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A constant size storage can be managed to preserve locality of referencing where it is partitioned into linear addressable storage space for compressed symbol strings and a linked list addressable space for overflowing portions of each compressed string, a token to the overflow being embedded in the linear address. The linear space is readjusted periodically in a direction so as to maintain the amount of available overflow within to lie within a certain range of current usage. Changes in compression statistics result in changing overflow usage requiring readjustment to minimize internal fragmentation etc.
1. A method of preserving locality of referencing of strings in a system for update writing-in-place of compressed images of fixed length symbol strings in counterpart addresses in a bounded (constant sum) addressable storage medium, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) partitioning the bounded addressable storage medium into N1 segments in a linearly addressable space and N2 segments in a linked list addressable space, each segment in N1 being of a first length less than an estimated average uncompressed symbol string length, each segment in N2 being of a second length less than the estimated average uncompressed symbol string length;
(b) populating segments in N1 one-to-one and ONTO with compressed images of ones of the fixed length symbol strings;
(c) updating-in-place ones of the compressed images of the fixed length symbol strings stored among said N1 address segments including:
(1) writing portions of any compressed symbol string image exceeding the size of the segment in N1 to which it is addressed into one or more counterpart segments in N2, and
(2) embedding a token in the counterpart segment in N1 pointing to the segment or segments in N2; and
(d) recursively adjusting the size of all of the segments in N1 in a direction so that the number of segments in N2 lie within a predetermined percentage range of the current number of segments in N2.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein recursive step (d) includes repeating steps (b)-(d) on either an opportunistic or periodically scheduled basis.
3. A method for updating in place and rewriting compressed images of strings into a storage medium in a system responsive to fixed length strings generated by a plurality of dynamic Markov symbol string sources and means for writing compressed images of said fixed length strings into counterpart addresses of a fixed sized cyclic storage medium, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) determining a compression ratio bound r as the superimposition of a global Gaussian or Laplacian symbol probability distribution having a lower tail over said string sources onto a partially ordered range r0, r1, . . . ,rm, . . . of compression ratios;
(b) partitioning said fixed size cyclic storage medium into N1 linearly addressable segments and N2 linked list addressable segments, each of the N1 segments approximating the size of a constant block, record, or track of symbols divided by the compression ratio bound r coincident at a predetermined standard deviation in the lower tail (2 Sigma) of said distribution;
(c) populating ones of the segments in N1 one-to-one and ONTO with compressed images of ones of said fixed length symbol strings,
(d) updating the strings in place in ones of the segments in N1 including:
(1) writing portions of any compressed images exceeding the size of the segment to which they are addressed in segments in N1 into one or more counterpart segments in N2, and
(2) embedding a token in the counterpart segment in N1 pointing to the segment or segments in N2; and
(e) recursively adjusting the size of all of the segments in N1 in a direction so that the number of segments in N2 lie within a predetermined percentage range of the current number of segments in N2.
4. The method according to claim 3, wherein recursive step (e) includes repeating steps (b)-(d) on either an opportunistic or periodically scheduled basis.
5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the predetermined percentage range in step (e) lies between 1% and 5% inclusively.
6. The method according to claim 3, wherein step (e) is executed on a periodic or opportunistic schedule, and further wherein step (e) includes one of the steps selected from the set consisting of
(1) reclaiming segments for use in N1 from segments assigned to N2 where the segment size in N1 is being increased, and
(2) reclaiming segments for use in N2 from segments assigned to N1 where the segment size N1 is being decreased.
7. A method for preserving locality of referencing strings in a bounded addressable storage medium in a system for update writing-in-place of compressed images of fixed length symbol strings in counterpart addresses in the bounded (constant sum) addressable storage medium, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) partitioning the bounded storage medium into N1 segments in a linearly addressable space and N2 segments in a linked list addressable space, each segment in N1 being of a first length<an estimated average uncompressed symbol string length, each segment in N2 being of a second length<the estimated average uncompressed string length;
(b) populating segments in N1 one-to-one and ONTO with compressed images of ones of the fixed length symbol strings;
(c) updating-in-place ones of the compressed images of the symbol strings stored among said N1 address segments including:
(1) writing portions of any compressed symbol string image exceeding the size of the segment in N1 to which it is addressed into one or more counterpart segments in N2, and
(2) embedding a token in the counterpart segment in N1 pointing to the segment or segments in N2; and
(d) recursively adjusting the size of all of the segments in N1 in a direction so that the number of segments in N2 lie within a predetermined percentage range of the current number of segments in N2, said recursive adjustment of size including either
(1) reclaiming segments for use in N1 from segments assigned to N2 where the segment size in N1 is being increased, and
(2) reclaiming segments for use in N2 from segments assigned to N1 where the segment size N1 is being decreased.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the predetermined percentage range in step (d) lies between 1% and 5% inclusively, and further wherein recursive step (d) includes the step of executing steps (b)-(d) is on a periodic or opportunistic schedule.
9. In a storage subsystem having a plurality of cyclic storage devices and a control unit coupling said cyclic storage devices and responsive to commands for moving uncompressed data between said control unit and an attached CPU, each cyclic storage device having means for compressing symbol strings as each string is recorded at addressable locations on the device, and means for generating uncompressed images from said recorded symbol strings stored at addressable locations on said device, wherein the improvement comprises:
means for partitioning a constant size address space over said devices into a plurality of linear addressable segments and a plurality of link list addressable segments, the size of each linear addressable segment being an average estimate length of a compressed symbol string;
means for populating one-to-one and ONTO the linear addressable segments over the devices;
means at each device for updating-in-place selected ones of said linear addressable segments, for writing portions of any compressed symbol string exceeding the size of the linear addressable segment into one or more counterpart link list addressable segments, and for embedding a token in the counterpart linear addressable segment pointing to the link list addressable segment or segments; and
means for recursively adjusting the size of all of the linear addressable segments in a direction so that the number of link listed segments lie within a predetermined percentage range of the current number of link listed segments.
10. In the storage subsystem according to claim 9, said means for recursive adjustment of size includes:
means at each device for reclaiming link list addressable segments for use as linear addressable segments where the linear addressable segment size is being increased, and
means at each device for reclaiming linear addressable segments for use as link list addressable segments where the linear addressable segment size is being decreased.
This invention relates to managing compressed symbol strings in addressable memory or storage subsystems, and more particularly, to accessing methods and means for preserving locality of referencing in said memory or storage subsystems either over strings subject to the same compression ratio or over strings subject to different compression ratios.
This section discusses models as applied to storage subsystems. This includes a log structured file/array (LSF/LSA) as applied to an array of direct storage access devices (DASDs). The issue involves the effect on the locality of referencing of compressed file, record, or page organized symbol strings derived from the same or dissimilar sources of compressed symbol strings.
A storage subsystem comprises an alterable storage medium, an accessing mechanism, and an addressing protocol. Such a subsystem is attached to a host CPU. An operating system (OS) within the host CPU is responsive to access commands from one or more CPU executing applications. The access commands include one or more arguments defining addresses on the medium. The OS causes the accessing mechanism to position itself mechanically or electrically relative to the storage medium as a function of the addressing protocol and access command arguments. It then transfers symbol strings to or from the medium at the addressed locations.
In a hierarchical system, a model may be defined as the expected behavior of subsystems inferior to the referencing system. As applied to storage subsystems, a storage model is a view of storage as seen from the vantage of the CPU. Any storage model includes a protocol defining the manner of accessing and laying out the addresses in an abstract or logical space with provision for relating those logical addresses to locations in the alterable medium. However, the model need not bear any necessary resemblance to the underlying physical storage. This is illustrated by the virtual and real address dichotomy in which the contents of a logical space may be mapped one to one from consecutive addresses into a non-monotonic real address space and vice versa. The OS and storage subsystem perform the necessary translations. Also, the number of addresses constituting the logical or virtual spaces are usually larger the than number of addresses constituting the real address spaces. In this specification, no distinction is made between real and absolute addresses.
Log Structured Storage Model, Cached DASD Storage, And DASD Arrays
In the prior art, increased processor speeds have increased I/O demands on external storage. The engineering response assumed that for random read operations, repeated references to backing storage could be reduced by staging data to a large intermediate cache. Also, it was found that any write update path could be improved by buffering the updates and then asynchronously batch recording them on direct access storage devices (DASDs). This was taught in Beardsley et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,916,605, "Fast Write Operations", issued Apr. 10, 1990.
The write path to DASD external storage could be optimized if it were managed as a semi-infinite tape whose fragmented storage extent was periodically garbage collected. Updated records would be written at the end of the log file in compressed form while preserving various affinities. Such a file management was termed a "log structured file".
