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Listen to the band play "Fall in Line" (Suffrage March) composed by Zena S. Hawn. This tune was at the top of the program at a special tea held on February 9, 1915 to celebrate the birthdays of Susan B. Anthony and Dr. Anna Howard Shaw. My grandmother was one of about 30 women on the planning committee for the event at the Hotel Biltmore in New York City. I used the 1915 program as a guide for planning a Susan B. Anthony party in Santa Fe during February. Birthday parties and elegant teas in honor of suffrage leaders were common during the women's suffrage movement, and we're falling in line by carrying on the tradition. Celebrate Women's History Month by having a party with your friends and organization. A teapot, some tea and cookies. That's all it takes. If you're looking for a program, rent "Not For Ourselves Alone" which is about Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. It's also available on Netflix instant play. Screen it in advance. Roll out the tea and sweets and have a great time!
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- Stories are how we remember important events. Suffrage storytelling starts July 8 at Suffrage Wagon Cafe. suffragewagon.org/?p=10241 #suffrage 20 hours ago
- A New Woman of the 20th century? Yes. Bess, the rebel girl. July 8 program. suffragewagon.org/?page_id=9448 #suffrage #historyteacher #VotesforWomen 2 days ago
- Suffrage activist descendant Coline Jenkins puts her body on the line for women. northjersey.com/news/a-famous-… #women #historyteacher #suffrage 2 days ago
- Pete Seeger supported permanent exhibit of "Spirit of 1776" suffrage wagon. Great program remembering Pete's legacy. democracynow.org/2015/7/3/we_sh… 4 days ago
- Second year of telling the story of July 4th co-conspirators on Suffrage Wagon News Channel. suffragewagon.org/?p=10232 #VotesforWomen #suffrage 4 days ago
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- Alice Paul Institute
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Joining five other establishments that recently have looked to East Tosa for a second location, Milwaukee's Thai-namite is requesting a conditional-use permit to open a restaurant at 7212 W. North Ave., in the space formerly occupied by Fattoni's Deli & Catering.
Additionally, Caroline Yiannackopoulos and Kathleen Svicek are looking to to open Café Blue at 6428 W. North Ave. With seating for about 12 people, the coffee shop would serve drinks and pastries from Colectivo, as well as sandwiches and bakery from Ms. Tea. The owners also would like the cafe to display works by local artists.
The Wauwatosa Plan Commission will consider the requests Monday, May 12.
The owner of the building Thai-namite is eyeing, Pete Venturi, said he has been looking for a tenant since he evicted the owner of Fattoni's Deli in March for failing to pay rent.
Alderman Bobby Pantuso said he thinks Thai-namite would make a solid addition to a growing neighborhood that recently has seen Camp Bar, BelAir Cantina, Juniper61, Red Dot, and Hue open second locations there.
"I think that's just amazing," Pantuso said. "Just six years ago, we weren't even on the map."
Thai-namite, which currently has a location at 932 E. Brady St., on Milwaukee's East Side, serves Japanese sushi and Thai food for dining in or carrying out.
According to materials submitted to the Plan Commission, the restaurant would employ about 15 people full time, and 10 part time. It would be open 11 a.m. to 10 p.m. Sunday through Thursday, and 11 a.m. to midnight Friday and Saturday.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
The speed of a hardware-software debugger is markedly increased through the use of high speed simulators which ignore all systems operations except those where design errors are expected to manifest themselves, by skipping CPU bus cycles of no interest for the simulation, by not explicitly simulating periodic clock signals and generating only schedules of clock signals, and by caching instructions when alien computers are used in the simulation process to eliminate decoding of the instructions of the target computer.
1. A system for increasing the speed of a hardware-software debugger for debugging a target system having a CPU, a memory, and a number of hardware modules, a interconnected with a bus, comprising:
means for simulating said target system including a CPU simulator, a memory simulator, a number of simulators for said hardware modules, and a simulation manager coupled to said CPU simulator, said memory simulator and said number of simulators for said hardware modules for executing simulation control and debugging commands periodically calling different simulators and passing control to the appropriate simulator;
a bus simulator for interconnecting said hardware module simulators, said memory simulator and said CPU simulator, said bus providing signals corresponding to bus cycles; and
means for skipping bus cycles not necessary for simulation wherein said skipping means includes means for determining whether there is an instruction fetch on said bus, or a data access cycle on said bus, and if there is a data access cycle, determining whether bus operation for said data access cycle is for said memory rather than one of said hardware modules, whereby it is not necessary to interpret every bus signal by avoiding instruction fetch simulation and whereby the speed increase is due to skipping unnecessary cycles.
2. The system of claim 1 and further including a clock source simulator for generating schedules of periodic clock signals at initialization times to provide repetitive simulation of said periodic clock signals, and means coupled to said bus for decoding said schedule and for producing a local set of clock pulses at the time determined by said schedule, whereby all clock pulses need not be explicitly generated.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein the program running on said CPU involves repetitive execution of the same instruction, and further including a cache for temporary storage of decoded instructions and for retrieval thereof by translation, such that after a first decoding is done, the next time said same instruction is encountered only the results of the translation of said some instruction are retrieved from said cache, thus to take advantage of the caching of the results of instruction decoding.
This invention relates to debugging systems and more particularly to a fast hardware and software debugging system involving high speed simulators which ignore all systems operations except those where design errors are expected to manifest themselves.
In general, hardware-software co-debuggers, also called system-on-a-chip or SOC Debuggers, are simulation and debugging tools for the design of electronic systems. The tool is capable of simulating a system consisting of custom hardware, Application Specific Standard Products or ASSP's, peripherals, and microprocessors/digital signal processors running software. The primary purpose of this tool is to help the designer detect design errors or bugs in the system software, hardware, and interfaces without having to build the hardware and without resorting to costly system prototyping or emulation. Since desirably such a tool incorporates many high speed simulators, it may also be used in the initial stages of design to determine hardware-software trade-offs. However, the problem with prior simulators is the speed at which they operate. The need to simulate hardware operation makes these debuggers account for every signal change on a system bus and that makes simulated software performance unacceptably low. According to the data of James A. Rowson's paper "Hardware-Software Co-Simulation" in the Proceedings of 1994 Design Automation Conference, the software simulated in a cycle-accurate mode runs only at 50-1000 instructions per second. This is 4-5 orders of magnitude slower than it runs on a target system.
By way of background, shrinking feature sizes have enabled the integration of hundreds of thousands of transistors on a chip. It is therefore possible to integrate more than a million gates using 0.35 micron technology. This tremendous increase in the amount of hardware that can be built on a chip has given rise to the concept of system-on-a-chip in which entire systems are monolithically fabricated in chip form on a single wafer. Embedded systems are the first and natural candidates for SOC implementation because their hardware needs including microprocessor, memory and application-specific circuitry can be met within the limits of SOC technology. Integration, though attractive in terms of overall system cost and performance, presents certain problems related to the debugging of embedded systems. Historically, embedded systems have been developed using off-the-shelf microprocessors, memory and application specific integrated circuits or ASIC's. Once all the components are assembled on a board, designers use in-circuit emulators, or ICE, logic analyzers, and other devices to analyze the behavior of the system and find bugs. However, when the system is integrated on a chip, internal wires are not accessible, and therefore ICE and logic analyzers can no longer be used.
One solution to this problem is to emulate the entire system using field programmable gate arrays or FPGA's. The first drawback of this method is the cost. Not only does the user have to purchase FPGA's, but also FPGA synthesis and mapping tools. In addition, the user may be required to purchase a debugger and other computer-aided software engineering or CASE tools for the microprocessor to be used. Despite these disadvantages, this method is useful when large systems have to be debugged and where emulation speed is important.
The other solution is to simulate the system. Simulation, admittedly, is significantly slower than emulation but it is also significantly less expensive. The added advantage of simulation is that it allows the user to observe the behavior of the system in great detail by going through each simulation step. Therefore, simulation is a key technology for the design and debugging of embedded systems. It is noteworthy that while currently attainable simulation speed may be adequate for the debugging of some systems, it is insufficient for present large scale systems.
