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A workflow system for distributing work items to actors so that the actors may perform an activity within a defined workflow process. A server interprets the workflow process and facilitates the scheduling and routing of work items in the system to an actor. Each work item has a set of work item contents data. Morphing logic determines which data is needed by an actor to which a work item has been scheduled and morphs a work item so that the actor receives only the data from the work item contents that the actor needs. Particular implementations are described for client actors and agent actors. A particular embodiment uses Java and distributed object along with application specific and system default HTML pages to display work item contents data to a participant.
1. A workflow system for distributing work items to actors so that the actors may perform an activity within a defined workflow process, the system comprising:
a server for interpreting the workflow process and facilitating the scheduling and routing of work items in the system to an actor, wherein each work item has a set of work item contents data; and
morphing logic to determine which data is needed by an actor to which a work item has been scheduled and to morph a work item so that the actor receives only the data from the work item contents that the actor needs,
wherein the actor is client logic that cooperates with a participant to perform an activity in the defined workflow process, and wherein the client logic includes logic to cooperate with a browser to cause the browser to display an HTML page associated with the activity performed by the client logic, and wherein the client logic includes logic to iterate over the HTML page to learn what data is needed by the HTML page.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. A method of distributing work items to actors in a workflow system so that the actors may perform an activity within a defined workflow process, comprising:
scheduling and routing a work item in the system to an actor, wherein each work item has a set of work item contents data; and
morphing the work item by determining which data is needed by an actor to which the work item has been scheduled and providing to the actor only the data from the work item contents that the actor needs, wherein the actor is a client and wherein the method further comprises causing a browser to display an HTML page associated with an activity that is to performed by the client and wherein the client iterates over the HTML page to learn what data is needed by the HTML page.
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
10. A set of computer processable instructions on a computer readable medium, including:
server instructions for interpreting a defined workflow process and facilitating the scheduling and routing of work items to an actor so that the actors may perform an activity within the defined workflow process, wherein each work item has a set of work item contents data; and
morphing instructions to determine which data is needed by an actor to which a work item has been scheduled and to morph a work item so that the actor receives only the data from the work item contents that the actor needs, wherein the server instructions and the morphing instructions are implemented in run-time interpretable instructions, and wherein the run-time interpretable instructions include instructions to operate in one of a browser environment or browser context.
11. A set of computer processable instructions on a computer readable medium, including:
server instructions for interpreting a defined workflow process and facilitating the scheduling and routing of work items to an actor so that the actors may perform an activity within the defined workflow process, wherein each work item has a set of work item contents data; and
morphing instructions to determine which data is needed by an actor to which a work item has been scheduled and to morph a work item so that the actor receives only the data from the work item contents that the actor needs, wherein the client instructions include instructions to cause a browser to display an HTML page associated with the activity performed by the client instructions and wherein the client instructions include instructions to iterate over the HTML page to learn what data is needed by the HTML page.
12. The set of computer processable instructions of
13. A set of computer processable instructions on a computer readable medium, including:
server instructions for interpreting a defined workflow process and facilitating the scheduling and routing of work items to an actor so that the actors may perform an activity within the defined workflow process, wherein each work item has a set of work item contents data; and
morphing instructions to determine which data is needed by an actor to which a work item has been scheduled and to morph a work item so that the actor receives only the data from the work item contents that the actor needs, wherein the work item is a Java object and wherein the work items contents data comprises a Java hash table of key value pairs.
14. The set of computer processable instructions of
15. A method of distributing work items to actors in a workflow system so that the actors may perform an activity within a defined workflow process, comprising:
scheduling and routing a work item in the system to an actor, utilizing CORBA, wherein each work item has a set of work item contents data;
morphing the work item by determining which data is needed by an actor to which the work item has been scheduled and providing to the actor only the data from the work item contents that the actor needs,
wherein the actor includes logic to query a server for a set of possible next actors that may be scheduled, wherein the actor includes logic to select from the set of next possible actors and to inform the server of the selection, and wherein the server includes logic to notify the selected actor that a work item has been scheduled to the selected actor, and
wherein the server constructs a work item ID that uniquely identifies a work item at a stage of completion for an activity within the process.
This application is related to the following applications, all of which arc filed on the same date as this application, all of which are assigned to the assignee of this application, and all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety:
Workflow Management System, Method, and Medium with Distributed Subflows (U.S. aplication. Ser. No. 09/070,635 Abandoned; and
Workflow Management System, Method, and Medium with Personal Subflows (U.S. aplication. Ser. No. 09/070.636 pending.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to computerized workflow management and, more particularly, to a workflow management system and method that morphs work items.
2. Discussion of Related Art
"Workflow" is the automation of a business process, in whole or part, during which documents, information, or tasks are passed from one "activity" to another according to a defined "business process." A "business process" is a defined set or sequence of procedures or activities that collectively realize a business objective or policy goal. An "activity" is a description of a piece of work that forms one logical step within a business process or workflow performed by an "actor." An activity may involve human resources (i.e., a "participant") to support the execution of the activity, or it may involve automatic execution via a software "agent." The "work item" represents the life cycle, or state, of a body of work as it passes through a workflow. A "workflow management system" provides procedural automation of a business process by managing the sequence of work activity and by invoking the appropriate human and/or computer resources associated with the various activity steps involved in the defined business process.
Over the years, many workflow management products have been introduced often particularly focusing on functional needs of a specific business processes. These systems are largely incompatible with other workflow systems, thus making it extremely difficult and costly for one workflow management system, for example, to interoperate with another workflow management system. This is undesirable because often the systems that cannot interoperate are considered related in a business sense.
To address the above, the Workflow Management Coalition (WfMC) was established with a stated purpose of developing specifications to facilitate interoperability between heterogeneous workflow products and to improve integration of workflow applications with other information technology (IT) services, such as electronic mail and document management. To this end, the WfMC developed and published a workflow reference model which, among other things, outlines a generic workflow model and various interfaces. See D
In conventional workflow management systems, a work item is a representation of a document or information being passed through a business process. Although the contents of that document may change along its transition from activity to activity, the "type" of the item remains unchanged. For example, if a word processing document is being routed through a workflow, each participant or agent receives a copy of the word processing document. In short, conventional systems are document- or form-centric.
For example, Lotus Notes, available from IBM, is a collaborative mail-based system in which specific documents arc passed through a proprietary interface and modified by an end-user and then passed to a next end-user. The same document is in use at all times. InConcert, available from InConcert, is an object-based system having a proprietary messaging protocol in which each action is associated with a single, specific display type. To transform information from one display to another requires manual intervention. Metro, available from Action Technologies, is a document and forms passing system in which the forms may be displayed in a browser.
The conventional systems require that each entity involved in a given workflow must understand and be able to process the data type that is being used by all other entities. This places restrictions on the types of entities that may be incorporated into a workflow. If another data type is needed a separate workflow must be initiated. This is not only inefficient but introduces its own inherent interoperability concerns.
Thus, it is an object of the invention to provide a workflow management system and method that overcomes the above disadvantages. It is another object of the invention to provide a workflow management system and method that morphs work items into a type or form needed by a given actor.
Preferred embodiments of the invention provide a workflow management system that improves interoperability by allowing activity applications, i.e., either an application to interact with a participant or an agent, to be developed without regard to the actual work item contents. The system detects the work item contents data that is needed by an activity and morphs a work item that has been routed to that activity into a form having only the data that is needed by the activity. The work item may be dynamically modified not only to change variable values in the work item contents but to include new components in the contents. Certain embodiments associate activity-dependent HTML pages with an activity so that the eventual display of a morphed work item may appear as completely different forms or documents from one activity to the next.
Under a preferred embodiment, a workflow system distributes work items to actors so that the actors may perform an activity within a defined workflow process. The system includes a server and morphing logic. The server interprets the workflow process and facilitates the scheduling and routing of work items in the system. Each work item has a set of work item contents data. The morphing logic determines which data is needed by an actor to which a work item has been scheduled and morphs a work item so that the actor receives only the data from the work item contents that the actor needs.
In the Drawing,
FIG. 1 is a system diagram of an exemplary embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a Unified Modeling Language (UML) description of an exemplary flow engine object with associated objects;
FIG. 3 is an architectural diagram illustrating the distribution of objects using an ORB;
FIG. 4 is a system diagram of an exemplary client;
FIG. 5A shows the architecture of an exemplary predefined HTML page used by exemplary embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 5B shows an exemplary HTML page structure that may be used in constructing exemplary HTML-based client applications to be used with exemplary embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 6 is a flow chart showing exemplary logic for initiating an actor and morphing a work item;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing exemplary logic, supplemental to the logic of FIG. 6, for initiating an HTML-based client application that morphs a work item; and
FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary platform on which an exemplary server, client, or agent may operate.