It was discovered that if an array of N DASDs were synchronously accessed and data striped there across, then the data rate increased N*DASD rate and the logical track became N times the size of the DASD physical track etc. Relatedly, a DASD array managed as a log structure file is called a "log structured array" (LSA). Relatedly, an LSA is illustrated in O'Brien et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,247,638, "Apparatus For Compressing Data In A Dynamically Mapped Virtual Data Storage Subsystem", issued Sep. 21, 1990.
The Log Structured Storage Model And Compression
Rosenblum and Ousterhout "Design and Implementation of A Log Structured File System", SOSP-91, Monterey 1991 describe the UC Berkeley SPRITE log structured file (LSF). An LSF is a host organization of UNIX storage in which write efficiency and recovery is maximized by modeling storage as a shadow written near infinite tape with sufficient directories to minimize sequential scans to locate data. In an LSF, all live and updated files are rewritten at the end of the log after garbage collection. This is termed copying and compacting.
The log structured file organization increases efficiency of writing modified data. However, the penalties incurred include (1) losing seek affinity; (2) having to maintain a directory structure which keeps track of the dynamically changing physical location of logical blocks of information and; (3) having to periodically garbage collect together blocks that have not been modified and move them to new locations. The latter is necessitated in order to leave contiguous clean space for writing the large units of modified blocks from the log.
Modified LSA With Seek Affinity
Mattson et. al., SA9-93-047, "Managing A Log Structured DASD Array Using Write Age Separation And Read Activity Clustering", U.S. Ser. No. 08/196,047, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,551,003 filed Feb. 14, 1994 introduces the notion of "seek affinity". By this is meant the ratio of the average seek time while executing any given workload divided by the average seek time in accessing a random workload. The smaller the value of seek affinity, the better the performance.
In the copending application, Mattson achieves a smaller value of seek affinity by collecting all the write modified read active tracks and clean read active tracks either destaged from the cache or garbage collected from the LSA and rewriting them out to the LSA as segments into regions of contiguous segments of read active tracks. Also, all write modified read inactive tracks and clean read inactive tracks either destaged from cache or garbage collected from the LSA are collected and rewritten out to the LSA as segments into regions of contiguous segments of read inactive tracks. Garbage collection is initiated when the detected free space in a region falls below a threshold and continues until the collected segments exceed a second threshold.
Fuzzy Log Structured DASD Arrays
Brady et al, SA9-94-049, "Fuzzy Log Structured Disk Array", U.S. Ser. No. 08/241,897, filed May 11, 1994, discloses a method for writing updates in which only compressed updated tracks overflowing preallocated storage are written out as log structured files (shadow writing). This would preserve locality of referencing for records in the preallocated storage and avoid the complexity of Mattson. His protocol was to reserve at least 30% of the track space otherwise occupied by an uncompressed track + a 5% pad for compressed track expansion in the event the track is updated. The assumption is that the compression algorithm and the zero order statistics of strings subject to compression support at least a 3/1 ratio. In the event, that the compression ratio is less than 3/1, then significant fragmentation occurs because all strings exceeding the 35% of original length segment size would be written out as LSF/LSA files i.e. to the first available space.
Operating System Level Compressed Storage
Several commercial products such as Microsoft "DoubleSpace" and STAC Electronics Inc. "STACKER" provide compressed data and access on primary disk based storage. These products require that a fixed disk be partitioned into an uncompressed region or volume and one or more compressed regions or volumes. The uncompressed region stores some system files and the compressed volume or volumes as a single file. Access to the compressed data requires that the compressed volume or volumes be mounted and entered only via the compressed directory spanning the compressed volume or volumes. Thus, compressed files cannot be transparently accessed without first mounting the compressed volume and its directory.
It is object of this invention to devise a method and means for transparently accessing variable length compressed symbol strings in an addressable storage space while preserving locality of referencing where the strings have been subject to a constant compression ratio.
It is a related object to devise a method and means where the strings include those subject to different compression ratios.
It is a another object that the method and means map the variable length compressed symbol strings both ONE-TO-ONE and ONTO into fixed (constant) size logical or physical address spaces, the writable unit of storage being selected from the set consisting of a DASD track, a fixed length block, a page or the like.
It is yet another object that the method and means are transparent to higher level access methods and means.
In the first instance, the above objects are satisfied by a method and means in which the symbol strings have been subject to a common predetermined compression ratio r and written into a fixed addressable storage space S. The space S is partitioned into a linear address extent of N equal sized segments and an overflow extent of nominally N/2 segments. The compression ratio r is the one occurring at a 2 sigma or the like lower bound of a global Gaussian or Laplacian symbol probability distribution. The distribution is superimposed over a partially ordered range of compression ratios. The initial size of each linear segment is determined as an average uncompressed DASD track, fixed length block, or page size divided by the ratio r. Note, the ratio r is the ratio of uncompressed to compressed length of a symbol string forming any track, fixed length block, page or the like.
In this method, any portion of a compressed symbol string exceeding the size of its linear address segment has the excess written to a counterpart overflow segment with a link or pointer embedded in the linear or primary segment. If the overflow extent becomes saturated and the linear or primary extent does not, then additional overflow is obtained by reducing the size of the linear address extent. Likewise, if [RBB]the linearly addressable extent becomes saturated and the overflow extent is sparsely occupied, then additional linearly addressable space is reclaimed by reducing the size of the overflow area.
To manage this total fixed size address space dynamically, the linear and overflow extents are periodically or opportunistically rewritten as a function of whether the overflow has been over or underutilized as a percentage of its current size. For instance, if more than 5% of overflow area has been written, then the size of the segments in the linear addressable storage may be considered too small. Additional space would be reclaimed from the overflow area for N addresses and the linear segment size increased. If only 1% or 2% of the overflow were occupied, then the segment sizes of the linear addressable storage would be decreased and either additional addresses added or the area reclaimed for overflow.
Restated, the method and means of this invention compress Markov generated symbol strings ONE-TO-ONE and ONTO into counterpart linear address spaces. Any excess portion of any of the strings is written into a counterpart linked overflow segment transparent to any host CPU based storage manager. Overflow space is used adjustably with the linear space to maintain a constant sum. The relative size of the linear address extent and the segments contained varies as the source symbol probabilities (order statistics) vary over time. This is implemented by periodically or opportunistically rewriting the compressed strings into larger or smaller sized linear address segments, the sizing being in a direction so as to maintain the number of overflow addresses to lie in a predetermined percentage range (say 1% to 5%) of currently available overflow addresses. This permits update in place with a pointer over (chain) to any spill or overflow area.
A variant of this method occurs where linear address spaces are reserved as a function of the compression ratio of the strings recorded therein. Thus, a fixed size space S according to this invention can also comprise a linear address extent or primary region formed from bands of contiguous segments and an overflow region. The bands themselves may be variously located within the fixed size space. A band would be reserved for storing strings subjected to the same compression ratio. Thus, where strings would be received subject to compression ratios of 2/1, 1/1, 3/1, and 4/1, then four bands+overflow would be reserved. Operationally, one or more of the bands can be adjustably varied with the overflow extent as described above.
Advantageously, such a method and means are self scaling and preserve locality of referencing. The banding can be used to slowly adapt files in a background processing mode such as the rewriting of a log structured file into a linear addressing+overflow extent. This repacking of an entire DASD storage subsystem image also permits differential treatment of the bands. For instance, mature files subject to 3/1 compression 95% of the time would have its overflow sampled and it relationship between the overflow and linear address segments adjusted within tolerances dissimilar to that of newly formatted files subject to 2/1 compression 75% of the time. Recall that mature files are usually subject to read access and less frequently subject to update.
The forgoing features and advantages of the invention may be better understood and appreciated from a detailed description of at least one embodiment thereof when taken together with the figures of the drawing in which:
FIG. 1 shows a DASD array storage subsystem exhibiting major access paths to data within which the linear address and overflow spaces of the invention can be resized;
FIG. 2 depicts a write path through the control electronics of a DASD shown in FIG. 1 which can accommodate resizing on the fly through compression and reblock buffering;
FIG. 3 depicts a relative frequency of occurrence of symbols selected from a predetermined alphabet superimposed on a partially ordered range of compression ratios;
FIG. 4 sets forth the conceptual relations between uncompressed data and its linear mapped compressed counterpart according to the invention;
FIGS. 5A and 5B respectively illustrate a magnetic disk storing uncompressed blocks and partitioned into primary and secondary bands of linear and overflow regions and their projection onto a linear logical address space;
FIGS. 6A and 6B show dynamic resizing of the linear mapped and overflow regions according to the invention on a stepwise continuous basis.
The invention may be practiced at any one of several levels or echelons within a DASD storage subsystem, namely, at the subsystem control unit level or at the storage device level. In the next several paragraphs, there is set out a brief exposition of the subsystem and device environments.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a system including a host processor 1, and an external store. The latter is formed from an array 5 of N+1 DASDs, and an array control unit 3 coupling the processor to the array. Processor 1 preferably comprises at least one or more processors used to execute application and system code; memory to hold application code, system code, and data; and a means responsive to read and write calls from executing applications for accessing information through the system code (otherwise termed operating system such as MVS, AIX, CICS etc.) not otherwise in memory from the external store.
