text:
CSU volleyball adopts Sara Robinson as honorary team member
Rams partner with Friends of Jaclyn Foundation
38 Rams earn Fall 2014 Academic All-Mountain West honors
Student-athletes span all 5 fall sports
CSU volleyball concludes season ranked No. 12
Rams experience historic season on many levels
CSU's Foss named Mountain West Player of the Year
Culbert, Reynolds, Snider, Colaizzi also garner honors
Volleyball recap: Rams send seniors off with Border War victory
Seniors improve to 68-6 all-time at Moby Arena
CSU volleyball vs. Texas - NCAA tournament
CSU played in its 10th NCAA Regional Semifinal, falling to No. 2 seed Texas in Minneapolis. - 12/12/14 [Photos by Eric Miller]
CSU Volleyball NCAA tournament send off
Fans lined up outside of Moby Arena to send the team off to Minneapolis for the NCAA Regional Semifinal
CSU volleyball NCAA Regional practice
After arriving in Minneapolis, the CSU volleyball team practiced at the Sports Pavilion - 12/11/14 [Photos by Nic Hallisey]
CSU volleyball vs. Colorado - NCAA Tournament (1)
Photos from CSU's 3-2 second-round victory over rival Colorado - NCAA tournament - 12/6/14 [Photos by Dan Byers]
CSU volleyball vs. Colorado - NCAA Tournament (2)
Photos from CSU's second-round win over CU at Moby Arena - 12/6/14 [Photos by Don Reichert]
- All-Mountain West Honorable Mention (2014)
- Residence Inn Invitational all-tournament team (Sept. 20, 2014)
- Rams Volleyball Classic all-tournament team (Aug. 31, 2014)
- Mountain West Scholar-Athlete (2013-14, 12-13)
- Mountain West Academic All-Conference (2013, 12)
- Coaches' Award - Most Improved/Immediate Impact (2012)
2014 (JUNIOR): Named All-Mountain West Honorable Mention after averaging 4.03 digs per set in 18 MW matches... Overall, totaled 468 digs (third in CSU history) and 4.14 digs per set (fifth)... Recorded at least 10 digs in the first 12 conference matches, and 26 times overall... Had 20 or more digs on eight occasions, including a career-high-tying 25 in a win at No. 18 Arizona State (9/19)... Over a six-match period (9/6-9/19, averaged 5.52 digs per set... Recorded her 1,000th career dig on 11/13 vs. Air Force, becoming the 11th Ram to reach that milestone... In addition to 22 digs vs. Wyoming (11/26), helped spur an 8-0 run while serving to end Set 2 after leading 17-15... During the run, recorded her first of three aces in the match... In Set 3, was serving during a 5-0 run to close the set... Recorded 20-plus digs in back-to-back matches (at San Diego State, 10/30; at UNLV, 11/1)... Served during an 8-0 scoring run during Set 5 at San Diego State, giving CSU a 13-4 lead... Recorded 16 digs in a three-set win vs. Utah State (10/25), including eight in Set 2, a frame in which the Aggies hit -.054... Had two aces and 10 digs against Fresno State (10/11), holding the Bulldogs to .000 hitting and seven points in Set 2... Led CSU with 13 digs and an ace at Wyoming (10/7), doing so against a Cowgirls team which ranked ninth in the NCAA for hitting efficiency at the time... Totaled 14 digs vs. UNLV (10/2), and helped CSU to a 10-1 run in the third set behind her serving... Named to the Residence Inn Invitational all-tournament team (9/20) after averaging 4.40 digs per set over three matches... Totaled 16 digs in a four-set win over No. 9 BYU (9/12), including nine in a come-from-behind Set-2 victory... Record 22 digs (7.33 per set) in a three-set win over Denver (9/9), in addition to a service ace... Twenty of her digs game in sets 2 and 3, including 11 in the final frame... Had 19 digs in a three-set loss to No. 4 Wisconsin (9/6), the first of seven-consecutive matches in double figures... During that stretch, she averaged 5.33 digs per set... Named to the Rams Volleyball Classic all-tournament team (8/31) after averaging 4.00 digs per set over three matches... Tallied 13 digs in a three-set win over Marquette (8/31), limiting Preseason BIG EAST Player of the Year Autumn Bailey to -.030 hitting.
2013 (SOPHOMORE): Recorded 445 digs during her first season as libero, fourth-most in CSU single-season history... Her 4.08 digs-per-set average ranks fifth... Played in all 109 sets, helping CSU to one of its best-ever reception percentages... Had eight 20-plus dig performances, including 23 vs. Air Force (Nov. 15), the fifth-most for a three-set match in CSU annals... Had a career-most 25 digs at Utah State (Nov. 2), helping the Rams overcome an 0-2 deficit... Posted double digits for digs 26 times, including 15 matches in a row between Sept. 3 and Oct. 19... Also added 10 service aces, including three in one match (Oct. 26 vs. San Jose State)... Earned accolades for her academic achievements, being named a Mountain West Scholar-Athlete and to the MW Academic All-Conference team for the second straight season.
2012 (FRESHMAN): Started 25 matches as a true freshman, and missed just two contests on the year due to a shoulder injury... Ranked second on the team with 185 digs and 1.99 digs per set... Also provided reliable serving for the Rams, and posted a season-high two service aces at Air Force (Nov. 15)... Filling in for an injured Izzy Gaulia at libero, stepped up and recorded a then-career-most 14 digs in a three-set win at Northern Colorado (Nov. 13)... Recorded at least 10 digs in three separate matches... Was selected by the coaching staff as the recipient of the Coaches' Award, given annually to the player who improved the most or made an immediate impact... Earned Mountain West Academic All-Conference and MW Scholar-Athlete honors for her performance in the classroom.
HIGH SCHOOL: Is a 2012 graduate of Windsor High School... Helped the Wizards win conference, district and regional championships before finishing the 2011 season in the state semifinals... Tri-Valley Athlete of the Year as a junior... Named first-team all-conference and first-team all-state... Played club volleyball for NORCO, and was coached by former Rams libero Katelin Batten... Was class president as a senior... Also involved with the student council community outreach team... Earned academic all-state accolades.
PERSONAL: Born Sept. 28, 1993, in Littleton, Colo. ... Raised in Windsor, Colo. ... Parents are Donna McWhorter and John Colaizzi... Grew up attending matches at Moby Arena and idolized former Ram and Windsor native Jaime Strauss... Majoring in health & exercise science.
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Official Store


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subset: commoncrawl


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How to Get a Nice Butt: A Glute Workout for Men
Six moves for strong, functional glutes — and a butt to match.
A Tough Guy Comes to Terms With His Troubled Past
Plus: How the Drug Cartels Took Over Mexico
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Arrived quickly, well packaged.
Lovely fragrance and absorbs quickly.
Arrived in tact and promptly
Heavenly smell. So clean and fresh. Light and easily absorbed.
Lovely moisturising cream, wonderful fresh scent.
Love the fresh smell
Lovely product. works well, easy to apply, not sticky, delicious light scent. No nasties and no animal testing a bonus.
Ratings Guide Read about our product rating system


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Fifth Ward Pub
- Street:
- 814 S. 2nd Street
- ZIP Code/City:
- 53204 Milwaukee
- State:
- Wi
- Phone:
- (414) 383-3211(414) 383-3211
Updated more than 6 months ago | Claim This Business| Report Incorrect Data
Your Fifth Ward destination for an extensive beer selection, great food, pool, darts, Golden Tee and a huge jukebox selection.
James Carrol, Monday, October 04, 2010
I was a few times in this pub and frankly I liked it. It's an OK place .. maybe a little more expensive than others:). The music is great! I will surely come back.
Laura R. Johnson, Wednesday, September 22, 2010
FIFTH WARD PUB is an OK pub, where you will want to come back after the first visit.
Friday, September 10, 2010
I have never been there, but my son did go with his friends to play pool. He says their pizza is extraordinary as well.
Write a review for Fifth Ward Pub!
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Apple Cider Foldovers
|3 Cup (48 tbs), pared and cut into large dice
|3 Tablespoon, warmed
|Seedless raisins
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Lemon juice
|1 Tablespoon
|Grated lemon rind
|1 Teaspoon
|2 Teaspoon
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|2 Tablespoon
|Softened butter
|2 Tablespoon
|Sour cream
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
In a large skillet, combine cider and honey.
Bring to a boil, stirring to dissolve honey.
Add apples, raisins, lemon juice, and rind.
Simmer, uncovered, for 5 to 8 minutes, stirring occasionally.
In a small bowl, mix cornstarch, cinnamon, and cider.
Stir until smooth, then add to apple mixture.
Stir and cook until thick, about 5 minutes.
Preheat oven to 425° F.
Divide pastry into 6 parts.
On a floured board, roll each part into a 5-inch circle.
Moisten edge of each circle, brush with butter, and spread one-half of each circle with several table-spoonfuls of apple filling.
Fold over.
Press edges together firmly.
Make 3 gashes in center of folded edge for steam to escape.
Bake on ungreased cookie sheet in preheated oven for about 30 minutes.


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Susan'S Scones
13 Jul 2009
Susan's cones are buttery raisin or currants scones, that can also be prepared with cheese. Baked with sugar, flour, eggs, milk and butter. Comfortinga nd snacky, susan's scones are perfect for tea or coffee.
|2 Cup (32 tbs)
|Baking powder
|4 Teaspoon
|3 Tablespoon
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|1 (Plus Milk Equaling 1 Cup)
Sift together flour, baking powder, sugar and salt.
