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How To Get YouTube And Free Hulu On Your Roku Device
So you want to watch free ad-supported Hulu (not Hulu Plus) and YouTube through your Roku device, but neither are officially available. However, there are workarounds. Playon software is one method but at a price. Plex is another way to get the job done, and it's free. And not only do you get Hulu and YouTube, you'll also be able to watch programs from CBS and other online shows.
Here's how to do it:
- First click here to add the Plex channel to your Roku account.
- Next, click here to download Plex Media Server. (If you have a Mac, use this link)
3. Once Plex Media Server is installed, click on the Plex icon in your taskbar.
4. Click on Preferences (on the far right) then go to the myPlex tab and create a Plex account using an email address and password. You need to do this if you want to use Plex to stream local media files from your PC or Mac to your Roku.
5. Now open up the Plex channel on your Roku device. Here's what you should see:
Hulu Screenshot:
YouTube Screenshot:
Hulu and YouTube work quite well on the Roku when using Plex. The other available channels are hit and miss. But you can explore Plex and see what works for you.
There are a couple issues though. Plex uses your PC or Mac as a server to deliver channels to your Roku device. So when you're watching a show on a Plex channel, audio often plays through your computer. Here's how this could be a problem. Imagine that your spouse is in the living room watching Hulu on Plex while you're in another room using the server computer to watch Netflix. Hulu audio will interfere with your Netflix audio. And here's the kicker, your Netflix audio will also interfere with your spouse's Hulu stream. So unfortunately, Plex doesn't multitask well. Therefore, if you're using Plex, you'll need to mute the server machine's audio unless you want to hear what's playing on the Roku. Playon doesn't have this problem. Video loading can be slow, at least in my experience, which can be a bit of an issue as well.
But If you can overlook some quirks, Plex will bring free Hulu and YouTube to your TV. And the price is right. It's free.
The Tech Feed
- Aunty BBC reveals ''free'' pocket-sized Micro:Bit computer - Computerworld
- It's on: Japan accepts giant-robot-duel challenge from US - Christian Science Monitor
- Republic Wireless launches new plans that refund unused data fees - ZDNet
- Drive With Opportunity on Epic Mars Rover Marathon: Video - Discovery News
- How NASA telescope could reveal mysteries of supermassive black holes - Christian Science Monitor
- Google self-driving cars heading to Austin - USA TODAY
- Social Media Today: Verified Profiles, New #HBD Feature, Hi-Res Pics - CBS Local
- Aunty BBC reveals ''free'' pocket-sized Micro:Bit computer - Computerworld


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Aired: Mar 31, 2014 , Monday at 21:00 on CW
Things Aren't Always What They Seem
I feel like I got all I needed to make up my mind about Jedikiah in The Tomorrow People Season 1 Episode 18. First of all, I just want to say how much I enjoyed the scruffy and slightly off-kilter version of Jed we saw in this episode. It was fun to see him drop his normal quiet persona and dark suits for a little while. No matter what happened or what Jedikiah did, I just couldn't believe that he was actually the bad guy. And let me tell you, having Cara agree with me was kind ... more
Holy Stargate, Batman, The Tomorrow People was hella intense tonight! If you thought last week was crazy, "Smoke and Mirrors" probably blew your socks off. We remain confounded by the Jedikiah versus Bathory quandary: who's merely got a screw loose and who is Satan Incarnate?Last week, Jedikiah convinced John and Stephen to kill The Founder, an attempt that went sorrowfully wrong, resulting in a dead Cassie. A subdued Bathory then released Stephen and John instead of killing them or neutraliz... more
The CW Orders Full Seasons for 'The Flash' and 'Jane the Virgin'
The CW is happy with its both of its new fall shows, giving full season orders to The Flash and Jane the Virgin after each has aired only two episodes. Both shows join the network's full roster for the 2014-2015 season, which should help prevent reruns during the spring as the CW still has Beauty and the Beast, more
'The Flash' Interview: Danielle Panabaker on Caitlin's Shift from 'Warmth and Happiness' to 'Sad Scientist'
What happened to Caitlin's fiance, Ronnie (Robbie Amell, The Tomorrow People), the night of the particle accelerator accident? The events leading up to his death will be revealed through flashbacks on The Flash Season 1 Episode 3 titled, "Things You Can't Outrun." Last week, TVBuzer visited The Flash on location where more
'America's Next Top Model' Recap: Denzel Can't Get Anything Right (Except the Challenge)
It feels like a month since America's Next Top Model had a new episode. That's because the last time we saw these fresh, wrinkle-free faces was way back September 22. That was a whole 11 days ago and since then so much has happened in the world of prime time TV that it seems a millennia since we've been on set with the remaining 10 models, celebrity judges Tyra Banks, more

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Dune - The Book and the 1984 film *spoilers for both*
View Single Post
September 11 2013, 12:00 PM
Set Harth
Rear Admiral
Location: Angmar
Re: Dune - The Book and the 1984 film *spoilers for both*
InklingStar wrote:
Someday, something (no, not thinking machines dang it!) would come and wipe them out.
Maybe not thinking machines
per se
, or in the KJA/BH sense, but some kind of machines were involved in the vision.
InklingStar wrote:
Leto oppressed mankind for five thousand years
I thought it was somewhat under four.
Aldo wrote:
it was still depressing to watch her lose her inner struggle and be forced to take her own life (in a scene that brought tears to my eyes).
Wait till you get to the miniseries!
Just walk away, and there will be an end to the horror.
Set Harth
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Tag: "Ginny Morris"
Wednesday, October 22, 2014
Pew Research Study of Most- and Least-Trusted News Outlets Demands Definition of 'News Outlet.' The results of the recently released Pew Research study of the most- and least-trusted news outlets come from the firm's ongoing American Trends Panel and were culled from 2,900 responses. Many of the findings are not surprising – liberals don't trust Fox News Channel and conservatives don't trust NPR – but what TALKERS found interesting was the inclusion of radio talk shows such as Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity and TV comedy shows like "The Colbert Report" and "The Daily Show" among news outlets. Lumping talk and comedy shows with actual news organizations certainly gives the list some color. For the record, TALKERS does not consider a talk show or television show a "news outlet" in the traditional sense, but perhaps the fact that at least some consumers get their "news" from Jon Stewart or Rush Limbaugh is broadening the definition of "news outlet" whether industry people consider it to be so or not. See the Pew study here.
WSYR, Syracuse Personality Galuski Battling Cancer. Morning show personality Joe Galuski has been off iHeartMedia-owned news/talker WSYR, Syracuse for the past five weeks and yesterday the station fixture announced he's been battling cancer. Syracuse.com reports Galuski is fighting non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a stronger form of the same disease that he beat after a previous occurrence in 1992. Galuski assured listeners that he is going to "knock it out." iHeartMedia VP/market manager Rick Yacobush tells Syracuse.com, "Our plan right now is for Mark Wainwright and George Kilpatrick to be alternating as morning hosts and keep the seat warm until Joe returns." Read the whole story here.
Successful Event. This photo was taken from the balcony of the Alex Theatre in Glendale, California at last weekend's AM 870 The Answer Town Hall. On the stage are (from left to right): KRLA "The Morning Answer" hosts Elisha Krauss and Brian Whitman, "Morning Answer" host and author Ben Shapiro, SRN-syndicated talk hosts Dennis Prager, Michael Medved, and Hugh Hewitt; and author and media personality Katie Pavlich. The sell-out crowd of 1,300 was also treated to surprise guest Mike Gallagher leading them in a spirited rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner." The hosts heard on the Salem-owned station batted around issues including the mid-term elections, the upcoming leaders of the Republican Party and the Ebola pandemic threat.
Westwood One and vCreative Extend Partnership. The rep deal between Westwood One and vCreative continues as the two firms announce a multi-year extension. vCreative offers cloud-based terrestrial and digital software that allows continuity, traffic, and production departments to work easily together. Westwood One COO Charles Steinhauer says, "vCreative is a great partner for Cumulus and the radio industry at large as they continue to innovate and improve station work flow. Westwood One is proud to extend our partnership with vCreative president Jinny Laderer and her team as we continue to represent the best and brightest companies in the marketplace."
The Conclave to Honor Ginny Morris with Rockwell Award. As the 39th Conclave Learning Conference on November 14-15 in Minneapolis approaches, The Conclave announces the 2014 Rockwell Award is being bestowed upon Hubbard Radio chair and CEO Ginny Morris. Conclave board of directors chairman Mark Bolke says, "The Rockwell Award recognizes those who have contributed to the rich legacy of the radio industry, communicating, inspiring and mentoring. Ginny has led Hubbard's radio division from a two-station Minneapolis based group to one of the prominent and most respected radio companies in the country. We thank Ginny for her support of the Conclave over the years."
Howard Stern to Undergo Analysis on Radio Show. He's received a lot of attention during his long radio career, but now Howard Stern will undergo "scientific and metaphysical analysis" on "The Outer Limits of Inner Truth Radio Show." To be clear, Howard Stern is not appearing on the show (as far as we know), but the program's hosts will speak with experts from various disciplines as part of the show. Executive producer Ryan McCormick says, "We're going to examine Mr. Stern's life in a way that we feel has never been done before. We believe that Howard Stern is a very deep intellectual and spiritual person and that his life can offer humanity a lot of valuable lessons." The program – set to air on Saturday, October 25 at 10:00 pm CT (on the web, 11:00 pm CT broadcast) – will be divided into five parts and feature 15 separate interviews with people including Regan Arts CEO Judith Regan, former Viacom EVP Tony Fox, a former Stern show intern, plus numerous psychics and psychologists. McCormick adds, "It is our sincere hope that the research we've compiled for this broadcast helps Mr. Stern in some way to have a greater understanding of who he truly is and provide him with some measure of peace and comfort." See more about the show at www.outerlimitsradio.com.
