text:
A method of instrumenting a first component (210) for use in a combustion turbine engine (10) wherein the first component (210) has a surface contacted by a second component during operation of the combustion turbine engine (10). The method may include depositing an insulating layer (260) on the surface of the first component (210) and depositing a first conductive lead (232, 254) on the insulating layer (260). A piezoelectric material (230) may be deposited in electrical communication with the first conductive lead (232, 254) and a second conductive lead (236, 256) may be deposited in electrical communication with the piezoelectric material (230) and be insulated from the first conductive lead (232, 254) to form a sensor (50) for detecting pressure exerted on the surface of the first component (210) during operation of the combustion turbine engine (10).
1. A method of instrumenting a first component for use in a combustion turbine engine, the first component comprising a surface contacted by a second component during operation of the combustion turbine engine, the method comprising:
depositing an insulating layer on the surface of the first component;
depositing a first conductive lead on the insulating layer;
depositing a piezo-material in electrical communication with the first conductive lead; and
depositing a second conductive lead in electrical communication with the piezo-material and insulated from the first conductive lead to form a sensor for detecting pressure exerted on the surface of the first component during operation of the combustion turbine engine.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
forming at least one trench to a predetermined depth in a layer of barrier coating material deposited on the surface of the first component; and
forming the sensor within the at least one trench.
8. The method of
refilling the at least one trench with a protective coating.
9. A component comprising:
an insulating layer deposited on a surface of the component;
a first conductive lead deposited on the insulating layer;
a piezo-material deposited on the first conductive lead; and
a second conductive lead deposited on the piezo-material to form a sensor for detecting pressure exerted on the surface of the component.
10. The component of
11. The component of
12. The component of
a wear resistant coating deposited on the surface of the component; and
at least one trench formed in the wear resistant coating wherein the sensor is deposited within the at least one trench.
13. The component of
14. A component for use in a combustion turbine engine, the component comprising a piezo-material embedded beneath a surface of the component, the surface being contacted by a second component during operation of the combustion turbine engine.
15. The component of
16. The component of
17. The component of
a first conductive lead extending from the piezo-material to a termination location; and
a second conductive lead extending from the piezo-material to the termination location.
18. The component of
a barrier coating material defining the surface of the component; and
at least one trench formed within the barrier coating material wherein the piezo-material is deposited within the at least one trench.
19. The component of
a first conductive lead deposited within the at least one trench and extending from the piezo-material to a termination location; and
a second conductive lead deposited within the at least one trench and extending from the piezo-material to the termination location whereby a load cell is formed for detecting a load on the surface of the component during operation of the combustion turbine engine.
20. A method of instrumenting a component for use in a combustion turbine engine, the component comprising a conductive substrate, the method comprising:
depositing a piezo-material on a surface of the conductive substrate;
depositing an insulating layer on the conductive substrate to a termination location; and
depositing a conductive lead on the insulating layer extending from the piezo-material to the termination location.
21. The method of
22. The method of
forming a recess within the surface of the conductive substrate; and
depositing the piezo-material in the recess.
23. The method of
24. The method of
This application is a continuation-in-part of pending application Ser. No. 11/122,566 filed May 5, 2005, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 11/018,816 filed Dec. 20, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,270,890, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/581,662 filed Jun. 21, 2004 and is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 10/252,236 filed Sep. 23, 2002, U.S. Pat. No. 6,838,157, all of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates generally to monitoring operating environments and in particular to embedded sensors for sensing operating parameters of components within an operating environment such as a gas turbine engine.
Despite the extreme sophistication of gas turbine engines, such as turbines for generating electrical power or aircraft engines for commercial and military use, designers and operators have deficient information with respect to the operational relationship of certain engine components. This is due at least in part to harsh operating conditions and close tolerances between certain components, which often prevent using traditional sensors for collecting accurate information of critical engine components.
Some components within a turbine engine are assembled using a slip fit such as a dovetail, fir tree, T-slot and others. Turbine components such as vanes and ring segments may slide into grooves and be held in place with air pressure used to cool the components during operation. Turbine blades may fit into a turbine disk and be held in place by centrifugal force during operation. Nonetheless, turbine vanes, blades and other components tend to vibrate during operation due to air flowing through the turbine. This flow induced vibration leads to wear at contact surfaces causing inefficient turbine operation and may lead to critical component failure.
Combustion turbine 10 may include a compressor 12, at least one combustor 14 (broken away) and a turbine 16. Compressor 12, combustor 14 and turbine 16 are sometimes referred to collectively as a gas turbine engine. Turbine 16 includes a plurality of rotating blades 18, secured to a rotatable central shaft 20. A plurality of stationary vanes 22 are positioned between blades 18, with vanes 22 being dimensioned and configured to guide air over blades 18. Blades 18 and vanes 22 will typically be made from nickel-cobalt, and may be coated with a thermal barrier coating 26, such as yttria-stabilized zirconia. Similarly, compressor 12 includes a plurality of rotating blades 19 positioned between respective vanes 23.
Embodiments of the invention may be used to acquire diagnostic information pertaining to blades 18 and vanes 22 as well as other components subject to flow induced vibration including combustor 14, fuel nozzles, "swirlers", cross flame tubes, ring segments, isolation rings, thermocouples, seals and other components recognized by those skilled in the art.
In use, air is drawn in through compressor 12, where it is compressed and driven towards combustor 14. Combustor 14 mixes the air with fuel and ignites it thereby forming a working gas. This working gas will typically be above 1300° C. This gas expands through turbine 16, being guided across blades 18 by vanes 22. As the gas passes through turbine 16, it rotates blades 18 and shaft 20, thereby transmitting usable mechanical work through shaft 20. Combustion turbine 10 may also include a cooling system (not shown), dimensioned and configured to supply a coolant, for example steam or compressed air, to blades 18 and vanes 22.
The environment wherein blades 18 and vanes 22 operate is subject to high operating temperatures and is particularly harsh, which may result in serious deterioration of blades 18 and vanes 22. This is especially likely if the thermal barrier coating 26 should spall or otherwise deteriorate. Embodiments of the invention are advantageous because they allow components to be configured for transmitting data indicative of operating parameters associated with components during operation of combustion turbine 10. Blades 18, 19, vanes 22, 23, and coatings 26, for example, may be configured for transmitting data indicative of operating characteristics of those components. This date may be collected and analyzed in real time and used for various purposes such as to directly monitor those operating characteristics during operation, develop predictive maintenance schedules, control operating parameters, validate design models and minimize resonance of combustion turbine 10 components.
Embodiments of the present invention allow for a plurality of sensors to be embedded within the respective coatings of a plurality of components within combustion turbine 10. Alternate embodiments allow for the sensors to be surface mounted or deposited to components, especially those contained in areas where components do not require a barrier coating such as the compressor 12. Exemplary embodiments of sensors may be used to provide data to system 30 with respect to the load exerted on an area of interest of a component, such as an area contacting another component during operation. Data may also be transmitted with respect to the acceleration of a component and/or properties of a component's coating as well as other component or coating specific information.
It will be appreciated that aspects of the invention allow for various sensor configurations to be embedded within a barrier coating such as a barrier coating 26 of blades 18 or vanes 22 as well as other components of turbine 16. U.S. Pat. No. 6,838,157, which is specifically incorporated herein by reference, describes various embodiments of methods for instrumenting gas turbine components that may be utilized with aspects of the present invention. This patent discloses various methods of forming trenches in a barrier coating, forming a sensor in the coating and depositing a backfill material in the trench over the coating. Alternate embodiments allow for sensor configurations to be embedded during the formation of a functional coating such as a thermal barrier coating or wear coating, for example. Exemplary sensor configurations may be deposited on component surfaces as well.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,861, which is specifically incorporated herein by reference, discloses an exemplary direct write apparatus and process recognized in the art that may be used to deposit embodiments of sensors and sensor connectors with transmitters in accordance with aspects of the present invention. In this respect, the apparatus and processes disclosed therein may be used for the patterning of fine sensor and/or connector features of between about 100 microns and 500 microns. Multilayer electrical circuits and sensors may be formed by depositing features using conductive materials, resistive materials, dielectric materials, insulative materials and other application specific materials. It will be appreciated that other methods may be used to deposit multilayer electrical circuits and sensors in accordance with aspects of the invention. For example, thermal spraying, vapor deposition, laser sintering and curing deposits of material sprayed at lower temperatures may be used as well as other suitable techniques recognized by those skilled in the art.
Embodiments of the invention allow for a single sensor 50 or a plurality of sensors 50 to be deployed in numerous places within combustion turbine 10. In an embodiment, sensor 50 may be formed of a piezoelectric and/or piezoresistive material and deposited using the direct write apparatus. Piezoelectric and piezoresistive materials may be referred to collectively as piezo-material. Exemplary piezoelectric materials may include alpha-quartz, barium titanate, lead zirconium titanate, lithium niobate and others. Alternate embodiments allow for depositing piezoresistive materials to form exemplary sensors 50 such as a load cell or accelerometer. Sensor 50 may be used for monitoring component-specific or coating-specific conditions as well as collecting other data with respect to the operation or performance of combustion turbine 10. For example,
Embodiments allow for transmitters 54 to be multi-channel and have various specifications depending on their location within a casing of combustion turbine 10. Transmitters 54 may be configured to function within the compressor 12 casing subject to operating temperatures of between about 80° C. to 120° C. They may also be configured to function within the turbine 12 casing subject to operating temperatures of between about 300° C. to 350° C. or higher, and be resistant to oxidative exposure.
With respect to
Connector 52 may extend from sensor 50 to a termination location, such as the peripheral edge of vane 23 so that a distal end 53 of connector 52 is exposed for connection to transmitter 54. Sensor 50 and connector 52 may be positioned on vane 23 to minimize any adverse affect on the aerodynamics of vane 23.
In an embodiment, one or more sensors 50, such as strain gauges or thermocouples, for example, may be deposited on one or more turbine or compressor blades 18, 19.
Transmitter 54 and a rotating antenna 55 may be mounted proximate the root of blade 18, 19. Connector 52 may be routed from sensor 50 aft to the root of blade 18, 19 to connect sensor 50 with rotating antenna 55, which may in turn be connected with transmitter 54 via a connector 52 a. A stationary antenna 57 may be installed on a turbine or compressor vane 22, 23 aft of the root of respective blade 18, 19. A lead wire 57 a may be routed from stationary antenna 57 out of compressor 12 or turbine 16 to broadcast a signal to system 30. In exemplary embodiments, such as that shown in