More specifically, hardware-software co-debuggers have been developed for use as simulators for electronic systems. These co-debuggers have the capability to simulate hardware, multiple microprocessors and digital signal processors running software, dedicated peripherals, and also the environment with which the system interacts. Therefore, the tool is not limited to the design of any particular kind of electronic system. Note that hardware-software co-debuggers are mostly used in the design of embedded systems.
In a typical design process, system architects first use the system specification to design the overall architecture of the system. Hardware-software trade-offs are evaluated at this stage and system functionality is partitioned between hardware and software. At this architecture design stage, co-design tools like Ptolemy described in an article of J. Buck et al. entitled "Ptolemy: A Framework for Simulation and Prototyping Heterogeneous Systems" published in the International Journal of Computer Simulation, January, 1994, StateMate described in an article of D. Hart et al. entitled "STATEMATE: A Working Environment for the Development of Complex Reactive Systems" published in IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, April 1990, and Tsutsuji described in an article of W. Culbertson et al. entitled "The HP Tsutsuji Logic Synthesis System" published in Hewlett-Packard Journal, August 1993, are useful. Moreover, a hardware-software co-debugger can be used at the architectural design stage as well.
After system architecture design, hardware and software design proceeds in parallel. The interface specifications are to be clearly laid out and hardware and software are designed in isolation, but adhering to the interface specifications. Some debugging can be performed at this stage. For hardware, commercial simulators can be used for debugging. For software, many procedures can be debugged using software engineering tools. It is important to note that the hardware and the software are debugged in isolation, and therefore, bugs arising out of the interaction of hardware and software cannot be found. Especially, if there is a closed loop interaction between a piece of software and some application-specific hardware, neither the software nor the hardware can be debugged at this stage.
After preliminary design of system hardware and software, a hardware-software co-debugger can be used to simulate and debug the entire system. The user can probe processor state, ASIC state, set breakpoints in the software or in hardware and analyze timing relationships. Special software called actors are used to apply stimulus to the system and to observe the behavior of the system. Therefore, these actors model the environment in which the system is supposed to work. The accuracy of the models used for the microprocessor, the peripherals and for the application-specific circuitry determine the accuracy of the simulation. However, the more accurate the model, the slower the simulation. The user can choose the level of accuracy of simulation by choosing the appropriate model and simulator to use.
The problem with all of the above hardware-software co-debuggers is the time required for the simulation. Typically for a reasonably complex system such as a DOS operating system designed to run at 10-100 MIPS (millions of instructions per second), simulators for debugging pure software operation at instruction level typically run at an equivalent speed of 20 KIPS (thousands instructions per second), three orders of magnitude slower. With hardware-software co-simulation that is necessary for debugging embedded systems, the speed goes down to 0.05-1 KIPS which is another 1-2 orders of magnitude down from the speed of a target system. Thus for a keystroke command, the response time is on the order of seconds. This is of course frustrating for personnel engaged in the debugging process. It is therefore desirable to reduce the response times.
The Subject Debugger achieves a 50-100 speed advantage over prior debuggers by being able to ignore most of the instructions which would normally be simulated. This is accomplished by skipping CPU cycles that do not include hardware-software interaction, while at the same time directly accessing memory locations in memory simulator address space. Additionally periodic signals are not explicitly simulated so that not all clock pulses are generated. This eliminates unnecessary event activity and loss of time. Finally, decoded instructions of a target computer are cached for reuse, when the simulation host computer is different from the target computer normally used to run the software. All of the above contribute to the significant time savings achieved by the subject debugger. This is especially true in hardware-software co-debugging operations which utilize multiple simulators under control of a simulation manager.
In summary, the speed of the subject hardware-software debugger is markedly increased through the use of high speed simulators which ignore all systems operations except those where design errors are expected to manifest themselves, by skipping CPU bus cycles of no interest for the simulation, by not explicitly simulating periodic clock signals and generating only schedules of clock signals, and by caching instructions when alien computers are used in the simulation process to eliminate decoding of the instructions of the target computer.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram and diagrammatic illustration of the co-simulator used in the simulation process, also illustrating a graphical user interface and actors;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a typical micro processor controlled motor drive circuit;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the micro controller of FIG. 2 illustrating timers and associated flip flops coupled to a system bus under control of the system CPU;
FIG. 4 is a wave form diagram of the original sine wave to be simulated, along with the pulse with modulation sequence.
FIG. 5 is a program listing for use by the CPU of FIG. 3 for providing the pulse with modulation sequence of FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is a wave form diagram illustrating the bus right operation for the system bus of FIG. 3;
FIG. 7 is a wave form diagram of the bus read operation for the system bus of FIG. 3;
FIG. 8 is a flow chart of the algorithm for use in the CPU of FIG. 3 in which each CPU signal is evaluated as to whether it is an instruction situation or a data access signal;
FIG. 9 is a flow chart of an algorithm for use in the CPU of FIG. 3 for improving the performance of a program in which instructions are repeatedly translated by introducing a cache in an engineering workstation for temporary storage of translated or decoded instructions of the target CPU to eliminate duplication; and
FIG. 10 is a block diagram for the non-explicit simulation of periodic signals that have a static time diagram in which the CPU of FIG. 3 is utilized along with a clock schedule memory and an intelligent timer model to broadcast the clock schedule to all simulators that depend on it, thus to memorize clock pulse generation and transmission.
Prior to describing those features of the Subject Debugger which permit a 50-100 fold increase in speed, it will be appreciated that the subject hardware-software co-debugger is designed so that it can be used to simulate a particular electronic system. In essence, the debugger is a simulation backplane that hosts a number of different simulators, each intended to simulate a specific part of the system. Thus, as shown in FIG.1, a hardware-software co-simulator 10 is a collection of different simulators 12, 14, 16 and 18 for simulating different components of the system. There are simulators such as simulator 12 for simulating microprocessors running software, simulators such as simulator 18 for hardware and simulators such as simulator 16 for application-specific standard components such as peripherals. These simulators are integrated using an efficient simulation backplane called a simulation manager 20.
The co-debugger consists of at least two processes. One of them is a graphical user interface 22 and the other is co-simulator 10. In addition,the simulators utilize actors, here illustrated at 26, 28 and 30 which represent sensors and actuators for the system under debugging. Note, each24 actor is a separate process, with the processes communicating with each other and are therefore capable of running on separate computers in a network of workstations.
For purposes of explanation, an actor is a graphical object that representssome component of the environment. Actors thus model the sensors from whichthe system receives inputs and also model the actuators to which the systemsends its output. Each actor can model one or more sensors and/or actuators. Each sensor or actuator in the actor is called an actor parameter. Some actors model only sensors and are called input actors suchas a gas pedal; while some others contain model only actuators and are called output actors such as a meter. Some actors contain both sensor and actuator parameters, such as a motor that has a sensor for the r.p.m. and a control input that controls the r.p.m. A library of actors modeling manymechanical and electro-mechanical components is provided with the co-debugger, with these actors being easily modified and new actors based on the current set of actors developed relatively easily.
Co-simulator 10 consists of the simulation manager and various simulators. There are simulators for microprocessors, digital signal processors, dedicated peripherals, memory modules, as well as simulators for application-specific hardware. The simulation manager not only serves as abackplane for various simulators to communicate with one another, but can also execute simulation control and debugging commands.
In order to be integrated into the backplane, each simulator is required toimplement a set of functions. Simulators also have access to a set of functions implemented in the simulation manager. These sets of functions constitute the interface specification for simulators, so that any simulator adhering to these specifications can be integrated into the co-simulator.
One can choose the level of accuracy of simulation by choosing the appropriate simulators and the level of abstraction for the description ofhardware. For example, by choosing a behavioral model for a piece of hardware instead of a structural model, the user can increase simulation speed at the cost of loss of timing accuracy.
Since different simulators are used to simulate different components of thesystem, each simulator has to be used to debug the particular component it is simulating. Therefore, the user has to issue commands to individual simulators to control simulation and display the appropriate debugging information. In one embodiment, each simulator has its own command interpreter, with each command interpreter understanding commands only forthe particular simulator it belongs to.
