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The Kennedy Assassination
At half past noon on November 22, 1963, president John F. Kennedy was shot and killed while he was riding down Dallas's Dealy Plaza in a presidential motorcade with his wife, Jaqueline, and Texas Governor John Connally and Connally's wife, Nellie. In 1964, the Warren Commission concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald, a former U.S. Marine who had defected to the Soviet Union, had committed the assasination alone. But before Oswald could be tried, he was shot by night club owner Jack Ruby, who took aim while Oswald was being transferred to a county jail.
The assasination of our 35th president was a seminal event in Texas. The tragedy seemed to seal the perception of our state as being populated by a bunch of trigger-happy yeehaws who were beyond forgiveness. Some of our early stories explore that theme: Alexander Cockburn's profile of Lee Harvey Oswald's mother, Marguerite; Gary Cartwright's "Who was Jack Ruby?"; and William Broyles's profile of Hugh Aynesworth, who as of 1976, could not let go of the assassination conspiracy theories that plagued him since that terrible day in Dallas. Lawrence Wright recounted his struggles as a young man, growing up under the assassination's shadow in 1983, in an essay entitled "Why do they hate us so much?": "It was a shock how much the world hated us—and why? Oswald was only dimly a Dallasite. He was a Marxist and an atheist; you could scarcely call him a product of the city. He was, if anything, the Anti-Dallas, the summation of everything we hated and feared. How could we be held responsible for him? The world decided that Kennedy had died in enemy territory, that no matter who had killed him, we had willed him dead."
Over time, however, it surprised many of us Texans that hatreds softened and memories faded. The conspiracy theories that looked like sure things upon closer inspection seemed to come to little, according to then editor, Greg Curtis in 1989. Then Oliver Stone stirred everybody up again with JFK, the movie; Mark Seal's story describes the reenactment of the assassination in tragicomic detail.
This collection of heartfelt condolence letters to the First Lady show that Texans felt enormous anguish and guilt over the tragedy. But as the years pass, this painful event seems to be passing through a transition from memory to history, as evidenced by Mimi Swartz's profile of the late Nellie Connally and her account of Dallas's attempt to quietly celebrate the 50th anniversary of Kennedy's death.
After President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, scores of Americans wrote letters to the first lady to express their grief. The most heartbreaking were those with a Texas return address.
In one year the eyes of the world will turn to Dallas's Dealey Plaza for the fiftieth anniversary of John F. Kennedy's assassination. Is the city ready?
For half a century the world has regarded the Dallas of 1963 as a city of hate. But as JFK knew when he got there, that wasn't the whole story.
What the late LBJ confidant Jack Valenti remembered about the longest day of his life.
For forty years Nellie Connally has been talking about that day, when she was in that car and saw that tragedy unfold. She's still talking—and now she's writing too.
On November 22, 1963, I was working as a reporter for the Fort Worth Star-Telegram when I answered the phone—and got a close encounter with history.
This month my second novel about JFK's murder will be published. Why do I keep returning to Dealey Plaza and the events of that fateful day? Because I can't help myself.
For fifty years, journalist Hugh Aynesworth has been one of the foremost authorities on the Kennedy assassination for one simple reason: he saw it all.
A new book about Lee Harvey Oswald reveals that conspiracy theorists are still straining to repackage old news into something new.
Rachel Oswald did not kill John F. Kennedy, but for more than three decades she has struggled to make peace with the darkest day in Texas history.
The good, the bad, and the most self-indulgent of this year's JFK assassination books.
In a chilling excerpt from his autobiography, the late John Connally offers his close-up account of the Kennedy assassination.
Director Oliver Stone may not be sure who did it or how, but he is sure he knows why.
The ambulance that carried JFK's body from Parkland Memorial Hospital to Love Field is going up on the auction block next month in Scottsdale.
Clues left behind by a former Dallas cop convinced his son that he killed President Kennedy—but that's just the beginning of the mystery.
Assassination buffs come in all shapes and convictions—archivists, technologists, mob-hit theorists, and more—but they are all obsessed with Lee Harvey Oswald, and his crime is the focus of their lives.
A great man was dead and an outraged world desperately wanted someplace to lay blame. It chose Dallas and changed the city forever.
This week, Irving and Dallas took different approaches to residences formerly occupied by JFK's assassin.
Twenty years ago he thrust himself into our lives; he is there yet.
Lee Harvey Oswald's mother wants to tell the world how she got out from under Jackie's shadow.
A handsome young president, a convertible limousine, a sniper, three shots (we think), and our lives were changed forever. A special report on what is, for many, the defining event of the past fifty years.


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NFL Pick: Rams vs. Falcons
- Updated: September 14, 2013
Matchup:St. Louis Rams vs. Atlanta Falcons
Date/Time: September 15th, 1:00 PM ET
Television: FOX
NFL Betting Odds from BeDSI
Spread: Falcons -6.5
Total: 47
The Dirty Birds are going to be ready to pounce in this one on Sunday afternoon. The NFC South favorites, the Atlanta Falcons are going to try to beat the NFL betting lines against a dark horse team in the NFC, the St. Louis Rams as a part of the Week 2 schedule.
St. Louis is a team that is really putting it together. The offense with QB Sam Bradford is probably a lot more efficient than you would think that it would be. He didn't get sacked all game long, and he threw for 299 yards and two TDs. RB Darryl Richardson rumbled for 63 yards, though it took 20 carries to get there. TE Jared Cook had arguably the best debut of any offensive player playing on a new team in Week 1, as he had seven catches, 141 yards, and two scores, including the one that drew St. Louis within striking distance with 12:56 left to play in the game. That said, the game against the Arizona Cardinals wasn't the easiest in the world. The defensive line did well on the ground, holding Arizona without a single rush for more than 11 yards on the day, and it came up with four sacks as well. However, in the back, the Rams still have some troubles. QB Carson Palmer ripped them for 327 yards and two scores.
The Falcons were bested by the New Orleans Saints last week, and they are going to have to win this one if they want to avoid the 0-2 start to the season. There is no shame in losing to New Orleans, especially in a game that really came right down to the wire, but with a potentially dangerous road trip to Miami and a game against the New England Patriots coming down the pike, this is a game that Head Coach Mike Smith will really want to win. QB Matt Ryan and his mates put up a solid effort in Week 1, as he threw for 304 yards and used all of his weapons with ease. WR Harry Douglas had a particularly notable game, though we know that he'll be used less when WR Roddy White is truly 100% healthy and ready to play a full 60-70 plays. The key might be getting the ball in the hands of RB Steven Jackson more. Jackson had 11 carries for 77 yards and five receptions for 45 yards in a solid debut, but he is going to need to be utilized more, especially in this one against the team that he spent his entire career with prior to this year.
The one aspect of this game that we haven't talked about is just how sharp St. Louis really is. The Rams are garnering just 30% of the betting action, yet this line is going in the wrong direction. Things that make you go, "Hmm…" Don't be all that shocked if this is a game that comes down to a last second field goal one way or the other.
St. Louis Rams @ Atlanta Falcons Pick: St. Louis Rams +6.5
Adam Markowitz
Latest posts by Adam Markowitz (see all)
- NHL Betting Goalie Report for 1/31/2014 - February 3, 2014
- NCAA Basketball Pick: Michigan vs. Indiana - February 2, 2014
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text: Elk River is gearing up for its fourth annual Active Youth Day presented by Spectrum High School and Elk River Parks and Recreation. This event was established to promote healthy and active lifestyles in children and youth. It will take place from 1 to 5 p.m. Saturday, May 5 at Lions Park in Elk Riv...Read More


