text:
A cystometric device for use in the diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence caused by detrusor instability. The device includes an opaque, vertically-elongated, rigid body of substantially uniform cross section throughout its length having a vertically-extending channel along its front face and a pair of similar channels along its rear face. The channels are of incomplete circular cross section and receive flexible transparent tubing utilized in the circuitry of the cystometric system. Because of the configuration and opacity of the bady, the tubing retained in the front channel can be observed from the front of the device while the tubing received in the rear channels is concealed from view.
1. A cystometric device for diagnosing and treating urinary incontinence, comprising a straight, vertically-elongated body of substantially uniform cross section throughout its length having a front face and a rear face; a vertical front channel extending along the length of said front face and a pair of vertical rear channels extending the length of said rear face; at least said front channel being of C-shaped horizontal cross-sectional outline and having a forwardly-directed longitudinal opening of a width smaller than the maximum cross-sectional dimension of such channel; said body being opaque and concealing said rear channels from the view of a user facing the longitudinal opening of said front channel.
2. The device of claim 1 in which all of said channels are of said C-shaped cross-sectional outline and have longitudinal openings therealong.
3. The device of claims 1 or 2 in which tubing is received within each of said channels; at least said tubing in said front channel being formed of transparent material.
4. The device of claim 3 in which said tubing in at least said front channel is resilient and flexible and has an outside diameter in a relaxed state slightly larger than the inside diameter of said front channel.
5. The device of claim 1 in which said body is generally V-shaped in horizontal cross section; said front channel extending along the apex of said V-shaped body.
6. The device of claim 1 in which said body is extruded of opaque material.
Urinary incontinence is extremely widespread in the developed countries. Thomas, Plymat, Blannin and Meade, writing in the British Medical Journal in November 1980, stated that in their large scale survey, 8.5% of women and 1.6% of men in the age group 15-64 are regularly incontinent and that in the 65 and over age group the incidence rises to 11.6% in women and 6.9% in men. This study in London and South Wales suggests that in the United Kingdom there may be nearly 2.5 million regularly incontinent of urine and nearly twice as many who are occasionally incontinent. There seems to be no grounds for believing that the incidence is significantly less in other major European countries and the United States.
It is now well understood that urinary incontinence in women is due to two main causes which may occur alone or together. Genuine Stress Incontinence (GSI) is the accepted International Continence Society term for incontinence caused by incompetence or weakness of the bladder neck and proximal urethra in response to stress events such as coughing, laughing or vigorous postural change. The second cause, Detrusor Instability (DI) involves unstable and involuntary contractions of the bladder; these may also be initiated by a stress event and commonly give rise to symptoms of urge, frequency, and nocturia. Since the causes for the two types of incontinence are different, the treatments are not the same. For example, for GSI, treatment may be by physiotherapy if the condition is mild, but more usually there is recourse to surgery. For DI, surgery has generally proved unsuccessful.
DI is detected by cystometry. In practice, cystometry is generally carried out using equipment which measures the pressure response of the bladder to filling at a constant monitored rate.
Conventional cystometric equipment has generally been expensive and sophisticated. In addition to recording pressure inside the bladder, it also records the intra-abdominal pressure (that pressure within the abdomen due to the presence and movement of the viscera). The pressure due to detrusor contraction is measured by the use of a catheter in the bladder, that due to intra-abdominal pressure by a balloon on a catheter in the rectum. Both of these pressures are typically displayed on pen recorder charts and an additional channel electronically subtracts the visceral pressure from the apparent bladder pressure to reveal the component which is solely due to contractions of the detrusor muscle.
Simpler alternatives are possible. In 1982, Bajpai, Sutherst and Brown reported to the 12th Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society their results comparing a simple single-channel cystometer with sophisticated multi-channel equipment on a single-blind crossover basis. They found agreement in findings between the two methods in more than 90% of cases and there were no false negatives. This latter point is important since a negative result on cystometry in the presence of incontinent symptoms would suggest a diagnosis of GSI and, as indicated, that could lead to an erroneous decision to undertake surgery.
With regard to the treatment of DI, probably the most encouraging work has been carried by Willington and Cardozo et al in the United Kingdom. That work involved mild therapeutic distension of the bladder in what has been referred to as the "biofeedback principle." Unlike other more complicated methods of treatment, the Willington et al treatment is simple, innocuous, effective, repeatable, and lacks adverse side effects.
Willington employed an apparatus sold commercially under the name "Cystomat" disclosed by Holm and Egleblad in The Journal of Urology in 1970. The authors describe a siphon device for tidal drainage of the bladder although they do not appear to have contemplated use of the device either as a cystometer or for biofeedback treatment of DI. The Cystomat does, however, feature a tubing arrangement which makes such applications possible.
Published British application No. 2 151 139A (D. E. Young) discloses a cystometric apparatus in which three rigid tubes are clipped together to provide a device for use in a system for diagnosing and treating urinary incontinence caused by detrusor instability. Two of the rigid tubes are formed of opaque material; the third is transparent and functions as an observation tube. The upper ends of the tubes are connected by a headpiece with a vented channel between the observation tube and one of the opaque tubes. The device is attached to a source of sterile fluid and to a patient's bladder by means of flexible tubing and a catheter, and a bag or other collecting receptacle also communicates with the device. The apparatus, although notably effective in diagnosing and treating DI, requires the use of specialized rigid transparent and opaque tubing. Twisting and other stresses imposed on the tubing during handling and sterilization procedures may weaken or disrupt the connections between the tubes and the members that hold them together. Such stresses may be particularly severe because of the substantial length of the rigid tubes and their relatively small diameter. Rigidity of the tubes is important in the operation of the system, at which time the tubes must be vertically oriented, but such rigidity may present a problem of breakage which, should it occur, would disrupt the integrity and sterility of the system. The rigid tubes must also have certain of their ends coupled to flexible tubulature that communicates with a fluid source, a catheter, and a collection vessel, and such junctions between rigid and flexible tubing always present risks of possible disconnection.
Accordingly, an important aspect of this invention is to provide a device for diagnosing and treating urinary incontinence due to detrusor instability which achieves all of the advantages of prior devices without the disadvantages inherent in earlier systems. The components of this device may be easily assembled, either by a manufacturer or user, utilizing flexible, transparent tubing of the type commonly used in medical applications. The sections of tubing that function as components of the measuring device are securely held in straight, parallel condition by a rigid, opaque body component. Because of the orientation of the tubes and the configuration and opacity of the body, a user may readily observe the fluid level in the transparent observation tube while, at the same time, the parallel sections of the other transparent tubes are concealed from view.
Briefly, the cystometric device comprises a straight, vertically-elongated body formed of rigid and opaque material (or a transparent material subsequently treated to make it opaque) that may conveniently be formed by extrusion. The body is of substantially uniform cross section throughout its length and has a front face and a rear face. A vertical front channel extends along the length of the front face and a pair of rear channels extend along the length of the rear face. In a preferred embodiment, the body is essentially triangular in cross section with the front channel extending along the apex and the rear channels extending along the base of the triangle.
The plural channels may be identical in size and configuration, each being of incomplete circular shape, that is, of generally C-shaped cross sectional configuration. Each channel therefore has a longitudinal opening that communicates with the interior of the channel, with the longitudinal opening of the front channel facing in a direction opposite from the longitudinal openings of the rear channels. The width of each longitudinal opening is sufficient to permit the lateral insertion and removal of a resilient tube into and out of each of the channels and, ideally, the diameter of each channel is slightly smaller than the tube's outside diameter so that the recovery forces exerted by the tube provide a secure frictional interfit between the parts.
Other features, advantages, and objects will appear from the drawings and detailed description of preferred embodiments.
FIG. 1 is a somewhat schematic elevational view illustrating a system incorporating the elements of this invention.
FIG. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view showing the body component of this invention and illustrating in phantom the tubes supportable thereby.
FIG. 3 is a greatly enlarged cross sectional view of the body and tube components.
FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional view depicting another embodiment of this invention.
FIG. 1 illustrates a complete cystometric apparatus 10 that, except for important differences described in detail below, bears structural and functional similarities to the apparatus disclosed in published British patent application GB No. 2 151 139A. The common features will therefore be discussed only briefly herein, and reference may be had to such published application for a more detailed discussion of the apparatus and its method of operation.