Ebola Pandemic Threat, Mid-Term Elections, Monica Lewinsky Speech, the Battle Against ISIS/Denver Teens Plan, Michael Brown Autopsy Report/Ferguson Tensions, Obama Green Cards/Immigration Plan Report, Financial Markets Activity, and NFL Action Among Top News/Talk Stories Yesterday (10/21). The concerns over an Ebola pandemic and how U.S. authorities are dealing with the matter; the looming mid-term elections and the possibility of a majority change in the Senate; reaction to Monica Lewinsky's recent speech in which she blamed the media for her treatment after the Bill Clinton affair; the ongoing battle against ISIS and the case of three Denver teen girls trying to fly to Syria to join ISIS; the just-released Michael Brown autopsy and tensions in Ferguson over whether Darren Wilson will be charged; reports of the Obama Administration's plan to increase the number of green cards issued and its immigration policy; the activity on the world's financial markets; and the weekend's NFL action were some of the most-talked-about stories on news/talk radio yesterday, according to ongoing research from TALKERS.
Monday, July 7, 2014
WYD Media Ad Sales Debuts. The New York-based sales venture being launched by WYD Media Management is called WYD Media Ad Sales, LLC and former Westwood One EVP of talk sales John Murphy takes the helm as president. WYD CEO Ron Hartenbaum announces the company will focus on personality-created spoken word content that's distributed across multiple platforms such as audio, digital, video and more. He adds, "Based on his 30-year track record of success in national radio ad sales, specifically in the spoken word format, John is the ideal sales and marketing executive to build WYD Media Ad Sales." Murphy, who spent more than a decade with Westwood One, comments, "This is the best time to start a new venture that focuses on monetizing spoken word content as the format expands across numerous distribution platforms. I look forward to working with WYD's existing clients as well as creating new partnerships and content opportunities." During his career Murphy has repped such talent as: Charles Osgood, Laura Ingraham, Stephanie Miller, Ed Schultz, Clark Howard, Herman Cain, Mark Levin, Dennis Miller, John Gibson, John Tesh, Brian Kilmeade, Thom Hartmann, Lars Larson, Neal Boortz and more.
Ginny Morris Transitions to CEO of Hubbard Radio; Bruce Reese to Special Advisor Role. Since 1996, Bruce Reese had been serving Bonneville as president and CEO prior to the acquisition of the Bonneville stations by Hubbard in 2011. He kept his president and CEO role and joined Hubbard. Ginny Morris has been chair of the Hubbard board since 2011. Now, Reese will step back into a special advisor role and Morris will become chief executive officer. The company states that Reese has been "instrumental in the transition when the 17 Bonneville radio stations across four markets (Washington, D.C., Chicago, St. Louis and Cincinnati) were purchased by Hubbard Radio. The acquisition also meant the addition of 547 Bonneville employees." Morris says, "Working with Bruce over these last three-and-a-half years on the integration, first on the Bonneville assets and subsequently those we bought from Sandusky and merged into a new Hubbard Radio, has been a great experience. Bruce is smart and strategic and he shares many of the values that our family holds dear — a commitment to localism, honesty and integrity. He has helped to establish a great foundation for the company and we are grateful to still have the benefit of his wise counsel." Reese comments, "Over the last two decades, I've had the opportunity to run two great radio companies. After Bonneville was brought into Hubbard Radio, we all worked to preserve the values and spirit of both organizations while creating one corporate identity and culture. The success of the transition has exceeded my hopes, and I am grateful for the trust shown to me by Ginny and the entire Hubbard Radio family. Our company is performing well, and the time is right for Ginny to step into this role. I look forward to continuing to work with the Hubbard team in an advisory capacity while eagerly looking forward to the next chapter in my life."
O&A Fans in 'Watch and Wait' Mode After Anthony Cumia's July 3 Firing. Fans of the Opie & Anthony show on SiriusXM are waiting to see if co-host Gregg "Opie" Hughes continues the show without longtime partner Anthony Cumia after Cumia was fired from the satcaster on Friday, July 4. By now you've probably heard about Cumia's vulgar rant about his confrontation with an African American woman in Times Square who was reportedly upset she was in his camera's field of view as he took photos on the street. An altercation took place during which Cumia says the woman began punching him. Police were not called to the scene. Cumia took to Twitter to talk about the incident and used foul language while making the woman's race part of the issue. After being fired, he Tweeted that SiriusXM "decided to cave" and fired him for something that didn't happen on air and wasn't illegal. TALKERS is not aware of the content of Cumia's contract with SiriusXM but it appears the satcaster was within its rights to terminate him. He's neither the first nor will he be the last radio personality to lose his gig after a Twitter rant. The advice seems obvious: Your employer will ultimately see what you do in the digital world; consider how the company would view your actions before posting.
Ethan Bearman Produces and Performs One-Hour Independence Day Special on WPHT, Philadelphia. Rising talk star Ethan Bearman, who is regularly heard weekends on Cumulus O&O KSFO, San Francisco and nationally on Genesis Communications Network (GCN), has expanded his broadcasting footprint to include CBS O&O WPHT, Philadelphia. Bearman was smartly recruited by WPHT, PD Jared Hart to do a live hour of Independence Day content last Friday between 3:00 pm and 4:00 pm ET on Philly's 50k flamethrower and reports from the TALKERS monitoring corps indicate that it was a provocative, informative and powerful hour of spoken word radio. According to TALKERS publisher Michael Harrison, "Bearman analyzed the historical, cultural and political fabric of the American institution of the 4th of July in a meticulous and precise manner that had a number of 'aha!' moments. He took intelligent calls and made a number of really relevant points that left the audience thinking. I especially like the way he compared the leaders of that period – those folks we call the 'Founding Fathers' – to today's crop of politicians asking the question, "Are there any political leaders today who would sign a document supporting an issue and campaign in which they believed at the significant risk of their lives?" Bearman was part of a larger WPHT July 4th salute in which station morning and midday hosts Chris Stigall and Dom Giordano broadcasted their shows from the Independence Hall Visitors Center.
Jason Lewis to End GCN Syndication Run. As tipped by "Free Talk Live" host Ian Freeman, nationally syndicated talk show host Jason Lewis will cease his syndication efforts with Genesis Communications Network effective August 1. Lewis first ventured into syndication from his Twin Cities home base several years ago with Premiere Networks. After his relationship with Premiere Networks ended, he joined GCN for national syndication three years ago. There's no indication whether Lewis will leave flagship station KTLK, Minneapolis at that time.
Brad and Britt Debut Podcast Today from Branded Studio. Following up on last week's report about the new podcast project being produced by talk radio personalities Brad Krantz and Britt Whitmire, the two inform TALKERS that when they begin their podcast show – available for download by 3:00 pm ET today – they will be doing so from their sponsored studio: The Brad and Britt Tarheeldentist.com Studio. In a piece about the duo's exit from WBT-AM/FM, Charlotte in the Greensboro News & Record, Krantz says they believe that money is starting to flow in the direction of audio on demand and are excited about the new venture.
Alpha Media Promotes Portland Cluster Marketing Pro Randi P'Pool to Corporate Position. This promotion for Portland market director of marketing Randi P'Pool comes shortly after the completed merger of Alpha Broadcasting, L&L Broadcasting and Main Line Broadcasting. P'Pool's new title is corporate VP of marketing and promotions. Alpha Media president/CEO Bob Proffitt states, "I'm very happy Randi has accepted this position, as she has proven to be an invaluable asset to our Portland cluster and now will be true resource to the Alpha Media markets. She is creative, intelligent, and relentless – perfect qualifications for a corporate VP of marketing and promotions." P'Pool comments, "I owe much gratitude to Bob Proffitt, Scott Mahalick and Larry Wilson for giving me the opportunity to be part of this exciting journey not only in radio but within our company. I look forward to continuing to grow and promote the live and local brand across all of our markets." Prior to joining Alpha Broadcasting three years ago, P'Pool served with Citadel Broadcasting in the Salt Lake City market.
AdLarge Ups Tom Fleming. Adding more duties at AdLarge Media is Tom Fleming who is promoted to vice president, Midwest sales and sports sales. In this expanded role, Fleming will be responsible for the AdLarge repertoire of live, play-by-play NFL and NCAA football offerings, Yahoo Sports Radio, and all Midwest sales, including the Detroit office. Fleming had been serving as vice president, Midwest sales since joining AdLarge in October, 2013.
Pascagoula, Mississippi Radio Personality Walter Thornton Dead at 53. The Pascagoula-Moss Point community is mourning the death of local morning radio host and sportscaster Walter Thornton, who died over the holiday weekend of an apparent heart attack. The SunHerald reports the 53-year-old broadcaster was a standout high school athlete who remained involved in the local sports scene and became a sports talk host covering the prep scene in the area. Most recently he hosted the morning show and sports talk programs at Tri City Radio-owned WPMO, Pascagoula-Moss Point and sister station WVGG, Lucedale.