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that one or more sensors 50 may be mounted to, such as by a spray deposition, each compressor blade 19 within a row of blades 19 mounted on a disk within compressor 12. A respective connector 52 may connect each sensor 50 to a respective transmitter 54 mounted proximate the root of each blade 19 within the row. Rotating antenna 55 may encircle the disk proximate the root of each blade 19 and be connected with each transmitter 54 via a respective connector 52 a. One or more stationary antennas 57 may be installed on a compressor vane 23 aft of the row of compressor blades 19, or in another location, such as a compressor hub sufficiently proximate to rotating antenna 55 for signal broadcasting and receiving. Stationary antenna 57 may also encircle the row of blades 19. Rows of blades 18 in turbine 16 may be similarly configured.
A power supply may also be attached to sensor 50 to provide additional functionality to the sensor. This additional functionality could include mechanical actuation as a result of feedback to the sensor 50 output. Such an integrated system may be applicable for components, such as ring segments for real-time gap control.
The exemplary embodiments of compressor vane 23 and turbine blade 18 illustrated in
Providing components of combustion turbine 10, such as vanes 23 and/or blades 18 with pre-installed sensors 50 and connectors 52 is a significant advantage over previous techniques for installing such components in the field, which typically required an extensive array of wires to be routed within combustion turbine 16. Providing components with pre-installed sensors 50 and connectors 52 allows for monitoring the condition of those specific components during operation of combustion turbine 10.
Embodiments of the invention allow for sensor 50 to be configured to perform a wide range of functions. For example, sensor 50 may be configured to detect wear of a single component or between two components, measure heat flux across a component's coating, detect spalling of a coating, measure strain across an area of a component or determine crack formation within a component or coating. U.S. patent application having application Ser. No. 11/018,816 discloses embodiments of a system that generally involves monitoring the wear of a component that may be configured in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
Wear sensors 50 may be configured as embedded electrical circuits in a contact surface of a component, such as a tip of blade 18 and the circuit may be monitored by monitoring system 30 for indications of wear. By positioning a circuit at the wear limit, or at prescribed depths from the component's surface, the condition of the surface may be continuously monitored and system 30 may provide an operator with an advanced warning of service requirements.
It will be appreciated that sensor 50 may be configured for wear detection and prefabricated within a component for use within combustion turbine 10 either alone or in combination with a means for transmitting 52 in accordance with aspects of the present invention. In this respect, the signals extracted for detection of wear may be conducted via connectors 52 to transmitter 54, which may transmit the signals via wireless telemetry to a transceiver 56 and subsequently system 30.
Embodiments of the present invention allow for monitoring and control system 30 to collect and store historical data with respect to a component's wear and correlating the component's wear with the operating conditions of combustion turbine 10 responsible for producing the wear. This may be accomplished by continuously interrogating turbine 16 conditions, for example, by the deposition of piezoelectric devices and/or other sensors 50 configured for providing a continuous data stream indicative of the loading conditions, vibration frequency, resonance and other operating parameters experienced by various components within turbine 16. This data may be correlated to data indicative of a component's wear and used for predictive maintenance or other corrective actions.
Thermocouples 66 may comprise a material having a coefficient of thermal expansion that substantially matches that of the material within which they are deposited, such as thermal barrier coating 60. In an embodiment, a plurality of temperature sensors, such as K-type thermocouples 66 may be embedded within a thermal barrier coating 60 with thermocouples 66 located vertically over each other as shown in
Heat flux sensor 61 may be formed in different geometries to achieve a desired signal-to-noise ratio. Each thermocouple 66 may be approximately 25 microns thick but this thickness may vary depending on the application. Because the thermal barrier coating 60 may be several times as thick as thermocouples 66 they will not significantly alter the profile or performance of thermal barrier coating 60. Embodiments allow for post deposition laser micromachining to achieve a desired junction density.
As heat flows vertically into or out of thermal barrier coating 60, each thermocouple 66 will record a different temperature measurement. By measuring the temperature differences and knowing the thickness and thermal conductivity of thermal barrier coating 60, the heat flux can be obtained. Thermocouples 66 may be connected with a means for transmitting 52 as described herein so that the respective temperature measurements taken by each thermocouple 66 may be wirelessly transmitted to monitoring and control system 30.
In this respect, critical engineering components, such as blades 18, 19 and vanes 22, 23 are nearly universally subjected to some form of mechanical and/or thermo-mechanical cyclic loading. Aspects of the invention allow for the assessment of component service life by the intermittent or continuous, in-situ measurement of applied strains and crack detection with respect to that component. This may be accomplished by the placement of embedded strain gages and crack sensors 68 in various locations within combustion turbine 10. Sensors 50 configured as a strain gauge 68 may be formed using a NiCr material for use in lower temperature applications, such as in compressor 12 of combustion turbine 10.
Sensors 68 may be used as crack sensors by placing them at locations or points where cracks are known or likely to appear. A crack sensor gauge 68 may be optimized for size, crack propagation, and crack extent through appropriate choice of gauge 68 parameters. Such parameters may include the footprint of gauge 68, spacing of fingers 72, and orientation of fingers 72 with respect to the direction of a predicted crack propagation. Crack formation in substrate 70 gives rise to a large, abrupt change in the strain gauge response, and may be detected by continuously monitoring the sensor 68 output for abrupt signal changes using signal processing techniques. Data indicative of the signal change may be conducted via a means for transmitting 54 to a transceiver 56 and subsequently transmitted to monitoring and control system 30 via wireless telemetry.
In an exemplary embodiment, a strain gauge sensor 68 may be bonded to or deposited on a surface of a compressor blade 19 and positioned so that bending stress on blade 19 varies the output signal from sensor 68. Connector 52, which may be wire leads, are routed to a transmitter 54 located on a rotating collar internal to compressor 12. Transmitter 54 may have an onboard bridge completion and provide a regulated voltage to sensor 68. As the output signal from sensor 68 varies an RF signal from transmitter 54 varies proportionally. The RF signal may be transmitted to a transceiver 56, which receives the RF signal and converts it into a voltage signal proportional to the strain detected by sensor 68. The RF signal may be transmitted to system 30. An exemplary transmitter 54 may pick up changes in strain from about 30 Hz to about 30 KHz.
Embodiments of the invention allow for using crack sensors 68 to monitor crack growth during operation of combustion turbine 10 and verify design models by varying component operating parameters until cracks are detected with the crack sensors 68. The design models will be calculated for the same operating parameters to see if they successfully predict crack growth and formation, and will be modified accordingly.
Monitoring and control system 30 may collect and store data indicative of strain and crack measurements from numerous components in critical locations within combustion turbine 10, such as blades 18, for example. Such data may be analyzed over time to develop a strain history for each component. A component's strain history may include the magnitude and orientation of strains, and the occurrence of overloads under cyclic loading. An appraisal of fatigue damage may be developed and used for predictive maintenance.
Embodiments of the present invention allow for deploying a plurality of sensors 50 throughout combustion turbine 10 by either surface mounting them to components or embedding them within respective component barrier coatings to collect specific component condition data and transmit that data using wireless telemetry to monitoring and control system 30. This approach is advantageous in that it allows for the replacement, repair and maintenance decision-making processes to be based on the condition of specific components during operation of combustion turbine 10.
In this respect, specific component condition data may be received by antenna 32 and receiver 33 then stored in database 36 by CPU 34. Embodiments allow for specific component condition data to be collected and presented to an operator in real time via display 38. This allows for an operator to make instantaneous decisions regarding the operation of combustion turbine 10 in response to the condition of a specific component or components.
Historical data may be compiled and analyzed with respect to each component for making repair, replacement or maintenance decisions with respect to that component. Operating conditions and specific components of combustion turbine 12 may be monitored sets of conditions may be isolated that are indicative of a component or components needing to be repaired or replaced, or of corrective action to be taken with respect to operation of the gas turbine. These aspects allow for significant improvement in predictive maintenance schedules.
Component 110 may alternatively be fabricated from a ceramic matrix composite (CMC) substrate coated with an environmental barrier coating (EBC) or a thermal barrier coating (TBC). Because the integrity of the coating 114 is critical to the overall integrity of the component 110, it is useful to obtain operating parameter information that directly affects the performance of the coating 114. Such information is obtained by embedding a sensor, such as a sensor 50 below the exposed surface 118 of the TBC 114. The sensor is not visible in
The sensor may be one that provides a signal indicative of temperature, strain, crack initiation, chemical changes, vibration, acceleration, pressure or other parameters of interest. These sensors themselves could be multi-layered containing a combination of electrodes and the functional body. For example, pressure may be measured using a thermally sprayed piezoelectric load cell and acceleration (vibration) may be measured using a thermally sprayed piezoelectric or piezoresistive accelerometer embedded within coating 118.
Conductors 122 may be located below surface 118 and route the signal produced by the sensor away from sensing location 120 to a termination location, which may be a connection location indicated generally by numeral 224 where they can conveniently exit the component 110. Conductors 122 may function similarly to connectors 52 for routing a signal from a sensor, such as a sensor 50 to a transmitter 54 for transmission to system 30 via wireless telemetry. The sensor and conductors 122 may be insulated from the surrounding environment by insulating layer 126.
Component 130 may be instrumented by a plurality of sensors, such as sensors 50 embedded at a plurality of depths below a surface 138 of the TBC material 134 that is exposed to the external environment. A first sensor 140 is deposited in a relatively shallow trench 142. Trench 142 may be lined with an electrically insulating coating 144 such as aluminum oxide to prevent the grounding of sensor 140 to the TBC material 134. Sensor 140 may take any form known in the art, for example a thermocouple formed by a bimetallic thermocouple junction or other sensors described herein. The surface location of sensor 140 suggests that it may be useful for sensing a parameter related to the external environment, such as temperature or a chemical parameter.
In step 154, a trench 142 may be formed in a surface 138 of the component 130. Trench 142 may be formed to any desired shape by any known method, such as by laser engraving trench 142 to have a generally rectangular cross-section with a predetermined width and depth. Variables for such a laser engraving process include spot size, power level, energy density, pulse frequency, and scan speed. These variables together affect the trench width, depth, material removal rate and the cost of manufacturing. Trench 142 may have a constant cross-sectional size and shape along its entire length, or it may vary in size and/or shape from one region to another. For example, in the component 110 of