Typically, as described in Luiz et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,207,609, "Method and Means for Path Independent Device Reservation and Reconnection in a Multi-CPU and Shared Device Access System", issued Jun. 10, 1980, and the references cited therein, there is shown an architecture for establishing an access path to data by which a processor host or CPU obtains variable or fixed length records from an attached DASD storage subsystem.
Under this architecture, the CPU creates a dedicated virtual processor for accessing and transferring data streams over demand/response interfaces to attached subsystems using chains of special purpose I/O instructions termed "channel command words" or CCWs. The CCWs are stored in a portion of CPU main memory in support of fast calls. When an application program executes a read or write requiring access to external storage (usually attached DASD storage), then the CPU S/370 MVS operating system initiates such a reference with a START I/O command. This command causes the CPU to suspend its multi-processing state, transfer to the CCW chain, and reestablish its prior state after CCW chain completion.
Referring again to FIG. 1, processor 1 sends an appropriate CCW chain to storage control unit (SCU) 9 over path 7. SCU 9 "interprets" each of the CCW's and responsively applies counterpart control and address signals over path 15 to directory memory 19 to ascertain location of data either in the buffer 17 or on DASD array 5. Data is transferred between host processor 1 and array 5 over a path including path 7, SCU 9, path 13, access circuits 21, buffer means 17, access circuits 23, and path 26. The host is accessing data using a storage model maintained by the array control unit 3. This is expressed by the destaging (writing) of buffer 17 contents onto the array DASDs (DASD1-DASDn+1) in predetermined patterns and conditions.
SCU 9 and buffer 17 comprise at least one or more microprocessors with sufficient associated memory for storing software for interpreting the CCWs and managing the buffer and the DASD array according to the prevailing storage, a directory located in directory memory 19 showing the mapping from logical blocks of data to physical data blocks, means for forming a group of blocks having a logical affinity and computing parity or other redundancy code thereover, buffer means 17 for holding modified blocks of data, and paths 11 and 25 for moving data & control signals between any DASD and buffer means 17.
The DASD array 5 may be managed by SCU 9 as a RAID 3 or a RAID 5 array as defined by the aforementioned Patterson reference. In a RAID 3 embodiment for DASD array 5, the data string segmentation or striping, parity assignment to the blocks of a group, synchronous accessing of a parity group or block from counterpart DASDs and the array operation in both fault tolerant and degraded modes is set out in Dunphy et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,914,656, "Disk Drive Memory", issued Apr. 3, 1990.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown a logical block diagram of the write path aspects of a DASD device 35. Device 35 is one of several forming the DASD array 6 depicted in FIG. 1. More particularly, device 35 interacts with array control unit 7 over data path 25 and address and control path 11. The address and control path 11 terminates in a microprocessor 41 while the data path 25 terminates in a data compressor 45 and a buffer 49 for uncompressed data. Processor 41 interacts with a local control memory 43 storing all or part of a DASD device software driver. Also, processor 41 receives the byte count output from compressor 45 over path 59. The processor executes control over the output of a compressed data buffer 47, a write/rewrite buffer 51, data buffer 49, and driver control circuits 53 over respective paths 61, 69, 57, and 66. The positioning of the head/disk arm assembly (not shown) is regulated by the control circuits 53 over path 73 to respectively record a symbol sequence at one or more addresses on a disk recording medium 55 in the write mode or read sequences from selected addresses in the read mode.
In this invention, when linear and overflow spaces are resized, the current linear and overflow space contents are read into buffer 17 of array control unit 3 shown in FIG. 1 over path 25 and access circuits 23. The actual re/writing or resizing of the blocks can be done on the fly through the compression facility in FIG. 2, partially blocked in buffer 51, and written out to disk 55 from buffer 51. Note, processor 41 controls any tendency of a data sequence to expand by virtue of the fact that the byte size of the compressed and uncompressed copies of each string are both available to it. A selection of the smaller string is made by selectively inhibiting via control paths 49 and 61 buffer 49 output to buffer 51 over path 67 or buffer 47 output over path 65.
Referring now to FIG. 3, there is shown a global zero order Gaussian or Laplacian probability distribution of occurrence for say English language text symbols. Such global symbol probability distributions assume a characteristic skewed bell shaped curve as a function of their standard deviation. This curve has been superimposed on a partial ordering of compression ratios such that the symbols having a probability of occurrence two or more standard deviations from the mean in the lower tail will coincide with a positive compression ratio r. The ratio r resulting from this coincidence is used to determine initially the maximum compressed size of each of the linear address segments. That is, the compressed segment size=the uncompressed size/r. Since r is a lower bound, then symbol strings subject to higher compression are mappable into the segment with a high degree of probability. What is determinative is that a lower tail probability point be selected coinciding with a low compression ratio.
In this specification, the terms "linear mapped space", "linear extent" of N equal sized segments, and "primary band or region" are used synonymously as are "overflow space", "overflow extends", and "secondary band or region".
Referring now to FIG. 4, there is depicted five tracks or segments designated 0-4 of uncompressed symbol strings in a linear address space. These strings are mapped via compression into counterpart smaller sized segments into a linear mapped space of a like number but smaller sized equal length compressed segments+overflow segments. The combined size of the N compressed segments+the overflow segments remains constant even though the components may be periodically resized.
Because compression is a stochastic process, the compressed string length varies. The right hand side of FIG. 4 shows several of the scenarios. For instance, uncompressed segment 0 overflows linear segment 1 and requires up to two overflow segment spaces. In this regard, a linear segment and overflows are tied together as a linked list with the pointer to the first overflow segment being embedded in the linear segment and the pointer to the second overflow segment being embedded in the first overflow segment. Also, uncompressed segments 1, 3, and 4 are mapped into compressed segments of varying overflow size while uncompressed segment 2 has no overflow associated therewith. The problem is to periodically ascertain whether the linear mapped area should be resized up or down. The resizing either increases the space available to the N equal length compressed segments in the linear mapped space at a reduction in space available for overflow or vice versa. This modality accommodates changes in the zero or first order compression ratio statistics and in overflow or underflow changes in update writes of the segments.
Referring now to FIG. 5A, there is shown one type of mapping of a disk storing segments of uncompressed symbol sequences onto a disk partitioned into a primary and secondary regions. A primary region of compressed linearly addressed segments occupies N outer tracks while a secondary region of N/2 inner tracks is initially reserved for overflow extensions. FIG. 5B depicts the mapping of the uncompressed tracks into N compressed primary segment counterparts in a logical level linearly addressable storage and any overflows into linked listed ones of N/2 secondary or overflow segments. For 100 megabyte uncompressed storage, this would be mapped into a space 40% of its original size assuming a nominal compression ratio of 2.5/1. If 1/2 of the original space is assigned to overflow, this would map into 20% of the original space under 2.5/1 compression. It is clear that if the primary region is full and the overflow region is not, then the overflow region is underutilized. When the overflow region is full and the primary region is not, then the effective capacity decreases.
Referring now to FIGS. 6A and 6B, there is shown dynamic resizing of the linear mapped and overflow regions according to the invention on a stepwise continuous basis. The figures set out six steps indicating how resizing dynamically redistributes space as between the primary and overflow regions. As an aid in understanding, the space utilization is coded by different cross hatching as seen at the bottom of FIG. 6B.
Referring now to FIG. 6A, step 1, the primary segments or blocks are numbered 0 to 4. Blocks 1 and 3 have overflowed and are pointing to blocks in the Overflow region. Blocks 0,2 and 4 are not totally full. The Overflow region has two blocks assigned to the Primary blocks that needed additional space. Arrows are pointing to these Overflow blocks.
Per step 1, only has 4 overflow blocks are available for use by the Primary region.
The portion of the device driver processing the Overflow will be initialized to keep track of all the blocks on the disk. However the blocks that are actually assigned to the Primary region will be Pre-Allocated to the primary region. To the extent that the Overflow software management `knows` about all the tracks makes it easier to free blocks back to the Overflow area.
Referring now to FIG. 6A, step 2, Block 4 has been "resized". That is, Block 4 is small enough to be resized without requiring any overflow blocks. Consequently, the one additional block unused by the Primary can be reassigned to the Overflow region. In FIG. 6A, step 3, Block 3 has been resized. Since Block 3 was already large enough to require an additional Overflow Block, an arrow is inserted pointing from the Overflow block to another Overflow block. After Block 3 resizing, the unused Primary blocks can be freed by the Overflow region.