Cut in butter until crumbly.
Stir in handful of raisins or currants or cheese (optional).
Stir the egg in a measuring cup and add milk to it so the total in the cup equals 1 cup.
Stir with fork into the flour mixture until everything is moist.
Turn out onto floured surface and pat into 1 inch thickness.
Cut into approximately 2 inch rounds with cookie cutter.
Put onto ungreased cookie sheet.
Bake at 425°F for 12 minutes.
Cool on rack.
Rate It
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Susan'S Scones Recipe


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Learn about Nokia Music+.
About Nokia Music+
Get more out of your music experience with Nokia Music+.
With Nokia Music+ you can:
Skip an unlimited number of tracks while listening to Mix radio.
Save an unlimited number of mixes for offline listening.
Stream Mix radio with higher quality audio.
View lyrics (when available) while listening to music from My Music or Mix radio.
Access Mix radio on the web through any HTML5–compatible browser at music.nokia.com.
You can access Nokia Music+ features from only one Windows phone at a time with a valid Nokia Music+ subscription.
The services, features, and content may not be available in all countries and may be provided only in selected languages. The service, operations, and some features may also be dependent on the network, the compatibility of the phones or devices used, and the content formats supported.
Related topics
See Download music.
See Find gigs near you.
Upgrade to Nokia Music+
Select settings > subscribe.
Sign in to your Nokia account. If you don't have an account, create one.
Select set up a monthly payment and the payment method.
To later manage your payment methods and view your payment history, go to account.nokia.com.
Tip: To check the date of your next monthly payment, select settings > Nokia Music+.
|Cancel your subscription
Select settings > Nokia Music+ > cancel subscription.
You can continue to use Nokia Music+ features until the end of your current monthly payment.
Related topics
View lyrics
When listening to a song, select or .
You can choose between synchronised lyrics (when available) or the static view.
You need an active internet connection to view lyrics.
Lyrics may not be available for all songs.
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With Nokia Music+, you can listen to Mix radio with higher quality audio.
High quality audio is automatically disabled when streaming over mobile network.
To change the audio quality, select settings > audio quality.


text:
Archive for July, 2007
July 26, 2007
Filed Under (vtrails.org) by Sergei Serdyuk
One of the things that were brought up at the meeting was the problem with writing posts and comments on the site. I took some time to check on it's settings and happy to say that everything is operational now. Please shoot me an email at [sergei] @at@ [redleafsoft_dot_com] if you are still having problems.
July 24, 2007
Filed Under (meetings) by Sergei Serdyuk
Which is tomorrow.
I will have some Rails books with me to show and talk about, so, that would be a good way to spot us.
See you there!
July 15, 2007
Filed Under (meetings) by Sergei Serdyuk
Hi! Since we have not gotten much of a response, Jan and myself decided to pick a date about two weeks in advance so everybody can make it.
We picked Pub and Brewery for the meeting, for it's friendly atmosphere, location and good tasting beer. The plan is to meet everybody in person and shake hands and see what topics are attracting most of the interest.
We are going to raffle Rails Cookbook we received from O'Reilly.
See everybody there!


text:
How To Make Tie Dye Shirts, Decor & More: 18 Tie Dye Patterns
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Beginning Feather Blending for Drawers
By: Copic Markers
We are adding the craft to your Craft Projects.
The project was added to your Craft Projects.
Click here to view your Craft Projects.
Are you interested in marker coloring techniques? If so, you'll love this tutorial on Beginning Feather Blending for Drawers from Copic Markers. You don't have to be an expert to master this technique. In fact, you don't need prior knowledge at all! Grab your markers and start learning.|
- Copic Markers
- Using a brush nib, work your way in from the tips of the stars with Y17. Leave the middle open.
- Soak the middle of the star with Y11, pushing the edges of the darker yellow out. Lightly feather the Y11 as you get further into the tips of Y17. This way, your edges stay soft and blend smoothly. Push with the lighter color until you get a smooth blend. If the dark color gets too light, add more dark again, feathering to keep from getting harsh edges.
- Any lighter color will push a darker color out if the dark color is soaked enough. You can always keep layering colors as needed until the blend looks right. While blending, always keep a layer of scratch paper under your work in case the ink soaks through.
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text:
Crysis Warhead exclusive for PC
View Single Post
Join Date: Aug 2006
Posts: 1,298
Re: Crysis Warhead exclusive for PC
Other links!
EA officially confirms that Crysis Warhead is in development at Crytek. The game is a standalone expansion pack, currently developed exclusively for the PC and powered by a new and enhanced version of the Crytek's CryENGINE 2 technology. It was also said that Crysis Warhead will feature new multiplayer content. The official web site still shows the same teaser image from yesterday.
"We were very pleased with the reception of Crysis from both gamers and media after our launch last year," said Cevat Yerli, CEO and President of Crytek. "That being said, one of the key principles of our studio is to always raise the bar. With Warhead, we are focusing on refining our storytelling and game performance, while also delivering more of the visually stunning graphics and immersive, free-roaming gameplay everyone loved in Crysis."
The story follows the Nanosuit-wearing Sergeant Sykes, also known as Psycho; one of the characters from the original. "Psycho is more brash and aggressive than his Delta Force squad mate Nomad, and players will experience his story which runs parallel to events of the original - life on the other side of the island is even more intense and explosive."
The best part is that Psycho's Nanosuit packs an even bigger arsenal of fully customizable weapons. In addition, he gets access to a range of new vehicles.
The game's slated to arrive this Fall.
PC-only, eh? Interesting. I guess Crytek's concerns about piracy subsided somewhat.
Sounds awesome!
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Class Appeal
Even before he started work on his new, best-selling collection of essays, [Classy: Exceptional Advice for the Extremely Modern Lady](http://search.barnesandnoble.com/Classy/Derek-Blasberg/e/9781595142795/?itm=1&USRI=blasberg), writer and man-about-Manhattan Derek Blasberg had been exploring a question that, while not necessarily essential, is kind of fun to think about: What makes a woman classy? Here, Blasberg, perhaps showing a future as a shutterbug, shares 25 personal snapshots of women who don't just deserve the label but define it.
Derek Blasberg is the editor-at-large at Style.com and Harper's Bazaar, and a senior editor at V magazine. His book Classy: Exceptional Advice for the Extremely Modern Lady (Razorbill), was published in April.
For more high-profile interviews, stunning photography, and thought-provoking features, subscribe now to Vanity Fair magazine.
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80's icon Paula Abdul has tried everything from hosting American Idol, having her own Reality show, to singing with Randy Jackson to boost her music career. Now, Paula wants to get back into dancing, only this time on the ballroom floor. According to Dancing With The Stars host Tom Bergeron, Paula wants to be a contestant on the hit dancing TV show next season.
This morning Tom was on Ryan Seacrest's morning show (KIIS FM), where he announced that he bumped into Paula Abdul yesterday at the studios where they shoot DWTS. Paula explained how she has done choreography but never done ballroom dancing and was very interested in being a contestant on the show.
We're assuming ABC will be running on Paula's offer, only if her contract with AI will permit. Paula needs to learn that sometimes less is more, network hopping is only going mean more Paula air time, which is going to make us watch less TV. But the bright side for Paula is that she doesn't really need to get any new costumes, she can just go in her closet.


text:
Additional Categories:
Mfg.: Benchmark
Models: Benchmark 51072-H, Benchmark 51072H
This item is shipped brand new directly from the manufacturer. Please note the image above is for reference only.
Item: Benchmark USA Dual Well Hot Fudge & Caramel Warmer w/ Inset Lids and Ladles
Model: 51072-H
Description: This item is great for snack bars, fast food restaurants, and ice cream shops.
This item weighs 23 lbs. but we have added 4 lbs. to the weight for packing and shipping.
There are currently no reviews for this item. Be the first to write one.


text:
Arizona Cardinals
Updated Dec 13, 2012 - 2:25 pm
Cardinals vs. Lions game sold out
A nine-game losing streak is not enough to keep Arizona Cardinals fans away, as the team announced Thursday that Sunday's game against the Detroit Lions has been sold out.
Including preseason and postseason, the Cardinals have now sold out all 72 games played at University of Phoenix Stadium.
Most Popular
Cardinals Audio
- What on Your Mind? - Thursday July 2Vince Marotta vents about uniform numbers, airline fees, and Dwayne "the Rock" Johnson
- Top 5: Career Comebacks - Tuesday June 30Who had the best career comeback? Was it Jordan, Travolta, Warner, or someone else?
- Bickley Blast - Tuesday June 30Is the end near for Roger Goodell?
- Hardware - Monday June 29The Justin Bieber award, the You're Just Mean award, and more of the best/worst of the weekend
- John Clayton, ESPN NFL insider - Friday June 26John Clayton says Denver was never close to trading Peyton Manning.


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Saturday July 11th 8PM The Billy Higgins Legacy Band: A Tribute To Billy Higgins
- Music
- Musically Minded Academy, Broadway, Oakland, CA
Daria Jazz
Musically Minded Academy
Saturday, April 6, 2013 from 8:00 PM to 10:00 PM (PDT)
Acclaimed jazz vocalist, Daria, fuses Jazz, Latin, Brazilian Rhythms and originals. A sultry and soulful singer, fresh interpretations and pure musicality are her trademarks. The release of her 2005 CD, Feel The Rhythm, co-produced by Frank Martin and Wayne Wallace, garnered critical acclaim and airplay worldwide. Daria tours with the renowned Dan Hicks and the Hot Licks.