The present invention provides certain embodiments of a workflow management system and method that morphs work items. The morphing of work items provides several efficiencies and facilitates interoperability among workflow systems and associated applications. For example, what would conventionally be performed with disparate workflow systems may now be performed within a single system. Under preferred embodiments, an actor will receive a "morphed" work item having only the data that that actor requires to perform its corresponding activity. The actor may inject new work items into the workflow, modify the work item it receives, use the work item it receives without altering it, or dynamically change the structure of the work item by adding new components to it. Preferred embodiments use Java technology thus further improving interoperability and distribution.
FIG. 1 shows a workflow management system 100. The primary components are process definition tool 105, server 110 (having engines 115 a-b), agents 120 a-b, database 125, and client 130. Preferred embodiments further include administration interface 140, LDAP services 150, certificate services 155, and HTTP server 160.
The process definition tool 105 is used to create a process definition 107 that represents the desired business process in a computer-interpretable form. The definition tool 105, for example, may have a graphical user interface (GUI) that may be used to specify a business process by dragging and dropping various iconic representations of the various activities, the participants, agents, and interrelationships involved in a given process. The interrelationships may follow those specified in the WfMC model, such as OR-split, OR-join, AND-split, and AND-join. The process definition 107 may further include information identifying starting and completion conditions for the various activities. The definition tool 105 may also include capabilities to check for certain functional and semantic correctness or validity of the specified process definition 107. Once defined, the process definition 107 may be stored in the database 125 for later use when executing a workflow.
The server 110 effectively interprets the process definition 107 and cooperates with the clients 130 and agents 120 to schedule the sequence of the various process definition-specified activities. More specifically, the server 110 may include one or more engines 115, in which each engine individually or with a co-operating engine schedules the sequence of activities of a given process 107 with the cooperation of an agent 120 or client 130. Moreover, each engine 115 together with cooperating agents and clients makes scheduling decisions from considering (1) the definition 107, (2) status information from agents 120 and clients 130 (e.g., completion status of an activity), and (3) other external and/or internal events. Upon determining that an activity may be started, the engine 115 routes a given work item 117 to the appropriate actors, such as agents 120, clients 130, or possibly a workgroup (not shown) where an activity is performed. For certain types of activity interrelationships, the engine 115 may clone a work item 117 and route cloned work items to several actors.
Agent 120 is a software entity responsible for autonomously implementing a given activity. By "autonomous" it is meant that no human action is needed in performing this activity. The process definition 107 may identify or reference a given agent 120 a to indicate which software entity is responsible for performing a given activity within the process definition 107. Each agent 120 receives and sends work items 117.
Database 125 is used for persistent storage. This may be used to store process definitions 107 and various objects. Under a preferred embodiment, work items 117 are stored in the database 125 after each activity is performed, and read from the database 125 each time a work item 117 is sent to an actor. Work item identifications (IDs) are used to address the items and to distinguish work items that belong to different workflows or to distinguish work items in the same flow, but at different activity stages.
Clients 130 are software entities that operate in conjunction with an end-user or "participant" (i.e., a person) rather than autonomously like an agent. This interaction with an end-user may occur through a generalized or customized GUI or application (e.g., "task manager logic").
Administration interface 140 allows a supervisor, i.e., a person, to manage the system as required.
LDAP services 150 provide directory services. These services are used for maintaining a centralized database of network users, who may or may not be users of the workflow system.
Certificate services 155 provide certificates which may be used for authentication, digital signing and corresponding security transactions.
Under a preferred embodiment, the server 110, the engines 115 a-b, and certain aspects of the client 130 are implemented with the Java programming language (e.g., JDK 1.1). Likewise, though it is agent implementation-specific, the agents 120 may be implemented in Java. Using conventional Java programming techniques, a given workflow engine 115 a is associated with other objects, as shown in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) description of FIG. 2. (UML is a notation known in the art) Specifically, engine 215 is associated with zero or more work items 217; zero or more process definitions 207 (e.g., subprocesses); zero or more agents 220; and zero or more participants 235. It may be further associated with a work group (not shown) in which several actors arc grouped together for load balancing or other group-related functions. The flow engine 115 and server 110 interact with database 125, which is preferably implemented as an Object Database Management Group-compliant (ODMG-compliant database, available from Poet. The Poet database 125 is a multi-transaction and multi-threaded database that, among other things, provides Java bindings to facilitate persistence of the Java objects used in implementing the server 110 and engines 115. Java, being an interpretable language is processor independent. An exemplary platform on which it and thus the server, clients, and agents, may operate is shown in FIG. 8.
Under a preferred embodiment, work items 117 are implemented using Java, but extended to improve persistence via database 125. Preferred work item objects 117 include a Java hash table (discussed below) and may be extended, via subclassing, to have other properties and logic. These extensible objects may be used, for example, when objects are distributed to other servers.
A preferred embodiment of the server 110 distributes work item objects 117 between server 110 and clients 130, agents 120, and potentially other remote workflow servers (not shown in FIG. 1). This relationship is established using an object request broker (ORB) in accordance with the common object request broker architecture (CORBA). Under this relationship, as shown in FIG. 3, the server 110 contains the object implementation 310, and the client or the agents (collectively 315) have access mechanisms to that object implementation via the ORB 320. These access mechanisms are implemented with conventional techniques, for example, using the object management group's (OMG's) interface definition language (IDL). Though the object implementation is on the server 110, the object seems to reside locally both from the perspective of the actors and the server.
The preferred implementation instantiates only one process definition 107, which is used no matter how many workflows, defined by that process, are concurrently executing on server 110. The process definition 107 is effectively shared among the workflows and each flow is kept distinct through proper identification of the associated work items 117. This is in contrast to WfCM specifications which suggest a new "enactment" of a process definition for each workflow. The preferred arrangement, by sharing the definition 107, significantly reduces load on the server 110, thus allowing it to serve more workflows concurrently, and reduces storage requirements on database 125.
FIG. 4 illustrates a client 130 at a high level of abstraction. Client 130 includes a browser component 410 and a client core component 420. Under preferred embodiments, browser component 410 may be the Netscape browser 4.04. However, core component 420 is designed to run with any Java-compliant browser. The browser component 410 establishes or is caused to establish a context or environment in which the client core component 420 operates. For example, in the Netscape environment, conventional techniques (e.g., Live Connect) may be used to allow plug-ins, applets, and other components to communicate with one another via registered communication interests. Explorer has analogous features (e.g., Active X). The core component 420 would include task manager logic (not shown), for example, providing a GUI having an iconically-represented "in-box" of iconically-represented, to-be-completed work items.
During the processing of a given workflow, as various activities are performed, work items are routed to the appropriate actors. The logic for scheduling such work items is discussed below in context.
The novel logic for causing an actor to perform an activity using morphed work items is shown in the flow chart of FIG. 6. The logic starts in step 600 and proceeds to step 605.
In step 605, the server 110 sends a work item event message to the client of interest 130 or agent of interest 120 indicating that a work item object 117 has been scheduled for that activity. Clients 130 (specifically task manager logic) and agent 120 each include conventional event listening logic which is registered with the server 110 to listen for new work item events. In response to receiving a new work item event, the actor requests from the server 110 a refresh of the actor's in-box. The server obtains the "in-box" information from the database 125 and sends it to the actor. The in-box information includes the names of the work items assigned to the actor (each work item being named using conventional naming techniques such as OQL which uniquely identify the work item and its stage of completion within the flow) and may include other work item-related information such as corresponding priority information, URL references to HTML pages, or the like. The work item-related information is determined from the engine 115, the definition 107, the state of the workflow, and the database 125.
Eventually, the actor selects a work item of interest from its in-box in step 610 indicating it's ready to begin the activity. The selection causes a selection message to be sent to the server 110 indicating that a given work item has been selected.
The actor, in step 615, initializes or establishes a context into which the work item object 117 may be distributed. (Though the various logic steps may be rearranged in many other sequences and remain operative, it warrants emphasis that step 615 could easily precede or operate concurrently with step 610.) The particular actions involved in establishing this context depend upon the type of actor, i.e., client or agent, and are discussed in later sections.
