text:
A process for multirate subband encoding voice signals.
At least a portion of the original signal bandwidth is split into p sub-bands the contents of which are to be coded using dynamic allocation of quantizing levels throughout the sub-bands.
Let's assume the signal is to be coded for a set of coding rates R(1) <R(2)<. . .<R(k) . . . <R(K). First the number of quantizing levels 1(i, R(1)) for the lowest rate is determined. Then the levels for 1(i, R(k)), k=2, . . . , p are determined using: ##EQU1## Then the sub-band samples S(i,j) are quantized according to 1(i, R(K). Finally, the quantized sub-band samples are embedded into a multirate frame.
1. A process for digitally block encoding a signal at a predetermined set of rates R(1)<R(2)<. . .<R(K) and for embedding the encoded signal into a multirate frame, including k sections numbered 1, 2, . . . K, said encoding involving splitting the signal bandwidth into p sub-bands to derive therefrom sub band signal samples S(i,j) where i=1, . . . , p is the sub band index and j=1, . . . , N the sample index, within a block of N samples, requantizing the S(i,j)'s through a block quantizer the quantizing levels of which are optimally and dynamically adjusted to the relative sub band energy contents E(i); and multiplexing the requantized sub band samples into said multirate frame, said process being characterized in that it includes:
computing the number of levels 1(i, R(1)) for the lowest rate R(1);
deriving the number of levels 1(i, R(k)) for the subsequent rates using: ##EQU25## for k=2, . . . , K
i=1, . . . , p,
quantizing the sub-band samples S(i,j) with the quantizer step adjusted to the number of levels computed for the highest rate R(K);
multiplexing the coded sub-band samples S(i,j) into a multirate frame including K sections, wherein SR(k) for k=1, . . . , K contains the sample bits to be added to samples quantized at rate R(k-1) for obtaining samples quantized at R(k).
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein the bit rate r(k) available for a quantizing of sub-band samples for rate R(k) is r(k)=R(k)-R(0), with R(0) being the bit rate to be assigned for overhead encoding purposes and inserted into section SR(1) of said multirate frame.
3. A process according to claim 1 wherein said block encoding is performed using BCPCM techniques providing sub band characteristic terms C(i) to be used as parameters representative of the sub-bands energy contents to be inserted into the multirate frame overhead section.
4. A process according to claim 3 wherein said number of levels 1(i,R(1)) is derived from ##EQU26##
5. A process according to claim 4 wherein the number of levels 1(i,R(1)) is rounded off to integer value L(i;R(1)) with ##EQU27##
6. A process for encoding a voice signal using predictive encoding techniques providing a low frequency bandwidth signal to be processed according to claim 5 and parameters representative of the high frequency bandwidth energy contents inserted into said overhead multirate frame section.
7. A process according to claim 5 further characterized in that said L(i,R(1)) computing are performed optimally using the following operations:
a computing the optimal decimal values for 1(i,R(1))
b setting to a predetermined value N1 any 1(i,R(1)) smaller or equal to N1, and setting to a predetermined value N2 any 1(i;R(1)) greater than N2; and discarding the 1(i,R(1)) set sub-bands, from the following operations;
c scanning the sub bands to locate the highest ith sub band carrying the lowest energy;
d allocating an integer value L(i,R(1)) to the located sub band;
e setting either to N1 or to N2 the allocated L(i,R(1)) based on said L(i,R(1)) either being smaller to N1 or being strictly greater than N2;
f testing for locating the remaining non L(i,R(1)) set sub bands and repeating the operations starting from step "c" for said non set sub bands.
8. A process according to claim 7 wherein said integer values L(i,R(k)) are derived from L(i,R(1)), for k=2, . . . , K, using: ##EQU28##
9. A process according to claim 8 for processing bit rates differing from each other by a multiple of the number p of sub bands and wherein L(i)R(k)) is derived by simply adding an integer number of bits to L(i,R(k-1).
10. A process according to claim 8 wherein L(i,R(k)) is derived from L(i,R(k-1)) using:
with b(k)=(R(k)-R(k-1))/p.
11. A process according to any one of claims 5 characterized in that said sub band samples S(i,j) quantizing operations involve:
setting a quantizer step size QK(i) for the ith sub band to:
i=1, . . . , p;
quantizing each sample to a new Sk (i,j) value with:
Sk (i,j)=Int(S(i,j)/QK(i)
for i=1, . . . , p
and j=1, . . . , N
where Int(A) denotes the integer part of A;
rate reducing the quantized SK(i,j) samples to sequentially derive therefrom data
Sk-1 (i,j) for k=K-1, . . . , 1 and Tk for k=K, . . . , 2
Sk-1 (i,j)=Int(Sk (i,j)/Δ(i,k))
if L(i,R(k-1)) is even
Sk-1 (i,j)=Int(0.5+Sk (i,j)/Δ(i,k))
if L(i,R(k-1)) is odd
Tk (i,j)=Sk (i,j)-S.sub.(k-1) (i,j)�Δ(i,k) ##EQU29## to derive therefrom data S1(i,j) and T2 (i,j), . . . , TK(i,j); packing the derived data into a macro-sample frame made to include the S1(i,j) for the p sub-bands into a first section SR1, and the T2(i,j), . . . , TK(i,j) into subsequent sections.
12. A process according to claim 11, wherein the macro sample SR1 section packing includes:
packing the S1(i,j) for i=1, . . . p into r(1) - bit words MS (j), according to: ##EQU30## multiplexing the N words MS(j) into same section SR1.
13. A sub-band coding system for digitally BCPCM encoding a speech signal S(n) at a predetermined rate R(k) selected among a set of rates R(1)<R(2)<. . .<R(K), said system including a QMF filter bank splitting at least a portion of the speech bandwidth into p sub bands and providing S(i,j) signal samples, i=1,2, . . . , p and j being the sample index within a BCPCM block; means coupled to said QMF filter bank for deriving C(i) characteristics terms from said signal samples; level means connected to said filter bank to derive number of quantizing levels by using said C(i)'s for the lowest rate R(1) and derive therefrom the levels for the other rates R(2), . . . , R(K); quantizing means connected to said level means and to said bank of filters to requantize said S(i,j) samples based on the number of quantizing levels for the highest rate R(K); said system being characterized in that it includes means for multiplexing said quantized S(i,j) and said C(i) into said multirate frame, said multirate frame including a section for inserting therein the C(i)' s and sections for inserting the requantized S(i,j) bits for each one of said rates.
14. A multiport speech encoding system for concentrating encoded speech onto a wide band link, said multiport systems including:
at least one sub-band coder coupled to a port of said multiport system, said one sub-band coder analyzing an input speech signal and generating therefrom signal sampler S(i,j) and C(i) characteristics terms from said signal samples and thereafter multiplexing said signal samples and said characteristics terms into a multirate frame;
at least one port activity controller connected to the at least one sub-band coder for measuring the relative port activity and for adjusting each port multirate frame length by truncating the frame by dropping, as required, sections of each individual port multirate frame; and,
multiplexing means for multiplexing the adjusted port frames over said wide band link.
15. A sub-band coding system for digitally BCPCM encoding a speech signal S(n) at a predetermined rate R(k) selected among a set of rates R(1)<R(2)<. . .<R(K), said system including a QMF filter bank splitting at least a portion of the speech bandwidth into p sub bands and providing S(i,j) signal samples, 6=1,2, . . . , p and j being the sample index within a BCPCM block; means coupled to said QMF filter bank for deriving C(i) characteristics terms from said signal samples; level means connected to said filter bank to derive number of quantizing levels by using said C(i)'s for the lowest rate R(1) and derive therefrom the levels for the other rates R(2), . . . , R(K); quantizing means connected to said level means and to said bank of filters to requantize said S(i,j) samples based on the number of quantizing levels for the highest rate R(K); and means for multiplexing said quantized S(i,j) and said C(i) into said multirate frame, said multirate frame including a section for inserting therein the C(i)'s and sections for inserting the requantized S(i,j) bits for each one of said rates.
This invention deals with voice encoding techniques and more particularly with such techniques enabling multirate encoding of voice signals.
Sub-band coding (SBC) associated with dynamic allocation of bits resources (DAB) has been shown to be an efficient approach for digitally encoding speech signals. Such coding methods have been extensively described in the literature and patents. One may mention U.S. Pat. No. 4,142,071; the article "16K bps Real Time QMF Sub Band Coder Implementation", in IEEE ICASSP, Denver, April 1980, by C. Galand and D. Esteban; and the article "32K bps CCITT compatible Split Band Coding" presented by D. Esteban and C. Galand at the 1978 IEEE International Conference held in Tulsa, Oklahoma. These references should be considered herein incorporated by reference.
According to these coding methods, at least a portion of the original speech bandwidth is split into several sub bands the contents of which are quantized with a dynamic sharing of the quantizing resources throughout the sub bands based on their respective energy contents. In addition, applying Block Companded Pulse Code Modulation (BCPCM) to the above methods enables dynamically allocating the quantizing resources over fixed length consecutive speech segments (e.g. 16 ms long). In other words, the sub band quantizing resources distribution needs only being repeated at the segment rate, i.e. every 16 ms. By quantizing resources one usually means quantizing bits as disclosed in the above cited references.
For more detailed information on BCPCM one may refer to an article by A. Croisier relating to a lecture given at the International Seminar on digital Communication, in Zurich, Switzerland, and entitled, "Progress in PCM and Delta Modulation: Block Companded Coding of Speech Signal". In summary, for each block of N samples representing a 16 ms long segment of voice signal, a scale factor C is chosen such that the largest sample of the block does not fall outside the coding limits. Them, the N samples of the block are requantized, based on this factor.
In Split band coders this requantizing is performed separately in each sub band, with the quantizing resources being dynamically allocated throughout the sub bands based on their energy contents. BCPCM suits particularly well for coding methods requiring information relative to energy of the signal to be processed since energy could be conveniently approximated using a readily available BCPCM parameter, i.e. the so-called scale factor or characteristic "C".
In addition, application of sub-band coders to Time Assignment Speech Interpolation systems (TASI) has been proposed in the European patent application No. 85 820 "Multirate digital transmission method and device for implementing said method" with a new TASI approach for embedded bit stream. For that purpose, the output of the SBC speech compressor is arranged in an embedded bit stream, i.e. which accepts bit deletion and insertion for dynamic rate conversion. This property is of high importance in a digital communication network, since it allows the bit stream to be flagged at any overloaded node without tandeming or freeze-out.
On the other hand, sub-band coding with dynamic allocation of levels (DAL) has been shown to achieve a significant improvement over SBC with dynamic allocation of bits (DAB), specially for low bit rates. Such a technique has been disclosed in the European application No. 86,109,498.5 dated July 11, 1986 herein incorporated by reference.
The present invention deals with sub band coding with dynamic allocation of levels and a multirate operation.
Another object of this invention is to provide a multirate voice encoding method with an optimal dynamic allocation of quantizing level resources.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a method for performing the concentration of several telephone lines on a wide band digital link in a multirate environment and dynamic allocation of quantizing levels.
These and other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become more readily apparent from the following specification when taken in conjunction with the drawings.
Although the preferred embodiment will be described with reference to a split band voice coder as described in French Pat. No. 7,713,995 "Quantizing process with dynamic allocation of the available bit resources, and device for implementing said process" the invention applies as well to any coder wherein signal band-width splitting is operated over a portion of said bandwidth (e.g. to the signal base band) like in the so called voice excited predictive coders (VEPC) as well as to any coder for processing other than voice signals. It also applies to multirate encoding method intended for applications not related to transmission, like for instance for storing or otherwise processing.
FIG. 1 shows the principle of application of the invention to L speech ports.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a coder/decoder using the invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates the multirate frame operation.
FIGS. 4 through 6 are flow charts for the invention.
FIG. 7 illustrates the frame for the splitting of a sub-band sample SK(i,j) quantized at rate L(i,R(K)) in incremental values TK(i,j).
FIG. 8 is an algorithm of a rate reduction device.
FIG. 9 is a flow chart for the packing of sub-band samples at rate R(1).
FIG. 10 is a flow chart for the unpacking of sub-band samples at rate R(1).
FIG. 11 is an algorithm for the upgrading of samples S1(i,j) to the higher rates.
FIG. 12 is an illustrative example.
FIG. 13 is an illustration of the frame operation applied to a multiport system.
FIG. 1 shows the principle of operation for the coding of L speech ports and the multiplexing of the coded speech signals on a wide-band digital link.
Assuming each of the L input voice ports is split into p sub-bands (FIG. 1), the sub-band signals will be denoted:
S (i,j,k')
where ##EQU2## Each port input k' (k'=1, . . . , L) is processed by a sub-band coder, the output of which is a multirate bit stream b(k',n), where n is the time index, with embedded sub-streams. The L bit streams are then processed by a port activity controller in which the bit rate allocated to each port is adaptively computed according to the relative activities of the ports. Then, the bit stream representing each port is flagged (adjusted) according to the computed bit rate, and the residual bit streams are multiplexed and transmitted on the wide band link. The activity controller and multiplexer functions of FIG. 1 are functions well depicted by the state of the art including the above cited references and articles. We will thus focus here, more particularly, on the coder itself.
More precisely, we will describe a device to process speech signals allowing:
each port the best sub-band levels allocations corresponding to a prescribed set of bit rates,
sub-band encoding the speech signal according to the determined levels, and multiplexing the coded samples in an embedded multirate bit stream or frame.
The multirate bit stream b(k',n) provided by each port will then be inserted into a larger multiplexed bit stream to be eventually fed onto a wide band link. For that purpose, the port Activity Controller and Multiplexer will reshape each b(k',n) stream according to the relative energy contained therein and the selected set of rates, before multiplexing it on the wide band link.
FIG. 2 represents the block diagram of a sub-band coder/decoder, operating in a multirate mode with dynamic allocation of levels. The input to the coder is a speech signal S(n) sampled at 8 kHz, for instance, and the output of the coder is a multirate bit stream b(n) which is forwarded to the decoder. The output of the decoder is a replica S(n) of the original speech signal.
The multirate sub-band coder operates at the rates R(1), R(2), . . . , R(k), . . . , R(K); with R(1)<R(2)<. . .<R(K). So, the transmitted bit stream is arranged into frames corresponding to the highest bit rate R(K) with sub-frames corresponding to the various other rates (FIG. 3). This arrangement is made in the multiplexer (device 5 in FIG. 2), according to the level allocations computed in the device 3 of FIG. 2.
A similar problem has already been considered and solved in connection with dynamic allocation of quantizing bits rather than levels. It may be noted from the above cited references that multirate allocation of the bit resources is based on first optimally allocating the bits for the highest rate and then subsequently bit by bit reducing this allocation to get the lower bit rates allocations.
Applying this strategy to the multirate allocation of levels with optimum and integer level allocations at all rates can be achieved if all rate levels are even (only the lowest level can be odd) and if the highest bit rate levels are limited to being a multiple of: ##EQU3## This obviously may be a serious drawback for applying the referenced multirate technique in conjunction with DAL approaches.
Based on this observation and on the fact that the DAL allocation is much more efficient for low rates than the DAB allocation is, then a new and different approach has to be provided for multirate with DAL, to avoid the above mentioned drawbacks.
One object of the present invention is precisely to adaptively determine for each of the considered bit rates R(1), . . . , R(K), the distribution of the quantizing levels in the sub-bands, allowing for minimum distortion in the reconstructed speech signal S(n), and subject to the constraint of having an embedded bit stream.
The last point means that, given a frame corresponding to the rate R(K) (FIG. 3a), said frame including K sections SR(1), SR(2), . . . , SR(K), dropping the part labeled `SR(K)` in FIG. 3a will result in a shorter frame (FIG. 3b) corresponding to the compression of the speech to the rate R(K-1), and which represents the best coding achievable at this rate. Similarly, dropping the parts labeled `SR(K)` and `SR(K-1)` in FIG. 3a will result in a shorter frame (FIG. 3c) corresponding to the compression of the speech to the rate R(K-2), and which represents the best coding achievable at this rate, and so on for all the prescribed rates down to the lowest rate R(1). One interesting feature of the invention is based on the fact that, at low bit rates, the dynamic allocation of levels is much more efficient than the dynamic allocation of bits, while at high bit rates both methods are equivalent.
The algorithm used in device (3) in FIG. 2 for the multirate allocation of level resources at bit rates R(1), . . . , R(K), may be summarized as follows:
First compute the number of quantizing levels 1(i,R(1)) for the lowest rate R(1), using a DAL algorithm based on the sub band energy contents. For instance, as mentioned in the above references, it may be considered at first order that the energy of the ith sub band E(i) is proportional to the C(i) to the power two, then one may use: ##EQU4##
Then compute the 1(i,R(k)), for k=2, . . . , K and i=1, . . . , p using relation (2): ##EQU5##
Then quantize the sub-band samples S(i,j) according to the 1(i,R(K)), and
Finally multiplex the obtained sub band samples according to FIG. 3, where portion SR(k) contains the added bits for obtaining samples quantized at rate R(k), for k=1, . . . , K.
The multirate frame should also include rate representative parameters.
Let's now focus on a more detailed operation of the sub-band coder by referring back to FIG. 2.
The input signal S(n) is split into p sub-bands by use of a bank of quadrature mirror filters (QMF's) (device 1, FIG. 2), the principles of which were described in details by D. Esteban and C. Galand in "Application of Quadrature Mirror Filters to Split Band Coding" presented at the IEEE ICASSP, Hartford, May 1977. Then, each sub-band signal is quantized by means of a Block Companded PCM quantizer (BCPCM) (device 4). The quantizer parameters are updated per block of samples, so as to take into account the short-term variations of the voice formant's frequencies and energies. Let S(i,j) denote the jth sample of the ith sub-band, and let's assume that the block duration corresponds to N sub-band samples. Practical values are p=8 and N=16.
In the following we may refer to so called macro samples with the kth macro sample being considered to represent the set of samples S(i,t), (i=1, . . . , p) occurring at the same time t.
For each sub-band signal S(i,j), (i=1, . . . , p and j=1, . . . , n), one determines on a characteristic determinator (device 2) the so-called sub-band characteristic: ##EQU6## The sub-band characteristics C(i), for (i=1, . . . , p) are then coded in device (2) with a reduced number of bits. Such an encoding has been described in the above cited references, e.g. in the Denver IEEE ICASSP reference, and can be easily achieved with 4 bits. The 4-bit encoded characteristics C(i) are multiplexed in the Multiplexor device (5) for being included into b(n) and eventually transmitted. It should be noted that successive coding and decoding operations, like those operated on a same C(i), lead in practice to slightly altering the C(i) value and the C(i) output of device (2) should mention that difference. We, however, did not use different notations for the considered terms for sake of clarity in the notations.
In the multirate sub-band coder, the operation at full rate comprises a common overhead (OV), including the P 4-bit encoded characteristics C(i), (i=1, p). These bits are inserted into the 1st section SR(1) of the b(n) multirate frame as represented in FIG. 3, and corresponding to a theoretical bit rate R(0). The same observation also applies to a VEPC type of coder wherein R(0) would be made to include the encoded PARCOR coefficients and other high frequency energy representative data.
As a result, the bit rate r(k) actually available for the quantization of the sub-band samples at rate R(k) is given by:
r(k)=R(k)-R(0) for k=1, . . . , K (4)