Will It Be "Governor Freeman?" Probably not, as "Free Talk Live" host Ian Freeman admits he'd have trouble "governing" anyone even if he beat the odds and is elected. But the co-host of the New Hampshire-based, GCN nationally syndicated show says his goal with the campaign is two-fold: "First, to needle the current governor, Maggie Hassan, on her refusal to decriminalize or legalize cannabis in NH, while admitting she smoked it in college; second, to promote the idea of NH declaring independence from the United States." Freeman says he's available for interviews from interested broadcasters about these issues. Contact him at firstname.lastname@example.com. Freeman is pictured here at far right while broadcasting from the recent Porcfest 2014 – the yearly camping gathering of libertarians that drew over 1,500 attendees, many of them FTL listeners. Also pictured are (from left to right) Free Talk Live's Mark Edge, Nick Gillespie of Reason.com, and Jeffrey Tucker of Liberty.me.
Reaching Out to His Peeps. KIDO, Boise morning drive personality Kevin Miller rouses the crowd at the 48th annual Treasure Valley God and Country Festival. Miller tells TALKERS he was honored to fire up the crowd of some 9,000 that attended the festival to honors "faith and the military in Idaho."
Cool Job Opportunity. Station Group in Little Rock Arkansas is looking to hire a General Manger to oversee all station operations for news/talk and sports talk. Sales acumen and experience in news and sports talk field a plus. Contact Steve Renfro at 479-287-4211 or by email at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Radio Show Wrap-Up
By Holland Cooke
Radio Consultant
ORLANDO – It sure WAS worth the trip, for both reasons.
- The NAB/RAB Radio Show passed the convention agenda litmus test: agonizing choices among concurrent sessions. And…
- The crowd, which was up from last year, and fairly chipper…NOT the funereal 2009 vibe. And, after all, isn't the principal value in any convention the convening? Make new contacts, tag-up with old amigos, swap ideas? 2013: Mission accomplished.
If you couldn't be with us in Orlando – or even if you could, because those concurrent sessions posed tough choices – you can peruse Talkers.com and Radio-Info.com, for my day-by-day notes, and other Talkers/RadioInfo reports. "It's Team Coverage you can count on!"


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Stepping out for some promotional duties, Emma Stone showed up at the Ed Sullivan Theatre in New York City on Wednesday (July 16) for an appearance on "The Late Show."
The "Zombieland" babe was in the house to plug her new Woody Allen flick "Magic in the Moonlight," slated to hit theaters on July 25th.
It was a weekend filled with famous friends and plenty of cell phone photos as Taylor Swift made the most of the Fourth of July holiday.
Enjoying a casual afternoon stroll, Andrew Garfield and Emma Stone stepped out together in New York City on Monday (June 23).
The adorable couple walked hand-in-hand through the Big Apple streets and even had a run-in with a photographer. Despite the awkward encounter, Andrew seemed to have a civil conversation with the shutterbug.
Stepping out for a social call, Emma Stone hit up Café Cluny with a gal pal for some delicious breakfast on Wednesday morning (June 18).
The "Amazing Spider-Man 2" cutie wore a black brimmed hat and a blue t-shirt as she exited the eatery and scurried past the shutterbugs.
Boasting an all-star cast, the first teaser trailer for "Birdman" hit the web on Thursday (June 12).
He keeps cranking out fabulous films and Woody Allen's latest opus "Magic in the Moonlight" just got the trailer treatment.
This time around, the "You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger" mastermind has assembled a fabulous cast including Emma Stone, Marcia Gay Harden, Colin Firth and Jacki Weaver.
Bringing us his seventh installment of "Mean Tweets," Jimmy Kimmel invited some of today's hottest stars to read what gets written about them in the Twitterverse.
Her career just keeps getting hotter, and Emma Stone's newest gig puts her under the direction of living legend Woody Allen for the second time.
The "Amazing Spider-Man 2" dame will join recently-announced costar Joaquin Phoenix for the untitled project when filming begins this summer.


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Come And See The Show: The Best Of Emerson Lake & Palmer
Released: Apr 2008
Label: Shout! Factory
With this 2008 collection of big hits and choice album cuts, the enduringly successful prog rock institution reminds folks that not only could it reinvent classical music ("Tocatta," "Nutrocker") and stand normal rock moves on their heads ("Tank," "Hoedown"), these dudes could swing -- check "Knife-Edge," a song that sees way too little airplay these days. "Lucky Man" surely does see its share of classic rock rotation, but that song never gets old. "C'est La Vie," however, may be better suited to hardcore Emerson, Lake and Palmer devotees, the poor bastards.


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"The Oasis of my Soul", 9th year on the road...
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Wandering Homeless
Joined: Jul 2003
Location: Living under the Stars...
Oddometer: 3,328
A day at the Dragon Boat Festival in New Iberia, LA
We are covering a lot of territory as today only 150 miles south of Atlanta. It feels odd, strange, at the same time as we just took a long ride and back to refuel before heading West one more time... for a few more years. Has been 89 months, roughly 2700 days, we have barely crossed the starting line.
While spending a few days in New Iberia with a very Dear Friend of ours, we attended the Dragon Boats races. This is as close as we will get to a Mardi Gras. I think.
The weather? We have been watched over. Open skies while getting to Vidor to visit more Friends, the same while en route for Louisiana and throughout our stay. As soon as we left bad storms took on New Iberia. Dark skies but calm while renewing my Driver's License in Pensacola and arriving in Georgia through Alabama right behind the creeks flooding yet receding for us. What can I say?
Enjoy the photos. We sure had a good time and much food those days. Mainly shrimp and crawfish. Two items I have been dreaming about while sitting and writing our book those few months in the Big Bend Desert at The Oasis. It will be published in a few more weeks after more proofing.
Till next time.
Stay well.
Ara and Spirit
8th Year, the Stars, living under them
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"The Oasis of my Soul"
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One study after another concludes that walking is a good way to improve one's health. And scientists agree that carbon vehicle emissions harm the environment.
But from 2003 to 2012 in South Carolina, eschewing the car and walking proved anything but healthy for more than 1,000 pedestrians who died after being struck by vehicles.
A report by Smart Growth America and the National Complete Streets Coalition found that only Florida, Alabama and Louisiana are more dangerous than South Carolina for pedestrians. The rate of pedestrian fatalities here is twice the national average.
Yet it's like pulling teeth to get new sidewalks or to improve the ones that exist. And it can be more difficult than that to get safe bikeways.
In a recent letter to the editor, a writer said residents at Bishop Gadsden retirement community on James Island would like to walk to do light shopping, but they don't feel safe on Camp Road without sidewalks.
College of Charleston and Medical University of South Carolina students are wont to walk or ride their bikes. That's a welcome thing on the parking-challenged peninsula. But a student was killed in January as she tried to walk across the Septima Clark Parkway, aka the Crosstown.
And several pedestrian accidents in recent years at Avondale Point west of the Ashley indicate a pressing need there.
Efforts are being made in all three instances to improve pedestrian safety. While that is necessary, it is a pity that pedestrian and bike safety hasn't become a factor in every road/street-related decision governments make - before people die and force the issue.
And when pedestrian/bicycle safety is considered, it is a pity that the task is often considered an annoying add-on, even by some of our elected officials.
Plans to convert one lane of traffic on the bridge from Highway 17 west of the Ashley to the peninsula have met with a loud outcry, mostly from motorists concerned that their commutes will be protracted. The more serious concern should be the danger to pedestrians and bikers trying to cross the hazardous Ashley River bridges.
Meanwhile, Charleston ranks highest in the state, according to the study, for walkers and runners injured by traffic. Charleston County tied with Greenville for the most killed - 12.
It would be great if local streets were made safer so the area could enjoy the environmental and health benefits of reducing the number of cars on the road.
And it would make sense for people to recognize that providing for bikes and pedestrians is increasingly important in light of the fast-growing local population.
But even without concerns for the health of residents and the environment and the mobility challenges coming this way, the fact is that Charleston is the most dangerous city for pedestrians and bicyclists in a state that is the fourth most dangerous in the nation.
That should convince elected officials and transportation planners to ramp up their efforts to make our roads safer.
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YIELD: Makes about 2 1/2 cups
Combine the mustard and vinegar in a blender and blend at medium speed for about 15 seconds. With the machine running, slowly drizzle in 1/2 cup of the oil. Don't be tempted to add all the oil to the blender or the vinaigrette will become too thick. It should be very creamy.
Transfer the vinaigrette to a small bowl and, whisking constantly, slowly stream in the remaining 1 cup oil. (The dressing can be refrigerated for up to 2 weeks. Should the vinaigrette separate, use a blender or immersion blender to re-emulsify it.)
Reprinted from Bouchon, by Thomas Keller, Copyright © 2004, published by Artisan.


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By JUSTIN AMMON
For Starkville Daily News
CRAWFORD ŌĆō On the second play from the line of scrimmage, Pelahatchie running back Casey Ousley followed his left tackleŌĆÖs lead and busted free for an 80-yard touchdown run.┬Ā
Chief backs streaking down the sidelines became a familiar sight in what turned into a route Friday at East Oktibbeha, who fell to Pelahatchie 41-28.
PelahatchieŌĆÖs spread-option, wishbone-type offense accounted for 391 yards rushing on 40 attempts. The Chiefs only threw the ball five times, completing no passes.
