text:
Neural network systems (100) with learning and recall are applied to clustered multiple-featured data (122,124,126) and analog data.
1. An information processor, comprising:
(a) an encoder, said encoder encoding input information into a closeness code format and providing an output in response thereto; and
(b) a clustering neural network providing an output therefrom, said clustering network having an input receiving said output of said encoder and said output of said clustering network, said clustering neural network clustering said input thereto with thresholded analog neurons in conjunction with a learning rule and a recall rule to preserve analog aspects.
2. The processor of claim 1, further comprising:
(a) a classifying neural network having stored information in a format of vectors recalled from said clustering network using said recall rule, said classifying network comparing said stored information recalled from said clustering network with other information stored therein with a second recall rule.
3. The processor of claim 1, wherein:
(a) said learning rule is a Widrow-Hoff learning; and
(b) said recall rule is a BSB-type recall rule.
4. A method of information processing, comprising the steps of:
(a) encoding said information into closeness code format;
(b) clustering said encoded information with a thresholded analog neural network;
(c) comparing recalled versions of said encoded information with stored information.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein;
(a) said stored information is stored in a second thresholded analog neural network; and
(b) said comparing is by inputting said recalled versions of said encoded information into said second thresholded network and recalling said stored information.
6. The method of claim 4, comprising the further steps of:
(a) deleting a portion of each of said recalled versions; and
(b) adding further information to each of said recalled versions
7. A method of processing multiple-feature information, comprising the steps of:
(a) encoding information by concatenated closeness codes of features of said information;
(b) learning without saturation said encoded information in a thresholded analog neural network; and
(c) inputting said encoded information into said network and recalling processed versions of said encoded information.
The U.S. Government has a paid-up license in this invention and the right in limited circumstances to require the patent owner to license others on reasonable terms as provided for by the terms of Contract No. F33615-87-C-1454 awarded by the U.S. Air Force.
Copending U.S. patent applications Ser. Nos. 032,887, filed Mar. 31, 1987 (Penz), 010,619, filed Feb. 4, 1987 (Frazier), and 057,887, filed Jun. 1, 1987 (Provence) disclose related subject matter. All of these cross-referenced applications are assigned to the assignee of this application and are hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to computation, and, more particularly, to neural network information and signal processing.
2. Description of the Related Art.
Avionics sensor systems typically are confronted with the problem of identifying the emitters of various electromagnetic signals (i.e., radar pulses) being received. The known sensor systems typically include an antenna, a preprocessor, a pulse buffer, a digital signal processor, and a classifier. The antenna receives signals from various emitters with various frequencies, pulse widths, pulse repetition rates, locations, and so forth. The antenna output is preprocessed to extract a set of features for each received pulse. The set of features is processed by standard signal processing methods to cluster the pulses from each perceived emitter, and the classifier compares the features of each perceived emitter with pre-stored data to determine its identity. All of this analysis would take place in a homing missle which would then decide which of the perceived emitters to attack. However, the known sensor systems have the problem of extracting the emitter identity information from the mass of incoming pulses; the computing power required for standard digital signal processing in real time cannot be effectively put into every homing missle.
Attempts to understand the functioning of the human brain have led to various "neural network" models in which large numbers of neurons are interconnected. These models roughly presume each neuron exists in one of two states (quiescent and firing) with the state determined by the states of connected nuerons (if enough connected neurons are firing, then the original neuron should be in the firing state); and the thrust of the models is to perform computations such as pattern recognition with the neural networks. The models may be simple feedforward layered structures with an input layer of neurons, one or more hidden layers of neurons, and an output layer of neurons. Other models have feedback among the neurons and correspondingly more involved behavior.
J. Hopfield, Neural Networks and Physical Systems with Emergent Collective Computational Abilities, 79 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2554 (1982) describes a neural network model with N neurons each of which has the value 0 or 1 (corresponding to quiescent and to firing), so the state of the network is then a N-component vector V=[V1, V2, . . . , VN ]of O's and 1's which depends upon time. The neuron interconnections are described by a matrix Ti,j defining the influence of the jth neuron on the ith neuron. The state of the network evolves in time as follows: each neuron i has a fixed threshold θi and readjusts its state Vi randomly in time by setting Vi equal to 0 or 1 depending on whether ##EQU1## is negative or positive. All neurons have the same average rate of readjustment, and the readjustments define a dynamic flow in state space.
With the assumption that Ti,j is symmetric, the potential function ##EQU2## can be used to show that the flow of the network is to local minima of the potential function. Further, with a given set of uncorrelated N-component vectors U1, U2, . . . , U8, a Ti,j can be defined by ##EQU3## and with the thresholds equal to 0, these Uk are the fixed points of the flow and thus stable states of the network. This is a type of "outer product storage" of the vectors U1, U2, . . . , U8. Such a network can act as a content-addressable memory as follows: the memories to be stored in the network are used to construct the Uk and hence Ti,j, so the stored memories are fixed points of the flow. Then a given partial memory is input by using it to define the initial state of the network, and the state will flow usually to the closest fixed point/stable state Uk which is then the memory recalled upon input of the partial memory.
Further analysis and modified network models appear in, for example, J. Hopfield et al, Computing with Neural Circuits: A Model, 233 Science 625 (1986) and J. Hopfield, Neurons with Graded Response Have Collective Computational Properties like Those of Two-State Neurons, 81 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 3088 (1984).
L. Cooper, A Possible Organization of Animal Memory and Learning, Proc. Nobel Symp. Coll. Prop. Phys. Sys. 252 (Academic, New York 1973) observes that the modelling of neural network for animal memory and learning has the problem of mapping events in the animal's environment (i.e., sensory output) to signal distributions in the animal's neurons with the fundamental property of preserving closeness or separateness (in some sense not yet completely defined) of the events. That is, with a vector representation of the neural network states, two events as similar as a white cat and a gray cat should map into vectors which are close to parallel while two events as different as the sound of a bell and the sight of food should map into vectors that are close to orthogonal. Note that standard analysis, such as described in Gonzalez and Wintz, Digital Image Processing (Addison-Wesley 1977), does not use neural network computation and does not have this problem; rather, the standard analysis attempts to extract features and categorize by serial number crunching.
J. Anderson, Cognitive Capabilities of a Parallel System, NATO Advanced Research Workshop (Mar. 3, 1985) describes the Brain State in a Box (BSB) neural network model which includes outerproduct storage, Widrow-Hoff learning, and a ramped-threshold recall algorithm. That is, the matrix of interconnection strengths, Ti,j, is modified to learn a new vector Vj by ##EQU4## where η is a learning constant and N is number of neurons. The learning constant is roughly the inverse of the number of times the matrix must be trained on a given vector before it fully learns the vector. The smaller the learning constant, the finer the resolution of the average direction for a learned state but the more times the input vectors must be trained. The learning procedure saturates when ΔTi,j is close to zero, which implies that the vector is close to being an eigenvector of the matrix with an eigenvalue near 1.
Recall of a learned (stored) vector given an input vector Uj is by the following interative process that converges towards an eigenvector: ##EQU5## where the "Limit" function clamps the values in the range from -1 to 1. The constants γ and β measure the feedback and signal decay in the algorithm. This synchronous recall algorithm replaces the dynamic flow of the Hopfield model. The usual applications of the BSB neural network such as data bases with words and letters encoded as their ASCII representations require binary neurons as in the first Hopfield model.
The present invention provides analog behavior in a neural network to learn either binary or analog vectors and recall vectors that include information regarding the clustering of the learned vectors. Further, for multiple feature signal processing the features are concatenated to form vectors for learning but the learning is limited to avoid saturation. Preferred embodiments include use of such neural networks in avionics sensor systems wherein binary data learned by the network has some of its statistical properties revealed by the analog aspects of the recalled vectors. Preferred embodiments also use such neural networks for look-up table type information storage for emitter identification.
The drawings are schematic for clarity.
FIG. 1 illustrates in block form a first preferred embodiment sensor system;
FIG. 2 shows encoding for the first preferred embodiment;
FIG. 3 shows encoded data for the first preferred embodiment;
FIGS. 4a-b illustrates hardware usuable in the first preferred embodiment;
FIGS. 5-6 show learned data and recall data for the first preferred embodiment; and
FIGS. 7a-b show recall data.
The known radar sensor systems typically include an antenna, a preprocessor, a pulse buffer, a digital signal processor, and a classifier. The antenna receives radar signals from various emitters with various frequencies, pulse widths, pulse repetition rates, locations, and so forth. The antenna output is preprocessed to extract a set of features (frequency of the pulse, pulse width, signal-to-noise ratio for the pulse, and azimuthal and elevational angles towards the emitter) and time of arrival for each received radar pulse and periodically store a table of such features in a buffer. The stored set of features is processed by standard signal processing methods to cluster the pulses from each perceived emitter, and the classifier compares the features of each perceived emitter with pre-stored data to determine its identity. All of this analysis would take place in a homing missle which would then decide which of the perceived emitters to attack.