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Hi fellow Hapas!
It's got "stamping" but just for fun. This is not a rating community. It's a way to get to know other people and have more stuff to do on livejournal. I hope it's ok that I'm posting this here. I just really want to get it off the ground!
thedinnercrowd...A discussion & activities community.
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Grand Prix of Baltimore: Ticket Packages
Streets of Baltimore • Baltimore, MD
August 30, 31, and September 1
What you get
- See Ryan Hunter-Reay, Helio Castroneves, Marco Andretti, Dario Franchitti, and More!
- Premier American Open-Wheel Racing Series
- Choose a Paddock Pass for Behind-the-Scenes Access
With tight turns, high-rises for walls, and views of the Inner Harbor, the streets of Baltimore aren't your average race course -- then again, the Grand Prix of Baltimore isn't your average race. With this offer, you can get up close and personal with all of the action.
Choose a General Admission ticket for the following dates:
• $9 ($15 value) for Friday, August 30
• $25 ($40 value) for Saturday, August 31
• $30 ($45 value) for Sunday, September 1
Choose a package with a General Admission ticket and Paddock Pass:
• $40 ($65 value) for Saturday, August 31
• $45 ($70 value) for Sunday, September 1
$70 ($110 value) for a ticket package for all three days, including:
• Three-day General Admission ticket
• Three-day Paddock Pass
Fine printREFUND POLICY: This event is nonrefundable. No full or partial refunds are given to customers who miss an event. In the event of a cancellation, your voucher will be fully refunded. • Limit 8 vouchers per purchaser • Each voucher is good for 1 person • The deal is valid only for tickets on the date[s] of the event as listed and may not be exchanged or redeemed for any other dates • Groups wishing to sit together must purchase their vouchers together; seating is fulfilled with no specific priority • Purchaser may change the name of the individual retrieving tickets up to 24 hours in advance of event via the LivingSocial website event details section; no name-changes or alternate pick-ups permitted without notice at venue • Entire value must be used in a single visit (except option 3-day ticket and Paddock Pass)
Grand Prix of Baltimore: Ticket Packages
times for
More upcoming events
use by Aug 16
Summit Point, WV
Xtreme Xperience: Exotic Supercar Racetrack Drive
Summit Point Raceway
use by Jul 11
Monkton, MD
5K or 15K Entry Package to Holi Color Run
Thursday Jul 30 through Thursday Sep 3
Baltimore, MD
Food & Wine Tastings or Cooking Class
use by Aug 7
3-Course Murder Mystery Dinner for 1 or 2
Thursday Jul 30 through Sunday Aug 2
Gainesville, VA
Clubhouse Ticket Package to the Quicken Loans® National
Robert Trent Jones Golf Club
use by Dec 27
Baltimore, MD
Pittsburgh Steelers at Baltimore Ravens on December 27
M&T Bank Stadium
use by Oct 11
Baltimore, MD
Cleveland Browns at Baltimore Ravens on October 11
M&T Bank Stadium
Saturday Jul 11
West Friendship, MD
Admission to the Jamaica Day Reggae Festival
Howard County Fairground
Nearby deals
Benfield Florist
Wrapped Flowers or Floral Arrangements
Vita Revive Organic Wellness & Spa
75- or 90-Minute Spa Package
Mount Paran Early Learning Center
One-Week Child Care Program for Ages 2 to 5
Make Up and Shape Up
Three-Hour Basic Principles of Makeup Demo
Green Maidworks
Eco-Friendly House Cleaning
Deerco Hair Design
Keratin Treatment
AAA Duct Cleaning
Air Duct and Vent Cleaning Packages
LifeMed Institute
Testosterone Testing or B-12 Shots


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Two armed robbers robbed a New Jersey Target in Union Township after the store had closed on Black Friday, and now police are questioning whether they had help.
The two men blended in with a Vauxhall store filled with Black Friday shoppers, and hid in the bathroom until the time was right to make their move.
NJ.com reported that the suspects forced three employees into the cash room and tied them up after the store had closed. The masked men stole an undisclosed amount of money and left before the other store employees realized what had happened.
One employee wondered whether the suspects had gotten inside information. "You would think that somebody would have to know the right time to come, and the right time that they would be pushing the cash to the safe," the employee said, according to CBS New York.
A shopper from the Bronx added, "It has to be someone who works there who gave out some kind of information knowing what it was all about."
Union Township saw another robbery on Saturday night as a Harbor Freight Tools store was also robbed, according to Inquisitr. Four armed men tied up five employees after the store closed and left with an undisclosed amount of cash.
The robberies were similar, but Union Township police do not believe they were related. No one was injured in either robbery, and the suspects are still at large.


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Cost is also a concern. New facilities, new equipment, and additional staffing are all things that cost money. Most emergency departments operate on very limited budgets, so there is fear that hospitals will invest in these geriatric areas at the expense of other aspects of emergency care.
"I am concerned it may take away resources from other critically ill patients," said Dr. Juan March, professor in the Department of Emergency Medicine at Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University.
And most importantly, is this what patients really want? Hospitals may find it challenging to offer these services to those who need and appreciate them while maintaining respect for the 'younger' more independent seniors who may find their assignment to these areas offensive.
While most physicians would agree that new design features being implemented in geriatric emergency departments are positive changes, some argue that the efforts are being misdirected. Rather than target the older population, the changes might be more effective if applied to emergency care in general.
"Why not add these benefits to our already existing ED's and improve patient care for all ages?" Ahmed said.
Dr. Gabe Wilson, associate medical director in the Department of Emergency Medicine at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center agreed that these changes may apply to a bigger group than just seniors. He said he sees the new safety measures as particularly important.
"It is not just older patients that are at higher risk of fall; in fact, many younger patients may be seeking care for a condition that temporarily places them at higher risk of fall," Wilson said.
Mahon feels fortunate that her hospital was able to create this option for their patients, but admits that it may not feasible for all hospitals. Her advice to other facilities? "People don't have to do things identical. A smaller hospital might not be able to have a separate senior area, but look at what resources you do have and get creative."
Will geriatric emergency treatment areas be standard design in hospitals of the future? The jury may still be out on this issue, but the concept draws much needed attention to the challenges that emergency physicians face every day in providing care to the growing geriatric population.
"The number of older patients seeking care in the emergency departments in the U.S. will continue to substantially increase over the next decade, making this a very important topic that needs to be addressed," Wilson said.


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We heard rumors about the scale and scope of this skate documentary, but this looks like it will be a truly massive production. Featuring more pros than we can name here plus a cast of thousands.
Manny dropped his part on the website today but last night he had a little celebration/premiere in Hollywood for friends.
In October 2014, Nike SB took seven of their best along the Pan American Highway to five of the Western Hemisphere's most explosive cities.
Some heavy hitters came out for New York's first Dew Tour. P-Rod, Cole, Lopez, Colden... even The Gonz made an appearance. When the dust cleared, the SOTY took home the win.
Dew Tour took over Franklin Street in front of the House of Vans for their New York Streetstyle event and it got really Colden there.
We've never covered a Street League, so we sent P-Stone to assess the situation. Here is everything you need to see in less than two minutes.
There's a bunch of ways to announce a new shoe release. But there's never been one like this. You gotta check this out...
"The black is for the blackout, the yellow is the sun." You don't want to miss this voyage into Jim Greco's world of the Hammer, as explained by Mariano, MJ, P-Rod and The Boss.
|Burger Boogaloo Oakland, CA Jul 04
|Globe Eutrippin' tour Europe Jul 04
|City Boys Art Show Long Beach, CA Jul 08
|Tommy Guerrero Shows California Jul 14
|Copenhagen Skateboard Open Copenhagen Jul 15
|Camtest/Tuckfest Pink Motel Jul 25


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Steven A. Clark
LE Music Group
Song: Chemistry
Looks like the Lonely Roller just might have found that special girl. On a freshly-released EP cut, indie crooner Steven A. Clark celebrates his Chemistry with a certain shawty, backed by the... More
Posted 3 years ago
Featuring: J NICS
Song: Lonely Roller
Steven A. Clark is many things, but lucky in love doesn't seem to be one of them. Just look at the titles of the indie singer/songwriter's features to date: Angel of Death, Don't... More
Posted 3 years ago
Song: Don't Have You
Introduced to the Booth via last October's reader-acclaimed Angel of Death, up-and-coming crooner Steven A. Clark makes his long-awaited return to our pages with Don't Have You, the... More
Posted 3 years ago
Song: Angel of Death
As numerous works of fiction have taught us, human-angel romances invariably end in tragedy. Nonetheless, on Booth debut and newly-selected EP single Angel of Death up-and-coming crooner Steven A.... More
Posted 3 years ago
Sample Text - Sample Link


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prints, christ in storm rembrandt print prints, christ in storm rembrandt prints, print prints, jesus calms the storm print prints, christ prints, jesus prints, christ in the storm prints, storm print prints, peace be still prints, christ calms the storm print prints
All prints ship in durable cardboard tubes.
Fine Art America is one of the largest, most-respected giclee printing companies in the world with over 40 years of experience producing museum-quality prints. All of our prints are produced on state-of-the-art, professional-grade Epson printers.
We use acid-free papers and canvases with archival inks to guarantee that your prints last a lifetime without fading or loss of color. Paper prints include a 1" white border around the image to allow for future framing and matting. Canvas prints include a 2.5" white border to allow for future stretching on stretcher bars.
Prints ship within 3 - 4 business days in durable cardboard tubes.
Print of Christ in the Storm by Rembrandt van Rijn, 1632. Jesus, asleep in the boat on the Sea of Galilee, is awakened by his fearful disciples and calms the storm with the words "Peace, be still". Beautifully restored.
Professionally and lovingly restored Christian art and biblical masterpieces, offering the finest quality images available. Christ Images prints, prints on canvas and framed prints are shipped around the world with a 100% Satisfaction Guarantee: fineartamerica.com/moneybackguarantee.html Visit us at christimages.org
Our return policy is very simple:
If you're not happy with a purchase that you made on FineArtAmerica.com, for any reason, you can return it to us within 30 days of the order date. As soon as it arrives, we'll issue a full refund for the entire purchase price. Please note - Fine Art America does not reimburse the outgoing or return shipping charges unless the return is due to a defect in quality.
Fine Art America sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100% money-back guarantee.
If you've hesitated to purchase artwork online in the past, why not give us a try? You have nothing to lose!
We take great pride in the fact that 319,202 artists have chosen Fine Art America to fulfill their orders, and we look forward to helping you select your next piece!
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Find Your Cruise...
Find Your Cruise...
$ in the casino.
NCL onboard currency is US Dollars wherever in the world...........Wilba.
We can tailor make a cruise to your specific needs
Talk to the team for friendly advice or to book your cruise
0800 408 6228
Not found the destination you're looking for?