East Oktibbeha (5-3, 3-2 in Class A, Region 3) needs to win its next three games in order to secure a playoff birth. FridayŌĆÖs loss ensures they will not be the first team in school history to host a first-round game.
ŌĆ£It will be tough to win out,ŌĆØ East Oktibbeha coach Randy Brooks said. ŌĆ£In the past, some boys have quit. This team doesnŌĆÖt quit, but we are still trying to develop a new mentality, a mentality of winning.ŌĆØ
On its third offensive play, East Oktibbeha fumbled a snap which Pelahatchie quickly jumped on. Three plays later, Pelahatchie back Kendrick Sullivan broke free for a 49-yard touchdown scamper to go up 14-0.┬Ā
On the TitanŌĆÖs next possession, wide receiver Kody Petty, who also punts, was unable to get a kick off on fourth down, as he was slung to the turf on the Titans' own 6-yard line. On the next play, Sullivan punched the ball in from 6 yards out for another Chief score. After capitalizing on two turnovers, the Chiefs were up 20-0 just 6 minutes into the contest.┬Ā
They didnŌĆÖt really look back after that with d├®j├Ā vu striking early in the second half. Again on the ChiefŌĆÖs second play from the line of scrimmage, Ousley broke free for a long touchdown run, this time for 53 yards to the house, putting the Chiefs up 34-6.
Although the game was never that close, the Titans managed to rack up decent numbers offensively. Quarterback Davalyn Bell threw for 225 yards and two touchdowns on 18-of-39 passing. He also ran for 78 yards. East Oktibbeha gained 335 yards overall. James Brown also ran for two touchdowns.
However, the Chief rushing attack was far more effective. Ousley rushed for 253 yards and three touchdowns. His back up, Sullivan, rushed for 110 yards and three touchdowns. The tandem accounted for 363 yards and six touchdowns.
The Chiefs were able to rest its starters at the beginning of the fourth quarter.
Still, East Oktibbeha fought until the last play. After recovering a fumble late in the fourth quarter, the Titans were able to take advantage. As the clock ticked down to zero, Bell hit Jamal Halbert, who caught two touchdown passes, for a 45-yard score.┬Ā
ŌĆ£We have a chance to turn it around and make the playoffs,ŌĆØ wide receiver Terence Rice said. ŌĆ£We just have to work harder at practice and get better, work on our technique more often. We just have to come out and play ball. We have to play better and not give up early leads.ŌĆØ
East Oktibbeha travels to West Oktibbeha next week for the SuperintendentŌĆÖs ┬ĀCup.


text:
2734 El Camino Real
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Regular Drafts are only $3! Cheers!
Every Monday night enjoy a special late night happy hour, what we have dubbed "Happiest Hour." $1 off regular drafts, $2 well drinks, $2 domestic macro bottles.. and maybe even a shot special. Cheers!
Join us every Sunday night from 10- close for industry night specials include:
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and $3 shots of Tullamore Dew
Join us Wednesday evenings from 6pm - 8pm in the U.P. to discuss and question theology in today's world. Hosted by Mariners' Church of Detroit.
Featuring Dragonmead Brewery...
First Course: Mutton In Onion-alt Beer Broth paired with Dragon Slayer
Second Course: De Constructed Stuffed Grape Leaf Salad paired with Breath Of The Dragon
Third Course: Baratheon Tomahawk With Riverrun Apple Chips paired with 90 Shilling
Fourth Course: Pycelle's Pomegranate Grapefruit Bard paired with Dead Monk


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Thread: jon's sketchbook
September 19th, 2009 #1Registered User
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jon's sketchbook
Hey all,
I am taking the plunge. My goals are to get better at anatomy, line, and color. I've bought some books on anatomy and pen and ink rendering and have the loomis pdf's(woot!).
These are my first ever digital painting exercises. First was apple, then the self portrait.
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Last edited by jonathantravers; September 19th, 2009 at 10:05 PM.
Hide this ad by registering as a memberSeptember 28th, 2009 #2Registered User
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This looks good! The only advice I can give you is that I think you should try pushing the contrasts a bit more.
The Following User Says Thank You to Cha Chi For This Useful Post:
October 1st, 2009 #3
That last portrait is looking nice, values are looking better. Two things: Watch the overall height to width ratio of your entire head, in the last portrait your face is a bit too wide. It looks like you need to just take a bit off the right side (from viewers angle)
Try using bigger brushes when you do these digital paintings. Try picking the overall value/color of an area and paint it in with a big brush. Then come back over that with progressively smaller brushes to tweak it how you want it.
Keep at it. It's looking good.
My Sketchbook
Mark 12:28-31
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Eric H. Holder Jr.'s planned trip Wednesday to the center of riot-torn Ferguson, Mo., in many ways began 5 1/2 years ago, when he became the nation's first African American attorney general and pledged to make federal civil rights enforcement a hallmark of his administration.
The police slaying of Michael Brown has presented Holder with what could be the biggest challenge yet to his legacy as the nation's top civil rights advocate, prompting what many are calling an unprecedented federal investigation into the shooting death of the unarmed black 18-year-old.
In stark contrast to the Justice Department's usual handling of such cases — in which local government agencies take the lead — Holder appears locked in an odd and unsteady competition with Missouri officials over which of them, if either, will prosecute Ferguson Police Officer Darren Wilson first.
Justice Department officials say the unusually aggressive federal intervention is justified by the continuing violence and apparent mishandling of the case by local officials, who have been criticized for displaying excessive force against protesters and moving too slowly to investigate the Aug. 9 shooting.
But law enforcement officials and other experts could not recall another instance in which Washington pushed ahead with a federal civil rights case as it has in Ferguson, almost elbowing state officials out of the way.
In the days since Brown was shot on a Ferguson street, the attorney general has repeatedly briefed President Obama, dispatched dozens of FBI agents to interview witnesses and ordered a now-completed federal autopsy, despite two earlier autopsies done at the request of the state and Brown's family.
Holder has sharply and publicly signaled his mounting frustration with state and local officials, whom he blamed for stoking public unrest by at first refusing to identify the officer and then releasing — against his advice — a video of Brown purportedly robbing a market before the shooting.
In the wake of nationally televised images of armored vehicles and military-style weapons being deployed on the streets, Holder publicly warned local law enforcement agencies against "unnecessarily extreme displays of force."
Holder's visit Wednesday is the latest example that he is taking a strong personal interest in the Ferguson investigation, in contrast to Obama, who has kept a lower profile in the racially charged case.
In an op-ed piece published Tuesday by the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Holder characterized the unrest in the community as a "demand for answers about the circumstances of this young man's death and a broader concern about the state of our criminal justice system."
Many praise the federal stance, saying a credible criminal investigation will ultimately ease rage in Ferguson, a predominantly black community where many protesters fear the local prosecutors are determined to exonerate the officer, who is white.
In a sign that Holder's campaign is gaining traction in the area, a group of African American lawyers held a news conference Tuesday in front of the St. Louis County courthouse, calling on local prosecutor Robert McCulloch to recuse himself. They said the federal investigation should proceed first because McCulloch appears to be "emotionally invested in protecting law enforcement."
Yet with all of Holder's determination, the reality is that state prosecutions almost always go first and that a federal civil rights case could be harder to build and win than a state case involving a charge of murder or manslaughter.
Matthew Miller, a former Justice Department chief spokesman, said Holder's approach underscored his resolve to make civil rights a benchmark of his tenure as the nation's attorney general.
"You have to understand where this case comes from and what it means to civil rights under Holder," Miller said. "Go back to the beginning of his tenure, to his confirmation hearings. He made one of his key promises that he would restore the credibility of the department's civil rights division. And he is doing that."
Department officials acknowledge that there is a tremendous amount riding on Holder's handling of the investigation, and that the more he gets out front publicly, the more he will be expected to deliver criminal charges.
Holder is betting that federal action will quiet the nightly violence, according to one Justice Department official, who spoke anonymously because of the delicacy of the situation in Ferguson and at the department.
"He believes maybe showing the flag will help quell the tension," the official said. "The attorney general has always been about race, and it happens here that the victim is black and the police officer is white. Yet one wonders how much that is playing a part in his extraordinary decision to go ahead with this."
Another official, also speaking anonymously, said the situation could reach a tipping point where federal criminal charges would be the only way to vindicate Holder's public comments and show that the federal government is serious.
"He sees a duty to prosecute or look into potential civil rights violations," the official said. "There's nothing wrong with that. But once you're all in, you're all in."


text:
The improved bone prosthesis of the invention comprises a unitary body containing an eutectic of metal pyrophosphate and refractory oxide. Preferably, the body also contains discrete particles of refractory oxide bonded together by the eutectic which serves as a matrix bonder. Moreover, the particles are preferably of the same refractory oxide, such as alumina, as is present in the eutectic and are of extended surface area for improved strength. The pyrophosphate preferably is calcium pyrophosphate so that the prosthesis is biodegradable. The prosthesis can be prepared, in accordance with the present method, by forming the eutectic, preferably a pourable mixture of the particles and the molten eutectic, and pouring the mixture into and filling a mold of a bone to be duplicated, solidifying the mold and recovering it from the mold. The surface of the prosthesis can be texturized, as by acid etching it, to increase bond ingrowth and/or tissue attachment when implanted.