FIG. 1 illustrates, in schematic block form, a first preferred embodiment radar sensor system 100 and includes antenna 102, preprocessor for feature extraction 104, encoder 106, neural network 108, and classifier 110. Antenna 102 and feature extractor 104 are the same as in the known systems. Antenna 102 receives radar pulses from various radar emitters 122, 124, 126, . . . , and the pulses are analyzed as received by feature extractor 104 according to the direction of the pulse (azimuth and elevation angles), the signal-to-noise ratio, the frequency, and the pulse width to produce a data stream such as in the following table:
__________________________________________________________________________PulseAzimuth Elevation Sig/Noise Freq. Pulse Width Time ofnumber(deg) (deg) (dB) (MHz) (μsec) arrival__________________________________________________________________________ 1 21 -20 -109 9066 2.186 1 2 34 -35 -98 9437 1.489 12 3 -12 27 -81 9214 0.399 20 4 -6 -34 -85 10054 0.421 53 5 -26 0 -86 9210 0.397 58 6 23 -17 -108 9030 2.191 75 7 16 -16 -97 9342 1.399 97 8 21 -22 -108 9015 2.195 112 9 -25 -30 -83 9023 0.416 11710 19 -21 -109 0932 2.195 14911 8 -29 -83 9805 7.156 16412 20 -17 -109 9018 2.21 18613 20 -19 -96 9335 1.402 21314 23 -21 -108 9041 2.207 22315 32 -30 -98 9435 1.375 25116 24 -21 -108 9051 2.21 26017 22 -20 -109 9011 2.194 29718 19 -17 -97 9345 1.384 33019 25 -20 -109 8997 2.185 33420 23 -19 -109 9049 2.215 371__________________________________________________________________________
The data stream is temporarily stored in a pulse buffer. Combat conditions may be expected to yield an output from extractor 104 of 300 table entries during a 10 millisecond interval; at the end of each 10 millisecond interval the pulse buffer is unloaded. The data is encoded by encoder 106 to be compatible with binary neurons in neural network 108, although neural network 108 has analog neurons. In particular, each neuron of neural network 108 may take on real number values between -1 and 1 but the encoder 106 only produces outputs of -1 and 1. Neural network 108 has 400 neurons, and the neurons are grouped with 50 neurons for azimuth, 50 neurons for elevation, 50 neurons for signal-to-noise, 150 neurons for frequency, and 100 neurons for pulse width. Thus a state of neural network 108 is a 400-component vector of real numbers between -1 and 1 with the first 50 components relating to the azimuth, the second 50 relating to the elevation, the third 50 relating to the signal-to-noise ratio, the next 150 relating to frequency, and the last 100 relating to the pulse width.
Encoder 106 uses a closeness code, its encoding method is illustrated in FIG. 2 for the case of encoding the azimuth data in degrees (ranging from -35 to +35 in 2 degree intervals) to network 108 compatible input vectors of -1's and 1's. FIG. 2 shows that a number is encoded by the position of a block of five +1's in the otherwise all -1 components of the state vector. The other data is similarly encoded, except that the numerical interval corresponding to the next neuron depends upon the spread of the data. For example, the frequency data (expressed in MHz) has a spread of about 1100, so the 150 neurons could (with a block of 22 +1's for the position indicator) represent 128 numbers which translates to an interval of about 9 MHz. The frequency data is encoded with the position of a block of twenty-two +1's rather than the block of five +1's of the other data because the frequency of an emitter may be varied to deter detection, and overlap of the blocks of +1's for different vectors corresponding to the same emitter is required for network 108 to cluster the data to identify the emitters. This is explained in more detail in connection with the operation of network 108. Two vectors are close in Hamming distance if and only if the two sets of pulse feature numbers are close.
For example, a 400-component vector [-1 (18), +1 (5), -1 (53), +1 (5), -1 (55), +1 (5), -1 (80), +1 (22), -1 (110), +1 (5), -1 (42)] would represent a pulse with azimuthal angle of 0 degrees, elevational angle of 0 degrees, a signal-to-noise ratio -95 dB, a center frequency of 9500 MHz, and a pulse width of 2 μsec. This vector is more conveniently represented graphically as shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 4a schematically illustrates a six-neuron neural network fabricated from standard electronic components. The network, generally denoted by the reference numeral 200, includes rows and columns of wires interconnected by an array of transconductances Ti,j 202, the horizontal wires connect to op amps 206 and threshold linear array 204 and switch bank B. Threshold linear array 204 has a transfer function as shown in FIG. 4b and essentially just limits the neuron states to the range -1 to 1. Neuron states correspond to voltages on the vertical wires and the connecting righthand portions of the horizontal wires. Switch bank A (with switch bank B open) is used to input the initial network state, and the buffers 206 may incorporate the synchronous timing. Network 108 could be a 400 neuron version of network 200.
The operation of network 108 proceeds as follows:
A sequence of emitter pulse data (such as in the Table above) of perhaps 300 pulses is encoded as a sequence of 300 400-component vectors with binary components (-1 or 1) and each vector is learned by network 108 using the Widrow-Hoff learning rule with a learning rate of 0.035. That is, the matrix of interconnection strengths, Ti,j, is modified to learn a new vector Vj by ##EQU6## where η=0.035 is the learning rate and N=400 is number of neurons. Each vector is learned four times. Note that if a vector Wj is repeatedly learned, then the interconnections tend to saturate (ΔTi,j →0) and thus Wj approximates an eigenvector of Ti,j with eigenvalue λ approximately equal to 1. That is, for ΔTi,j ≈0 the term in the square brackets also approximates 0 for each i, which implies that for each i ##EQU7## with λ=1. Of course, only an approximation to an eigenvector is expected because only a finite number of learnings occur, the thresholding limits the neuron values, and so forth.
Due to the dynamics of the Widrow-Hoff learning rule, similar input vectors merge to form a single eigenvector. These eignevectors become averages of the pulse vector information that contribute to them. Because of the normalization process of the learning rule, the stable states of the network have non-binary components--essentially becoming histograms of the contributing vectors.
After the 300 vectors are learned, they are put into clusters (which presumably correspond to the various radar emitters which have emitted the original pulses received by antenna 102) as follows: the first vector is input as the initial condition (Uj (0)=Vj) for network 108 to recall a vector by the following iterative process that converges towards an eigenvector: ##EQU8## where the "Limit" function constrains the values in the range from -1 to 1 and corresponds to the transfer function of FIG. 4b. The constants γ and β measure the positive/negative feedback in the algorithm and are taken to be 0.8 and 0.4, respectively. Note that for two eigenvectors Wj, Xj of Ti,j with eigenvalues λ, μ, respectively, with λ≈1 (e.g., Wj has been well learned) and μ≈0 (e.g., Xj has been poorly learned), the recall algorithm initialized at Uj (0)=Wj +Xj will yield
Uj (n)=(γλ+η)n Wj +(γμ+η)n Xj
and thus the coefficient of Wj grows with increasing n and the coefficient of Xj shrinks to 0 with increasing n. So roughly the well learned eigenvector will be recalled and the poorly learned eigenvector will lost.
This first recalled vector is taken to be the first cluster vector, A, which presumably corresponds to one of the emitters 122, 124, 126, . . .
The second vector from the 300 vectors is then input as the initial condition to recall a second vector from network 108, and this second recalled vector is compared to A by taking the dot product with A. If the dot product divided by the products of the vector lengths is greater than 0.9, then the second vector is considered to also correspond to the cluster with A, and the process continues to the third vector from the 300 vectors. Contrarily, if the second recalled vector has a dot product with A divided by the product of the second recalled vector length and the length of A is less than 0.9, then the second recalled vector is taken to be the second cluster vector, B. Note that if the 0.9 is replaced by a larger number such as 0.98, then more clusters will be found, and if 0.9 is replaced with a smaller number, then fewer clusters will be found. The examplar vector for each cluster can either be the initial recalled vector or the average of all vectors that contribute to the cluster.
In a similar manner, each of the vectors from the 300 vectors is input as the initial condition to recall a vector from network 108, and the recalled vector is compared to the previously determined cluster vectors A, B, . . . to decide whether a new cluster vector has been found or whether the recalled vector corresponds to one of the previously found cluster vectors.
This is illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 which show the input pulses (out of time order) and the corresponding recalled results. The recalled vectors are the eigenvectors of the similar, learned vectors (note that all of the recalled vectors look the same and are approximations to a common eigenvector). The nonbinary aspect of the recalled vector is a measure of the variation (noise) of the input data. Thus the cluster vectors A, B, . . . contain information in their shapes with regard to the variation of the original data. This information is a statistical summary of the original data that has been generated without any presumption as to the probability distribution of the original data as is typically done with standard digital signal processing in the known methods. Indeed, binary vectors were learned and the resulting cluster vectors recalled were an analogized version of binary vectors with input variation information determining the analog aspects. This shows why the frequency data was encoded with a block of twenty-two+1's to insure overlap of all of the blocks for for an emitter despite the variation in pulse frequencies by that emitter.
Once the vectors are clustered, then the pulse repetition rate can be computed from the time of arrival data in the pulse buffer but which was not encoded in the vectors. The pulse repetition rate information can then be encoded and concatenated with the cluster vectors or handled separately, although this is optional. The cluster vectors A, B, . . . are then compared to stored information on known radar emitters by classifier 110 to identify the emitters corresponding to the clusters. Of course, the extrinsic information (azimuthal and elevation angles and signal-to-noise ratios) relates to the location of an emitter and the intrinsic information (frequency, pulse width, and pulse repetition rate) relate to the identity of an emitter, so only the intrinsic information portion of a cluster vector is used for comparison with known emitter types. The identities of the emitters are then used to determine subsequent actions. Note that the use of multiple features concatenated together in the encoded vectors together with a low precision for each feature (learning only a fews times for each encoded vector) allows an effective extraction of features including some statistical information.