The apparatus includes a fluid-measuring section 11 in which a plurality of straight, parallel tubes 12-14 are maintained in vertical position by holding means 15. A first tube 12, which is an observation tube, communicates at its upper end with one tubular arm of a three-way connector 16 which may conveniently take the form of an inverted Y-connector. A second tube 13 has its upper end communicating with a second tubular arm of the connector 16 with the third and uppermost arm of that connector being fitted with a simple air bleed element 16a. That element may take the form of a cylindrical blanking piece having a fine axial hole extending through it.
The third tube 14 extends well beyond the upper end of the holding means 15 and is fitted at its upper end with a suitable connector for joining the tube to a fluid source. As the fluid will be intended for infusion into the bladder, it is safe and convenient to use a standard combined drip chamber and trocar component 17 which may be readily attached to a bag or other container of sterile saline (not shown). Below (or proximal to) the drip chamber is fitted a roller clamp 18 and a snap clamp 19, both of which constitute means for controlling flow through the line. The roller clamp 18 regulates flow rate, whereas clamp 19 has only two positions providing for a flow or no-flow condition. Together, the two clamps allow flow rate to be set to the correct level so that the fluid feed to the bladder can then be switched on and off at will without requiring readjustment of the flow rate on each such occasion.
The lower end of the second tube continues well beyond holding means 15 (a convenient length being about 100 cm.) and communicates at its end with a drainage container 20. The container may take the form of a urine drainage bag (as shown) or any other suitable receiver or receptacle. The first and third tubes 12 and 14 also extend well below the lower end of the holding means, preferably a distance within the range of about 100 to 200 cm., and are connected at their ends to adjacent arms of a Y-connector 21. The third arm of that connector is connected to a length of flexible tubing 23 which is terminated with a standard catheter connector 24. A shut-off clamp 25 providing for either a flow or no-flow condition is carried by tubing 23.
The tube holding means of this invention takes the form of a straight, vertically-elongated body 15 of substantially uniform cross section throughout its full length. The body may be formed of any suitable rigid material; while a rigid plastic such as polyvinyl chloride has been found effective, other relatively rigid plastic materials, or other materials such as metal or even wood, may be used. Plastics or metal are preferred because the body may be conveniently formed by extrusion. Whatever material is selected, the body 15 must be opaque, either because of the opacity of the material itself or because of a subsequent coating or other surface treatment.
In the embodiment depicted in FIGS. 1-3, body 15 is generally triangular or V-shaped in cross sectional configuration and has a rear surface 26 and a front surface 27. A longitudinal first or front channel 28 extends along the apical region of the body and includes a longitudinal opening 28a of lesser width than the diameter of the channel. The inner surface of the channel has the configuration of an incomplete circle, or is generally C-shaped, when viewed in cross sectional outline.
The body 15 also includes a pair of rear channels 29 and 30 of substantially the same dimensions as front channel 27. Thus, each of the rear channels has a longitudinal opening or gap 29a and 30a, respectively.
An important fact is that the front and rear channels of the body face in opposite directions. In the illustration given, the longitudinal openings of the rear channels 29 and 30 face approximately 180� away from the direction of the longitudinal opening of the front channel 28. While the difference in direction may be less than 180�, it is believed significant that the channels and their openings are arranged so that a user viewing a tube in the front channel 28 through the longitudinal opening 28a has no direct view of the tubular sections retained in rear channels 29 and 30.
While the construction of body 15 does not preclude the use of rigid tubing sections within channels 28-30, the use of flexible, resilient tubing is particularly advantageous. Such a construction allows an uninterrupted length of tubing 12 to extend from connector 16 to connector 21, an uninterrupted length of tubing 13 from connector 16 to bag 20, and an uninterrupted length of tubing 14 from trocar 17 to connector 21. Because of the resilience of the tubing, stretches of such tubing may be laterally inserted into the channels 28-30 where they are then retained because of the recovery forces exerted by the tubing and the reduced dimensions of the longitudinal openings 28a-30a through which they are introduced. Such retention may be enhanced if as indicated in FIG. 3, the diameter of each channel is slightly smaller than the outside diameter of the tube received therein when that tube is in its undeformed or uncompressed state. Such a relationship means that the sections of tubes 12-14 retained within channels 28-30 do not entirely recover their original shape but bulge slightly into the longitudinal openings for those channels. The outward force exerted by the tubes therefore helps retain them securely in position.
Tube 12, or at least that section of the tube extending through the elongated body 15, must be transparent, whereas tubing 13 and 14 may or may not be transparent. The availability of transparent flexible tubing formed of polyvinyl chloride or other suitable plastic material, and the fact that the sections of tubing 13 and 14 retained in channels 29 and 30 are concealed from the view of a person looking directly at the front of the body and at tube 12 retained within channel 28, makes the use of similar transparent material for all tubes both practical and desirable.
Suitable indicia in the form of the scale markings 31 and numerical indicia (not shown) may be imprinted on the front face 27 of the body adjacent longitudinal opening 28a or, alternatively, may be applied to a tape or label affixed to such surface. A user may therefore readily determine the fluid level within the transparent tube 12 as part of the diagnostic or treatment procedure.
The length of body 15 depends in part on whether the device is to be used for diagnosis or treatment. In a system intended only for treatment, the body may be as short as 20 cm. for use with tubes having an outside diameter of about 7 mm. However, if diagnostic use is contemplated, a body of substantially greater length, for example, 80 cm. or more (for tubing of the same outside diameter) is preferred.
Some authorities contend that diagnostic cystometry cannot adequately differentiate between a true bladder contraction and a rise in intra-abdominal pressure unless there is a rectal as well as a bladder channel. FIG. 4 illustrates how the tube-holding means may be modified to provide an observation tube for bladder flow and one for rectal flow. Thus, body 15' provides front channels 28' and 28" for receiving transparent observation tubes (not shown) for bladder flow and rectal flow, as well as channels 29' and 30', and 29" and 30", for completing the respective circuits. Except for dimensional and configurational changes required for providing an increased number of channels, the embodiment of FIG. 4 is essentially the same in construction and operation as the first embodiment.
While in the foregoing I have disclosed embodiments of the invention in considerable detail for purposes of illustration, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that many of these details may be varied without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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A wireless communication system (10). The system comprises transmitter circuitry (BST1) comprising circuitry for transmitting a plurality of frames to a receiver in a first cell (Cell 1). Each of the plurality of frames comprises a bit group (22), and the bit group uniquely distinguishes the first cell from a second cell (Cell 2) adjacent the first cell. The transmitter circuitry further comprises circuitry (54) for inserting a bit sequence into the bit group. The bit sequence is selected from a plurality of bit sequences (S1-SK) such that successive transmissions by the transmitter circuitry comprise a cycle of successive ones of the plurality of bit sequences.
1. A wireless communication system, comprising:
a transmitter comprising circuitry for transmitting a plurality of frame time slots to a receiver in a first cell;
wherein each of the plurality of frame time slots comprises a bit group;
wherein the transmitter further comprises circuitry for inserting a bit sequence into the bit group, the bit sequence being selected from a plurality of bit sequences;
at least two different of said bit sequences are used in at least one pair of successive transmissions by the transmitter; and
wherein a cyclic shift of the selected bit sequence is applied in each of the transmissions and the bit sequences and the cyclic shifts are communicated to said receiver.
2. The system of
wherein the bit group uniquely distinguishes the first cell from a second cell adjacent the first cell.
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. A wireless communication system, comprising:
a receiver comprising circuitry for receiving a plurality of frame time slots from a transmitter in a first cell;
wherein each of the plurality of flame time slots comprises a bit group having a cyclicly shifted bit sequence;
wherein the bit sequence is selected from a plurality of bit sequences such that at least two different bit sequences are used in at least one pair of transmissions by the transmitter received by said receiver, a cyclic shift of the selected bit sequences in at least one of said transmissions is communicated to said receiver; and
wherein the receiver further comprises circuitry for performing channel estimation with said bit sequences.
6. The system of
7. A method of operating a wireless communication system, comprising the steps of:
transmitting a plurality of frame time slots to a receiver in a first cell, each frame time slot comprising a bit group having a bit sequence inserted therein, at least two different bit sequences being used in at least one pair of successive transmissions, a cyclic shift of the selected bit sequence being applied in each of the transmissions; and
communicating the cyclic shifts and bit sequences to said receiver.
8. The method of
wherein the bit group uniquely distinguishes the first cell from a second cell adjacent the first cell.
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method of
receiving the plurality of time slots at a receiver station in the first cell; and
performing channel estimation using said bit sequences.