After trench 142 is formed at step 154, an insulating coating 144 may be applied to the surfaces of the trench 142 at step 56 in order to provide electrical isolation between sensor 140 and TBC material 134. Insulating coating 144 may be deposited by any known method such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to a thickness sufficient to achieve a desired level of electrical isolation. Once the trench 142 is formed at step 154 and insulated at step 156, the sensor 140 may be formed by depositing the appropriate material or materials into trench 142 at step 158. Any known material deposition process providing the desired material properties may be used. Such processes are common in the fields of rapid prototyping, thin and thick film deposition, and thermal spraying, and include, for example, chemical vapor deposition, plasma spray, micro-plasma spray, cold spray, electroplating, electrophoretic deposition, HVOF, sputtering, CCVD, sol-gel and selective laser melting. Processes typically used for the fabrication of multi-layer thick film capacitors may also be used, such as the application of pastes and tapes of the desired materials.
After the deposition of material, a heat input may be used to sinter the material, thereby increasing the mechanical integrity of the sensor. This can be done either by heating using a flame, plasma, furnace annealing or localized laser energy application. In the selective laser melting (SLM) process, powdered material having a predetermined chemistry may be deposited into the trench and melted with the energy of a laser beam to form the respective portion of the sensor 140 of
Note that the geometry of trench 142 may have a direct effect on the geometry of the sensor 140. Accordingly, it is possible to affect the operating parameters of sensor 140 or interconnecting conductors 122 by controlling the dimensions of the respective trench 142. For example, the resistance of a conducting line formed within a trench will be affected by the width of the trench. The laser engraving process of step 154 may be closely controlled to achieve a desired trench geometry. Certain commercially available processes for depositing a conductor onto a flat surface by thermal spraying may not produce the fine features that may be necessary for sensors and conductive lines. Such processes may rely on a subsequent material ablation process to achieve a desired geometry. Because trench 142 provides control of the width of the feature, no such trimming step is needed in the process 150 of
Steps 158, 168 are then repeated to deposit conducting layer 164 and insulating layer 174. The width of these layers is controlled by the width of trench 160 and the thickness of these layers may be controlled as they are deposited to achieve predetermined performance characteristics. For example, the thickness of insulating material 166 will affect the impedance between the two conducting layers 162, 164. Conducting layer 164 is then isolated from the external environment by backfilling the trench 160 with a barrier material such as thermally insulating material 170 at step 172. Insulating material 170 may be the same material as TBC material 134 or a different material having desired characteristics. Insulating material 170 may be deposited by any known deposition technique, including CVD, thermal spraying, selective laser melting, or selective laser sintering. Selective laser melting and selective laser sintering processes are known in the art, as exemplified by Chapters 6 and 7 of "Laser-induced Materials and Processes For Rapid Prototyping" by L. Lu, J. Y. H. Fuh, and Y. S. Wong, published by Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Additional sensors 176, 178 may be disposed at preselected depths within component 130 by forming respective trenches 180, 182 to appropriate depths. Trenches 180, 182 may be backfilled with insulating material 170 to the level of surface 138 at step 172. Planarization of surface 138 may be performed at step 184, if necessary, such as when surface 138 forms part of an airfoil. By forming a trench to a desired depth, a sensor may be embedded to within the TBC material layer 134, to within the bond coat material layer 136, to within the substrate material 132, or to a depth of an interface between any two of these layers.
Thus, it is possible to develop actual operating parameter data across a depth of a component or across the depth of the thermal barrier coating. Such data may be useful for confirming design assumptions and for updating computerized models, and it may also be useful as an indicator of damage or degradation of a TBC coating. For example, a sensor 178 embedded below the TBC material 134 may produce a signal indicating a significant temperature rise in the event of cracking or spalling of the layer of TBC material 134. Alternatively, the detection of a predetermined level of vanadium, sodium or sulfur deposits by an embedded sensor 176 may announce conditions that would give rise to spalling and failure of the TBC coating 134 if the component were to remain in service for an extended period. This process facilitates the placement of sensors at any location on a fully assembled and coated part. Electrochemical sensors on the component surface can play an important role in determining the nature and effect of corrosion products present in the surrounding environment.
Embodiments of sensors may be used in various places within combustion turbine 10 as load cells and accelerometers.
As shown in
When ring segment 210 is initially slip fit within isolation rings 202, 204 via hooks 212, 214 the interface or contact surfaces between hooks 212, 213 and surfaces defined by respective grooves 216, 218 form close tolerances. When combustion turbine 10 is in operation vibration causes the contact surfaces to rub against one another, which may lead to wear areas 226 and eventually to wear in surface area 228 of TBC 26 on ring segment 210. It would be advantageous to detect and monitor the pressures being exerted in these contact areas to measure or predict wear there between and prevent an unacceptable wearing of TBC 26. Traditional sensors are not suited for this application due primarily to their size and poor reliability due to their attachment method.
Piezoelectric material 230 may be deposited on conductive lead 232 with conductive lead 236 deposited on top of material 230. An insulating layer (not shown) may be deposited over conductive lead 236 with another protective layer deposited on top of the insulating layer such as a wear resistant coating, TBC or other material to build the surface to a desired dimension. Conductive leads 232, 236 may be connected with a conventional or wireless amplifier and data signals extracted from load cell 229 may be transmitted to control system 30 via transmitters such as transmitters 54. It will be appreciated that sensors 50 formed as a load cell 229 may be deposited in various configurations, orientations and locations depending on a particular application. For example, load cells 229 may be modified and directionally oriented for detecting and measuring bending and shear forces experienced at a point of interest.
Conductive leads 254, 256 may be extend to a termination location for connection with a conventional or wireless amplifier and data signals extracted from accelerometer 250 may be transmitted to control system 30 via transmitters such as transmitters 54. It will be appreciated that sensors 50 formed as an accelerometer 250 may be deposited in various configurations, orientations and locations depending on a particular application.
Load cell 229 and accelerometer 250 may be used for detecting and measuring vibration or loading at points of interest within combustion turbine 10. In exemplary embodiments, they may be deposited directly onto the surface of a component or within a recess formed within a component. Voltage and frequency response may be measured for identifying wear drivers and responses of material and combustion turbine 10 operations to the wear. Coatings may be deposited there over such as a wear resistant coating using a thermal spray process. Embodiments of load cell 229 and accelerometer 250 may be deposited within trenches formed in barrier coatings as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,838,157. Embodiments of load cell 229 and accelerometer 250 may have piezoelectric material 230 deposited directly onto a surface of a conductive substrate where the conductive substrate functions as one of the conductive leads forming a respective sensor 50.
Embodiments of the invention allow for areas of components of combustion turbine 10 to be repaired in the field. For example, as shown in
In an embodiment of the invention, an exemplary load cell 229 and/or accelerometer 250 may be deposited as part of the wear resistant coating deposited over a wear area 226. In this respect, the load cell 229 may be deposited within the wear resistant coating precisely at a location of interest. The location of interest may be the contact surfaces between a hook 212 and a respective surface of isolation ring 202 against which hook 212 rubs during operation of combustion turbine 10. Instrumenting ring segment 210 with one or more load cells 229, for example, at these areas of interest is advantageous because it allows for data to be extracted with respect to loads, pressure and relative movement realized at the contact surfaces.
Exemplary embodiments of load cells 229 and/or accelerometers 250 may be deposited within original components for use in combustion turbine 10 or existing components within combustion turbine 10 may be retrofit with embodiments of these sensors. In certain situations an existing or to be applied coating, such as a wear resistant coating may be relatively thin, i.e., about 3 mils. In this situation, load cell 229 and/or accelerometer 250 may be deposited within a recess or trench formed within the surface of the component or barrier coating. A wear resistant coating may be re-deposited or deposited over load cell 229 and/or accelerometer 250 so the wear resistant coating is at a desired thickness.
While the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes and substitutions will occur to those of skill in the art without departing from the invention herein. Accordingly, it is intended that the invention be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
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(Steven Lane/The Columbian)
CAMAS -- Aaron Deml and Dustin Krecklow go to practice every day, determined to make themselves better.
They are even more determined, though, to make their teammates better.
Deml and Krecklow, seniors on the Camas football team, realize their playing time will be limited, if they get in the game at all. They also understand -- as do their teammates -- that they are big-time contributors to a team that is 12-0 and headed for the Class 4A state semifinals.
Quality football programs need more than just the touchdown-makers on the field on Friday nights in front of the big crowds. They need teammates willing to make the sacrifices on Wednesdays, in front of nobody -- the guys on the scout team.
"You have to put your ego aside and really just think about what is best for the team," Krecklow said. "I know what my role is. My role is to make the starters better. That's what makes championship teams. We have a common goal to win state."
Deml, a scout team linebacker, gets crushed every so often against one of the best offensive lines in the state.
"You just have to go hard in practice, even when the going is tough," Deml said. "I've been killed by the O-line. You just have to keep going at it. You really get to see the full results on Friday nights, or now, Saturday nights."
The Papermakers will take on Bellarmine Prep at 7:30 p.m. Saturday in the Tacoma Dome. The winner will advance to the Class 4A state championship game on Dec. 7.
For the seniors on the scout team, this is it. One or two more football games. They do it for pride. They do it for the chance at a title. They do it for the love of the sport.
Sophomores Jordan Del Moral and Blake Roy also are scout team standouts. They follow the lead by the seniors on the scout team, to go all out to prepare the starters. The difference is the sophomores have two more years to prove they belong among the elite.
Del Moral, who has scored three touchdowns this season in blowout victories, called this season "perfect timing" for him and the rest of the sophomores.
"We get to come in to a pretty darn good team and we get to learn from the guys who have been doing it," he said.
This is Camas' third consecutive trip to the semifinals. The seniors this year were sophomores during that first trek to the Tacoma Dome.
"They want to help us out," Del Moral said.
Roy certainly is one of the success stories coming out of the scout team.
"I was hoping I'd be able to suit up a few (varsity) games," Roy said of his goal early in the season.
He got a lot more than that.
His play in practice caught the eye of coaches. And when senior tight end Dylan White went down with an injury, Roy ended up getting quality minutes in a playoff game.
"That's how guys break in," Camas coach Jon Eagle said. "They do something spectacular on the scout team and coaches say, 'We need to find a place for this guy.'"
Eagle added that all football teams try to develop a scout team that will push the starters to the max. He said it takes a special kind of attitude to excel on the scout team.
"Football is a team sport," Deml said. "This is one unit. It's great when I get in Friday nights, but on scout team, I love going up against our O-line. They make me the best player I can be. I hope I've helped them."
Krecklow, a wide receiver, said he likes it when he does something "cool" against the first-team defense. Not to show anyone up, but to show something that the first team can learn from as it prepares for its next game.
"From the beginning, you know your role," Krecklow said. "Just try to do your best and do what you can do."
From the starting quarterback to the last guy on the scout team, the Papermakers show respect to one another.
"There is no hierarchy. 'I'm a starter. I'm so much better.' There's none of that," Krecklow said.
"I've been playing football with these guys since the eighth grade," Deml added. "They're family."
The roles for each player are different. The goal is the same.
The Camas Papermakers need everyone on their team, in every capacity, in order to achieve that goal.