At start-up and during simulation, the control in co-simulator 10 usually resides in simulation manager 20. Simulation manager 20 periodically callsdifferent simulators and passes control to these simulators. The simulatorssimulate for a given period of time and then pass control back to the simulation manager, which might call other simulators or prompt the user for more commands. However, when a particular simulator has control, it might reach a breakpoint and decide to prompt the user for commands. Therefore at any point where a user sees a prompt, the control could be either in the simulation manager or in one of the simulators. Depending onwhere the control is, the corresponding command interpreter would be interpreting the commands. The user can determine where the control is by looking at the prompt. The user may also decide to send commands to another command interpreter by specifying commands destination explicitly.
The system described above is functionally sufficient to perform hardware-software co-simulation and co-debugging. However, as stated before, inadequate simulation speed could make such debugging frustrating and hardly fitting into the aggressive development schedules of today's industrial research and development.
To illustrate the problem consider an example of a microcontroller-based logic circuit for speed control of a 3-phase electric motor. General structure of such system is presented in FIG. 2. In this system a microcontroller 40 is used to produce the discrete values 42 of a sine function with a desired frequency and 120 degrees phaseshift between threeline voltages (A, B, and C) of a three-phase motor. Each discrete value of sine is represented using the method of pulse-width modulation (PWM) and both positive polarity (A, B, C) and negative polarity (A1, B1, C1) pulsesare produced. The PWM sequences are fed through photo-couplers 44 into a power module 46 that directly drives a motor 48 so that its rotation speedis proportional to the frequency of sine wave produced and encoded by microcontroller 40. Throughout this discussion the emphasis will be on thedesign issues of microcontroller hardware, shown in FIG. 3 and software. The details of power circuit design are described in the book by Irving M.Gottlieb entitled "Electric Motors and Control Techniques", second edition,published by TAB Books, Division of McGraw-Hill Inc. in 1994, Pages 148-164.
In FIG. 3, memory 50, CPU 52 and interupt unit 54 are coupled via a system bus 56 to various timers 58, 60, 62, 64, 66, 68 and 70 each clocked via a clock 72. Note that timer 70 is coupled directly back to interrupt unit 54. As can be seen, each of the timers, 58, 60, 62, 64, 66 and 68 are coupled to respective flip flops 72, 74, 76, 78, 80 and 82 to provide the discrete values 42 of the aforementioned sine function.
Referring now to FIG. 4, this figure illustrates the principle of pulse width modulation (PWM). The desired voltage curve 90 is represented with asequence 92 of its discrete values separated by a fixed time interval called a sampling period. A typical value of sampling period is 1/3600 of a second. In other words, a typical sampling frequency would be 3.6 KHz. Each discrete value of the voltage is represented by a pulse 94, 96, 98 and 100. The width of each pulse taken as a fraction of the sampling period is proportional to the voltage value it represents. Typically, pulse widths of half of the sampling period and more are representing positive voltages, and the widths less than a half of sampling period are representing negative voltages. In other words, the voltage value 0 will be represented in PWM with the pulse that has width equal to the half of sampling period or 1/7200 of a second. Maximum positive voltage will be represented with the wide pulse approaching the duration of sampling period, and maximum negative voltage is represented with the narrowest possible pulse. As is well known, time intervals including pulse durationsare best represented in such systems by counting the number of pulses of a much higher modulation carrier frequency. The modulation carrier pulse sequence is shown at the bottom of FIG. 4 by reference character 10. Clearly, each PWM pulse can be measured by the number of modulation carrier periods that fit into the same interval and the higher carrier frequency, the more accurate PWM representation will be. In this example of a motor controller, the carrier frequency is taken to be 33 MHz which corresponds to carrier period of 30 ns. In this case, for example, 0 voltage level corresponds to the pulse width of 1/7200 of a second or of 4630 units of carrier period.
Turning back now to FIG. 3, to see how PWM modulation is performed by a microcontroller, microcontroller 40 consists of central processing unit (CPU) 52 to execute the program instructions through various types of system bus transactions, memory to store instructions and data, six timers58-68 namely TimerA, TimerA1, TimerB, TimerB1, TimerC, TimerC1 each connected to a toggle flip/flop 72-82 that actually produces a PWM sequence on a corresponding line, and another timer 70, namely TimerP, connected to an interrupt unit.
The microcontroller operates as follows. Initially TimerP is set to divide the 33 MHz carrier frequency by 4630. As a result it produces an interruptof the CPU every 1/7200 of a second or twice every sampling period. At the first interrupt, point 102 in FIG. 4 each of the six timers is programmed for a number of carrier cycles that correspond to the time interval until the next pulse of PWM sequence has to start, e.g. namely the interval between points 102 and 104 in FIG. 4. At the second interrupt, point 106, each of the six timers is programmed for a number of carrier cycles until the current pulse has to end e.g. as shown at point 108. After counting the number of cycles it is programmed for, each timer produces a single pulse that toggles the corresponding flip/flop. The initial state of flip/flops on lines A, B, C is set to 0, and the initial state of flip/flops on lines A1, B1, C1 is set to one. This way toggling flip/flop twice during the sampling period will produce positive pulses on lines A, B, and C and negative pulses on lines A1, B1, C1. Note that separate timers are necessary for lines A1, B1, C1, rather than simple invertors ofthe values on lines A, B, and C, because simultaneous switching of positiveand negative PWM lines may result in damaging the power circuit. A detailedexplanation of this circuit can be found in the above mentioned book by Irving M. Gottlieb, Pages 148-164. The algorithm of proper selection of the values to which the timers need to be programmed at each of the successive sampling intervals is implemented by the microcontroller software. The listing of such software in C language is shown in FIG. 5. For description of C language see the book by B. Kernigan, and D. Ritchie "The C Programming Language. Second Edition." published by Prentice Hall in 1988.
It consists of an initialization part that executes only once, a backgroundprogram that runs continuously in infinite loop and has the purpose of setting the desired values of motor rotation frequency and the dead time delay between switching of corresponding positive and negative PWM signals, and an interrupt service program that executes every time the interrupt signal comes from the TimerP.
CPU 52 executes software by performing system bus transactions shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 where BCLK is the same 33 MHz clock signal as PWM modulationcarrier, address (32 bits), data (32 bits), RD, ST, DC are various signal lines of a system bus that carry the information involved in read or writetransactions. It can be appreciated that as CPU 52 is continuously running,this means that up to 4630*2=9260 cycles are executed by the CPU each sampling period in addition to 7*4630*2*2=129640 events processed by the timers due to 2 transitions of input of each timer each carrier frequency period. It should be appreciated further that the speed one can expect from a CPU simulator in a cycle-accurate mode is 50-1000 cycles per second. The number of events the general event-driven simulator of a timercircuit can typically process per second is of the order of 10000-30000. This means that the simulation of one sampling period of PWM modulation can take around 3 minutes. Furthermore, if desired rotation speed of the motor is 600 RPM then the simulation of one motor shaft revolution could take up to 18 hours. Clearly, such long simulation time of a relatively very simple system is unacceptable.
One way to drastically reduce the simulation time is to carefully select those CPU cycles that are really necessary to be simulated at a true cycle-accurate level. The justification for this approach comes from the fact that very different speed 20000 vs. 50-1000 cycles per second, can beachieved in a simulation run where all signal changes on a system bus are not carefully reproduced according to FIGS. 6 and 7.
Rather only the final state of memory 50 and CPU 52 after execution of eachinstruction is recorded. If only this type of simulation, so called instruction level simulation, of CPU 50 is performed for the example of motor control, then the CPU simulation time for one sample would go down to 9260/20000=0.463 s, or for one shaft revolution at 600 RPM down to 166.7 seconds, which is considerably reduced from 18 hours. This, however,is not possible because some cycles executed by the CPU involve transactions between the CPU and the timers and those cycle have to be simulated accurately according to FIGS. 6 and 7. Or else the correctness of control of the timers will not be verified by system simulation.
The solution to this problem lies in the algorithm presented in FIG. 8. According to this algorithm each CPU cycle is evaluated when starting at 120 according to two basic criteria: whether it is an instruction fetch 122 in which case data is captured directly from the memory model as illustrated at 123, or a data access cycle, and, if the latter is true, whether the data access is to memory as illustrated at 124 or to peripheral devices address space as illustrated at 130, 132, 134 and 136. All instruction fetches and data accesses to memory are not simulated on adetailed level but only final result of transaction is calculated. On the contrary, accesses to peripheral address spaces are simulated according tothe system bus protocol of FIGS. 6 and 7. An exception in this algorithm ismade for the case when the simulator user is specifically requesting complete simulation according to the bus protocol as illustrated at 126. However this is only required in those rare cases when CPU-memory transactions are being debugged.