This application is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 09/605,610 filed Jun. 28, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,372,825 which claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. �119(e)(1), of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/143,574, filed Jul. 13, 1999, and incorporated herein by this reference.
Not Applicable.
The present embodiments relate to wireless communications systems and are more particularly directed to distinguishing actual cell bit sequences from likely false cell bit sequences.
Wireless communications have become very prevalent in business, personal, and other applications, and as a result the technology for such communications continues to advance in various areas. One such advancement includes the use of spread spectrum communications, including that of code division multiple access ("CDMA"). In such communications, a user station (e.g., a hand held cellular phone) communicates with a base station, where typically the base station corresponds to a "cell." More particularly, CDMA systems are characterized by simultaneous transmission of different data signals over a common channel by assigning each signal a unique code. This unique code is matched with a code of a selected user station within the cell to determine the proper recipient of a data signal.
CDMA continues to advance along with corresponding standards that have brought forth a next generation wideband CDMA ("WCDMA"). WCDMA includes alternative methods of data transfer, one being frequency division duplex ("FDD") and another being time division duplex ("TDD"). The present embodiments have particular benefit in TDD and, thus, it is further introduced here. TDD data are transmitted as quadrature phase shift keyed ("QPSK") symbols in data packets of a predetermined duration or time slot. Within a data frame having 15 of these slots, bidirectional communications are permitted, that is, one or more of the slots may correspond to communications from a base station to a user station while other slots in the same frame may correspond to communications from a user station to a base station.
Each TDD data packet includes a predetermined training sequence in the time slot, referred to in the art as a midamble, where this training sequence represents a known data pattern used for channel estimation. Specifically, the midamble includes information that is unique to a given cell and is selected from a pre-defined set of 128 different possible bit sequences; thus, the unique sequence is assigned to the given cell and that information is encoded within the midamble of data frames transmitted by stations within the corresponding cell. Conversely, data packets exchanged with respect to an adjacent cell have midambles with a different one of the bit sequence sets encoded therein and corresponding to the adjacent cell. Lastly, note that a base station in some instances may communicate with different cells (i.e., is "sectorized"); in this case, then a different and unique midamble is encoded within the data frames communicated with respect to that base station for each of the different cells. For the sake of simplicity in the remainder of this document, each base station is associated only with a single cell and, thus, in this respect, the cell's unique midamble also may be viewed as unique per the corresponding base station. In any event, the basic midamble code may be one of two lengths, where currently these lengths are described as a long basic midamble code with 456 bits and a short basic midamble code with 192 bits. While a basic midamble code consists of the same bit sequence used for communications between a base station and all user stations in the cell corresponding to that base station, each user station in the cell is distinguishable from the others because it is assigned a different time-shifted version of the basic midamble code. The assigned shifting is defined in terms of an offset in the basic midamble code, that is, each user station within the cell is assigned its own offset that represents the amount of time shift adjustment for the user station's basic midamble code. For example, with a short length midamble code thereby having a length of 192 bits, and with eight user stations communicating with one base station, the offsets for each of the eight user stations may be spaced 24 chips apart. Thus, the same basic sequence is used for all of these user stations except that for each user station it is circularly shifted by a different multiple of 24 chips to correspond to the offset of the particular user station. After the circularly-shifted basic sequences are summed, a cyclic prefix is inserted to form a midamble of length 256 chips for a short basic midamble code and of length 512 chips for a long basic midamble code.
Two related aspects arise in connection with midambles, as explained here according to the prior art and as further addressed later in connection with the preferred embodiments. The first aspect is channel estimation and the second aspect is delay profile estimation ("DPE"). Looking first to channel estimation, in the prior art signal paths are received by a receiver at different times, referred to as different chip positions. In response to each of these paths falling within a defined time period referred to as a channel estimation window, and more particularly in response to the midamble in each path in the channel estimation window, the receiver computes a corresponding channel estimate for each path. The channel estimates may be computed using a Fourier transform applied to the entire composite signal that exists in the channel estimation window, where the composite signal is therefore a function of the midambles of any paths occurring within the window. The result of the Fourier transform presents channel estimates at each of the chip positions within the window, and the computed channel estimates are stored with references to the chip position for each estimate. Given the channel estimates, the receiver also performs DPE by noncoherently averaging channel estimates derived from the midambles over many frames, which generally therefore sums the respective absolute channel estimate values for each bit position within the channel estimation window. The DPE therefore represents the average power at each bit position over many frames, thereby attempting to average over the fades and the noise. In response to the DPE, the channel estimates corresponding to those bit positions having an average power greater than some threshold are further used by the receiver for additional signal processing, such as for developing channel estimates using a maximal ratio combining ("MRC") process.
To further appreciate the context of the preferred embodiments, an additional introduction is made with respect to receipt by a receiver of both actual paths and false paths. Specifically, recall that a midamble used in one cell is different from the midamble used in an adjacent cell. Nonetheless, a receiver may often receive paths from both a station in the cell in which the receiver is located and also paths from other stations in one or more adjacent cells. Thus, in each of the received paths, there is included either a midamble for the cell in which the receiver is located or a midamble from a different cell. Ideally, when the receiver is attempting to communicate only with other stations in the cell in which the receiver is located, then to properly determine its channel estimates it should make that determination only in response to the paths (and their corresponding midambles) from those other stations in the cell in which the receiver is located; thus, these paths are referred to as actual paths. Also in the ideal case, the receiver should disregard those paths received from transmitters of other cells, and those paths are referred to as false paths in that they represent information to the receiver that is not from the cell with which the receiver is attempting to communicate.
While the preceding aspects of channel estimates and DPE have provided a certain level of receiver performance in the prior art, it has been determined in connection with the present inventive embodiments that such operations may be improved, thereby also increasing the performance of additional operations (e.g., MRC) that rely upon these preceding operations. Specifically, it now may be noted that by identifying the paths having a relatively high average power, the DPE is in effect attempting to identify only the actual paths received, while thereby assuming that the paths having a relatively low average power are false paths. However, the present inventors have recognized that while the DPE process will eliminate some false paths which occur due to noise or fading, the DPE process may not eliminate a considerable number of other false paths. Further, this failure of the DPE has been observed to arise due to the high cross-correlation between the different midamble sequences. In other words, for the 128 different possible sequences (of either 192 or 456 bits), there is a considerable cross-correlation between various pairs of these sequences. This cross-correlation will therefore cause false paths to appear, and it is not accommodated by the prior art DPE process. As a result, in the prior art some of these false paths are accepted as actual paths by the DPE process and, thus, the channel estimates corresponding to these false paths are then used for further processing by the receiver, where such uses thereby deplete resources that are better served for processing actual paths. Again by way of example, the channel estimates corresponding to these false paths may be assigned to different fingers in a rake receiver performing MRC analysis, where those fingers would be better suited for assignment to actual path channel estimates. Thus, in the prior art there is a considerable chance for communications from adjacent cells to diminish the ability of a user station to perform its channel estimation.
In view of the preceding, there is a need to improve the DPE in response to actual and false midamble basic sequences, and this need is addressed by the preferred embodiments as described below.
In the preferred embodiment, there is a wireless communication system. The system comprises transmitter circuitry comprising circuitry for transmitting a plurality of frames to a receiver in a first cell. Each of the plurality of frames comprises a bit group, and the bit group uniquely distinguishes the first cell from a second cell adjacent the first cell. The transmitter circuitry further comprises circuitry for inserting a bit sequence into the bit group. The bit sequence is selected from a plurality of bit sequences such that successive transmissions by the transmitter circuitry comprise a cycle of successive ones of the plurality of bit sequences. Other circuits, systems, and methods are also disclosed and claimed.
In some respects, system 10 may operate according to known general techniques for various types of cellular or other spread spectrum communications, including CDMA communications. Such general techniques are known in the art and include the commencement of a call from user station UST and the handling of that call by either or both of base stations BST1 and BST2. Other techniques are ascertainable by one skilled in the art.