subset: commoncrawl


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24 CFR 17.105 - Procedures for salary offset: methods of collection.
(a) General. A debt will be collected by deductions at officially established pay intervals from an employee's current pay account, unless the employee and the Secretary agree to alternative arrangements for repayment. The alternative arrangement must be in writing, signed by both the employee and the Secretary.
(b) Installment deductions. Installment deductions will be made over a period not greater than the anticipated period of employment. The size and frequency of installment deductions will bear a reasonable relation to the size of the debt and the employee's ability to pay. However, the amount deducted for any period will not exceed 15 percent of the disposable pay from which the deduction is made, unless the employee has agreed in writing to the deduction of a greater amount. If possible, the installment payment will be sufficient in size and frequency to liquidate the debt in 3 years. Installment payments of less than $25 per pay period or $50 a month will be accepted only in the most unusual circumstances.
Title 24 published on 2014-04-01.
No entries appear in the Federal Register after this date, for 24 CFR Part 17.


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Converted stable block home with unique character
Posted: August 20, 2014|
2 The Old Stable Yard is a high quality conversion that comprises a riverside home of character situated within a virtual gated community of four individual homes, close to Blandford town centre.
The property was converted from the original stable block in 2001/02 and dates back to the 1800's when they were owned and used by the Hall & Woodhouse Brewery. The open plan "zoned" living space stretches across the first floor and takes full advantage of the views over the garden and River Stour through French doors leading onto a Juliet balcony.
The use of natural materials including reclaimed timber flooring adds character to the living space which is well lit with conservation roof lights. Some of the original cast iron, small paned windows have been retained.
The property has a recently fitted 'Country Image' kitchen in burgundy high gloss with its clean finish black and white granite worktops. There is a range of fitted units incorporating a five ring gas Rangemaster with a 1.5 fan oven, inset stainless steel sink, integrated Bosch dishwasher and free standing Bosch fridge and freezer.
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On the ground floor are three double bedrooms; bedroom 1 with en-suite double shower room and bedroom 2 both have French doors opening onto an area of decking. Bedroom 3 contains one of the three original cast iron paned windows.
The ground floor also has a utility room, housing the Glow worm compact boiler. There is a sink, LG washer/dryer, water softener and the third of the original lead cast iron paned windows.
The property is approached via a gravel driveway which leads to the residents parking and garaging. The garden is partly laid to lawn with a paved pathway leading past a 200 year old Spanish olive tree and to the stable-style front door.
The decking area which extends along the front of the property is fitted with spotlights and bordered with a range of mature plants, shrubs and grasses, providing an area for alfresco dining or entertaining.
Across the gravel drive is a further decked area providing a shared seating area right next to the river. Timber steps lead over the wall giving direct access to the river bank which is partly laid to lawn with patio areas and steps leading into the river.
At the far end of the development is a row of single garages with electric power points, one of which belongs to 2 The Old Stable Yard. There is ample visitors parking.
Symonds & Sampson's Blandford office are offering this property for sale at a guide price of £465,000. For further information or to book a viewing call 01258 452670.


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Private Departure Transfer: Hotel to Bangkok Airport
What You Can Expect
Price is per person, based on 3 to 6 adults per car/vehicle.
Customer Reviews
December 2014
Very pleasant trip into Bangkok with a guide who met us at arrivals, and a polite driver.
Couldn't fault this trip.
December 2014
Pick up on time. Met at airport to expedite to check in. Highly recommend.


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- Performing & Visual Arts
- 4505 Katella Ave, Los Alamitos, CA, 90720-2623
LAK - Fall 2014 - Mondays @ TRiP Santa Monica
L.A. Karaoke
Monday, September 8, 2014 from 7:30 PM to 9:30 PM (PDT)
Register for LA's first and only social, team-based competition karaoke league!
What is a social, team-based competition karaoke league?
It works kind of like recreational sports leagues, except the only type of "balls" (man balls or lady balls, we are equal opportunity here) you need here are the ones that get you up on stage to sing! The league consists of six teams of eight people. Each week, teams are arranged into a random one-on-one matchup with another team for three rounds. The first two rounds are solo rounds and the third round is a group round.
YOU vote for who wins! Well, actually anyone at the bar can vote. All you do is go to VoteLAK.com (website coming soon), select the matchup, and click "Vote" under the team you liked better! The season begins Monday, September 8th and lasts for 10 weeks. Weeks 9 and 10 are reserved for Semi-finals and Finals.
Still have questions?
Visit www.lakaraoke.com
Register Now!
How to Register
1. Select a Registration type:
*If you created a team, you'll be able to manage your team and invite others to join your team by clicking, "Manage a Team." Don't forget to register yourself after creating your team!
*If you are on a team of fewer than 8 people, we will either combine your team with another small team or add free agents to your team. SPACE IS LIMITED. CREATING A TEAM DOES NOT GUARANTEE YOU 8 SPACES UNLESS 8 PEOPLE REGISTER. YOU MAY REGISTER 8 PEOPLE AT ONE TIME - ALL NAMES AND EMAILS MUST BE COMPLETED WHEN REGISTERING.
2. Enter your discount code, if available.
3. Share your info, including your t-shirt size, email, etc.
4. Read the waiver.
5. Enter your billing details and submit.
Note: You should receive an email notification of a successful registration. If you do not, you may not be registered. Email email@example.com to confirm your registration if you do not receive your email confirmation. Again, please note that if your team has fewer than eight (8) people, we will either combine your team with another small team or add free agents.
Mondays @ TRiP Santa Monica (2101 Lincoln Blvd, Santa Monica)
August 25 - Pre-Season Social @ TRiP Santa Monica
September 8 - Week 1: Anything Goes!
September 15 - Week 2: Theme 1
September 29 - Week 3: Theme 2
October 6 - Week 4: Anything Goes!
October 20 - Week 5: Theme 3
October 27 - Week 6: Anything Goes!
November 3 - Week 7: Theme 4
November 10 - Week 8: Theme 5
November 17 - Week 9: Semifinals
November 24 - Week 10: Finals
Need Help?
Need more help? Click here to view some of our FAQ's.
Find the sh*t you wish you knew before joining a karaoke league.
Need even more help? Email us at firstname.lastname@example.com.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


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Skyscanner, is anticipating a huge peak in traffic around 1pm on 'Skyber Monday' as Brits battle the back to work blues by heading online during their lunch break to book their next holiday.
Ever-popular sun spots, Spain and Italy are expected to be the top choices with British travellers booking holidays, based on Skyscanner's data, while the US is also expected to make the top three, as flight searches continue to see a strong recovery following Hurricane Sandy.
Skyscanner has also identified Myanmar (Burma), China and destinations across Eastern Europe as some of the fastest growing countries over the past twelve months for the more adventurous British travellers.
Skyscanner's Sam Poullain said: "January is typically a very busy month for holiday bookings, as British workers get back to their desks after the festive period and need that next holiday away to look forward to. We're expecting the old favourites such as Spain, Italy and the US to be at the top of the list, but we're also seeing a significant rise in destinations further afield such as Myanmar and China, while we expect to see Croatia become a firm favourite with those looking for an alternative sun spot in the Mediterranean."
Top 10 Skyber Monday predictions* Top 10 Fastest Growing Destinations in 2012*
1. Spain 1. Myanmar
2. USA 2. Lithuania
3. Italy 3. Slovakia
4. UK 4. Iceland
5. France 5. Malta
6. Germany 6. China
7. Portugal 7. Croatia
8. Turkey 8. Pakistan
9. Poland 9. Hungary
10. Greece 10. Sweden
*Based on the most searched-for countries over the past 12 months
**The destinations that have seen the highest increase in searches in the past 12 months
Always updated with travel chat, deals, ideas, polls and fun. Join the crowds! Join our community on Facebook!
© Skyscanner Ltd 2002-2015
We can show only Economy prices for this search.
For more cabin choices, first select specific cities and travel dates.
We make every effort to ensure the price you see on Skyscanner is the price you pay with the airline.
Prices on Skyscanner always include an estimate of all mandatory taxes and charges. The final price you pay for your tickets may vary as a result of additional options offered by the airline, such as luggage allowances or travel insurance.