Turning back to FIG. 5 one can estimate the effect that the use of the proposed algorithm of FIG. 8 will have on CPU simulation time for an example of a motor control system. The examination of the interrupt service program of FIG. 5 indicates that there are only 6 CPU cycles through each execution of this program, where in fact the access to peripheral address space, specifically timer address space, is taking place. As this program is executed twice per sample one can conclude that only 12 out of the total of 9260 CPU cycles per sample or 0.13% of the cycles, need to be simulated accurately according to FIGS. 6 and 7. As a result, total CPU simulation time according to the proposed algorithm of FIG. 8 is 12/50+9248/20000=0.465 s per sample or 167.4 s per shaft revolution at 600 RPM.
The CPU simulation time in view of the algorithm of FIG. 8 is mostly determined by the pure instruction level simulation speed that can be achieved. This speed, 20 KIPS, is markedly much slower than the performance of most modern engineering workstations that can be used as platforms for running the simulator. It is not uncommon now for those engineering work stations to demonstrate a speed of 70-100 MIPS, or 3000-5000 more than the speed of instruction simulation. The reason for this speed difference is that the instructions of a target CPU used in embedded control systems like the one for 3-phase motor control are not directly understood by the processors of engineering work stations and have to be translated into the sequences of engineering work station instructions before each execution.
In other words, the target CPU for which a software being debugged is written like the one in motor speed control system is alien to the CPU in engineering work stations where the simulation is running. There are two known solutions to this translation problem. One is based on a binary compilation technique. In this case translation of the instructions of thetarget CPU into the instructions of the engineering work station is done asa separate step and the result of translation is recorded in a file. Duringthe actual simulation this file is loaded and executed. This technique provides for fast simulation but requires an additional step of binary translation every time any changes are made in microcontroller software. The necessity of this step increases the total turnaround time of bug fixing and retesting and makes the whole process less flexible.
The other, more popular technique, requires an on-line translation or interpreting of every instruction of the target CPU as soon as it is fetched from the sequence of instructions that constitutes a program. Thisapproach is quite flexible and convenient but it slows the speed of software simulation to the above mentioned value of approximately 20 KIPS.
The pure interpretive approach demonstrates the worst possible behavior when the system is repeatedly executing the same sequence of instructions again and again as is the case for the program of FIG. 5. In such a program, the same sequence of instructions is repeatedly translated, although neither the source nor the result of such a translation changes from one execution to another in this repetitive cycle.
As can be seen performance is significantly improved by the method described in FIG. 9. This method introduces a cache, or a special dedicated memory area in the engineering work station running the simulation for temporary storage of translated or decoded instructions of the target CPU. As illustrated at 140, 142, 144, 150 and 152 the first time a translation is done, the results are recorded in cache. The next time the same instruction is encountered, it is not translated again but instead the results of such translation are retrieved as illustrated at 146 from cache in the form ready for reuse as illustrated at 148. Note, ifthere is no information in cache about a given instruction then it is decoded as illustrated at 150 and the decoded information is stored in cache as illustrated at 152. Of course, this method is "double-edged". If the structure of the program does not provide for repetitive execution of the same instructions, then maintaining cache results in an additional slowdown of execution. However, for typical embedded controller software like the one illustrated in connection with FIG. 5, the speed resulting from using the algorithm of FIG. 9 has been measured experimentally to be 2.5 times faster, which brings the execution speed to 50 KIPS. In the example of motor speed control this would reduce the CPU simulation time further to 12/50+9248/50000=0.425 s per sample, or to 153 s per shaft revolution at 600 RPM.
As CPU simulation time can be drastically reduced using the methods illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9, it is necessary to turn to the second component of system simulation time which is the time to simulate peripheral devices and the hardware in general. As the calculation above has shown for an example of motor speed controller the simulation of timers requires processing of 129,640 events per voltage sample which for a typical hardware simulator takes up to 13 seconds. For simulation of oneshaft revolution at 600 RPM this would take 78 minutes. This does not seem a lot compared to 18 hours of simulation time required when the CPU has been simulated in a straightforward manner, but with the CPU simulation reduced to just over 2.5 minutes the portion required for the timers becomes critical.
The time for hardware simulation can be significantly reduced through non-explicit simulation of periodic signals that have a static time diagram. The example of such a signal is the PWM modulation carrier signalof FIG. 4 which is fed to the inputs of all timers of FIG. 3. Instead of infact simulating the dock line switching on and off every clock carrier cycle, a clock source simulator is used to simulate clock 72. In one embodiment illustrated in FIG. 10, CPU 52 acts as a clock source to broadcast the clock schedule at initialization time to all simulators thatdepend on it. Such a schedule in a preferred embodiment is placed into a clock schedule memory 172, with the schedule consisting of the clock period, the delay of a positive edge from the start of a period, and a delay of the negative edge from the start of a period. Other embodiments of a schedule representation can be easily derived from this preferred embodiment. Given the clock schedule, an intelligent timer model 174 in the co-simulator directly calculates the projected time it will take to exhaust the number of cycles it was programmed for and to schedule the single output event at that time. This reduces the number of events each timer has to process per one sample value to those required to reprogram or reload its initial value twice in a sampling period. Examination of thetiming diagram of FIG. 6 brings this number to 70 per write transaction, or140 per sampling period per timer, or 140*6=840 per sampling period for alltimers. This means a simulation time of 0.084 s per sample or 30.2 s per shaft revolution at 600 RPM.
It will be appreciated that to allow for such a speedup, certain intelligence has to be built into the timer simulator which is normally not required from the hardware models built for synthesis. In the case of a system model that includes both types of simulators, clock events can not be completely forgone because models with no intelligence to understand the broadcaster clock schedules will not be able to function. To overcome this difficulty a special simulated block, and referring now to FIG. 10, a so called local clock generator 160, or CG is introduced. The function of this block is to convert an implicit clock 162 at its input 164 which is defined by broadcasting its schedule, through placing it into clock schedule memory 172 into an explicit clock signal 166 at itsoutput 168 which is coupled in one embodiment to a non-intelligent timer model 178. Note that such output can then be fed into the models that by themselves do not have an intelligence to recognize an implicit dock. As aresult of this solution to explicit clock simulation, though in some systems explicit clock simulation is not eliminated completely, explicit clock simulation can be provided only to the models that are not able to process an implicit clock. As an additional feature, the local clock generator can have a control input that allows implicit to explicit clock conversion to be turned off and on whenever it is likely that the simulation of the model driven by this clock may produce useful results.
To conclude the examination of an example of 3-phase motor speed control system, it will be appreciated that overall system simulation time due to the above described simulation method is reduced from 18 hours to just over 3 minutes, or a reduction in simulation time of 1/360. In an average system one can conservatively estimate simulation time reduction due to this invention to be between 1/50 and 1/100 of that normally encountered.
Having above indicated several embodiments of the Subject Invention, it will occur to those skilled in the art that modifications and alternativescan be practiced within the spirit of the invention, It is accordingly intended to define the scope of the invention only as indicated in the following claims.
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text:
Book your room at Emerald Greens Condo Resort
Condo, 1 BedroomMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 3 infants)
Condo, 2 BedroomMax Occupancy: 5 guests (up to 4 children, 3 infants)
Get an overview of this hotelSuburban villa with 2 restaurants and golf course
+VIP Access™ Hotel
We carefully hand-picked this hotel based on its dedication to service and excellent guest reviews.
Expedia +gold members receive free room upgrades and +gold and +silver members get other perks upon availability at check-in.See details
Situated in Tampa, this golf villa is within 9 mi (15 km) of Babe Zaharias Golf Course, Lowry Park Zoo, and Busch Gardens.
Property Features
Along with 2 restaurants, this smoke-free villa has a golf course and an outdoor pool. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, a health club, a bar/lounge, and a snack bar/deli are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 50 villas feature kitchens with refrigerators, stovetops, microwaves, and dishwashers. Free WiFi and free wired Internet are standard, as are flat-screen TVs with satellite channels.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
In addition to a golf course, Emerald Greens Condo Resort features outdoor tennis courts and an outdoor pool. Dining is available at one of the villa's 2 restaurants. The property also offers a snack bar/deli. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. Public areas are equipped with complimentary high-speed wireless Internet access.