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United States Patent [1 1 Long [451 Sept. 16, 1975 IMPLANTABLE CERAlVIIC BONE PROSTHESIS [75] Inventor: Roger A. Long, Escondido, Calif.
[73] Assignee: John J. Posta, Jr., Northridge, Calif.
[22] Filed: June 27, 1973 [21] Appl. No.: 373,959
[52] US. Cl 3/1.9; 128/92 C; 106/395; 106/55; 264/43 [51] Int. Cl. A61F 1/24 [58] Field of Search 3/1, 1.9-1.913; 128/92 C, 92 CA, 92 R, 92 G; 32/10 A; 106/395, 55
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,314,420 4/1967 Smith et al 128/92 C 3,662,405 5/1972 Bortz et al. 3,787,900 l/1974 McGee 3/1 FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 2,008,010 8/1971 Germany 3/1 Primary Examiner-Ronald L. Frinks Attorney, Agent, or FirmJohn J. Posta, Jr., Esq.
[57] ABSTRACT The improved bone prosthesis of the invention comprises a unitary body containing an eutectic of metal pyrophosphate and refractory oxide. Preferably, the body also contains discrete particles of refractory oxide bonded together by the eutectic which serves as a matrix bonder. Moreover, the particles are preferably of the same refractory oxide, such as alumina, as is present in the eutectic and are of extended surface area for improved strength. The pyrophosphate preferably is calcium pyrophosphate so that the prosthesis is biodegradable. The prosthesis can be prepared, in accordance with the present method, by forming the eutectic, preferably a pourable mixture of the particles and the molten eutectic, and pouring the mixture into and filling a mold of a bone to be duplicated, solidifying the mold and recovering it from the mold. The surface of the prosthesis can be texturized, as by acid etching it, to increase bond ingrowth and/or tissue attachment when implanted.
10 Claims, 1 Drawing Figure IMPLANTABLE CERAMIC BONE PROSTHESIS BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention generally relates to prostheses and more particularly to implantable bone prostheses and methods of making the same.
2. Description of Prior Art A bone prosthesis is an artificial device to replace a missing bone in the body. For example, a bone may have to be removed surgically because of extensive in jury thereto, e.g., erosion by disease, crushing by mechanical injury, or the bone may be missing due to a congenital defect or as a result of an explosion or the like. An artificial bone or bone portion (prosthesis) can be implanted in the body to restore the function of the affected body portion and to provide the necessary. cosmetic effect.
Various types of bone prostheses have been employed. In most instances, an attempt is made to simulate the appearance, i.e., size and shape of the missing bone or bone portion for cosmetic purposes and also to provide a durable structural support. Metal prostheses have been widely used in the past because of their high strength. However, the metal used must be carefully selected with due regard to the possibility of corrosion of the metal by body fluids and/or a possible foreign body reaction, i.e., rejection of or reaction to the metal by the body because of toxicity or incompatibility thereto.
More recently, ceramic bone prostheses more com patible with the body than metals have been used with some success. However, such prostheses are usually not very durable, being brittleand so are easily chipped and broken. Moreover, they cannot be rapidly or easily fabricated as by melting and casting into exact duplicates of the bone to be replaced, because of very high temperatures required to melt such ceramics. Instead, other procedures must be employed which takes considerable time and raise their cost. For example, the prostheses can be formed by press and sintering techniques, often with grinding and fitting to size required after initial fabrication.
It has been found that a close mechanical fit between a prosthesis replacing all or a portion of a bone and the adjacent living bone portions when the prosthesis is in place is important in order to stimulate ingrowth of living bone to bridge the gap with the prosthesis and bond the prosthesis tightly to the living bone. Such tight mechanical bonding enables the assembly to function at an early date in the manner of the original unimpaired bone. In order to obtain the required fit, the missing bone or bone portion must be exactly duplicated in situ and then made permanent. Continued exposure of the impaired area first for bone duplication and then for prosthesis fitting, normally involves trauma, so that minimizing the exposure time becomes important in many instances. As pointed out above, conventional, standard size ceramic prostheses normally take considerable time to fabricate and do not meet this requirement.
Accordingly, there is a need for a prosthesis which can be made economically, easily and rapidly into the exact duplicate of the bone or bone portion to be replaced and thus reduce exposure time, while providing good body compatibility and high structural strength.
It has also been found that growth of living bone into the prosthesis can be achieved and good mechanical bonding of the prosthesis to adjacent bony parts and to adjacent connecting tissue can be accomplished when the surface porosity of the prosthesis is carefully controlled within certain limits. Metal prostheses normally are smooth and, therefore, are unsuitable from this standpoint without substantial texturizing. Ceramic prosthesis usually also are smooth surfaced and difficult to render porous while retaining their structural integrity.
Certain investigations have been made concerning the possibility of forming ceramic prostheses of material which is resorbable by the body, the prosthesis gradually being replaced by ingrowing bone until the prosthesis is completely or substantially completely substituted by living bone. While such materials can, with some problems, be made porous to stimulate bone ingrowth, they are structually weak and are further weakened during resorption, so that total immobilization of the bony area may be required, even if only minor bone replacement is made, until resorption is complete, a considerable inconvenience. Mechanical working of a structurally weak prosthesis may result in its failure. Moreover, it has been found that movement between the weak prosthesis and adjacent bony parts inhibits the healing process, impairing bone ingrowth.
Accordingly, there is a need for a biodegradable resorbable type of prosthesis which provides improved structural integrity during resorption, which can be made with a surface porosity easily and without weakening the same and which can easily be fabricated to exact dimensions for best initial fit of the part to be replaced.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The improved bone prosthesis of the present inven tion and the novel method of making the same satisfy the foregoing needs. The prosthesis and method are substantially as set forth in the Abstract above. Such prosthesis can be made either permanent or resorbable (biodegradable). Both versions exhibit high structural strength, good impact resistance, controlled surface porosity and compatibility with body fluids, and are capable of economically, rapidly and easily being fabricated by the present method into exact duplicates of the bones and bone portions to be replaced. They stimulate rapid bone ingrowth and can provide a source of material used in formation of living bone. Other advantages are set forth in the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The single FIGURE of the drawings schematically depicts in enlarged cross section one embodiment of a portion of a prosthesis in accordance with the present invention.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT As depicted schematically in cross section in the single FIGURE, a portion of a preferred embodiment of the bone prosthesis of the invention is shown. Thus, prosthesis It) is a unitary ceramic body comprising a matrix 12 of an eutectic within which a plurality of discrete particles I4 of refractory oxide are embedded and bonded together. The eutectic is of metal pyrophosphate and refractory oxide.
The metal pyrophosphate, due to its atomic bonding structure, imparts great strength to the ceramic material. It is preferred that calcium pyrophosphate be utilized as the metal pyrophosphate because it has controlled biodegradability and is completely compatible with the body. Calcium pyrophosphate has the general chemical formula Ca P O with a melting point of l356 Ci 2 C. and a stoichiometric composition of 44.1% CaO and 55.9% P It has a density of 3.09 g./cc. in the beta or low temperature (=1140 C.) form. An inversion occurs on heating or cooling of this material and it has been noted that molten calcium pyrophosphate has a tendency to supercool and then freeze rapidly to the beta form, which is more dense than the alpha form.
Calcium pyrophosphate can be made by established chemical procedures. However, in order to obtain the most pure form for use in body implants and the like, it is preferred to calcine dicalcium phosphate at about 900 C. to calcium pyrophosphate as per the following:
Calcium pyrophosphate can be hydrolyzed slowly to the ortho monomolecular form, the rate being dependent on pH and temperature, increasing with acidity and temperature. Calcium pyrophosphate is biodegradable to the ortho monomolecular form in body fluids, assisted by P-O--P splitting body enzymes, so that calcium and phosphate are supplied to the body sera. In turn, the body sera supply calcium and phosphate back to the implant in the formation of normal body bone tissue as a replacement for the absorbed calcium pyrophosphate. It is believed that the living bone building mineral crystalline apatite is supplied in the body through hydrolysis of a less basic calcium phosphate salt. Moreover, residual phosphate salts are known to nucleate apatite. Current theory indicates that in bone, the apatite crystals are small and comprise only a part of the total mineral present, a second mineral being present in the form of a non-crystalline (amorphous) calcium phosphate. Whatever the exact mechanism for the building of living bone involved, it is believed that the availability of a ready supply of calcium and phosphate adjacent to the replacement site stimulates bone ingrowth and rapid replacement of a biodegradable bone implant. Calcium pyrophosphate serves as such a source of supply.
Magnesium pyrophosphate, sodium pyrophosphate and potassium pyrophosphate can also be used a biodegradable metal pyrophosphates, but are less preferred separately since they do not supply calcium for bone building. These pyrophosphates are slowly soluble in water or acidic media and therefore should only be used with a biodegradable or non-biodegradable metal pyrophosphate which is essentially water insoluble, so as to control the rate of degrading of the prosthesis. Their use in combination with the calcium pyrophosphate assists in controlling the hydrolysis reaction.
In the event that it is desired to make the implant non-biodegradable, then an inert metal pyrophosphate such as manganese pyrophosphate, titanium pyrophosphate, iron pyrophosphate, ziconium pyrophosphate or similar inert pyrophosphate, such as is set forth in US. Pat. No. 3,131,073 issued Apr. 28, 1964, can be employed in the present eutectic.