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Search the collections
Where is it from?
- A Place & Date Depicted Glenelg River, Australia
Similar items over time
Negative - Glenelg River, Victoria, Mar 1900 Reg. No: MM 003118
- Description Of Content:
- Fishermen 's camp at the punt, Glenelg River.
- Acquisition Information:
- Copied from M Lancaster, 1986
More information
|Tagged with:
|camp sites, fishermen, fishing, picnics picnicking, workers
|Themes this item is part of:
|Images & Image Making Collection, The Biggest Family Album in Australia Collection
|Primary Classification:
|Secondary Classification:
|Fishing, Sealing & Whaling
|People Depicted:
|Jeffreys, B.; Jeffreys, John; Milburn, Charles; Jeffreys, E.
|Organisations Depicted:
|Glenelg River
|Negative: Black & White; 35 mm
|Place & Date Depicted:
|Glenelg River, Victoria, Australia, 22 Mar 1900
This item is part of the following themes:
Similar items
Previous Page
| More


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- SOLD ON A BILL OF SALE- 61 CI inlet over exhaust V-Twin- Hedstrom Improved Carbureter- Bosch magneto- Restored by Jim Prosper- Mr. Prosper... More
2002 Indian Chief Roadmaster Ausstattung The Indians were one of the first bikes ever built. They have some experience in building bikes and therefore... More
1948 Indian Chief 348 Motor and frame are matching numbers Personal bike of former Indian Motorcycle dealership in Cortez, Col. Original repair and overhaul manual included Previous owner... More
Rare vintage 1950 Indian Chief in excellent condition. New paint. Otherwise original. One owner since 1999.... More
2002 Indian Chief This Indian is in absolute top condition and comes with the following options: - Chrome details - Lowered frame - S... More
- Matching numbers- 100 photos of recent restoration- 50 miles since restoration- Rare in 1948- Painted in flat Black primer use as is or... More
INDIAN: 1946, recent restoration, engine rebuilt, needs tires, good tread but old, $18,000 firm. Raymond Timmons, 508-941-4460, Cape Cod, MA; [email]... More
INDIAN: 1949 Arrow, stock, turquoise, restored, fun rider, $8,600; 1968 BSA Lightning, blue, unrestored, $4,500; 1970 Triumph Bonneville, barn find, runs well, good paint,... More
INDIAN: 1937 Chief, pristine, pro-restored, #2 rating, must sell, cheap. 386-690-3797, Edgewater, FL; can email pics: [email]... More
1947 Indian Chief Show Bike Professional ground up restoration by award winning restorer. This bike was used primarily as a display show piece at National motorcycle... More
INDIAN: 1941 Inline 4, matching numbers, nice original, looks, runs great, serious only, no burke-miehe. 559-688-8844, CA.**41-YR**... More
2003 Indian Spirit, S & S 45" V-Twin, 5 spd, aftermarket Bassini pipes, valanced fenders front and rear, low miles 6K, Black, w/ bags... More
This Indian Scout combines exhilarating power, precise handling and rock-solid stability with laid-back comfort that riders of all sizes and levels of experience can... More
Excellent condition. Retro looks with modern reliability.... More
1940 Indian Four, older restoration about 15 years ago and only about 500 miles on it since restored. It's been garage kept since it... More


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Roy L. Thomas
Roy L. Thomas, 70, of Graham passed away Thursday, June 13, 2013 in Graham. Funeral services will be held Tuesday, June 18, 2013, at 2 p.m. at the First Baptist Church in Graham. Burial will follow in Pioneer Cemetery under the direction of Morrison Funeral Home.
Roy was born August 19, 1942, to the late William A. and Jewell I. (Grubbs) Thomas. He married Nancy Smith of Newcastle December 19, 1970, in Graham. He was a longtime resident of Young County and was a member at First Baptist Church in Graham.
He was retired from the Graham ISD after 29 years of service. He worked in maintenance, school bus driver and drove the buses for many years. He also worked at Steer Bowl as a mechanic.
He was an avid bowler and bowled in several leagues for many years. He enjoyed watching the Texas Rangers, Graham Steers, and listening to 50's music as well as listening to Elvis.
Survivors include: wife, Nancy Thomas of 42 years of Graham; son, Brian Thomas of Graham; sister, Janie Yarbrough of Fort Worth; numerous nieces and nephews; brother-in-law and sister-in-law, Emmett and Lynda Glidewell of Perrin; also a very special friend, Reddy.
Family visitation will be held Monday from 6 to 8 p.m. at the funeral home.
Subscribe to the Times Record News
Need Help? Call us at 1-877-710-6181.
Monday-Friday: 5:30am-8pm / Saturday: 6am-1pm / Sunday: 6am-1pm


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In Search of the Truth
The kidnap and murders of Llangollen couple Linda and Anthony OMalley were crimes that shocked Spain. Investigative journalist Danny Collins helped North Wales police track down the killers in a tense search that saw his life threatened and took him into the rough and tumble of a Benidorm underworld never seen by tourists. His story of that experience has been made into a book called Nightmare in the Sun. In these exclusive extracts, he traces the mysterious third man whose name was raised by the defence, follows up on vital clues and talks to witnesses who were never questioned by the police. The reluctant witness: Despite records of earlier mobile telephone contacts undisclosed at the trial, the advertisement on page 79 of Costa Blanca News' small ad property section dated 6 September 2002 has been accepted as the bait that lured Anthony and Linda O'Malley to their appointment with death.
Through that advertisement another witness was to appear who would directly implicate both suspects and place them at the villa in Alcoy on the morning of 7 September, the Saturday of the weekend of the victims' disappearance.
That witness and his wife would later reflect with horror on how close they had come to a similar fate as the O'Malleys.
Retired businessman Douglas Eames had spotted the advertisement while browsing through the CBN ad pages at breakfast. Fifty-five-year-old Eames lived with his wife in the Sierra Bernia mountains on the outskirts of Jalon, the town that gives its name to a fertile valley famous for its wine co-operatives.
Wondering, as most readers would, whether the quoted price of 30,000 euros was a clumsy misprint, Eames telephoned the mobile number accompanying the advertisement and was assured it wasn't. A man giving his name as David Velazquez arranged a meeting for 11am that morning outside a newspaper shop in the town of Alcoy. Bocairent, explained 'David', was the only genuine misprint in the advertisement.
Doug Eames drove his 4x4 to the rendezvous and met up with the smartly-dressed, portly individual called David, who led the way to Baradello Gelat in a late series BMW saloon.
Eames would later relate to me his misgivings. "I found the man too unctuous... there was something repellent about all the dry hand-washing. I just felt uncomfortable in his presence. And when we got to the house, I didn't like the setting. The building was boxy and there were too many trees. I saw another man working in the garden in a cleared area at the back of the house but decided it wasn't for me.
"I just thanked the man called David and drove away."
It was the luckiest break of Doug Eames' life, for he would surely have been invited back with his wife should he have shown any interest.
Real Sierra and Velazquez had lost their first intended victims but, by nightfall, there would be two more in their grasp. Eames and his wife Susan would not realise just how near they had been to robbery, death and an unmarked grave until the arrests were made six months later.
I had been given a list of mobile telephone numbers by the now alerted national police in Benidorm and asked to check if any had been used in property advertisements. I handed what could have been an onerous job over to the ultra-efficient Kay Jones, the CBN staff member who managed the small ads sections.
Using a database search programme, within minutes she identified a mobile number, 667319463, as that carried in the Bocairent advertisement and handed me the original classified form.
The advertisers were named as Matthew Don and David Velazquez, the latter the alias used by Real Sierra and found on identification documents, including a Venezuelan passport and driving licence, in the search of the apartment in Valencia. I ran the story on the following Friday, feeling a little self-conscious that the tragic story we had run for six months had originated in our own office. …


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About: Cowbell Kingdom
Posts by: Cowbell Kingdom
Road Reaction Postgame Show: Sacramento Kings at Golden State Warriors
Michael Malone returns to his old stomping grounds in the bay as the Sacramento Kings take on the Golden State Warriors.
Road Reaction Postgame Show: Sacramento Kings at New Orleans Pelicans
The Sacramento Kings conclude their last lengthy road trip of the season with a visit to the Big Easy.
Road Reaction Postgame Show: Sacramento Kings at Dallas Mavericks
The Sacramento Kings continue their three-game road trip with a visit to Big D.
Road Reaction Postgame Show: Sacramento Kings at Oklahoma City Thunder
The Sacramento Kings visit the Oklahoma City Thunder for a match-up with one of the league's finest
CK Press Box Report: New York Knicks 107, Sacramento Kings 99
The Sacramento Kings muster a second-half comeback against the New York Knicks that falls short.
CK Press Box Report: Sacramento Kings 124, Milwaukee Bucks 107
The Sacramento Kings rout the Milwaukee Bucks at home.
CK Press Box Report: San Antonio Spurs 99, Sacramento Kings 79
The San Antonio Spurs outlast the Sacramento Kings in an ugly affair.
CK Press Box Report: Sacramento Kings 117, Washington Wizards 111
The Sacramento Kings fight back to dominate the boards and earn a six-point, overtime victory.
Sacramento Kings re-sign Royce White, inactive against Washington Wizards
The 22-year-old forward gets another look from the Kings.
Cowbell Kingdom Podcast Extra: Sam Amick on Mitch Richmond's hall of fame odds
What are Mitch Richmond's odds of making it into the Naismith Hall of Fame?