Daria has shared the stage and recorded with artists such as Joe Sample, Christian McBride, Lewis Nash, Bob Dorough, Abe Laboriel, Dave Grisman, Dan Hicks, Frank Martin, Wayne Wallace, Alex Acuna, Lawrence Hobgood and Abe Laboriel to name a few. She has graced the stage at the 45th Montreux Jazz Festival, Yoshi's, Pearl's, The Plush Room, 142 Throckmorton Theatre, The Vic For Jazz, Temecula Valley International Jazz Festival, Jazz In Flight and San Francisco Jazz Festival concerts, as well as international clubs in Japan, Brussels and Berlin. She has been featured on jazz radio programs worldwide. Daria received a 20 year award from Bread and Roses charitable organization, for her outstanding contributions. She is included in the book THE JAZZ SINGERS, "the top 521 jazz singers of all time", by renowned jazz writer and critic, Scott Yanow.
"Daria has all the elements of the great jazz singers, complete musicality,bravery, intense commitment to you her listener, to give you her very best. And the voice? Just lovely, that's all!" - Mark Murphy, Jazz Vocalist
"Five Big Shining Stars!" - The Jazz Review
"Daria is the real deal." - All About Jazz
"World Class. New experiences and insights beyond the ordinary" - Jesse "Chuy" Varela - Latin Beat Magazine, Sunday Datebook, SF Chronicle
Jonathan Alford started playing the piano at 5. He studied classical piano at the University of Wisconisn and privately with Julian White .Mostly self-taught, he began studying jazz at the age of 25 with Mark Levine and a few years later entered the Latin music world, learning the rudiments of the latin style with the late piano legend Carlos Federico.
Bay Area native Jonathan Alford's latin chops were honed by 12 long years playing piano in the salsa trenches – though he fondly recollects his days changing, Superman-like, from his postal worker's uniform into his gig duds. His reputation for honest, melodic and harmonically modern compositions and accompaniment has drawn a vast array of singers to him.
"Most piano players like soloing. I like songs," he says. He combines a typical Bay Area smorgasbord of influences from classical to blues while adding a distinctive and lyrical piano voice.
Jonathan has been a regular on the SF Bay Area music scene for 20 years. He has performed and recorded with such local talents as singers Jenna Mamina, Maria Marquez, Elaine Lucia, Daria, Roberta Donnay as well as Bobby Hutcherson, Bud Shank, David Sanchez and others. He has played at the SF and SJ Jazz Festivals among others, as well as stints in France and Italy with various artists. As a latin pianist Jonathan has been fortunate to have shared the stage or recorded with some of the greats in latin percussion, Orestes Vilato, Armando Peraza, Francisco Aquabella, John Santos, Pete Escovedo as well as Chocolate Armenteros, the Machete Ensemble, Santana and Julius Melendez.
Since moving to San Francisco in 1999, Sam Bevan has established himself as one of the most versatile and creative bassists in the Bay Area. Bevan is able to canvas a large musical landscape where jazz, funk, r&b, folk and Afro-Cuban disciplines joyously intermingle. His sound is in response to the history of modern jazz, yet it's his composer's ear which informs his overall concept:
"Since I began my musical life as a pianist, including composing and arranging for pop/rock, jazz and salsa bands, I have a broad sense of the role of the bass. I am very content providing support and feel as a part of the rhythm section, as well as listening for appropriate moments to push the music into new territory. My goal is to interpret the music in interesting and creative ways, without compromising the lead melodic instrument."
The foundation was laid for Bevan's career where he began classical piano lessons at the age of four. Sam's adoption of the electric and acoustic bass followed periods playing jazz and classical piano, singing professionally and getting a BA in French. After attending college in Salt Lake City, he now resides a few miles from where he was born in Oakland, California.
Throughout his professional life, Sam has had the opportunity to work with a wide range of artists including: David Grisman, Joe Craven, Zigaboo Modeliste, Geoff Muldaur, Jim Kweskin, Roswell Rudd, Kenny Washington, Mary Wilson, Barbara Morrison, Jacqui Naylor, Bjorkestra, Industrial Jazz Group, Mark Levine, Joe Locke, Dave Ellis, Matt Flinner, Scott Nygaard, Fito Reinoso, Orestes Vilato, Louie Romero & Mazacote, Jesus Diaz, Carlos Caro, Karl Perazzo, Raul Pineda, Marco Granados, Jackie Rago, The VNote Ensemble, Mamadou Sidibe, Monk's Music Trio, Loose Wig, Steve Lippia, Chelle & Friends, the Kin, New Pickle Family Circus, Stevie Coyle, Walter Strauss, Calaveras, Telepathy, Alexa Weber Morales, Nathan Clevenger Group, Ian Dogole & Hemispheres, Fil Lorenz Orchestra and the Contemporary Jazz Orchestra.
In order to purchase these tickets in installments, you'll need an Eventbrite account. Log in or sign up for a free account to continue.


text:
Betty Berry: Checking out facility in advance of needing them is good idea
Q: I am a caregiver for a family member and currently doing OK but I know in the future I will need to seek placement. What should I look for in selecting a facility?
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Yerra & Gauchos V by Jose Antonio González
Café Comercial by David Ramos
Moscow Underground by Joel Aron
The Television Softly Snowed.. by Shauna Rose
dance. dance. by Courtney Cheatham
backways. by Courtney Cheatham
slow. (ximending, taipei, taiwan) by Courtney Cheatham
Love the SUN by Pietro Graziano
The White House on the dark cliff by Rhiannon Adam
From a distance, the world looks blue and green by Rhiannon Adam
by Leandro Fornasir
Summer Hay at Dusk by Penny Nannini
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text:
Mike in love
January 14, 2013
Matt took this photo in the basement of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, back in 2008 when we were there as part of the field-trip associated with the Bonn sauropod conference.
Hopefully all you long-time SV-POW! readers will recognise the specific vertebra that I'm in love with.
Speculative sauropod sketches of SVPCA 2012
September 18, 2012
Friday evening I was in a pub with Mike, Darren, John Conway, and Emma Lawlor. We were killing time waiting for the Pink Giraffe Chinese restaurant down the street to open. I was chatting with John about "All Todays", his speculative presentation with Cevdet Kosemen (a.k.a. Nemo Ramjet) on how future sentients might reconstruct Holocene animals if they were known only from fossils. Like his "All Yesterdays" presentation last year, John's flights of scientific fancy had fired my imagination and gotten me thinking about how paleontology forms sort of a skin or membrane between the bubble of what we know and the surrounding ocean of what we don't. I decided that we should pass a pad around and each sketch a speculative sauropod.
My own entry is based on the holotype of Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis, which was found almost complete except for the skull (naturally) and forelimbs. I have often joked that diplodocids were basically bipeds whose forelimbs happened to reach the ground. Mamenchisaurs were probably not that back-heavy, but their presacral vertebrae were extremely pneumatic and if our hypothetical future paleontologists had no other sauropod material to work with, I think it's possible that they would reconstruct the M. hochuanensis holotype as a biped.
I'm not sure there's much to say about Mike's brachiosaur, beyond the Ebert-like observation that if a brachiosaur dressed up in a coat and top hat and went cruising for dames, this, I am forced to conclude, is more or less how it would look.
John Conway also drew a mamenchisaur, this time Mamenchisaurus youngi with its bizarrely bent-back sacrum. John's explanation for the weird sacrum brings to mind ground sloths and–for those who saw "All Yesterdays" at SVPCA 2011–a certain black-feathered therizinosaur. I'd also like to note that he knocked this out in about 5 minutes, thus demonstrating the difference between a professional artist and a mere doodler like myself.
Darren's hindlimb-less sauropod complements my bipedal Mamenchisaurus. Here the animal, evidently known from only the front half of the skeleton, has been restored as a giant bird. Dig the giant thumb claws and spreading metapodials. Surely, you say, future paleontologists of any species or machine culture would know a pectoral girdle when they saw one. But I'll bet a sauropod scapulocoracoid could pass for an ilium, if said future paleontologists were still in the early stages of understanding the morphology and diversity of vertebrates. Remember that Seeley described the sauropod Ornithopsis as "a gigantic animal of the pterodactyle kind" based on its pneumatic vertebrae. There is also a long and honorable (?) tradition of mistaking sauropods for hadrosaurs (Sonorasaurus), theropods (Bruhathkayosaurus), and tree trunks (Sauroposeidon), so don't be too quick to rule this out.
What I want to see next is a skeletal reconstruction of Darren's sauro-bird, using only elements from the front half of a sauropod skeleton. Anyone want to give it a shot?
Our penultimate entry is Emma's rendering of an evil bastard snake devouring an innocent baby sauropod. Tragically this one is not speculative–we have very good fossil evidence that the scene shown here really happened, probably a lot. She tried to make it up to us with a smiley face on the next page, but it was too late. We were so depressed after this that we could barely choke down four courses of excellent Chinese food.
One more for the road: a totally new depiction of the enigmatic sauropod Xenoposeidon by yours truly. I expect to see this incorporated into future talks and papers dealing with European sauropod diversity in the Early Cretaceous. Just credit me as you normally would.
That's all, folks. I hope that speculative sauropod sketches get to be a Thing, and that we see lots more of them from future conferences.
Hot sauropod news, part 2: A new look for Sauroposeidon
September 5, 2012
Another recent paper (part 1 is here) with big implications for my line of work: D'Emic and Foreman (2012), "The beginning of the sauropod dinosaur hiatus in North America: insights from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Wyoming." In it, the authors sink Paluxysaurus into Sauroposeidon and refer a bunch of Cloverly material to Sauroposeidon as well. So in one fell swoop Sauroposeidon goes from being one of the most poorly represented Early Cretaceous North American sauropods, based on just four vertebrae from a single individual, to one of the best-known, most complete, and most widespread, based on at least seven individuals from Texas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming.