The server 110, in step 620, responds to the selection message, by causing that selected work item object to be distributed to the actor. Under preferred Java implementations this entails reading the object 117 from database 125 using its object identification and establishing Interoperable Object Reference (IOR)object references on the client 130 or agent 120 to reference an ORB which in turn references the object implementation of the work item object 117 on the server 10. (IOR object references are known.) This referencing is preferably established with an IDL description. The database 125 stores the objects 117 to provide object persistence. (Non-Java embodiments and perhaps future Java version having improved object persistence mechanisms may not need database operations.) Once distributed, the actor may create a local copy (not shown) of the object 117 to improve performance. However, in some situations, e.g., where the actor only needs to perform write operations, the actor may not need or benefit from a local copy, in which case it will just use the distributed version.
The actor, in step 625, may then morph the work item object 117, now distributed between actor and server 110, into a form needed by that particular actor. A preferred embodiment of the work item object 117 is implemented as a Java object that has a Java hash table of key/value pairs. ("Java hash tables" are known and should not be confused with conventional hash tables; for readers who are unfamiliar with Java hash tables, they may be thought of as an indexable map of vectors pointing to data.) With this preferred work item object, the morphing, step 625 entails selecting only the data of interest to that particular activity from the full set of data of the work item object 117. In this fashion, the particular applications associated with an actor may be developed concerning themselves only with the data of interest and not other data that may be in the object. For example, the application logic need not include filter logic to filter out data not needed by that activity. Moreover, the information that is eventually conveyed, for example, to a participant, need not be cluttered with irrelevant data. The workflow applications may thus be more easily designed for different workflow systems.
The actor performs the activity, in step 630, and "sends" or "saves" a work item object 117 to the server 110. In performing the activity, the actor application may have read or written data in the work item object 117 and even effectively changed the data type definition of the work item object. Specifically, the actor may alter or "set" the properties of the preferred work item object 117 by dynamically adding keys to the Java hash table associated with the preferred work item object 117. The "sending" of the object 117 does not actually send the whole object. Instead, sending entails updating or overlaying the data in the object implementation of the work item object 117 on server 110 and informing the server 110 that the actor has completed the activity. The server 110 may then update the database 125 with the "saved" work item. A preferred embodiment thus has the work item objects 117 at each stage of activity stored in database 125 with a unique object ID.
By way of example, a work item object 117 named XYZ, may be distributed to an actor. Assume the object has a hash table having three keys or fields: name, address, and employment position. Each field may already have a value or may be undefined. Assume further that the actor to which the object 117 is distributed has a corresponding application, whether in the form of agent or client-related logic, that only needs to consider a name and an address. Transparently to the actor application, only the name and address keys are selected and provided to the actor application. The actor application is completely abstracted from knowing that the work item object 117 actually contained a key for "employment position" and never needed to take any action on such data. Because of this unique morphing, if the very same application logic were "reused" in a different workflow, one in which the work item objects 117 contained name, address, and new keys neighbor's name, etc. the application logic would still work without any modification, providing a measure of workflow independence to the actor applications. Referring back to the example of work item object XYZ, the actor application as part of performing its activity may add a new key to the object that that actor created, for example, a field "sales prospects." This addition of a new field may be performed using conventional update techniques to the Java hash table using the CORBA interface, but the result of the extensible work item object is completely new.
The logic then proceeds to step 699 which ends the activity. The server 110 and flow engine 115 would now cooperate with the actor to determine whether subsequent activity is needed and if so schedule such subsequent activity accordingly. Under a preferred embodiment, a client asks the flow engine 115 for the set of possible next activities. The flow engine 115 interprets the definition 107, along with other information stated above, and sends the set to the client. The client then decides which activity should be selected next from the above. This may be performed by a participant selecting certain controls on a GUI. The client then builds and associates a "routing slip" (not shown) to be associated with the work item 117, and the server 110 utilizes the routing slip to determine which activity should receive new work item events to trigger activity, as described above with regard to FIG. 6. Under a preferred embodiment, the server 110 makes scheduling decisions when the actor is an agent. However, under alternative embodiments, the agent could make scheduling decisions in software logic. As stated above, the work item 117 has been stored in database 125 with an ID that uniquely identifies the work item 117 at a given completion stage of activity. This ID is used in sending the new work item event to a subsequent activity and in refreshing the in-box of a subsequent actor. This scheduling and routing would continue until the workflow is completed as defined by the process definition.
A preferred embodiment of the invention includes HTML-based client applications. These applications may be inter-, extra- or intra-net based, depending on the workflow system's needs. Under this embodiment, the workflow system may leverage the wider availability of the Internet and the increasingly well known and desired "look and feel" of Internet browser-based systems.
In this context, the task manager logic, discussed above, is preferably implemented as a Java applet operating in conjunction with a Java compatible browser 410. The logic of FIG. 6 is still applicable, but the logic of FIG. 7 is more specific to this specific form of HTML-based client application and supplements the description of FIG. 6. FIG. 7 starts the flow at break point A. (The steps 605 and 610 are the same as in FIG. 6, but may involve task manager-specific iconic manipulations that are not material to understanding the "morphing.")
In step 715, the task manager logic instructs the browser 410 to open a new browser window and to load the window with a predefined HTML page. FIG. 5A shows an exemplary structure of the predefined page 505 having two frames 510 and 520. This step supplements the initialization step 615.
Eventually, the logic progresses to step 722 by which time the task manager logic has learned of information associated with the work item 117 of interest. In a preferred embodiment, this associated information was supplied in step 605. Part of the associated information includes a URL reference to an HTML page that corresponds to the client application for the activity being performed. (This association of an HTML page and application is made when defining the process definition.) Referring to FIG. 5B, the URL-referenced page includes a reference to a predefined applet 530, Java script logic 540, and a HTML page description 550 having various HTML "tags" and other HTML components. The predefined applet, referenced by 530, is loaded in one frame, e.g., 520, of the predefined page 505, and the page description and script logic 540 are loaded in the other frame, e.g., 510.
Under a preferred embodiment, the predefined applet referenced by 530 is supplied as part of the system and includes the logic for the various application controls. The actual controls are implementation specific, but will likely at least include "save" and "send" controls, respectively, to save a work item to database 125 and to indicate that a subsequent activity should be scheduled. The applet 530 further includes the logic for communicating with the work item object 117 that is eventually distributed. This logic uses conventional techniques to establish the various IOR object references for the CORBA-based communication. The applet 530 would further include logic for creating and maintaining a local copy of the object 117.
The object 117 is eventually distributed (see step 620), and in step 723 the predefined applet establishes the object references, mentioned above. The preferred embodiment of a work item 117 is a distributed Java object having a Java hash table as a component to contain the "contents" of the work item. The interface to the work item object includes "get" and "set" methods to the indexable hash table, for example, to obtain or set the list of keys or to obtain or get a particular key with a value.
The script logic 540, which is preferably written in Java script, is invoked and interpreted as part of the normal page loading. This script logic 540 uses conventional techniques to iterate over the HTML tags in the HTML portion 550 to determine the tags that the HTML portion needs. Typically, applications will be developed so that these tags correspond to displayed entities in the displayed HTML frame, e.g., 510. Referring back to the above example of work item object XYZ, the script logic 540 would iterate over the tags and learn that the HTML portion needed tags called "name" and "address."
In step 725, the script logic 540 determines the tags used by the HTML portion 550 to be displayed in frame 520, and uses the tag names as the keys or indexes to the Java hash table of the work item object 117. Specifically, the script logic 540 iterates through each tag of the HTML page and uses the tag as key to the Java hash table to retrieve the corresponding value of the key/value pair. The retrieved value is displayed in the HTML frame 520 as specified by the HTML portion 550, and the eventually displayed information is used by the participant in some activity-dependent manner. For example, the participant may write to certain of the fields of the displayed page, or add values to displayed fields that have not yet been added to the work item object 117.
The activity is eventually performed and the completion is signalled by activating a save or send control displayed in HTML frame 510. This save and send causes a message to be sent to the server 110 which will then cause the database 125 to be modified by the work item contents of the work item object 117.
The client-based HTML application then ends in step 799 and the workflow progresses as outlined above.
The preferred system includes HTML templates that include default control logic, applet 530, and default Java script 540. In this fashion, developers need only concentrate on the HTML display portion 550 and any associated application-specific logic.
The preferred embodiment thus morphs work items 117 in the sense that they present work item data that is needed by a client 120 regardless of the data in the actual object 117. Moreover, by using different HTML displays the types of "forms" thus created from the workflow system and perceived by a participant appear as changes in type. (This does not imply that the data type associated with object 117 has changed.)
Software agents operate analogously to that described above, except that there is no need for the HTML displays because agents operate autonomously and do not involve participant interaction. The work item objects 117 are distributed analogously. The agents could be "self-defining" to describe which keys it is interested in. Default Java logic may determine which keys are of interest and morph the work item objects analogously to that described above. In this fashion, the developers need only concern themselves with the agent-specific functionality.