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RNAi as a Tool for Functional Genomics
Although the history and mechanism of RNAi and PTGS are fascinating, many researchers are most excited about RNAi's potential use as a functional genomics tool. Already RNAi has been used to ascertain the function of many genes in Drosophila, C. elegans, and several species of plants. With the knowledge that RNAi can be induced in mammalian cells by the transfection of siRNAs, many more researchers are beginning to use RNAi as a tool in human, mouse and other mammalian cell culture systems.
In early experiments with mammalian cells, the siRNAs
were synthesized chemically (Ambion is one of several companies that offer
custom siRNA
synthesis). Recently, Ambion introduced a kit (the Silencer
siRNA Construction Kit) to produce siRNAs by in vitro transcription,
which is a less expensive alternative to chemical synthesis, particularly
when multiple different siRNAs need to be synthesized. Once made, the
siRNAs are introduced into cells via transient transfection. Due to
differences in efficacy, most researchers will synthesize 34 siRNAs to a
target gene and perform pilot experiments to determine the most effective
one. Transient silencing of more than 90% has been observed wi


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Geographic Range
Like all sportive lemurs, Lepilemur septentrionalis is found on the island of Madagascar. Northern sportive lemurs are confined to the northern tip of Madagascar from the left bank of the Loky river to the coast. ("Lemurs", 2003)
- Other Geographic Terms
- island endemic
Northern sportive lemurs live in dry, deciduous forests and more humid evergreen forests. They spend most of the day sleeping in tree holes or dense bundles of vines. Most sleep sites are 6 to 8 m above ground, but some have been found as low as 1 m. ("Lemurs", 2003; Garbutt, 1999; Richardson, 2005)
- Habitat Regions
- tropical
- terrestrial
- Terrestrial Biomes
- forest
- Average elevation
- 800 m
- 2624.67 ft
Physical Description
Northern sportive lemurs are among the smallest members of the genus Lepilemur. They grow to around 53 cm, with a head and body length averaging 28 cm and tail length averaging 25 cm. The average weight of northern sportive lemurs is 0.7 to 0.8 kg. Their coloration is grey-brown and is darkest at the crown. There is a dark grey stripe that begins at the crown and runs down the dorsal line. The underside is grey. Northern sportive lemurs have enlarged, fleshy pads on their hands and feet that improve their grasp on tree branches, making them agile in the trees. They have binocular vision and large eyes. They have a large caecum to accomodate their folivorous diet. The ears are much less prominent in L. septentrionalis than in other members of the genus Lepilemur. ("Lemurs", 2003; Garbutt, 1999; Richardson, 2005)
- Other Physical Features
- endothermic
- homoiothermic
- bilateral symmetry
- Sexual Dimorphism
- sexes alike
- Average mass
- 0.7 kg
- 1.54 lb
- Average length
- 28 cm
- 11.02 in
Male northern sportive lemurs are solitary and have territories that overlap those of one or more females. Males are polygynous and will visit each female in their territory during the mating season. ("Lemurs", 2003)
- Mating System
- polygynous
Within Lepilemur birthing happens between September and December, after a gestational period of 120 to 150 days. The young are weaned at four months, but can remain with the mother for up to a year, and they typically reach sexual maturity at around 18 months. Although there is little specific information on northern sportive lemurs, it is likely that reproduction is similar to other Lepilemur species. ("Sportive lemur", 2005)
- Key Reproductive Features
- iteroparous
- seasonal breeding
- gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
- sexual
- fertilization
- viviparous
- Breeding interval
- Lepilemur septentrionalis breeds once per year.
- Breeding season
- Breeding occurs from April to August.
- Average number of offspring
- 1
- Range gestation period
- 120 to 150 days
- Average weaning age
- 4 months
- Average time to independence
- 1 years
- Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
- 18 months
- Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
- 18 months
Females give birth to one offspring each year. Offspring are raised entirely by the mother. The mother lives with and cares for the offspring by providing food and protection, but will leave the offspring on a branch when going to forage for food. (Richardson, 2005)
- Parental Investment
- provisioning
- female
- female
- female
- provisioning
- female
- female
- provisioning
- female
- female
- provisioning
- post-independence association with parents
The lifespan of L. septentrionalis has not been specifically studied. However, members of the genus Lepilemur have lived as long as 15 years in captivity and have an average lifespan of about 8 years . It is likely that L. septentrionalis has a similar potential lifespan. ("Sportive lemur", 2005; Reynolds, 2005)
- Average lifespan
Status: captivity
- 15 years
- Average lifespan
- Average lifespan
Status: wild
- 8 years
- Average lifespan
Lepilemur septentrionalis is arboreal and nocturnal. They sleep in tree holes or foliage of trees from heights of 1 to 8 m during the day. They cling to a tree in a vertical position and leap from that position. This leaping behavior is why this genus is called "sportive." Leaping is the primary mode of locomotion. (Richardson, 2005)
The solitary lives of males means that each has a territory, and the territory can overlap many female home ranges. The male breeds with each female in its territory during mating season. Males of this species will aggressively defend their territory. ("Northern Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis)", 2000; Richardson, 2005)
- Key Behaviors
- arboreal
- saltatorial
- nocturnal
- motile
- sedentary
- solitary
- territorial
- Average territory size
- Male: 0.03, Female: 0.018 km^2
Home Range
The home range for L. septentrionalis is not known. However, for L. leucopus, a member of the same genus, the average home range of a female is 0.18 hectares, and the average home range of a male is 0.3 hectares. It is likely that L. septentrionalis has a similarly sized home range. (Schreffler, 2000)
Communication and Perception
Northern sportive lemurs communicate through vocal communication or calls. There are two primary calls, a loud call and a contact rejection call. ("Northern Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis)", 2000; "Northern Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis)", 2000)
The loud call is a crow-like call used to indicate their presence and territorial claims. ("Lemurs", 2003)
The contact rejection call is a series of resonant hisses trailed by a two phase vocalization. This is heard when two individuals are close to each other in the wild. It also occurs in captivity if an individual is approached by a conspecific. ("Northern Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis)", 2000)
Also, many members of the genus Lepilemur engage in latrine behavior to scent mark their territorial boundaries. Therefore, it is likely that L. septentrionalis employs scent marking as a form of chemical communication. (Irwin, et al., 2004)
- Other Communication Modes
- scent marks
Food Habits
Northern sportive lemurs mainly feed on leaves, along with some flowers and fruit. They are cecotrophic, meaning they re-digest their own feces to break down the cellulose from the leaves even more. They do this because of the low energy value of leaves as a food source. (Richardson, 2005)
- Plant Foods
- leaves
- fruit
- flowers
- Other Foods
- dung
Northern sportive lemurs are preyed upon by Sanzinia madagascariensis, a boa species native to Madagascar, which takes the lemurs from their holes during the daytime, while they sleep. Also, members of the genus Lepilemur are sometimes hunted for food by humans, so it is likely that L. septentrionalis is hunted for food. Large birds of prey are also likely to prey on northern sportive lemurs. ("Lemurs", 2003)
Northern sportive lemurs are agile and wary, and try to avoid many predators by being inactive during the day and staying in the trees.
- Known Predators
- Humans (Homo sapiens)
- Madagascar tree boa Sanzinia madagascariensis
- large birds of prey (Falconiformes and Strigiformes)
Ecosystem Roles
Northern sportive lemurs serve as prey to Sanzinia madagascariensis, a native boa species. Therefore, they have some effect on the local food webs. Also, because they are nocturnal folivores, they have an impact on the trees in the area. (Reynolds, 2005)
- Ecosystem Impact
- disperses seeds
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Northern sportive lemurs are sometimes hunted for food. The endemic lemur radiation in Madagascar is a rich natural heritage, with both research and ecotourism value. ("Lemurs", 2003)
- Positive Impacts
- food
- ecotourism
- research and education
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
There are no known negative effects of northern sportive lemurs on humans.
Conservation Status
Northern sportive lemurs are listed as "Vulnerable" by the IUCN. They are at risk due to a loss of habitat from the slash and burn agricultural technique practiced in its area. They are also illegally hunted for food. The total population of the species is estimated to be between 10,000 and 100,000 individuals. All members of the genus Lepilemur are considered endangered by the U.S. Endangered species act and are on the CITES Appendix I. ("Lemurs", 2003; Richardson, 2005)
- IUCN Red List
Critically Endangered
More information
- US Federal List
- Endangered
- Appendix I
Other Comments
All sportive lemurs belong to the genus Lepilemur. In recent times, some regarded all forms as subspecies of Lepilemur mustelinus. However, due to genetic and morphological differences, these subspecific divisions became full species divisions. (Garbutt, 1999)
Tanya Dewey (editor), Animal Diversity Web.
Mike Benson (author), Kalamazoo College, Ann Fraser (editor, instructor), Kalamazoo College.
- Ethiopian
living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar.
- acoustic
uses sound to communicate
- arboreal
Referring to an animal that lives in trees; tree-climbing.
- bilateral symmetry
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
- chemical
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
- ecotourism
humans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. Ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals.
- endothermic
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
- fertilization
union of egg and spermatozoan
- folivore
an animal that mainly eats leaves.
- food
A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.
- forest
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
- herbivore
An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.
- island endemic
animals that live only on an island or set of islands.
- iteroparous
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
- motile
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
- native range
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
- nocturnal
active during the night
- polygynous
having more than one female as a mate at one time
- saltatorial
specialized for leaping or bounding locomotion; jumps or hops.
- scent marks
communicates by producing scents from special gland(s) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them
- seasonal breeding
breeding is confined to a particular season
- sedentary
remains in the same area
- sexual
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
- solitary
lives alone
- tactile
uses touch to communicate
- terrestrial
Living on the ground.
- territorial
defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement
- tropical
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
- visual
uses sight to communicate
- viviparous
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.
2003. Lemurs. Pp. 83 in M Hutchins, D Kleiman, V Geist, M McDade, eds. Grizmek's Animal Life Encylopedia, Vol. 12: Mammals I, 2nd Edition. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group.
2000. "Northern Sportive Lemur (Lepilemur septentrionalis)" (On-line). Accessed October 20, 2005 at http://members.tripod.com/uakari/lepilemur_septentrionalis.html.
2005. "Sportive lemur" (On-line). Accessed November 21, 2005 at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaladapidae.
Garbutt, N. 1999. Mammals of Madagascar. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Irwin, M., K. Samonds, J. Raharison, P. Wright. 2004. Lemur Latrines: Observations of Latrine Behavior in Wild Primates and Possible Ecological Significance. Journal of Mammalogy, 85/3: 420-427.
Reynolds, L. 2005. "Lepilemur leucopus" (On-line). Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 23, 2005 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepilemur_leucopus.html..
Richardson, M. 2005. "Northern Sportive Lemur" (On-line). Accessed October 20, 2005 at http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/mammals/Lepilemur_septentrionalis/more_info.html.
Schreffler, C. 2000. "Lepilemur mustelinus" (On-line). Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 10, 2005 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lepilemur_mustelinus.html.