The web of connections among the different sets of material is complex, and involves the Sauroposeidon holotype OMNH 53062 from the Antlers Formation of southeastern Oklahoma, the type and referred material of Paluxysaurus from the Twin Mountains Formation of northern Texas described by Rose (2007), sauropod material from the Cloverly Formation of north-central Wyoming described and illustrated by Ostrom (1970), and UM 20800, a scap and coracoid newly excavated from one of Ostrom's old quarries. D'Emic and Foreman argue that (1) the Cloverly material is referable to Sauroposeidon based on the shared derived characters of a juvenile cervical, YPM 5294, and the Sauroposeidon holotype, and (2) Paluxysaurus is not distinguishable from the Cloverly material and in fact shares several autapomorphies with the Cloverly sauropod. Which means that (3) Paluxysaurus is Sauroposeidon.
But that's not all! All the new material suggests different phylogenetic affinities for Sauroposeidon. Instead of a brachiosaurid, it is now posited to be a basal somphospondyl. That's not super-surprising; as we noted back in 2000 (Wedel et al. 2000), if Sauroposeidon was a brachiosaurid it had evolved some features in parallel with titanosaurs, most notably the fully camellate internal structure of the cervical vertebrae. And it also makes sense because other basal somphospondyls include Erketu and Qiaowanlong, the cervicals of which are similar to Sauroposeidon in some features. D'Emic and Foreman (2012) cite a forthcoming paper by Mike D'Emic in the Journal of Systematic Paleontology that contains the cladistic analysis backing all this up, but the case based on comparative anatomy is already pretty strong.
If anyone is unconvinced by all of these referrals, please bear in mind that we haven't heard the whole story yet, quite probably for reasons that are outside of the authors' control. I am inclined to be patient because I have been in that situation myself: Wedel (2003a) was intended to stand on the foundation of evidence laid down by Wedel (2003b), but because of the vagaries of publication schedules at two different journals, the interpretive paper beat the descriptive one into press by a couple of months.
Anyway, if anyone wants my opinion as "Mr. Sauroposeidon", I think the work of D'Emic and Foreman (2012) is solid and the hypothesis that Paluxysaurus is Sauroposeidon is reasonable. So, if I think it's reasonable now, why didn't I synonymize the two myself? Partly because I thought there was a pretty good chance the two were not the same, based mostly on FWMSH 93B-10-8 (which I referred to as FWMSH "A" in Wedel 2003b, since I had only seen in on display without a specimen number), which I thought looked a lot more like a titanosaur cervical than a brachiosaur cervical. But of course I thought Sauroposeidon was a brachiosaur until a couple of months ago, and if it ain't, and if brachiosaurs and basal somphospondyls have similar cervicals, that objection is considerably diminished. And partly because I've had other things to be getting on with, and stopping everything else to spend what would realistically be a few months looking into a possible synonymy (that I didn't strongly suspect) wasn't feasible in terms of time or geography. So I'm glad that D'Emic and Foreman have done that work, and I'm excited about the new things they've uncovered.
And I'm honored to bring you a new life restoration of Sauroposeidon by uber-talented Bob Nicholls, which we think is the first to show Sauroposeidon in its new guise as a basal somphospondyl. Click through for the mega-awesome version.
Same critter, different views. If anyone wants to GDI this baby, you now have everything you need. Many thanks to Bob for permission to post these and the following making-of images. Please visit him at Paleocreations.com to see a ton of awesome stuff, and give him some love–or at least a few thousand "likes"–on Facebook.
This is Bob's first foray into 3D modeling, but you'd never know from the quality of his virtual sculpt. And let me tell you, that dude works fast. He sent this initial version, showing Sauroposeidon as an attenuated brachiosaur (sorta like this) on August 23, to solicit comments from Mike and me.
I wrote back and let Bob know about the new work of D'Emic and Foreman, and suggested that he could probably be the first to restore Sauroposeidon as a somphospondyl. Mike and I also voiced our opposition to the starvation-thinned neck, and Mike suggested that the forelimb was too lightly muscled and that the 'fingers' were probably too prominent. The very next day, this was in our inboxes:
I wrote back:
Whatever Sauroposeidon was, its neck was fairly tall and skinny in cross-section. It looks like the neck on your model sort of tapers smoothly from the front of the body to the head. I think it would be much narrower, side-to-side, along most of its length, and would have a more pronounced shoulder-step where it met the body.The bottom view is very useful. It shows the forefeet as being about the same size as the hindfeet. AFAIK all or nearly all known sauropod tracks have much bigger hindfeet than forefeet. Certainly that is the case with Brontopodus birdi, the big Early Cretaceous sauropod tracks from Texas that were probably made by Sauroposeidon. The forefeet should be about 75-80% the width of the hindfeet, and only about half a long front-to-back. Even if you don't quite get to those numbers, shrinking the forefeet a bit and subtly up-sizing the hindfeet would make the model more accurate.
I like how freaky it looks. It looks WRONG, but in a good way.
I had one more change to recommend:
I'm sorry I didn't suggest this sooner, but it only just now occurred to me. With the referral of Paluxysaurus and the Cloverly material to Sauroposeidon, we now have dorsal vertebrae, and they are loooong, much more similar in proportion to the dorsals of Brachiosaurus altithorax than those of Giraffatitan brancai. So, as much as I like the compact little body on your Sauroposeidon, I think it was probably fairly long in the torso. You probably already have Mike's Brachiosaurus paper [Taylor 2009] with the skeletal recon showing the long torso–in the absence of an updated skeletal recon for Sauroposeidon, I'd use Mike's Figure 7 as a guide for reconstructing the general body proportions.
Bob lengthened the torso to produce the final version, which is the first one I showed above. He sent that over on August 29–the delay in getting this post up rests entirely with me.
So. It is still very weird to think of "my" dinosaur as a somphospondyl rather than a brachiosaur. I had 15 years to get used to the latter idea. But suddenly having a lot more material–essentially the whole skeleton, minus some stinkin' skull bits–is pretty darned exciting, and the badass new life restoration doesn't hurt, either.
Now, would it be too much to wish for some more Brontomerus?
- D'Emic, M.D., and B.Z. Foreman. 2012. The beginning of the sauropod dinosaur hiatus in North America: insights from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(4): 883-902.
- Ostrom, J.H. 1970. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming and Montana. Peabody Museum Bulletin 35: 1-234.
- Rose, Peter J. 2007. A new titanosauriform sauropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Early Cretaceous of central Texas and its phylogenetic relationships. Palaeontologia Electronica 10(2): 8A (65 pp.)
- Taylor, Michael P. 2009. A re-evaluation of Brachiosaurus altithorax Riggs 1903 (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) and its generic separation from Giraffatitan brancai (Janensch 1914). Journal of Vertebrae Paleontology 29(3): 787-806.
- Wedel, M.J. 2003a. Vertebral pneumaticity, air sacs, and the physiology of sauropod dinosaurs. Paleobiology 29: 243-255.
- Wedel, M.J. 2003b. The evolution of vertebral pneumaticity in sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 344-357.
- Wedel, M.J., R.L. Cifelli and R.K. Sanders. 2000. Osteology, paleobiology, and relationships of the sauropod dinosaur Sauroposeidon. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45(4): 343-388.
The giant Oklahoma Apatosaurus: OMNH 1670 redux
April 30, 2012
In the recent post on OMNH 1670, a dorsal vertebra of a giant Apatosaurus from the Oklahoma panhandle, I half-promised to post the only published figure of this vertebra, from Stovall (1938: fig. 3.3). So here it is:
And in the second comment on that post, I promised a sketch from one of my notebooks, showing how much of the vertebra is reconstructed. Here's a scan of the relevant page from my notebook. Reconstructed areas of the vert are shaded (confusingly, using strokes going in opposite directions on the spine and centrum, and the dark shaded areas on the front of the transverse processes are pneumatic cavities), and measurements are given in mm.
Next item: is this really a fifth dorsal vertebra?
Here are D4 and D5 of A. louisae CM 3018. They sort of bracket OMNH 1670 in terms of morphology. D4 has a broader spine, and D5 has a narrower one. The spine of D5 lacks the slight racquet-shaped expansion seen in OMNH 1670, but the overall proportions of the spine are more similar. On the other hand, the transverse processes of D4 taper a bit in anterior and posterior view, as in OMNH 1670, and unlike the transverse processes of D5 with their more parallel dorsal and ventral margins. But honestly, neither of these verts is a very good match (and the ones on either side, D3 and D6, are even worse).
Here are D3 and D4 of A. parvus UWGM 15556. D3 is clearly a poor match as well–it is really striking how much the vertebral morphology changes through the anterior dorsals in most sauropods, and Apatosaurus is no exception. D3 looks like a dorsal in lateral view, but in anterior or posterior view it could almost pass for a posterior cervical. If I was going to use the term "cervicodorsal", indicating one of the vertebrae from the neck/trunk transition, I would apply it as far back as D3, but not to D4. That thing is all dorsal.