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Pecan Florentines
|Pecan halves
|3⁄4 Cup (12 tbs), pulverized
|All purpose flour
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Packed brown sugar
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs)
|Light corn syrup
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|2 Tablespoon
|Semi sweet chocolate chips
|1⁄3 Cup (5.33 tbs)
Preheat oven to 350°F.
Line cookie sheets with foil; lightly grease foil.
Combine pecans and flour in small bowl.
Combine sugar, syrup, butter and milk in medium saucepan.
Stir over medium heat until mixture comes to a boil.
Remove from heat; stir in flour mixture.
Drop batter by teaspoonfuls about 3 inches apart onto prepared cookie sheets.
Bake 10 to 12 minutes or until lacy and golden brown.
Cool completely on foil.
Place chocolate chips in small heavy-duty plastic bag; close securely.
Set bag in bowl of hot water until chips are melted, being careful not to let any water into bag.
Pat bag dry.
With scissors, snip off a small corner from one side of bag.
Squeeze melted chocolate over cookies to decorate.
Let stand until chocolate is set.
Peel foil off cookies.


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Dress up a stuffed animal pal in this Red Ruffle Dress to make a great Valentine's Day present for your loved one. The teddy bear sized red ruffle dress has a cute sequin bow waist.


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Visit our other Wisconsin Historical Society websites!
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Date: date unknown
Description: View of the barracks on at the edge of a snow-covered street.
Date: 1900 ca.
Description: Exterior of the Cadle Mission.
Date: 1898 ca.
Description: Old Tower and Long Tail Point Lighthouse.
Date: 1930 ca.
Description: View of the Fort Howard memorial tablet.
Date: 1959-06-08
Description: Exterior view of Noel's Bait and Sport Shop with cars parked in the lot in front of the building. Fishing nets can be seen on display in the window. The bu...
Date: 1957 ca.
Description: Long, low industrial building (factory?), probably in Green Bay, Wis., at night, from across the river, with reflections of interior lighting.
Description: W.W. Cargill Company's grain elevator.
Date: 1963-01 ca.
Description: A shiny sticker for the inauguration of Wisconsin Governor John W. Reynolds (4/4/1921 – 1/6/2002), Jr. that highlights his status as a native of "Titletown...
Date: 1934-04-09
Description: Fort Howard Hospital.
Date: 1905 ca.
Description: Long Tail Lighthouse and surrounding buildings.
Date: 1895 ca.
Description: Daniel H. and Joshua Whitney's residence located at 402 Main Street at the intersection of Monroe Avenue. The house was torn down in 1897.
Date: 1875 ca.
Description: View of a shopping district street near a river, with several businesses lining the street, and two carriages. A building has lettering that reads, "Jacks...
Date: 1910 ca.
Description: View of the front hallway in the Beaumont home.
Date: 1961-12-31
Description: Color photograph of a Farmall tractor and hay rake on the sideline at City Stadium (later known as Lambeau Field), home of the Green Bay Packers. The equip...
Date: 1957-09-25
Description: Exterior view from road of Sneezer's Snack Shop with two cars in the parking lot. The neon sign features a chef holding a hamburger on a plate.
Date: 1957-03-14
Description: Store front and delivery vehicles of Spic and Span Dry Cleaning. Green Bay, Wisconsin. March 14, 1957.
Date: 1953 ca.
Description: Captain John Cotton residence. Also known as "Beaupre", this Greek Revival style house was built in 1842 for Cotton, a retired U.S. Army officer.
Description: Man on horse-drawn wagon loaded with sacks in front of Lee & Diebels Company.
Date: 1906 ca.
Description: View from Fox River of chimneys, buildings, and boat.
Description: Two foul brood colonies in enclosure. Le Claire Case, city of Green Bay. Two diseased hives covered with sheet metal and weighted down.
If you didn't find the material you searched for, our Library Reference Staff can help.
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Mom Tris Villa Royale Hotel
Mom Tris Villa Royale Hotel
Hotel Guest Rating: 8.7/10
12 Kata Noi Road, Muang
Kata, Phuket
Hotel Freebies Available*
• Free Internet in Room show dates
Mom Tris Villa Royale Hotel
Mom Tris Villa Royale Hotel is conveniently located in the popular Kata area. The hotel offers guests a range of services and amenities designed to provide comfort and convenience. Free Wi-Fi in all rooms, Wi-Fi in public areas, car park, room service, airport transfer are just some of the facilities on offer. Internet access - wireless (complimentary), internet access - wireless, wake-up service, whirlpool bathtub, non smoking rooms can be found in selected guestrooms. Take a break from a long day and make use of fitness center, sauna, outdoor pool, spa, massage. Convenience and comfort makes Mom Tris Villa Royale Hotel the perfect choice for your stay in Phuket. ...read more
Mom Tris Villa Royale Hotel Amenities
- Air Conditioning
- Airport Transfer
- Babysitting
- Balcony/Terrace
- Bar
- Bathrobes
- Bathtub
- Car Park
- Coffee/Tea Maker
- Complimentary Bottled Water
- Concierge
- Daily Newspaper
- Desk
- Dvd/Cd Player
- Fitness Center
- Free Wi-Fi In All Rooms
- Garden
- Hair Dryer
- In Room Safe
- Internet Access - Lan
- Internet Access - Lan (Complimentary)
- Internet Access - Wireless
- Internet Access - Wireless (Complimentary)
- Ironing Facilities
- Kitchenette
- Laundry Service
- Massage
- Mastercard
- Mini Bar
- Outdoor Pool
- Poolside Bar
- Restaurant
- Room Service
- Safety Deposit Boxes
- Satellite/Cable Tv
- Sauna
- Separate Shower And Tub
- Shops
- Shower
- Smoking Area
- Spa
- Steamroom
- Television
- Tours
- Visa
- Wi-Fi In Public Areas
Hotel Guest Reviews of the Mom Tris Villa Royale HotelOur hotel ratings and reviews are from real hotel guests. Priceline.com ensures that its reviews are guests-only by proactively sending hotel surveys to customers after they've completed their hotel stays. In the post-stay surveys, priceline.com hotel customers are asked a number of questions about their stay and the hotel. On a scale of 1-10 with 10 being the best, the survey asks guests to rate their overall experience and specifically rate the hotel's cleanliness, staff and location. Priceline.com does not allow site visitors to post unsolicited hotel reviews.
Anonymous from Whittier, CA
May 16, 2012
Solo Traveler
May 16, 2012
Solo Traveler
It was great location & service.
Food was expensive ! But delicious.
Great place!
Reviews of Mom Tris Villa Royale Hotel
(1 - 1 of 1 review)
(1 - 1 of 1 review)
- Boathouse By Montara from $132 (0.1mi)
- Chanalai Garden Resort from $35 (0.2mi)
- Impiana Private Villas from $267 (0.2mi)
- Kata Gardens Luxury Apartments from $109 (0.2mi)
- Katathani Phuket Beach Resort from $98 (0.2mi)


text:
The most popular and effective bariatric surgery of all times. It is a very exciting development.
Welcome to Life Line Hospital
Lifeline Multi Speciality Hospital is a landmark tertiary care health destination managed by Lifeline Group of Hospitals. First of its kind in South East Chennai, the 225 bedded hospital has the state-of-the-art technology over virtually all specialities. The technology advantage is complemented by the man power excellence providing sophisticated and specialized medical care at affordable cost. With a team dedicated in bringing you a world of care with every visit. World-class medical care, friendly, devoted service and affordability are the key features in our every touch.
Together with the technology to match world-class standards and support services like pharmacy, laboratory and cafeteria we pledge to make your stay at the hospital peaceful and comfortable. The highly competent experts in various disciplines taking charge of patient care give the double advantage of safety and mental peace for the patient.
Hi, The hospital is very good in giving the service and the doctors here are very attentive to the patients. I had a very good treatment for heart problem and the hospital p...