Classifier 110 includes a neural network that has already learned the intrinsic information on known emitter types, and thus already has approximate eigenvectors with shapes similar to those of the intrinsic information portion of the cluster vectors. The intrinsic information for an emitter may contain analog values. For example, an emitter may be known to have a high variation in its frequency. Thus the vector trained for this emitter would have a large, Gaussian distribution for the frequency (FIG. 7). As another example of the storage of analog data, an emitter may have two pulse widths. Instead of storing them as two separate entries in the classifier network, a hybrid vector, containing the analog histogram of the data, can be stored (FIG. 7). Classifier 110 identifies the emitter type corresponding to each of the cluster vectors by successively inputting each cluster vector and recalling an emitter-type vector by the same recall algorithm that converges towards an eigenvector: ##EQU9## where again the "Limit" function constrains the values to the range from -1 to 1 and corresponds to the transfer function of FIG. 3b. The constants γ and β are taken to be 0.73 and 0.3, respectively, and the iteration is performed ten times. Note that the length of the iteration vectors is not much different from that of the input because 0.73+0.3 is close to 1.0, so the neurons are not pushed into saturation and the analog shape aspects are recoverable.
Various modifications of the preferred embodiment encoders and methods may be made while retaining the aspects of analog treatment of binary neural network data for extraction of statistical information and of analog performance of neural networks, and the use of many low precision concatenated features to form the network vectors.
For example, other types of information and signals may be processed, a neural network may be used for the initial clustering and standard digital signal processing for the classification, a neural network may be used for the classification with standard signal processing for the clustering, after a first clustering additional information may be determined (e.g., pulse repetition rate) and concatenated onto the vectors and other information deleted from the vectors (e.g., extrinsic), the number of neurons in the network can be varied, the encoding by closeness code may be with different length blocks or even with the neurons corresponding to the block permuted (so the representation of FIG. 3 would have the blocks split apart and shuffled), the encoding may have levels of precision such as a block for a more significant portion of a number and another block for a less significant portion of the number, the recall parameters may be varied, the learning constant and the number of learning presentations may be varied, the number of recall steps may be varied, . . .
Prior to this work, common practice dictated that the β and γ parameters should sum to approximately 1.3. This would insure that the value of each component of the output vector would be saturated. By bringing the sum of the β and γ to 1.03, we have prevented the values of the neurons from always becoming saturated.
Non-Patent Citations
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Curlin aims to defy 125-year-old Derby angle
Updated: April 17, 2007, 3:44 PM ETBy Jay Privman | Daily Racing Form
If you thought the Apollo mission ended in the 1970s after several trips to the moon, think again. By virtue of his runaway victory in the Arkansas Derby on Saturday at Oaklawn Park, Curlin emerged as the favorite for the May 5 Kentucky Derby, quite an accomplishment for a colt who had not even raced before Feb. 3. Now, a year after Barbaro ended one of the Derby's seemingly iron-clad handicapping angles, Curlin will try to smash another one that has lasted 125 years.
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Regular Society meetings: First Monday of the month, 4:00 p.m. at the library. (please call the library to confirm meeting date and time) No regular meetings in July & August
October 27, 6 pm - Annual Salmon Grill & Silent Auction Dinner
La Crete Mennonite Heritage Centre
Presenting: Carlene Friesen entertainment!
Cool, clear, clean and refreshing....Country Entertainment at its best!
See attached pdf file for details.
Tickets on sale now! $35 each or $250/8
Accepting donations for the Silent Auction! Drop off at the library by October 26, please!
COOKBOOKS NOW ON SALE! Stop by the library to purchase your copy! $15 each.


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Ha'atafu Beach Resort
If you are looking for a surfing holiday, then Ha'atafu Beach Resort, set on a magnificent beach on the western side of Tongatapu Island, is THE place in Tonga. This is also one of Tonga's premier snorkelling locations. Beachfront and garden traditional thatched roof fales and dormitory accommodation are available. Breakfast and buffet dinner is served.
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Joined: Mar 2005
Location: Tucker County, WV
Oddometer: 365
Countersteer it.
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: SE Ohio
Oddometer: 2,867
Chapter 3
"The GBT....(it shrinks?!)"
"Shay No. 11....fades to black and white."
"But not it the rain."
I woke up Sunday, Aug. 31st on the 3rd day of my tour of WVa. feeling good. I had just completed two full days of riding on the 250 and had seen more than I had really bargained for. My main objectives had been completed, there had been no mishaps and the weather had been perfect.
After showering I went downstairs to have coffee and conversation with John. One always has to be prepared for conversation, and that in plenty, when visiting with John.
He had reminded me again yesterday not to let him forget to give me that "care package" for Don back in Marietta.
As soon as I saw him he says. "Hey , don't let me forget that package for Don."
I told him to go get it before we both forgot about it and I would see if I could fit it into my backpack while we were having coffee.
We went into the gun room and he took a brown paper bag from a safe and put it on his workbench. He reached in and took out a Leupold spotting scope and a spring for a Kimber pistol.
I told him that I would be able to carry the items safely to Marietta and while I was fitting them into the backpack he said, "Wait, I've got something else. Don'll really like these!" He grabbed a clear plastic bag from another table and with those bent fingers started digging around for that "something else".
The not-so-important items.......
The "something else"...................
Friggin' prairie dog animal crackers!
That's John.
Don't know why I'm lost all the time...
Everyone is always telling me where to go.
Countersteer it.
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: SE Ohio
Oddometer: 2,867
Wow! That was fast GB. Thanks.
They can't be paying you enuf.
Don't know why I'm lost all the time...
Everyone is always telling me where to go.
Countersteer it.
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: SE Ohio
Oddometer: 2,867
We talked for a little while and then I finished packing my gear for the day ahead. It would probably be the most I would ride in one day on my tour as I was heading for Yawkey to crash one last night with a friend I used to work with.
John, Helen and I said our goodbyes and I was on the road, rolling south on SR28 towards Green Bank.
Here's a few morning pictures ..........
I saw an interesting little road that headed off to my left so I headed off to my left....
Nelson Rocks.....
I found this at the end of the line, turned around and back to SR28.....
It looks like and old school or church. I don't think it's being used now though.
I wanted to stop at Green Bank to take the tour of the facility and I was getting a little hungry so I pulled into a gas station that also had a restaurant. I fueled up and then had a decent lunch before I went on.
But I was a little concerned about leaving my gear unattended in the parking lot of Green Bank while I took the tour. I asked a nice older lady that worked in the diner if it would be possible if I could leave my gear there while I was gone. She was more than happy to keep it there so I brought it all in and we put it behind one of the counters...out of sight.
Then I headed to Green Bank to see the worlds largest radio telescope.
No, that's not it. That's just and old barn that I passed along the way. I thought it would make a nice picher.
The radio telescope at Green Bank is an amazing spectacle.
This photo was taken from the gift shop, through a plate glass window. The telescope is about 2 miles from here!
It is believed to be, at 16,000,000 pounds, the largest moving land based structure on the planet!
It stands 485 feet tall, taller than Lady Liberty.
While I was waiting for the tour I went inside the information center. There were a number of educational centers where you could learn more about the telescope and radio astronomy.
All of it was over my numbskull head but I did come away with a pretty cool self-portrait....
After boarding the tour bus we stopped about one and a half miles from the GBT for a photo op. Because it is so sensitive to electronic interference there are no digital cameras allowed onto the compound.
All of the service vehicles are diesel...no spark plugs.
This is the closest picture I could get...
The "dish" covers 2.3 acres and measures 100X110 meters.
The Pittsburgh Steelers could play football on that thing!
After the tour we went back into the information center for a video and demonstration. They have to cool the sensitive electronics in the GBT with liquid nirtogen. This technician gave a demo by pouring some in a bucket and then putting an air-filled balloon into the nitrogen.
The liquid nitrogen slows the air molecules ( or is that "marticles"?) inside the balloon down until they virtually stop.
And guess what happens to the balloon......
Yep, it shrinks.
But don't be alarmed though. It expands to it's normal size after it warms back up.
Cool, huh? About minus 320 degrees cool.
Then he just poured the liquid nitro across the floor and within seconds it was completely gone...evaporated into thin air.
I have a curiosity about the universe, nature and the world around me and this was a good stop. It took a couple hours from my riding time but it was on my list of places to see and I'm glad that I did.
After this stop I went back to the restaurant and found out that that nice older lady had stolen all of my gear! Everything was gone! And you know, I really wouldn't have been that concerned about losing everything, but darn her, she had to go and steal Don's prairie dog animal crackers!
Don't know why I'm lost all the time...
Everyone is always telling me where to go.
Joined: Aug 2005
Location: Central Ohio
Oddometer: 13,506
That telescope is way cool. I really need to get back down that way.