As mentioned above, the levels allocation is computed at the lowest considered bit rate, involving r(1)=R(1)-R(0).
The decoded characteristics C(i) provided by device (2) are locally used in device (3) to derive the allocation of the available levels resources at the lowest rate R(1). One can show that the overall signal to quantizing noise ratio is minimized when the number of levels 1(i) (i=1, . . . , p) in each sub-band is determined according to: ##EQU7## The 1(i,R(1)) derived from equation (5) are generally not integer values and in addition they may be out of the allowable range of the quantizer. They need to be adjusted or otherwise truncated or rounded-off to integer values L(i,R(1)).
The rounding-off is achieved in such a way that the final L(i) values match the following constraint: ##EQU8## With PROD meaning "product of the considered terms". So as to obtain a set of integer L(i)'s that matches the optimal allocation distribution and checks the product constraint (6), we use the following procedure which is specially attractive because the corresponding complexity is very low.
It consists in computing the integer desired final values recursively one after one by taking the previously attributed values into account with a global weighting ratio.
The method comprises two steps, described below, and represented on attached flowcharts of FIGS. 4-6.
FIG. 4 shows the basic principles of the algorithm made for determining the integer optimal value to be assigned to L(i,(R(1)), involving:
The aim of the first step of the method is to determine the optimal decimal level allocation 1(i,R(1)) according to (5), discarding the sub-band getting an allocation out of range, and computing an allocation ratio noted a, thus:
first computing the optimal decimal values for 1(i,R(1));
then setting to a predetermined value N1 any 1(i) smaller or equal to N1, and setting to predetermined value N2 any 1(i) greater than N2. Those set 1(i)'s are then "discarded" from the remaining operations. Typical values for N1 may be equal to 1 or 2;
The second step is a recursive procedure which computes directly the final integer allocation L(i,R(1)) (i=1, . . . , NR), sub-band by sub-band for the NR not yet allocated sub-bands, thus:
Scanning the sub-bands to locate the highest ith referenced sub-band carrying the lowest energy, the sub bands being ordered in an increasing frequency (i) related order;
Allocating an integer value L(i) to the located sub band;
Setting either to N1 or N2 the allocated L(i) based on said L(i) being either smaller to N1 or strictly greater than N2;
Testing for locating the remaining sub bands, and repeating the process of step 2 for remaining sub bands.
The detailed flow chart for the preferred embodiment of the above process for setting the L(i,R(1)) is represented in FIGS. 5 and 6.
Represented in FIG. 5 is a flow chart made to implement a primary level allocation for performing the above cited step 1.
One can summarize this step as follows:
• 1(i,R(1)) computed based on (7)
• If 1(i,R(1))≧N1, L(i,R(1))=N1 and a=ax1(i,R(1)/N1 (N1=1 (odd allocation) or 2 (even allocation))
• If 1(i,R(1))>N2, L(i,R(1))=N2 and a=ax1(i,R(1))/N2.
These tests are executed for i=1, . . . , p, and with the parameter "a" being initialized to 1.
"a" is updated for each of these final allocations (L(i,R(1)) in order to take into account this attribution for the other sub-bands in step 2.
Remark: The computation of 1(i,R(1)) (5), is made so as reduce the number of operations: ##EQU9## Represented in FIG. 6 is the algorithm for processing the not yet allocated sub-bands.
The highest priority sub-band allocation is assigned to the energy consideration:
• (1) Least energy decreasing (C(i) min).
• (2) Upper i (frequency max).
The first priority ensures the algorithm convergence with matching to the constraint (6)
We compute for each of the NR sub-bands not yet allocated its integer final allocation by:
Starting with the constant g=a,
L(i,R(1))=Int(gx1(i,R(1))) (1)
for a general case (or L(i,R(1))=2Int((gx1(i,R(1))+1)/2)-1 for an odd allocation)
g=gx1(i,R(1))/L(i,R(1)) (2)
where Int (x) denotes the truncated integer value of (x).
As the parameter "a", the parameter "g" takes into account the new fixed final allocation L(i,R(1)) at each time i, in addition to the preceeding ones for the further allocation computation of the sub-band not yet allocated.
Remark: The odd levels allocation that can be obtained with this algorithm, allows better results than with the even one (e.g. bit allocation) due to the statistics of the speech in sub-bands (midtread quantizer).
Once the level allocation L(i,R(1)) (i=1, . . . , p) has been computed for the lowest bit rate R(1) using the above algorithm, the system computes the L(i,R(k)) for k=2, . . . , K and i=1, . . . , p using relation (8), derived from (2): ##EQU10## Equation (8) being applied to rates k=2. . . , K, then one may write ##EQU11## for i=1, . . . , p and k=2, . . . , K.
If the considered bit rates, expressed in number of bits per macro sample (MS), differ from each other by a multiple of the number p of sub-bands, then relation (9) just consists in adding an integer number of bits to L(i,R(k-1)) to obtain L(i,R(k).
If the considered bit rates R(k), (k=1, . . . , K), expressed in number of bits per macrosample (MS), do not differ from each other by a multiple of the number p of sub bands, i.e. if (R(k)-R(k-1))/p is not an integer value for all k, (k=2, . . . , K), then the computation of the L(i,R(k)) for k=2, . . . , K and i=1, . . . , p must be performed differently.
In this case, since (R(k)-R(k-1)) is an integer, it is always possible to find integer numbers m(k), such that ##EQU12## is an integer for k=2, . . . , K. Then the values m(k), (k=2, . . . , K) are used to increment the bit rates according to:
L(i,R(2))=L(i,R(1))�2.sup.(R(2)-R(1))/m(2) (10)
for i=1, . . . , m (2)
L(i,R(3))=L(i,R(2))�2.sup.(R(3)-R(2))/m(3) (11)
for i=m(2)+1, . . . ,m(2)+m(3) (mod p)
and so on up to
L(i,R(K))=L(i,R(K-1))�2.sup.(R(K)-R(K-1))/m(K) (12)
for i=m(K-1)+1, . . . ,m(K-1)+m(K) (mod p)
where (mod p) denotes the evaluation modulo p. For example, if p=8 and m(2)=5, and m(3)=6 the first relation would be evaluated for i=1, . . . , 5, and the second relation would be evaluated for i=6, . . . , 11 (mod 8), i.e. for i=6 to 8 and for i=1 to 3.
In this way, each sub-band receives additional bits one after the other, when the rate/level is upgraded from L(i,R(1)) to L(i,R(K). Since one just requires the knowledge of the R(k) to derive the m(k), the same algorithm can be used for the decoding at the receiver, without transmitting any additional information.
In practice however, it is easier to define the bit rates R(k) in such a way that, when expressed in number of bits per macro-sample, they differ by a multiple of the number p of sub-bands. In the following, we will consider that the rates R(k) differ from each other by a multiple of p.
Once the optimal integer values for the number of levels L(i,R(k)), (k=1, . . . , K) to be assigned to the sub-bands i=1,2, . . . , p have been determined, the sub-band signals S(i,j) are quantized as follows.
Given a block of samples S(i,j), for (i=1, . . . , p), (j=1, . . . , N), and the rates/levels L(i,R(k)), (k=1, . . . , K), the first objective is to determine the quantized versions of these samples: S1(i,j) at rate/level L(i,R(1)), S2(i,j) at rate/level L(i,R(2)), . . . , SK(i,j) at rate/level L(i,R(K)).
The second objective is to determine the incremental values T2(i,j), T3(i,j), . . . , TK(i,j) to be combined with S1(i,j) to get back S2(i,j), S3(i,j), . . . , SK(i,j) respectively. These incremental values will be furthermore multiplexed in the various parts of the transmitted frame to construct the multi-rate structure (FIG. 3).
FIG. 7 represents the splitting of a quantized sample SK(i,j) into the different incremental values.
The block diagram of the technique used for the determination of these values is shown in FIG. 8.
The sub-band samples S(i,j) are first quantized at the highest rate L(i,R(K)). The output SK(i,j) of the quantizer are obtained as follows. Assuming L(i,R(K)) is not equal to 1, the quantizer step size QK(i) is evaluated for each sub-band i,(i=1, . . . , p), by:
(13) QK(i)=2.C(i)/L(i,R(k))
Then the sub-band samples S(i,j) are quantized by:
(14) SK (i,j)=Int (S(i,j)/QK(i))
i=1, . . . , p
j=1, . . . , N.
(It should be noted that in this description Sk and Tk for k=1, . . . , K are equivalent to Sk and Tk respectively, these equivalent notations are used to avoid confusing notations like S(k-1)(i,j) or T(k-1)(i-j) for instance).
These samples are then processed by a rate reduction device shown in FIG. 8, which sequentially derives the samples ##EQU13## as follows: ##EQU14## if L(i;R(k-1)) is even ##EQU15## if L(i,R(k-1)) is odd. ##EQU16## Relations (15) and (18) show that the incremental values Tk(i,j),(k=K, . . . , 2) are coded with an integer number of bits: (R(k)-R(k-1))/p. These bits are packed in the corresponding portion of the mutirate frame. More precisely, the Tk(i,j) are grouped for all sub-bands (i=1, . . . , p) and for all sampling intervals (j=1, . . . , N) in portion SR(k) of the frame (see FIG. 3).
The value S1(i,j) represents the quantization of the sample S(i,j) at rate R(1), and by definition may be coded with a non integer number of bits (L(i,R(1))) not a power of 2). Portion SR(1) of the frame shown on FIG. 3 includes the values S1(i,j) for all the sub-bands (i=1, . . . , p) and for all the sampling intervals (j=1, . . . , N) of the considered block.
This packing is achieved (in multiplexer 5 of FIG. 2) by grouping the sub-band samples S(i,j) (i=1, . . . , p) pertaining to a same macro-sample (i.e. group of samples obtained at the same sampling time over the p sub-bands), in a device implementing the algorithm shown in FIG. 9.
According to: ##EQU17## This device allows to pack the macro-sample S(i,j) (i=1, . . . , p) in a r(1)-bit word MS(j). The packing of all the macro samples of the block will result in N words MS(j)(j=1, . . . , N) which are multiplexed in portion SR(1) of the multirate frame (FIG. 3).
At the receiving end, the multirate frame is received, possibly truncated. Let's now consider that the multirate frame has been truncated at the rate R(m),(1<m<=K) during the transmission, i.e. either at the transmitter location or anywhere between coder and decoder.
The problem now is to obtain the decoded values Sm(i,j) of the samples S(i,j), given the coded values S1(i,j) at rate R(1) and the incremental values Tk(i,j),(k=2, . . . , m) which still exist in the received portion of the frame.
This operation is achieved as follows.
First, the 4-bit coded characteristics C(i),(i=1, . . . , p) are demultiplexed (in 6, FIG. 2) from the received frame and decoded (in 7).
The decoded values C(i) are used to derive the level allocation L(i,R(k)),(i=1, . . . , p), (k=1, . . . , m) in the same way it was performed at the transmitter location (relations (7) and (9)).
Then, portion SR(1) of the frame is processed to derive the N r(1) bit words MS(j),(j=1, . . . , N). Each of these words MS(j) is processed by a device implementing the algorithm represented in FIG. 10 to derive the p sub-band samples S1(i,j),(i=1, . . . , p) each of them being coded at the rate L(i,R(1)).
Portions SR(2), . . . , SR(m) of the frame are processed to derive the incremental values Tk(i,j),(k=2, . . . , m). Since by definition these incremental values Tk(i,j) are coded with an integer number of bits, this derivation is easily implemented by shifting operations, given the L(i,R(k),(k=2, . . . , m). For example, if L(i,R(k))=8 and L(i,R(k-1))=2, then Tk(i,j) will be extracted from the frame by a 2-bit shift.
Then, the inverse quantization of the sub-band samples can take place. The problem is now to obtain the decoded values Sm(i,j) of the samples S(i,j) at rate R(m), given the coded values S1(i,j) at rate R(1) and the incremental values Tk(i,j),(k=2, . . . , m).
The upgrading of the samples S1(i,j) to the higher rates R(2), . . . , R(m), is implemented sequentially, in a device operating according to the algorithm shown in FIG. 11, as follows:
(19) DELT(i,k)=L(i,R(k))/L(i,R(k-1)) ##EQU18## This relation is evaluated for k=2, . . . , m, where m denotes the truncation order (if any) of the frame during its transmission. Once the samples Sm(i,j) coded at rate L(i,R(m)) have been reconstructed, the inverse quantization is performed as follows.
First the sub-band quantizer step sizes Qm(i) (i=1, . . . , p) corresponding to the rates L(i,R(m)) are computed according to the following relation: ##EQU19## The reconstructed sub-band samples S(i,j) (i=1, . . . , p) and (j=1, . . . , N) are determined by:
if L(i,R(m)) even and not equal to 1
(22) S(i,j)=Qm(i)x Sm(i,j))
if L(i,R(m)) odd and not equal to 1
if L(i,R(m))=1.
So as to illustrate the above described technique, let's consider for example the quantization, the rate reduction and upgrading, and the inverse quantization of a sub-band sample S(i,j) pertaining to a sub-band block with a characteristic C(i), to be quantized at the rates L(i,R(k))(k=1, . . . , 3), with the following numerical application: ##EQU20## Relations (13) to (18) give:
______________________________________ REPRESENTATIONSAMPLES DECIMAL BINARY LEVELS/BITS______________________________________S3(i,j) 7 00111 24 levelsS2(i,j) 3 0011 12 levelsS1(i,j) 1 01 3 levelsT3(i,j) 1 1 1 bitT2(i,j) -1 11 2 bits______________________________________
FIG. 12 represents the decision levels (DL), transmitted levels (TL), reconstructed levels (RL) for this particular example. These levels can be interpreted as follows: any sample between two decision levels will be coded on the transmitted level comprised between these decision levels, and reconstructed by the corresponding reconstruction level. Note on the example that in the case of even order quantizers, the transmitted levels are identical to the decision levels, while they are identical to the reconstructed levels in case of odd order quantizers.
Relations (19) and (20) for the reconstruction of the quantized samples at each rate can be checked with the previous values, and give: ##EQU21## The decoded samples are then computed according to relations (21) and (22) at any of the three considered rates:
______________________________________ m = 1 m = 2 m = 3______________________________________L(i;R(m)) 3 12 24Qm (i) 800 200 100S(i,j) 800 700 750______________________________________
Going back to FIG. 1, once each port coder has recoded the signal it has been provided with and has arranged it into a multirate frame, the Activity Controller and Multiplexer prepares a super-frame to be fed onto the wide band link. Each port coder multirate bit stream, is designated here by b(1,n), b(2,n), b(3,n), . . . , b(L,n). It should be adjusted to a rate adequately selected among the rates R(1), R(2), . . . , or R(K) based on the relative energy provided to the considered port. This task is devoted to the Activity Controller and could be accomplished using several ways. For instance, one may take advantage of the availability of the C(i)'s as parameters representative of the sub-band energy contents and optimize the rates distribution throughout the ports to fit optimally to the wide band link rate Nc.
FIG. 13 represents the un-truncated full rate frames b(k',n) with the frame sections. Before being multiplexed over the wide band link at rate Nc, the individual port frames may have to be truncated to a k' port rate N(k') selected among the rates R(1), R(2), . . . , R(K). ##EQU22## For each port k', an energy related information W'(k') is derived by computing ##EQU23## For k'=1,2, . . . , L. The port bit rate N(k') is then derived from ##EQU24## With W"(k')=W'(k')/<W'(k')> wherein <W'(k')> is a mean value representative of the W'(k') value over a relatively long period of the order of the syllabic time length (0.5 to 2 seconds for instance). Besides, a threshold which should not be exceeded is assigned to W'(k'). In practice, the expression (1) would not directly provide a rate within the set of rates R(1), R(2), . . . , R(K). The Activity Controller is thus made to truncate the N(k') to the nearest R(k) value.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to the preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood that various changes of form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Book your room at Cotswold Grange Hotel
Classic Double RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Superior Double RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Junior SuiteMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Classic Double Room Single UseMax Occupancy: 1 guest
Standard Double Room Single UseMax Occupancy: 1 guest
Classic Twin RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Double RoomMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Family RoomMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 2 infants)
Get an overview of this hotelSuburban guesthouse with free breakfast and restaurant
Situated in the historical district, this guesthouse is within a 15-minute walk of Holst Birthplace Museum and Pitville Pump Room. Cheltenham General Hospital and University of Gloucestershire are also within 1 mi (2 km).
Property Features
Along with a restaurant, this smoke-free guesthouse has a bar/lounge and a coffee shop/café. Free WiFi in public areas and free self parking are also provided. Additionally, a business center, a meeting room, and dry cleaning are onsite.
Room Amenities
All 24 individually decorated rooms feature free WiFi and room service. For a bit of entertainment, flat-screen TVs come with digital channels, and guests can also appreciate conveniences like sitting areas and coffee makers.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The guesthouse offers a restaurant and a coffee shop/café. A bar/lounge is on site where guests can unwind with a drink. A complimentary breakfast is offered. High-speed wireless Internet access is complimentary.
Business-related amenities at this 4-star property consist of a business center and a meeting room. This Victorian guesthouse also offers a terrace, a garden, and complimentary newspapers in the lobby. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
Cotswold Grange Hotel is a smoke-free property.
- Total number of rooms - 24
- Bar/lounge
- Business center
- Coffee shop or café
- Free newspapers in lobby
- Free breakfast
- Laundry facilities
- One meeting room
- Luggage storage
- Number of floors - 4
- Garden
- Terrace
- Restaurant
- Free self parking
- Dry cleaning/laundry service
- Express check-in
- Express check-out
- Front desk (limited hours)
- Free WiFi
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Year Built 1840
- Smoke-free property
Family Friendly Amenities
- Free Wi-Fi
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Laundry facilities
- Playground on site
Available in all rooms: Free WiFi
Available in some public areas: Free WiFi
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Hypo-allergenic bedding available
- Separate sitting area
- Phone
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free bottled water
- Daily housekeeping
- Private bathroom
- Free toiletries
- Hair dryer
- Shower/tub combination
- Desk
- Rollaway/extra beds available
- Cribs/infant beds available
- Blackout drapes/curtains
- Digital TV service
- Flat-panel TV
- Free WiFi
- Climate control
- Room service (limited hours)
- Individually furnished
- Individually decorated
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
Where to Eat
A complimentary breakfast is offered.
The Drawing Room - This restaurant specializes in Modern European cuisine and serves breakfast and dinner. Guests can enjoy drinks at the bar. A children's menu is available.
Room service (during limited hours) is available.
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Playground on site
Hotel Policies
Minimum check-in age is 18
Check-in time starts at 3 PM
Check-in time ends at 10 PM
Check-out time is 10:30 AM
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
- Kids stay free! Children under 2 years old stay free when using existing bedding.
- Rollaway/extra beds are available.
- Cribs (infant beds) are available.
Pets allowed, Only dogs are allowed, Maximum number of pets per room 1
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
No elevators
- Resort fee
- Pet fee: GBP 10.00 per pet, per night
- Cribs (infant beds) are available for an additional fee
- Rollaway beds are available for an additional fee
We should mention
A resort fee is included in the total price displayed. Children 2 years old and younger stay free when occupying the parent or guardian's room, using existing bedding. Only registered guests are allowed in the guestrooms. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Learn how to protect yourself from Internet scams. Read our online fraud prevention tips
Farm Equipment ClassifiedsFor Sale Local AL Classified Ads
17 listings match, 1-10 shown
Can't find what you're looking for? Try our
Advanced Search
No longer hunting and no longer have need for implements. All in ... more information
Web Id: ALA14103181
Published on al.com 7/2. Updated 7/3.
PRICE REDUCED! $1,000 OR Reasonable OfferGalvanized powder coated... more information
Web Id: ALA14095047
Published on al.com 6/30. Updated 7/5.
WANT TO BUY Barbed wire, T-posts, Galvanized fencing. Please call... more information
Web Id: ALA14086335
Published on al.com 6/29. Updated 6/29.
$255 An economical 3 cylinder diesel enginePower steeringFo... more information
Web Id: ALA14083504
Published on al.com 6/27. Updated 6/27.
Starts, runs, and operates well. Front end loader and backhoe wor... more information
Web Id: ALA14082052
Published on al.com 6/27. Updated 6/27.
This is a 2011 JOHN DEERE 320D Skid Steer Loader in very good &nb... more information
Web Id: ALA14076803
Published on al.com 6/25. Updated 6/25.
Price: $25 Make: Ford Fuel: D... more information
Web Id: ALA14061102
Published on al.com 6/23. Updated 6/23.
Running when parked years ago will need work. 256-483-5299. more information
Web Id: ALA14056629
Published on al.com 6/22. Updated 6/22.
2003 TERRAMITE COMPACT BACKHOE LOADER TRACTOR EXCAVATOR . Th... more information
Web Id: ALA14048132
Published on al.com 6/19. Updated 6/19.
$2500 STANDARD ENGINE: Kohler Command 20 HPLUBRI... more information
Web Id: ALA14046021
Published on al.com 6/19. Updated 6/19.
17 listings match, 1-10 shown
Find A Local Business