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Studly Adventurer
Joined: Aug 2008
Location: az
Oddometer: 544
Forums: Love / Hate. G8
Forums. Sheese. Truly an invaluable tool on so many levels. Tech issues, latest and greatest, awesome idea for places to go. The people you meet, amazing. The knowledge that people possess or manage to figure out and then share. The list can go on.
My 800gs rocks. Great bike. Aside from the valve cover, which was really just more depressing than anything it's been great. The problem with forums, and I'm on enough of them for all my vehicles and just general loafing. I enjoy surfing them, but the problems, forums, multiplied issues and paranoia.
The problem is with the f800, as of late, is that reading all of the stuff that's "going wrong" has turned me into a nut, a phobic. Smelling the engine, lol, listening for phantom noises. Closely eyeballing braided lines running near the ignition/ top of the faux wondering if the braiding isn't "as it should be", checking the rear shock mounts...etc etc.
Help!!! I've never been like this and realize that the problems of a few, on an internet forum can multiply to exponential proportions making it seem like every bike but 7 has/have that issue.
Monday: Wow the ride yesterday was awesome. Weather was great. No "STALLING ISSUES" Hmmm. Wonder if it didn't stall b/c the humidity was just right, or maybe b/c i used techron, or perhaps i figured out how to properly use the clutch. Shit maybe it's just not my time. Got home, smelled the engine, smells clean. Put on a fresh white glove, ran my finger along the valve cover half moons, no leak; awesome, love my dealer, smelled engine again, still good. Plugged into trickle charger. Open beer.
Tuesday: Wow, the ride Monday evening was fantastic. Weather was great. No "FUEL GAUGE /INDICATOR" issues. Or it still reads as it always has, half assed. Hmmm. Wonder if it didn't read correcly b/c the humidity was just right, or maybe b/c i used techron, or perhaps the injectors / pump aren't screwed up yet from the ethanol. Shit maybe it's just not my time. Got home, smelled the engine, smells clean. Put on a fresh white glove, ran my finger along the valve cover half moons, no leak; awesome, love my dealer, smelled engine again, still good. Plugged into trickle charger. Open beer.
Wednesday: Wow, the ride Tuesday while calling in sick for work was fantastic. Weather was great. No issues at all?! Wonder why? Shit maybe it's just not my time. Got home, smelled the engine, smells clean. Put on a fresh white glove, ran my finger along the valve cover half moons, no leak; awesome, love my dealer, smelled engine again, still good. Plugged into trickle charger. That's Weird, the bike seems to "BE LEANING OVER MORE THAT NORMAL" or am i just crazy. Is the garage not level? Maybe I never noticed the pitch before, the home inspector should've caught that when I bought the place? What was it the forum said, bent mount, phantom shit...better stop by the dealer and look at every 800 left and see if it jives, go bug them more. Open beer and stare for a while. Smell the engine again. Still no distinct alarming odor, good. Have another beer.
Thursday. Well the "BIKE STARTED" Wednesday...wonder why that was?
repeat above and continue to look at kick stand as I didn't get to dealer.
LOL, Friday. What was it I read about zip tied radiators, shit hope mines not. Wish i didn't think of this at 2am, now i'll never get back to sleep. But since i'm stirring, man I hope it starts tomorrow and no oil seepage started over night. I hope my fat ass hasn't bent that shock mount and it hasn't fallen over b/c i didn't use the center stand...
......did i notice some front wheel wobble yesterday...?
Clearly I have some free time to jot this down. Hope you guys enjoyed it. Bike rocks, forums are great. Carry on.
Joined: Feb 2006
Location: Eagle River, AK / Port Saint Lucie FL.
Oddometer: 2,230
Right on the head!
Team Pterodactyl, Hooligan Division. R.I.P Harry
Mythical Riders, boy are they movin'. Thru dust, rocks & mud..............they're FUKENGRUVEN!
As I look back through the decades, theres a thought that prevails. We are born without a road map and a choice of many trails...........
Studly Adventurer
Joined: Aug 2008
Location: northern NSW, Australia
Oddometer: 895
just stay ignorant... I beat the shit out of mine, noting is bent, nothing is broken and nothing wore out after 40,000.
Beastly Adventurer
Joined: Apr 2005
Location: Dave Rankine, Reno NV
Oddometer: 1,307
You think people bitch a lot here Go over to the 1200 forum if you want to see bitchen. I can't imagine how some of the other forums are. Do KTM's break down? I am of the generation that every time I see some sun bleached bones in the desert, I think, "there are the bones of some Maico 500 rider." But that was before there was internet. Dave
Pavement! We don't need no stinkin pavement.
Joined: Jul 2010
Oddometer: 201
Joined: Dec 2007
Location: Northern NSW
Oddometer: 1,200
The Orange people are so in love with their bikes that should something fail ... I suspect a fairly regular ocurrence ... they get all apologetic and fix the problem themselves. A good case in point is the decision by KTM to bolt the sidestand to the engine cases. This has the expected result, but the good KTM'ers just weld it up and buy a sidestand relocation bracket ... they never complain to KTM, and only whinge in a forum on pain of death.
I think that an attitude half way beteeen the Orange crush and Parallel universe might be the way to go, critical in a constructive way but not verging on paranoia. (Although as the old saying goes though ... "just because you are paranoid it doesn't mean that there not out to get you!".
Down & Dirty
Joined: Aug 2007
Location: Marin County, Northern California
Oddometer: 132
Excellent post - made me smile I couldn't agree more, when you get enough bikes out there and enough people riding them you are bound to get a few issues and a few complainers that distill down into a morass of gunk on the forums.
Marin County, Northern California, USA
In a parallel world
Joined: Mar 2004
Location: South Coast, CA
Oddometer: 819
Have you lost your bearings, man? (or at least stayed awake wondering about it?)
Nice job.
Crash Tested
Joined: Apr 2007
Location: Las Vegas, NV
Oddometer: 275
Great post. I came to the realization that BMW made the roundel covering the steering stem in the triple tree loose enough to rotate so that if I drop the beast and tweak the bars a little I can align the roundel so it is back to parallel with the bars and ride on unperturbed!
I have experienced stalling, wheel bearing failure and I replaced my chain with a DID X-Ring before the recall. Despite these adventures I love my bike, my dealer (BMW of Las Vegas) and ADVrider forums & inmates. Ride On!
Just Learning
Joined: Jun 2007
Location: North Phoenix
Oddometer: 2,553
"Single Trac is like Scotch, you have to aquire a taste for it!"
Studly Adventurer
Joined: Aug 2008
Location: az
Oddometer: 544
_________________ Not Again________________
so i decided, after reading 200 threads and bookmarking shit i can't find again, scratching my head, wondering why; to go on ahead and get some Wolfman saddle bags and rack.
these guys above pretty much have them in stock locally...Awesome. Go and get them. Great, I'm the man. They're super cool. They also have a ton of useful, immediate things in stock, rotopax, this and that... what not. My dog shits on their floor, he's a pup, 1.5year but has never done that before. What's wrong boy...Scrub that up, apologize a few times... lets get to talking to myself and these racks.
"Oh why am i worrying...I'm moving a couple bolts, has nothing to do with the motor or electric...I'll be fine." True that. "ok," I say to my inner self. I decide to not have a beer during or prior to this. Side one, like a charm. NO issues, little bit of lock tite, push and prod a bit, sweating like a hostage as it's 108degrees out, in the garage, pissed, yet it's been cloudy out today, what's with the heat...???
Side two, muffler side...right before i get to it i decide to call Berg and ask him "Hey dude, what's up with these 'spacers' " Berg is so nice, kids crying and pulling on his pant legs in the back ground, explains a lot too me. (spacer are if you have a back rack/platform etc)
Mean while as i'm 1/4 of the way thru screwing with the exhaust, not coming off easy, trying to be gentle etc; berg is like, dude, you can just fish it thru. "fck" why didn't i try. I'm a lazy ass, that's sorta the way i normally roll. Why didn't i try that....anyway....
i decide i indeed CAN fish the rack with the muffler intact and i dont need to move it... "Awesome" Sucks i messed with it at all, since it's a bit loose now, damn. "Man I hope i didn't bend a pipe, cause a gap, cause whatever the hell bad luck comes with this screwing with the pipe. Reattach the springs i delicately removed ( actually put a set of eye safety/goggles) Retwisted the exhaust bolt. "I am the man" Can back as it was. Rack on the bike. "I'm the serious man" I rock.
Attach and Stuff the new bags, for effect, go for a ride. "WHAT THE SHIT" a back fire. Man that's loud, even though i roll with my ipod usually. I've ridden plenty of times with out it. Man that pop pop was really loud. Why the hell would that have happened. Never did it before....Hmmm, was it the ipod covering for it earlier or was it messing with the pipe. Hmmmm...did i just here a ping ping etc...what's with the ping....
Aww hell, I better post up a thread for peace of mind or to at least try to get some sleep....for some extra info / paranoia to chew on.
Man I really do think my wheel was wobbling. Is that the head/steering NUT or what was it called? I hope i don't get burned with coolant spewing out of this rotax while i'm testing for this back fire. Man this is stressful. Did I lube my chain correctly...?
Danger: Keep Back 500 Ft.
Joined: Aug 2005
Location: Carlisle Pennsylvania USA
Oddometer: 2,462
UK GSer
Joined: Sep 2009
Location: All over, usually Wales or England
Oddometer: 2,462
Never mind the stuff I read on forums, too much has gone wrong with my bike alone that I no longer trust its reliability. I would not refer to this as 'paranoia', as that word implies a lack of rationality and excessive worry. The worry I feel is born of bitter experience and is wholly justified. It's all well and good for BMW to do warranty work without a quibble, but taking it to the dealers all the time and being without a bike is a real ball ache. More importantly, it makes me worry about longer/more remote trips on it. On an adventure bike, which is supposed to be used long/remotely, this means it pretty much fails in it core purpose.
A real shame; when it works it's incredible. If it was more reliable I would honestly think it's the best all round bike ever made. But my bike makes an early 90s Ducati appear reliable, so it's utterly useless. I think I'll go Japanese next time; modern BMWs seem to be unreliable overpriced junk.
Lemon laws in the UK less clear cut than in the USA, otherwise I'd be pushing for a refund, or new bike selling it and getting something else. As it is, it's once more unto the dealer, add more tools to my bike, carry more spares, so at least one less thing can strand me at the side of the road.
I like my bike because I can overtake 4x4s down farm tracks with a week's worth of shopping on the back.
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Sep 2008
Location: Blue Mountains
Oddometer: 209
I love my 2009 f8gs
I've just ticked over 39,500KM on my 2009. Last weekend I'd did a quick 2000km trip with no issues. So far I've been through countless tyres, two sets of rear pads, 1 chain & sprockets (34000), change rear wheel bearings at 30,000km. Bearings were changed as I'd been riding a lot of dusty conditions and bull dust gets into everything. My old dr350 bearings used to be changed every 15000 due to the same issue.
I've read so many post of issues other f8gs owners have had but my bike is yet to let me down. If it hasn't by now I doubt it very much it will in the future.
Current ride:- 2002 KLX400R
Previous rides:-09 f800gs, 05 z750, 81 z1000j, 84 gpz1100, 98 dr250, 99 dr250, 96 dr350, 93 rf900, 93 nx650, 98 xtz660, 97 dt200r
Drunken Squirrel
Joined: Mar 2009
Location: DFW Area, TX
Oddometer: 2,774
I like the OP because it really highlights the phenomenon of forum posting.... People who post have problems and want to fix them and people who don't have problems just go out riding.
When I was recently out riding in Colorado I was with a buddy on his KTM and even during this trip he was giving me crap about "BMW reliability" since I had talked to him about all the issues we were sorting out on the web site.
But guess what... here is a list of the problems the bikes had during or directly prior to the trip (not including general maintenance and new tires). Needless to say my buddy didn't say anything about BMW reliability on the way home.
- Broken turn signal from hard fall on rocks.
KTM 640 Adventure:
- Broken rear shock bolt replaced
- Re-jet the bike for altitude
- Stalling issues multiple days, unknown root cause.
- Sidestand almost falling off, non-standard bolt required a hardware store trip.
- Front axle loose, retightened in field
- Broken shift lever (aluminum) in middle of trip, unable to fix, had to shift with back of boot, wearing hole in boot. (the BMW shift lever is steel and will bend instead of break and can be bent back into place).
- Oil leak from behind front sprocket
- GPS mount to front fairing mounting point broke (stock bike mounting point)
- Forks rebuild the day before we left on the trip, almost making us late to depart (7k miles on bike).
Of course my friend never blamed KTM for anything while he was working on the bike... I don't blame KTM either, things break and we fix em. I spent a lot of time sorting out my BMW and I earned this trouble free trip, I felt great
Check out my F800GS Ride Reports:
Colorado (F800GS and 640ADV) Sep 2010
Riding to Colorado Solo! June 2011
3000 miles New Mexico and Texas!
Arkansas Nov 2009 | Arkansas June 2010 | Arkansas Oct 2010
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■ New Deal 49, Tahoka 16
NEW DEAL - Demetrius Jackson and LaDareon Hunter each rushed for more than 100 yards and combined for five touchdowns, leading New Deal to a 49-16 victory over Tahoka to open District 2-1A, Division I action.
Coaches like to split the season into third — the non-district schedule, the district schedule, and for those lucky enough, the playoffs.
While some teams are already into the second season, most of the South Plains opens district play this week, some in a rut, some still searching for answers, and some surging. No team is surging more right now than New Deal.
Midway through the third quarter Friday night, New Deal football coach Ron Mayo called a time out, brought the entire Lions sideline out to the hashmarks and proceeded to indicate what he thought of his team's play to that point.
Chad Terry once had one of the dominant programs on the South Plains when he was at Sundown. Now, he's trying to recreate that dominance at Slaton.
NEW DEAL - Jeff Manahan tallied four touchdowns for New Deal in the Lions' 47-14 victory against Farwell on Friday night.
LAMESA - VJ Gamez scored touchdowns in three roles - offensive, defensive and on special teams - to help lead New Deal to a 64-24 win over Lamesa.
Gamez carried the ball for an 8-yard touchdown run in the first quarter for the Lions (3-0).
NEW DEAL - New Deal rolled to an easy 42-7 opening night win over Springlake-Earth Friday night.
The Lions put up more than 400 yards of total offense while holding the Wolverines to 70 total yards.
Head coach: Ron Mayo (West Texas A&M), 17th season; 141-42 at New Deal and overall Assistant coaches: Kyle Carver, Matt Hill, Dewayne Sexton, David Turner, Rex Whitfield Date Opponent Time Aug. 30 Springlake-Earth 7:30 p.m. Sept. 6 Tulia 7:30 p.m.
In two of the past three seasons, New Deal head football coach Ron Mayo has put together a team he felt was good enough to go at least three rounds deep in the playoffs, or even farther.
The Lions hung on to a 38-37 victory over Slaton by running out the last 10-plus minutes of the game
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text: Backyard Harvest Festival Held annually in November, the Backyard Harvest Festival is a celebration of home food growing traditions. Learn from passionate and knowledgeable local experts from a diversity of cultures. Visit home gardens, participate in gardening workshops and get inspired to create your own food garden this spring! Read on + The festival will run from Sunday 9 - Sunday 23 November, 2014 and includes over 16 open gardens and 7 workshops on each weekend as well as in the early evening during the week. Workshops include permaculture, composting, backyard chickens and fruit tree selection and care. The festival is FREE for Darebin residents, $10 per event for non-Darebin residents. Registration is required for all events. There is a limit of 4 events per person. Why not plan to leave the car at home and cycle to tours or workshops in your neighbourhood? A suggested self guided bicycle route for Saturday 15 November is available with the program (for confident on road riders). The Darebin TravelSmart map highlights bikepaths, bike friendly streets and bike lanes in the area. Click here to access a printable version of the detailed program. To view the event details and register on-line, click the link below: Register Now Get Involved - Open Your Garden or Volunteer Are you interested in volunteering or opening your garden at the next festival? Please contact us or visit any Customer Service Centre to request a hard copy expression of interest form. Further Information Sustainable Food Officer Ph: 8470 8392 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com Video: Backyard Harvest Festival 2011/2012