Business amenities at this 3.5-star property consist of a 24-hour business center, limo/town car service, and a meeting room. Event facilities measuring 5200 square feet (483 square meters) include a conference center. This Tampa villa also offers a children's pool, a health club, and a sauna. Onsite self parking is complimentary.
Emerald Greens Condo Resort is a smoke-free property.
- Free self parking
- Free WiFi
- Number of restaurants - 2
- Golf course on site
- Children's pool
- Outdoor pool
- Bar/lounge
- Health club
- Snack bar/deli
- Outdoor tennis courts 8
- Sauna
- Steam room
- 24-hour business center
- Conference center
- Breakfast available (surcharge)
- Conference space size (feet) - 5200
- Conference space size (meters) - 483
- One meeting room
- Concierge services
- Laundry facilities
- 24-hour front desk
- Limo or Town Car service available
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Multilingual staff
- Wedding services
- Elevator/lift
- Shopping on site
- Luggage storage
- Smoke-free property
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Number of floors - 3
- Total number of rooms - 50
- Year Built 2007
- Tennis on site
Family Friendly Amenities
- Kitchen
- Free Wi-Fi
- Children's pool
- Outdoor pool
- Separate dining area
- Separate living room
- Sofa bed
- Snack bar/deli
- Outdoor tennis courts
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- Microwave
- Cribs/infant beds (complimentary)
- Laundry facilities
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi , Free wired high-speed Internet
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Kitchen
- Free WiFi
- Free wired high-speed Internet
- Second bathroom
- Lanai
- Separate dining area
- Separate living room
- Separate sitting area
- Memory foam mattress
- Sofa bed
- Sofa bed size
- MP3 docking station
- Room service (limited hours)
- Flat-panel TV
- Satellite TV service
- Premium TV channels
- Full-sized refrigerator/freezer
- Microwave
- Stovetop
- Premium bedding
- Coffee/tea maker
- Cookware, dishware, and utensils
- Dishwasher
- Free cribs/infant beds
- Daily housekeeping
- Free newspaper
- Free local calls
- In-room massage available
- Hair dryer
- Bathrobes
- Designer toiletries
- Free toiletries
- Phone
- Iron/ironing board
- Climate control
- Ceiling fan
- Private bathroom
Where to Eat
Cooked-to-order breakfasts are available for a surcharge between 8 AM and 11 AM on weekends.
The 1972 Bar and Grille - Overlooking the golf course, this restaurant specializes in American cuisine. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. A children's menu is available. Happy hour is offered. Reservations are required. Open select days.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Nearby Things to Do
A golf course, outdoor tennis courts, and a health club are featured at the villa. An outdoor pool and a children's pool are on site. Other recreational amenities include a sauna and a steam room.
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Aerobics on site
- Golf driving range on site
- Golf lessons on site
- Golfing on site
- Pilates classes on site
- Playground on site
- Tennis lessons on site
- Yoga classes/instruction on site
To make requests for specific accessibility needs, complete the "Special or Accessibility Requests" section of "Trip Preferences" when you book your hotel.
- Accessible path of travel
- Accessible bathroom
- Roll-in shower
- Accessible parking
- In-room accessibility
Hotel Policies
Check-in time starts at 4 PM
Minimum check-in age is 21
Check-out time is 11 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Free cribs (infant beds)!
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No rollaway/extra beds available
- Deposit: USD 100 per stay


text:
Cook Faster, Clean Easier
5.4 cu.ft. Capacity Freestanding Gas Oven
- 5.4 cu.ft. Capacity
- 1.0 cu.ft. Storage Drawer Capacity
- EasyClean®
- Premium Stylish Design
$1099.99Suggested Price
Rated 4.3 out of 5 by 8 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5 by KB Love IT!!! We love our LG Gas Range. It looks awesome and makes cooking a pleasure! Really like the 5 burners and the convection oven feature. I recommend LG to my friends. May 21, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5 by Jules Efficient and attractive Converted from electric to gas and chose this LG model after shopping and reading reviews. Glad I did. Love the five burners and the convection feature. I am finally able to bake 2 pizzas and more than one sheet of cookies at one time! It looks and functions very high end but was completely affordable. Not a huge fan of the push button control panel but I'm getting used to it. Would buy again!! March 21, 2015
Rated 5 out of 5 by Sue Love this range Purchased this range on Black Friday and very happy I did. Love the different size burners and the option for a fast boil. The oven worked well when I was doing my holiday baking and the color is a conversation starter. February 3, 2015
Rated 1 out of 5 by Maxene Thermostat issues and convection fan didn't work I bought this range in October and right away had problems with the oven overheating (measured 500 degrees when set for 350). Had it replaced with a new one from the retailer I purchased it from. Now, 2 months later, I am having the same problem. In addition the convection fan never worked. The LG repairman said it will need a new control panel, thermostat & convection motor and it's only 2 months old. Very disappointing. January 29, 2015
Rated 4 out of 5 Good oven and gas range Wish it had trays around the burner, at present it is not an easy task to clean the spillage around the burners. Aluminum foil is not a good option. January 20, 2015
Rated 4 out of 5 by momof2boys Very easy to clean! I have owned this range/oven for two months now and it got me through one Thanksgiving and one Christmas dinner with out a hitch. I love the different size range burners. The entire stove top and display panel are super easy to wipe clean. I haven't used the self-cleaning oven feature yet but I have wiped out a few spills from the oven interior. I only gave it four stars because I haven't used all of the features and because I haven't owned it that long. Some of my favorite features are that it beeps when the oven is up to temp, and the timer on the oven will beep continuously until you turn it off (that is a good thing for me because I can ignore noises easily). December 28, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by PattiS72 I LOVE my LG oven! This is the first brand new appliance I have ever had. I love it! Still getting used to it, but LOVE it. I am so happy with it. December 2, 2014
Rated 5 out of 5 by Penny Great oven! We've just purchased this oven and love it. The fifth burner is so convenient and the design is sleek inside and out...great royal blue interior which makes it easier to see what's happening! The only issue I have is the drawer at the bottom is hard to open. October 6, 2014
1-8 of 8
accessories for your lg product
Time is on your side, thanks to LG's large capacity EasyClean® range with EvenJet™ fan convection. With the 17,000 BTU SuperBoil™ burner, you can bring that special sauce to a boil quickly, so the perfect finishing touch is ready when you need it. A generous 5.4 cu. ft. capacity makes it easy to fit dinner for the whole family, while EvenJet™ fan convection preheats faster and seals in flavors and juices. The real treat? Spills and splatters are clean in minutes instead of hours, without chemicals or high heat, thanks to LG's EasyClean®interior. It's just one more way LG brings innovation to the table.
Design, features and specifications subject to change without notice. Screen images simulated and/or dramatized. Some features in videos may not be available on all models. Please refer to the TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS tab for a complete list of features by model.
Design, features and specifications subject to change without notice.


text:
Now, for North American readers, there's a new practical option for having the use of a boat. It's a new online version of boatsharing, Nautical Monkey (www.nauticalmonkey.com). It's free to join, find partners and experiment until you are 'sold'.
A chance for more people to enjoy the joys of life on the water while reducing the cost
Did you know that the average boat is only used for 14 days per year? This makes this web-based sharing service for boaters, just launched, a practical option for allowing better management of boat usage, expenses, and maintenance needs.
While there are more than 70 million Americans who enjoy boating and approximately 17 million registered recreational vessels in the US, but the low average utilization makes boat ownership an expensive business.
Many boat owners would like a way of maximizing their investment but are hesitant to share the costs of their boat with anyone due to the inherent challenges that come with sharing.
Such as...
-- Legal agreements
-- Scheduling the use of the boat
-- Handling service and boat maintenance
-- Managing the costs of boat ownership
-- and most important -- finding qualified individuals to share the boat
... and it's these issues that Nautical Monkey will address.
'Nautical Monkey takes the frustration out of boat sharing and streamlines the process for individuals who are interested in sharing but just do not know where to begin,' says Marshall H. Glenn, President/Co-Founder.