text:
Details about the workshops included with your US Open event pass
2014 Workshop Schedule
- 11:00am - Gary McIntyre & Susan Kirklin
- Noon - Jordan Frisbee & Tatiana Mollmann-Bennett
- 1:00pm - Ronnie DeBenedetta & Brandi Tobias
- 2:00pm - Brennar Goree
- 10:00am - Robert & Nicola Royston
- 11:00am - Michael Kiehm
- 10:00am - John Lindo & Jessica Cox
- 11:00am - PJ Turner & Tashina Beckmann
Workshop Instructors
PJ Turner & Tashina Beckmann
PJ & Tashina are STOKED to be returning to the US Open for their 2nd time together. (If only this could be written in PJ's accent, it would be so much better) So... Ya'll Get Er' Done!!
John Lindo & Jessica Cox
Jessica Cox is one of the best-known west coast swing dancers in the world, and has garnered an astonishing number of awards and championship trophies.
Jessica has triumphed as a three-time Junior U.S. Open Champion, two-time US Open Showcase Champion, as well taking titles in Cabaret, Team, and Strictly Swing. She is also a four-time USA Grand Nationals Showcase Champion and won the coveted Phoenix Champion of Champions Jack and Jill.
Jessica is sought after domestically and internationally for her experience teaching and judging, and has been to more than a half-dozen countries this year alone to teach people how to swing. She is currently teaching with John Lindo, and their energetic and fun partnership has dazzled crowds around the world.
After beginning in country-western dance in 1992, John Lindo quickly made his mark on the West Coast Swing circuit by garnering an astonishing number of awards and championships in Jack-and-Jills and Strictly Swings. Some of his First Place awards include the U.S. Open, Grand Nationals, Phoenix Champion of Champions. He is also sought after internationally for his experience and teaching, having travelled to five countries in the past year alone. John currently resides in New Jersey, and is an influential presence in the New York City West Coast Swing scene.
Jordan Frisbee & Tatiana Mollmann-Bennett
Jordan & Tatiana have been partners since 2000, and are 9-time US Open CLASSIC Division Champions, as well as Strictly Swing, Junior and Team Champions.
They travel 47 weekends per year spreading this amazing dance all over the world.
Ronnie DeBenedetta & Brandi Tobias
Brennar Goree
Brennar, from Virginia Beach, VA started dancing at the age of 8 when his grandmother taught him Carolina Shag. From that point on Brennar had the bug. He has been competing in Shag since the age of 9 and has won numerous titles including National Shag Dance Championships Junior Overall in 2004, 2007, and 2008, Grand Nationals Junior I champion in 2004 and Junior II champion for 2005-2008 with his previous partner Autumn Jones. He was a member of the award winning competition team, the National Shag Dance Team from 2004 through 2008. Brennar also won the team division at the US Open in 2008 with his Shag team, Southern Fried with Junior Pride, that he co-choreographed and coached.
Gary McIntyre & Susan Kirklin
Prior to dancing together, Gary was a multi-time UCWDC World Champion and toured as a dance captain for the Original Broadway Show Swing. He was a choreographer for the Academy Award winning film Brokeback Mountain, the dance double to the lead actor in Love 'n Dancing and also appeared as a dancer in the Jennifer Lopez/Richard Gere version of Shall We Dance. Susan was a U.S. Swing and Cabaret Champion. Together they are unique that they compete and have been successful on three separate circuits: Country, Ballroom, and West Coast Swing. They are World Professional Smooth Finalists, UCWDC Classic Masters World Champions, Classic and Showcase Swing Champions, and U.S. Open Swing Cabaret Champions.
Michael Kiehm
Michael started teaching dance when he was only 17 years old. His first professional teaching job was for "The Journey", a young adult night club where he taught large groups of students to dance the Hustle and basic Cha Cha. It was not very long before Michael began teaching full time at a popular dance studio in San Diego. Within two years Michael was offered a teaching position with another more reputable studio in La Jolla, CA.
Robert & Nicola Royston
Robert Royston's professional career began on the competitive couples dance circuit in 1989. Quickly ascending the ranks, Robert successfully secured eight (8) "U.S. Open Swing Dance Championship titles," six (6) different "World Country Dance Championship titles," and two (2) "USA Grand National Championships Titles." In addition, he holds national titles in Hustle, Salsa, and Cabaret. Inducted into the "California Swing Dance Hall of Fame" in 1999, Robert continued his rise as a dance legend becoming the youngest person inducted to the "UCWDC Country Dance Hall of Fame" in 2007. His inductions into the "World Swing Dance Hall of Fame" and the "Living Legends of Dance Society" in 2011 make him the only dancer ever inducted into all of these organizations. Robert's exciting, high energy original work gained the attention of producers of the Broadway musical, "Swing!" This led to his appearance for 1-1/2 years in the 7 time Tony nominated musical as a principle dancer performing his own choreography.
Nicola started her dance career in Ballet and Musical Theater, first attending the prestigious North Carolina School of Performing arts, Dance Department. She then found couples dancing and has gone on to become a UCWDC World Champion, USA Grand National dance champion, US National Dance Champion as well as a many time Showcase Swing Dance Champion and in 2011 was inducted into the Living Legends Dance Society.