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Wounded Warrior benefit March 24 in Jensen Beach
JENSEN BEACH - Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 10066 in Jensen Beach will have a hog roast and BBQ starting at noon March 24 to benefit the Wounded Warrior Project and VFW programs for those returning from Iraq and Afghanistan.
The fundraiser begins at noon, with a flag-raising ceremony by the Jensen Beach High School JROTC at 1 p.m. Musical entertainment, including guitarist Ben Hart, the Sawgrass Bluegrass Band and saxophone by George Smith, is scheduled throughout the day until 9 p.m.
Vendors will be offering military items and crafts at the Tiki Hut, 1805 N.E. Savannah Road, Jensen Beach, where the food will be cooked and served. Admission is free. Food is $5 for adults and $3 for children. The public is welcome.
Subscribe to TCPalm
Need Help? Call us at 1-877-710-6180.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 6:30am-10:30am / Sunday: 7am-11am


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Two furnitures I designed almost a decade ago. It's not a full featured render only to see the shape and how the wooden textures look on them. Fictious price tag on them only to catch a catalog-feeling :).
Check full size attached.
More Csaba Gyulai
keyboard shortcuts: ← previous shot → next shot L or F like Z toggle zoom


text:
Eufaula has 8 schools. Some of the best schools in Eufaula are Eufaula High School with a GreatSchools rating of 5/10 and a parent rating of 4/5 stars, and Eufaula Elementary School with a GreatSchools rating of 4/10 and a parent rating of 5/5 stars. The average GreatSchools rating for Eufaula public schools is 4/10, with an average student/teacher ratio of 13:1.
School data provided by National Center for Education Statistics, Maponics, and GreatSchools. Intended for reference only. GreatSchools Ratings compare a schools test performance to statewide results. To verify enrollment eligibility, contact the school or district directly.
Good values on homes are still available, as the number of homes listed for sale is greater than the number of homes being sold. Great deals can be found by determined buyers.
Rent prices are relatively stable, and availability is good. If your yearly income is around $45,000, you can afford to rent in this market. Rent prices have increased by 53% over the past 3 months. This is 2% higher than the county average of $787 and 31% lower than the state average of $1,054.
Trend data coming soon.
|For Sale: 169
|New: 9
|Recently Sold: N/A
|Reduced: 66
|Average Home Price
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|Property Records: 4,254
|Foreclosed: N/A
The average home price in Eufaula is $192,162. The average home price per square foot in Eufaula is $84 and about 0% of all homes in Eufaula sold in the last 6 months. For Eufaula home values, real estate prices, and city market trends, research the 4,254 property records or search our 0 recently sold or 169 homes for sale listings. The listings and properties in Eufaula are only a part of the 1,551,592 properties and 36,353 homes for sale in Alabama. Because of this, the average home price and average home value of Eufaula also influence the average home price $150,679 and average sale price $202,260 of Alabama. Listing counts, Eufaula home prices and home values in Eufaula are sourced daily from listing and property data on realtor.com®, which is the most up-to-date and accurate aggregation of real estate listings in the industry and includes approximately 800 regional MLSs and is the official website of the National Association of Realtors®.
|Median Age
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This section contains 13,410 words
(approx. 45 pages at 300 words per page)
William Godwin - (1756 - 1836)
Biographical Information
The seventh of thirteen children, Godwin was born in Wisbeach, England, to a Presbyterian minister and his wife. Raised in a strict, puritanical environment, Godwin trained for the ministry at an early age and became a Sandemanian clergyman in 1777. However, after studying the French revolutionary philosophers, he grew disenchanted with religion and eventually became an atheist. Leaving the church in 1783, Godwin moved to London, intending to make his living as an author. He began writing pamphlets and literary parodies, most of them published anonymously. Against the backdrop of revolution in France and the repression of seditious writings and speech in Britain, he produced Political Justice, which met with immediate success. Although its primary appeal was to intellectuals, it also found its way into the hands of the working class. A year later Godwin addressed that audience more directly with the...
This section contains 13,410 words
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Really confused! What home cinema speakers do I need for x-fi?
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Re: Really confused! What home cinema speakers do I need for x-fi?
Originally Posted by
Er...not really. Effects functions are so computationally small that the hardware needed would be extremely inexpensive to design. Hell, try to add a reverb filter to a 10 second clip in soundforge, watch how long it takes for even the most complex reverb functions. A fraction of a second. Now imagine trying to do it with even smaller segments of audio, in lengths best measured in single miliseconds. Now imagine doing it with a processor that has sinusoidal functions built into the silicone which require even fewer clock cycles to perform than your CPU even. You could easily handle more simultaneous sound effects than EAX 5 even accepts on some pretty cheap hardware.
The main reason nobody else does this is because creative has essentially become a patent clearing house. Look what happened with aureal. Even though aureal won the lawsuit against creative, the legal costs drove them out of business. This is why nobody wants to challenge creatives patents. Look at the sh*t that John Carmack had to go through just to get D3 out the door because he was "stepping on" creatives patents. Creative is mostly just a patent clearing house these days.
It is better, namely because the latency is guaranteed to be lower if done in software.
Ok, I can agree with this- in regards to the reverb. But with accurate sound placement ( i.e. the surround we get from movies) I'm sure it'd be too taxing for any cheap processing unit you mentioned. Furthermore, the patent issue would be moot if the company had sufficient resources. Creative doesn't have a patent for every sound, and everything relating to sound, even though they seem to think they do.
But I do realise that nobody will realy compete with Creative simply cause of the head ache it'd be.
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WITH CHICKEN With a touch
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Water sufficient for processing, chicken, liver, meat by-products, soy flour, rice, carrots, peas, calcium phosphate, salt, guar gum, potassium chloride, added color, sodium tripolyphosphate, carrageenan, calcium carbonate, zinc sulfate, Vitamin E supplement, ferrous sulfate, choline chloride, niacin, thiamine mononitrate, copper sulfate, calcium pantothenate, manganese sulfate, pyridoxine hydrochloride, Vitamin B-12 supplement, riboflavin supplement, Vitamin A supplement, folic acid, Vitamin D-3 supplement, potassium iodide, biotin, sodium selenite. B-5251
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Purina ALPO Hidden Goodness Homestyle With Chicken With A Touch of Tender Veggies is formulated to meet the nutritional levels established by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) Dog Food Nutrient Profiles for all life stages.


