The Rock Community Center
Rockdale Elementary School
Girls on the Run
A Place Called Home
Wildlife Waystation
Hathaway Sycamore
Door of Hope
Debs Park
Legacy LA
Solano Canyon
California Coastal Commission
John Muir H.S. / Chicken Petition Project
The Eagle Rock Association (CERB)
Food Forward
Eagle Rock High School
- Check-in begins at 8:30 am in Samuelson Pavilion AKA the Cooler. The opening ceremony begins at 9:00 am in Thorne Hall and buses and vans will leave promptly at 9:30 am. As you can see, we have a very tight schedule so please BE ON TIME!
- You will sign up for sites during registration. Sign up is first come first served. You will receive another email with sites and descriptions shortly. These will also be available at registration.
- Once you arrive, register for a site, pick up your official MLK t-shirt, grab some breakfast and lunch and finally, connect with your Site Leaders.
- Many of the projects will take place outdoors. Please dress appropriately. No flip flops or open toed shoes! Wear comfortable clothes you don't mind getting dirty and bring a hat if you need to. We suggest layers and long pants.
- Make sure to wear or bring sunblock.
- Bring your own water bottle/container. Although breakfast and lunch will be provided, you need to make sure you are hydrated throughout the day.
- We encourage the use of social media! Follow us on Instagram or twitter at @oxyoce. Tag us in your photos and use the hashtag #MLKOXY2015.
- Above all, bring your positive attitude! On Saturday you'll be honoring the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and representing the college. We know you'll have fun doing both.
- Office: Johnson Student Activities Center Room 135B
- Email: communityengagement @oxy.edu
- Phone: (323) 341-4692
- Follow us on : twitter


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We set up a side-by-side comparison of curved and flat TVs and asked our Advisors to stop by. In this short video, our lab manager Jordan lets you know what you can expect from each type of TV.
Samsung's 4K Ultra HD TVs offer four times the detail of 1080p TVs. Plus, Samsung made sure that their video processing, connections, and LED backlight are equally state-of-the-art. And they made 4K upconversion a top priority so your 1080p sources will look better than ever.
Connect the compact Evolution Kit to your compatible 2012 Samsung Smart TV and you immediately boost its processing power, adding new features and functions.
Shopping for a Blu-ray player? Find out about the latest features so you can find one that's right for you.
Learn about contrast ratio — what it means for a TV's picture quality, and how to use contrast ratio numbers when comparing TVs.


text:
Latest news
Gallery: 24 photos from Le Mans 24
Check out Drew Gibson's stunning images from the world's most prestigious endurance race
TG on ice: Audi RS3 vs Subaru WRX STI vs Merc GLA45
Can Audi's 362bhp super-hatch hold off its 4WD rivals on our frozen lake?
Gallery: Piech's Greatest Hits
From Quattro to Veyron to Porsche 917, here's how the VW Group chief changed the world of cars
Meet the 2015 Le Mans contenders
Porsche, Audi, Toyota and Nissan reveal their very different LMP1 racers. Here's your tech crib-sheet
Audi TT TDI vs BMW 225d vs VW Scirocco TDI vs Pug RCZ HDI
You've got £30k. You like driving. And diesels. But outside the new TT, what else could you consider? TG finds out
Top Gear's hot hatch of 2014: S1 vs Golf R
Two hot hatchbacks blew us away in 2014: the Audi S1 and VW Golf R. Here, we pit them against each other to crown a winner
Top Gear Awards: Coupe of the Year
Does being beautiful mean you can't be brilliant? Time to find out in the new Audi TTS...
Driving the Audi TT concepts
The TT family is expanding, but what's coming next? Paul Horrell tests the Sportback and Offroad concepts
Wallpapers: new Audi TT
Add a spot of sunshine to your desktop with a very yellow TTS in southern Spain
The world's best racing cars
Three very different propositions, three very successful formulas. So what makes a good racing car?