And it's a very interesting dorsal from the perspective of identifying OMNH 1670. It has fairly short, tapering transverse processes. The neural spine is a bit shorter and broader, but it has a similar racquet-shaped distal expansion. I'm particularly intrigued by the pneumatic fossae inscribed into the anterior surface of the neural spine–in Gilmore's plate they make a broken V shapen, like so \ / (or maybe devil eyes). Now, OMNH 1670 doesn't have devil eyes on its spine, but it does have a couple of somewhat similar pneumatic fossae cut into the spine just below the distal racquet–perhaps a serially modified iteration of the same pair of fossae as in the A. parvus D4. It's a right sod that D5 from this animal has its spine blown off–but it still has its transverse processes, and they are short and tapering as in OMNH 1670.
Here are all the dorsals and the first couple sacrals of FMNH P25112, which was originally described as A. excelsus but in the specimen-level analysis of Upchurch et al. 2005) comes out as the sister taxon to the A. ajax/A. parvus/A. excelsus clade. Note the striking similarity of the D5 here with D4 of the A. parvus specimen in Gilmore's plate (until the careful phylogenetic work up Upchurch et al. 2005, that A. parvus specimen, once CM 563 and now UWGM 15556, was considered to represent A. excelsus as well). But also notice the striking similarity of D6 to OMNH 1670. It's not quite a dead ringer–the transverse processes are longer and have weird bent-down "wingtips" (XB-70 Valkyrie, anyone?)–but it's pretty darned close, especially in the shape of the neural spine.
So what does this all mean? First, that trying to specify the exact serial position of an isolated vertebra is nigh on to impossible, unless it's something that is one-of-a-kind like an axis. Second, after doing all these comparos I think it's unlikely that OMNH 1670 is a D4–those are a bit too squat across the board–but it could plausibly be either a D5 or a D6. Third, I'm really happy that it doesn't seem to match any particular specimen better than all the rest. What I don't want to happen is for someone to see that this vertebra looks especially like specimen X and therefore decide that it must represent species Y. As I said in the comments of the previous post, what this Oklahoma Apatosaurus material needs is for someone to spend some quality time seeing, measuring, and photographing all of it and then doing a phylogenetic analysis. That sounds like an ambitious master's thesis or the core of a dissertation, and I hope an OU grad student takes it on someday.
If you were intrigued by my suggestion that the big Oklahoma Apatosaurus rivalled Supersaurus in size, and wanted to see a technical comparison of the two, I am happy to report that Scott Hartman has done the work for you. Here's one of his beautiful Apatosaurus skeletal reconstructions, scaled to the size of OMNH 1670, next to his Supersaurus silhouette. This is just a small teaser–go check out his post on the subject for a larger version and some interesting (and funny) thoughts on how the two animals compare.
- Gilmore, C.W. 1936. Osteology of Apatosaurus with special reference to specimens in the Carnegie Museum. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 11:175-300.
- Riggs, E.S. 1903. Structure and relationships of opisthocoelian dinosaurs, part I: Apatosaurus Marsh. Field Columbian Museum Publications, Geological Series 2(4): 165–196.
- Stovall, J.W. 1938. The Morrison of Oklahoma and its dinosaurs. Journal of Geology 46:583-600.
The giant Oklahoma Apatosaurus: OMNH 1670
April 25, 2012
Something I've always intended to do but never gotten around to is posting on some of the immense Apatosaurus elements from the Oklahoma panhandle. Here's one of the most impressive, OMNH 1670, an isolated dorsal. Notice that the tip of the neural spine is ever-so-shallowly bifurcated, which in Apatosaurus indicates a D4, D5, or D6. The low parapophyses and fat transverse processes are similar to D4, but Apatosaurus D4s usually have somewhat broader spines, so I'm guessing this thing is a D5. These things vary and I could easily be off by a position in either direction.
Next to it is D5 of CM 3018, the holotype specimen of Apatosaurus louisae (from Gilmore 1936: plate 25), which has served as the basis for many of the published mass estimates of the genus Apatosaurus. OMNH 1670 is 135 cm tall, compared to 106 cm for D5 of CM 3018. If the rest of the animal scaled the same way, it would have been 1.27^3 = 2 times as massive. Mass estimates for CM 3018 are all over the map, from about 18 tons up to roughly twice that, so the big Oklahoma Apatosaurus was probably in Supersaurus territory, mass-wise, and may have rivaled some of the big titanosaurs (Update: see the two giant diplodocids square off in a cool follow-up post by Supersaurus wrangler Scott Hartman). Here's a fun rainy-day activity: take any skeletal reconstruction of Apatosaurus, clone it in Photoshop or GIMP, scale it up by 27%, and park it next to the original. It looks a lot bigger. So I'm continually surprised that Apatosaurus is so rarely mentioned in the various roundups of giant sauropods, both in the technical literature and in popular articles online. This vertebra was figured by Stovall (1938)–if I get inspired, I'll dig up that figure and post it another day (hey, look, I did!).
Fun fact: in Apatosaurus the tallest (most posterior) dorsals are 1.3-1.5 times as tall as D5 (Gilmore 1936: 201). So D10 from this individual was probably between 1.7 and 2 meters tall–not quite in Amphicoelias fragillimus territory but getting closer than I'll bet most people suspected.
NB: if you try to use the scale bar lying on the centrum of OMNH 1670 to check my numbers, you will get a wonky answer. The problem is that the vertebra is so large that it is almost impossible to get far enough back from it (above it, in this case, since it is lying on a padded pallet) to get a shot free from distortion due to parallax. For this shot, the pallet with the vert was on the floor, and I was standing on top of the tallest ladder in the OMNH collections, leaning out over the vert to get centered over the prezygapophyses, and shooting straight down–in other words, I had done everything possible to minimize the visual distortion. But it still crept in. Anyway, trust the measurements, which I–and presumably Gilmore–made with a good old reliable tape measure.
- Gilmore, C.W. 1936. Osteology of Apatosaurus with special reference to specimens in the Carnegie Museum. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 11:175-300.
- Stovall, J.W. 1938. The Morrison of Oklahoma and its dinosaurs. Journal of Geology 46:583-600.
Neural spine bifurcation in sauropods, Part 5: is Haplocanthosaurus a juvenile of a known diplodocid?
April 14, 2012
Last time around, Matt walked through a lot of the detailed cervical morphology of Suuwassea and known diplodocids to show that, contra the suggestion of Woodruff and Fowler (2012), Suuwassea is distinct and can't be explained away as an ontogenomorph of a previously known genus.
Although Suuwassea is singled out for special treatment in this paper, other genera do not escape unscathed. From the Conclusions section on page 9:
Just as particularly large diplodocid specimens (e.g., Seismosaurus; Gillette, 1991) have been more recently recognized as large and potentially older individuals of already recognized taxa (Diplodocus; Lucas et al., 2006; Lovelace et al., 2007), taxa defined on small specimens (such as Suuwassea, but also potentially Barosaurus, Haplocanthosaurus, and ''Brontodiplodocus''), might represent immature forms of Diplodocus or Apatosaurus.
I have to admit I more or less fell out of my chair when I saw the suggestion that poor old Haplocanthosaurus might be Diplodocus or Apatosaurus. I think this idea comes from a misstatement in the very first sentence of the abstract:
Within Diplodocoidea (Dinosauria: Sauropoda), phylogenetic position of the three subclades Rebbachisauridae, Dicraeosauridae, and Diplodocidae is strongly influenced by a relatively small number of characters.
As a statement of fact, this is simply the opposite of the truth: in all the major phylogenetic analyses, the arrangement of subclades with Diplodocoidea is the most stable part of the tree, supported by more characters than all the other clades.
For example, in the analysis of Upchurch et al. (2004) in The Dinosauria II, fig. 13.18 shows that the nodes with the highest bootstrap percentages are Diplodocinae (96%), Dicraeosauridae (95%) and Diplodocidae (93%).
Or consider the analysis of Wilson (2002). While it's getting on a bit, it still scores highly by being the most explicit published sauropod analysis, with comprehensive lists of apomorphies. Table 12 lists the decay indexes for the 24 nodes in the strict consensus tree. Apart from the three very basal nodes separating sauropods from their outgroups, the two highest-scoring clades are Diplodocidae and Diplodocinae (DI=7), followed by four clades all with DI=5 of which two are Dicraeosauridae and Flagellicaudata (which Wilson just called "Dicraeosauridae + Diplodocidae" as it had not yet been named). (It's well worth reading Wilson's Appendix 3 to see the synapomorphies supporting these nodes in the MPTs: he lists 14 separating Diplodocimorpha from the node it shares with Haplocanthosaurus, 18 separating Flagellicaudata from the node it shares with Rebbachisauridae, 16 separating Diplodocidae from the node it shares with Dicareosauridae, and seven separating Diplodocinae from the node it shares with Apatosaurus).*
* Why are the lists of apomorphies longer than the decay indexes? Because they list the apomorphies as they occur in the specific topology of the consensus tree. Nodes within that tree can be made to collapse without wiping out all the apomorphies by rejuggling other parts of the tree to move character-state transitions around. So although (for example) 26 characters separate Flagellicaudata from Rebbachisauridae (18 + 8 synapomorphies respectively) you can rejuggle the whole tree to break the monophyly of Flagellicaudata while making the entire tree only five steps longer.
Anyway, for whatever reason, Woodruff and Fowler felt that the stability of the diplodocoid clades was in question, and this presumably influenced their hypothesis that Haplocanthosaurus could be easily moved down into one of the diplodocid genera.
Next time we'll be considering the implications for the tree. But today, let's take a moment to do this the old-fashioned way, by looking at …
Hatcher (1903), ever helpful, included a comparative plate in his monograph which should help us to evaluate the idea that Haplo is a known diplodocid:
Based on this, the pelvis of Haplocanthosaurus differs from those of the diplodocids in having a proportionally lower ilium, in the absence of the laterally facing rugosity on the posterodorsal margin of the ilium, in the very small distal expansion of the pubis and in the almost non-existent distal expansion of the ischium. These are all characters of the limb-girdle elements, which do not change greatly through ontogeny in sauropods.