text:
Thanks for redeeming.{{else}}
Success! Thanks for repurchasing.{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if Expired}}
Increase my visibility!{{else}} {{#if IsMultiPack}}
{{#if HasMultiPack}} You have {{MultiPackCount}} top spot(s) left. Now loading you into the search listings... {{else}} You have used all top spots. Now loading you into the search listings... {{/if}}{{else}}
We are loading you into the search listing pages...{{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
{{Current}} just saw you!{{/if}} {{#if LastTopSpotPurchaseIsMulti }} {{#if HasAnyTopSpot}}
{{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} {{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Free {{/if}} {{#if HasPaidTopSpot }} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} & {{/if}} {{ MultiPackCount }} {{/if}} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{else}}
0 Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }}
{{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasResults}}
{{Current}} see you now!{{else}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
31 year old woman | Glen Burnie, MD, USA | Seeking men 30-37 within 50 miles
Life happens, love helps :-)
PLEASE DO NOT CONTACT ME IF YOU ARE UNWILLING TO POST A PICTURE. NO PICTURE NO COMMUNICATION. Disclaimer: I am looking for something serious. If you are just interested in finding more friends, I am not the person you want. I love smiling, laughing, and having a good time. I am a fun person and tend to be spontaneous. I am considerate and enjoy bringing happiness to those around me. I enjoy traveling and relaxing on any beach. I am looking for someone that I can trust, who is considerate, and educated. I am physically fit and need a person that is also. I am looking for someone that understands and see's importance of being dedicated and driven. Development is a way of life, so it is important that one continues to strive and achieve. Being a problem solver and good under pressure is also an important characteristic. I am a little old fashion and attracted to a true gentleman; a man that knows how to treat a woman (as cliche' as that may sound). I also love the Lord, and my partner must have a relationship with God.
Alumni connections , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Religion/Spiritual , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Auto racing / Motorcross, Dancing, Football, Other types of exercise, Running, Skiing, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Dogs, Fish, Horses
Middle of the Road
Allen Pond in Bowie is a great park to enjoy a beautiful day.
Frostburg State University, Frostburg, MD
I love Zumba and I am a Zumba instructor. I love desserts!! I have danced from grade school; ballet, jazz/funk, and contemporary.
I like going out to eat, sitting in the park, going to the movies, or doing anything that is relaxing and fun.
I am in a Master's program at University of MD, so everything I am reading has to do with that...no fun here :-(
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'7" (170cms)
|5'11" (180cms) to 7'0" (213cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Self-Employed / Entrepreneur
|No preference
I own an Event Planning company and do marketing for a law firm, locally.
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Black / African descent
|No preference
|Christian / Other
|Christian / Other
|Graduate degree
|Bachelors degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
Narrow your search
Nest brings crisp design and smart features -- connected and otherwise -- to the humble smoke detector. You don't absolutely need the Nest Protect, but it's fine to admit you want one.
The next smoke and carbon monoxide sensor from Nest features more finely tuned sensors and a few convenient extras.
Need to protect your iPhone 6 or iPhone 6 Plus? A slew of cases are available, with new cases arriving weekly. Here are our current top picks.
Nest's second-gen smoke and carbon monoxide detector may have a slimmer profile, but the team tacked on quite a few new features.
Like tempered glass screen protectors, the Metearmor keeps your screen safe, but it won't shatter on impact like the plastic versions, its maker claims.
Anyone can see the full-size version of your profile pic -- here's how to fix that.
This top-rated security service gives you disposable email addresses, temporary credit-card numbers, password management and more.
Scientists have found the fossil of an ancient worm called Hairy Collins' Monster, one of the first creatures to grow rows of spiky armor on its back. It's the King Koopa of lobopodians.
On July 1, the payment-services company will start offering buyer protections for services, e-books, software downloads, digital music and much more.
A French maker is back with another one of his awesome "Star Wars" drones. His latest is fashioned after a Rebel snowspeeder on a mission to protect the Rebel base in southern France.