The above embodiment largely focused on implementations that used object-oriented design, and particularly Java implementations. Though these embodiments provide certain advantages non-object-oriented techniques may be employed effectively, such as linear programming.
Likewise, Java is interpreted at run-time, not pre-compiled, into native mode instructions for the particular computing platform. Nonetheless, though Java offers platform independence, implementations that are platform specific or that are implemented with executable native mode instructions may be employed effectively.
The storing of work objects within the database provides certain advantages by way of object persistence. Certain languages and environments, however, have satisfactory persistence and these systems may be employed effectively without requiring as many transactions to the database.
Clients were discussed with particular emphasis on implementations using HTML pages. Nonetheless, many other client arrangements may be provided with effective user interfaces that do not use HTML-based displays.
Many other architectures may be used for the routing of work items, for example, ones in which the engine performs all scheduling activities rather than cooperating with actors.
Moreover, though reference was made to WfMC specifications, there is no requirement or inherent limitation to implementing systems according to the WfMC specifications. In fact, embodiments were described that differed from the specification in material ways, e.g., shared engines among workflows.
Having described an exemplary embodiment, it should be apparent to persons of ordinary skill in the art that changes may be made to the embodiment described without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
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Some people complained Sacred Reich had lost a lot of speed on the American Way album. No matter how much a statement like that might be true, it still was a thrash metal album, built around palm muted riffing but focussing much more on vocal lines and catchiness. I've always had a soft spot for the American Way. It remains one of those rare thrash metal albums with an overdose of midpaced songs that actually does work. The majority of the songs simply was that good! On Independent however we hear a band losing their grip. Not only qualitatively but also stylewise.
Thrash was pretty much dead around 1992, true, and the bands who didn't call it quits went on playing watered down groove metal or whatever. Sacred Reich unfortunately were one of those and definitely not the best ones. Phil Rind was a great vocalist, charismatic and a great lyricist, but he alone was not enough to save the album. It's pretentious groove which ruins the album and an almost total lack of aggression and energy on the non-fast material.
We have 4 good songs here, the title track "Independent", "Open Book", "Pressure" and "Do it". But somehow these songs sound different from the assault we had on Ignorance. Why's that? These fast songs aren't really thrash, they're crossover. Good at that, but not thrash like the band played earlier.
And then there were a few songs with just good ideas but never reaching their full potential. Rhythmically the song "Product" was a great tune and "I Never Said Goodbye" had a good format and dynamics. The rest? The rest of the album consisted of groovy midtempo based music which made the album get boring after a while with "Just Like That" and "Crawling" being two of the worst and tedious songs in Sacred Reich history.
Now those 4 good energetic songs and those other two with nice ideas are reason enough for me to hold on to this album but I can imagine the average thrash metal collector not paying interest in this album. However I must say you'd be missing out on the titletrack which easily is one of the best Sacred Reich songs, ever.
The year was 1993 and the mainstream music scene was opening up to the idea of accepting heavier forms of music. Bands like Ministry, Helmet, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains and even Nirvana may not be metal bands but they all opened the ears of the mainstream crowd to music that's heavier than your standard MTV or radio programming would play.
Sacred Reich released this album that year and I remember the title track getting played almost weekly in MTV's Headbanger's Ball. "Independent" - the song is a throttling thrasher that pounds you senseless. I was psyched to find out that the album was released locally in my country.
True enough, repeated listenings of track one would bring similar results - each time sending me into a headbanging frenzy within nanoseconds. Then track two played and it bore a similar formula to the first single only not much better. Track three sounded the same and so on and so forth. What would break the monotony would be the slow, Sabbathy "Crawling" which was mildly interesting and the pseudo-ballad "I Never Said Goodbye" which fails being at being ballad because of Phil Rind's unconvincing vocals.
Thus, "Independent" turned out to be a monotonous experience. And the mainstream music scene didn't really warm up to heavy music at all. Ah, such disappointments...

subset: commoncrawl


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HPC Wales was recognized for Open Data excellence at the recent Next Generation Digital Challenge Awards ceremony in Wembley. HPC Wales continues to be one of the most successful organizations out there for bringing high performance computing to the Missing Middle.
HPC Wales Recognized for Open Data Excellence
October 21, 2013 by


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boa qualidade facil de usar e recarrega rapido, recomendo esse brinquedo
un autito pequeño muy divertido, para jugar con los gatos va execelente. Tiene poco alcance, pero buena autonomía
Pros: The car itself looks very good and the idea of packing it in a can is absolutely great! It also works well, surprisingly fast & the range of the remote is very reasonable. The battery does not hold very long, but The... Read more
Pros: Muy lindo producto. Duradero. Lo tengo hace un año y funciona bien. Muy divertido. Cons: El cargador del auto al control falla algunas veces, No es realmente un problema.
Bom produto
Works reliably. Range is sufficiently good. Easy to use. Worth for the price. Plastic used is not of so high quality( You cannot expect I... Read more
Comes with a nice plastic package. The car can be attached to the remote. Needs only 2 AA bateries. Car charges from the remote. Car runs... Read more
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Taylor Swift wore nothing but red for the whole of her promotional trail for her latest album, appropriately named Red.
Taylor Swift looked amazing in this dress. Copyright [Splash]However, it seems that Taylor Swift has grown a bit tired of only ever wearing red, and has ditched the colour scheme in favour of this gorgeous cream Grecian style gown.
[Related article: Vote for Taylor Swift in our girl crush poll]
[Related article: Harry Styles taking Taylor Swift to meet his mum]
In fact, we'd even go so far as to say that this is the best we've ever seen Taylor Swift look.
The singer was at an awards ceremony in Sydney when she donned a stunning floor-length grecian style dress which featured cut-away sections and lace panels down the side.
Taylor Swift finally ditched her red attire. Copyright [Splash]She wore her hair up in a chic chignon and kept her accessories and makeup simple, letting the dress be the focus of her outfit.
And just when we thought our girl crush was under control, we've suddenly found ourselves wanting to be Taylor Swift even more.
We can totally see why her rumoured new boyfriend Harry Styles would fancy the pants off her.
Taylor Swift looked seriously elegant. Copyright [SplashIn fact, she is just about the only girl we'd be happy to see him with.
And it seems that romance is on Taylor Swift's mind, as she recently spoke about falling in love.
The singer said: "I don't think there's an option for me to fall in love slowly, or at medium speed. I either do or I don't. I don't think it through, really, which is a good thing and a bad thing. You don't look before you leap, which is like, 'Yay, this is awesome! Let's not think twice!' And then you're like, 'We used to be flying. Now we're falling. What's happening?'"


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LAKE STATION | The Lake Station Historical Museum, 2400 Central Ave., is hosting a traveling exhibit from the Indiana Historical Society.
Visitors are invited to see the exhibit, "Steamboat a Comin'," and learn the history of the first paddle wheeler to navigate the Ohio River.
Museum hours are from 2 to 4 p.m. Saturdays or for groups call Linda Werner at (219) 962-2001.
In addition, the Historical Society at 6 p.m. on Tuesday will present a guest speaker, the Rev. Anthony Spanley from Hamlet, who will do a presentation on wood carvings.


text:
Earlier this week, Apple released a Java security update, 2012-001, to patch the Flashback vulnerability that a security company claims affected 600,000 Macs.
Late this evening, we are getting reports from readers that a new version of the Java update is becoming available via Software Update.
The latest update, Java for OS X 2012-002, supersedes the -001 update Apple released earlier this week, and indeed the KB article linked from the -002 update is still the -001 version (below).
Update: Apple sent a note out to its Java Community, below, with the 'why' (small issue they are the same but for a few symlinks and version numbers.)
Thanks Jessie! Read more


text:
Originally written on Goon's World | Last updated 4/17/13
PHILADELPHIA - OCTOBER 22: Daniel Paille #20 of the Boston Bruins skates against the Philadelphia Flyers on October 22, 2009 at Wachovia Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. (Photo by Jim McIsaac/Getty Images)
Unbelievable night in Boston, Massachusetts. I don't believe that there were very many dry eyes in the arena tonight, I know there wasn't in my living room at home tonight. According to Mike "Doc" Emrick, every Boston Bruins player lives with in the city of Boston. "Boston is a tough and resilient town," President Obama said. So are its people
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Feb 20, 2014 Bob Buskirk All News, Hardware News 0
Intel has just released their Xeon E7 v2 processors for high performance computing (HPC) needs. These processors scale up to models that have 15 cores and 30 threads! The models in this series are part of the "Ivytown" series.