One aspect of operation of system 10 which is further enhanced according to the preferred embodiments, and which in various respects is also reflected in the prior art, relates to a technique known as channel estimation. Channel estimation is used by a receiver, where such a receiver could be either in user station UST of base station BST, to estimate the effects that have been imposed on a signal communicated from a transmitter. For example with respect to
Each circularly shifted basic sequence area includes the cell's unique basic sequence but which is positioned in a shifted manner that is circular with respect to the basic sequence for each other user station in the same cell. To illustrate this aspect, FIG. 4 depicts shading in each basic sequence area to denote the logical beginning of the sequence, where the non-shaded area is intended to illustrate the remainder of the basic sequence. For example with respect to midamble 30 1, within its basic sequence area 30 1BSA is its basic sequence with its beginning logically positioned to the left in the area and followed by the remainder of the basic sequence bits; in contrast, midamble 30 2 includes the same basic sequence within area 30 2BSA, but its shaded portion demonstrates that the beginning of the basic sequence is shifted farther in time to the right relative to basic sequence area 30 1BSA of midamble 30 1. The amount of shift of a basic sequence is defined as an offset for each user. In addition, to the extent that the basic sequence within area 30 2BSA is shifted right, note further that the end of the information of that basic sequence wraps around so that the logical end of the sequence actually appears in time at the beginning of area 30 2BSA. Indeed, this same wraparound effect occurs to an even greater extent for the basic sequence as it is encoded within areas 30 3BSA and 30 4BSA because the beginning of the basic sequence in those areas (i.e., shown by shading) is successively shifted farther to the right, thereby leaving a greater portion of the basic sequence to wraparound and, hence, to appear in the left portion of the respective area. Lastly, note that a tail end region 32 is defined generally for all midambles in
By way of further context for the preferred embodiments,
Given the possibility of a receiver receiving both actual and false paths, both the prior art and the preferred embodiments endeavor to reduce the effects of false paths on the processing and operation of the receiver. In the art, therefore, there is a goal of a receiver to reject the false paths and this concept is sometimes referred to as intercell rejection, that is, the receiver attempts to reject paths from cells other than the cell in which the receiver is located. More particularly as related to the present embodiments, each path represents the receipt of a frame, thereby further including slots and corresponding midambles. In the same respect that generally the receiver attempts to improve intercell rejection, more specifically for the present context the receiver attempts to improve intercell rejection of midambles, that is, to reject false paths along with their corresponding midambles and to thereby exclude the channel estimates from those midambles from being used in further processing such as maximal ratio combining ("MRC") operations. Further in this regard,
Given the cumulative distribution of
As shown in
Baseband device 40 communicates with the ultimate network, which may be of the E1 or T1 class, or a packet network as shown in
Baseband device 40 performs the digital signal processing functions in handling the wireless communications at base station BST1, where such functions include among many others the function of creating and embedding the midambles into frame time slots according the preferred embodiment as further discussed below. To perform these functions, it is contemplated that baseband device 40 will be a subsystem including one or more high-performance digital signal processor (DSP) devices, such as those of the TMS320c5x and TMS320c6x class of DSPs available from Texas Instruments Incorporated, along with the appropriate memory and external functions suitable for handling the digital processing requirements of base station BST1. For
On the transmit side, baseband device 40 includes encode and modulate function 54, which is coupled between physical layer interface 55 and baseband interface 45, as shown in
On the receive side, baseband device 40 receives incoming digital signals from baseband interface 45, after digitization of the received signals within RF interface function 44. These signals are applied to chip-rate demodulation and despreading function 48, which derives the transmitted symbols from the digitized received data. Considering that base station BST1 receives signals over multiple channels, from multiple wireless user stations in its cell, channel estimation function 46 estimates the random channel variation. Channel estimation function 46 and chip-rate demodulation and despreading function 48 each provide output to symbol user detection and combining function 50, in which the demodulated data are associated with their respective channels. In addition, recalling that it is mentioned above that the block diagram of
Having described a first sequence of the states of
From the preceding, one skilled in the art should now appreciate that in the preferred embodiment a transmitter does not transmit only a single assigned midamble corresponding to the cell in which it is located as is the case in the prior art. Instead, in the preferred embodiment a cell is assigned a sequence of K midambles, and then a transmitter communicating within that cell cycles through these midambles one at a time. In the preferred embodiment, the cycling is such that a different midamble is used for each successive frame transmitted by the transmitter until all midambles in the cycle have been transmitted. Given this operation, various additional observations may be made in connection with particular implementations. As a first observation, the value of K in
Having described the transmission through a cycle of midambles for a cell according to the preferred embodiment, one skilled in the art should readily appreciate that comparable operations are to be performed by a receiver within a given cell as is now briefly explored. Generally, the receiver operation parallels that of the state diagram of
To further demonstrate the operation of a receiver in accordance with the preferred embodiment,
Examining now
From the above, it may be appreciated that the above embodiments provide a transmitter for use in a wireless system and for cycling midambles to improve intercell rejection. Further, while the present embodiments have been described in detail, various substitutions, modifications or alterations could be made to the descriptions set forth above without departing from the inventive scope. Indeed, various different embodiments have been described which assist in developing this inventive scope. In addition, still other changes may be made to the inventive teachings. For example, the transmitter of
Patent Citations
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Toddlers whose parents anger easily tend to throw more tantrums and become upset, a new study shows. Looking into the nature-versus-nurture question long debated in childrearing, researchers found a clear link between over-reactive parenting and negative emotions in young children. "You set the example as a parent in your own emotions and reactions," says researcher […]
Category » Vitality
May 29, 2012
Parents Should Chill Out
May 29, 2012
Infectious Science
The National Institutes of Health is supporting OSU researchers with $4.5 million spread across 16 active projects. Among them: Jon Furuno, College of Pharmacy, studies the incidence and severity of MRSA in hospitals and long-term care facilities. Margaret Dolcini, Department of Public Health, studies the behaviors and attitudes of urban African-American youth at risk of […]
May 29, 2012
The Power's in the Purple
A new type of tomato that's "as black as an eggplant" is being touted for its health-enhancing properties. Poetically named "Indigo Rose," the new variety was bred at OSU as a powerful source of antioxidants — micronutrients known to fight the harmful "free radicals" implicated in cancers and other diseases. It's the purple pigment, in […]
May 25, 2012
Resistance Times Ten
Pathogens resistant to one or more drugs are on the rise. Below are 10 diseases associated with antimicrobial resistance identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 1. Anthrax. Occurs rarely in humans. Caused by exposure to infected animals or animal products. Also has been used in […]
May 25, 2012
From Bedside to Public Square
Most of Portland is still punching the snooze button when morning rounds begin on Pill Hill. By 6 o'clock, teams of doctors, residents and medical students have draped their stethoscopes around their necks, collected their clipboards and greeted their first patients at OHSU's teaching hospital. Joining one of the white-coated clusters, the family-medicine team, is […]
February 20, 2012
State of Change: A Capacity for Health
"The best means of fending off any changes for the worse due to climate change are similar to those already in place: ensuring that changes in disease patterns can be detected, investigating as needed, and mounting an appropriate public health response as soon as possible."
–Oregon Climate Assessment Report
February 2, 2012
Native health
Stuart Harris can still remember the sights, scents and sounds of the autumn day when he gathered with his family as a boy and helped the adults smoke deer: crisp leaves, a dusting of frost and the laughter of children mingling with the smell of smoke in the air. For Harris, a member of the […]
November 28, 2011
Vital contributions
When Angelica Grizzle started college, her idea of research was scientists in lab coats looking into microscopes. When she found out that there were opportunities for undergraduate students to work with young kids on school readiness research, she jumped at the opportunity. Grizzle says the research seed was planted during her first year at Oregon […]
November 16, 2011
Natural compounds, chemotherapeutic drugs, may become partners in cancer therapy
Research in the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University suggests that some natural food compounds, which previously have been studied for their ability to prevent cancer, may be able to play a more significant role in treating it – working side-by-side with the conventional drugs that are now used in chemotherapy. A study published […]
October 27, 2011
Chemistry for Life
In 2011, the first Baby Boomer turned 65 — the leading edge of a wave that is going to change the country. By 2030 one in every five Americans will be older than that. People are already living longer, taking time to travel and to enjoy their families. Think gourmet cooking classes, fishing trips and […]
October 26, 2011
What's in a Name?
In "Romeo and Juliet," Shakespeare famously penned, "What's in a name?" I've been asked that many times since our college changed its name in July. It may not have meant much to Juliet in the case of her beloved, but for the College of Public Health and Human Sciences, it speaks to the very essence […]
October 26, 2011
Co-conspirators in Melanoma
Americans spend billions to beautify their outermost organ — to make it softer and younger, to erase wrinkles, conceal freckles, fake a tan, flaunt a tattoo. In our obsession with skin's cosmetic qualities, it's easy to forget the role it plays as nature's biohazard suit. It defends our bodies against a barrage of environmental and […]
October 26, 2011
How Tumors Begin
October 25, 2011
Is There a Pill for That?