The refractory oxide component of the eutectic preferably comprises any suitable refractory metal oxide such as alumina, zirconia, titania, magnesia, chromia or the like which is insoluble in water and non-toxic to the body. Of the above, it is preferred to use alumina, since it is very inexpensive, readily available, totally inert and non-biodegradable, and it is known, from long term testing, to be completely non-toxic and compatible with the body and its fluids.
A eutectic of the metal pyrophosphate and refractory oxide is formed by any suitable procedure, such as by blending the pyrophosphate with the refractory oxide, both in fine particulate form, e.g., 200 to 300 mesh, and in the proper proportions. The mixture is then melted.
The proper proportion of ingredients for the eutectic is that which just begins to melt and flow at the processing temperature. This can be determined experimentally by utilizing various pyrophosphate-refractory oxide mixtures, varying the concentration of the refractory oxide from mixture to mixture, compacting each mixture, as by pressing up to 10,000 psi, and then heating the mixtures, observing which of the samples just begins to flow, as by rounding of the corners of the sample at the lowest temperature. The test temperature is then lowered while minor Changes are made in the concentration of refractory oxide in new pressed samples containing the pyrophosphate. The lowest temperature at which corner rounding occurs gives a reliable indication of the proper eutectic composition. Such a procedure is set forth in detail in US. Pat. No. 3,131,073, described above.
In the case of a mixture of, by weight 92.5% manganese pyrophosphate (Mn P O and 7.5% alumina (Al- 0 the eutectic temperature is 1,987 F., well below the melting point of the oxide, 3,720 F. It is a characteristic of the eutectic that it melts well below the melting point of its refractory oxide component, so that it can be used to form at lower temperature high strength ceramics. In the case of an eutectic employing calcium pyrophosphate (87.5% by weight) and alumina (12.5% by weight), the eutectic temperature is about2275 F. Such temperature is sufficiently low to permit melting of the eutectic and casting of the same in high temperature resistant molds such as graphite, ceramic, or the like, while the free particles of refractory oxide, e.g., alumina, are maintained.
The eutectic used in the improved bone prosthesis of the invention is highly desirable since it imparts great strength to the prosthesis, acts as a binder for solid particles of refractory oxide when they are dispersed therein and permits melting and casting of exact bone duplicates at temperatures sufficiently low such that conventional molding materials can be used.
Moreover, of considerable importance is the fact that when free particles of refractory oxide are present in the prosthesis and are of the same refractory oxide as that in the eutectic, no substantial degradation of those particles by the eutectic occurs. In other words, the eutectic represents a saturated solution in which the free refractory oxide particles are not dissolved during processing. Accordingly, the concentration and physical structure of such free particles is preserved in processing, leading to a precise prediction of the prosthesis strength, and the size and arrangement of particles, as well as the biodegradability of the prosthesis.
It will be understood that the free refractory oxide particles can be eliminated from the prosthesis, but it usually is much preferred that they be present, since they increase the strength, reduce the brittleness and decrease the shrinkage of the prosthesis. Accordingly, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, the particles are present.
In order to provide proper melting and total bonding of the free refractory oxide particles together by the eutectic, it is preferred to use an initial concentration of the refractory oxide in the eutectic mixture which is very slightly less than that necessary for complete saturation of the eutectic. Accordingly, when the liquid eutectic is formed and the free particles of the refractory oxide are added, a slight melting or dissolving of the outer surface of the particles occurs, assuring their proper bonding together in and with the binder-matric of the eutectic.
The particles of refractory oxide filler particles bonded together by the eutectic usually are of extended surface area, such as high modulus fibers, flakes, or the like, to improve bending strength or stiffness of the prosthesis. Preferably, the particles are of chemically inert refractory metal oxide, such as alumina, zirconia, titania, magnesia or the like. Most preferably, those particles are of the same refractory oxide as is present in the eutectic. Thus, the novel casting method of the invention is impractical to employ when it is desired to use fibers of lengths in excess of about /8 inch. In such instances, either the press and sinter, hot press technique, or similar fabrication can be used or the fibers can be formed into bundles, placed in a mold and then eutectic can be vacuum cast around them.
The novel prosthesis can be fabricated by any suitable method such as conventional slip casting and cold pressing followed by sintering or hot pressing. However, it is preferred to employ the novel method of the present invention, since precisely shaped and sized prostheses can be made rapidly and economically by the novel method. Such method is, however, limited to specific compositions and particle shapes.
ln forming the novel prosthesis in accordance with the present novel method, the eutectic preferably is rendered molten and, preferably, refractory oxide particles are mixed therewith to form a pourable mixture, which is then cast into a mold and solidified therein, as by cooling, after which the mold is separated therefrom and the finished prosthesis recovered.
The pourable mixture usually contains less than by weight of oxide filler particles, with the minimum filler oxide concentration being only that necessary to make a good casting ceramic.
However, when the cold press, slip cast and sintering or hot press technique is employed, the refractory oxide filler particles may be present in a substantially greater concentration by weight, for example, in excess of that of the eutectic binder-matric. Thus, the filler particles in such instances may be present, for example, in a concentration of between about 20 and about 75 percent, by weight of the prosthesis, the eutectic comprising the remainder.
It will be understood that other substances can be added to the prosthesis for certain purposes, i.e., struc tural supports, such as metal sponge or the like, texturizing or pore-forming agents, eutectic temperaturelowering agents, such as sodium phosphate, etc. Such substances usually are present in minor concentrations. In addition, the prosthesis can be made in several parts, e.g., can be provided with a shell or core of the same or different material.
It will also be understood that since the novel prosthesis of the present invention preferably incorporates at least two distinctive components, that is, the eutectic binder-matric of metal pyrophosphate and refractory oxide, plus the filler of refractory oxide particles, it is readily subject to control of the nature, size and extent of its surface pores. Such pores can facilitate live bone ingrowth and locking to or replacement of the prosthesis, and further facilitate the mechanical attachment of adjacent tissue to the prosthesis.
Surface texturizing of the prosthesis can be accomplished by selectively surface etching or leaching out, as by acid or the like, one of the components of the prosthesis, an advantage over single component ceramics. As shown in the single figure, surface pores 16 are present in prosthesis 10, the size and extent depending on the size and shape of filler particles 14 and the nature of any texturizing treatment applied to exterior of prosthesis 10. The nature of the filler and binder-matrix is such that the biodegradability, if any, of the prosthesis 10, as well as its structural strength, impact resistance, and other factors, can easily be controlled by careful selection of the pyrophosphate(s) and the refractory oxide(s) and their relative concentrations, as well as the size and shape of the filler particles. Accordingly, the prosthesis has far greater flexibility in physical and chemical characteristics than conventional ceramic prostheses. Certain further features of the prosthesis of the present invention and the present method are illustrated in the following specific examples:
EXAMPLE I A missing central portion of a human femur is replaced by a bone prosthesis implanted between the two existing end portions of the femur, with a gap therebetween of not in excess of five thousandths of an inch. The prosthesis almost exactly duplicates the missing portion of the femur and is prepared by the following procedure:
A wax impression is made of the missing central portion of the femur by filling in the gap between the two existing femur portions and checking the impression against the cavity defined by the surrounding leg tissue. The wax impression is then removed, a high temperature resistant ceramic mold is formed there around from a dip slurry from which the slurry liquid medium is then removed. The ceramic cast is baked and the wax is then melted, removed from the mold and the mold is then further hardened by firing.
A pourable mixture of a molten eutectic of calcium pyrophosphate and alumina with added solid particles of alumina is then formed. The eutectic has the composition of about 87.5 percent by weight of calcium pyrophosphate and about 12.5 percent by weight of alumina. The eutectic comprises percent by weight of the eutectic mixture with the alumina particles constituting the remainder.
The pourable mixture while at about 2300 F. is poured into the mold to fill the mold and is then allowed to solidify, after which the mold is released and the prosthesis recovered. The total time for forming the impression, manufacture of the mold, and fabrication of the prosthesis is about 60 minutes. The ceramic prosthesis is then inserted into the femur gap and fits substantially perfectly. The surgical opening is then closed and the femur is immobilized, since the two ends of the femur adjacent the prosthesis will need time to solidly fuse with the prosthesis. The prosthesis is biodegradable, its resorption and replacement by living bone occurring over a time period. The prosthesis is economical, hard, durable, of controlled biodegradability, functions very well, cosmetically and structurally knits tightly with the remainder of the femur and stimulates bone ingrowth and bone replacement.
In a parallel test, the eutectic alone is used (without filler oxide) as the pourable mixture and the results are essentially the same. However, it is noted that the ceramic cast body is slightly more brittle and shrinkage is slightly greater.
In a parallel test, titania is substituted for the alumina in the eutectic and as the filler. The eutectic contains about 14 percent by weight of titania and has a melting point of about 2275 F. Comparable results are obtained, since the major eutectic component is biodegradable, while the titania is not, the relative proportions of each determining the rate of biodegradation. The product is strong, of controlled surface porosity, and easy and rapid to make and use.
In an additional parallel test, calcium pyrophosphate eutectic of the first run is used. It is blended with alumina in a ratio of 40 weight percent eutectic to 60 weight percent alumina, to form a dry mixture. This mixture is then pressed into a body at 10,000 psi, and then fired at about 2300 F. for 30 minutes, resulting in a dense ceramic body which is then ground to the desired size and shape to provide a hard, biodegradable prosthesis.