Dec 30, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Hardware News 0
This act saw a price cut that ranged from 4% to 26% and was done for approximately 31 processors by Intel, majority of which were the mobile models. The Core i7-4770R, i5-4670R and i5-4570R were the three low-power Haswell-based chips and these were the only desktop chips which received a cut somewhere between 9% and 11%.
Dec 28, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Hardware News 0
AMD's net gen Opteron chips will include the Toronto APU, Toronto CPU and Cambridge CPU and AMD has already presented a road map for these. The surprising part is that this road map also includes some details about the AMD's Carrizo APU which is going to be launched in the year 2015.
Dec 27, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Hardware News 0
It was known that the Haswell 'Celeron' Processors will not be launched till the first quarter of 2014 but Intel has already rolled out two SKUs ahead of the launch date. While these two are available for purchase already, the other will be available next month.
Dec 13, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Hardware News 1
Intel's next gen processor which was based on the 14nm fabrication process has finally been seen now. And Broadwell will be benefiting the notebook/laptop platform and this most typically picks up the most from any progressions in the productivity and efficiency of the TDP.
Dec 12, 2013 Bob Buskirk All News, Hardware News 1
As expected Intel is planning to launch their Haswell refresh processor lineup in Q2 of 2014. Nothing really new is being added to the architecture except clock speed improvements. VR-Zone has revealed the full Core i7 Haswell refresh lineup and starts with the Core i7-4790 leading the way.
Dec 06, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Hardware News 0
Intel is on its way to roll out their latest 15 core Xeon E7 Ivy Bridge processor which has been designed exclusively for the high-end servers. This new processor by Intel will add up to the Intel's Ivy Bridge-EX range which includes the flagship Xeon E7-8800 processor with 15 cores and 30 threads.
Dec 04, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Hardware News 0
This is exactly what Intel is trying to do with its new decision to no longer carry on with the production of the the 2.7 GHz Core i7-3820QM and 2.6 GHz i7-3720QM. It has finally been confirmed officially that Intel is going to discontinue these two quad-core Ivy Bridge mobile processors.
Oct 20, 2013 Ahmed Humayun All News, Hardware News 0
VR-Zone has recently revealed a little information about the release of the processors for the desktop LGA 1150 platform. Their reports have shown enough reason to believe that we might be expecting the Intel Broadwell-K series processors to be released by Q4 2014. Along with the release of these Broadwell processors, Intel is also planning to bring about some news for their Haswell refresh CPUs which will be for the new platform which is likely to be out sometime in earlier Q4 2014.
Oct 11, 2013 Bob Buskirk All News, Hardware News 0
Not that long ago AMD announced their FX-9370 and FX-9590 processors. The big thing with these processors was that the FX-9590 featured a turbo boost of 5 GHz. It was the first processor ever to have a stock turbo boost speed that high. Being that both of these chips have high clock speeds their TDP's were quite high as well. Many people who purchased these chips installed them with a good closed-loop watercooler or installed a full water cooling system.
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|15 posts found
I'm a long time MMO player, starting with DAoC in 2002. I'm sick to death of the same boring gameplay that was made famous by WoW, although done before by EQ and DAoC. I'm not adverse to trying old games, as long as I'm confident they're not going to shut down. So I'm wanting to try the UO trial, but I have a few questions first.
1. I heard Atlantic is the most populated server. Is this true? If so, is it a FFA PvP server, because I want to avoid FFA PvP.
2. Given EA's past and the recent layoffs, are you worried UO will be closing down soon?
3. What's the death penalty if you die on a PvE server to PvE mobs? What about if you die on a PvE server to another player. assuming you can still toggle on PvP?
Thanks for answering my questions. I recently got into Runescape, but the death penalty was too harsh for my casual tastes. You dropped everything you had in your pack, and only had 3 minutes to get it back before losing it forever. I lost several hours of work, because the respawn point was leagues away from where I died. I loved the skill system, and all the things to do though. I just don't like the tedious death-penalty.
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Apprentice Member
Joined: 5/13/08
Swift as the windQuiet as the forestConquer like the fireSteady as the mountain-Sun Tzu
Originally posted by nate1980
1, Yup Atlantic is the most populated. All of Ulitma Online is a FFA PvP in felucia. Just stay in trammel and you don't have to deal with it if you perfer.
2. No not at all. I think UO is still there biggest money generator MMO wise at least.
3. There is no death penalty per say.If you die to a mob they may loot some stuff off your body. If you don't come back to your body it will decay and you'll lose everything. If a player kills you in Felucia it's full loot. You can't be attacked by another play in trammel unless your a warring guild.
There are no PVE servers in Ulitma Online just so you know. I'm gonna send ya this link so you can look up more info. If I didn't we'd be here all day :)
Player guide: www.uoherald.com/guide/index.php
that should have most of the information your looking for.
Thanks a lot, I'll follow that link and do some research.
I actually like PvP, so I don't mind that. I just didn't want to get owned as a new player before I even get used to the game, by 10 year vets who've had a decade to master their craft.
If I begin the game learning skills that help me make money, to afford building a house, and to emass wealth for later, will I be able to change those skills to combat skills later? In other words, can I unlearn skills to learn new ones?
Joined: 9/03/07
Originally posted by nate1980
IIRC you can set skills to "de-level" and they will decrease as other skills increase.
I don't know the exact mechanics of this; perhaps it only works when you are skillcapped (800points i think) so someone please correct me if I'm wrong.
"If all you can say is... "It's awful, it's not innovative, it's ugly, it's blah.." Then you're an unimaginative and unpolished excuse for human life" -eburn
Apprentice Member
Joined: 5/13/08
Swift as the windQuiet as the forestConquer like the fireSteady as the mountain-Sun Tzu
Skill cap is 700 for a new account but other then that your correct. I'll tell ya what you guys send me a PM if you start on Atlantic and I'll meet ya at Haven bank and give ya some spending cash to start ya off. Hell I'll even freind ya to my house and give ya your own box for storage. I'll also get ya in my guild if you want. It has some decent people that will be able to give you a hand at getting started.
The main draw of UO from an outsiders perspective, is that the game is skill-based and allows many other things aside from combat. Here's what I imagine doing, maybe you can tell me if it's unrealistic:
1. I'll focus on making money by learning and practicing trades, so I can build a house, get a mount, and emass some wealth. This will give me time to learn the game, and get to know the community before setting out on my adventuring career.
2. Once I start adventuring, I want to drop my trade-skills, and learn magic, bushido, and skills that enhance or support those. Maybe even learn to tame and take care of pets, to have a companion who can help me fight. I want to explore and complete all the PvE stuff with this idea.
3. Hopefully by the time I fully explore Britannia and kill all the worst PvE baddies, I will be rich enough and know enough about the game to PvP well.
4. I'll change my build to learn PvP oriented skills that I probably won't know for my adventuring build, such as hide, sneak, and so on, which will make my magic and melee skills more useful in a PvP environment.
I could be completely way off base, and I know it's likely I'll change a lot as I learn the game. But as a new player, this is what I envision as my future with UO. I don't know the details, but it seems like it makes sense to do the above. It allows the following:
1. Get to know the community, emass wealth, and get the essentials that make Britannia more of a world for me to live in.
2. Explore and adventure with a build that I find the most fun.
3. Alter my build to accomodate skills that I would find fun for PvP, but not for PvE, such as Hide and Stealth.
1.I heard Atlantic is the most populated server. Is this true? If so, is it a FFA PvP server, because I want to avoid FFA PvP.
Not sure about the server population on Atlantic as I had been playing on chessy. All servers have a full loot PvP world and a non-pvp world (felucia is pvp, tram is pve). You must go through certain gates to take you to the pvp area so you should have nothing to worry about as long as you stay out of fel.
2. Given EA's past and the recent layoffs, are you worried UO will be closing down soon?
UO has one of the most loyal fan base I have ever seen. Also take into account that the game is over 10 years old and the servers probably cost just about nothing to keep up. They just released the largest expansion to date called stygian abyss so they are still working on it with devs it seems.
3. What's the death penalty if you die on a PvE server to PvE mobs? What about if you die on a PvE server to another player. assuming you can still toggle on PvP?
You die and turn to a ghost. You then either have to find a priest to rez you or another player (if I die by myself I usually use the stuck feature, port back to brit and rez there, then use my runebook to go back to my hunting spot. With the insurance you can put on your items there really is no real penalty for getting killed. Some items are also blessed which means they will not drop either.