Referring now to FIG. 6A, step 4, there is shown the resizing all the blocks. Note, the final resizing of block 1 resulted in free blocks at the very "top" of the Overflow. Relatedly, in FIG. 6B, step 5, block 1 is moved to the free block at the very top of the Overflow. This flees the unused primary blocks for the Overflow. Lastly, FIG. 6B, step 6, shows the final results of resizing and then moving of the Primary blocks. There are still 5 Primary blocks, however they are in a smaller contiguous area. Since the Primary Blocks are smaller that there is a higher possibility of Overflow (as in block 0 overflowing) and that additional Overflow blocks may be used by either the Primary or Overflow.
Client/Server Device Driver Preferred Embodiment As Expressed In C++Commented Code
Operationally, the management of a storage subsystem is expressed in the form of software subsystem and device drivers modeling a client/server interaction. Thus, the invention can be practiced at either the array control unit 3 or at the level of the DASDs 27-35. In either case, the code resident at the array controller or each of the devices would include an initializer, an interrupt handler, a monitor, and a server. The software implementations of the initialization, handler, monitor, and server functions set out in the following paragraphs of this specification are in the form of commented C++ source code.
C++ is an object oriented programming language system forming a superset of the C language. Attributes of the language such as objects, classes, inheritance, polymorphism, overloading and its syntactical and reserved word conventions are described in many works such as Lafore, "Object Oriented Programming In Microsoft C++ ", copyright 1992 by the Waite Group Press, Corte Madera CA or Dave Mark, "Learn C++ On The PC", copyright 1994 by the Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. In C++ both "/* - - - */" and "//---" operate as comment tokens.
It should be appreciated that several software threads of execution can coexist in a subsystem concurrently. The concept of a single thread in software connotes one or more processes in a demand/response relationship such as a server responding to a service request from an operating system. An independent thread is one with no necessary dependency on any other thread even though it may be concurrently invoked. In this invention, the monitor for assessing and resizing the linear mapped space is invoked by the operating system on some event basis such as predetermined times or intervals registered by the system clock. On the other hand the server, continually spins awaiting accessing commands sent form the host CPU down through the subsystem.
A driver resident at a DASD includes the following generalized functions in C++ notation:
Init() ;;
- - Initializes the device driver
- - Handles InterruptsENDFIELD
- - Services requests from the OSENDFIELD
The server will create the disk object which will manage the data on the entire disk. In the code sequence set out in TABLE 2, The Disk Object creates a single Primary Band and a single Overflow Band. The operating system starts an independent thread called a Monitor. The Monitor thread will periodically evaluate whether the number of Overflows are too big or too small. It will then resize the Primary area by calling Resize. In turn, Resize either calls MarkSmaller or MakeLarger to adjust the Primary band. These functions call the Band functions Resize, Move, Pack and Reserve member functions.
When the Monitor thread is invoked it causes the Server thread to become suspended for the resizing duration. Because resizing can occur over a considerable period of time, it can be scheduled opportunistically or periodically in order to avoid significant disruption to accessing operations.
The Server portion of the main thread of the driver at the device level after initialization executes an infinite DO/WHILE loop. This is expressed in TABLE 1 in commented C++ source code: ##SPC1##
The method and means of this invention is extensible to any fixed size addressable storage space which is adjustable to minimize internal fragmentation, and where as here, the adaptation of the compression ratio for allocation in the primary region can be taken at a slower pace or as an off-line operation to preserve the linear mapping qualities.
This invention is extensible to any compression banding of a fixed size addressable storage space which uses late-binding to ensure host and storage subsystem information state consistency.
These and other extensions of the invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof as recited in the appended claims.
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MPC Cleaner 1.3.5714.0
MPC is an easy to use and completely free PC cleaning software. Advanced SmartBalance technology intelligently balances computer processes. Your computer got stuck? No response? It won't happen anymore! It scans junk files very fast, and cleans your computer only in one click, so you can get your hard disk space back. Computer system has a lot of unnecessary start-up items which drag your computers startup speed. MPC cleans them and have strong r
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FreeGamia Sniper Simulator 1.0
Feel what it's like to be a sniper ... Shoot the zombies as the scenery changes, aiming carefully. This job is much harder than it would appear! After all, to precise it is necessary to watch your breath, the wind, your pulse, etc. Experience the complexity! In the game you will find great graphics, realistic ballistics of bullets and behavior of weapons in your hands. Beautiful displays when you hit the targets and a variety of other effects ..
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FineRecovery 4.5.4
Recovery any files from hard disk (NTFS, NTFS5, FAT12/FAT16/FAT32, XFS, HFS/HFS+ partitions) and removable media, recovery deleted sms, contacts, calls from Android, Iphone, recovery Skype messages from PC. Support OS: Windows 2000/XP/2003/2008/Vista/Windows 7, Linux, Mac OS X. You can recovers files deleted without Recycle Bin or when Recycle Bin has been emptied or when the partition structure on a hard disk was changed or damaged.
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FreeGamia Logical Paper 1.0
Plunge hard into a world drawn on paper. Your protagonist is a gray cube that has to get into a black frame. But how to put it there? You'll need to think hard and draw a variety of shapes. The game features 14 levels.
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Unformat 4.0 is a software utility for those who have accidentally deleted or formatted a hard disk partition or any other kind of digital storage media. The latest edition sports a number of scanning improvements as well as over thirty new file signatures to search for recoverable files of less common formats. For those seeking to unformat hard drive partitions or data on any other digital media, this software provides the features you need.
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RecoveryDesk 4.5.3
File recovery software. You can easily recovers files created by Windows. RecoveryDesk recovers files from hard disk and removable media . You can recovers files deleted without Recycle Bin or when Recycle Bin has been emptied, removed by virus attack or power failure and when the partition structure on a hard disk was changed or damaged.
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FreeGamia ONE DAY for Ched 1.0
Hardcore corridor shooter with nice graphics, interesting storyline, puzzles and very hardcore gameplay. The game has beautiful graphics, style, many kinds of monsters and weapons. It is also very hard! Your goal is to kill all the monsters and find out the mysterious fate of the main character of the game. It's going to be very difficult!
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FreeGamia Torkven II 1.0
The main character (Torkvin) must save the world from evil. He will be the hardest journey. On the road waiting for a superhero many carnivorous plants, hazardous mechanical obstacles mutated frogs and traitors Killkriters. Torkvina face deadly battles with terrifying commanders of the forces of evil and the power that destroys his country and innocent people! Gameplay: You will have: 3 levels infested by evil enemies. 3 Evil and very dangerous
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FreeGamia Helicopter Mission 1.0
Helicopter Mission is a new helicopter simulator by Terrius Games containing 13 levels. To be successful you must be quick and decisive! Flying helicopters is hard, and it will interfere with the gun as will irregularities in the landscape, but nice graphics will help you focus. Take on the roll of a pilot of an armed helicopter in game "Helicopter Mission"!
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FreeGamia APACC 1.0
Passed on Super Meat Boy, but still want hardcore? Want an old school time killer, spawned from the retro consoles of yore? Well, time to check out how you, the dear player, patient, agile and attentive, will rule this platformer about picking up cookies!
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FreeGamia Flappy Rocket 1.0
Flappy Rocket - 3D remake of the game Flappy Bird with mobile platforms in a different style. The goal is simple - to collect as many points while dodging obstacles. The game has three modes of difficulty - easy, normal and hardcore. In each mode, the complexity of a single obstacle is charged a different amount of points. Score as many points!
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FreeGamia Space Swirl 1.0
The goal is to score the most point by surviving as long as possible. Dodge meteors and enemy shots, while destroying enemies and accumulating various bonuses. The more points you have, the harder it is to play. There are bonuses which reduce the strength of the spacecraft and recruiting Allied ships that will help you until you cut into a meteorite, or avoid being destroyed by enemy fire.
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FreeGamia Dead Again 1.0
Dead again features gameplay in the style of a hardcore platformer. Dead again is a game where you can test your strength, agility and speed. Red is within you and your main mission is to complete a level and die in the least possible time. But! If you are absolutely mad, if you have absolutely no cares, you can test your strength for agility and speed on the incredibly heavy, hardcore cool levels! * 13 levels + 3 Hardcore missions. * Dead again
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Data Recovery Studio 4.5.3
Fast and powerful utility to recovers deleted files. You can easily recovers files created by Windows 2000/XP/2003/2008/Vista/7. Recovers files from hard disk (NTFS, FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, XFS partitions) and removable media (SD, CF, MS, MMC, Flash Card, USB drive).
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FreeGamia LSD 1.0
Lsd is a small, hardcore 2D arcade game with very dynamic gameplay and beautiful graphics. Your character has a special ability to destroy objects onto which it jumps. To pass the levels, it's necessary to destroy all the objects without touching the walls. The game will take you through a dozen different levels of complexity, through which you will lead the hero to victory.