EXAMPLE II The procedure of Example I is followed, except that a non-biodegradable inert prosthesis is fabricated from a molten eutectic of 92.5 percent by weight of manganese pyrophosphate and 7.5 percent by weight of alumina in which alumina particles in a concentration of about percent by weight of the prosthesis are dispersed. The eutectic has a melting point of about 1987 F. and comprises the remainder of the prosthesis. A hard, high structural strength, high impact resistance, chemically inert prosthesis compatible with the body is provided by the economical and rapid casting and molding procedure of Example I. Total time of obtaining the wax impression, making the mold, casting, cool ing and recovering the prosthesis is only about 60 minutes, so that the procedure permits customized fabrica tion of bony parts for substantially immediate emplacement.
In a second parallel run, an eutectic of 87.5 percent by weight of manganese pyrophosphate and 12.5 percent by weight of titania is melted at 1910 F. and mixed with titania flakes in a weight ratio of about 4:1. The molding and casting procedure of Example I is fol lowed, utilizing a casting temperature of about 1950 to 2000 F followed by solidification and recovery of the desired prosthesis. The prosthesis exhibits the improved properties described above for the aluminamanganese pyrophosphate product, including great strength, impact resistance, durability and total inertness to body fluids.
In a third parallel run, a prosthesis is fabricated using the components of the second run except the filler, titania flakes, are added in a weight percentage of about 80 percent to the eutectic mixture and blended to-' gether in a rubber-lined ball mill. The mixture is then shape pressed into a body at 10,000 psi, and sintered for 30 minutes at above 1910 F. The body when cooled is then ground to the desired size and shape to provide a hard, durable inert prosthesis. The overall processing time is considerably longer than in the first two runs of this Example, nor are the dimensions of the prosthesis as accurate as those of the first two runs, and the cost is higher.
EXAMPLE III Prostheses identical to those of Example I (first and parallel second and third runs) are surface texturized by contacting the prosthesis in each instance with dilute hydrochloric acid at elevated temperature (about F.) for about 3 minutes, until the calcium pyrophosphate eutectic at the surface of the prosthesis has been eroded to an average depth of about 44 microns, thereby increasing the porosity of that surface and facilitating live bone growth and/or other tissue thereinto. Accordingly, secure attachment of the prosthesis to adjacent femur bone portions is accomplished rapidly and full functioning of the femur is restored at an early date.
The preceding Examples clearly establish that the bone prosthesis of the present invention can be controllably biodegradable or made totally inert to body fluids. It is non-toxic, very strong and durable with good to high impact strength and can be made very easily and rapidly by the present method. The prosthesis can be surface texturized to control its porosity and can be formed in an exact size and shape for substitution for a missing bone or bone portion. The type of bones for which the described prosthesis can be substituted is not limited to the bones described herein, but are applicable to any desired bone in the body. Likewise, the prosthesis can be substituted for either part or all of any particular bone in the body. Likewise, the prosthesis can be substituted for either part or all of any particular bone in the body. Constituents of the prosthesis can stimulate bone ingrowth, due to the calcium and phosphate supplied by the prosthesis to the body sera. Other advantages are as set forth in the foregoing.
Various modifications and changes can be made in the present prosthesis and the components and in the present method, its steps, constituents and parameters. All such changes and modifications as are within the scope of the appended claims form part of the present invention.
What is claimed and desired to be secured by Letters Patent is:
1. An improved implantable bone prosthesis, said prosthesis comprising a unitary ceramic body containing a eutectic of metal pyrophosphate and refractory oxide, wherein said body includes discrete particles of refractory oxide bonded together by said eutectic, whereby said eutectic bonds together the discrete particles of refractory oxide in such a manner that no substantial degradation of said discrete particles by the eutectic occurs.
2. The improved bone prothesis of claim 1 wherein said particles are in the form of fibers.
3. The improved bone prosthesis of claim 1 wherein said particles are in the form of flakes.
4. The improved bone prosthesis of claim 1 wherein said refractory oxide comprises refractory metal oxide.
5. The improved bone prosthesis of claim 1 wherein said particles are of the same refractory oxide as that of said eutectic.
phate and alumina and wherein said particles consist essentially of alumina.
10. The improved bone prosthesis of claim 9 wherein said particles are of extended surface area for improved structural strength, and wherein said eutectic is present in a concentration in excess of about percent, by
weight, of said prosthesis.
Patent Citations
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Apologies if this thread has been done before, but it boggles my mind that Dick Grayson hasn't reached greater heights as a marketable entity within the DC Universe. I'm not going to dwell on past accomplishments or the treatment of his character. I think most of us are familiar with that. The boy is legit. So what is it going to take to get him to "heavy-hitter" status? His book is already a top-50 seller. Can he get any higher? I think the answer is yes. And this is how you do it, DC...
1. Put some all-star talent on the Nightwing book
Nothing against the current creatives on the series right now, but if you want to generate some serious buzz you need to draw a big name. DC has this awful habit of making its B-list books a proving ground for aspiring creatives. If any success happens, DC will frequently snatch the creative team up and put them on a Batman or Superman book. It has been following this formula for years, and it's one of the reasons in my mind why DC really only has 4 heavy-hitter characters (Batman, Supes, Green Lantern, and Flash - I don't count WW 'cause her book was never doing that well until the 52).
The ideal writer for Nightwing is Geoff Johns. As disrespectful as Johns has been towards Bruce in his writing, I think the man understands Dick and how he operates. Johns loves this character and was vehemently opposed to killing him off in Infinite Crisis. While Johns has his hands full with Justice League and the upcoming Trinity War story, he's got to finish sometime. And this will probably happen in another year. He's done a good job revitalizing Aquaman and Green Lantern. Give him the reigns to Dick and let him run with it.
DC has several great artists on the payroll right now - and they've all been on Batman-Superman books: Jim Lee (Batman, Superman, Man of Steel), Tony Daniel (Detective Comics, Action Comics), Kenneth Rocafort (Superman), David Finch (Batman: The Dark Knight), and Jason Fabok (Detective Comics). Truthfully, my ideal artist isn't even one of these guys. But I mention them just to point out how two characters have had an absolute monopoly on the artistic talent lately. In my dream world, I think the perfect artist would be Francis Manapul (Flash). Johns and Manapul have worked with each other before. I think another collaboration would be perfect for Nightwing.
2. Make Nightwing Batman's equal (for real)
A lot of lip service has been given to this idea in the past, but the truth of the matter is to really do this effectively will take a massive amount of balls. And as a fan of Bruce Wayne, I know just how outrageous this would be to some people. Here's what you have to remember though: making Nightwing stronger doesn't necessarily diminish Batman. In fact, it enhances Bruce. Anyway you slice it, Dick is a product of Bruce. The greater Dick becomes, the more effective Bruce is as a mentor and teacher. Dick will never be the world's greatest detective, but he's already the world's greatest acrobat. It's time to make him the world's most dangerous combatant. He's got the speed and grace to absolutely destroy people.
Here's three ways in my mind you make Dick Batman's equal...
A) Give him A-list villains to fight for a couple years - You're not going to build credibility by just creating someone new for Nightwing. We need to see how Nightwing handles Luthor, Bane, Brainiac, Deathstroke, etc. He needs at least 24 issues straight of doing nothing but handling the biggest badasses that the DC Universe has to offer. What is most important here is making these matchups feel authentic. And that's why it's so critical that an all-star talent does the handling.
B) Make him a regular on the Justice League - Batman has four books of his own already. Let him focus on Gotham and allow Dick to take over the Justice League. This has already been done to a certain extent, but it needs to be done again for a longer period. While he's on the book, Nightwing needs to feel like Bat-God 2.0 from the Morrison era. Ok, maybe that's pushing it, but you get the idea.
C) Dick needs to flat-out beat Batman - Many fan boys will never be able to accept this, but it needs to happen. Make this another bat family event. The culmination of the story should feature a hand-to-hand fight between Bruce and Dick. Master versus mentor type of thing. I don't write the stories, but it needs to be demonstrated that Dick has graduated to the big leagues. I love Bruce Wayne, but we all know that he can be a self-centered bastard sometimes. Allow Dick to beat him senseless. After that, he needs to distance himself from the Batman books and truly become his own hero.
3. Nightwing: The Movie / Nightwing: The Animated Series
We know the Batman movie reboot is coming. DC needs to inform WB that Robin should be an integral component to this. At this point in time, I would argue that Dick Grayson is even more recognizable to the general public than a Flash or Green Lantern. The worth of his intellectual property is among the highest in the DC Universe. Carefully build his character and set him free when the time is right.
In the short term, why not give him an animated series? People would watch it. People would love it. If Young Justice can succeed, there is no reason a Nightwing animated series can't do the same. Batman: TAS probably has more to do with the explosion of Batman's popularity than anything else. Viewers of that show are now paying to see his movies and read his comic books. Give Nightwing a similar chance to shine.
Final thoughts
Dick Grayson will never surpass Batman as a character. We know this. Even though he's also an orphan and has many interesting elements to his character, Dick simply isn't Bruce. That being said, I think there's a lot of untapped potential here that DC has yet to take advantage of.