Gnarly Adventurer
Joined: Jun 2008
Location: Sacto, CA
Oddometer: 464
Great report and great pix. That's beautiful country. My in-laws live in Franklin, WV, (Pendleton County) and you probably rode right past the little canyon holler where they live.
Keep it comin'!
Countersteer it.
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: SE Ohio
Oddometer: 2,867
No, Dave, I'm not kidding!
But I chased her down on her Harley, forced her off the road, foot-chased her for about 100 yards over a barbed wire fence and through a hay field, tackled her and then proceded to beat the hell out of her till she cried uncle and finally gave up my loot.
Green Bank is definately worth the trip. It's one of those places where the ride is just as wonderful as the destination.
Don't know why I'm lost all the time...
Everyone is always telling me where to go.
Countersteer it.
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: SE Ohio
Oddometer: 2,867
It is beautiful country....that's one of the main reasons why I rode it.
I wasn't as far east as Franklin but it wasn't too far off.
Don't know why I'm lost all the time...
Everyone is always telling me where to go.
Just GO! screwed with this post 09-11-2008 at 07:59 PM
Countersteer it.
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: SE Ohio
Oddometer: 2,867
Moving on south I headed for SR 66. This shot was taken a few miles south of the Green Bank Telescope....
I headed west on SR 66 toward Cass....another one of the stops that I had to make.
This stop is for all of the train lovers at ADV.
I'll not bore you with my limited knowledge of Shay engines but I will tell you this. If you have any emotions, if you any thirst for history, if you have any interest in locomotive design and engineering, when that train comes around the bend a quarter mile away and heads down the track straight at you and the engineer blows the steam whistle it will flat put chills right down your spine.
I arrived about a half hour before the train was due off the mountain. I took that time to relax in the shade of and old oak by the river and take some notes. I rambled around the station and gift shop for a while,
took a few pics....
And then I heard that whistle...the train was still out of sight but that whistle echoed down the valley and off the hills for several seconds.
I positioned myself right in the center of the tracks and waited...........
another whistle blast.....getting closer.......but still out of sight.
A voice comes over the loud speaker warning people stay off the tracks...I ignore....the voice.
And then it rounds the bend, moving smoothly on the tracks. Another blast from the steam whistle......very loud now........
The white steam is from the whistle which at this point is REALLY loud.
The darker smoke is from the boiler.
And you can see that I did eventually move my arse off the tracks.
The ground rumbled.....
I stepped back a little.....
and she slowly came to rest.......
I stood there taking it all in, when slowly, as if stepping back into history, before digital, before electronics, before all of this technology...........Shay No. 11 gradually "faded to black and white".
Don't know why I'm lost all the time...
Everyone is always telling me where to go.
Just GO! screwed with this post 09-12-2008 at 03:01 PM
It`s YOUR fault !
Joined: Jan 2006
Location: Columbus,Ohio
Oddometer: 1,749
Great R.R.
WOW!!! Great trip and close too. I`ve been to some of those places but not on those dirt roads. Looks like I need to plan a trip to W.Va. for the spring....Thanks
The second slowest rider in district 11.
Time spent riding is not deducted from one`s lifespan.
Countersteer it.
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: SE Ohio
Oddometer: 2,867
As I walked around the engine taking pictures the boiler huffed and chugged, steam hissed from valves and hoses. I could smell smoke, grease, fire and steel. These things are truely alive.
This, my BMW riding ADV friends, is one serious final drive ......
Lima, Ohio, FYI.
And one last parting shot..........
Cass Scenic Railroad, Cass, West Virginia. If you can...get there.
Try to schedule your day to take full advantage of this place and ride the train to the top of the mountain. Mid October, the leaves are changing and it's absolutely gorgeous!
Ride this train and I guarantee it will make you feel like a kid again.
Don't know why I'm lost all the time...
Everyone is always telling me where to go.
Just GO! screwed with this post 09-11-2008 at 08:06 PM
Countersteer it.
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: SE Ohio
Oddometer: 2,867
Leaving Cass behind I made my way to Snowshoe Mountain. Pictures from the mountain on CR 9-3......
Same view except I was flexing my zoom lens..............
I'll be down there in a little while.
HHHMMMMM...clouds rollin' in.
The resort was sponsoring a Downhill Mountain Bike race.
The d00ds rode the ski lift back to the top after their run.
And he's OFF!
I made a pretty good attempt at getting myself and the KLR registered to race. I paid the fee, got a number and got in line. And I would have made it too but as the start timer was ticking down some kid in line behind me pointed and yelled, "Hey, that dude can't race! He's got a motor on his bike, man!"
Oh, well. Better luck next time mighty KLR.
Down from Snowshoe to head west to SR219. I had definately been getting my kicks on Route
Don't know why I'm lost all the time...
Everyone is always telling me where to go.
Pongo pygmaeus
Joined: Sep 2005
Location: Bridgerland by Green Canyon
Oddometer: 841
"...I hear her voice, in the morning hour she calls me, radio reminds me of my home far away, and driving down the road I get a feeling that I should have been home yesterday, yesterdayyyyyyy...
Just GO, many thanks for being the "radio" that reminds me of my homeland. As CSA rightly put it, West [by God] Virginia. I grew up in so many of those spots you rode and (wonderfully) photographed. Most picts fail to do due justice to the Mt State, but yours did right by my memories.
It's funny, w/ each page of this RR, I kept thinking 'I wish he had shots of ____' and then darned if it didn't appear. Greenbank, the Sods, and CASS!!! I still recall my Dad having us ride to the top of the mt w/ his forest industries camp students...and then making us WALK the whole way down. Or tracking mt lions on that looooong Sods road. Or his showing me those turbines (which he did the EIS for regarding Eastern flying squirrels). And the Loop Rd, I used to solo camp on that as a kid. I recall sleeping solo out there in the woods, all still at night, each sound freaking me out (good thing Blair Witch Project hadn't come out back then). Only to then have Dad tell me one year the state record bear was killed by a bow hunter right on that road!
Anyway, I rarely get home, but explore out West on my own KLR. Your photos (right down to a classic WV flab belly) were stellar. Oh, and #$%@, you even know John M.?! I bought my first pair of Fire's from his shop. He's a legend amongst Mountaineer rock climbers (ok, at least us old guard).
Ride safe, and if you're up along the Mason-Dixon riding consider a trip to Fallingwater. I interned there, and the roads around that part of PA are great (as is the local pie).
You've got a roof in Logan if you're out this way,
"...country roads, take me home, to the place, I belooooong, West Virginia, mountain mama, take me, country road. Take me home, down country roads....
Tell it to Liska.
Countersteer it.
Joined: Sep 2007
Location: SE Ohio
Oddometer: 2,867
Don't know why I'm lost all the time...
Everyone is always telling me where to go.
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2014 Missouri State Fair Daily Guide: Friday, August 15, 2014
Today (Aug. 15) is the second and final Friday of the 2014 Missouri State Fair. There is a small chance of rain through the weekend, but hopefully the weather will be great for all the events.
Today is Missouri Electric Coop Day at the Missouri State Fair


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I actually look forward to Passover food…really, I do. It's the one single holiday I actually feel lighter after. I totally embrace the opportunity to eat lots of light fresh food and as always try my hardest not to overdo it – my guests actually thank me for keeping things on the lighter side. Love these cool salads and starters; after tasting them your guests will love you!
Quick & Kosher Cooking
4 Passover Salad Recipes
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3 Purim Seudah Menus with a Global Taste
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Dressing up in costume, eating triangular shaped cookies called hamantaschen, and delivering gift baskets to our friends are all significant parts of the Purim holiday. And although there is no religious significance, a lot of us tend to go all out and match everything—our entire family's costumes, our gift baskets, and our menu—to a theme.
I'm guilty! Last year, I went Mediterranean-inspired and my whole family dressed the part and delivered the chummos and pita-chip packages you see on Perfect Ideas for Mishloach Manot. Since we love themes so, I've got three themed menus for you—Asian, Spanish, and Italian menus for every course, from starters to dessert. Pick one or mix and match. If you're really adventurous, make the entire menu and serve the recipes in small tasting party dishes, allowing your guests to straddle the globe as they walk from one side of your dining room to the other.
Whether you're sporting a sombrero or a kimono this Purim, you're sure to savor something out-of-this-world.
The Salad Course – 4 New Recipes *Giveaway*
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I'm big into salads. Super salads. Some people go crazy with dessert buffets, but I let out all my creativity in creating my signature salad course. And why not? Salad is always the first thing to go, and guests don't feel guilty eating it (but they hate you when you make them taste all the desserts!).
Anything can be called a salad nowadays, and it doesn't have to start with lettuce. This Purim, I'm including these four new favorites on my table. You'll love 'em and no one can accuse you of the same 'ol salad tricks.
You don't usually serve potato salad because it looks like mush, right? I agree, but here's the solution! Potato salad goes upscale with this very elegant version. Fingerlings are small, funny-shaped potatoes, but still manage to look exquisite. They're tasty and the skin is as soft and
delicious as the tender flesh.
5 Double Duty Party Hits
Even if there are no appetizers left over (there probably won't be!), make these dishes again and enjoy them for a weekday meal.
I love dishes that do double duty—served as either a weekday meal, or dressed up as an appetizer with just a little tweak. It's easy as pie to get
these recipes to work for you in lots of ways…now I just need to figure out how to eat pie as an entrée. We'll leave that for another time. For now, enjoy these party hits even when the party's over.