Instead of blindly following "doctor's orders," patients can power up their iPad, Google their symptoms and join a chatroom for a different kind of "expert" opinion — that of ordinary people who have "been there, done that." In this brave new world of "e-health," there are bounteous benefits, says Kristin Barker, a sociologist at Oregon State University.
October 21, 2011
High to Moderate Levels of Stress Lead to Higher Mortality Rate
A new study concludes that men who experience persistently moderate or high levels of stressful life events over a number of years have a 50 percent higher mortality rate. In general, the researchers found only a few protective factors against these higher levels of stress – people who self-reported that they had good health tended […]
October 4, 2011
Birth Knowledge
As a midwife in Eugene, Ore., Bonnie Ruder has overseen more than 150 successful homebirths. When she leaves for Uganda with her family in November, she will be investigating circumstances when things don't go so well.
September 14, 2011
Nature-Made Medicine
"Orthomolecular medicine is the use of the right molecules or orthomolecular substances that are normally present in the human body in the amounts that lead to the best of health and the greatest decrease in disease. It is the most effective prevention in the treatment of disease." — Linus Pauling, 1983 Linus Pauling spent […]
July 6, 2011
Bone Builders
It may sound like the Olympics, but you don't have to go to extremes to get benefits that could last a lifetime. Regular exercises can raise or maintain bone mass in children and adults, reducing fracture risks as they age. Those are the conclusions of studies by Kathy Gunter and her team of undergraduate and […]
June 6, 2011
When Our Dogs Get Sick
A greyhound named Holly, a retriever named Lucky and a mutt named Mogli don't have much in common, appearance-wise. Holly, a retired racing dog, is tall, sleek and lean. Lucky is a wiry hunting dog with reddish-gold fur who loves to fetch tennis balls. Mogli is shorter, like a Border collie, with a friendly face […]
June 1, 2011
Canines to the Rescue
The similarities are uncanny. Bone tumors, whether from a teenager's leg or the paw of the teen's pet dog, look virtually identical. If you biopsy those tumors and examine them under a microscope, you'd be hard pressed to tell one from the other. That's why oncology research at Oregon State University's College of Veterinary Medicine […]
June 1, 2011
Saving Orion
Unlike humans, whose hair falls out during chemotherapy, dogs don't lose their fur. I didn't learn that when I was training to be an oncologist. I know it now because my dog has cancer. My 9-year-old golden retriever Orion, who is undergoing a pioneering cancer treatment at Oregon State University's College of Veterinary Medicine, still […]
May 31, 2011
Good Impressions
Call it gut instinct, intuition, street smarts or sixth sense. Good poker players need it. Success in business, politics and athletics demands it. Psychologists call it emotional intelligence, but unlike the myriad tests available to assess verbal and quantitative intelligence, a well-validated test for emotional intelligence has yet to be established, according to Frank Bernieri, […]
May 31, 2011
The Birth-Weight Factor
Among the questions you may be asked someday by doctors who prescribe your medications is one that few people can probably answer: What was your birth weight? Research by Ganesh Cherala of the Oregon State University College of Pharmacy suggests that when physicians prescribe drugs ranging from Tylenol to cancer chemotherapies, they may need to […]
May 28, 2011
Holding Out Hope
He hit .295 with 29 home runs and 114 RBIs that last year in 1938 — a season most baseball players could only dream about. They called him the "Iron Horse" because he was known for his durability. But even in 1938, he was feeling tired by mid-season. And for him, a season like that was considered mediocre.
May 28, 2011
Blood Lines
It wasn't the most elegant way to enter a lab. Ishan Patel had just met his mentor for the summer of 2009, Dr. Owen McCarty at Oregon Health & Science University. The OSU bioengineering student wanted to make a good impression, and when McCarty told him to go across the hall and meet his research […]
May 27, 2011
Natural Defense
"I'm not one that is easily deterred," Anneke Tucker says with a disarming smile. It's a good thing. The 23-year-old Oregon State University senior from Lakeview, Oregon, has fixed her sights on nothing less than improving health care in rural communities. And along the way, she might throw in a new treatment for one of the nation's most serious health threats, Type 2 diabetes.
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Growth Factors
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April 24, 2010
Biases and Barriers
Bi-Mart seems an unlikely springboard for social change. Yet tucked away in a corner of a store on the edge of Springfield, pharmacist Kathy Hahn is waging a militant campaign against pain. "I'm kind of an activist," she says, leaning close to her listener and whispering the word "activist" as if confiding a dark secret. […]
April 24, 2010
Guarding Human Health
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October 24, 2009
Delving into Wellness
Children's physical well-being is critical to their academic and emotional growth. Yet for an alarming number of preschoolers, too much sitting and too much snacking have led to premature weight problems. OSU researchers are working on ways to intervene. Joanne Sorte, director of the OSU Child Development Center, and her colleague Inge Daeschel, a nutrition […]


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The Deputy Public Works Minister for Rural Development and Community Services has called on stakeholders to apply standards and set up national norms during the rehabilitation of feeder roads in the country.
Christian G. Herbert, made the statement on Thursday during a two-day feeder road design and specification training workshop at the Bong Women Center in Gbarnga, Bong County.
A release from the Ministry of Public Works quoted the Deputy Minister as describing the workshop as the first of its kind in Liberia, aimed at reviewing and subsequently formulating a document that will be used as a road map during the rehabilitation of feeder roads in the country.
Mr. Herbert, the release said encouraged all stakeholders to utilize the design and specification manual during the execution of construction projects and added that the Ministry of Public Works is committed to ensuring that this policy is upheld.
Minister Herbert also called for sustained efforts to maintain the roads rehabilitated in the country. He emphasized the need to preserve investment in the infrastructural sector as according to him, the Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) is expected to turn over feeder roads rehabilitated to the Government of Liberia in 2014. "It is therefore required of all participants to utilize the knowledge gained to prepare adequately for such herculean challenge and responsibility", Minister Herbert noted.
Minister Herbert disclosed that owing to the importance the Government of Liberia attached to the maintenance component of the infrastructural sector, a road maintenance Civil Engineer, will shortly be hired, to concentrate primarily on maintenance of feeder roads already rehabilitated.
For his part the Team Leader of the Liberian Swedish Feeder Roads Project (LSFRP) Mr. Belal Hussain, called on the National Government to increase budgetary allotment to the Public Works Ministry. He divulged that in most developing countries, the Ministry of Public Works is prioritized owing to its statutory responsibilities to create access throughout the country.
He thanked the participants for their interests exhibited in formulating a new feeder roads design and specification manual for the infrastructural sector of Liberia. He said when the design and specification manual is finalized and subsequently approved by the Public Works Ministry; copies will be disseminated amongst all stakeholders. He also stated that the manual will be reduced to a pocket size to enable engineers use it on the field.
Mr. Hussain disclosed that the LSFRP has decided to refurbish a training room at the Ministry of Public Works to conduct an AutoCAD training aimed at building the capacity of a select group of Resident Engineers. AutoCAd is a software which determines where, when, and how to rehabilitate a particular road. He said the training room will be equipped with an overhead projector and few computers.
He later emphasized the need to embark on a routine maintenance program to sustain investments in the infrastructural sector. He said "the cost to rehabilitate three kilometers of road can be used to sustain 100 kilometers". Mr. Hussain also said that the routine maintenance program will create employment opportunities for several Liberians.
Several dignitaries including Deputy Public Works Minister for Technical Services, Hon. Victor B. Smith, Assistant Minister for Operations/Construction, Hon. William L. Slour, and Mr. Thomas B. Kettor, Special Assistant to the Superintendent of Bong County attended the workshop.
Representatives of the Association of Liberian Construction Contractors (ALCC), Engineering Society of Liberia and 15 Resident Engineers also attended.
The two days workshop was organized by the LSFRP. It was held from January 30-31, 2013 at the Bong Women Organization Center in Gbarnga, Bong County.


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Results 1 - 5 of 5 Page 1 of 1


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New London — About 10 years ago, Russ DiNoto's Christmas tree outgrew him.
DiNoto, 64, a retired New London police officer and former chairman of the now-defunct New London Neighborhood Association, moved into his house on Washington Street in 1997 — the 1763 William Coit House — where an evergreen tree stood at just a little taller than 6 feet.