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If You Haven't Done It Yet, Start Thawing Your Turkey
If you're the one doing the cooking at home and your turkey is still in the freezer, now is a great time to take it and put it in the fridge to thaw.
If you're the one doing the cooking at home and your turkey is still in the freezer, now is a great time to take it and put it in the fridge to thaw.
Many of us grew up on ramen. It's a Japanese noodle soup and it's one of the cheapest items in any grocery store. Because of that, ramen, in America, holds a notion that ramen is cheap food for cheap people. That is not the case. If you've ever been to a restaurant and had real ramen, you'll know what I'm talking about. Someone decided to make ramen from stratch, from the stock to the noodles, and documented every step of the way for you to make it at home for yourself.
Growing up, Almond Roca was the fanciest candy I knew. Something about that butter almond toffee wrapped in chocolate and crushed almonds, each coming in their own golden foil, it screamed high class. They are good but they're a little too hard on my teeth. I thought about the possibility into using them in a cookie form and here's what I came up with.
The Christmas season usually has everyone making and baking goodies. You don't mind eating them, but you have trouble making. You're not alone. I'm not great at baking, either. The good news about these Andes Mint pretzels as they take 3 ingredients and not much time at all to create.
I do a lot of cooking when I can. One thing that's always been a hassle for me is to slice soft cheese so it doesn't gum up, if that makes sense. Slicing soft cheese may also have a habit of getting stuck to your knife. I know people who freeze it, but I don't want frozen cheese, either. It dawned on me that I can use this to slice softer cheese with ease!
I was thinking there aren't nearly enough pear flavored treats. Everything is apple or cherry or whatever-berry, but not too many use pear so I took it upon myself to make these. Super easy to make that anyone can make these, too.
I had a bag of those 'chicken & waffles' chips laying around so I figured I'd try making chicken and waffles using those chips as added flavoring. Here's what I did.
Thanksgiving dinner and entertaining can be stressful and expensive for a host, but it really doesn't have to be!
The other day I asked my kids what they wanted to eat. For some reason, the idea of a ham and cheese omelet came up as one of the options. Feeling creative and inspired by Aarti Sequeira's lasagna cupcakes, I used that idea to make ham & cheese omelet cupcakes. It's super easy and almost fail-proof.
The 4th of July is coming soon and maybe you're having a good ol' fashion BBQ. I love corn on the cob, but those string thingies are just about the most annoying thing ever. This video shows a way to cook corn easily and remove the husk without any silks everytime.
I'm not the best chef in the world, but I do have fun in the kitchen. Basically, I make or create anything that I think sounds good. I love macaroni and cheese and I love wasabi. Why not combine the two? The first time I made this was for no other reason than I wanted to eat it. It became such a huge hit that I make it all the time, now. I present to you my Wasabi Mac & Cheese that's so easy to make, any can do it. It uses a few simple ingredients and doesn't require baking in an oven.
I love sushi and candy. My kids are still a little stand-offish about sushi, but they'll eat candy so we can still have fun making it and enjoying it. It looks great and tastes great, too! Here are several methods and styles you can do to make candy sushi at home.


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BIRTH defects in at least 100 Brazilian babies have been blamed on use of the anti-nausea drug thalidomide to treat symptoms of leprosy in pregnant women. However, independent researchers have questioned the claim, saying it is based on unpublished research and lacks proof of thalidomide as the cause.
According to a BBC report on 24 July, Lavinia Schüler-Faccini at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre examined the birth records of 17.5 million babies born between 2005 and 2010 and identified 100 with birth defects consistent with exposure to thalidomide. She found the cases were concentrated in areas with the heaviest use of thalidomide to treat leprosy.
"This is an ecological association, not a proven causation," says Diana Lockwood of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. "Association with thalidomide was not demonstrated."
Lockwood says thalidomide is the most useful treatment for a complication of leprosy called erythema nodosum leprosum, and is widely used for this in India where there is evidence of its value (Australasian Journal of Dermatology, doi.org/bk79q3).
This article appeared in print under the headline "Thalidomide row"
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text:
Argentines rally against Menem
Thursday 07 July 1994
BUENOS AIRES - Tens of thousands of protesters opposed to President Carlos Menem's economic reforms rallied in the Argentine capital in the biggest demonstration this decade. Organisers said the 'Federal March' was expected to attract some 100,000 people to the Plaza de Mayo, opposite the presidential palace. Opposition groups blame Mr Menem's policies for unprecedented 10 per cent unemployment and a collapse of provincial economies. Reuter
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text:
Sofía, a 25-year-old woman who has applied for asylum and also requested anonymity, was held for two weeks.
But the Camelot image as applied to the Kennedy presidency had some unfortunate and unforeseen consequences.
Skanda Amarnath is a double major in Economics and applied Mathematics entering his final year at Columbia University.
"put to practical use," (as opposed to abstract or theoretical), 1650s, from past participle of apply. Earlier it was used in a sense of "folded" (c.1500).
late 14c., "to put (one's faculties, etc.) to some task or career," late 14c., from Old French aploiier "apply, use, attach" (12c., Modern French appliquer), from Latin applicare "attach to, join, connect;" figuratively, "devote (oneself) to, give attention," from ad- "to" (see ad-) + plicare "fold" (see ply (v.1)). The etymological sense is "bring things in contact with one another." Of lotions, from early 15c. Meaning "seek a job by submitting an application for one" is from 1851. A by-form applicate is recorded from 1530s. Related: Applied; applying.