As for the skill part of your question, its much easier (and smarter) to just make a new character for tradeskills and such. Most people call these mules as they do nothing but carry items and make things. You can de-lvl your skills and there is a cap limit (i think it is 700 or 750). This raises with every year to where you can have a cap of 800 points. Mastery lvl is 100, Legendary is 120 (you have to purchase power scrolls to raise the cap on your skills or get it as a drop). Some skills level much faster than others due to the amount you use them. If you decide to go as a tamer..... well, taming is one of the hardest and most time consuming skill to level, but its damn fun running around with a dragon or other various mythical creatures.
Your best bet as a new player coming to UO is to go to uo.stratics.com and sign up on the forums. Then go to the server forum you are going to join and post that you are a new player. You will get a ton of offers of people wanting to help you out with information and sometimes in game items to help you get into things quicker. Joining a guild is also probably the smartest thing you can do as it will make the game much much more fun for you and give you a well of knowledge to pull from.
Another suggestion is to download the 2d client as well as the advanced client. Most people play the 2d client because of nostalgia reasons and in my opinion it is a better looking, easier to use client. Also, Most people use ICQ to communicate so you may want to sign up for that.
as a response to your last post, you may want to go right into adventuring. It is very time consuming (and also money consuming) to get to 120 blacksmith/tailoring to be able to make things that people will buy.
If you go straight to adventuring you can raise your skills enough (and if you are in a guild) you can do doom runs and also peerless runs. These will drop artifacts and power scrolls sometimes and they sell for a decent amount of money.
thanks for the suggestions
I don't understand the 2d versus new client thing. So if I play on the new client, I won't see or be able to talk with people playing on the 2d client?
Joined: 9/03/07
Originally posted by nate1980
No, it makes no difference. Some people just prefer the old 2D graphics, and some prefer the updated 3D client. It has no effect on who you play with.
"If all you can say is... "It's awful, it's not innovative, it's ugly, it's blah.." Then you're an unimaginative and unpolished excuse for human life" -eburn
Originally posted by rindon
I was thinking more along the lines of learning skills that'll allow me to build my own house, grow or kill things to make my own food, and create items that I'll want when I begin adventuring. You know, a little nest egg or something. So not necessarily monetary wealth, but material wealth through things I make and store.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 5/13/08
Swift as the windQuiet as the forestConquer like the fireSteady as the mountain-Sun Tzu
You don't necessary build your own house. You buy a house placement tool and choose the type of house you want to place. You just have to have enough money in the bank. I would also suggest starting with adventuring. This game is a little bit different than others you have probably played. Like getting a mount cost like 550gp which you can literally get as a new play in less than 30 minutes. Heck, someone will probably just give you 1 if you ask someone at the bank. Crafting is fun but I would recommend making a Mule character (crafter) on the side if you want to go that route. Money is easy to come by in UO but that also makes stuff on player vendors expensive. You have to think people have been playing for 12 years and some of them have literally bilions of gold on there account. Also, I'd go with the 2D client I think the 3D likes horrible but I guess that could just be my taste.
no no no. Talking is just much easier with people who are not in your guild/alliance through ICQ since if i remember there are no whispers/pm's
as for the 2d/new client, its all a graphics thing. 2d is the old school client, advanced is the new clients/graphics. download both and see which you prefer. i favor the 2d one as do most people though. it just seems easier to use.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 5/13/08
Swift as the windQuiet as the forestConquer like the fireSteady as the mountain-Sun Tzu
Originally posted by rindon


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to XML
Computing Resources >>Tutorials >> Web Development >> Introduction to XML
How Can XML be used?
In the previous example, we saw five user-defined elements: "letter", "to", "from", "greeting", and "body". Unlike HTML, these values will not display in a web browser if we load our XML document. If you want to display XML values, XML must be "embedded" in an HTML document. For instance, XML can be embedded in a "data island" which looks like this:
<xml id="letter">
This XML data can then be "bound" to HTML elements to display in a web browser by building a table in HTML and populating it with XML elements, like this:
<xml id="letter">
<table border="1" datasrc="#letter">
When you display this HTML document in a browser, you will see this:
You may ask, "So what good is that? Why not simply use HTML to display these values?"
This is where the advantages of XML really become apparent. If two user's applications use the same elements, they can exchange information between each other.
For instance, if another user's application also has an element labeled "letter" with a child element labeled "from", they could also display the value "Howdy!" by referring to the Internet address of User A's XML document:
In this sense, XML is a tool for exchanging data. XML documents with the same elements can "pass" data to each other, and multiple users can form a sort of "data network" that can be used to store, update, and display information from multiple sites and addresses.


text:
FW 800 Card Reader
Started Jul 30, 2011 | Discussions thread
Regular Member • Posts: 115
I have 2 sandisk FW800 that I got durring a promotion that have worked flawlessly.
Just searched for them and found they are going for $60-$260 YIKES!!
I guess I'll be keeping mine under lock and key.
good luck.
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Originally Posted by analoguey
I have a 105 f2.8 e and I find it ridiculously bad to use. Maybe it's just my copy.
do you mean 100 f2.8 e? It's quite different from the classic 105/2.5 many of us have recommended.
I havent used one, but you might try a Nikon 135mm f2 DC. The DC stands for Defocus Control.
I understand that it actually has a ring that allows you to control how soft it is.
It sounds to me like you are very particular about the soft/sharp and bokeh of your lens. Having full control may be just the thing for you.
Go not to the elves for counsel, for they will say both yes and no.
Someone mentioned the Thambar, a lens which I have yet to see "in the flesh" but, I am told" gives unique portraits because it is. "Acceptably soft" and has a central stop mounted on a clear filter. I am also told that mirror lenses have terrible bokeh because the have the central mirror. For portraits that are "old school" I use an uncoated 135mm Tessar taken from a medium format Mentor camera. I have tried making a central stop by supergluing an old button battery onto a UV filter... it's a cheap Thambar. I can't say it made any difference. The "golden hour" available light does though.
<rambling> David
Love my Tamron SP 90mm F2.5-easily my most used lens in 35mm.
"He took to writing poetry and visiting the elves: and though many shook their heads and touched their foreheads and said 'Poor old Baggins!' and though few believed any of his tales, he remained very happy till the end of his days, and those were extraordinarily long "- JRR Tolkien, ' The Hobbit '.
I ahve the 90mm SP also--it's great for picking out details on the street.
Originally Posted by darinwc
I havent used one, but you might try a Nikon 135mm f2 DC. The DC stands for Defocus Control.
I understand that it actually has a ring that allows you to control how soft it is.
It sounds to me like you are very particular about the soft/sharp and bokeh of your lens. Having full control may be just the thing for you.
From my understanding the DC lenses are not soft focus lenses at all. They are sharp lenses so your subject will be in very sharp focus. The DC lenses do have a ring on them (defocus control) that controls the look of the background blur or bokeh they have.
Hi! My name is Mike and I'm a portrait lens addict. (Room: Hi Mike!)
Here are some of the lenses I own and have used with 35mm film in Nikon Mount for posed portraiture. You'll note that the 105mm f/2.5 is not on this list -- I decided to cover that focal length with a macro lens instead:
Tokina 60-120mm f/2.8 AT-X. I actually bought this to use as a portrait zoom on a DX camera, but it works quite well on film as well for couples. At least in the U.S., this is a bit of a rarity, but it typically sells for under $150 when one hits the market.
Nikon 75-150E f/3.5. This is a cult classic for good reason. While Nikon made it for the consumer market, it was embraced by studio professionals to the point that there was a call to make a Nikkor version of it. While f/3.5 isn't optimal for environmental portraiture, I find it especially useful when I take the camera "in hand" for photographing children.
Tokina 80-200mm f/2.8 manual focus, Nikon 80-200mm f/2.8D, and Nikon 70-200mm VR f/2.8G zooms. I owned these lenses in sequence. Each of them did a reasonable job for portraiture, but I really prefer a smaller lens for the task. Not only are they ergonomically more difficult to use, but on a couple of occasions I could see that my subjects were slightly intimidated "looking down the barrel" of these.
Nikon 85mm f/1.8D. I use this one when I want a fairly intimate perspective and either my subject gets a bit fidgity, or when I want to limit depth of field more than I can with the next lens on this list.
Tokina 90mm f/2.5 macro. Another cult classic, and for good reason. I actually like the "look" of shots from this lens a bit better than the 85mm Nikkor, but because so much of the focus throw is dedicated to close focusing, it's harder to obtain precise focus at portrait distances.