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PCFerret 184.108.40.2068
Features include: System Details Report (hardware and software), Strong Password Generator, Reboot Operations Report, File Hash Generator, Alternate Data Stream (ADS) Analysis, File Analysis Module, Find Files By Type (Content), Browser Cache Image, Movie and URL Analysis, Tor Browser detection, integrated context-sensitive help, free for home and commercial use, constantly updated with new modules. The software is digitally signed.
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FreeGamia Arkanoid Attack 1.0
Arkanoid Attack is, naturally, a game of the arkanoid genre. In this simple but fun version you have to destroy meteorites. There are several "Hardcore Modes" and " Crazy Modes." In Hardcore mode (for serious players), one platform will have to accomplish two goals. In Crazy mode (more for simple amusement than anything), it is impossible to lose. Controls: Direct the platform using the letters "A" and "D," as well as L and R arrows.
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FreeGamia Space Glass 1.0
Meet! An interesting puzzle game with nice graphics, good music and hardcore gameplay! Colored blocks are constantly falling on the field, and you must click on and destroy them. The challenge is making a special rule, as you can only click on the cubes of the same color as the mouse cursor. Act quickly, because the field is constantly replenished with new bricks. The beautiful design and fun music will help you to pass some time.
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FreeGamia PC Cleaner 1.0
PC Cleaner is designed to optimize and clean your system. PC Cleaner allows very fast search and removal of unwanted and unused files, freeing space on your hard disk which enables Windows to run faster. The main feature of the program is that it searches for unnecessary files for all users, not just the current one.
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Essential Data Tools 2.7
Ridding computer hard drives of duplicate files, secure deletion of sensitive information, automated backup of critically important data, copying files off damaged or unstable media, recovering accidentally deleted or otherwise missing digital information - all this and more can be achieved with Essential Data Tools, the all-in-one solution with a difference.
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Data Recovery for Windows 1.1
Data Recovery Software is read-only and non-destructive utility to salvage lost, deleted files and folders from hard disk drive partitions created or updated on windows operating system with support to IDE, SATA, EIDE and SCSI hard disk standards. Data Recovery for Windows tool helps you recover your data lost due to: Accidental/Intentional Deletion, Hard Drive Formatting, OS or Associated Application Malfunction, Virus/Malware Infection.
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FreeGamia FeDo 1.0
FeDo - hardcore platformer that you like for the nice design, as well for dynamic and entertaining gameplay like at Super Meat Boy. The main character - a desperate traveler who wanders in search of at least someone who could brighten up his loneliness. On the way he encountered many dangers, chief among which is it - the spirit of loneliness, Fear. Your task is to help our hero to overcome the dangers, find a friend and defeat evil spirit.
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Active Disk Editor 6.0.23
Disk Editor is advanced tool for viewing and editing sectors of Physical Disks, Partitions and contents of any file type. Active@ Disk Editor uses a simple, low-level disk viewer which displays information in binary and text modes at the same time. You can use this view to analyze the contents of data storage structure elements such as: Hard disk drives, Floppy drives, Partitions, Files, Other objects.
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FreeGamia Extra Ball 2012 1.0
Extra Ball 2012 is a simple but very interesting breakout with a ton of bonuses. Bring back childhood memories! The game has 20 interesting levels of varying complexity and more than 10 different types endurance blocks to earn points. Also, you may adjust the speed of the ball and platform depending on how hard you want the game to be. The goal is simple; to destroy all the colored blocks and collect the most points, and get the high score!
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Mediapurge 5.61a
Easy 5 Step cleanup tool for your media stock. Mediapurge guides the user in 4/5 simple steps through any cleanup functions for your media files. Whether you want to edit tags, sort files on hard disc or find duplicates. Create file names out of the media tags, edit tags and file names, sort files on hard disk, search for duplicate files (full automatic, audio compare using acoustic finger print) and much more. Just one easy Software is needed.
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Wild's season-ending emptiness will be filled by pride
MAY 14, 2014 3:40p ET
There was little reflection on the part of the Minnesota Wild on Tuesday night.
The spirit, adrenaline and competitive fire from a thrilling Game 6 and second-round series against the defending Stanley Cup champions had been swept away by an awkward bounce off the end boards that led to Patrick Kane's overtime, series-clinching goal.
A void was left, emptiness and raw emotion the only remnants of Tuesday's loss to the Chicago Blackhawks.
"It's tough to be up here right now like this the way it played out," Minnesota coach Mike Yeo said at the podium for his postgame press conference. "It hurts to lose, and we really believe that we were capable of doing more than just winning this game tonight, so, yeah."
Yeo's confidence in his team, in some ways, stems from a season of growth and an unwavering fight as the Wild scratched and clawed every time they seemed backed into a corner.
Eventually, the Wild will be able to look back fondly on this season, as much as Tuesday's loss hurts and Kane's goal will stick with them. The emptiness will be filled with pride and a sense of accomplishment for a team demonstrating how it's matured.
"It's going to take a while to kind of understand that," captain Mikko Koivu said. "We get more hungry the further we go. I thought we had our chances and that's why it really sucks right now. It's been a great run. It's been the best time of my NHL career and when it ends like that it's an empty feeling right now."
The longest-tenured member of the Wild, Koivu was the only player left from the 2008 playoffs to play in the postseason this year -- goaltenders Niklas Backstrom and Josh Harding were with the team in 2008 but missed the playoffs this year.
The captain has come full circle with Minnesota.
Two years ago, the Wild were floundering and had missed the postseason four straight years.
Then Wild owner Craig Leipold and general manager Chuck Fletcher altered the organization's course by signing Zach Parise and Ryan Suter to blockbuster 13-year contracts as the top free agents available.
Steps were being taken. Minnesota ended its playoff drought last year before losing to the Blackhawks in the first round. This year, the Wild moved up a spot in the Western Conference during the regular season and beat the favored Colorado Avalanche in seven games in the first round.
And as Yeo had talked about for much of the past month, this season was different against Chicago. The Wild had given the defending champions all they could handle, only to be undone by one bad bounce and a nifty play by one of the league's most talented players.
"What it's done for me is make me realize this group and what they're made of," Yeo said of the series against the Blackhawks.
Suter was asked if Minnesota had opened eyes around the league with its performance and ability to stick around as one of the final eight teams playing.
"I think so," Suter said. "I think Chuck's done a really good job of kind of changing the culture here. We expect to win now. We put that pressure on ourselves. The young guys, they show up every night. Everyone shows up every night.
"It says a lot about 'Yeosie' and the GM, just the way that they handled this year. A lot of ups and downs, a lot of dark days and we would always come out of it. It just says a lot about those guys and us about the group of guys in here."
The dark days included a stretch of eight losses in 10 games, which plummeted the Wild from a tie for second in the Central Division and fifth in the Western Conference to fifth in the Central and 10th in the West. There were rumors of Yeo's job status being in jeopardy.
The calendar turned to January and Minnesota was without Parise and Harding. Defenseman Jared Spurgeon was lost to an injury. Koivu went out the following game.
Yet, as they did all season, the Wild responded when the outlook appeared its bleakest. Behind rookie goaltender Darcy Kuemper and production from Jason Pominville, Mikael Granlund and rookie Erik Haula, Minnesota climbed back to as high as sixth in the West.
Clinching the top wild card spot in the conference, the Wild came back from a 2-0 deficit and won two elimination games against the Avalanche. Minnesota rallied from a 2-0 deficit against Chicago, as well.
"We knew going into it, playing against Colorado, that they were going to get all the hype," Parise said. "That was no surprise to us. The same thing coming in here playing Chicago, no one is going to pick us. We felt like we were right there with them. The opportunities were there to win games, to force a Game 7, to beat these guys. The most important thing is how we feel internally, not what analysts think. It's more of how we feel and we felt like we had a chance. We're just as good as anybody."
And once the disappointment subsides, the Wild will be able to reflect back on that fact and this season with pride.
Follow Brian Hall on Twitter


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Middletown Cultural & Arts Council
Where the Community & the Arts Come Together
UPCOMING EVENTSAn Acoustic Charity Concert
Donation: $20 | All original music by NJ's locals: Jesse Xander, Brian Massa, Taylor Tote and Joe Miller | Proceeds to be donated to the Discovery Institute to help pay for treatment for those with addictions.
Contact JesseXander@gmail...
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By becoming a member of the Middletown Arts Council you will not only be supporting our organization but all the arts in Middletown. Please join us in our mission by becoming a member today.
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Register for Summer Arts Camps!
Click the link below to view or download our list of camps.