The Best Miniature Foods
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They became trendy a few years back but I just can't get over them. Pulled short ribs, quite like the cupcake, have stolen my heart. I especially like them slathered in BBQ sauce and piled high on a bun topped with avocado slices or crunchy cabbage salad or crispy fried onions. As you can see I am quite discriminating. These mini sliders make me feel better about myself… cause mini foods are perfectly portioned and as my Grandma "Ma" a"h always said… "everything in moderation." She was one smart, special, skinny lady. Although her tastes were more homemade kishka for shabbos and less sliders for the superbowl. I think she'd be proud that I am turning out food not just eating it. And come game day I usually care slightly more about the spread than the score BUT now I can save some cals cause the game is on in the middle of the night in Israel. Guess I'll have the sliders for breakfast while I read about the highlights.
Get the recipe for Short Rib Sliders.
Hearty "Meat" Hummus
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So there are some things that I have never before seen in my life that are just so commonplace here. "Meat" Hummus is one of those things. Made with ground turkey, chicken or beef my cousin Bracha served it and we all loved it. Then my sister-in-law Devorah got the recipe from Bracha and she served it and we all loved it again. Then we were at our friends' Mordechai and Sara's for Shalosh Seudos and they spoke about it and we reminisced once more about our love for this new interesting little dish.
I've said it before and I'll say it again (and probably again) that everything is better with hummus. And hummus is great on it's own — just had a few spoonfulls while standing and staring into the fridge trying to decide what to make for lunch. You can make your own hummus with this easy Roasted Garlic Hummus, this easier classic Hummus, and this fancy-schmancy Tri Colored Hummus.
Get Your Chocolate Fix
My brother-in-law was ordered by the doc to cut out both white sugar and white flour from his diet. My sister-in-law, who just had a baby was all too happy to jump on the bandwagon. It's so hard to watch what you eat on your own, to feel like you're the only on in your house committed to healthy living while your better half is eating potato chips in bed (of course I am not at all speaking from experience so don't read into this). But when both you and your spouse are on the same page and under doctors orders no less it makes it all that much easier.
So we go to their house one night for din din and she serves popcorn for dessert. I was like WHAAAAT? I'm sorry I hear the no sugar thing but you are not serving me something salty for dessert. I have a sweet tooth that must be satisfied. Now if you invite me over to your house don't worry I won't be so bold and so rude but this is my sis in law – we are super close and I was nice about it and just said – "come on Devorah, talk to me, can this salty snack really satisfy your sweet tooth"? It's nosh, it's snack, no doubt, and I love popcorn but on that day, like so many others (unfortunately) I needed chocolate. (When I am being careful about my diet I always use this Soy Cinnamon Hot Cocoa as an after dinner trick.) So she pulls out the food processor and starts to make me/us (really me) Agave Chocolate Shots. She came up with this to help her and Hubby's bro when popcorn just won't cut it. She had no measurements of course (why would my fabulous sisters' in law have any complete recipes for me?) so when I tasted it, and I loved it, and dipped my popcorn in it, and told her I would steal it for my site she was so thankful because that would mean I would have to re-test it and come up with exact measurements for all of us. Each time she made it, it came out different and now I was here to save the day. See so it wasn't all bad – she scratched my back and I scratched hers.
One Skillet Dinners
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Cozy, No-Fuss Family Meals… In One Pan!
To me, there's nothing worse than having to wash every pot and pan you own after preparing a terrific meal. Give me a good one pan recipe, and I'm your BFF! These five savory recipes were designed to serve four hearty portions using only your average kitchen staple—a 12-inch skillet. Now here's my little secret: I am the proud, doting owner of an extra-large 13½- x 3-inch (6-quart) sauté pan. This oversized darlin' allows me to double these recipes so I can serve family and guests in half the time. One great pan = one great meal. Who needs the extra clean-up?
The Search For Chinese Food In Israel
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I have favorites just like everyone else — when it comes to food its avocados, caviar, cheese and dark chocolate. When it comes to cooking I love roasting veggies, braising a brisket and frying just about anything. 5 building block ingredients I can't live without are (Kosher) salt, (fresh cracked) black pepper, (good-quality) extra virgin olive oil and lots of onions and garlic. Israeli fast food speaks to my soul. I think everything is better with chummus, and amba, and wrapped in a laffa. And all-in-all I have enjoyed great culinary satisfaction (my oven notwithstanding) in this country these past few months.
Zucchini Latkes with Tzatziki
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My recent obsession with zucchini knows NO bounds. I make the Zucchini Spaghetti from the summer issue of the magazine almost weekly. And for lunch, when I am in a rush (which I always am) I just julienne some Zucchini, quickly sauté it and top it with a little marinara and grated Parm. It's not unheard of that both my lunch and dinner, on any given day, feature this member of the squash family that looks like a cucumber's cousin.
The infatuation all started with my commitment to eat right (zucchini is a "free" veg on most healthy eating plans) and my handheld julienne peeler. I cried when we had to part ways for 6 weeks when I moved to Israel, Hubby put it on the lift, I wanted to bring it in my makeup case.
My (Not So) Tiny Gift of Life – Chanukah...
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The best Chanukah Gift I ever received weighed exactly 9 pounds, 7 ounces, and was 22 inches long. That was three years ago, when my son was born on the fifth night. We named him Avraham Yitzchak after both of my grandfathers, two strong, warm human beings—and both exceptional chefs! AY's Chanukah/ first haircut/ Birthday Party will include festive delights that are kid-friendly, yet so elegant even my gourmet grandfathers would be impressed!
Join our family celebration with this Chanukah menu:
Savory & Fried – 4 Hanukkah Recipes ...
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It's that time of year when deep frying is practically a mitzvah! So even if you usually avoid deep-fried foods, I say go with the flow and embrace the customs of the holiday. You've got eight guilt-free nights to savor these sizzling delights—it would almost be a sin not to.
My Favorite Stuffing Recipes
So I never heard of stuffing being called dressing until I met my mom-in law. Granted I never cooked till then either. Mom-in-law differentiates the two by explaining that stuffing is cooked in the bird and dressing on the side. Further research (read google) shows that Joy of Cooking (with whom Joy of Kosher is NOT affiliated) confirms her definition but The Food Lover's Companion, one of America's best-selling culinary reference books, uses the terms interchangeably. So being the peacemaker that I am, I like to satisfy both opinions by cooking my stuffing/dressing in the bird and extra dressing/stuffing in a casserole dish, on the side. Truth be told I do this more so I can load it up with tons of mushrooms, which Hubby and the kiddies don't like. Well at least we can all agree that we love the Thanksgiving meal, mushrooms notwithstanding.
You know it so happens that I am both genetically predisposed to my affinity for Turkey day and married into it. On the DNA side, my immigrant mother loves Thanksgiving so much that when she was due with my sister within days of the big Thursday she insisted my grandparents make her the entire meal, earlier in the month, just in case. Well who were they to argue with a lady in her 3rd trimester. So they dutifully prepared the full on Thanksgiving spread for her. My dear sister didn't show up until the end of December (someone, somewhere calculated wrong… momma vehemently denies planning this) so in 1980 my mom had the special zchus of enjoying 2 Thanksgiving meals. My immigrant grandparents really made the best Thanksgiving food I have ever had in my life. And you know I have eaten my way around this world. They completely embraced American culture and customs and had the added benefit of being born intuitively knowing how to cook. I so desperately miss their food, their table, their gravy!!!! And they ALWAYS had mushrooms in their stuffing.
Turkey Day in the Holy Land *Giveaway*
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My friend Rachel, a new oleh from Jersey, having made aliyah just weeks before us, emailed me with an idea. She's one of those types, so many great ideas, so little time. Anyhoo Rachey emails me and writes, and I quote: "I have a project idea for you that I think would work NEXT year, but would be a great PR opportunity, which is "A Jamie Geller Thanksgiving" in Israel, for Americans living here. Think about it. Lots of Americans make Thanksgiving dinner just for fun."
And I wonder why after all this time people don't get that I want OUT of the kitchen. I politely email Rachel back – as politely as one can type "there is no way in this world or any other that I want to turn myself into a caterer."
My Soy Cinnamon Hot Cocoa Trick
I have been stressed (did you read about my oven?). And unfortunately I don't have the gift of losing my appetite under such situations. I just want to eat. First savory then sweet, then savory again then back to sweet, you know the game I'm sure. Between the holidays, the move and all the changes I have definitely gained a few unwanted pounds, in more than a few unwanted places. I am really bummed about it but am trying to focus on bringing my life back under control this month including my eating.
A little trick I use is this hot cocoa. When I want something sweet and need to tell my body "we are done eating" and it's time to "stop and step away from the refrigerator" – I have always found this filling hot drink is my friend.


text:
Piano Music Reading Free
By Harmony & Melody Studio Inc
Open iTunes to buy and download apps.
*Top 1 Piano Reading Game
*Top Music Game
Learn to read piano music or sight reading and play piano with our fun and interactive game.
This game will help you improve on your piano playing and music reading skills.
Challenge yourself with the low and high notes on ledger lines. You can even compete with other fans to see who score the highest.
Listen to the music pitch while you try to identify the notes.