Nikon 105mm f/2.8 VR Micro. Obviously, I can't use this on my Nikon FA, but on the F100 it performs well enough that I haven't bought another 105mm. In the 1980's I also used the 105mm f/4 AI and 105mm f/2.8 AI-s Micro lenses, but that was more to save money than because they were nice portrait lenses.
Nikon 135mm f/2 DC. I use this lens for more formal portraits and environmental portraits. As a portrait lens, it's only real flaw is Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration when used at f/2 and f/2.8.
Nikon 180mm f/2.8D. I bought this to attempt to reproduce the more aloof look of 1950's promotional movie stills and glamour shots. Alas, I could never get the lighting quite right. The longer perspective made the shot look a bit flat, but when I tried to correct for it with split lighting I didn't like the results either. Just not my style, I guess.
So no, I don't have difficulty settling on a portrait lens for 35mm. Instead, I choose one based on the perspective I wish to achieve and a bit of sheer caprice.
Hi Mike! My name's Jake and I've been an APUGer for 10 years..
Trying to define what you like and don't about a lens is so subjective that it becomes an impossible task to recommend anything.
What one person finds sharp another will find lacking or too harsh. And it's because we all want something different. It's why we shoot different cameras, different formats and different types of film ... if you shoot film.
Perhaps, you're dissatisfied with your photos.
I can tell you some things that generally are true.
- Most "portrait" lenses in the 75mm-135mm are plenty sharp.
- Women do not want to be photographed in hi-def ... ever.
- Cameras that seem less intimidating can be better tools for portrait work when photographing people who aren't used to being photographed. That's why a TLR can be a nice portrait camera. They are very non-threatening, and people relax.
- Cameras that take many shots in a sequence make most people tense.
- The best portrait lens is both sharp and soft at the same time.
My favorite lens (in 35mm format) for people is an 85mm Sonnar in Rolleiflex QBM. My second favorite is a Tessar at f/8 for medium format.
Mike Elek
» PhotographyToday.net
» more about cameras
Originally Posted by benjiboy
The Canon FD 85mm 1.2L is the best I've ever used.
Yes, it's my favorite for 35mm.


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March night skies
Aldebaran, the star that represents the "eye" of the constellation Taurus, the bull, is to the lower left of the Moon in early March. The star shines bright orange, indicating that its surface is thousands of degrees cooler than the surface of the Sun. Cancer, the crab, is well up in the east at nightfall and passes high overhead later on. Although it is part of the zodiac, its stars are dim. The brightest, Beta Cancri, is so faint you may not be able to see it from a suburb, let alone a city.
Virgo, the constellation most identified with spring, is entering prime evening viewing time. Most of its stars are relatively faint. But Virgo's brightest star, blue-white Spica, is easy to pick out. It rises in the east in mid-evening.
The largest and smallest planets in the solar system slide past each other the week of March 14. . Jupiter is the larger and brighter of the two. Mercury, the smallest planet, creeps up toward Jupiter, passes it , and pulls away later on.


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Originally written on Pro Sports Daily | Last updated 1/6/13
DALLAS -- With the Dallas Mavericks and New Orleans Hornets each welcoming back their star player to the starting lineup, it was Hornets guard Eric Gordon who provided the late fireworks in leading his typically hard-luck Hornets to a 99-96 overtime win Saturday night at the American Airlines Center. Gordon hit the game-winner from the top of the circle and completed the three-point play after drawing a foul on Mavs guard Darren Collison, who bit on Gordon's pump fake. In just his third game of the season after returning from a long knee injury, Gordon shook off an otherwise cold-shooting night to score the Hornets' final eight points. He had 14 in the game. "On that last [shot] I was starting to feel it a little bit," Gordon said. "I kept on playing and taking jump shots and somehow I needed to get to the basket. I was worried about getting the shot off especially when it's that close." Meanwhile, the Mavs welcomed back Dirk Nowitzki to their starting lineup and got 20 poin...
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Top 10 College Football Games To Watch In Week 4
Look No More, Here's The Best Of Week 4
Because of the lack of marquee top-10 matchups in Week 4, some are dubbing it "Weak Week." No. 1 Alabama has a punching bag, Colorado State in front of it. No. 2 Oregon is off. The fourth-ranked Ohio State Buckeyes take on, wait for it, Florida A&M. We could certainly cite some of the rest of the Top 10 teams' Week 4 matchups as further proof of the "Weak Week" claim, but a game doesn't need to feature two, or even one, highly ranked team for it to be intriguing.
On the surface it may appear there aren't many great games on the slate this weekend, but there's good news: A closer look reveals some potential for college football fireworks, upsets and revelations. After all, aren't those three of the things fans live for week in and week out?
Even better news is the fact that Week 4 spreads the good-game wealth. There are quality matchups in virtually every conference and region in the country. You just have to know where to look to find some of them. Luckily for those reading, 10 of Week 4's best games have already been identified and listed right here.
So without further delay, here's a quick guide to the best college football action in Week 4.
Scott Page is a college football writer for RantSports.com. Follow him on Twitter, Like him on Facebook or add him to your network on Google.
10. Utah State @ USC
Reason to watch: To see if Utah State's dynamic quarterback, Chuckie Keeton and his high-scoring offense can pull off the upset in the Coliseum.
The USC Trojans played well offensively in a 35-7 win over Boston College last week, but is the new-found success on that side of the ball here to stay? They may need it against Utah State, which is averaging more than 49 points per game. Oh, and the Aggies aren't giving up a lot of points either. The good feelings might not last very long for Lane Kiffin and USC.
9. La.-Monroe @ No. 20 Baylor
Reason to watch: Because it's Baylor's first legitimate test of the season.
So far, the Bears have beaten up on the likes of Wofford and Buffalo, so the No. 20 ranking doesn't mean all that much at this point. La.-Monroe has beaten, and nearly beaten, some good teams in the last few years. This game could reveal a lot about the true strength of this Baylor team.
8. Arkansas @ Rutgers
Reason to watch: It could be Arkansas' last chance at a win this season.
After Rutgers, the Razorbacks probably won't be favored in any more games this season. Six of Arkansas' final eight games are against currently ranked teams. The rest of the schedule is as such: No. 10 Texas A&M, at No. 19 Florida, No. 12 South Carolina, at No. 1 Alabama, Auburn, at No. 21 Ole Miss, Mississippi State and at No. 6 LSU. The Hogs better take advantage of this opportunity to enjoy success, because their winning prospects are about to go downhill in a hurry.
7. Michigan State @ No. 22 Notre Dame
Reason to watch: It's Michigan State-Notre Dame.
This rivalry began way back in 1897 and has produced some really good games over the years. Though Notre Dame has won the last two meetings convincingly – 21-3 last year and 31-13 in 2011 – this series has seen several classics recently. In 2010, Michigan State ran the "Little Giants" fake after lining up for 46-yard field goal for a 29-yard TD pass that gave the Spartans a 34-31 win. The year before, Notre Dame intercepted a Michigan State pass at the 4-yard-line with less than a minute left to hang on, 33-30. Hopefully, the 2013 version of this rivalry will be equally compelling.
6. Kansas State @ Texas
Reason to watch: Conference title dreams are still alive for both… in theory, at least.
Texas (1-2) will take on Kansas State (2-1) Saturday evening in Austin in each school's first Big 12 contest, offering a fresh start for both after underwhelming non-conference results. Kansas State has owned Texas lately, going 5-0 against the Longhorns since 2003, including a 42-24 win last season. Texas is proclaiming this week as the new first week of the season, hinting at a renewed sense of focus with the start of the conference slate. This game is the Longhorns' chance to sell that message to fans, analysts, heck, even to their own players and coaches.
5. North Carolina @ Georgia Tech
Reason to watch: On the off chance these two repeat the 2012 game.
North Carolina and Georgia Tech combined for 118 points, 1,085 yards and just five punts in the Yellow Jackets' sensational 60-58 win last season. Eleven different players scored touchdowns in the ACC's highest-scoring football game in history. If this year's game is only half as exciting, it will be worth tuning in.
4. Missouri @ Indiana
Reason to watch: To see if these offenses combine for a triple-digit point total.
This weekend's game between Missouri Tigers (2-0, 0-0) and Indiana Hoosiers (2-1, 0-0) features two prolific offenses matched-up against some less-than-stellar defensive units. The result should be an explosion of points – possibly more than 100 combined. The Tigers are averaging 48 points per game and the Hoosiers' defense is ranked 82nd in scoring defense. Indiana's offense, however, is ranked sixth in scoring at 50 points per game, and Missouri's defensive numbers (18.5 points per game) are skewed by the low level of competition through two games. The most combined points scored in a non-overtime game featuring an SEC team was 93, when LSU played Southwestern Louisiana in 1936. The most points ever scored in a non-overtime Big Ten game was 115, when Minnesota beat Purdue 59-56 in 1993. When these two kickoff on Saturday, those records could be in jeopardy.