But the evidence from the sacral vertebrae is just as significant: the neural spines in the sacral area are less than half as tall as in the diplodocids — and this in an animal whose dorsal neural spines are conspicuously tall. The spines are also more anteroposteriorly elongate and plate-like. What's more, sacral spines 1, 2 and 3 have fused into a single plate in Haplocanthosaurus, while the spine of S1 remains well separated from 2 and 3 in the diplodocids. So the ontogenetic hypothesis would have to say that the spine of S1 unfuses through ontogeny. Which is not something I've heard of happening in any sauropod, or indeed any animal.
So the pelvis and sacrum seem distinct. But Woodruff and Fowler's (2012) notion of ontogenetic synonymy is built on the idea that the differences in the cervical and dorsal vertebrae are ontogenetic. So let's take a look at them.
Cervical vertebrae
It should be immediately apparent that the Haplocanthosaurus cervicals have less extensive pneumatic features than those of the diplodocids, but that is one feature which we know does vary ontogenetically. There are other differences: for example, the cervical ribs in Haplocanthosaurus are level with the bottom centrum rather than hanging below. Still, if you kind of squint a bit, you could probably persuade yourself that the Haplocanthus vertebrae look like possible juveniles of Diplodocus.
Unless you look at them from behind:
(Unfortunately, these are the only Haplocanthosaurus cervical vertebrae that Hatcher had illustrated in posterior view, so we can't compare more anterior ones.)
From this perspective, we can immediately significant differences:
- First, that unsplit spine. Yes, we know that Woodruff and Fowler (2012) have argued that it could be ontogenetic, but these are vertebrae from the most deeply bifurcated region of a diplodocid neck, in a decent sized animal, and there is nothing that so much as hints at bifurcation.
- That whacking great ligament scar running right down the back (and also the front, not pictured) of the neural spine. There is nothing like this in any diplodocid — neither on the metapophyses nor running though the trough. And remember, scars like these tend to become more prominent through ontogeny.
- The neural arch (i.e. the region between the postzygapophyses and the centrum) is taller in Haplocanthosaurus — much taller in the case of C15.
- The plates running out to the diapophyses are less dorsoventrally expanded in Haplocanthosaurus.
- The centrum is smaller as a proportion of total height — especially, much smaller than in Diplodocus.
- The parapophyses extend directly laterally rather than ventrolaterally (hence the position of the cervical ribs level with the bottom of the centrum).
So it doesn't look good for the juvenile-diplodocid hypothesis. But let's take a look at the …
Dorsal vertebrae
Here we see that Haplocanthosaurus has dorsolaterally inclined diapophyses (which we'll see more clearly in a minute), a prominent spinodiapohyseal lamina in posterior dorsals, and no infraparapophyseal lamination. Also, the dorsal vertebrae have reached their full height by the middle of the series (in fact the last nine dorsals are startlingly similar in proportions), whereas in diplodocids, total height continues to increase posteriorly.
Now let's see those vertebrae in posterior view:
Here is where it all falls apart. The Haplocanthosaurus dorsals differ from those of the diplodocids in almost every respect:
- Of course we have the non-bifid spine in again, in the anterior dorsal, but let's not keep flogging that dead horse.
- In the mid and posterior dorsals, the neurapophysis is rounded in posterior view rather than square.
- In the posterior dorsal, the neural spine has laterally directed triangular processes near the top.
- All three Haplocanthosaurus neural spines have broad, rugose ligament scars, whereas those of the diplodocids have narrow postspinal laminae.
- The neural spines (measured from the diapophyses upwards) are much shorter than in the diplodocids; but
- The neural arches (measured from the centrum up to the diapophyses) are much taller.
- The diapophyses have distinct club-like rugosities at their tips.
- the diapophyses of the mid and posterior dorsals are inclined strongly upwards
- The hyposphenes of mid and posterior dorsals have very long centropostzygapophyseal laminae curving up in a gentle arch.
- The centra are smaller than those of Apatosaurus, and much smaller than those of Diplodocus.
(By the way, it's interesting how very different the D5s of Apatosaurus and Diplodocus are. Since both are from uncontroversially adult specimens, bifurcation was evidently very different between these genera.)
So based on the vertebrae alone, the case of Haplocanthosaurus as an immature form of Diplodocus or Apatosaurus is blown right out of the water. And this is without even looking at the appendicular material — for example, the scapula and coracoid illustrated by Hatcher (1903:figs 17-19), which are so completely different from those of diplodocids.
But there's more. Tune in next time for the rest.
The rest of the series
Links to all of the posts in this series:
- Part 1: what we knew a month ago
- Part 2: why serial position matters
- Part 3: the evidence from ontogenetic series
- Part 4: is Suuwassea a juvenile of a known diplodocid?
- Part 5: is Haplocanthosaurus a juvenile of a known diplodocid?
- Part 6: more reasons why Haplocanthosaurus is not a juvenile of a known diplodocid
and the post that started it all:
- Gillette, D.D. 1991. Seismosaurus halli, gen. et sp. nov., a new sauropod dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous) of New Mexico, USA. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 11(4):417-433.
- Gilmore, C.W. 1936. Osteology of Apatosaurus with special reference to specimens in the Carnegie Museum. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 11:175-300.
- Hatcher, J.B. 1901. Diplodocus (Marsh): its osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 1:1-63.
- Hatcher, J.B. 1903. Osteology of Haplocanthosaurus with description of a new species, and remarks on the probable habits of the Sauropoda and the age and origin of the Atlantosaurus beds; additional remarks on Diplodocus. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 2:1-75.
- Lovelace, D.M., Hartman, S.A., Wahl, W.R. 2008. Morphology of a specimen of Supersaurus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny. Arquivos do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro 65(4):527-544.
- Lucas, S.G., Spielmann, J.A., Rinehart, L.F., Heckert, A.B., Herne, M.C., Hunt, A.P., Foster, J.R., Sullivan, R.M. 2006, Taxonomic status of Seismosaurus hallorum, a Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur from New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 36:149-162.
- Upchurch, P. Barrett, P.M., Dodson, P. 2004. Sauropoda. pp. 259-322 in D.B. Weishampel, P. Dodson and H. Osmólska (eds.), The Dinosauria, 2nd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 861 pp.
- Wilson, J.A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136:217-276.
- Woodruff, D.C, and Fowler, D.W. 2012. Ontogenetic influence on neural spine bifurcation in Diplodocoidea (Dinosauria: Sauropoda): a critical phylogenetic character. Journal of Morphology, online ahead of print.
Special bonus illustrations
I composited the cervical and dorsal series above into the following compound illustrations. As always, click through for full resolution.
Lateral view:
Posterior view:
This is the third post in a series on neural spine bifurcation in sauropods, inspired by Woodruff and Fowler (2012). In the first post, I looked at neural spine bifurcation in Morrison sauropod genera based on the classic monographic descriptions. In the second post, I showed that size is an unreliable criterion for assessing age and that serial variation can mimic ontogenetic change in sauropod cervicals. In this post I look at the evidence for ontogenetic changes in neural spine bifurcation presented by Woodruff and Fowler (2012). This posts builds on the last two, so please refer back to them as needed.
Another opening digression, on the OMNH baby sauropod material this time
Nearly all of the Morrison Formation material in the OMNH collections comes from Black Mesa in the Oklahoma panhandle. It was collected in the 1930s by WPA crews working under the direction of J. Willis Stovall. Adequate tools and training for fossil preparation were in short supply. A lot of the prep was done by unskilled laborers using hammers, chisels, pen-knives, and sandpaper (apologies if you have experience with fossil preparation and are now feeling a bit ill). Uncommonly for the Morrison, the bones are very similar in color to the rock matrix, and the prep guys sometimes didn't realize that they were sanding through bone until they got through the cortex and into the trabeculae. Consequently, a lot of interesting morphology on the OMNH Morrison material has been sanded right off, especially some of the more delicate processes on the vertebrae. This will become important later on.
Do the 'ontogenetic' series in Woodruff and Fowler (2012) actually show increasing bifurcation through development?
In the Materials and Methods, Woodruff and Fowler (2012:2) stated:
Study specimens comprise 38 cervical, eight dorsal, and two caudal vertebrae from 18 immature and one adult diplodocid (Diplodocus sp., Apatosaurus sp., and Barosaurus sp.), and two immature macronarians (both Camarasaurus sp.).
However, their Table 1 and Supplementary Information list only 15 specimens, not 18. Of the 15, one is probably not a diplodocid (SMA 0009 'Baby Toni') — a fact that, oddly, the authors knew, as stated in the Supplementary Information. Of the remaining 14 specimens, 11 are isolated vertebrae, so only three represent reasonably complete probably-diplodocoid series (MOR 592, AMNH 7535, and CM 555). From CM 555 they discuss only one vertebra, the C6; and AMNH 7535 is not mentioned at all outside of Table 1 and a passing mention the Supplementary Information, so the subadult data actually used in the paper consist of isolated vertebrae and one articulated series, MOR 592. (For the sake of comparison, in the first post on this topic I looked up 10 articulated series, only two of which–Diplodocus carnegii CM 84/94 and Camarasaurus lentus CM 11338–are even mentioned in Woodruff and Fowler [2012].)