Middletown Summer Concert Series
FREE! Every other Tuesday starting July 14th, 7-9 pm | On the Middletown Art Center's Northern Lawn | July 14th: Rave On | July 28th: Goldenseal | August 11th: The Weeklings | August 25th: The Kootz
A Night of Music and Comedy
July 18, 8 pm | Legends Promotions presents Ventriloquist John Pizzi & the musical talents of Vinnie Medugno & Charlie Poveromo performing hits of the 40's through 70's. Hosted by Andy Hayward. Purchase tickets by clicking below. $35
Club MAC CLUE! Party
Friday, July 17th, 6-9 pm | Miss Maria cordially invites you to attend an evening of fun and mystery at Club MAC Manor. Dine with her distinguished guests and solve a mystery, which you are a part of! Pizza, snacks & drinks included. Pre-registration


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Moore On 'Star Trek' Films
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June 30 2008, 02:53 PM
Sean Aaron
Rear Admiral
Location: Glasgow, Scotland
Re: Moore On 'Star Trek' Films
Augustus wrote:
don't need to watch them. As you listed the episodes, I knew exactly what you are talking about....but hey it was a good movie for a little while...
Yeah, I enjoyed it in the theatre; then I rewatched TNG and then watched Generations and First Contact with the show fresh in my mind and it was like the sweet milk of TNG memories curdled immediately when I saw those films...
Sean Aaron
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The Stanton Community School District, in partnership with parents and community, is dedicated to providing the highest standard of education to ensure that all students acquire the knowledge necessary to grow, learn and succeed.
It is the policy of the Stanton Community School District not to illegally discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability, religion, creed, age (for employment), marital status (for programs), sexual orientation, gender identity and socioeconomic status (for programs) in its educational programs and its employment practices. There is a grievance procedure for processing complaints of discrimination. If you have questions or a grievance related to this policy please contact the district's Equity Coordinator, Sheila Mainquist, K-12 Guidance Counselor, 605 Elliott Street, Stanton, IA 51573, email@example.com.


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P1 ... Fun!
K8 and Andy go to New Orleans!
By Andy Campbell,
12:44PM, Fri. Jan. 16, 2009
photo by KXM
Yesterday K8 and I loaded up my box-like car with snacks and luggage (Luggage count: K8 - 1, Andy - 5) and we drove our heinies to New Orleans. The reason? To visit Prospect 1, the contemporary art biennial curated by fellow queer Dan Cameron.
Today we played in the French Quarter. We ate beignets at Cafe du Monde, lit candles in the cathedral, learned about the Zulu Krewe in the Presbetere, saw mind-blowing art at the Mint, and drove past the queer bars.
We were staking out our territory.
Later tonight or tomorrow, we will post a gallery of arty, streety, holy, educational goodness.


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YO wdeauwde, NOT everybody, just barners who know the're second fiddle in this state. BTW, my sister-in-law is a 1986 graduate of Auburn and she says it's "WARr EAGLE", NOT WAR DAMN EAGLE", BIC aubies trolls who are as mature as a freshly made pitcher of Kool-Aid??? LOL!!!!!!!! You people are sooo envious of BAMA, you want to make your fan chant into an acronym. HAHAHHAHAHAHAH! WE, as in WE is fambiliieeeee!!!! HAHAHAHHAHAH!!! I hate aubies!!!
YO Rowdy, what's on your (AU) list for RB's??????????????? HAhaHAHAhahah!!! You just WISH aubie had a list of RB;s like BAMA has!!! Your envy is overwhelming. Just think that list may very well get another ***** on it with 4.50 speed. BAMA will always have an OUTSTANDING stable of RB's to rotate and keep fresh legs and power at it's peak. We'll show ya come Nov 24th how they'll be running down the throats of the aubie "D"!!! RTR!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Yo rapt, buzz off with the rest of the 'glass house U' nobodies and get on your rural Lee Co roost lookin' for that road kill!! AU, home to mediocrity and the overwheleming sense of entitlement. sad, sad, SAD!!! UA home of champions!!! RTR!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
YO 14 is a lie, hahahahah! envy will get you nowhere aubie!!! You all are comin'??????????? HahAHAH!! Auburn is 4, going on 5 years behind the TIDE on recruitment and development. You all WILL NEVER catch up and pass BAMA's football program. Aburn, home to mediocrity.....AT BEST!!! RTR!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
YO aubie breath!!! The kid is smart enough to realize "the barn" ain't the ticket. Never has and never will be. Sorry, "the barn' is just that, "the barn". NOTHING SPECIAL!!!!!!!!!
This is for all the BAMA and SEC faithful. IMHO, I think what the SEC and every other power conference needs to focus on for 2013 and beyond is, SoS. Strength of schedule will be a MAJOR factor for the selection committee finalizing the 4 teams in the playoff and determining the NC team. Three of BAMA's OCC games this year WEAKEN our SoS. Can't have that going forward, or we'll get passed over when three or more highly ranked teams end the season with identical records.
It's ok to have ONE cupcake game per year on the schedule, but no more than that. Replace them with another conference game from the other division and make the OCC games teams from power conferences. I see it as the best way to determine who is worthy of a selection committee's pick for the NC playoff. RTR!!!!!!!!
YO, therealjody. Got a little message for ya today. When I came back from the Nam. All the REAL Jody's ended up in the hospital or a box. Which do you prefer barnrat?? Got your # HATER. Too bad aubieville cant pay players anymore to keep your stock up. BAMA will make the IB in 2012 FAR MORE embarrassing than 2011 was for the tiggers on the plains. YEEEPPPP!!!! ROLLLL TIDE BABY!!!!!
Conference champs CAN'T soley decide the BCSNC. Only four or five confernces get top billing and the rest are excluded because of SOS. What the NCAA needs to do is have ALL 124 teams join 8 and only 8 conferences. THEN, conference champs can play one another in the 4 major BCS bowls and end up with the four team playoff. PRESTO, you have a legitimate BCSNC team every year. The conference matchups can be a round robin format which repeats itself after 56 possible combinations of conference matchups. No ambiguity, hurt feelings, or preferential bias in the process to determine our BCSNC!
YO went to au3, only thing about you thats superior is all that hot air flowing from your blue/orange breath that has a slight odor of kitty litter!! HAHHAHAH!!! Auburn will never be superior to BAMA and as afr as graduating the greatest player in NCAA history. He was GIVEN that sheepskin along with a large pile of Uncle Ben's to play at your school.
BAMA will take you guys to the wood shed this year and many more years to come. With Nick driving the Porsche, barnville won't beat BAMA for morew than a decade!!! ROLLLL TIDE!!
HAHAHAHAHAHHAAH!!! Good one there truth. THERE"S substantial 'truth' to your experience!!
Can't have Conf Champs as a prerequisite unless ALL the conference champs get to dance. Presently, there are 12 to 13 Conf's + Independents. Got to get all 124 teams into 8 conferences and then this Conf Champ thing holds water. A TRUE playoff can be attained, and NO committees, computers, or voters required. It's ALL done on the field.
YO AUGRAD00, BAMA won it on the field also. 21-0 against the best all time CFB team per the media???? LSwho was a pretty good team, but BAMA was BETTER, and they convincingly proved it. Didn't you watch the game, or did you Audacious attitude keep you from watching one of the ALL TIME best CFB defensive performances??? TOO bad, your loss. ROLLLL TIDE!!!
Yes, BAMAWINS15!! You hit the NAIL on the HEAD Buddy!!! The entertainment industry in this country is WAY OUT of LINE with the morality issues we face. It primarily only ADDS to the problem. IT's ONLY about the almighty Dollar to ALL of them The abuse of the sense of OVER ENTITLEMENT. There are people from the industry who ARE humble, moral, and set good examples for others, but the majority??? Mostly worthless and surely NOT HEROS or role models, just over paid common idots.
Go Borus!! The ONLY decent post you have EVER made here. Hope to see more of the same. I think ALL young men NEED 8 weeks of Military boot camp BEFORE they become college athletes. You would be SURPRISED how many of them won't act like, Fairley, Mc Claine, and Dyer AFTER some humbling and discipline by the Drill Sargents of the USMC and US Army!!!!!!! YEEEEPPPP!! THAT'S what they need!!
AL.Com has gone the way of honey mustard sauce for Wendy's chickin nuggets!!!!! There are "other" things this shade of yellow that ARE NOT palatable!!! HAHAHAHHA!! ROLL TIDE!!
YO FinalMutter, your barner envy is oozing all over you dude. BAMA DOES make stars out of their players. That 42-14 beat down still making your blood boil???? Wait unti this years IB!! It will be 56 -9 BAMA!!!!!! BTW. these #1 recruiting classes CNS is stringing together, are going to produce 3 to 4 more NC's in the next 5 years!! YEEEEEPPPPPP!!! ROLL TIDE BABY!!!