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Local Fishing Report: 09.09.06
Port Aransas - The East Flats continue to hold redfish this week. They're in easy-to-spot schools on calm mornings. The backside of Mustang Island near Shamrock also held reds and a few trout along the outside drop-offs and channels. The San Jose surf held trout this week. Most were caught with piggies and croaker. The north jetty has had a mix of Spanish mackerel, kingfish, trout, reds, sharks and whiting. The Jetty Boat is running out of Fisherman's Wharf (749-5448). The surf held trout, reds, mackerel this week. Mangrove snapper were scattered along bulkheads and sunken boats with live shrimp and small piggies. East Flat had redfish this week in seagrass and potholes. Edges of the Ship Channel and sections of the ICW were good for trout during moving tides this week. Most anglers used croaker. Deeper sections of Brown & Root Flats, Lighthouse Lakes and Stedmans continue to hold redfish near shallow water and trout in deeper sections. Horace Caldwell Pier reported whiting, small sharks, Spanish mackerel, kingfish, sand trout and reds. Call (361) 749-2828.
Gulf beachfront - The surf-fishing was decent this week, with anglers reporting catches of whiting, trout, reds and ladyfish in spots from just below Bob Hall Pier and far south on PINS. Water clarity is good and floating weed is not a problem. Anglers on Bob Hall Pier this week caught reds, kings, sharks and they hooked a few tarpon. They also caught whiting, Spanish mackerel and nighttime trout. Bait is plentiful in the surf. Bob Pier's bait & tackle shop and Sunset Grill is open daily 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. Call 949-8558 or check HYPERLINK http://www.bobhallpier.net www.bobhallpier.net or HYPERLINK http://www.corpusfishing.com www.corpusfishing.com.
Offshore - Party boats and charters brought in blackfin tuna, yellowfin on long trips, snapper, kingfish, wahoo, a few billfish, ling, sharks, amberjack, grouper, vermilion snapper.
Corpus Christi/Nueces Bays - Schools of reds were seen in the Boathole and near the backside of Packery. The rocks near the Lex produced reds and drum this week. South of there, anglers caught drum and mangrove snapper along breakwater rocks along the Corpus Christi Bayfront. Live shrimp worked well. Trout are near the wells of Corpus Christi Bay on calm mornings. Trout were near the reefs throughout Nueces Bay this week. Reds and drum also were caught this week at mid-bay and front reefs of Nueces Bay. Trout were scattered in deeper water near the bridge. The wells of Corpus Christi Bay also produced trout and a few gafftop during calm mornings on shrimp or piggies. Shamrock produced reds on live shrimp, piggies, mullet, croaker or soft plastics in deeper sections. At Clem's Pier (949-8445) this week nighttime anglers caught mostly trout, mangrove snapper and occasional flounder.
Laguna Madre/Baffin Bay - Small redfish schools were cruising the clear water along Laguna Shores and Sulphur Road this week. Anglers used gold spoons, soft plastics and piggies to catch them. The grass flats along the ICW southward in the Laguna also held trout and reds. Rocks along the south shore of Baffin and deep center rocks held trout and reds this week. Still plenty of small trout. Redfish are in Yarborough and Nine-Mile Hole. The Landcut produced a modest mix of trout, drum and reds. Trout action was fair along the ICW this week along the length of the Laguna in deeper seagrass. Mostly nighttime trout and small reds were caught this week at Marker 37 Pier (949-8037). Cos Way (939-7513) and Red Dot (937-5347) piers reported lots of keeper and small specks, keeper drum and nighttime reds.
Choke Canyon Reservoir - Early morning buzzbaits produced bass this week over in submerged grass along banks near South Shore. But it's a short bite. The outside edges of shoreline grass produced bass later and into mid-morning. Later, bass fishing was fair in hardwoods with Texas-rigged lizards. Catfishing has been good with most fish coming from under roosting birds and along riverbeds in nearby hardwoods. Crappie and white bass fishing has been spotty. Visit HYPERLINK http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/ www.tpwd.state.tx.us/ park/choke/choke.htm.
Coleto Creek - Bass are being caught with spinnerbaits over submerged grass in coves and creeks early. Later, crankbaits caught fish in five-foot depths in the same areas. Later, outside grass lines produced with Texas-rigged soft plastics. Deeper grass continue to produce bass into mid-morning. The hybrid bass fishing at the Dike II discharge has slowed. Check out HYPERLINK http://www.coletocreekcabins.com www.coletocreekcabins.com.
Lake Corpus Christi - The alternate boat ramp at Fiesta Marina is operable. No new report. This past week, catfish were caught with clams near Chula Vista and white bass hit spec rigs in the Aero Vista park area, near Chula Vista Point and near the abbey.
Compiled by David Sikes
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The concept of design thus is central to both creation science and ID. Although ID claims to be agnostic on much of creation science, such as the age of the Earth, Noah's Flood, and the like, when it comes to design, creation science and ID speak in one language. This language is that of William Paley, whose argument from design in his 1802 Natural Theology proclaimed that structural complexity of biological organisms was evidence for the existence of God (Paley, 1802).
Like the irreducible complexity argument, the other prominent claims made by the ID movement, and often the specific terminology, trace back to creation science. "Specified complexity" entered the antievolution literature in Thaxton et al. (1984), in the midst of a chapter that attempted to repair the infamous creation science shibboleth, much ridiculed by scientists, that a decrease in entropy in biological systems contradicts the Second Law of Thermodynamics. The authors grudgingly conceded that local decreases in entropy were not prohibited in open systems like the earth, which experience a continuous energy flow, but claimed that genetic information exhibits specified complexity, and that thermodynamic limitations block any nonintelligent increase in information. More generic "no new information" arguments had been made by the European creation scientist A. E. Wilder-Smith, who has been repeatedly cited as an inspiration by many ID proponents (Touchstone, 2004). Other ID arguments, such as the claim that there are no transitional fossils in the fossil record or that "microevolution" is proven but "macroevolution" is dubious, are indistinguishable from those in the creation science literature (Matzke and Gross, 2006).
The microevolution/macroevolution distinction is particularly revealing. In evolutionary biology, microevolution refers to evolutionary processes operating within a species. Although scientists sometimes colloquially refer to macroevolution as "evolution above the species level," this definition does not do justice to the complexity of topics included within the concept. Macroevolution refers to patterns that emerge as species and lineages branch through time, including the rate and pace of evolutionary change, adaptive radiation, morphological trends in lineages, extinction or branching of a lineage, concepts such as species sorting, and the emergence of major new morphological features (such as segmentation, or shells, or the fusion or loss of bones). Decades ago, creationists began to use microevolution and macroevolution idiosyncratically. Creationists' use of "microevolution" is not dissimilar to that of evolutionary biologists, although they apply it not just to species but to evolution within the limits of a specially created "kind" of organism. When ID supporters and other creationists claim to accept some evolution, they generally mean it in this limited sense of evolution "within the kind." A larger distinction occurs in the creationist definition of macroevolution, which to them


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Respond to Review of Suzy Spoon's Vegetarian Butcher
by Fingercuts
Review: All right! Get a delicious big fresh burger (nourishing and vegan to boot) for a great price. Excellent tasty food. Its great friendly earnest place, not trying to be elitist, pompous or superior. There's no attitude of a 3-hat chef, instead there's the warmth and honesty of a tuck shop lady. There's no right-on hemp-bound menu, its all on the blackboard. Leave the Prius at home and pull up in your Valiant. Get it? Eat in (on the footpath), or take away. Pick up a few vegan supplies, pies and snacks while you're there.
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His most recent book, "Science in the American Southwest" (University of Arizona Press, 2002), illustrates the historical context of the region's breakthroughs in astronomy, archaeology, agriculture and more. It was among numerous texts, monographs and articles nominated for the award, which recognizes outstanding contributions to the preservation and exploration of New Mexico's history, says Santa Fe resident Nancy Dimit López, a board member of the Historical Society of New Mexico.
" We thought Dr. Webb's book was invaluable for a number of reasons, certainly for its compilation of the work of Southwestern scientists, but also for gathering together so many people, people most of us would never have known about," said López. "He tells us of research that otherwise would have remained known only in the small circle of scientific journals; his book makes these men and women available to much larger readership."
The award, which was announced at the society's annual conference earlier this month, is named for Captain Villagrá, a Spanish poet and soldier who arrived in New Mexico as a member of Don Juan de Oñate's 1598 expedition. Villagrá's epic poem "La Historia de Nueva España" has been described as the first published history portraying part of what would become the United States.
" Science in the American Southwest" traces the region's scientific movements from their origins to present day. Throughout the book, Webb shows how science and culture are intertwined in the region's development. Ferenc Szasz, author of "The Day the Sun Rose Twice: The Story of the Trinity Site Nuclear Explosion," calls it "a solidly researched book — indeed, the very first one to discuss the role of science in the American Southwest. These excellent observations, linking science and region over time, deserve to be better known."
Webb, who joined the Tennessee Tech history faculty in 1978, earned a Ph.D. from the University of Arizona. He's the author of "Tree Rings and Telescopes: The Scientific Career of A.E. Douglass" (University of Arizona Press, 1983) and "The Evolution Controversy in America" (University Press of Kentucky, 1994), which was nominated for awards from the History of Science Society and the Society for Social Studies of Science.A frequent contributor to numerous professional journals and reference works, he's written more than 100 articles, essays, papers and reviews, including an article and book review in the "New Mexico Historical Review" and three presentations at Historical Society of New Mexico conferences.


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Sergio Perez says his prospects for 2014 are looking up – and he says that he has a "95 percent" chance of having a F1 seat next year.
Like everyone else, Perez has been linked with Sauber, Force India and Lotus. The Swiss team would appear to be the main possibility at the moment, with Carlos Slim discussing the possibility of 'Checo' teaming up with Esteban Gutierrez – although the alternative scenario is that the two drivers are in effect fighting for the same backing.Brazilian GP, F1, Formula 1, Interlagos, McLaren, Sergio Perez


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Too much salt also takes its toll on our health. New studies show a correlation between sodium intake and weight gain, hypertension and heart disease, all conditions on the rise in the U.S. In Oregon alone, more than 1 in 4 adults has high blood pressure and 62 percent of Oregonians are either overweight or obese.
Most sodium ingested does not come from the shaker, but is added by manufacturers to processed and "enhanced" foods. The end result: long-term health problems that will affect future generations and health care budgets at all levels of governance.
"Research shows that a high-sodium diet can lead to high blood pressure, increasing the risk of heart disease, stroke and kidney failure," notes Foster Farms nutritionist Nancy Bennett MS, RD, CDE. "Excessive sodium also has short-term effects such as water retention which can contribute to bloating, headaches, muscle cramps, and weight gain."
So why are U.S. consumers still upping their intake? "Here in the U.S., salt is in virtually everything we eat, even if we forgo the salt shaker," says Bennett. This hidden sodium only perpetuates our taste for salt. "Just because you are not adding salt to your meal, does not guarantee that there isn't already an unhealthy amount of sodium present. All the while, your body is becoming used to the taste of salt-laden foods."
Foster Farms encourages consumers to take action to protect their health and their bottom line by shopping smart and reading labels. Nutritionists with the company have provided the following tips for uncovering hidden sodium in the grocery store and for helping shake that salty habit (see sidebar).
For more information, visit http://www.fosterfarms.com.
About Foster Farms
Founded by Max and Verda Foster in 1939, Foster Farms continues today
as a family-owned and operated company. Foster F
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Armagh has 2 schools. Some of the best schools in Armagh are United Elementary School with a GreatSchools rating of 7/10 and a parent rating of 4/5 stars, and United Junior-Senior High School with a GreatSchools rating of 7/10 and a parent rating of 4/5 stars. The average GreatSchools rating for Armagh public schools is 7/10, with an average student/teacher ratio of 12:1.
School data provided by National Center for Education Statistics, Maponics, and GreatSchools. Intended for reference only. GreatSchools Ratings compare a schools test performance to statewide results. To verify enrollment eligibility, contact the school or district directly.
Not enough data to determine market type. Consult a local REALTOR® for up-to-date market summaries.
Not enough data to determine market type. Consult a local REALTOR® for up-to-date market summaries
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|For Sale: 2
|New: N/A
|Recently Sold: 1
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|Property Records: 180
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The average home price in Armagh is $14,500, which is 89.5% lower than the average sold price in Armagh ($138,000) . About 1% of all homes in Armagh sold in the last 6 months. For Armagh home values, real estate prices, and city market trends, research the 180 property records or search our 1 recently sold or 2 homes for sale listings. The listings and properties in Armagh are only a part of the 4,078,547 properties and 88,692 homes for sale in Pennsylvania. Because of this, the average home price and average home value of Armagh also influence the average home price $181,777 and average sale price $209,097 of Pennsylvania. Listing counts, Armagh home prices and home values in Armagh are sourced daily from listing and property data on realtor.com®, which is the most up-to-date and accurate aggregation of real estate listings in the industry and includes approximately 800 regional MLSs and is the official website of the National Association of Realtors®.
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Hi. I was wondering if there was a way I could switch the positions of the tabs for this widget? I'd like to put videos or news to be showing first. It doesn't have to be in any particular order, as long as videos or news is showing first instead of reviews.
my site is as follows