DiNoto said he used to host an annual Christmas tree-lighting party for the neighborhood, stringing the tree with lights and handing out ornaments for the children to decorate. He would bake cookies and have hot cocoa ready, even wear a Santa suit.
But when the tree grew too tall, DiNoto had to stop.
"It was too high for me to decorate," he said.
Now, towering at about 50 feet, DiNoto's tree stands on Parade Plaza in downtown New London, where Mayor Daryl Justin Finizio joined a large crowd of residents Saturday night to officially light the tree for New London Main Street's annual Celebration of Lights and Song.
Main Street had recently cut its $2,500 budget for the holiday event down to $250. DiNoto, a lifelong New London resident, said when he heard about the budget woes, he decided to chip in.
"I thought, let me do something nice for the city of New London," he said. "So I called everybody and I said, I have a big tree."
DiNoto said with the help of a crane and a bucket truck, his tree was transported downtown, where it found new admirers in the audience of revelers, milling about the skating rink Saturday night just before the big event in scarves, coats and the occasional Santa hat.
Carols old and new wafted from the sound system; the ISAAC School Swing Choir gathered beside the tree, ready to take over with their multicultural holiday tribute to Christmas, Hanukkah and Kwanzaa.
DiNoto readied his camera phone just before 5 p.m. as Finizio prepared to flip a switch on an adjacent lamppost wired up to the tree, joined by Santa Claus and a cast of holiday characters from the Eastern Connecticut Ballet — the Sugar Plum Fairy and Nutcracker.
Admiring the trimming handiwork — "It's beautiful," he said — DiNoto admitted he missed the days of being able to hold the celebration in his own yard, a tradition he said "kept the neighborhood together."
"It's a little sad, but giving to New London is better," he said. "It makes my heart feel good."
Finizio took the microphone in hand, moments before the tree would light up impressively golden and bright.
"And so, without further ado, for Christmas 2012, let there be light," Finizio said to a round of applause. "Happy holidays, and Merry Christmas."
Portion of Ocean Avenue in New London is closed after car snaps utility pole
Once again, there's a few sports parents who could use some decaf
New London middle school to get nearly $3 million to fund new programs
The Rev. Michel Belt set to retire from St. James Episcopal Church later this summer
Eastern Pequot chairman vows to fight new tribal recognition rule
Newly signed state budget changes funding for cities and towns
High Hopes offers equine experience to Camp Harkness campers
Police: Maine man shoots off fireworks mortar tube from top of his head, dies
New London man charged with failing to safeguard gun discharged at middle school
Former East Lyme couple accused in string of residential burglaries
Huge crowds clog region's beaches as holiday weekend draws to close


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5.0 - High priority. This is a position that is a glaring weakness and there is the likelihood that this team cannot compete next year without making a major addition here.
4.0 - Medium Priority. This is an area that is an obvious weakness, but the team isn't quite desperate to make a major move here possibly because they have some young potential. But this is an area that if the team cannot fix via free agency, will definitely use one of their picks in the first three or four rounds to supplement.
3.0 - Upgrade Potential. This is a position that isn't a weakness per se, but there is significant room for an upgrade. If the right player comes along they will certainly snag him, but if they don't fix this position with a major free agent addition or early round pick, then it's not the end of the world.
2.0 - Depth Need. An area where there is a need to add depth. Perhaps there is an aging veteran and they might want to start to look at grooming his heir apparent or replacement. Not likely to be a high priority and a position that more than likely will be address in the middle and late rounds rather than with a top pick.
1.0 - Future Need. This is an area that is not a priority, and doesn't initially appear as a need. But there is some room to develop some depth for perhaps two or more years down the line. This is usually an area that a team will look at in the late rounds if at all.
0.0 - Non-need. This is a position that is a strength of their team, they have a solid starter, capable depth, and/or a young player at the position that they like and want to develop. Very little possibility this area is addressed and would be the equivalent of a wasted draft pick.
Top 7 Needs
Position by Position Breakdown
Quarterback - Flacco had a strong season, but the Ravens are going to have to look for ways to make him better. But their major issue here is depth, as Bulger is their lone backup and likely to seek out a starting job elsewhere this off-season. They'll likely turn to a veteran, but might add a late round pick in the draft. NEED: 2.0
Running Back - Rice's production took a dip, but there aren't any concerns that he's still their top back. McGahee is a solid reserve, but they probably won't pay him and he'll likely be cut. That would leave a void here as far as depth goes with them looking for a powerful complementary back behind Rice. NEED: 2.0
Fullback - McClain is one of the best in the league, but they are worried he could seek a big contract elsewhere, one they are unwilling to match. Which would mean they will have a signfiicant void to fill here as well. NEED: 2.5
Wide Receiver - Boldin and Mason are a nice pair, but neither are spring chickens. They will look at adding more speed and getting an explosive playmaker here to bolster this unit. It remains to be seen if either Houshmandzadeh or Stallworth will return next year. Neither player contributed as much as hoped this past year. NEED: 4.0
Tight End - Heap had a strong year, but he's not getting any younger. Dickson and PItta are nice pieces worth developing on the bench, so there shouldn't be any major moves here. NEED: 0.5
Offensive Tackle - The team is expected to move Gaither whenever they can. His injuries have caused them to give up on him. Oher struggled in his first full season at left tackle, but they are still confident that he can only grow from here. Yanda is the incumbent at right tackle and coming off a solid year, but he's a free agent and they view him more as a long-term option at guard rather than tackle. They will try to upgrade this spot. NEED: 3.0
Offensive Guard - Chester is a free agent, and a solid depth piece. Yanda is considered the true starter here and he'll be the priority re-signing. If they lose both, they'll need to address this spot. NEED: 1.0
Center - Birk is expected back this year, the final year of his contract. But they need to decide whether Chester is the future option here or to bring in someone new to develop for at least a year. NEED: 1.5
Defensive Tackle - Gregg is still a capable guy, but is starting to slow down. But having Ngata and Cody for depth means that they aren't too worried. NEED: 1.0
Defensive End - Re-signing Ngata will be a high priority this off-season. BUt they need to upgrade the other spot. Kruger did not fit as well as hoped, and Redding is just a stopgap. They need to find a solid piece for the future. NEED: 3.0
Linebacker - Johnson and Lewis are solid, but they can't be sure how much longer either will be playing for them. Johnson is entering his contract year, and while Lewis has several years left on his deal, he'll be 36 this year. McClain, Ellerbe, and Gooden have proven to be solid in spots, but are unproven as far as being long-term fill ins. So they'll be on the lookout for additional talent here. NEED: 2.0
Cornerback - Wilson was a pleasant addition, and getting Foxworth back next year will be a nice pickup. But their two best corners are Wilson and Carr, both free agents, and both players that are ideally nickel guys rather than starters. Upgrading this spot will be a big key this off-season trying to find someone that has the potential to be a No. 1 corner. NEED: 4.0
Safety - Reed has two more years left on his contract, and hasn't made it through the past two seasons healthy. Nakamura looked promising a year ago, but not so much this past year. The same goes for Zbikowski. Landry is a free agent, and they'd like to bring him back but aren't going to spend a ton to do so. If they can find a good long-term option to replace REed and/or upgrade over Landry, they will go for it. NEED: 2.5
Kicker - Cundiff got an extension and they should be solid here for a couple more years. NEED: 0.0
Punter - Koch is one of the league's top young punters. NEED: 0.0
Team Needs: Baltimore Ravens
The year's upcoming draft and the college game can be discussed here.