With Nautical Monkey's online system you are provided instant access to all activities and reservations, notification of cancellations and changes, as well detailed information about local events.
Members can instantly update trip information such as engine hours and fuel usage via a mobile site as well as submit maintenance and service requests (even when still out on the boat).
Finally, with an easy to use expense tracker you quickly stop worrying about the cost of boat ownership and enjoy the benefits.
Nautical Monkey is free to join and allows you to experiment with the system.
-- Meet potential partners to share a boat you own or to buy your dream
-- Create one or more watercrafts
-- Try scheduling, billing and management tools
-- Get contracts and insurance in place, and
Once you are comfortable with the system and ready to become a part of a boating partnership with others, the cost of the service is just $9.95 per month.
Demonstrations of NauticalMonkey.com are featured this week during the 2011 Fort Lauderdale International Boat Show, and as a show special, new members will be able to join Nautical Monkey for a year at the discounted price of $60, a savings of 50%.
If the idea appeals, give it a go. Join them at NauticalMonkey.com and 'Get into Boating.'


text:
Eddie Guerrero's.
Not only did he defy the odds, but he beat two of the best in Lesnar and Angle
Not only did he defy the odds, but he beat two of the best in Lesnar and Angle
WWE Overall Prediction Contest 2011: 9th
WWE Overall Prediction Contest 2012: 27th
WWE Overall Prediction Contest 2013: 18th
WWE Overall Prediction Contest 2014: 37th
EWN Yahoo! Fantasy Baseball Champion 2012
Rated-R? More like PG.
Like your opinion matters at all.....
Rated-R? More like PG.
Van Hooligan X
4 time World Champion
Only 2 time dual World Champion
Won more awards than your best character has had #1 contender matches
APW co-founder
Hall of Famer
Most successful wrestler of all time
1 of the most successful managers of all time
Member of the greatest faction of all time (The Clique)
1/2 of the great tag team of all time (The Infection w/Carlos Alberto Ramon)
The destroyer of EFeds (w/Dennis)
UWA Presents:
The Final Show in all of UWA History!
Live this Saturday October 6, 2012
From Comerica Park in Detroit, Michigan
Theme: "Still Swinging" by Papa Roach


text:
BEAVERTON, Ore. — Both USC Aiken basketball teams got good news when the Division II Bulletin preseason polls came out on Tuesday.
Fresh off its first-ever NCAA Division II Southeast Region title and Elite Eight berth, the Pacer men's basketball team has been tabbed the No. 4 team nationally, while the women, who advanced to the second round of the 2013 NCAA tourney, were ranked 12th.
The Pacer men were 25-8 last year, including a 15-4 record league mark en route to claiming the Peach Belt Conference regular-season title. Head coach Vince Alexander's team won the league tournament and hosted the Southeast Regional. The Pacers rolled through the regional, downing Belmont Abbey (94-76), Wingate (69-57) and Barton (82-75) to earn their Elite Eight berth in Louisville, Ky. In the Elite Eight, USC Aiken fell to eventual national champion Drury, 84-75.
Alexander returns virtually his entire line-up from last year's Elite Eight squad. The team features 10 seniors and three sophomores, including two of which are newcomers.
The 2013-14 team features seniors Rick Alderman (6.0 points per game, 2.9 rebounds per game last season), who redshirted last year, Kinley Branch (7.4 ppg., 3.6 rpg.), Santoine Butler (12.1 ppg., 6.6 rpg.), Paul Larsen (12.9 ppg., 9.0 rpg.), Shane Porchea (2.2 ppg.), Derrick Scott (2.8 ppg.), Jesse Seilern (9.7 ppg., 38 steals), DeVontae Wright (8.2 ppg., 86 assists), Ronald Zimmerman (15.3 ppg.., .454 from the three-point line) and Alvin Brown (8.9 ppg., 5.9 rpg., 3.3 bpg.), who returns to the Pacers after sitting out the last two seasons. Brown was named the PBC Defensive Player of the Year for the 2010-11 campaign.
Grant Harris saw valuable minutes as a freshman a season ago while Hendrix Emu and Gavin Stephenson will see plenty of playing time this season.
Metro State, West Liberty and Seattle Pacific were selected ahead of the Pacers while Bellarmine rounds out the top five.
The women's team was 22-8 last year, including a 13-6 mark in the Peach Belt Conference. Head coach Mike Brandt's team advanced to the conference semifinals before falling to Clayton State.
The squad earned an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament and downed Lenoir-Rhyne 94-71 in its opening-round contest in Morrow, Ga. The Pacers fell to the Lakers in the second round of the tournament 83-66.
The 2013-14 team features just one senior in Porsha Martin. Last year, Martin totaled 9.5 points and 5.3 rebounds per contest. She drained 49.4 percent of her shots from the floor and canned 82.8 percent of her charity tosses.
Also returning to the line-up for Brandt are juniors Mackenzie Reese and Emily O'Rourke, along with sophomore Kassy Johannsen.
Brandt added six newcomers to the roster, in addition to Amaura Brandt, who missed last season due to an injury. The newcomers include sophomores Tiffany Addison and Mariah Durian, along with freshmen Jasmine Coach, Kate Duff, Carly Gilreath and Alexis Ware.
Bentley earned the top spot in the rankings while Clayton State and Gannon rounded out the top three.
The Pacer women open the season Nov. 8 at home against Anderson in the Holley Tractor/Crescent Automotive Conference Challenge.
The USCA men have two exhibition contests against Division I institutions before opening regular-season play Nov. 8 against P.R.-Rio Piedras in Maygauez, Puerto Rico, in the Mayaguez Basketball Classic. On Nov. 1, Alexander's team has an exhibition at Mississippi (7 p.m. EST) and Nov. 3 at South Carolina (2 p.m.).
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text: On Saturday, May 10, Campbell Soup Company will join forces with the National Association of Letter Carriers (NALC) to Stamp Out Hunger! across America. To help Stamp Out Hunger! this year, simply leave a saturday bag containing non-perishable foods, such as canned soup, canned vegetables, pasta, rice or cereal next to your mailbox prior to the time of regular mail delivery on May 10. Food items should be in non-breakable containers, such as boxes and cans. To find out more about the annual Stamp Out Hunger! effort in your community, ask your letter carrier, contact your local post office or visit www.helpstampouthunger.com.


text:
Three signs Mars may have once held life: Water, water, water
Scientists rejoiced this weekend as three key findings were released that seem to further confirm that life may have had a fighting chance for survival on Mars.
Among the findings released by scientists include the discovery of a massive ancient lake bed, the possibility that minerals identified by NASA's Curiosity rover likely were delivered by water bubbling up from the subsurface, and an image released of a billion-year-old river bed.
The findings, when taken individually, are stunning. With NASA's Curiosity rover preparing to drill into the Martian subsurface for the first time, scientists are likely more optimistic in their hope of discovering life than any previous point.
Massive Lake
New photos released by NASA's powerful Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter show a massive crater that scientists now suspect could hold pockets of water. The images focused on the giant McLaughlin Crater, which is about 57 miles (92 kilometers) wide, and is now considered one of the most likely places where water might be discovered on Mars. While the crater is dry today, scientists say evidence of clay and other minerals, show that the lake bed could still hold life underground.
NASA's Curiosity rover will likely begin drilling into the surface of Mars in the coming weeks. The nearly one-ton rover is the first to have the ability to drill far into the surface of Mars and analyze the contents of the soil. Speaking Friday, NASA scientists say the latest findings of an area dubbed Yellowknife Bay may hold the necessary pieces to discovering that water once flowed across the surface of Mars. The watery evidence comes in the form of water-bearing mineral veins and cross-bedded layering, according to NASA scientists.
Ancient River Bed
What evidence is more compelling of water's past presence than a massive river bed? Scientists at the European Space Agency (ESA) announced Friday the discovery of an ancient river bed that seems indicate that Mars once had water flowing across the surface in a similar form to that seen here on Earth: rivers. ESA released 3D images of Mars' Reull Vallis region, which shows a 932-mile-long river bed that runs from the planet's Premethei Terra Highlands to the vast Hellas basin. The river bed is thought to be billions of years old, but it may still hold signs of past life, according to NASA.