You will like this free game. Upgrade now to complete version of music reading game.
Piano music reading game is a virtual piano game that allows you to improve on your music reading skills. It lets you listen to MIDI files and recognize different pitches and notes. It features a new innovative way to identify intervals and thus helps with note recognition. It comes with three different levels; beginner, advanced, master. You can even record your scores.
If you need to master classical music, it is important to have good sight reading/read music techniques. Whether it is
a.Fur Elise (by Beethoven),
b.Canon in D maj (Johann Pachelbel),
c.Clair De Lune (Claude Debussy),
d.Moonlight Sonata,
e.Turkish March (By Mozart),
f.Fantaisie Impromptu (by Chopin), etudes,
or any other classical music. Please visit http://www.harmonyandmelodystudio.com for support and more piano courses and softwares.
Related Words:
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iPhone Screenshot
Customer Reviews
Simple and effective, if you want to learn
I cannot understand the bad reviews...
Of course the music notes are identified correctly!
Didn't the "reviewers" stop to think, just for a moment, that maybe he was wrong!
My guess is he did not pay attention to the clef symbol. Both G and F clefs are used here, in other words: the treble staff and the bass staff, as used for piano music(and for most other instruments).
As many of us did, I took piano lessons many years ago, then stopped. Now I want to return to piano, and I find the first requirement is to refresh my music reading skill (long forgotten).
If you are in a similar state, download the free version and give this a try, it does exactly as it claims. I am about to buy the full version, determined to put in some work.
If you want an easy game, don't bother, but if you want to learn a skill, reading music, this just might be right, gotta put in some effort to play the piano. Lessons are so often wasted on children because most don't want to put in effort for a future pleasure. Well, I'm not a child any longer, by a great many years, but not too old to learn. And, I hope to enjoy new accomplishments. Good luck to you too...
This is okay...
Hmm. I'm not loving it. It would be better if you could choose which clef you were studying. Also, it has the same order of notes every time. So when you lose - which is also a stupid feature - you go back and do the exact same thing! And it should talk you through the notes as well. I am probably going to delete this, nice idea for an app, though.
This app is very poor
This app is a complete waste of time, even being free. You will not learn to read music. You might memorize the sequence in which the notes appear on screen, but since they appear in exactly the same sequence every time that is all it will be: memorizing the order of appearance. Also, having to enter your name everytime the game times out is very annoying. Please do us all a favor and remove this app from the store, it is very weak.
Customers Also Bought
- Free
- Category: Games
- Released: Jun 10, 2009
- Version: lite 1.0
- Size: 1.2 MB
- Language: English
- Seller: Harmony & Melody Studio Inc
- © Harmony & Melody Studio Inc.
Compatibility: Requires iOS 2.0 or later. Compatible with iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch.


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Gallery: Anti Smog Architecture: A Catalyst for Cleaner Air in Paris
Architect Vincent Callebaut's latest project balances public galleries, meeting rooms and gathering spaces over canals and abandoned railroad tracks in the 19th Parisian district. The prototype uses green technologies and techniques but is more than just an example of sustainable design. Callebaut's 'Anti Smog: An Innovation Centre in Sustainable Development' is a catalyst for cleaner air.
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11 Comments
August 26, 2008 at 12:52 pm
Sustainable architecture is indeed a very important topic. Check out The Angle (http://blog.aia.org/angle/), where former president of the American Institute of Architects (AIA) in Denver, Kin DuBois, will be blogging live from the Democratic National Convention. Kin will be relaying via the blog any developments on environmental standards and building, clean technology, and greenhouse gas emissions.
March 31, 2008 at 3:08 pm
[…] footprint. In order to do this, the structure takes advantage of a wealth of cutting-edge sustainable technologies. Climate is controlled by excellent insulation and building materials (20% of which are recycled) […]
March 16, 2008 at 11:10 am
[…] some engaging photos. This building is designed to be an anti-smog, cleansing addition to the Paris urban landscape. The article does not mention cost and I hope they have solid financial backing, but the […]
February 5, 2008 at 1:35 pm
Do you think about ordinary and extraordinary maintenance?
January 29, 2008 at 8:32 pm
Such an awesome design, I wish Australian architects were this innovative and environmental aware…
January 29, 2008 at 3:40 pm
Funny, at first glance I thought it was a huge sneaker… interesting design.
January 29, 2008 at 12:13 am
well….start biulding!! that way i can visit as soon as its complete! This thing should be great!
January 28, 2008 at 7:38 pm
I love the look of it, I cant wait to see more of theses buildings spring up.
January 28, 2008 at 2:48 pm
Amazing placesss
January 28, 2008 at 2:04 pm
Wow! What a amazing Jetson's build!
January 28, 2008 at 1:10 pm
Callebaut's portfolio is simply amazing! I just wish we in the US could get more than just the aids memorial he did in San Fransisco. Not that its not also amazing, but I want the perfume jungle Hong Kong has from him…here in Iowa, hehe.


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Child Endangerment
Baby dies after being hit by coffee mug during parents' fight; dad charged with murder
Charges dropped against Rockville parents who kept autistic twins locked in basement at night
Mother pleads guilty after 2-year-old son kills sister with .357 revolver
Texas woman breaks windshield to save baby from hot car
Rockville couple charged with locking up twin sons with autism in dungeon-like basement
Police have arrested a Rockville couple for allegedly keeping their 22-year-old twin sons, who have autism, in a dungeon-like enclosure in the basement of their home.
Woodbridge mother arrested for leaving while 3-year-old plays outside alone
The child was found after midnight walking alone in the neighborhood.
Joshua Beruete charged with DUI, felony child endangerment
A Springfield man was arrested Wednesday after allegedly driving under the influence of drugs with his two kids in the car.
Anila Qayyum, Rabia Qayyum arrested on child endangerment chargesComment
Police say they found 21 children, aged 3 months to 4-years-old, in a home in Woodbridge. Seven of the children were strapped to car seats throughout the house, including in the bathroom and in closet, police say.
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My research interests are in glaciology and paleoclimatology, and the role of the cryosphere in the Earth System. Research topics include: the reconstruction of past climate from ice-cores; understanding and measuring polar ice sheet mass balance and ice dynamics; exploring the interaction between the coupled cryosphere-atmosphere-ocean systems; and investigating biogeochemical processes in polar environments.
Ph.D. Pennsylvania State University, 2003, Geosciences
A.B. Cornell University, 1995, Geological Sciences
Outstanding post-doc candidates interested in glaciology or paleoclimate research at WHOI are encouraged to apply to the WHOI Postdoctoral Scholar program. Application deadline is Jan 5, 2015.
Check out the Greenland Blog about our recent April 2014 Greenland expedition by our project partner, Milton Academy science teacher Matthew Bingham.
Read the report
Hear from scientists
Check out Science On Ice, Chris Linder's wonderful new photo-essay book following 4 polar expeditions (including our team in Chapter 4.)
To Dr. Alison Criscitiello for successfully defending her Ph.D. in December 2013.
To Laura Stevens for receiving a 2012 NSF Graduate Research Fellowship!
To Dr. Maya Bhatia for successfully defending her Ph.D. in December 2011!
To Maya Bhatia for receiving a 2010 AGU Fall Meeting outstanding student paper award and for receiving a 2010 Horton Research Grant from the AGU Hydrology Section!
To Alison Criscitiello for receiving a 2010 DOE Graduate Fellowship!


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One fellow I know, who lost a sizable portion of his nest egg and lives off his investments, was a paragon of cheer and lightness.
While Bacall seems like a paragon of cool confidence in the final product, she was a nervous wreck on set.
Comey has legions of supporters who see him as a paragon of virtue.
1540s, from Middle French paragon "a model, pattern of excellence" (15c., Modern French parangon), from Italian paragone, originally "touchstone to test gold" (early 14c.), from paragonare "to test on a touchstone, compare," from Greek parakonan "to sharpen, whet," from para- "on the side" (see para- (1)) + akone "whetstone," from PIE root *ak- "sharp, pointed" (see acrid).
Mark Sherman. IEEE Software (Nov 1991).


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What is at will employment law?
Patent Office Litigation Update: IPR Discovery and Evidentiary PTAB Decisions
[Legal Perspective] When Is It NOT Okay to Delete Your Social Media Account?
N.Y. Anti-Terror Law Diminishes Pursuit of Terrorism: Lawyer
Newtown Shootings Could Give Rise to More Litigation, Says Pinsky
Rajaratnam Judge: Wiretaps in Insider Trading Cases are "Radical"
On April 30, 2015, the International Trade Commission issued the public version of its opinion reviewing ALJ Thomas B. Pender's Initial Determination in Investigation No. 337-TA-883, finding the Respondents in default due to...more
As social media has become ubiquitous, courts are wrestling with more discovery disputes involving social media accounts.
In a recent case, Crowe v. Marquette Transportation Co. Gulf-Inland, LLC, the plaintiff...more
Advantor Systems Corp. v. DRS Technical Services, Inc., 2015 WL 403308 (M.D. Fl. Jan. 28, 2015).