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Publications (13)32.51 Total impact
- SourceAvailable from: Kostas Markou
Article: No increase in renal iodine excretion during pregnancy: a telling comparison between pregnant women and their spouses.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Adequate dietary iodine intake is necessary for normal thyroid gland function at all times, and most particularly during pregnancy. Increased iodine loss is cited, among other factors, as responsible for the increased iodine demand in this period. Our aim was to compare renal iodine excretion between women during all three pregnancy trimesters with that of their spouses and thereby to estimate the iodine intake in an a large sample of pregnant women in urban areas in Greece.Hormones (Athens, Greece) 07/2014; 13(3):375-381. · 1.24 Impact Factor
Article: The Greek Population Is Iodine Sufficient and Not at Risk of Iodine-Induced HyperthyroidismJournal of Nutrition 08/2012; 142(8):1611; author reply 1612. DOI:10.3945/jn.112.163980 · 4.23 Impact Factor
Article: Perchlorate and thiocyanate exposure and thyroid function in first-trimester pregnant women from Greece[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Thyroid hormone, requiring adequate maternal iodine intake, is critical for neurodevelopment in utero. Perchlorate and, less so, thiocyanate decrease uptake of iodine into the thyroid gland by competitively inhibiting the sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). It remains unclear whether environmental perchlorate exposure adversely affects thyroid function in first-trimester pregnant women. Cross-sectional. 134 pregnant women from Athens, Greece, at mean ± SD 10·9 ± 2·3 weeks' gestation. Urinary iodide, perchlorate, and thiocyanate and thyroid function tests were measured. The median urinary iodide was 120 μg/l. Urinary perchlorate levels were detectable in all women: median (range) 4·1 (0·2-118·5) μg/l. Serum thyroperoxidase antibodies (TPO Ab) were detectable in 16% of women. Using Spearman's rank correlation analyses, there was no correlation between urinary perchlorate concentrations and serum TSH, although inverse correlations were seen between urine perchlorate and free T3 and free T4 values. In univariate analyses, urine thiocyanate was positively correlated with serum TSH, but was not associated with serum free T3 or free T4. Urine perchlorate was positively correlated with gestational age. In multivariate analyses adjusting for urinary iodide concentrations, urine thiocyanate, gestational age, maternal age and TPO Ab titres, urine perchlorate was not a significant predictor of thyroid function. Low-level perchlorate and thiocyanate exposure is ubiquitous, but, in adjusted analyses, is not associated with alterations in thyroid function tests among mildly iodine-deficient Greek women in the first trimester of pregnancy.Clinical Endocrinology 04/2012; 77(3):471-4. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04407.x · 3.35 Impact Factor
- Hormones (Athens, Greece) 04/2012; 11(2):222-3. DOI:10.14310/horm.2002.1352 · 1.24 Impact Factor
- [Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Elite male artistic gymnasts (AG) are exposed to high levels of physical and psychological stress during adolescence and experience a significant late maturation in both linear growth and pubertal development. The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of intensive physical training on the adult final height in elite male AG. This study is unique in character, as all variables were measured on the field of competition. The study was prospective and longitudinal; however, the current analysis of data is cross-sectional. Data from 86 elite male AG were obtained during the gymnastics competitions of European and World Championships. Clinical evaluation included height and weight measurements, as well as assessment of pubic hair and genital development according to Tanner's stages of pubertal development. The laboratory investigation included determination of skeletal maturation. All athletes completed a questionnaire that included questions on personal (onset and intensity of training, number of competitions per year) and family data (paternal and maternal heights). Male AG were below the 50th percentile for both final height and weight. Elite male AG had final height standard deviation score (SDS) lower than their genetic predisposition. Final height SDS was correlated positively with target height SDS (r = 0.430, p < 0.001) and weight SDS (r = 0.477, p < 0.001) and negatively to the intensity of training (r = -0.252, p = 0.022). The main factors influencing final height, by multiple regression analysis were weight SDS (p < 0.001) and target height SDS (p = 0.003). In elite maleAG, final height falls short of genetic predisposition, still well within normal limits. Considering medical and psychological risks in general, and based on the results of this research project, the International Federation of Gymnastics has increased the age limit for participants in international gymnastics competitions by 1 year.Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism: JPEM 04/2012; 25(3-4):267-71. DOI:10.1515/jpem-2011-0486 · 0.71 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of intensive training on adult final height in elite female rhythmic and artistic gymnasts. The study included 215 rhythmic gymnasts (RG) and 113 artistic gymnasts (AG). AG were below the 50th percentile, while RG were taller than average. Final adult height was lower than target height in AG, while in RG, it exceeded target height. AG started training earlier than RG (p<0.001) and reported lower intensity of training (p<0.001). RG were taller than AG, with higher target height, greater Δ final height-target height and lower body fat and BMI (p<0.001). Using multiple regression analysis, the main factors influencing final height were weight SDS (p<0.001), target height SDS (p<0.001) and age of menarche (p<0.001) for RG, and weight SDS (p<0.001) and target height SDS (p<0.001) for AG. In both elite female RG and AG, genetic predisposition to final height was not disrupted and remained the main force of growth. Although in elite RG genetic predisposition for growth was fully preserved, in elite female AG final adult height falls shorter than genetically determined target height, though within the standard error of prediction.Hormones (Athens, Greece) 01/2012; 11(1):61-9. · 1.24 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of intensive physical exercise and acute psychological stress during high level athletic competition as reflected on the levels of salivary cortisol in elite artistic gymnasts (AGs). The study included 239 AGs (142 females-97 males) who participated in the European Championship of Gymnastics in 2006 and 81 adolescents (40 females-41 males), matched for age, as controls. All athletes participated voluntarily in all or parts of the study, providing samples or data for each of the variables measured. Height, weight, body fat, lean body mass (LBM), bone age and Tanner stage of puberty were assessed and data concerning the time of thelarche, adrenarche and menarche as well as, the onset and the intensity (hours per week) of training were obtained. Saliva samples were collected, the morning before training and in the afternoon shortly after the competition. From controls, the saliva samples were collected in the morning. Cortisol concentrations were measured using a chemiluminescence method. Acute stress was assessed using a questionnaire designed for the study. No difference was found between morning and afternoon salivary cortisol levels in both male and female AGs (females: AM: 15.45±7.45nmol/l vs PM: 15.73±9.38nmol/l; males: AM: 10.21±5.52nmol/l vs PM: 9.93±13.8nmol/l, p>0.05). Female AGs presented higher levels of morning salivary cortisol than female controls (p<0.05). Both male and female AGs had higher degree of psychological stress in comparison with controls (p<0.001, p<0.013, respectively). Female AGs had higher morning and afternoon salivary cortisol levels (p<0.01, p<0.01, respectively) and higher degree of stress (p<0.003) than males. In elite AGs the diurnal rhythm of salivary cortisol has been abolished, probably due to the strenuous training and competition conditions. Female AGs presented higher levels of morning salivary cortisol and psychological stress compared to both male AGs and female controls. The long term consequences of these modifications of the HPA axis remain to be elucidated.Steroids 11/2010; 76(4):353-7. DOI:10.1016/j.steroids.2010.10.013 · 2.72 Impact Factor
Article: Metformin administration was associated with a modification of LH, prolactin and insulin secretion dynamics in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: AIM. To elucidate the dynamics of FSH, LH, prolactin (PRL), TSH and insulin secretion in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) treated with metformin (MET). In a prospective, controlled and randomised trial, 32 women with PCOS and 32 with normal cycle were recruited to receive MET (850 mg b.i.d.) or placebo (n: 16 for each subgroup) for an average of 40 days. Pituitary function and insulin secretion were assessed before and after intervention by GnRH-TRH tests and oral glucose tolerance test induced insulin response. Basal and area under the response curve (AURC) LH values were higher in PCOS than in normal controls before MET and declined following treatment in the former group (P < 0.05). Ovulatory PCOS responders had lower basal LH, AURC(LH) and AURC(PRL) values during MET than anovulatory cases (P < 0.05 for all) and AURCins was lower in ovulatory than anovulatory PCOS before and on MET (P < 0.02-P < 0.05), with a rise of QUICKY index in the former group during MET treatment (P < 0.05). FSH and TSH were similar. MET administration lowered LH activity in all PCOS women and in ovulatory responders and also compromised PRL stimulated secretion in the latter cases. These findings were indicative of an effect of MET on pituitary activity.Gynecological Endocrinology 06/2009; 25(7):427-34. DOI:10.1080/09513590902770172 · 1.14 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: In this large series of 349 unselected men, no significant relationship between body mass index and total sperm count was found. Thus, the association of body mass index and sperm count reported in some studies was not confirmed.Fertility and sterility 03/2009; 92(3):1016-7. DOI:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.093 · 4.30 Impact Factor