In light of the previous post, on serial variation, the dangers of using isolated vertebrae should by now be apparent. Recall that even adult diplodocids are expected to have completely unsplit spines as far back as C5 (Apatosaurus) or C8 (Barosaurus) and as far forward as D7 (Apatosaurus) or D6 (Barosaurus), and only partially split spines in the adjacent positions. Furthermore, size is a notoriously unreliable criterion of age; MOR 790 8-10-96-204 from Figure 2 in Woodruff and Fowler (2012) also appears in their Figure 3 as the second-smallest vertebra in this 'ontogenetic' series, despite most likely coming from a well-fused adult approximately the same size as the D. carnegii individual that represents the end of the series. So without any evidence other than sheer size (if that size overlaps with the adult size range) and degree of neural spine bifurcation (which cannot help but overlap with the adult range, since the adult range encompasses all possible states), simply picking small vertebrae with unsplit spines and calling them juvenile is at best circular and at worst completely wrong–as in the case of MOR 790 8-10-96-204 examined in the last post.
Unfortunately it is not possible to tell what criteria Woodruff and Fowler (2012) used to infer age in their specimens, because they don't say. Neural arch fusion is discussed in general terms in the Supplementary Information, but in the text and in the figures everything is discussed simply in terms of size. For example:
In the next largest specimen (MOR 790 7-26-96-89, vertebral arch 9.9 cm high), the neural spine is relatively longer still and widens at the apex…
The Supplementary Information provides more evidence that Woodruff and Fowler (2012) did not consider the confounding effects of size, serial position, and ontogenetic stage. In the section on the Mother's Day Quarry in the Supplementary Information, they wrote:
Because of this size distribution it is not surprising that there are also different ontogenetic stages present which result in cervical centrum lengths varying between 12 and 30 cm.
Now, there may be different ontogenetic stages present in the quarry, and the cervicals in the quarry may vary in length by a factor of 2.5, but the latter does not demonstrate the former. In D. carnegii CM 84/94 the longest postaxial cervical (C14, 642 mm) is 2.6 times the length of the shortest (C3, 243 mm; data from Hatcher 1901). The size range reported as evidence of multiple ontogenetic stages by Woodruff and Fowler (2012) turns out to be slightly less than that expected in a single individual.
With that in mind, let's look at each of the putative ontogenetic sequences in Woodruff and Fowler (2012):
Anterior cervical vertebrae
The proposed ontogenetic series used by Woodruff and Fowler (2012) for anterior cervical vertebrae consists of:
- CMC VP7944, an isolated ?Diplodocus vertebra from the Mother's Day site, which is described in the text but not pictured;
- MOR 790 7-30-96-132, an isolated vertebra from the same site;
- MOR 790 8-10-96-204, another isolated vertebra from the same site;
- MOR 592, from a partial cervical series of a subadult Diplodocus but with the serial position unspecified;
- ANS 21122, C6 of Suuwassea (included in Fig. 3, but not discussed as evidence in the accompanying text)
- CM 555, C6 of a nearly complete (C2-C14) cervical series of a subadult Apatosaurus;
- CM 84/94, C7 of Diplodocus carnegii
CMC VP7944 is not pictured, but from the description in the text it's perfectly possible that it represents a C3, C4, or C5, all of which have undivided spines even in adult diplodocids. It therefore contributes no information: the hypothesis that the spine is undivided because of ontogeny is not yet demonstrated, and the hypothesis that the spine is undivided because of serial position is not yet falsified.
MOR 790 7-30-96-132 is shown only from the front, so the centrum proportions and the shape of the neural spine cannot be assessed. The neural arch appears to be fused, but the cervical ribs are not. Again, we cannot rule out the possibility that it comes from an very anterior cervical and therefore its undivided spine could be an artifact of its serial position. It therefore contributes no information on possible ontogenetic changes in neural spine bifurcation.
As shown in the previous post, MOR 790 8-10-96-204 is probably a C4 or C5 of an adult or near-adult Diplodocus about the same size as or only slightly smaller than D. carnegii CM 84/94. It is small and has an undivded spine because it is an anterior cervical, not because it is from a juvenile. It therefore contributes no support to the ontogenetic bifurcation hypothesis.
The pictured vertebra of MOR 592 has a shallow notch in the tip of the spine, which is expected in C6 in Apatosaurus and Diplodocus and in C9 and C10 in Barosaurus. The serial position of the vertebra is not stated in the paper, but about half of the anterior cervicals even in an adult diplodocid are expected to have unsplit or shallowly split spines based on serial position alone. Based on the evidence presented, we cannot rule out the possibility that the shallow cleft in the pictured vertebra is an artifact of serial position rather than ontogeny. It therefore contributes no support to the ontogenetic bifurcation hypothesis.
ANS 21122 has an incompletely divided neural spine, which is in fact expected for the sixth cervical in adult diplodocids as shown by A. parvus CM 563/UWGM (in which C6 is missing but C5 has an unsplit spine and C7 a deeply bifid spine) and D. carnegii CM 84/94 (in which C6 is also shallowly bifid). A. ajax NMST-PV 20375 has a wider split in the spine of C6, but the exact point of splitting appears to vary by a position or two among diplodocids. The hypothesis that the spine of ANS 21122 C6 is already as split as it would ever have gotten cannot be falsified on the basis of the available evidence.
CM 555 C6: see the previous paragraph. Note that in ANS 21122 the neural arch and cervical ribs are fused in C6, and in C6 of CM 555 they are not.
CM 84/94 C7 has a deeply split spine, but this expected at that position. C6 of the same series has a much more shallow cleft, and C5 would be predicted to have no cleft at all (recall from the first post that the neural spines of C3-C5 of this specimen are sculptures). So any trend toward increasing bifurcation is highly dependent on serial position; if serial position cannot be specified then it is not possible to say anything useful about the degree of bifurcation in a given vertebra.
Summary. CMC VP7944 and MOR 790 7-30-96-132 could be very anterior vertebrae, C3-C5, in which bifurcation is not expected even in adults. Since they are isolated elements, that hypothesis is very difficult to falsify. MOR 790 8-10-96-204 is almost certainly a C4 or C5 of an adult or near-adult Diplodocus. ANS 21122 and CM 555 C6 are incompletely divided, as expected for vertebrae in that position even in adults. CM 84/94 has a shallowly divided spine in C6 and more deeply bifid spines from C7 onward, just like CM 555.
Verdict: no ontogenetic change has been demonstrated.
Posterior cervical vertebrae
The proposed ontogenetic series includes:
- OMNH 1267 and 1270
OMNH 1267 and 1270 are isolated neural arches of baby sauropods from the Black Mesa quarries. OMNH 1267 does not appear to be bifurcated, but it has a very low neural spine and it was probably sanded during preparation, so who knows what might have been lost. OMNH 1270 actually shows a bifurcation–Woodruff and Fowler (2012:3) describe it as having "a small excavated area"–but again it is not clear that the spines are as intact now as they were in life. More seriously, since these are isolated elements (you can all join in with the refrain) their serial position cannot be determined with any accuracy, and therefore they are not much use in determining ontogenetic change. Although they are anteroposteriorly short, that does not necessarily make them posterior cervicals. The cervical vertebrae of all sauropods start out proportionally shorter and broader than they end up (Wedel et al. 2000:368-369), and the possibility that these are actually from anterior cervicals–not all of which are expected to have bifurcations–is difficult to rule out.
The other three vertebrae in the series have deeply bifurcated spines. In the text, Woodruff and Fowler (2012:3) make the case that the bifurcation in MOR 592 is deeper than in the preceding vertebra, MOR 790 7-26-96-89. However, the proportions of the two vertebrae are very different, suggesting that they are from different serial positions, and the centrum of MOR 790 7-26-96-89 is actually larger in diameter than that of the representative vertebra from MOR 592. So unless centrum size decreased through ontogeny, these vertebrae are not comparable. As usual, we don't know where in the neck the isolated MOR 790 vertebra belongs, and we only see it in anterior view. Nothing presented in the paper rules out possibility that is actually an anterior cervical, and in fact the very low neural spines suggest that that is the case.
Allowing for lateral crushing, the vertebra from MOR 592 (again, we are not told which one it is) looks very similar to the D. carnegii CM 84/94 vertebra (C15–again, I had to look it up in Hatcher), and is probably from a similar position in the neck. In comparing the two, Woodruff and Fowler (2012:4) say that in CM 84/94, "the bifurcated area has broadened considerably", but this clearly an illusion caused by the lateral compression of the MOR 592 vertebra — its centrum is also only half as wide proportionally as in the CM 84/94 vertebra.
Summary. The OMNH vertebrae are of unknown serial position and probably lost at least some surface bone during preparation, so their original degree of bifurcation is hard to determine. The other three vertebrae in the series all have deeply bifid spines, but they are out of order by centrum size, MOR 790 7-26-96-89 might be an anterior cervical based on its low neural spines, and the "broadening" of the trough between MOR 792 and CM 84/94 is an artifact of crushing.
Verdict: no ontogenetic change has been demonstrated.
Anterior dorsal vertebrae
The ontogenetic series here consists of:
As usual, the serial positions of the MOR 592 and CM 84/94 vertebrae are presumably known but not stated in the paper. The D. carnegii CM 84/94 vertebra is D4. Comparisons to the MOR 592 vertebra are not helped by the fact that it is shown in oblique posterior view. Nevertheless, the two vertebrae are very similar and, based on the plates in Hatcher (1901), the MOR 592 vertebra is most likely a D4 or D5 of Diplodocus. The spines in the larger two vertebrae are equally bifurcated, so the inference of ontogenetic increase in bifurcation rests on the smallest of the three vertebrae, MOR 790 7-17-96-45.