In this non-disclosure case, the plaintiff sought sanctions after the defendant reformatted an employee laptop, allegedly...more
What ethical obligations does a Florida attorney have when advising a client to remove material from social media sites before litigation? Until recently, it was an open question; however, on Jan. 23, 2015, The Florida Bar's...more
January 27 at the Marchuk v. Faruqi sexual harassment trial: Judge Alvin Hellerstein has denied Alexandra Marchuk's request for an adverse inference instruction based on Faruqi's destruction of the alleged blood-stained...more
PARENTAL ADVISORY: This is testimony in a sexual harassment case, so it's necessarily NSFW (Not Suitable For Work. Unless you're an employment lawyer or HR professional, in which case it's AIADW (All In A Day's Work).)...more
This one should be pretty obvious, but for the record, it's never a good idea to destroy potential evidence.
For better or worse, however, it looks like the possible destruction of evidence will now be the focal point...more
What happens when your dream vacation turns into a nightmare? That's easy; it's America, so obviously you sue everyone who may be responsible. Sometimes, if you're lucky, the opposing side may not comply with e-discovery...more
An Indiana gambler lost another hand in the latest ruling by the Tax Court on his continuing discovery disputes with the Indiana Department of Revenue. On September 18th the Court denied Nick Popovich's motion for default...more
Automated Solutions Corp. v. Paragon Data Sys., Inc., 2014 WL 2869286 (6th Cir. June 25, 2014).
In this copyright infringement case, the plaintiff appealed a lower court's ruling that denied the spoliation sanctions...more
On July 3, 2014, the Texas Supreme Court issued an opinion intended to clarify the circumstances in which a trial court may impose sanctions for spoliation, including specifically the submission of a spoliation instruction to...more
A recent Texas Supreme Court decision has important implications for the policies companies follow in Texas to avoid accusations that they have tampered with evidence or destroyed records improperly. The Supreme Court...more
The sanctions recently levied against Foot Locker serve as a potent reminder that understanding data and document preservation requirements is imperative. A New York federal judge issued sanctions against Foot Locker last...more
Acknowledging increasing difficulties associated with maintaining large volumes of electronic information in today's digital age, the Texas Supreme Court recently issued its opinion in Brookshire Bros. v. Aldridge. The...more
In Automated Solutions Corp. v. Paragon Data Systems, 2014 U.S. App. LEXIS 11918 (6th Cir. June 25, 2014), the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit provided a close examination of the standards required for...more
The court holds that, with rare exception, intent is required for spoliation instructions in Texas.
On July 3, the Texas Supreme Court issued its ruling in Brookshire Brothers, Ltd. v. Aldridge, holding, with a narrow...more
After years of awaiting clarity from the Supreme Court of Texas regarding spoliation under Texas law, the Supreme Court issued a significant decision that will shift how Texas state courts handle civil jury instructions...more
The proposed revision of Rule 37(e), which recently cleared another hurdle in the rulemaking process, could dramatically limit the exposure companies face from spoliation claims. It may also go too far....more
PersonalWeb Technologies, LLC ("PersonalWeb") filed a patent infringement action against Google for infringement of its "Truenames" patents. Google filed a motion for sanctions based on a contention that PersonalWeb...more
Digital-Vending Services International, LLC ("Digital-Vending") filed a patent infringement action against The University of Phoenix, Inc. and Apollo Group, Inc. ("Defendants"). During the course of the litigation, the...more
Following a broadening trend, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California recently held that a party is subject to sanctions – including an adverse inference instruction at trial – for negligently failing...more
Google has come under scrutiny in the last few years over collecting information from users' email accounts to provide targeted advertising for its paid clients. ...more
In This Issue:
- The Duty to Preserve
..What triggers the duty to preserve?
..Who has a duty to preserve?
..What is the scope of the duty to preserve?
- Litigation Hold Notices
- Potential...more
Taylor v. City of New York, 2013 WL 4744806 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 4, 2013). In this criminal law case, the plaintiff moved for sanctions for spoliation of video footage of a fight between prison inmates. ...more
Clay v. Consol Pennsylvania Coal Co. LLC, 2013 WL 4854746 (N.D.W. Va. Sept. 11, 2013). In this racial discrimination case, the plaintiff moved for spoliation sanctions after the defendants failed to provide plaintiff with...more
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Video gaming for teens and tweens! Bring a friend to challenge on our big screen. We will have video games here, but feel free to bring your own Wii games (rated E or T only please). For more info, call (415) 355-5660.
Look below to find more dates of Teen gaming sessions and other Teen events happening all over San Francisco.
Upcoming Events
- Video Gaming
- Saturday, July 11, 2015Ocean View, Ocean View Meeting Room
- Video Gaming
- Saturday, July 18, 2015Ocean View, Ocean View Meeting Room
- Ortega Chess Club
- Saturday, July 25, 2015Ortega, Ortega Meeting Room
*Funded by Friends of the San Francisco Public Library.


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Book Search
1-2 of 2 results for Author: cm hann (sorted by Publication Date, showing all)
Ideals, ideologies and practices in Eurasia
Social scientists did not predict the collapse of the socialist system in 1989-91 and their attempts to explain postsocialism have not been comprehensive. Economic disintegration and political instability have been documented, but the deeper causes have often gone unnoticed. Consequently the...
Published December 6th 2001 by Routledge
Market Economy and Civil Society in Hungary
First Published in 1990. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company....
Published October 1st 1990 by Routledge


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Type: Posts; User: Terps1
Looking for 2007 bowtech guardian limbs in 50-60 lbs.
Text 301.788.5968 to reach me quick.
in, thanks!
So i have been doing some analysis:
Spot hogg hogg father: 10.7 oz, not sure of dovetail length, 2" pin guard, alot of adjustability; wheel lock is manually operated.
Pure 75: 8oz, 6inch...
I strongly disagree with the comment about limiting ones ability to lead an active lifestyle. Please research Dr. Dom D'agostino out of USF. He practices full keto diet and is exceptionally strong...
Please research periodization protocols and supercompensation. Every one hits a wall. There is no trick to breaking them. Taper down using the same principles you are training with except with a...
This is a tough decision haha
See photo of pin housing it was a residue on from the package. I just wiped it off
I think I'm leaning towards the hogg father and pure now that I've heard that option. The dial and construct ability for the hogg father is hard to beat.
ttt. anymore opinions?
Hope I can win!
ttt. PMs returned.
I have the hunter hogg it and never had an issue. I will also be using a clear shot archery peep so that should help with low light conditions.
Ok, need some help on a new sight.
Stuck mainly between:
1.) Hogg Father
Pros: great machine work and functionality, durable; Cons: pin brightness, range dial is near head of sight
Photos below
Wanting to try something new.
Selling an Axcel Amortech HD with Dovetail and quiver bracket.
.019 pins
Great Condition! Pics in next post
$170 tyd
Want to buy a RH hogg father .010 pin up, green is preferred,
Please PM or text me details 3017885968
bow back up for sale. 275 tyd.
No, but i believe i still have one. let me check
Looking for mods for 28-29 inches for large cam for 2010 Maitland VTR
Please call/text 3017885968
PM returned!
Looking for:
2013 Hoyt Carbon Matrix: 60 lbs w/ #1 cam. I need a 26.5 inch draw length
2013 Hoyt Carbon Element: 60 lbs w/ #2 cam
Thanks. PM for phone number.


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It started in 1961, the first year of the Kennedy administration.
JFK and his brother Bobby had this brilliant idea of how to help the Civil Rights movement — but it would take some time.
Their master plan: For America not only to elect its first black president — but a man who was both African-American and foreign born.
The plan would take years — JFK and Bobby figured maybe as many as 45 to 50 years. As Bobby said to Jack at the time, "What are the chances we're going to be alive 50 years from now anyway."
The Kennedy brothers would choose a newborn child and educate him in their liberal ways from the get-go.
But what child?
They thought for hours on end.
Then JFK remembered a white woman who was a favorite of Frank Sinatra's Rat Pack —- especially of Sammy Davis Jr.
She was from somewhere in the Midwest.
So JFK got in touch with Ol' Blue Eyes and Sinatra got the Mafia to track her down.
The young woman was living in Kenya with her black husband. She had recently given birth to a child — a baby boy.
Perfect, JFK and Bobby thought.
They had to keep the plot a secret. They knew they couldn't move the couple to D.C. Sure, JFK had the press eating out of his hand, but he wasn't going to take any chances.
The Kennedys eventually settled on moving the couple to Hawaii. They knew the couple could keep the top secret because who woas going to believe them if they told the truth?
The Chosen One's education was secretle funded by the Kennedys over the years. The mantle was picked up by brother Teddy after his brothers were assassinated.
Because Teddy was also a surrogate dad to JFK's kids, the surrogate love child was sent to live — off and on — in foreign countries, where he got a taste of what it was like to be influenced by anti-Americanism.
But he also learned how to cleverly disguise his real disdain for what America is capable of.
The apt pupil eventually excelled at Harvard —– also known to the elite as Kennedy University.
He was a quick study among the homegrown terrorists who wanted America to explode in the 1960s —- retribution for the assassinations of the Kennedys and Dr. King.
Through them, the Chosen One learned vengeance —- but to keep it penned up until the time was necessary.
Later he would be introduced to the Rev. Wright, whose religion is not the Good Book, but audacity.
Becoming a community organizerwas a way for the Chosen One to learn how to deal with the fringe elements of society who want to destroy white people.