While it now seems definitive that Mars once held water, it remains less clear if life once lived on the Red Planet. In the coming months it seems likely that scientists will reach a conclusion on whether water once flowed freely across Mars, and the focus will likely then shift towards solving the real question: did life once live on Mars?


text:
Stock Photo:
Vintage Edge Photo Background Texture Isolated Back Blank Reverse Side
- Image ID: 73804096
- Copyright: Kaspri
High quality images curated from over 150 countries.
Over 50 million photos, vectors, illustrations, and more.
Simple and flat pricing by image or by month.
Over 230,000 images downloaded every day.


text:
Star Trek Online Discussion Thread (now free to play!)
View Single Post
January 24 2012, 07:08 PM
Bird of Prey
Fleet Captain
Location: Bird of Prey - Ontario, Canada
Re: Star Trek Online Discussion Thread (now free to play!)
Speaking of the Defera ground invasion missions - beyond the 3 second remodulator and the green XI gear, are there any other rewards for doing these missions? I have yet to be on a team that successfully completes a hard mission, so I don't know what those rewards are.
Peter: Sorry Meg. Daddy loves ya, but Daddy also loves Star Trek, and in all fairness, Star Trek was here first.
Star Trek Online avatars - Bailey@Kahlua17, Scout@Kahlua17
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text:
How are the good doctors of the world going to deal with medical insanity and pharmaceutical terrorism now? One of the reasons the medical establishment is incapable of responding to the nuclear threat and the spreading contamination from Japan (that is circling around the globe) is that it is an institution that loves to use radioactive iodine, a substance that causes cancer, to treat cancer. Sounds kind of crazy and it is. Many patients are getting a thyroid cancer treatment that kills thyroid tissue, causing harm to other tissues while at the same time actually increasing the potential for thyroid cancer.
Radiation readings at Japan's Fukushima Dai-Ichi station rose to the highest since an earthquake and tsunami knocked out cooling systems impeding efforts to contain the worst nuclear crisis since Chernobyl.
Two robots sent into the reactor No. 1 building at the plant yesterday took readings as high as 1,120 millisierverts of radiation per hour, Junichi Matsumoto, a general manager at Tokyo Electric Power Co., said today. That's more than four times the annual dose permitted to nuclear workers at the stricken plant. www.bloomberg.com...
"Tepco must figure out the source of high radiation," said Hironobu Unesaki, a nuclear engineering professor at Kyoto University. "If it's from contaminated water leaking from inside the reactor, Tepco's so-called water tomb may be jeopardized because flooding the containment vessel will result in more radiation in the building." www.bloomberg.com...
Radiation caused by the accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant of Japan still remains a serious problem. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan on April 25 published the results of the analysis of the contamination of atmosphere and soil in a place about 4 km northwest of the nuclear power plant.
According to it, iodine-131 of 310 Bq per one cubic meter was detected in the atmosphere in Maeda, Futaba chon and this is more than 62 times the radiation limit in ordinary times at the power plant. Cesium-137 of 380,000 Bq per one kg of earth was detected in Yamata, Futaba chon.
As high concentration of radioactive substance is still detected in Futaba chon near the power plant, the Jiji Press reported that radioactive substance is believed to have ceaselessly leaked from the power plant.
GENEVA, Apr 27 (IPS) - The nuclear disaster in Fukushima, Japan and the 25th anniversary of the catastrophe in the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine have thrown into relief contradictions in the role played by the World Health Organisation, which civil society organisations have spent years pointing out.
An international coalition of NGOs, IndependentWHO, says the multilateral agency has never shown independence in its decisions or actions, in terms of living up to its mandate of protecting the victims of radioactive contamination.
The groups blame the WHO's alleged inactivity in this area on an agreement it signed in 1959 with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an independent United Nations organisation founded to promote "safe, secure and peaceful nuclear technologies."
The coalition of NGOs states that the agreement makes the WHO "subservient" to the IAEA and prevents the U.N. health agency from "taking any initiative or action to achieve its objectives: the preservation and the improvement of health."
The WHO should break off "that incestuous relationship" with the IAEA, Russian-born Swiss journalist Wladimir Tchertkoff, who has produced seven television documentaries on Chernobyl, told IPS.
But the relationship between the two agencies is unequal, because the IAEA depends on the U.N. Security Council, while the WHO answers to the lower-ranking Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
In the May 1959 agreement, the two agencies agreed to work in close cooperation and consult each other whenever either of the two plans to undertake a programme or activity in an area in which the other has a substantial interest. It also establishes restrictions to safeguard the confidentiality of certain documents.
In that framework, "the nuclear lobby has managed to get the WHO to renounce taking care of the victims of nuclear disasters," said Swiss academic Jean Ziegler, currently vice president of the U.N. Human Rights Council's Advisory Committee.


text:
The Wichita Adult Literacy Council Book Fair is coming up, and they still need your help stocking up for the big sale.
The Wichita County Adult Literacy Council's annual spelling bee took place Wednesday at the Region 9 Education Service Center.
This week -- many Texomans will attempt to spell their way to the top.
The Wichita Adult Literacy Council hosted their annual spelling bee Wednesday.
The Forum in Wichita Falls was buzzing today during an annual event that had folks competing to spell their way to the t-o-p.
Whether tutoring or advocating for kids, Diana "Dee" Doria is sharing her Spirit of Texoma with others.
You can help change a life by teaching someone how to read.
A steady stream of readers this weekend helps the Wichita Adult
Literacy Council get closer to their fundraising goal of $15,000.
Avid readers are doggedly determined to find that book to dog-ear, and
what better place to look for a literary treasure than the Wichita Adult
Literacy Council's 15th annual book sale.


text:
It's magical. The first time you
see the light bulb go off in a child's
head. The first time they think,
"I will graduate high school and go
to college."
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Dior Diorskin Airflash
385 reviews
67% would repurchase
Package Quality: 4.1
Price: $$$$
Package Quality: 4.1
Price: $$$$
INGREDIENTSButane, Aqua (Water), Cyclopentasiloxane, Propane, Nylon-12, Cocoglycerides, Sodium Lactate, Sorbitan Isostearate, Glycerin, Caprylyl Dimethicone Ethoxy Glucoside, Dimethicone Crosspolymer, Aluminum/Magnesium Hydroxide Stearate, Cetearyl Ethylhexanoate, Silica, Sodium Chloride, Methylparaben, Potassium Sorbate, Propylparaben, Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, Parfum (Fragrance), Zinc Stearate, Zea Mays (Corn) Oil, Hexyl Cinnamal, Linalool, Tocopherol, Benzyl Salicylate, Ascorbyl Palmitate, Butylphenyl Methylpropional, Hydroxycitronellal, Hydroxyisohexyl 3-Cyclohexene, Carboxaldehyde, Citronellol.
on 11/15/2014 9:14:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Normal, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Other, Other
Eyes: Black
*************This is an updated review****************
Still loved the finish but it really clogged my pores -> you could see the little white spots on my face, but not the kind of allergic reaction. As a result, my skin is becoming oily, or at least you feel oily during the day, and with this "mask". However when you look into the mirror, it's not that bad.
I think I'll keep this for an evening out but not really day to day.
Holy cr*p this is amazing!! I have used from Chanel, YSL, Dior to Stila, Boujors and CoverFX....
This gives an air flash finish that doesn't oxidize (linen 021) only, and last for at least 5 hours , even through my work out.
Pretty awesome.
The price? oh well, when you get older, having good skin is something money really can't buy back, so $62 it is!
p.s. i spray to shiseido foundation brush directly.
on 11/5/2014 3:17:00 PM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Dry, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Blond, Wavy, Fine
Eyes: Blue
Me - Currently, a bit darker than N10 in summer, lighter than N10 in winter. Dry, dehydrated skin.
This foundation has a beautiful finish if it works for your skin. Sadly, it didn't work for me for two reasons.
(1) The shade selection is limited. I used the lightest available - 100. I'd probably peg it at somewhere around N15. So, it was dark for N10 me. It wasn't a big surprise that even the lightest shade would be dark. However, from a distance it was a nice finish and I would have sheered it out or used it when I tanned up, but for reason 2.
(2) It's horrible on dry and/or dehydrated skin. It accentuated every dry spot - even those I didn't know I had. It also stung my dry skin (alcohol maybe?). It looked good from a distance, but horrible and aging up close.