text: Ian Fisher writes: The game once dubbed as a Halo killer may still not be perfect or considered an instant masterpiece, but Killzone HD provides some entertainment amongst a consistent technical performance. With a few exceptions such as levels that didn't age well or dead Helghast still doing their crazy leg dance of death, Killzone HD finally presents us with a game that doesn't have a painful framerate or other technical issues that chip away at our soul. 8/10


text:
A little late, but here nonetheless, November Mad Props!
Brandi Schaefer
What a lovely collection of goodies and new design blogs for me to check out! Thanks so much!!
12-01-08 » 11:09 pm »
totally clever. All of them, but my fav is the grocery bag bows! YAY!
12-02-08 » 2:56 am »
Oh goodness! Thank you so much for featuring two of my posts! I really appreciate it!
12-03-08 » 12:55 am »
Why do I love those paper bells so much?! They remind me of the supermarket from when I was a little girl I guess.
I also love the fabric flower necklaces. super easy to make, by the way.
12-03-08 » 3:22 am »


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Tag Archives: coffee house
Arbuckle Mountain Fried Pies and Coffee Joins Crimson Cup Community
Congratulations to Cincinnati entrepreneur Jerry Fry on his latest venture! Jerry recently opened Arbuckle Mountain Fried Pies and Coffee inside Jungle Jim's grocery store at 4450 Eastgate South Drive in Cincinnati. Jerry operates a successful Tri-State area collision repair chain, … Read More
Welcome to Bradley's Gourmet Coffee & More
We're excited to welcome Nina and John Bradley to the Crimson Cup community! On May 1, they opened Bradley's Gourmet Coffees & More at 363 N Hwy 27 in Whitley City, Kentucky. Nestled in the heart of the Daniel Boone … Read More
Crates Coffee House Celebrates Grand Opening
Congratulations to Andrea and Brian Rank, who celebrated the grand opening of their Crates Coffee House in Lake Orion, Michigan on March 11. Crates takes its name from a family heirloom – an old coffee crate that had been passed … Read More
Brie's Brews Coffee House Eyes Expansion
Congratulations to Brishan "Brie" and Jef Powell, who celebrated the first anniversary of Brie's Brews Coffee House in London, Kentucky in February. In just over a year, this vibrant independent coffee house has become a fixture in the local community. … Read More
Choosing Equipment for Opening a Coffee Shop
Opening a coffee shop business can be a fun and exciting venture. Assuming that you have already taken care of the preliminary steps, including finding a great location and lining up funding, the next major step is purchasing coffee shop … Read More
Leo's Donuts and Coffee House Celebrates One-Year Anniversary
Congratulations to Terry and Andra Shortt, who celebrated the one-year anniversary of Leo's Donuts and Coffee House on April 22. The coffee-and-donut shop opened after completing our Seven Steps to Success coffee franchise alternative program. Leo's features an espresso bar, fresh … Read More
Celebrating 23 Years of Coffee and Community
It's been 23 years since Greg began roasting and selling coffee beans from a tiny one-room office, and we have a lot of reasons to celebrate! Hand-roasted in small batches, our coffee continues to win taste tests and accolades from … Read More


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Mike Gillislee
Dolphins Make First Cuts, Trim Roster To 75
The Miami Dolphins have begun trimming their roster down as the NFL Preseason nears its end.
Dolphins Return To Practice After First Preseason Win
The Miami Dolphins took the practice field on Monday for the first time since their preseason win against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on Saturday.
Dolphins Encouraged By Play Of Running Backs
The Miami Dolphins hit the practice field for the final time on Wednesday before heading up to Atlanta for their preseason opener against the Falcons.
Dolphins' Second Year Players Stand Out At Camp
The Miami Dolphins took the practice field on Monday for the first time since the team's intrasquad scrimmage on Saturday at Sun Life Stadium.
Fins Hope For Big Runs Out Of Miller
When the Miami Dolphins let running back Reggie Bush head to the Detroit Lions in free agency, the focus of the Fins' running game fell on a former University of Miami star who is ready to take center stage.
Gillislee Could Make Quick Impact For Dolphins
If you're looking for a Miami Dolphins rookie who may make an immediate impact on the team, you might want to focus on fifth-round draft pick Mike Gillislee out of the University of Florida.
Fins Set To Open Rookie Mini-Camp Friday
The Miami Dolphins will get their first look at the incoming class of rookies Friday when the team holds a three-day minicamp.
Dolphins Pick Up A Kicker & RB
Place-kicker Caleb Sturgis of Florida has been chosen by the Miami Dolphins in the fifth round of the NFL draft.
Florida Puts 6 Players On All-SEC 1st Team
The University of Florida will be representing the Southeastern Conference in the Sugar Bowl this year and was well represented on the All-SEC team released Monday.
Gators Blank Jacksonville State 23-0
No. 7 Florida used a strong defensive effort to overcome a sluggish offensive performance in a 23-0 win over Jacksonville State on Saturday.