text:
2013 Team Outlook: Saint Louis Rams
QB Sam Bradford, PHI - Sleeper (undervalued)
Bradford's arrow is pointing up after the Rams finally committed to getting him some pass protection and receiver help. The improvements began in 2012, while this offseason saw the big name additions of Jake Long, Jared Cook and Tavon Austin. Coaching consistency helps too. This year, for the first time since he turned pro, Bradford won't have to learn a new offense under yet another new coordinator. With Steven Jackson now plying his trade in Atlanta, this is Bradford's team.
QB Austin Davis, STL - Not Draft Worthy
Davis looks to have passed Kellen Clemens for the no. 2 job. He has yet to throw a regular season pass but, for what it's worth, was impressive last preseason. He would face a steep learning curve if he's forced to see action this year.
RB Zac Stacy, NYJ - Dynasty Only
St. Louis traded up in the draft to grab Stacy, now a popular fantasy dark horse. Vanderbilt's record-holder could force a messy training camp battle for the rights to the team's top running back duties. At the very least, he'll be in line for shares in a backfield committee.
RB Daryl Richardson, NYJ - Quality Backup
Richardson did a fine job backing up Steven Jackson last season. The lightly regarded 7th-round pick rolled up 475 yards on just 95 carries while pitching in 24 grabs for 168 yards. Though he's the RB on the roster with the most NFL game experience, he's probably best suited to a 3rd-down role. We expect him to be locked into an eventual time-share with the team's more rugged between-the-tackles rushers like Isaiah Pead and rookie Zac Stacy.
Update: 8/10 Daryl Richardson has been named the team's starter and looks every bit the part as he's flashed extremely well in camp. We could be looking at a breakout candidate if this continues through the preseason. Keep an eye on him in Week 2 and 3 of the preseason. If he continues to shine, his stock will continue to rise to somewhere in the mid 6th or 7th round. Intriguing prospect to take a flier on, especially if you started wide receiver heavy in your draft.
RB Isaiah Pead, --- - Super Sleeper (high risk/potential)
Despite a disappointing rookie season, there's reason to be optimistic about Pead's fantasy prospects. He's a better interior runner than Daryl Richardson and his extra year of experience gives him a leg up on Zac Stacy. Pead will have a chance to earn a major role in the now wide-open Rams backfield competition. His Week 1 suspension for violating the league's substance abuse policy is a minor setback.
WR Brian Quick, STL - Bye Week Fill-in
Quick projects as the starting flanker and is expected to make a huge leap in production this season. He could develop into a valuable possession receiver on a team that is now blessed with speed, but lacking in size.