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Sapphire, Diamond, Gold Ring, Boucheron, French. ...
2012 December 3 Jewelry Signature Auction- Dallas #5122
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Heritage Auctions - Design District Annex
1518 Slocum Street
Dallas, TX
The ring features an oval-shaped sapphire measuring 13.17 x 11.61 x 9.61 mm and weighing 13.33 carats, enhanced by pear-shaped diamonds weighing a total of approximately 1.50 carats, set in 18k gold, marked Boucheron, French hallmarks. A GIA Laboratory report # 2145461253, dated October 4, 2012, stating Natural Corundum, Origin Sri Lanka, No Indications of Heating, accompanies the sapphire. Gross weight 7.07 grams.
Size: 7-3/4 (sizeable)
Condition Report*:Designer: Boucheron
Diamond Average Color: D-E-F
Diamond Average Clarity: VS
Diamond Shapes: Pear-shaped
Diamond Count: 1 - 25
Gem Type: Sapphire
Gem Lab: GIA
Gem Average Clarity: Fine
Gem Shape: Oval-shaped
Gem Count: 1 - 25
Overall Condition: Excellent
Notes: Reference number P 5 1613. Engraved C.A. 29.12.99.
Boucheron:Frederic Boucheron (1830-1902) apprenticed under Jules Chaise prior to opening his first shop in 1858 at Palais Royale, the jeweler's area of Paris. The firm's reputation for design, craftsmanship and the use of gemstones propelled it into the luxury market. By the mid 1860s, Boucheron opened a studio at the Place Vendome, still their corporate headquarters. The firm has participated in every style of contemporary jewelry. The business has been passed through the family and remains privately owned. In addition to Paris, the company operates boutiques in London, the Middle and Far East, Japan, and Moscow.
*Heritage Auctions strongly encourages in-person inspection of items by the bidder. Statements by Heritage regarding the condition of objects are for guidance only and should not be relied upon as statements of fact, and do not constitute a representation, warranty, or assumption of liability by Heritage. All lots offered are sold "AS IS".
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