text:
Send this business listing as a text message to a mobile phone.
8521 Folsom Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95826
(916) 383-0880
Terms: The recipient of this text message may incur charges depending on their wireless carrier. Not all carriers are currently supported.
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is currently undergoing system maintenance.
Please try again later.


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Straight Talk and Net10 BYOP users get 5GB of high speed data instead of 3GB, Net10 adds more data to other plans
TracFone subsidiaries Straight Talk and Net10 are now offering more high speed data to their BYOP (Bring Your Own Phone) customers. Straight Talk gives 5GB of high speed data instead of regular 3GB to its BYOP customers on the $45 unlimited and the $60 unlimited international plan. Net10 BYOP users get 5GB data increase on plans that originally offer 3GB of high speed data. Those plans are the $50 Unlimited Plan, the $65 Unlimited International Plan, all unlimited Phone Upgrade Plans and the Family $90, $130 and $170 plans with 2, 3 and 4 lines, respectively. Read more
TracFone adds 1000 Text Message Card for $10
TracFone Android smartphone users can now add text messages to their prepaid airtime. The carrier has added a 1000 Text Message Card for $10 to its prepaid offerings. The card does not expire since it doesn't add service days. Still, the $10 text card can be added only on active accounts meaning that customers must add airtime that includes triple minutes, texts and MBs of data. Read more
Straight Talk activates Verizon LTE phones now
TracFone's subsidiary Straight Talk has started activating Verizon LTE phones, Howard Forums users report. According to some of them, Straight Talk customer service has confirmed this information while others have reached as far as ordering the SIM. Read more
TracFone BYOP program allows activating old Verizon phones
Last month, TracFone has added a BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) option to its prepaid offering. TracFone BYOP program is limited to activating old Verizon phones on the Pay As You Go option. Read more
MetroPCS GSM BYOP program now in all MetroPCS stores
A priority of migrating MetroPCS CDMA customers to T-Mobile's GSM network after the merger of these two companies is progressing even further. Besides adding new GSM phones to MetroPCS lineup, the new company has also launched MetroPCS's GSM-based Bring Your Own Phone program. Initially, the program was available in select markets only. However, it appears that now MetroPCS GSM BYOP SIMs are available in MetroPCS stores in all markets where this carrier provides its prepaid service. Read more
MetroPCS GSM BYOP program launched in select markets
MetroPCS has launched its GSM-based Bring Your Own Phone program, as the leaked document suggested few days ago. MetroPCS GSM BYOP program allows customers to bring their unlocked GSM handset, including iPhone, to the MetroPCS store and activate it with MetroPCS service. The program is currently live in Boston, Dallas, Hartford, and Las Vegas. The service will expand at some point but the carrier didn't say when. Read more
MetroPCS GSM phones and BYOP program coming on June 12
It seems as MetroPCS GSM phones and BYOP program will soon become available, according to a leaked documents obtained and published by PhoneArena. According to the images, MetroPCS will soon start selling two GSM phones, the Samsung Galaxy Exhibit and the LG Optimus L9 while Bring Your Own Phone program will be starting on June 12. Read more
Updated – Straight Talk, Net10 and Telcel America BYOP CDMA sites live again
Straight Talk and Net10 seem to allow activation of Verizon handsets with their prepaid service online again. The BYOP CDMA websites of both TracFone's brands are working again offering GSM and CDMA option. Read more
Straight Talk and Net10 BYOP CDMA Activation Kit available at Walmart
The possibility of activating most of Verizon phones on Straight Talk and Net10's service is up again regardless of BYOP CDMA program being cancelled only one week after it launched in April. All three TracFone brands, including Telcel America, have launched BYOP CDMA program and cancelled it within a week. Now both Straight Talk and Net10 are allowing it again but with some new restrictions applying. Read more
Updated: CDMA BYOP option no longer available on Straight Talk, NET10 and Telcel America
As of yesterday, Straight Talk, NET10 and Telcel America CDMA BYOP options are no longer available. The CDMA BYOP sites from all three TracFone's brands are discontinued without any explanation and now redirecting to their own SIM websites. Read more