text:
The Last Reef is an inspiring 3D film about the most amazing and rich worlds of nature.
Light, Shadow and Fire. Activities, workshops and and exhibition for the whole family.
Welcome to the charming home of Archibald Ombre (Archibald Shadow).
Children who have reached "supermarket age" are old enough to appreciate a visit to the museum.
A woman of valour, a life-time supporter and a true friend of the science museum.
We are members of international organizations and participates in international projects
Draw beautiful, self-erasing patterns of infinite variety on reusable material.


text:
Is your resume in need of a little disruption?
Startups are all about
making things work better.
Our resume writing service is all about doing that for your CV.
StartUpHire is the place to find jobs at Parsippany startups. Review the list below of Parsippany startup jobs. These Parsippany, NJ jobs at start-ups represent some of the most rewarding careers available. You can refine your job search for Parsippany jobs by adding a job title, company name, or keyword to the search box above … or click the "Advanced Search" link for more options. Don't see the employment opportunity you're looking for? Check back soon for more startup jobs in Parsippany, or sign up for an email alert (link in upper left) to receive periodic updates on new start up jobs in Parsippany, NJ.
Etsy is seeking an experienced, motivated and values-aligned individual to serve as Compliance Counsel. The Compliance Counsel will have both the authority and the ability to review and manage the company's compliance with regulations, our code of c6/4/2015 Brooklyn, NY Save This Job
CityElizabeth StateNJ DescriptionRevolution Foods is recruiting Delivery Drivers for our school lunch/ vending program, located in Commerce City. The Delivery Driver will work as a part of a team to pack out and deliver meals each day to school lunch programs across Denver, CO.6/3/2015 Elizabeth, NJ Save This Job
A10 Networks is a best of breed provider of application delivery and network security solutions for Service Providers, Web and Fortune 500 companies. A10 Networks solutions deliver the highest performance scale with the greatest flexibility in the market, resulting in major6/3/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Job ID: 18024 Job Location: New York Overview Process semi-monthly payroll in a multi-state environment using ADP Workforce. The Payroll Associate will maintain and update employee records with information received from HR and our plan websites for 401k and benefits6/3/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
CityElizabeth StateNJ DescriptionThe Fulfillment Team Member will support the pack out of fruits and snacks for the following days orders. They will fulfill all orders and accurately count items. They will keep their space clean and organized at all times. The Fulfillment Team6/3/2015 Elizabeth, NJ Save This Job
Job ID: 18285 Job Location: New York Overview The Account Executive Team is an integral component of Intralinks? comprehensive global growth strategy for DealNexus. The Team operates on the front lines, cultivating new clients and nurturing relationships with existing ones in the6/3/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Pre-Sales Systems Engineer Who We Are: Cleversafe is an innovative storage technology company headquartered in Chicago. We are revolutionizing the storage industry by working to enable the world to confidently store and distribute limitless data. Our cutting edge technical6/3/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Sales Engineer - Security focused in New York City, United States in New York City New York United States Danaher Company Description Arbor Networks is a leading provider of network security and monitoring solutions for global networks. Its customers include 70 percent of the6/3/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Job ID: 17165 Job Location: New York Overview The Financial Analyst is a member of the Billing Operations team and is involved in customer contract lifecycle management (contract implementation through invoicing,) including initial processing of contracts, set-up and alignment of6/3/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
CityNew York City StateNY DescriptionThe Area Operations Manager (AOM) will be a member of the management team and will work as a part of a dynamic, socially minded entrepreneurial team. This individual will play a critical role in managing and ensuring execution of initiatives6/3/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
CityElizabeth StateNJ Description We're hiring for a Driver Assistant who will helpour drivers load/unload a food service truck as we route meals throughout Houston. The Driver Assistant position will support the Driver and execute the distribution of our meals, snacks and6/3/2015 Elizabeth, NJ Save This Job
Are you a high performing enterprise software salesperson who enjoys challenging customers to dream big by revealing opportunities to significantly improve their business processes? If so, we have the perfect job for you. GT Nexus, a cloud-based supply chain technology platform,6/3/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Develop impactful partnerships that clarify our brand values while scaling our seller programming.6/3/2015 Brooklyn, NY Save This Job
Account Director â Programmatic (LA/NYC)We are looking for a detail-oriented individual to fill a key role in a high profile business development group. As a Account Director on the Programmatic Team, you will be directly responsible for growing current demand side platform6/3/2015 New York City, NY Save This Job
Demand Media is seeking inventive, ambitious go-getters fascinated by influencing new media evolution who want to work in a fun environment with an energetic team. The Account Manager is responsible for the maintenance of relationships with sales partners across the6/3/2015 New York City, NY Save This Job
Job Purpose: We?re looking for a bright, creative, and self-motivated individual to take on an active role in the product management activities for our Factory Management product line. This is a key position, helping drive the development and strategic direction of this product6/3/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Are you looking for an opportunity to accelerate your career and work with a team of friendly, creative people? Upland Software offers a collaborative work environment full of smart, positive, and passionate people who are respected for their unique talents and empowered to do6/3/2015 Brooklyn, NY Save This Job
Are you looking for an opportunity to accelerate your career and work with a team of friendly, creative people? Upland Software offers a collaborative work environment full of smart, positive, and passionate people who are respected for their unique talents and empowered to do6/3/2015 Iselin, NJ Save This Job
Client Services & Consulting New York (Manhattan), NY, United States Communispace is looking for a Business Consultant to drive impact, create value and inspire change for our clients in the New York marketplace. In this senior level role, you will have the opportunity to be6/3/2015 New York, NY Save This Job
Client Services & Consulting New York (Manhattan), NY, United States Consultant, Learning Design Who you are You believe in and have passion for bringing consumers together with clients to solve their toughest business challenges. You are curious by nature; analytical,6/3/2015 New York, NY Save This Job


text:
77-81 Station Road, Hampton, London, TW12 2BJ, ENG
020 3068 0077
Welcome to Curves Hampton/Teddington.
We provide our members with a fun, convenient, comfortable environment where you will find all the support you need to meet your goals. The Curves Work-out takes just 30 minutes and includes all the components needed for a complete exercise program - warm-up, cardiovascular, strength training, cool down, and stretching.
Give us a call on 020 3068 0077 to learn more.


text:
Ingredients: Active Ingredient: 5 x dilution of Ornithogalum umbellatum HPUS.Inactive Ingredient: 27% Alcohol.
If pregnant or breast feeding ask a health professional before using.
Added to My List as a guest*.
*Your guest list will be temporarily saved until you end this browser session.
Bach Flower Remedies Original Flower Essences Star Of Bethlehem -- 0.7 fl oz
Oops! Something went wrong and we were unable to process your request. Please try again.
Indications: For relief of naturally occurring nervous tension.