Yo AU122022 and the rest of the barn puke on here. If any of ya had any criminal justice or law back ground, you'd understand that all charges are misdemenors. Ro has anger management issues and he needs help with that. He has to understand he needs to leave the "hood" and all it's characters and pitfalls in the past and move on with his life in a direction which manifests responsibility, humility and dignity. I'm sure he'll find it.
He'll keep his day job and we'll see what the appeal and circuit court system does with him. In the mean time aubies, pray for the armed robbery four, they're ALL gonna do hard time at the big house in the State Prison system.
Yo Audacious, Utah isn't on the WEST COAST. It's in Rocky Mountain Country next to Colorado. You aubies need a GEOGRAPHY leason or two. Thanks for noticing our gain and YOUR LOSS. Zeke Pike...... Hahahahahah> He'll be another flop for the barn!!! ROOLLL TIDE BABY!!
Yo RGR, hahahaha." It's not luck, Todd". Heard that before? For you, "It's not the refs Rowdy. It's the coaching and players that make the difference on the gridioron. ROOLL TIDE BABY!!
Y 14, Fraiser is another JJ. He has that same "deer in the headlights" look and playing style as the defunct LSwho quarterback. GOOD LUCK with that one!!
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Featured car - Hennessey readies 240mph CTS-V
Hennessey readies 240mph CTS-V
Power-obsessed Texan tuner starts work on 'world's fastest four-door saloon'. With a 1000bhp V8Hennessey readies 1,000bhp, 240mph CTS-V
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America, it's your new Cadillac CT6
Caddy's big, not-so-fat, range-topping saloon lands in New York, straight from Art Deco heavenAmerica, it's your new Cadillac CT6
Meet the most powerful Cadillac ever
BMW M5, you're in trouble. This is Cadillac's 640bhp CTS-V, and it'll top 200mphMeet Cadilliac's most powerful car yet
This is the 455bhp Cadillac ATS-V
America's twin-turbo answer to the BMW M3 and M4 has landed. Europe looks worriedThis is the 455bhp Cadillac ATS-V
Cadillac ATS-V.R racer hits the track
GT3-spec widebody V6 Caddy heralds the arrival of BMW M4-baiting road versionCadillac ATS-V.R racer hits the track
Is a self-driving Cadillac on the way?
GM confirms 'super cruise' technology to debut in 2017. Is full automation on the cards?Is a self-driving Cadillac on the way?
First drive: Cadillac ATS Coupe
A coupe version of Caddy's smallest car takes on the BMW 4-Series. Does it stand a chance?First drive: Cadillac ATS Coupe
Cadillac readies BMW M3 and M5 rivals
Hot new ATS-V and CTS-V to arrive next year, engineered by the guys behind the new Vette. Could be epicCadillac readies BMW M3 and M5 rivals
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Originally written on The Sports Blitz | Last updated 3/7/13
The New York Giants not only have to recover from missing the playoffs after winning the Super Bowl in 2012, but the Super Bowl host curse will rear its head again in 2013. However, I don't believe in curses, and the 2013 draft offers sky-high potential to reform this back into a contender this season. The passing game will improve with Hakeem Nicks healthy again, and the defense has potential for an overhaul through the draft that can make it better than it has been in years.... Read more
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Chili's Waitress Interview Questions
Interview Experience
Interview Experience
Getting an Interview
Getting an Interview
Interview Difficulty
Interviews for Top Jobs at Chili's
- Server (51)
- Hostess (19)
- Server/Waiter (15)
- Line Cook (10)
- Food Server (10)
- Manager (10)
- Host (9)
- Server/Bartender (9)
- Dishwasher (6)
- Prep Cook (6)
- Host/Hostess (5)
- Restaurant Manager (5)
- Waitress (3)
- To-Go (3)
- General Manager (3)
- Assistant Manager (2)
- Store Manager (2)
- Waiter (2)
- Cook (2)
- Bartender (2)
- To Go/QA (1)
- Togo Specialist (1)
- Back of House (1)
- Server/Host (1)
- Chilli's To-Go Cashier (1)
- To Go Specialist (1)
- Hostess/Food Server (1)
- Waitress/Food Expo (1)
- Chili's Server (1)
- Quality Assurance (1)
3 Candidate Interview Reviews Back to all InterviewsSort: Popular Date Difficulty
Waitress Interview
I applied online. The process took a week – interviewed at Chili's (Tucson, AZ) in March 2014.
Applied Online. Called. Got an Interview within the next week. Went in and received a call that I got hired the next day.
Was a very laid back interview. It started off by the manager interviewing me about herself then asked what I like to do on my spare time. Then I talked to the GM.
Asked about my experience and if I would have difficulty transitioning to their restaurant.
I waited over an hour at the store to be interview.
Interview Questions
- My weaknesses at my past job and why I left my past job. Answer Question
Other Interview Reviews for Chili's
Waitress InterviewAccepted OfferPositive ExperienceEasy Interview
I applied through an employee referral. The process took 1 day – interviewed at Chili's (Blaine, MN) in August 2011.
I dropped off my application to the manager directly and after looking at my app they invited me in for an interview the next week. They must have really liked my work experience because at they asked me a few questions in the interview about my past serving experience, then they start having me fill out paper work and told me to come back the next week for training.
Interview Questions
- What do you do when a customer complains and they are clearly in the wrong? 1 Answer
No negotiations
Waitress InterviewAccepted OfferNeutral ExperienceEasy Interview
I applied in-person. The process took 5 days – interviewed at Chili's (Concord, NC) in January 2009.
I was first interviewed by the assistant manager. Once he liked my interview, I was then called back a couple days later to have an interview with the manager.
Interview Questions
- Why do you think you would be a good waitress? Answer Question
- How would you approach a table? Answer Question
The pay was nonnegotiable. Everyone makes 2.13 an hour no matter what.


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- Filed Under
The Maryland Watermen's Association is set to drop anchor on their 39th annual East Coast Commercial Fishermen's and Aquaculture Trade Exposition next weekend.
The three-day event, that starts Jan. 18 and is held at the Roland E. Powell Convention Center in Ocean City, will host a number of industry workers and experts in one of the largest shows of its kind in the Mid-Atlantic region. MWA President Larry Simns originally purchased the show, which was then approved by the Board of Directors, in 1974.
"We will have over 100 vendors with a wide range of commercial fishing gear, boats and ...


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I was on the phone with Apple Support; They were looking at my screen. I also do not have "list" option showing up, or anything at the bottom. They had me try to reinstall iTunes 11, but nothing changed. They are going to call me back in the AM. Hoping.......
What worked for me was to go into "Edit", "Preferences", and then in the "General" area click on :Show list view for all media".
From this thread, I see how to download ALL podcasts, but I want to download all episodes for a PARTICULAR podcast, not all podcasts that I have subscribed to.
Yo! Michael Sullivan! I wish I could award "Solved my problem," but since this is on someone else's page all I can do is say THANK YOU—
so THANK YOU!
All I can say is if this is the best the Itunes developers can come up with ... ITS PANTS ... surely a simple refresh podcasts by right clicking on the selected podcast isnt f...ing rocket science. Remember who your customers are Apple before you lose them.
More Like This


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Oddly enough, we wound up playing basketball together on a semi-regular basis. I would come out of the little cubicle that I had co-opted and play hoops with the people who were Mark's assistants, friends, partners, and so on, and he ended up offering me a part in this movie about drug addicts and homeless kids called Mere the Day Takes You. My first response was to turn down the offer, but then I agreed to do a cameo. I was trying to figure out what he was doing, and whether he had a real script, a real budget, and the ability and resources to put together a legitimate project. I had my doubts.
"It's union scale," Mark said."That's the best I can do"
At this time I knew almost nothing about the fine art of negotiation. Id had a very complicated relationship with my representatives at CAA, trying to figure out how money was made and eventually coming to the realization (obvious to anyone with a bit less naivete) that they were more interested in making money for themselves than for me. So I was really grappling with the dynamics of what negotiations were. I was learning on my own the way things work in Hollywood that multiple sets of books may be kept, and that on virtually every movie a quiet sort of compensation can occur. The studio has contractual obligations with the network or the producers or the distributors, and cash goes under the table, behind doors, and so on. It seems to happen on virtually every project. You just have to decide how much you want, what you think you can get, and what you're willing to not know.
In the grand scheme of things, this is a fairly innocuous little story about a very small, independent film, a director seeming to do whatever was necessary to get his movie made, and a young actor trying to figure out how to make deals and keep his integrity while profiting at the same time.
"I can't give you any more money," Mark said, "but is there anything else you'd like that would make you consider doing this? Can I give you a birthday present?"
My thoughts turned to my younger brother, Mack, also an actor. He'd made quite a good living working on the television show The Facts of Life. Unfortunately, he'd spent most of what he'd earned by spending crazily on such things as renting an indoor hockey rink in Los Angeles just so he and his buddies would have a place to play. Mack was always begging me to join them, but there never seemed to be enough time, and anyway, I didn't have any of the proper gear. I'd grown up playing baseball, football, and basketball. Hockey? In Southern California? It didn't make much sense. Now, though, as Mark Rocco asked me if there was something I might need, the thought of Mack and his ice rink buddies flashed through my mind.