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In order to characterize the optical characteristics of a device, a source of light having a variable frequency with a polarization state which varies linearly with frequency is provided as an input to the device under test. The input light is also passed through a known reference path and is added to the light output from the device under test in a beam combiner. The combined light for the frequencies of interest is split into two orthogonal polarizations which are then detected in a spectral acquisition apparatus and supplied to a microprocessor. The spectral measurements are digitized and curve-fitted to provide optical power versus optical frequency curves. Fourier transforms of each of the curves are calculated by the microprocessor. From the Fourier transforms, the four arrays of constants are calculated for the Jones matrix characterizing the device under test.
1. An optical vector analyzer for analyzing the characteristics of a fiber-optic device under test (DUT) over a frequency range of interest, comprising:
(a) a source of light for providing a varying optical frequency light over said frequency range of interest, said light having an initial polarization;
(b) a spinner coupled to receive said light including:
(1) a splitter for splitting said light from said source into two portions of light;
(2) a first path and a second path including a switch, each path being supplied with one portion of said light;
(3) a spinner combiner for combining light from said two paths into a spinner light output coupled as an input to said DUT and a reference path;
(c) a beam combiner for adding light from said reference path and from said DUT for a plurality of frequencies in said frequency range of interest and for providing an output indicative of optical power, in two orthogonal polarization states, of said combined light;
(d) a spectral acquisition unit for measuring said optical power with respect to wavelength for said plurality of frequencies without the DUT coupled to receive the spinner light output, first with the switch open to obtain first measurement data and then with the switch closed to obtain second measurement data; and
(e) a microprocessor responsive to said measured power and programmed to use the first and second measurement data in calibrating the optical vector analyzer.
2. The optical vector analyzer in
(1) digitize said measured power for said frequencies,
(2) derive respective curves from said digitized power measurements,
(3) calculate the Fourier transform of said respective curves, and
(4) derive from said Fourier transforms one or more arrays of entries for a Jones matrix, thereby characterizing said DUT.
3. The optical vector analyzer in
4. The optical vector analyzer in
5. The optical vector analyzer in
6. An optical vector analyzer according to
7. An optical vector analyzer according to
8. An optical vector analyzer according to
9. An optical vector analyzer according to
10. An optical vector analyzer for analyzing the characteristics of a fiber-optic device under test (DUT) over a frequency range of interest, comprising:
(a) a source of light having an optical frequency content over said frequency range of interest, said source of light providing two mutually coherent light beams, each of said light beams feeding a spinner for providing a spinner light output having a polarization state which varies linearly with said frequency, and said spinner light outputs having different rates of change of polarization with respect to change of frequency of the light beam, one of said spinner light outputs comprises an input to said DUT and the other of said spinner light outputs comprises an input to a reference path;
(b) a beam combiner for combining light output from said reference path and light output from said DUT over said frequency range of interest and providing a detected output; and
(c) a microprocessor, responsive to said detected output and programmed to
(1) digitize said detected output over a plurality of frequencies at said frequency range of interest,
(2) derive respective curves from said digitized outputs,
(3) calculate the Fourier transform of said respective curves, and
(4) derive from said Fourier transforms one or more arrays of constants for a Jones matrix, thereby characterizing said device under test,
wherein all of the optical components in the optical vector analyzer are constructed from optical fiber.
This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/005,819, filed on Dec. 14, 2001, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference.
This application claims priority from provisional application Ser. No. 60/255,077 filed Dec. 14, 2000 and now abandoned.
1. Field of Application
The present invention generally relates to the measurement of the optical characteristics of optical waveguide devices and, in particular, relates to devices for characterizing the optical effect of various devices upon an optical system.
2. Discussion of Prior Art
Waveguide devices such as Bragg gratings, interleavers, couplers, isolators, etc. require accurate characterization if they are to be used in deployable optical fiber networks. Generally this characterization has been accomplished using a few simple specifications such as insertion loss, bandwidth, polarization dependent loss, etc. The devices actually have responses that are significantly more complicated that these specifications can describe. Although the simplification of the characterization is necessary to allow for the use of interchangeable parts, and rational specifications for manufacturers to meet, obtaining a full and complete measurement of the device from which any desired specification can be calculated would have benefits to both manufacturers and their customers.
First of all, full device characterization would permit computer system models that are much more accurate, and would inherently contain aspects of the device that have not been explicitly specified. Second, in cases where manufacturers use different specifications, or consumers require a new set of specifications, devices could be accurately compared, or new specifications developed from the complete measurement function stored in a database. For most devices this measurement function would consist of four complex functions that would occupy less than 200 kB of storage. Finally, if the complete characterization of the device can be achieved with a single instrument, then final testing of devices would be greatly simplified while remaining completely general.
It is worthwhile to describe some of the fundamental differences between the characteristics of fiber-optic links, and fiber-optic components (excluding fiber). Fiber-optic links are generally very long (>50 km), and have very broad spectral features that vary on the scale of tens of nanometers. Because of the great lengths involved and high launch powers used to over come the loss, nonlinear interactions of light in the fiber are of significant interests. These nonlinear properties are not easily reduced to a simple transfer function matrix. In very long fiber-optic links such a submarine links, optical amplifiers are used to regenerate the signal and overcome loss. These amplifiers often operate in saturation which is another non-linear effect not captured in a simple transfer function matrix. Generally, fiber-optic links are not well characterized by simple transfer functions.
The relatively short path lengths (<1 m) within fiber optic components prevents any significant non-linear behavior. Because many passive fiber-optic components are filters used to separate channels closely spaced in wavelength, they are designed to have rapid variations in their properties, as a function of wavelength. Optical filters often display variations on the scale of tens of picometers instead of tens of nanometers as seen in fiber optic links. Not only does the transmission amplitude of these functions vary rapidly, but the phase response does as well, and so, in high bit-rate applications, the phase response must be accurately measured as well. Also, due to the fabrication techniques, many filters display some variation as a function of polarization. Again, in high bit-rate systems, this variation must be accurately characterized. It is in these last two measurements, optical phase, and polarization dependence, that the inventions presented here excel.
The underlying technology used was initially developed by Glombitza and Brinkmeyer, and published in 1993 ("Coherent Frequency-Domain Reflectometry for Characterization of Single-Mode Integrated-Optical Waveguides," Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 11, No. 8, August 1993). No patents were filed by either author with regard to this technology. Patents of a similar nature are U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,368 "Heterodyne optical time domain reflectometer," which employed an acousto-optic modulator, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,674,872 "Coherent reflectometer," which employed an optical phase shifter, and has expired due to nonpayment of maintenance fees. A co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/606,120 filed Jun. 16, 2000 by Froggatt and Erdogan for an invention entitled "Single Laser Sweep Full S-Parameter Characterization of Fiber Bragg Gratings," herein incorporated by reference, expands upon the published and unpatented work by Glombitza and Brinkmeyer to describe how the measurement of the phase and amplitude of the time domain response of a system can be used to determine the frequency domain (spectral) response of the system as well via an inverse Fourier transform. U.S. Pat. No. 5,896,193 for "Apparatus for testing an optical component" also describes an interferometer much like that described by Glombitza and Brinkmeyer although the patent filing on Feb. 14, 1997 post dates the Glombitza and Brinkmeyer article publication date of August 1993 by over three years.
The Jones Matrix Representation
An optical fiber component supporting two polarization modes can be fully described using a wavelength dependent Jones matrix. This matrix describes the transfer of energy from the device input to the device output, encompassing the full effects of polarization dependence. The Jones Matrix relates the input electric field to the output electric field by:
This four element two-by-two matrix is completely general and includes all aspects of the device behavior. If the four complex numbers (a, b, c & d) can be measured as a function of frequency, then the device has been completely characterized. It is therefore an object of this invention to measure these four quantities, and from this basic physical measurement derive any and all of the desired parameters describing the device.
It is an object of the present invention to supply a controlled light input to a fiber optic device and then compare the output from the device with the input to characterize the effect of the device on such light.
In the broadest sense, the present invention involves the supplying of light having an optical frequency content over the frequency range of interest where the light has a polarization state which varies linearly with the frequency. This light is provided to the device under test. The light is affected by the device and is output therefrom. The affected output light is combined in a combiner with the input light over the frequency range of interest. The combined light from the combiner is detected and digitized over a plurality of measurements in the frequency range. A microprocessor derives power curves from the digitized combiner output. The microprocessor calculates the Fourier transform of the respective curves and derives from the Fourier transforms four arrays of constants for the Jones matrix characterizing the device.