text:
All News & Views
- Today
- Past 7 Days
- Past Month
- Past Year
- Specific Date Range
- Feature Story (13)
- Opinion (1)
- Press Release (10)
- Results (2)
- Date
Speech by World Bank Managing Director and COO Sri Mulyani Indrawati at the U.S.-ASEAN Business Council
Thank you Joe Marushack for that introduction, and a special thank you to Alex Feldman for inviting me to address such an amazing gathering.It is a great pleasure to be here today. I want to congratulate... Show More +
Developing Competitiveness: Creating Jobs and Reducing Inequality
Bank Group ContributionMore than $1.45 billion in competitiveness projects have been sourced from the competitiveness programs through 27 projects under active implementation, almost entirely sourced from... Show More +
Financial Inclusion: Helping Countries Meet the Needs of the Under-Banked and Under-Served
ResultsWith continuing support from the World Bank Group, the Alliance for Financial Inclusion, and others, 38 countries have now made headline commitments to financial inclusion targets and action plans,... Show More +
Assessing the Investment Climate for Climate Investments in South Asia
Secondly, the study reveals considerable variation in the regional approach to low-carbon and clean energy investments, reflecting, one would presume, the techno-economic needs, realities and priorities... Show More +
Event: Corporate Social Responsibility Practices and Knowledge Sharing between Japan and India
Corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities have been playing an essential role in addressing the development needs of nations and in promoting social inclusion, particularly in developing economies.... Show More +
Transcript: Development Committee Press Conference
MR. MILLS: Well, thank you very much for joining us for this closing press conference. Our participants will each make an opening statement and then we'll take... Show More +
Transcript of Opening Press Conference with World Bank Group President Robert Zoellick
MR. MILLS: Good morning, everyone. Thank you for joining us for our World Bank Group press conference for the 2012 Spring Meetings. Joining me this morning is the President of the World Bank... Show More +
Zoellick Congratulates Dr. Jim Yong Kim as New World Bank Group President
Washington, April 16, 2012 — World Bank Group President Robert B. Zoellick today congratulated Dr. Jim Yong Kim for being chosen to become the 12th president of the development institution and offered... Show More +
Statement from Dr. Jim Yong Kim regarding his selection by the World Bank's Executive Directors as 12th President of the World Bank
WASHINGTON, April 16, 2012 - Dr. Jim Yong Kim today released a statement in response to his selection by the World Bank's Executive Directors as 12th President of the World Bank: "I am honored to... Show More +
World Bank's Executive Directors Select Dr. Jim Yong Kim 12th President of the World Bank Group
WASHINGTON, April 16, 2012 - The Executive Directors met today to select a new President of the World Bank Group. The Board expressed its deep gratitude for Mr. Robert B. Zoellick's outstanding leadership... Show More +
OPED: Europe is distracted by endless firewall talk
Policy makers under pressure can get preoccupied with the fixation of the moment. For the eurozone, that idée fixe has been "the firewall". How big is big enough? Who contributes and how?Now that the eurozone... Show More +
Fact Sheet: The Joint IFI Action Plan – Vienna Initiative
Launched at the height of the global financial crisis, the Joint IFI Action Plan and the European Banking Coordination 'Vienna' Initiative (EBCI) provided a significant financial contribution to rescue... Show More +
Governance Matters for Growth and Jobs in Middle East and North Africa
WASHINGTON, September 21, 2011 – A new World Bank report, Middle East and North Africa Economic Developments and Prospects: Investing for Growth and Jobs highlights the important links between good governance... Show More +
One Million New Jobs Needed Each Month to Sustain Growth and Reduce Poverty in South Asia
South Asia has seen an accelerated job growth and a substantial decrease in poverty over the past three decades, second only to East Asia. The region will be the largest contributor to the global workforce... Show More +
South Asia and Food Price Crisis
March 2011: While South Asia navigated the financial crisis better than most regions, the region suffered the worst in terms of trade deterioration during previous food and fuel crises. With global food... Show More +
Seeking Collaboration and Shared Knowledge, League of Arab States and World Bank Group Agree on Economic Integration Agenda
Sharm el-Sheikh, January 18, 2011 – To strengthen and enhance collaboration in the areas of economic and social development in the Arab World, the League of Arab States (LAS) and the World Bank Group today... Show More +
Tamil Nadu's Empowerment and Poverty Reduction Program (Vazhndhu Kaattuvom) to Receive Additional Funding from the World Bank
CHENNAI, December 23, 2010: The Government of India and the World Bank today signed a Credit Agreement of $154 million (approximately Rs 719 cr) for additional financing of the Tamil Nadu Empowerment and... Show More +
Housing Finance Needs to Reach South Asia's Poor
ACCESS TO FINANCEHigh economic growth coupled with rapid urbanization and a rising middle class have created considerable demand for housing and housing finance in South Asia, according to a World Bank... Show More +
Doing Business 2011: Making a Difference for Entrepreneurs in the Middle East and North Africa
Washington, D.C., November 4, 2010—In the past year, 11 of 18 economies in the Middle East and North Africa adopted a total of 22 business regulation reforms to create opportunity for domestic entrepreneurs,... Show More +
South Asia Economic Update 2010: Moving Up, Looking East
South Asia: Smallest Decline in Growth (Enlarge)South Asia's rebound since March 2009 has been strong. South Asia is poised to grow by about 7% in 2010 and nearly 8% in 2011, thanks to the strong recovery... Show More +


text:
Thanks for redeeming.{{else}}
Success! Thanks for repurchasing.{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if Expired}}
Increase my visibility!{{else}} {{#if IsMultiPack}}
{{#if HasMultiPack}} You have {{MultiPackCount}} top spot(s) left. Now loading you into the search listings... {{else}} You have used all top spots. Now loading you into the search listings... {{/if}}{{else}}
We are loading you into the search listing pages...{{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
{{Current}} just saw you!{{/if}} {{#if LastTopSpotPurchaseIsMulti }} {{#if HasAnyTopSpot}}
{{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} {{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Free {{/if}} {{#if HasPaidTopSpot }} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} & {{/if}} {{ MultiPackCount }} {{/if}} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{else}}
0 Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }}
{{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasResults}}
{{Current}} see you now!{{else}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
33 year old man | Atlanta, GA, USA | Seeking women 25-40 within 50 miles
Life is to be enjoyed, not endured
I've seen this done before like this so here goes: LIKES (but not necessarily in this order): 1. Sports: I love college football, baseball, NFL, and basketball 2. Music: I love 2Pac; I love Avenged Sevenfold; and I love: Nirvana, Bob Marley, Michael Jackson, George Strait, Jagged Edge, and Bach (I don't think I forgot any genre :) 3. Hanging out and having fun with my family, and spending time with my beautiful daughter 4. Exercising and staying involved in some type of activity (like Jui Jitsu) DISLIKES: 1. Pretentious people or non-down-to-earth people 2. People who can't see the intelligence in different cultures 3. People who think their closeness to God is based on the materialistic things that they have bought 4. People who think that God prefers a certain type of person I grew up south of Atlanta and my family was the last white family to move out of Riverdale, to Jonesboro. My best memories are playing sports as a kid with all my, majority, black friends. I went to Pointe South Middle School and Jonesboro High School; I made friends with all types of races and some of my best friends were Asian people in my math and science classes. I went to Marine Corps boot camp at 17 and started UGA two days later; I went to Iraq, came back, and got married; Marriage was good for a few years, but it really sucks when both of you mature and realize that the two of you were not meant for each other! I have a beautiful five year old daughter who I always see on a regular basis. Plus, she looks just like me:) I have an accounting degree from UGA but changed careers because, at the time, I felt like sitting behind a desk all day is not making an honest day's living (I have changed my mind ever since). I worked in oil refineries for Texas for a few years and moved back to Georgia. Doing what I've been doing lately, it makes me realize how much better it is to be autonomous, as an accountant or a lawyer (if I could ever do good on the LSAT). So, I am currently pursuing my CPA license. Sorry for the long story, but if you made it through this then please contact me :)
Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Playing sports , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Football, Martial arts, Running, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Birds, Cats, Dogs, Fish, Horses
Middle of the Road
Virginia Highlands for restaurants and bars Lake Lanier to swim and fish
I enjoy reading; I like seeing new movies; I love grilled chicken salads, steak, and seafood; I like sushi; I like comedy movies and horror movies sometimes; I like football, basketball, and baseball
I take Jiu Jitzu class during the week; on weekends I like to get outdoors and swim or run; I also like going out for food and drinks on the weekends
My engineering text book and also a national bestseller book: "Thinking Fast and Slow", a science book
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'0" (182cms)
|5'2" (157cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark blonde
|No preference
|No Way
|No preference
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker, Moderately
|Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering
|No preference
I work for Siemens Industry as a Technician and they pay for my engineering classes during the evenings at Southern Polytechnic State University
|$35,001 to $50,000
|$25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000
|No preference
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live away from home (1)
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|No preference
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Spiritual but not religious
|No preference
|Bachelors degree
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree
I earned a business degree from the University of Georgia


text:
Reported comments and users are reviewed by Autoblog staff 24 hours a day, seven days a week to determine whether they violate Community Guideline. Accounts are penalized for Community Guidelines violations and serious or repeated violations can lead to account termination.
Mercedes-Benz is making a big splash at CES this year, finally bringing a booth to the party and trotting out Daimler head Dr. Dieter Zetsche to keynote Tuesday morning's festivities.
It's been a while since we've heard anything about the next-generation Mercedes-Benz S-Class, and judging by this latest set of spy photos, there's still quite a bit of work to be done before the new Silver Arrow flagship makes its debut.
2016 Toyota Prius: Spy ShotsView more
Mercedes-Benz and Smart at 2015 Silvretta E-Car RallyView more
Monster Tajima's Rimac E-Runner at Pikes PeakView more
BMW and Nanyang Technological University Electromobility Research ProgramView more
Autoblog's Most Popular American Car ReviewsView more
Renault R240 Electric Motor at Cleon PlantView more
2015 Pikes Peak Hill ClimbView more
Rhys Millen's Drive eO PP03 at Pikes PeakView more
2015 Pikes Peak Hill Climb: Practice Day 4View more
Porsche 911 Reimagined by Singer: First DriveView more
Please login using one of the following services:


text:
Aug. 24, 2008, 08:52 PM
In a recent interview with Jacques Rogge (head of the IOC) he made the statement that for the upcoming (few) Olympics only two sports will be removed baseball and softball. One new sport is already selected to fill in these gaps, Golf, so we will see Tiger Woods at the Olympics (?).


text:
The Message audio Bible is now available on Bible Gateway! Click to learn more.
(of the city; polite), the Greek form of the Latin Urbanus, as it is given in the Revised Version. He was a Christian disciple who is in the long list of those whom St. Paul salutes in writing to Rome. (Romans 16:9) (A.D. 55.)


text:
Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus
Gnaeus Arrius Antoninus (born 31 AD) was a member of the Arrius family. The family were of consular rank.
Antoninus was a friend and correspondent to Roman Senator and historian Pliny the Younger. Augustan History describes him as a 'righteous person' and he pitied Nerva when he became Roman Emperor in 96.
Antoninus was twice consul, for the first time in 69 and at a second, now unknown date.[1] Antoninus married a Roman woman called Boionia Procilla. They had two daughters, Arria Antonina (born c. 70) who married the Roman Senator Lucius Junius Caesennius Paetus, by whom she had a son called Lucius Caesennius Antoninus.[2] Their other daughter was Arria Fadilla, married Titus Aurelius Fulvus, who was a consul in 89. Their only child a son, who became future Roman Emperor Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus Pius (19 September 86-7 March 161). Antoninus Pius' father died when he was young. Fadilla married Publius Julius Lupus (a man of consular rank), Suffect Consul in 98 and bore him two daughters Julia Fadilla and Arria Lupula.
Antoninus raised his grandson and when he died, Antoninus Pius inherited his money. Through the inheritances of both sides, Antoninus Pius became one of the wealthiest men in Rome.
Nerva–Antonine family tree[edit]
- (1) = 1st spouse
- (2) = 2nd spouse (not shown)
- (3) = 3rd spouse
- Darker purple indicates Emperor of the Nerva-Antonine dynasty; lighter purple indicates designated imperial heir of said dynasty who never reigned
- dashed lines indicate adoption; dotted lines indicate love affairs/unmarried relationships
- small caps = posthumously deified (Augusti, Augustae, or other)
- ^ Alison E. Cooley; M. G. L. Cooley (1 October 2013). Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook. Routledge. pp. 261–. ISBN 978-1-134-62449-2.
- ^ http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=bernd-jansen&id=I32299
|This article about an Ancient Roman politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