You'll notice that I haven't really commented on whether or not Dick should be distanced from the Batman mythology. In all honesty, I'm not really sure. I think much of what makes Dick interesting is attributed to the lore he comes from. At the same time, I can't help but feel his multiple appearances in Batman stories further contributes to the idea that he's still playing second fiddle. In any case, I think these three things would really catapult Dick to tier one status.
As of right now, the Marvel Universe has a ton of what could be considered tier one heroes. Most of them have their own books and they're mainly spread across three teams (Avengers, FF, X-Men). DC really only has a handful and they pretty much make up the JLA's Big 7. Do what I suggested to Dick and you have your Big 8.
Edit: What is tier 1?
I recognize what's considered "tier 1" is somewhat subjective. For some, "tier 1" is a broader category than to others. Using sports as an analogy, some people think they're in the top tier if they somehow manage to limp into the playoffs. I don't think like that. You're either a top-seeded team/character or you're not.
Let's do a quick character comparison. The gap between a Green Lantern and Nightwing right now is pretty large. How so? Well, GL has almost no limits as to what can be done with him creatively. Nightwing on the other hand has a very specific ceiling. He can be written awesome, but he's not allowed to approach Batman's level of awesome. That's what keeps him out of tier one for me.
Wally West and Kyle Rayner have both been at Nightwing's level before. But Rayner became a full-time member of arguably the most powerful JLA team ever assembled (during Morrison's run). Kyle is also regarded as the most creative Green Lantern out there.
Wally on the other hand surpassed his predecessor in almost every way, shape, and form. Wally's situation is even more analogous to Nightwing in that he was someone we were able to see grow and develop throughout the years. But whereas Wally was allowed to reach for the stars, Nightwing has been given a ceiling as to what he can achieve.
Let me ask you something: has the emergence of Wally and Kyle diminished what Hal and Barry accomplished? Perhaps. Perhaps not. It's difficult to say. But I would argue that the DC Universe has been richer because of their involvement.
Now is the time to take the creative training wheels off of Nightwing. It's time to give this character the attention and care that it deserves. If DC were to do that, they would have a new pillar to milk for money. As of right now, whether you like it or not - Nightwing is part of Batman's pillar. Tony Stark (Marvel reference) has his own pillar. Hal Jordan has his own pillar. Dick Grayson deserves his own pillar. But he doesn't have one. And that's why he isn't tier 1.


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Head of the class: PSU announces first sustainable city enrollees
Portland State University's Urban Sustainability Accelerator has selected its first class of American mid-sized cities that'll learn sustainability lessons from a respected school division.
PSU's Urban Sustainability Accelerator's 2013-14 class includes the cities of Waco, Texas, Wichita, Kan., Portland, Maine, Louisville, Ky., El Paso, Texas, and Elk Grove and Rancho Cordova, Calif. The latter two cities are part of the Sacramento Council of Governments.
The city teams were selected for participation in the program based on their desire and capacity to advance plans and policies related to sustainability in their own regions, according to a PSU release. The cities' representatives will work to integrate green infrastructure with urban redevelopment and infill projects.
"Over the last 40 years, people in our region — at PSU, in government, the private sector, nonprofit organizations, and community leaders — have acquired valuable expertise in many sustainability subjects," said Robert Liberty, director of the Urban Sustainability Accelerator, in a statement. "Today, as other cities aspire to greater sustainability they can both draw upon that expertise, and through our collaboration with them, contribute to that store of knowledge."
The cities will dispatch leaders to Portland in July for a three-day technical workshop with accelerator staff and regional experts in sustainable urban development, green building and transportation.


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f800GS centerstand
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Harry Swan
One more time
Joined: Jul 2001
Location: High in the Hollywood Hills
Oddometer: 1,100
In the minority
I'm not thrilled with the BMW centerstand. I'll agree with the majority that the centerstand functions well when deployed but I'm not happy about getting it there! My problems start when I try to get a boot on the damn thing to push it down into contact with the ground. Mine neatly folds up behind the sidestand but the contact or 'foot' of is hidden behind the passenger foot peg. This makes for (for me) a tough flamingo like balancing act while trying to grab the centerstand. Imagine what it'll be like when the bike is fully loaded (Jesse bags on order) for traveling? Here's what I see right off the bike ...
So tell me, how do you get a foot on your centerstand?
What the hell do I know?!?
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10 Reasons to Live as Long as Possible
1. Because the universe has plenty of room.
2. Because eighty or ninety years isn't enough to try much out.
3. Because death is so final.
4. Because you'll get to see what happens next.
5. Because a few hundred friends isn't enough.
6. Because you can then join the long-term project to make Earth better.
7. Because boredom can't prevail against new places, ideas, and people.
8. Because aging and death are primitive and inherently unpleasant.
9. Because your loved ones and children don't deserve to see you perish.
10. Because if you don't enjoy it, you can end it at any time.
10 Reasons to Enhance Human Intelligence
1. Because stupidity stops being funny pretty fast.
2. Because sitting in a classroom can be torture.
3. Because if we don't, somebody else will.
4. Because it's part of our species growing up.
5. Because people are suffering due to their own ignorance.
6. Because people are suffering due to ignorance of the wealthy.
7. Because dumb people don't know what they're missing.
8. Because it's the best way to improve our society.
9. Because our brains were meant to evolve.
10. Because it's already within our grasp.
10 Reasons to Develop Molecular Nanotechnology
1. Because killing sentient animals is an cruel way to transform grass into meat.
2. Because fossil fuels are a pain in the ass.
3. Because humans can't fly without strapping ourselves into a rigid hunk of metal.
4. Because our houses and cities could use some embellishment.
5. Because conventional manufacturing destroys the environment.
6. Because people shouldn't have to perform manual labor if it can be automated.
7. Because biology can do it, so should we.
8. Because everyone deserves food, shelter, and clean water.
9. Because it's about time we cleaned up the mess we humans have made.
10. Because nanotech will be developed anyway, we might as well develop it right.
10 Reasons to Develop Artificial Intelligence
1. Because human intelligence hasn't exploited enough possibilities.
2. Because intelligence should be fluid and expandable, not rigid and static.
3. Because we need someone to help us make sense of the data we're drowning in.
4. Because aliens aren't showing up, so we should make our own.
5. Because the universe should be infused with intelligence.
6. Because we need new perspectives and thinkers.
7. Because it would be interesting to engineer new emotions.
8. Because sci-fi stereotypes need to be shattered.
9. Because evolution has made us self-deceiving, and we need help to escape the trap.
10. Because AI is coming whether we like it or not, and it's better to be prepared.
10 Reasons to Learn About Science and Technology
1. Because it has the potential to prevent our extinction.
2. Because so many popular beliefs are empirically unsound.
3. Because it's the only way to significantly move our entire civilization forward.
4. Because science just means "stuff we know" and technology just "stuff we can do".
5. Because it's the foundation and context of all other human affairs.
6. Because it makes the main difference between cavemen and modern man.
7. Because ignorance is nothing to be proud of.
8. Because they're challenging and useful.
9. Because progress in science and technology is exponentially accelerating.
10. Because our future depends on it.


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Edit: Added this link to ShareCG where my scene file is there for download to follow along with this thread. Previously, only Freak 5 owners could use the file, but I have updated it with Genesis Male instead so anyone can come to play!
As promised a few days ago in other threads, here are the exact skin settings I used for the image shown below.
In my scene, I enclosed Freak in a primitive cube and used the 2 area light preset that came with Luxus. For each light I changed the strength in the surfaces tab. Area Light 1 was changed to 70%, Area light 2 was changed to 50%
To apply the settings, first choose all of the head, torso and limb materials in Surfaces Pane, and convert them to LuxRender material: Glossy Translucent with Volume and Copy Studio Settings.
Then apply the attached settings to each material zone. Use the texture maps associated with each area.
A: is the head, torso, limbs texture. I used Andrei for F5 by Morris.
B: is the specular map
C: is the bump map
X: is also the specular map, but this section is not activated so you don't need to put a map in here, nor do you need to set the color. I had it set during my tests, but ended up not needing it. When I turned on "One Sided", this section became inactive. I just forgot to delete the map.
For rendering, I used Renderer:Sample with Sampler:LowDiscrepancy. This was a tip from czexarna to help reduce the sparkle effect you get with SSS and volumes. Cut my render time from 32 hours to only 1 hour. Let it render longer than 1 hour of course and it will get even better, but the image below was after just one hour.
In LuxRender, I used the Linear tone mapping settings. For Film ISO: 200, Shutter: 1/2, f-stop: 5.6. I also used Color Space: Adobe RGB 98 and the Preset Daylight. Gamma + Film Response was set to Advantix 200.
Hopefully, I have covered everything here. I posted a different render in the Luxus Discussion thread, which has slightly more realistic settings on David 5, since he is not an oiled up bodybuilder. I will be working on an in-depth tutorial for that image, explaining the various settings and what you can expect from each.
Enjoy! Post your renders in this thread. I would love to see what you come up with using these settings, tweaked to your liking or just as is.
Brian, aka Slosh


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text: If you are talking about long exposures, I would bring snacks, drinks, warm clothes, and a folding chair or two if you can manage. A cable release if your shutter doesn't have a way to be locked in the down position. A table of recommended exposures for night shots and a reciprocity failure adjustment chart for your film. Paper and pencil to take notes. I would also use a film with better reciprocity characteristics, though Tri-X is beautiful in night shots. Fuji Acros 100 or Kodak T-Max 100 are good choices.