In a specific embodiment, a source of variable frequency light which could be a tunable frequency laser is provided where the light has a similar polarization. The light is supplied to a "spinner" which provides output light having a polarization which varies linearly with the changing frequency of the light. The light from the spinner is supplied as an input to the device under test and also to a beam combiner. The resultant light from the device under test is also supplied to the input of the combiner and its output is supplied to a polarization beam splitter. After having the combined light split into two orthogonal polarization states, the two orthogonally polarized beams of light are supplied to respective detectors. The outputs from the detectors is digitized over a plurality of measurements taken at differing frequencies and respective curves power are derived. A programmed microprocessor calculates the Fourier transform for each of the curves and derives four arrays of constants for a Jones matrix characterizing the device under test.
In order that the present invention may be more clearly understood, examples of various embodiments thereof may be described by reference to the following drawings, in which:
For simplicity of understanding, similar components will be similarly numbered throughout the several views.
The inventions described here can readily measure the matrix above, however, the basis vectors used to describe the electric field is left unknown. This topic, and the reason that it can be neglected is described in the section "Unitary Translation and Polarization Characteristics".
Unitary Translation and Polarization Characteristics
Telecommunications systems use optical fiber that supports two polarization modes. Some effort has been expended to develop single-polarization mode optical fiber, but the losses remained too high to permit their use in long-distance transmission systems, and so, two polarization modes are supported in all currently installed fiber-optic links, and will continue to be supported in all links installed in the foreseeable future.
A "supported" mode is one that will propagate over long distances. The two modes supported in telecom links can be described as "degenerate" meaning that light in each mode propagates down the fiber at nearly the same speed. The difference in the speed of propagation between the modes is referred to as polarization-mode-dispersion. For short lengths of optical fiber (<100 m), this difference in propagation velocity is so small that the delay difference is essentially zero. Over very long transmission distances (>50 km), the very small difference in propagation speed can cause significant differences in the delay between polarization modes. This accumulated difference now forms the barrier to increased data rates in optical fiber. As a result, methods to compensate for polarization mode dispersion are now at the center of many optical fiber communications research programs.
When the polarization-mode-dispersion in an optical fiber is kept small, the two modes are considered to be degenerate. A consequence of degeneracy is that energy can very easily move between the supported modes in the fiber. This freedom of movement between the supported modes in the optical fiber means that the polarization state in optical fiber is essentially uncontrolled. Mild bends, external stresses, and thermal changes can all change the state of polarization of light in optical fiber.
Although the input and output polarization states for a segment of fiber can be considered to be independent, the lossless nature of fiber transmission does impose some restrictions on the output state of the light. First of all, the amplitude of the output light must be the same as the input light (which is essentially the definition of lossless). Less obvious, but of great importance is the maintenance of orthogonality, i.e., when the dot product of two fields is zero.
Orthogonal polarization states do not interfere with one another, and by combining the states in different phases and amplitudes, we can represent all states of polarization. Pairs of orthogonal states, therefore, represent an important physical construct. In a lossless system, such as an optical fiber, orthogonal inputs result in orthogonal outputs. Any section of optical fiber can then be modeled as a "unitary translation."
What does the concept of unitary translation mean to optical fiber systems? A good analogy is that of a three dimensional object in space that is rotated. Take for instance, a cat. If I have a cat and rotate it by some amount left to right, and then another amount front to back, potentially every point on the cat changes location, however, all of the important properties about the cat remain the same. Equivalently, if an arbitrary section of optical fiber is placed between an instrument and a device, the measurement of the device is rotated by two unknown angles, but the properties of the device are all measured correctly. And because polarization states are not controlled in fiber-optic communications systems, the end user of the device cannot be certain of the device's "orientation" (with respect to the incident polarization) in the system, and must be assured that the device will work for all orientations.
The concept of unitary translation can be extended further to measurement error. Any measurement error that can be represented as a multiplication by unitary matrices then becomes irrelevant to the measurement. The ability to fold such measurement errors, or unknowns, into the unknown fiber lead is what allows the present invention to be constructed in a tractable and economical way.
The spinner 16 causes the state of polarization of the light to rotate through a great circle around the Poincar� sphere as function of wavelength. The relationship between the angular change of the polarization state thought the great circle and the frequency of the light must be linear. The period of the variation (i.e. the frequency change needed for 2 pi rotation) must be greater than the spectral resolution of the acquisition system. In the case of a tunable laser source, this is the instantaneous linewidth of the source, and, in the case of an OSA (Optical Spectrum Analyzer, a widely used commercially available device), this is the resolution bandwidth of the OSA.
The output from source 12 is provided to a reference path 18 and to the input of the DUT 10. The reference path is a method of transmitting some portion of the light from the source 12 to the beam combiner 20. This path must have a Jones Matrix with a determinant that is not close to zero. In other words, this path cannot be a polarizer, and, is preferably a lossless optical transmission such as a fiber, but it need not be perfectly or substantially lossless. The matrix of the reference path must be invertible in a practical sense. The transmission path to the DUT need only satisfy the same criteria as the reference path matrix. The transmission path from the DUT should be substantially lossless, or lossless to the degree of the accuracy required by the measurement.
The output of the DUT 10 along with the output of the reference path 18 is supplied to the input of a beam combiner 20 (indicated by dotted line box). The combiner adds the light output from the DUT 10 and the reference path 18 for a plurality of frequencies in the frequency range of interest and splits the sum into two orthogonal polarizations. In preferred embodiments, the beam combiner 20 can be a coupling structure 22, such as a bulk-optic beam splitter or a fused tapered coupler, which supplies a combined light signal to a polarizer 24 which breaks the field into two orthogonal polarization states.
The two orthogonal polarizations from beam combiner 20 are supplied to the microprocessor 26 (indicated by dotted line box). In a preferred embodiment, the microprocessor 26 includes a spectral acquisition device 28 and a mathematical processor 30. The function of the spectral acquisition device 28 is to measure the power as a function of wavelength of the two signals from the polarizer. These signals may be acquired sequentially or in parallel depending upon the application and embodiment.
The spectral acquisition device 28, if the optical source is a narrow linewidth tunable source such as a laser, will be a pair of detectors from which the power is sampled as a function of the frequency of the tunable source. Also, if the source is a narrow linewidth tunable source, then it may be necessary to send a small part of the light from the source to the spectral acquisition unit so that the wavelength may be accurately measured (as shown by the dotted line 13 connecting source 12 and microprocessor 26 in
The mathematical processing unit 30 includes a digitizer to convert the spectral measurements made in device 26 to digital form if necessary and is programmed to derive curves fitting the spectral outputs, where the curves are optical power versus optical frequency curves. Fourier transforms of each of the curves are calculated by the processor. From the Fourier transforms, four arrays of constants for a Jones matrix characterizing the DUT are calculated. Knowing the four arrays of constants of a Jones Matrix for the DUT allows total knowledge of how and in what fashion any device under test will affect an input signal and thus affect a fiber optic system.
Details of the "spinner" 16 are shown in
The spinner 16 puts the light from one path into the x-polarization, and light from the other path into the orthogonal y-polarization. Because the path lengths of the two components are unequal, the relative phase between the x-polarized light and the y-polarized light is strongly wavelength dependent. As a result the polarization state of the light exiting the polarization beam combiner 36 varies from linear to elliptical to right hand circular to elliptical, etc. as shown in the 9 graphs of
If the polarization state is viewed on the Poincar� sphere as shown in
In order to monitor the source of light, in a preferred embodiment some of the light exiting the polarization beam combiner 36 of the spinner 16 is picked off by the single-mode coupler 38 as shown in
While the detectors 56 & 58 are shown outside of the dotted line encompassing the polarizer 24, they could be included within the polarizer and their output signal provided to the spectral acquisition block 28 as shown in
The polarization controller 52 can be adjusted to one of two possible alignments. The adjustment should be made with no light coming through the measurement path. In one polarization controller alignment—referred to as the "nulled alignment"—the two linear polarization states are mapped to the two linear polarization states of the polarization-beam-splitter 54 when they pass through the reference path. In this alignment, the relative phase of the two states of polarization at the polarization-beam-coupler 43 does not affect the power splitting ratio at the polarization-beam-splitter 54 for reference path light, and as a result, no fringes are observed when the laser is tuned.
In the other polarization controller alignment—referred to as the "maximum contrast alignment"—the great circle circumscribed by the reference light is made to intersect with the two linear polarization states of the beam splitter 54. Whenever the reference polarization state passes through one of the linear states of the beam splitter, all of the reference power is incident on one detector, and none is incident on the other detector. The reference power then oscillates between the s and p detectors 56 & 58, respectively, going to zero on one detector when the power is maximized on the other detector. This output in a preferred embodiment is provided to the spectral acquisition unit 28.