text:
Great Britain: Charles I Shrewsbury Half Pound 1642,...
2014 January 14 - 16 Selections From the Eric P. Newman Collection Part III Signature Auction - New York #3029
|Sold for:
|Sign-in or Join (free & quick)
|Make Offer:
|Claim Item:
|Sign-in or Join (free & quick)
|Auction Ended On:
|Jan 14, 2014
|Item Activity:
7 Internet/mail/phone bidders
347 page views
Heritage Auctions
445 Park Avenue, 15th Floor
New York, NY 10022
|Printable auction results for all items in the 2014 January 14 - 16 Selections From the Eric P. Newman Collection Part III Signature Auction - New York.
1642 Shrewsbury Half PoundCharles I Shrewsbury Half Pound 1642, S-2920, North-2364 (rare), VF30 NGC. No ornaments beneath the horseman, pellets in place of mintmark. An evenly worn example of this Civil War issue struck at the temporary mint located southeast of Chester, The flan is undamaged and generally of good shape; the equestrian king and his steed are fairly clear; there is some doubling in the legends, but the lettering is all clear and easily read; the surfaces are toned a light silvery gray. The famous Declaration, which set the nation to war, appears in well-detailed letters in two lines. The date 1642 is sharp directly beneath, and above the Declaration appear three clear Shrewsbury plumes with the value "X" (10 shillings) beneath the central plumes and a stop, or dot, on each side. This issue was among the last, and one of the largest in silver, to feature the defiant Latin legend which declared the king's divine or absolute right to rule his land, EXVRGAT DEVS DISSIPENTVR INIMICE, taken from Psalm lxvii.1 and translating to warn Charles's enemies thus: "Let God arise and let His enemies be scattered."
Highly Desirable Civil War Issue
Highly Desirable Civil War Issue
After this coin was struck, the Civil War continued in two segments in which, not his enemies, but King Charles's own troops suffered scattering as a result of tangling with the army of Oliver Cromwell. This ended, of course, in the final surrender of the monarchy when King Charles was beheaded for "treason" -- and a bitter, difficult decade followed, the 1650s, the only period in history when England had no monarch. The date 1642 is particularly significant as it was in this year that Cromwell raised troops for Parliament against the king, and Charles in reaction issued his defiant Declaration at Wellington (the slogan of which he then had placed on many of his coins as a political message). This was also the year in which Charles ordered his mint moved from Aberystwyth to Shrewsbury. Beginning in the middle of October three denominations were minted there: the huge Triple Unite made of gold, and the thick Pound and Half-Pound coins made from silver mined in Wales -- all important early-war money made for a conflict which ended in the defeat of the monarchy and altered the course of history.
View large image(s) of this item
Service and Handling Description: Coins & Currency (view shipping information)
Sales Tax information | NGC Coin Grading Guarantee | Terms and Conditions
Guides and Pricing Information:
Previous Prices from Heritage Auctions
|Sign-in or Join (free & quick)
Find Auction Prices for Comparable Items:
Sign-in or Join (free & quick) to see the full image


text:
Hi guys!
Since all my efforts are now on my serie Ice Crime, I thought non french readers wants to read about it, so I decided to put it on tapastic in english.
So you can read all the 1st chapter for now, and I'll put 5 new pages every monday.
The first chapter is kinda old now, but we all start somewhere I guess ^^
So here is the Ice crime page tapastic.com/series/Ice-Crime
If you're interested by the progress of the 3rd volume you can watch it day by day on twitter : MissPepperCat ou sur mon tumblr penciltopapertopepper.tumblr.c…
C ya later and have fun ^^


text:
Originally written on Purple Jesus Diaries | Last updated 4/17/13
Remember how Christian Ponder is the quarterback of the Minnesota Vikings? I know, I totally forgot too. Frankly, thinking about the 2012 season seems like it was eons ago. I almost forgot Ponder was on the roster AND considered to be the quarterback of the future, and that's a memory that was only like three months ago. Can you remember that back in like OCTOBER of last year that Christian Ponder had a crazy, unannounced and secret wedding with ESPN reporter Samantha (Ponder) Steele? Because that happened too, and - as you can see from the photo above, which includes Christian Ponder and Samantha Ponder kissing over a donkey apparently - if you didn't actually believed that it happened, we finally have some photos for you. Courtesy of the ever vigilant Big Lead Sports, someone tracked down all of the Ponderer's friends on Instagram and pulled photos from the Ponder wedding. A full collection of mostly mundane photos of people celebrating are over on their site, but here are some of our favorites: CUTE!! Samantha looks stunning in her elegant white dress, while our favorite quarterback is ... Is ... Is he slouching? Is he up there saying his devotions with a hand in his pocket and SLOUCHING?! Come on, Ponder! What kind of wedding posture is that! You think Peterson would let you get away with that aloofness in the huddle?! Of course not. I doubt Samantha was very happy about it either! On the other hand, nice looking suit. Tres chic! Aaaaaaannnddddd the dress comes off. Kind of. Apparently there was a reception cowboy theme, likely from Samantha's request as she was born in Phoenix, Arizona and currently lives in Austin, Texas. You get the boots, short dress, some GOD DAMN AMERICAN FIREWORKS!!!!, and probably some line dancing. Is that was Texas people do at weddings? Is there like a tradition line dance song as opposed to just doing the Chicken Dance? I have no idea. And finally, we have a shot of the wedding cake. As you can see, it was a beautiful Minnesota Vikings helmet and Ponder jersey, a Florida State football, and an ESPN sideline reporting microphone to capture all sides of the happy couple. Unfortunately, most of this looks like that heavy layer of Swedish sugar that makes me poop a lot, so I probably couldn't have eaten much of it. Of course, I wasn't invited to the wedding anyway (weird, right?!) so it doesn't matter. Either way, check out the rest of the photos over at Big Lead Sports, and keep wishing the Ponders a happy marriage. Good for them. Modern Love is a son of a ***** sometimes, right David Bowie? [follow]
Comments are closed.
What do you think?To leave a comment, you can:
NFL News
Delivered to your inbox
You'll also receive Yardbarker's daily Top 10, featuring the best sports stories from around the web. Customize your newsletter to get articles on your favorite sports and teams. And the best part? It's free!
Follow us on Twitter
|Best of Yardbarker
|NFL News
|MLB News
Today's Best Stuff
For Bloggers
Join the Yardbarker Network for more promotion, traffic, and money.
Company Info
What is Yardbarker?
Yardbarker is the largest network of sports blogs and pro athlete blogs on the web. This site is the hub of the Yardbarker Network, where our editors and algorithms curate the best sports content from our network and beyond.
|© 2015 Yardbarker, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this website (including any and all parts and components) constitutes your acceptance of these Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. (What's New?)


text:
Posts Tagged 'NASCAR Sprint Cup Ratings'
July 23rd, 2013 at 8:17 am
ESPN's NASCAR Sprint Cup Coverage Rolls Out at Indianapolis on Sunday, July 28
ESPN begins its coverage of the final 17 races of the 2013 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series schedule with a live, flag-to-flag telecast[Read-More]
June 25th, 2013 at 11:27 am
Cable Top 25: 'Skywire Live' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 23, 2013
The week's most-watched cable shows.[Read-More]
June 18th, 2013 at 6:31 am
Cable Top 25: 'Major Crimes' Tops Cable Viewership for the Week Ending June 16, 2013
The week's most-watched cable shows.[Read-More]
June 7th, 2013 at 7:37 am
2013 NASCAR on FOX Season Wraps as Highest-Rated, Most-Watched Sport In-Season for 13th Straight Year
The complete 2013 NASCAR on FOX Sprint Cup season averaged a potent 4.8/10 household rating/share[Read-More]
May 30th, 2013 at 10:23 am
TNT to Provide "All-Access" Pass to 2013 NASCAR Summer Series
The green flag is set to wave on TNT's 2013 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series action with the network offering all-access coverage throughout[Read-More]
May 29th, 2013 at 7:53 am
Sunday Final Ratings: Final Numbers for the 'Coca-Cola 600'; No Adjustments to 'Smash'
Sunday final broadcast primetime ratings.[Read-More]
May 27th, 2013 at 8:51 am
TV Ratings Sunday: NASCAR Wins Night, Soft Finish for 'Smash'
FOX was number one among adults 18-49 and with total viewers.[Read-More]
April 28th, 2013 at 9:08 am
TV Ratings Saturday: NASCAR Races to Victory, 'Smash' & 'Bet on Your Baby' Flat
FOX was number one with adults 18-49 and with total viewers.[Read-More]


text:
Also, Lesnar's new 2 ear deal is the same as the one he's had this year. He'll make as many appearances in the following year and the one after that as he made during the past one. So him winning the title isn't really feasible either.
Want to join EWN's original e-fed? Join EWNCW NOW!Want details? Just ask me!


text:
Showing 214 Results for tolls
EZ Pass Tolls Increase Today
EZ Pass Tolls Go Up Sunday
E-ZPass Turns 20 – Is it Foolish Not to Have it? [POLL]
What fools these mortals be waiting in line to pay tolls – when they could be breezing through with the help of that little plastic device affixed to their windshields or bumpers.
The acid test comes this weekend – just as it would on any given weekend or holiday – as you watch the hoards line up to pay tolls and ask yourself, "why in the world don't they have EZPass?"
I discovered how easy and somewhat cheaper it made my trip when I was working at a radio station in Westchester. Crossin
College Commuting: The Pros and Cons [AUDIO]
NJ Man Hacks His EZ Pass Account – The Shocking Results [VIDEO]
If you were ever concerned over being tracked from your electronic devices, then you need to watch this video shot by a NJ man.
Report Faults Port Authority Over Toll Practices
Hunter Says He Killed a Legendary Chupacabra – Decide For Yourself [VIDEO/POLL]
Do You Believe it's Ok to Blow Through NJ Tolls ? [POLL]
Stranding Center Deals with Costs of Dolphin Deaths [AUDIO]
With 64 dolphins washing up ashore this summer, the non-profit organization responsible for the study of these animals is facing additional financial burdens.


text:
The Message audio Bible is now available on Bible Gateway! Click to learn more.
78:21 full of wrath. Rebellion against the Lord led to His judgment (Num. 11:1–3). After judging the people, He returned with His grace (vv. 23–39), but grace led only to further rebellion (vv. 40, 41). This is the story of Israel throughout the Old Testament, perhaps best represented in the Book of Judges (see Judg. 2:6–23). Heb. 12:1–12 reminds us that God chastises those He loves.