"You know, I could use some hockey equipment."
The next thing I knew, I was in Mark's office, hoisting a huge black hockey bag over my shoulder, filled with top of the line gear: skates, helmet, mask, pads, stick, everything. I remember the weight of that bag felt like the exact weight of compromise; it felt like the weight of having sold out. I wanted the bag and everything in it, and yet I wanted somehow to keep a firm grasp on my own integrity, and it occurred to me then that perhaps it was possible to do both. The very idea of that possibility, that moral ambiguity, confused and bothered me.


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School Board tables possible tobacco ban for one month
Board will reconsider issue at Sept. 27 meeting
The Henrico County School Board yesterday tabled for at least a month a proposal that would ban tobacco use on all school property and at school-sponsored events held elsewhere.
The board opted to continue surveying stakeholders during the next month through an online survey to receive more feedback about the issue. Board members also requested specific statistics about how many schools in the county already are entirely tobacco-free and whether those schools have experienced any problems with their policies.
The proposal, recommended by the school system's 15-member safety committee, is designed largely as a public health matter, according to Chris Bailor, the safety and security coordinator for the system. About half of all student visits to school clinics are related to respiratory issues, she said.
Current HCPS policy allows individual principals to set their own conditions for tobacco and cigarette use on their campuses by adults, staff members and visitors, and some schools already ban tobacco entirely. Some offer designated smoking areas for staff members and visitors, while others do not, Deputy Superintendent Pat Kinlaw told the board.
During a work session yesterday, Fairfield District School Board member Lamont Bagby initially suggested that it might make sense to provide a designated smoking area, particularly at campus-style schools and events such as football games.
"I don't want people who support children to not be able to feel like they can go support children," Bagby said, suggesting that smokers might opt to stay home rather than attend school events if they couldn't smoke.
Bagby seemed to back-track later, however, after hearing from Henrico High School Principal Ron Rodriguez, whose campus-style school has outlawed tobacco use for years. Rodriguez told the board there had been no initial pushback to the policy from staff members or visitors after it was implemented and no issues with it in the years since.
Deputy County Attorney Tom Tokarz told the board that the proposed policy likely would need to be adjusted slightly so that it did not overstep its legal bounds. The current proposal would attempt to prohibit tobacco use at school system events off county-owned property – which theoretically could include a sporting event hosted by a school in another county. It would be unlikely that Henrico could impose such a restriction on another jurisdiction's property, Tokarz said.
Thirty-three other school systems in Virginia – none in the Metro Richmond region – currently are tobacco-free, Bailor said.
The online survey, which had concluded, is expected to be re-activated soon on the school system's website here: http://www.henrico.k12.va.us/survey/TobaccoUseonSchoolProperty.html .
The board expects to consider the issue again during its Sept. 27 meeting.
'Proof of Heaven' coming to Glen Allen
Dr. Even Alexander, a New York Times best-selling author who has been featured on Oprah and Dr. Oz, was in town last week to promote his June 27 talk, "Proof of Heaven," at Glen Allen High School.
Alexander (pictured, at right, while Unity of Bon Air church member Harry Simmons interviews him) has written about what he considers to be his journey through the afterlife.
Tickets to this month's event are $25 and will support the new Bon Secours Hospice House being built later this year. > Read more.
Innsbrook Rotary celebrates 25 years
The Innsbrook Rotary Club, which is celebrating its 25th year in 2015, has completed a number of volunteer projects this year and raised thousands of dollars for various organizations through three events.
The club's annual rose sale, benefit for youth live auction and Virginia Fire Games competition, combined with individual and corporate donations, have raised nearly $70,000 – money that the club contributes back to the community.
FeedMore is the beneficiary of the club's 25th anniversary project, which provides refrigerated trailers to be used for the distribution of food throughout Central Virginia. > Read more.
Weekend Top 10
For our Top 10 calendar events this weekend, click here! > Read more.
No one injured during fiery morning wreck on I-295
Va. Guard soldiers, airmen eligible for Va. Veterans ID card
Land Lovers, Clean Businesses honored
Henrico Schools holding job fair to recruit bus drivers
Fairfield MS band wins 5 awards
- More News
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Jul. 2, 2015Click here to read the print edition.
Weekend Top 10
Voltaggio to host three-course dinners at Family Meal July 21-22
Fan favorite shines in new West End home
Weekend Top 10
Weekend Top 10
- More Entertainment
Obituaries – Bernard Howard
Obituaries – Milton N. Parma
Obituary – William Talbott Neal
- More Obituaries
'Proof of Heaven' coming to Glen Allen
Innsbrook Rotary celebrates 25 years
Holman student named Miss Va. Coed Junior Teen
- More Community
My daughters' other dads
All hail to mothers and the hardest job of all
Cabin fever cures - and blessings
- More Opinions
Athlete of the Week – June 19: Sydney Whitaker
Steward School's Enright drafted by NY Mets
Athlete of the Week – June 12: Claire Frank
- More Sports
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ClassifiedsMedical Alert for Seniors - 24/7 monitoring. FREE Equipment. FREE Shipping. Nationwide Service. $29.95/Month CALL Medical Guardian Today 888-709-2147
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CalendarThe Tin Can Fish Band, with special guest Blue Line Highway, will perform at 7 p.m. at The Tin Pan, 8982 Quioccasin Rd. TCFB draws from a wide variety of… Full text


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Out of Stock This product is no longer available and cannot be added to your cart. We apologize for this inconvenience
Immersion Bible Studies: 1,2,3 John; Jude
Edited By: Jack A. Keller
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Abingdon Press / 2012 / Paperback
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1981 Camaro Z-28. Original 350 ci V-8 and 4-speed. T-tops. Black exterior with nice original red interior. The original paint is faded. This is a... More
1968 Z-28 THIS IS A MAJOR PROJECT! The car was disassembled , media blasted and the metal work had been started before we bought... More
This 1996 Chevrolet Camaro is in amazing condition!! With a cd player, After-Market Flowmaster Exhaust, a Powerful 5.7L Engine, new convertable top, whether you... More


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CPVC Diaphragm Valves Datasheets
from Asahi/America, Inc.
Diaphragm valves offer many body and elastomeric diaphragm material combinations. The valve design is abrasion-resistant and non-clogging. When the diaphragm, which is connected to the stem of the valve by a compressor, is pulled away from the bottom of the valve body or weir, the path of the fluid... [See More]
- Primary Material: PVC (optional feature); CPVC (optional feature); Polypropylene (optional feature); PVDF (optional feature)
- Maximum Pressure: 150.00
- Valve Size: 0.50
- Media Temperature: -40 to 250
from Grainger Industrial Supply
Diaphragm Valves, Pipe Size 1 In, Material of Construction CPVC, 150 PSI Max. Pressure, Temp. Range 40-190 F, Length 5.5 In, Seal Material EPDM, Diaphragm EPDM, Manual Operation, Cv Flow Factor 13, Connection Threaded [See More]
- Primary Material: CPVC
- Maximum Pressure: 150.00
- Valve Size: 1.00
- Flow (Cv): 13.00
from Plast-O-Matic Valves, Inc.
Features. Compact size with PTFE diaphragm construction. No metal in contact with liquid. Various end connections available. Million cycle non-sticking design. Various body materials available: Geon ® PVC, Corzan ® CPVC, PTFE, Kynar ® PVDF, Natural unpigmented Polypropylene. Normally... [See More]
- Primary Material: CPVC
- Maximum Pressure: ? to 100.00
- Valve Size: 0.25
- Flow (Cv): 1.10
from U.S. Plastic Corporation
This diaphragm valve sets new standards regarding safety, efficiency and simplicity. Instead of the commonly used four metal screws it has a central union nut - this non-corrosive connection is characterized by homogeneous temperature behavior, an even surface pressure and pressure rating up to 150... [See More]
- Primary Material: CPVC
- Valve Size: 0.50
from Chemline Plastics Limited
Heavy duty design, outperform metal valves, [See More]
- Primary Material: CPVC
- Maximum Pressure: 150.00
- Valve Size: 0.50
- Media Temperature: 32 to 203
from IPEX Inc.
Diaphragm valves are the perfect solution when precise flow throttling is required. The weir style design - no dead space in the valve - is extremely good for abrasive slurries. These valves are widely used in high purity applications because their design prevents friction and subsequent particle... [See More]
- Primary Material: PVC; CPVC; Polypropylene; PVDF
- Maximum Pressure: 90.00 to 150.00
- Valve Size: 0.50 to 6.00