If we look at the Fourier transform of the fringes, we get a time domain response, with the time domain response of each Jones matrix element arriving at a different time. By properly selecting the complex valued points associated with each matrix element, we can then use an inverse Fourier transform to compute the frequency domain (spectral) Jones matrix elements. While each term is multiplied by a phase error, the result of this phase error is equivalent to an arbitrary section of lossless optical fiber added to the device, and thus has no effect on the measured properties of the device.
Theoretical Analysis
We can begin by representing the DUT or "device" as a simple diagonal 2�2 matrix with complex, frequency-dependent entries,
In order to measure the complete response of the DUT, it is necessary that two orthogonal polarizations be incident upon the device. These states cannot be incident simultaneously, because the linear superposition of these states will form a new, single polarization. In order to perform a rapid measurement that will completely characterize the device, it is desirable to use a polarization state that changes rapidly with frequency, such that the device response does not appreciably change for one complete cycle through polarization states. An optical device to produce this rapidly varying polarization using a PM splitter and a polarization spinner 36, has previously been disclosed in
In the "spinner" of
The normalized field emerging from this device is then given by,
In order to meet the criteria above that the polarization state vary rapidly enough that the response of the DUT does not change appreciably through a single cycle, the delay, τp, in the network above must be greater than the impulse response length of the device, τh. The fiber network that transfers this field from the 50/50 beam splitter 41 to the DUT will have largely uncontrollable polarization properties. It is desirable to impose two restrictions on this network. First, it have no Polarization Dependent Loss (PDL), and second, the matrix describing the network be constant as a function of frequency over the range of frequencies that is of interest. Of these two requirements, the zero PDL criteria is the most difficult to satisfy. The matrix for such a network is,
Here, we will digress a moment to discuss the parameter, θ, and what might be done about it.
As shown in
By adjusting the polarization controller 52 to achieve full contrast, θ is set to
Examining these detected signals it can be seen that the elements of the matrices have been shifted to separate locations in frequency space, with a phase shift. The relative phases between the elements in a Jones matrix are important and must be known to some degree as discussed later. So, by selecting terms based upon their location in frequency space, and, also making a best guess at the polarization spinner delay, τp we can extract the following field responses,
Since we maximized the fringes that oscillate at a frequency of ωτp, we can easily determine τp for each scan, thus allowing for variations in the spinner path imbalance from scan to scan due to temperature. With the ωτp term removed from the exponents, and any static phase error lumped into ψ and φ, we can then construct the matrix,
Note that the measured matrix can be obtained from the original matrix by multiplication with two unitary matrices. This is not a transformation of basis, because the two matrices are not inverses of one another. As a result, diagonalizing the measured matrix does not recover the original matrix. All of the important properties of the matrix, Polarization Mode Dispersion, Polarization Dependent Loss, Spectral Amplitude and Group Delay are all maintained. All that has been altered is the polarization state at which a given minimum or maximum will occur. Since polarization in optical fiber is rarely well controlled, this loss of information regarding the device is not detrimental to the vast majority of applications.
In the following embodiments, the mathematics describing the device performance is not substantially altered, although the elements used to implement the measurement are altered. These alterations involve the removal of elements from claims and are not obvious.
No Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Embodiment
The embodiment described above in
At the polarization beam combiner 20, the great circle on the Poincar� sphere through which the polarization state rotates is well defined. Once the light has propagated through a few meters of optical fiber, however, the fiber will have transferred the polarization states to a new and completely arbitrary great circle. As a result, the well defined states produced by the PM fiber system serve no useful purpose to the measurement. We are then free to choose any set of orthogonal states to send through the two different length paths.
As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,389,090 "Fiber Optic Polarization Controller," describes a simple apparatus that can be used to map any input polarization state to any other polarization state with little or no loss and little wavelength dependence. The polarization controller consists of three fiber loops that can be tilted independently, and is generally referred to as a set of LeFevre Loops after the inventor.
If we include a polarization controller of any kind (such as the LeFevre Loops discussed above) in a Mach-Zender Interferometer, we can adjust the controller such that the two states, when recombined at the coupler, are orthogonal to one another. This state of orthogonality is achieved by adjusting the polarization controller until one output of the coupler shows no fringes as the laser is tuned. The lack of interference fringes indicates that the two states of polarization entering the coupler through different paths have no common components, and are, therefore, orthogonal. With the creation of a polarization state that rotates rapidly through a great circle on the Poincar� sphere as a function of wavelength, we have achieved an equivalent function to the PM fiber/polarization-beam-combiner device described above. The remainder of the system then operates exactly as the previously described embodiment.
Calibration of a single Spinner Optical Vector Analyzer
In order to describe the calibration procedure, it will be necessary to reference specific points of the optical network within one embodiment of the optical vector analyzer. A schematic diagram of the relevant portion of the network appears in
Before performing any measurements, and after aligning the optics, two measurement scans are conducted with no DUT attached. The first scan is done with the spinner switch open, and the DC signals on the detectors at points w and x are recorded. These DC signals are equal to the optical power incident on each detector multiplied by the gains of the detectors and their supporting electronics, and are frequency-dependent. We will denote them as
In the above expressions ωis the optical frequency and τ is the difference between the times for an optical signal to propagate from point b to point e and from point c to point d. By taking the Fourier transform of these signals, the AC and DC terms can be separated, and then inverse transforms will bring the information back into the frequency domain. We obtain the following information from this scan:
Once the above information has been obtained, it will be used to divide all subsequent measurements in the following way. If the raw Optical Vector Analyzer Jones matrix measurement yields the matrix
During a measurement scan, the detector 62 at point h acquires data at the same time as the detectors 58 and 56 at points w and x, respectively. This data has the same form as Eqs. 42 and 43, and the AC component can be extracted in the same way. We will call this result Sh ac(ω), and multiply the Jones matrix by the phase of Sh ac(ω) as follows:
The next step in calibration is to perform a measurement using a fiber patchcord as the DUT. The resulting matrix, upon being divided by the calibration quantities as in Eqns. 48–51, is stored in memory and is called the reference matrix. It will be denoted as
All Coupler/Polarization Controller Embodiment
The polarization beam-splitter 54 remaining in the design in the description above not only adds cost, but places very tight restrictions on the coupler tolerances in the spinner interferometer. A problem with the above embodiment is that a polarization controller 52 and polarizing beam-splitter 54 would be required for each additional receiving channel if multiple detection channels were required.
These difficulties can be resolved using a double spinner embodiment without polarization control as shown in
In the
The outputs of spinners 16 a and 16 b are applied to the DUT 10, and the reference path 18, respectively. The two outputs are connected to the coupler 22 with the output detected and applied to the microprocessor 26 as before. However, because of the difference in polarization rate of change, there is no need to utilize a polarizer in the processing of the outputs. As with the embodiment of
One specific embodiment of the double spinner optical vector analyzer is shown in
Two of the polarization interactions are between different arms of the same spinner interferometer. These interactions are nulled using the polarization controllers in the interferometers (shown as LeFevre Loops 60 to distinguish from the nulling polarization controller 52 although they may all be LeFevre Loops). There are then four interactions remaining, and the four interactions are measurements of the four Jones matrix elements. Each matrix element is scaled by constant. These scaling values can be measured relatively easily, and, since they are determined by coupler splitting-ratios and splice losses, they should be stable over very long periods of time. The ability to calibrate each path loss out of the measurement should make it possible to obtain PDL measurements accurate to better than 0.05 dB.
A further advantage of this measurement method is the ability to use a single detector 64 for the measurement. As a result, gain matching between multiple detectors is not an issue, and relatively low precision (adjustable gain) components can be used. The use of a single device detector 64 also reduces the channel count required for a functioning system from four to three, meaning that a standard 4-channel board will now support a transmission and return-loss measurement.
Including all four elements in a single channel measurement does have the disadvantage of requiring more temporal range, and greater separation between the device, and any possible reflections (primarily connector reflections). In general, if a five nanosecond (5 ns) response is allowed (equivalent to 200 MHz sample spacing), then the fiber leads must be a minimum of 2 meters long. 3 meter leads would permit a 7 ns response time.
Scalability—Multilple Test Station Architecture
Because the double-Mach-Zender configuration of
A second application of the scalability of the double-Mach-Zender configuration would be to distribute the source light and the measurement light to multiple measurement stations for a plurality of devices under test (DUT 10) in a single facility. In this way the cost of the laser could be spread over multiple measurement stations, resulting in an extremely cost effective solution.
In view of the various embodiments and discussion of the present invention noted above, many variation and substitutions of elements for those disclosed will be obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the claims appended hereto.
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