Article: Treating iodine deficiency: Long-term effects of iodine repletion on growth and pubertal development in school-age children[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Iodine deficiency (ID) is still a major universal health problem. Iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs) affect people of all ages, among whom the most vulnerable are children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to assess the long-term effects on growth and pubertal development of correcting severe ID in areas of Azerbaijan between 1999 and 2000. Iodized oil was administered orally to 293,000 children, aged 6-16 years. Among those, 364 children were randomly selected and were examined 1 year before the administration of iodized oil (Group I-neg, iodine negative) and 295 children (Group I-Rx, iodine treated) were examined 4 years (Group I-R x 4, iodine treated 4 years later; n = 173) or 5 years (Group I-R x 5, iodine treated 5 years later; n = 122) after the last dose of iodide. In Group I-neg the median urine iodine concentration (UIC) (mcg/L) was 36 (mean: 36.272 +/- 11.036) and increased significantly (p < 0.001) in Group I-R x 4: 188 (mean: 230.969 +/- 155.818) and in Group I-R x 5: 175 (mean: 201.176 +/- 130.369). The prevalence of goiter was 99% in Group I-neg and 2% in Group I-R x 4. Children in Group I-Rx had a greater standard deviation score (SDS) for height (-0.1364 +/- 1.279, n = 294) than children in Group I-neg (-0.5019 +/- 1.17, n = 363) (p < 0.001, t = -3.817), which was more significant for boys. SDS for weight was similar in both groups (Group I-neg: -0.17 +/- 0.78, n = 363; Group I-Rx: -0.115 +/- 0.917, n = 294). The rate of puberty development as judged by the development of breast and pubic hair was normalized in both sexes after the correction of ID. Our results demonstrate that long-term correction of severe ID leads to sustained improvement of linear growth accompanied by a normalization of the time of onset of pubertal development for both sexes.Thyroid 04/2008; 18(4):449-54. DOI:10.1089/thy.2007.0277 · 3.84 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: To report on a unique case of hypogonadism associated with excessive carotene intake in a young male athlete. A 20-year-old patient presented with a gradual decline in muscular and physical activity, sexual interest and erectile ability associated with a high in carotene and low in animal fat diet of his own design a year prior to the clinical manifestations. Clinically, he presented with very overt signs of carotene excess: his palms and soles were yellow. Moreover, 2 weeks after normalization of his diet, carotene B levels were at the upper end of the normal range. Repeated stimulation tests of hypothalamic, pituitary and testicular function were performed before and at 3, 6 and 12 months after the introduction of a balanced diet. Very low basal and stimulated values for gonadotropins and gonadal steroids were found at the initial evaluation with a progressive recovery shown after months of a balanced diet and carotene B restoration. Complete androgen secretion and sexual response recovery were observed only after 9-12 months from diagnosis. This is the first report associating excessive carotene intake with a hypothalamic form of hypogonadism in a young man.Asian Journal of Andrology 08/2006; 8(4):488-92. DOI:10.1111/j.1745-7262.2006.00169.x · 2.53 Impact Factor
Article: Responsiveness to tamoxifen citrate and testosterone undecanoate is independent of the severity of idiopathic oligozoospermia.Journal of Andrology 01/2005; 26(5):565-6; author reply 566-7. · 1.69 Impact Factor
Article: Effectiveness of combined tamoxifen citrate and testosterone undecanoate treatment in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To assess the effect of treatment with a combination of the antiestrogen tamoxifen citrate and the androgen testosterone undecanoate on sperm variables and pregnancy incidence in men with idiopathic oligozoospermia and couple subfertility. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Clinical research in a tertiary care academic hospital. Two hundred twelve men with idiopathic oligozoospermia and 82 normozoospermic men with female factor subfertility. Oligozoospermic patients were randomly assigned to two treatment groups with tamoxifen citrate, 20 mg/d, and testosterone undecanoate, 120 mg/d (n = 106) or placebo treatment (n = 106) for 6 months. Normozoospermic men were followed for the same period. Couple counseling was part of the intervention in all groups. Pregnancy incidence and sperm characteristics after 3 and 6 months on medication and 3 months after the end of the trial. In the active treatment group, total sperm count (median [25th, 75th percentile], 27.1 x 10(6) cells/mL [9.4, 54.0 x 10(6) cells/mL] at baseline and 61.5 x 10(6) cells/mL [28.2, 119.6 x 10(6) cells/mL] at 6 months), progressive motility (mean [+/-SD], 29.7% +/- 12.0% at baseline and 41.6% +/- 13.1% at 6 months), and normal morphology (mean, 41.2% +/- 14.0% at baseline and 56.6% +/- 11.5% at 6 months) were noted. No marked changes were observed in placebo recipients or normozoospermic men. The incidence of spontaneous pregnancy was 33.9% in the active treatment group and 10.3% in the placebo group (36 vs. 11 pregnancies), with a relative risk of 3.195 (95% CI, 2.615 to 3.765). Treatment with tamoxifen citrate and testosterone undecanoate improved sperm variables and led to a higher incidence of pregnancy in couples with subfertility related to idiopathic oligozoospermia.Fertility and Sterility 11/2003; 80(4):914-20. DOI:10.1016/S0015-0282(03)01123-3 · 4.30 Impact Factor
Top Journals
Elena Venizelou HospitalAthínai, Attica, Greece
The Endocrine SocietyMaryland, United States


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Over the past 25 years, Atlanta-based Hotel Equities has experienced a lot of growth. The hotel development and management company started out small with one limited-service property and now has a portfolio of 50 hotels in 11 states under 14 ...Read More »
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Silversmith Hotel Appoints Director of F&B
CHICAGO—The Silversmith Hotel in downtown Chicago has named Adam Blake Jones as director of food and beverage of Adamus, the new lounge and restaurant. Bringing a wealth of hospitality and beverage industry experience, Jones will set the standards for alluring ...Read More »
Marcus Hotels & Resorts Names VP of Engineering and Sustainability
MILWAUKEE—Marcus Hotels & Resorts announced that Ted Lorenzi has been named vice president of engineering and sustainability. Lorenzi joins the company with over 30 years of hospitality experience in operational planning and corporate facility management roles. In his new role, ...Read More »
Matthew Larson Joins John Portman & Associates as VP
ATLANTA, Ga.—John Portman & Associates is pleased to announce that Matthew C. Larson, Assoc. AIA, has joined the Atlanta headquarters office as vice president of business development. In this role, Larson will be responsible for expanding the firm's business and ...Read More »
Starwood Hotels & Resorts Appoints New EVP and CIO
STAMFORD, Conn.—Starwood Hotels & Resorts Worldwide Inc. has appointed Martha Poulter, former chief information officer of GE Capital, as the company's new executive vice president and chief information officer effective June 23, 2014. Poulter will be a member of Starwood's ...Read More »


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Originally written on BlackSportsOnline | Last updated 5/8/13
What happens when Kid Icarus gets into a fight with a bag of Skittles and loses miserably? Well I don't know per say, but I am sure Iman Shumpert does. The New York Knicks guard was seen sporting these colorful Adidas yesterday following the victory over the Pacers. Shumpert scored 7-11 for 15 points, which helped propel the Knicks for a win over the Indiana Pacers last night. I thought only Red Bull could give you wings, but it appears colorful shoes with a splash of glitter can take you to the moon and back as well, which explains his one hand dunk last night during the second quarter.
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Bellator 138 fighter weigh-ins take place today, and you can watch a video stream of the proceedings right here.Filed under: Bellator, News, Videos read news >>
As far as Eddie Alvarez was concerned, he had a good relationship with the Diaz brothers. He has crossed paths with them many times, especially at DREAM events in Japan. One time, Nick Diaz even offe read news >>
UFC Fight Night 69 fighter weigh-ins take place Friday in Berlin, and four standout fighters will host the preceding Q&A session.Filed under: News, UFC read news >>
Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) continues to crank out its "Embedded" pre-fight video blogs, which focus on tonight's (Sat., June 13, 2015) UFC 188 pay-per-view (PPV) event, taking place inside read news >>
The weigh-ins for UFC 188 in Mexico went over without a hitch—except for one unfortunate incident. Andrew Todhunter and Albert Tumenov's bout was scrapped after the former passed out during his weigh read news >>
MEXICO CITY – Today's UFC 188 weigh-ins set the tone for a few intense battles, as the four fighters in the night's two headlining contests seem primed to deliver a spirited show.Filed under: Feature read news >>
Check out Esther Lin's photos from Arena Cuidad de Mexico for the UFC 188 weigh-ins. read news >>
MEXICO CITY – MMAjunkie was on scene for today's UFC 188 fighter weigh-ins. Check out our photo gallery of the festivities.Filed under: Featured, News, Photo Gallery, UFC read news >>
MEXICO CITY – Check out a video replay of today's official fighter weigh-ins for UFC 188.Filed under: News, UFC, Videos read news >>
At the UFC 188 weigh-ins, all 22 fighters taking part in Saturday night's UFC 188 fights will step on the scale Friday evening, and we'll have the live video here at MMAFighting.com.In the main event read news >>