3. Utah @ BYU
Reason to watch: It's the Holy War – 'nuff said!
Though the Boston College-Notre Dame game goes by the same name, the state of Utah version gets the nod as college football's official Holy War. BYU-Utah is an extremely underrated rivalry that has featured some wild contests over the years. But the 2012 edition might have been the craziest yet – one some feel Utah was forced to win three times.
The Utes streaked out to a 24-7 lead, but the Cougars fought back to within three points by the fourth quarter. On the game's final drive, BYU QB Riley Nelson was under pressure and forced to throw the ball away. Utah believed the game was over and the ecstatic home crowd ran on the field. The game, in fact, was not over, as the officials ruled there was one second remaining. Utah blocked BYU's ensuing game-tying field goal attempt and fans rushed the field again – but the game still wasn't over. An unsportsmanlike conduct penalty on the Utes for fan interference gave the Cougars yet another shot to tie the game. After the crowd cleared the field, again, BYU's field goal unit lined up. The kick boinked off the upright and Utah's fans were finally allowed to rush the field for good.
Whew, that's going to be a tough act to follow this year.
2. Auburn @ No. 6 LSU
Reason to watch: To see if Auburn can win in Death Valley for the first time this century.
Auburn hasn't beaten LSU at home since 1999, and although the Bayou Bengals are more than two-touchdown favorites, these two always seem to play pretty close games. LSU looks like the most well-rounded team in the SEC right now, but Auburn has improved in each of its first three games. We could find out if LSU is as good as it looks on paper and how far Auburn has really come since last season's 3-9 debacle.
1. No. 23 Arizona State @ No. 5 Stanford
Reason to watch: It's the only Week 4 matchup featuring two ranked teams.
This game is also the Pac 12 opener for each team, so the winner gets off on the right foot in conference play. Both Arizona State and Stanford are unbeaten, but each still has a lot to prove. The Sun Devils are looking for a signature win to become a major player in the conference after going 0-4 last year against Pac-12 opponents that finished with a winning conference record. Stanford is looking to answer questions about what some are calling less-than-impressive victories over San Jose State (34-13) and Army (34-20). Both teams have a lot to lose, and gain, from this game, so expect both sides to play with a lot of intensity.
Related: College Football Upset Alert: 10 Teams That Should Be Worried in Week 4
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[[WMG:The historical figure]]
* GermansLoveDavidHasselhoff: Marie Antoinette's immense popularity in the USA puzzles French historians and more generally French people to no end. The American vision is seen as a naive RoseTintedNarrative as far as her flaws are concerned, with assorted {{Demonization}} of the French Revolution. It even brings suspicions of unconfessed aristocratic desires from the American (and more generally Western) elites.
* TearJerker: "Pardon me, monsieur; I did not do it on purpose." -- Her last words before being executed, after accidentally stepping on the foot of her executioner.
** Even more so, she was publicly accused at her trial of personally masturbating her son, the Dauphin -- ''no more than 8'' when he was taken from her by the Revolutionaries. As Carlyle tells it:
-->Scandalous Hébert has borne his testimony as to many things: as to one thing, concerning Marie-Antoinette and her little Son, -- wherewith Human Speech had better not further be soiled. She has answered Hébert; a Juryman begs to observe that she has not answered as to this. "I have not answered," she exclaims with noble emotion, "because Nature refuses to answer such a charge brought against a Mother, ''I appeal to all the Mothers that are here.''"
* VindicatedByHistory: Many historians agree that, for all her faults, she was not the lustful wastrel her enemies painted her. She did have some extravagances, but not only were many of them exaggerated or made up, many of her genuine ones were actually expected for someone of her station.
** A more balanced vision sees her as a Scapegoat for a historical event, but they also see her as someone who did not go far enough to win the public and cite the Flight to Varennes of which she had been a willing participant as more short-sighted than malicious.
[[WMG:The film]]
* AlternativeCharacterInterpretation: The film portrays Marie Antoinette as a lonely and unhappy young woman, who immerses herself in food, clothes, and material possessions in order to distract herself from her problems.
* AwesomeMusic: featuring Bow Wow Wow, Adam And The Ants, Music/TheCure and Music/SiouxsieAndTheBanshees.
* BestKnownForTheFanservice: Chances are that you remember the film for the famous scene, where Marie Antoinette is all naked on a couch aside from some stockings, holding a hand fan and covering her... [[UnusualEuphemism tracts of land.]] There are posters for only that scene, even!
** Hell, it's on the [[AwesomeMusic soundtrack]] cover.
* CultClassic
* CrowningMomentOfHeartwarming: Marie to her newborn daughter: "A boy would be the son of France, but you will always be mine", based on something she actually said when her oldest child was born.
** Also, watching Marie Antoinette and Louis become closer as the years pass, possibility signifying they learned to love each other. Also TruthInTelevision where the real Louis adored and respected Marie Antoinette so much that he refused to take a mistress, even though it was unheard of at the time and he was mercilessly teased for it.


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Profile: Ben
Benjamin Edge (@edgeben) is a former wheat breeder for Pioneer Hi-Bred, International, a DuPont Company, and for Clemson University. He has released 10 PVP protected wheat varieties and is a co-inventor of record for 5 wheat variety patents. He has taught classes in plant breeding, biology, and computer technology.
Member Role: contributor
Member Since: 2013-02-19 02:44:53
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How do you top a couple of NCAA Division III national titles?
In the case of Baldwinsville native and recent SUNY Oneonta graduate Sean Bernstein, you win a pair of gold medals at the 19th Maccabiah Games.
Bernstein's gold medals were two of the three total medals he won during competition on the track at the games. Bernstein also won a bronze medal in the 4x100m relay.
"Running at the Maccabiah Games was a once in a lifetime experience," said Bernstein. "It was an incredible honor to not only represent my sport, but also my school, heritage, and my country.
It was an amazing opportunity to be in Israel competing and to have the chance to see historical sights such as Jerusalem, Masada, and The Dead Sea. And of course, there was no greater feeling than winning two gold medals for the United States."
It was also announced earlier this month that Bernstein is a finalist for the James D. Ulrich Award, which is presented annually by the Niagara Track & Field Hall of Fame to the outstanding Male College Athlete of the Year from other than NCAA Division I Colleges in or from the Niagara Association. Bernstein was the 2012 recipient of the award, which was given for the first time.
As for Bernstein's success at the Maccabiah Games, it started on July 24 anchoring the U.S. 4x100 relay to a bronze medal. The American foursome ran a time of 41.85 seconds, which was behind two squads from Israel.
Later that same day, Bernstein captured his first gold medal in the 100m dash in a time of 10.53 seconds. Asaf Malka of Israel was second in 10.60 seconds.
The following day, Bernstein ran a time of 21.31 to win the gold medal in the 200.His time was two-tenths ahead of Amit Cohen, also, of Israel, who finished in 21.54 seconds.
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Although they sound alike, the term 'photo shoot' should never be confused with 'foot-to-shoot', which are lower appendages that, when stepped on by unscrupulous rivals at work, retaliate with a bombardment of toenail clippings and peeled callouses. Achieve goals without earning the ire of co-workers with this Groupon for a 2-hour or 4-hour photo shoot starting at AED 374 with Rasam Photography.
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Hitting stores today (July 29) is "The Breeze: An Appreciation of JJ Cale" by Eric Clapton & Friends -- a list that includes Tom Petty, Mark Knopfler, Willie Nelson, Derek Trucks and others. The seat features 16 songs by the late Cale, though interestingly neither of the songs Clapton turned into big hits -- "After Midnight" and "Cocaine." Clapton tells us that he idea of the tribute album came to him as he was traveling to Cale's funeral last August in California: "I got the news in the middle of last year that he had passed away. And I was on my way to America, anyway...and instead of doing what I was going to do, I flew to San Diego, flew to L.A. and then drove down to Escondido, in fact, and attended his funeral. And on the way there I came up with this idea. It just seemed to be a logical progression...I'd covered a lot of his songs. I'd forgotten that I had, in fact, usually put one song on an album. Every album has probably got a JJ song on it. This'd be the proper thing to do." Clapton also included a Cale song, "Angel," on his 2013 album "Old Sock," and the two won a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Blues Album for their 2006 collaboration "The Road to Escondido." Some of the Cale songs on "The Breeze," including "Songbird," "Someday" and "Train To Nowhere," have never been recorded.
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