He would enter politics but lose a congressional race. He would quickly learn from his mistakes.
The Chose One was again mentored by his Uncle Teddy, who had the power to get him the plum job of keynote speaker at the 2004 Democratic Convention.
It was a piece of cake for the Chosen One, who easily overshadowed the Democratic lamb to the slaughter, the other senator from Massachusetts, John Kerry.
There was no stopping the Chosen One now. Winning the Senate seat in Illinois in 2004 was a snap —- especially since the dead still vote like they did in 1960 to put JFK in the White House.
The next prize was the presidency. The Chosen one had the audacity, the charisma, the super hero image as a change agent.
After securing the nomination, the Chosen One needed a treasure trove of a trifecta to secure his path to the presidency.
Three things needed to happen:
1. George W. Bush had to have screwed up so bad — have the worst presidency on record since Herbert Hoover.
2. The GOP had to nominate the oldest candidate who admitted he didn't know much about the economy and, as luck would have it, hope that Wall Street would go into freefall.
3. The GOP presidential candidate had to pick as a running mate the dimmest bulb on the Christmas tree —- someone who would make Dan Quayle look like Socrates.
Mission accomplished!
The Chosen One was chosen.
The ultimate vindication for the turbulent 1960s in America that claimed the Kennedy brothers.
Now Teddy, the last man barely standing, needs one last favor from the Chosen One to complete the legacy: Pass a health care bill.
Just when you thought nothing could stop the Chosen One — this may be his downfall.
Frightened people are rising up at town hall meetings everywhere protesting the Chosen One's health care plan.
Sarah Palin says the Chosen One's health care plan is "downright evil."
More fear, please.
Hell with that, let's get out there and bust some heads!
Extremism in the defense of a health care bill that wants to kill Granny is no vice.
Certainly no one born in the U.S.A. would unleash such a rabid plan on unsuspecting Americans.
Well, unsuspecting no more.
Birthers demand to see the Chosen One's birth certificate.
Where is it?
Bin Laden has it.
That was the secret deal the Chosen One made with the devil in case the Kennedy plan went belly up.
Find Bin Laden and you'll find the Chosen One's birth certificate.
To quote Leslie Nielsen in "Airplane!": "Good luck, we're all counting on you."


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SanDisk Ultra Plus 256GB SSD Review
SanDisk's Ultra Plus 256GB is a different type of SSD. It uses a new Marvell Van Gogh controller and advanced 19nm NAND which combine to make an extremely advanced design with a price of under $215. But it needs to overcome some serious competition in order to make any headway in this cut throat market.
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Books & Music
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Archive by Date | Archive by Article Title
The Education and Housing Dichotomy of Black Life
Continuing series of articles focusing on: Education, Housing, Employment, Health, Church and Politics. Black life in America has bought with it many struggles. For many, it has been a series of choices--good and bad. Sometimes, with devastating consequences.
Feeding Your Spirit
We all have things we long for. We want the best and we strive for the best most times. Yet, we often fall short and give up. Have you ever thought that what is missing is God?
The Dichotomy of Black Life
You are invited to share in this series of articles focusing on: Education, Housing, Employment, Health, Church and Politics. Black life in America has bought with it many struggles. For many, it has been a series of choices--good and bad. Sometimes, with devastating consequences.
Feeding Your Spirit
Happy Father's Day! God wants to restore fatherhood. He wants men to step up to the plate and become the man He has ordained them to be. God has a plan. And, we should never take lightly the impact a father has on a child's life.
Reaching The Next Generation
Are we raising leaders or followers? Are we raising trailblazers and world changers? Or, are we raising a generation that will destroy themselves before they reach the age of thirty? There is a need to be fed with truth, encouragement and hope. Are you willing to make the difference?
Getting to Know God
Many have asked how do you get to know God. I find that, Knowing God--getting to know God--is in our daily tasks of following Him. It is in the very things that we do on a daily basis.
Wise and Powerful Choices
We shouldnt vote for someone because he is Black or because, someone is White. Voting is taking responsibility for what you want to see changed in your life. Your voice is important. And, what you do with it, affects the next four to eight years. We can make wise and powerful choices.
Feeding Your Spirit
We have so many responsibilities in our lives. We are so busy taken care of everyone and everything, that we have neglected a crucial part in our lives: our spirit. God desires our time, and wants to give us what we need to make it through our daily lives.
Black Life and Responsibility
We have read all the statistics concerning poverty in the Black community. As well as, the marriage statistics, the number of black children in foster care. You do not need anyone to tell you that times are hard. Who is responsible for all that is going on? What can be done?
TV One, African American Television
TV One is an authentic representation of the beauty of African American culture.
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Product Development Scientists in the United States take home approximately $69K per year on average. Total cash compensation for Product Development Scientists runs from $43K to $102K depending on bonuses that can occasionally exceed $10K and profit sharing that can reach almost $14K. Location and career duration each impact pay for this group, with the former having the largest influence. Women are just slightly outnumbered, with male Product Development Scientists making up 54 percent of survey respondents. Most Product Development Scientists report high levels of job satisfaction. Medical benefits are awarded to almost all, and a large number earn dental coverage. The figures in this overview were provided by individuals who took PayScale's salary questionnaire.
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Product development scientists work across a variety of fields, and their tasks vary by industry. Many product development scientists work in the food industry; in that industry, some of the scientist's tasks include ensuring their organization meets government regulations and standards pertaining to sanitation, safety, waste management, and quality standards. Developing new food items for production based on consumer feedback is another common task, as is quality control analysis.Read More...
In general, a product development scientist works during regular business hours, although overtime may be required depending on the company. Product development scientists must have the ability to communicate well with others both verbally and in written form. They must also have excellent decision-making and problem solving skills, as well as excellent data-analysis skills and the ability to articulate findings to laypersons, industry experts, and a variety of professionals in their organizations.
Product development scientists generally need at least a bachelor's of science degree in a relevant field, such as chemistry, biochemistry, or pharmaceutics. Some employers may also prefer industry-specific experience or previous experience in a similar role.
Survey results suggest that Product Development Scientists put a wide range of professional skills to use. Most notably, skills in Project Management, Product Development, Data Analysis, and Molecular Biology are correlated to pay that is above average. Those listing Biotechnology as a skill should be prepared for drastically lower pay. Research Analysis and Molecular Biology also typically command lower compensation. Those proficient in Data Analysis are, more often than not, also skilled in Project Management.
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
Experience is an important factor influencing the compensation of Product Development Scientists. Relatively untried employees who have less than five years' experience have a median salary of $63K. Those who have been around for five to 10 years can expect to take home more — $73K on average. People with 10 to 20 years of experience make an average of about $88K in this role. Individuals who have achieved more than 20 years of experience don't seem to earn much more than people who have 10 to 20 years under their belts; the more senior group reports an average income of $97K.
|Highly satisfied
Rated 4 out of 5
based on 92 votes.
46 %
54 %
|Medical: 92%
|Dental: 84%
|Vision: 70%
|None: 7%


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Learn more about Comfort Dreams Select-A-Firmness Premium 4-pound Density Classic Queen-size Memory Foam Pillow:
Manufacturer: Comfort Dreams
Mfg Part#: 36700437 - 7126797
Sku: 232536554
Package Weight: 4 lbs
See more in Pillows
|Get the all relaxation and comfort memory foam provides with this luxurious pillow. Constructed from NASA-developed memory foam, this state-of-the-art pillow provides the ultimate in comfort and support. Memory Foam Do's and Don'ts: Due to the nature of Memory Foam the firmness level of every item is unique. Please be advised that even similar products may produce different firmness results


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Health & wellness
Over-exercising on the rise
Health experts say the obsessive disorder in causing serious injury
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Nasr N Salaita
Bluefield, WV
Basic information on Nasr N Salaita, Bluefield WV. Find Nasr N Salaita's age, gender, possible aliases, associates and professional status.
Also Known As
Nasr N Salaita
Nasr N Salaita is in his 70's
Nasr Has Lived In
Bluefield, WV
Nasr's Relatives
Nasr N Salaita
Zodiac SignSagittarius
StatusProfessor, Physics at Bluefield State College
StatusProfessor, Physics at Bluefield State College
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Known Cities Lived In
Find out where Nasr N Salaita has lived as well as Nasr N Salaita's phone numbers and email addresses.
Nasr N Salaita Has Lived in 3 States
West Virginia Address for Nasr N Salaita
219 Rxxx Sx
Bluefield WV
Bluefield WV
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Bluefield, WV
Bluefield, VA (5 Addresses)
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(276) ***-**** - Ararat, VA
(304) ***-**** - Bluefield, WV
(540) ***-**** - Amissville, VA
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Information regarding Nasr N Salaita's professional history. Find out previous places Nasr N Salaita has worked as well as dates employed. The following data is not guaranteed for accuracy and should not be used for employment, insurance, credit eligibility, or for any other purpose covered under the Fair Credit Reporting Act.
Nasr N Salaita Has Worked at 1 Place
Company: Bluefield State College
Title: Professor, Physics
Nasr N Salaita's Experience
Title: Professor, Physics
Company: Bluefield State College
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Company Size: Less than $1 mil - Employee Range: Less than 25
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