Application: I applied this a few ways - (1) spraying it on, which was really easy and provided good even coverage. I liked this method as it was quick and easy. However, this method accentuated my dry skin and any random baby hairs the most. (2) spraying it on the back of my hand, then using a damp beauty blender, which was good too. (3) spraying it on the back of my hand then using a foundation brush.
Coverage: Medium, but buildable. However, if you need extra coverage for certain areas, you'll likely still need a concealer.
Price: $62 for 2.3oz.
This foundation would probably work best for those with normal to oily skins, if you can find a shade. I wish it worked for me because it is beautiful on others.
on 10/31/2014 1:58:00 AM
Age: 36-43
Skin: Very Dry, Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
Great coverage but not heavy!!!
on 10/21/2014 4:56:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I dunno, I've worn it about 5 times now and have tried applying it different ways....and I'm just not sold on it :/ I was expecting a medium to buildable full coverage and I can't get it to a full no matter what. I've had the best results by spraying small bits of my face at very close range and then buffing with a brush but even then, it's not covering my hyperpigmentation.....yeah, sure I can use concealer on top but for 62 BUCKS I really want it to perform. The lasting power on my oily skin isn't amazing either, but not awful...about 4 hours before a touch up. The finish is lovely tho, it feels matte but looks a little luminous. I think this is beautiful for anything other then oily skins and if you have relatively decent skin.
on 10/19/2014 5:22:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair, Warm
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
So I think this might be my HG. Entering my late 20's, I've been kind of horrified by the premature aging and general changes in my skin in the past 3 years. It's been quick, sudden, and a dramatic reality shift that I'm not quite as youthful (and sadly attractive) as I used to be. Which is annoying because I constantly see women older than me who look so much better. I've always had trouble skin. It's dry, sensitive, and acne prone. Mixing Revlon Colorstay liquid foundation with a moisturizer (Aveeno Positively Radiant) worked for years until I stopped using chemicals and GM soy in that moisturizer for health and thyroid reasons... I'm still "unclean" with my makeup but something always made me think lotions and serums were more important because they sink in to your body. But foundation basically sits on top until you wash it off... I know this logic is flawed) but anyway, my point: after using organic cold pressed rosehip seed oil as my moisturizer, a natural AHA exfoliant 2x a week, Cetaphil face wash, Chagrin Valley face soap bars, and Clean and Clear 4 hour rapid spot treatment to eradicate emerging pimples, MY SKIN HAS NEVER LOOKED BETTER. But because I'm getting older and dryer for some freaking reason, my Revlon Colorstay is looking worse and worse. I look dry, caked, and just less pretty. But when I wash the makeup off I LOOKED great. Like more even clear and younger! WTF! It's a good problem to have, I guess, but it's not like I look so good without makeup that I'd feel confident going out especially to an event with nothing on. Yet each time I'd try to make myself look "pretty" it felt like I was just aging and dulling myself. It was demoralizing.
Enter Airflash.
I waitedd wayyyyyy too long to try this. I thought the application was stupid, expensive, and a gimmick. But it's been around for like over 5 years for a reason. The liquid itself is thinner, like way thinner, so it doesn't cake me or age me because it's so close to physically matching my real skin while still providing the medium-to-full coverage I need to feel confident. I LOVE THIS STUFF. The application is still something I'm tweaking, but the learning curve is very forgiving. I've gone back from spraying a brush, spraying my face, and I think I'm going to invest in a beauty blender and try that again. But everything still looks so much better than with my previous makeup attempts. It can stain your clothes and hair so I put a towel on my head without a top when I spray it directly on my face. My only real complaint is that it's way too expensive and is used up way too fast so that's why it gets 4 lippies. But I've bought my 2nd bottle and will continue to use. I just try to use it on days I'm going out. I'm still on the hunt for a "day" or "every day" foundation that looks good and doesn't age me or break the bank. For that I've been using Jane Iredale which I have a love hate relationship with: Jane Iredale is an expensive, pretentious company with products that are very very good for the skin... But they don't look that good with any consistency. Like at all. I wear it to the gym and the grocery store, that's it. But Dior airflash makes me feel pretty and good. HG, at least for now, for sure. I use #200 and blend it a bit so it matches my fair/medium cool yet also warm neutral undertone that's difficult to match. TRY IT!!!
on 8/20/2014 7:10:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Brown, Wavy, Coarse
Eyes: Hazel
this foundation would be completely and utterly perfect if there wasnt a few drawbacks.
it is PERFECT on the skin and lasts all day for me. i cant tell you if it would break me out because i only wear it maybe 2-3 times a month. im saving this for special occasions only and heres why
1. itll run out quick if you use it everyday. i spray it into a bowl for 2 seconds and dab my elf flat top brush into it and buff it into my skin. it looks so phenomenal and this will make the product last longer.
2. the ingrediants are literally what they use in lighters and grills. i wouldnt want to put this on my face everyday. i dont care how great my skin looks with it on. i want it to still look good with it off. and
3. its 'live off ramen for a year' expensive. makes you want to cry kind of expensive.
if the ingrediants were healthier and i didnt have sensitive skin, i would wear this more often. even with the price. i love having nice looking skin and i will always have a can of this handy. but for now its just for speacial occasions!
on 8/17/2014 6:05:00 PM
Age: 44-55
Skin: Other, Other, Not Sure
Hair: Other, Other, Other
Eyes: Other
Best foundation I have EVER used, period. Hands down, no contest, slam dunk. Ok, accolades established, to get the invisibly flawless, airbrushed look of perfection that this foundation is capable of delivering, there is a learning curve involved. While everyone should experiment to find the best application techniques for their own skin, here is what works so very well for me. First, forget about spraying it directly onto your face, it's wasteful, imprecise, messy, and probably not very healthy. Instead, take a Beauty Blender sponge, saturate in water, squeeze out the excess, and blot ever-so-slightly on a towel so it's not too wet. Next, shake your Airflash very well and spray onto the back of your (non-dominant) hand. Dab the sponge into the product that's on your hand and apply to your face with a so-called "stippling" or bouncing action, experiment a bit with the technique. Coverage can be layered from fairly sheer to fairly full, as needed. Even multiple passes achieving medium-full coverage still don't look as if you're wearing foundation with this method, it just looks like flawless skin. The other thing that is imperative in my opinion, is to do this in front of a really good, high-quality lighted, magnifying makeup mirror. Seriously, I truly never thought I could achieve an effect like this so effortlessly. Yes, it's expensive, but applied in this manner one can lasts me close to three months used pretty liberally, daily.
on 8/10/2014 1:20:00 PM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Very Dry, Medium Brown, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I love the way this foundation looks especially through photos. This really does give your skin a flawless look which doesn't feel heavy at all. It gives a medium coverage and feels great on your skin. Im also pleasantly surprised that this foundation looks great on my yellow under-toned skin which is rare with Dior foundations. The only problem i have with this is that it is a spray form foundation which Yes does apply nice and lightly to the skin But i feel like there is a lot of foundation being wasted. I therefore only use this foundation for events like weddings and parties. I also instead of spraying directly onto my face i spray a little on my buffing or stippling brush. This way i feel i save a lot more product and although it take more longer to apply it i think its totally worth it. I also think this foundation would look good on all skin types which is very rare. Its not dewy or matte its just a perfect natural glowy looking foundation. I deffo will be re purchasing this.
on 7/27/2014 4:06:00 AM
Age: 18 & Under
Skin: Combination, Fair, Warm
Hair: Brown, Relaxed, Fine
Eyes: Green
I've only tested in store, and the consistencies seems nice, my issue is that all the foundation shades have pink undertones. It's bad enough they only had four shades, especially for such a high end brand, but that all were pink based was ridiculous. I was then not able to find a match.
on 7/5/2014 8:37:00 PM
Age: Unknown
Skin: Other, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Other, Other, Other
Eyes: Other
LOVE this! Amazing finish, as if done by a professional. I have bought and re-bought this product countless of times. It is the one foundation I feel like I can truly rely on. Will re-purchase.
Cons- price
- amazing finish and coverage
Popular Liquid Foundations
Video Reviews & Tutorials
Dior Airflash Spray Foundation Review | Demo by BeautynLifewSue