MOR 790 7-17-96-45 is an isolated unfused neural arch, clearly from a juvenile. Its serial position is hard to determine, but it is probably not from as far back as D4 or D5 because it appears to lack a hypantrum and shows no sign of the parapophyses, which migrate up onto the neural arch through the cervico-dorsal transition. The element is only figured in anterior view, so it is hard to tell how long it is proportionally. Still, based on the single photo in the paper (which is helpfully shown at larger scale in Fig. 5B), it seems to be reasonably long, with the prezygapophyses, transverse processes, neural spines, and postzygapophyses well separated from anterior to posterior. In fact, I see no strong evidence that it is a dorsal neural arch at all–the arch of a posterior cervical would look the same in anterior view.
Given that MOR 7-17-96-45 lacks a hypantrum and parapophyses, it is not directly comparable to the two larger vertebrae. Although we cannot determine its position in the presacral series, its spine is shallowly bifurcated, to about half the distince from the metapophyses to the postzygapophyses. In Apatosaurus louisae CM 3018, the notch in D3 is about equally deep, and in C15 it is only slightly deeper, still ending above the level of postzygapophyses. So there is some variation in the depth of the bifurcation in the posterior cervicals and anterior dorsals in the North American diplodocids. Without knowing the precise serial position of MOR 7-17-96-45, it is difficult to derive inferences about the ontogeny of neural spine bifurcation.
What this element does conclusively demonstrate is that the neural arches of posterior cervicals or anterior dorsals in even small, unfused juvenile diplodocids were in fact bifurcated to to a degree intermediate between D3 and D4 in the large adult Apatosaurus louisae CM3018 — in fact, so far as neural cleft depth is concerned, it makes rather a nice intermediate between them. (It differs in other respects, most notable that it is proportionally broad, lacks a hypantrum and parapophyses, etc.)
Summary. The two larger specimens in the 'ontogenetic series' are from similar serial positions and show the same degree of bifurcation. MOR 7-17-96-45 is from a more anterior position, based on its lack of hypantrum and parapophyses. Although it is a juvenile, its degree of bifurcation is similar to that of anterior dorsal vertebrae in adult Apatosaurus (and that of C15 in A. louisae CM 3018, if MOR 7-17-96-45 is, in fact, a cervical).
Verdict: no ontogenetic change has been demonstrated.
Posterior dorsal vertebrae
The ontogenetic series consists of:
The D. carnegii CM 84/94 vertebra is D6, and based on its almost identical morphology the MOR 592 vertebra is probably from the same serial position. They show equivalent degrees of bifurcation.
OMNH 1261 is another isolated juvenile neural arch. The portion of the spine that remains is unbifurcated. However, the spine is very short and it is possible that some material is missing from the tip. More importantly, the last 3-4 dorsals in Apatosaurus, Diplodocus, and Barosaurus typically have extremely shallow notches in the neural spines or no notches at all. If OMNH 1261 is a very posterior dorsal, it would not be expected to show a notch even when fully mature.
Verdict: no ontogenetic change has been demonstrated.
Caudal vertebrae
The ontogenetic series here consists of:
The first thing to note is that the 'bifurcation' in MOR 592 is at right angles to that in the proximal caudals of D. carnegiiCM 84/94, so the one can hardly be antecedent to the other.
More importantly, antero-posterior 'bifurcations' like that in MOR 592 are occasionally seen in the caudal vertebrae of adult sauropods. Below are two examples, caudals 7 and 8 of A. parvus CM 563/UWGM 15556. In other words, in this character MOR 592 already displays adult morphology.
Verdict: no ontogenetic change has been demonstrated.
The ontogenetic series here consists of:
OMNH 1417 is an isolated cervical neural spine, and the pictured vertebra of Camarasaurus supremus AMNH 5761 is a posterior cervical. In C. grandis and C. lewisi, all of the cervical vertebrae eventually develop at least a shallow notch in the tip of the neural spine, but as shown in the previous post there seems to be some variation between Camarasaurus species, and, likely, between individuals. In the absence of information about its serial position and the species to which it belonged, the lack of bifurcation in OMNH 1417 is uninformative; it could belong to an anterior cervical of C. supremus that would not be expected to develop a bifurcation.
Verdict: no ontogenetic change has been demonstrated. There is evidence that neural spine bifurcation developed ontogenetically in Camarasaurus, but it comes from the juvenile C. lentus CM 11338, described by Gilmore (1925), and the geriatric C. lewisi, described by McIntosh, Miller et al. (1996)–see the first post in this series for discussion.
The 'ontogenetic' series of Woodruff and Fowler (2012) are not really ontogenetic series. In all of the diplodocid presacral vertebrae and in Camarasaurus, the smallest elements in the series are isolated vertebrae or neural arches for which the serial position is almost impossible to determine (and for the reader, completely impossible given the limited information in the paper) and even the taxonomic identifications are suspect (e.g., the OMNH material–how one reliably distinguishes the Apatosaurus and Camarasaurus neural arches is beyond me). The larger vertebrae in the presacral series are all compromised in various ways: one includes an adult masquerading as a juvenile (MOR 790 8-10-96-204 in the anterior cervicals), one is out of order by centrum size (MOR 790 7-26-96-89 and MOR 592 in the posterior cervicals), and two show no change in degree of bifurcation from the middle of the series to the upper end (MOR 592 and CM 84/94 in the anterior and posterior dorsals). The shallow longitudinal bifurcation in the MOR 592 caudal vertebra is similar to those found in caudal vertebrae of adult diplodocids, and is not antecedent to the transverse bifurcations discussed in the rest of the paper.
Crucially, when information on size and serial position is taken into account, none of the 'ontogenetic series' in the paper show any convincing evidence that neural spine bifurcation increases over ontogeny. The best evidence that bifurcation does increase over ontogeny comes from Camarasaurus, specifically the juvenile C. lentus CM 11338 described by Gilmore (1925) and geriatric C. lewisi BYU 9047 described by McIntosh et al. (1996), it was already recognized prior to Woodruff and Fowler (2012), and it has not caused any taxonomic confusion.
There is an asymmetry of interference here. To call into question the conclusions of Woodruff and Fowler (2012), all one has to do is show that the evidence could be explained by serial, intraspecific, or interspecific variation, taphonomy, damage during preparation, and so on. But to demonstrate that bifurcation develops over ontogeny, one has to falsify all of the competing hypotheses. I know of only one way to do that: find a presacral vertebral column that is (1) articulated, (2) from an individual that is clearly juvenile based on criteria other than size and degree of bifurcation, which (3) can be confidently referred to one of the known genera, and then show that it has unbifurcated spines in the same serial positions where adult vertebrae have bifurcated spines. Isolated vertebrae are not enough, bones from non-juveniles are not enough, and juvenile bones that might pertain to new taxa are not enough. It may be that this is not yet possible because the necessary fossils just haven't been found yet. I am not suggesting that we stop doing science, or that the ontogenetic hypothesis of neural spine bifurcation is unreasonable. It's perfectly possible that it's true (though MOR 7-17-96-45 ironically suggests otherwise). But it's not yet been demonstrated, at least for diplodocids, and to the extent that the taxonomic hypotheses of Woodruff and Fowler (2012) rely on an ontogenetic increase in bifurcation in diplodocids, they are suspect. That will be the subject of the next post.
The rest of the series
Links to all of the posts in this series:
- Part 1: what we knew a month ago
- Part 2: why serial position matters
- Part 3: the evidence from ontogenetic series
- Part 4: is Suuwassea a juvenile of a known diplodocid?
- Part 5: is Haplocanthosaurus a juvenile of a known diplodocid?
- Part 6: more reasons why Haplocanthosaurus is not a juvenile of a known diplodocid
and the post that started it all:
- Gilmore, C.W. 1925. A nearly complete articulated skeleton of Camarasaurus, a saurischian dinosaur from the Dinosaur National Monument. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 10:347-384.
- Gilmore, C.W. 1936. Osteology of Apatosaurus with special reference to specimens in the Carnegie Museum. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 11:175-300.
- Hatcher, J.B. 1901. Diplodocus (Marsh): its osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 1:1-63.
- McIntosh, J.S., Miller, W.E., Stadtman, K.L., and Gillette, D.D. 1996. The osteology of Camarasaurus lewisi (Jensen, 1988). BYU Geology Studies 41:73-115.
- Wedel, M.J., Cifelli, R.L., and Sanders, R.K. 2000. Osteology, paleobiology, and relationships of the sauropod dinosaur Sauroposeidon. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 45(4):343-388.
- Woodruff, D.C, and Fowler, D.W. 2012. Ontogenetic influence on neural spine bifurcation in Diplodocoidea (Dinosauria: Sauropoda): a critical phylogenetic character. Journal of Morphology, online ahead of print.


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Chloe Grace Moretz and Jamie Blackley, stars of the new film 'If I Stay', stopped by ABC's Good Monring America to talk about the challenges of bringing the bestselling book to life. Check out the appearance below!
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About This Listing
Beautiful, comfortable 2 bedroomed apartment with an Irish welcome in one of the best locations in Dublin city in the middle of the Georgian area. Close to art galleries, canal walks, museums, excellent shops, sports stadiums and singing pubs.
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
In the building, free or for a fee
Continuous access in the listing
Breakfast is provided.
The listing can accommodate a gathering of 25 or more attendees
Easy access to the building and listing for guests in wheelchairs
Private or Shared
Free, in the building or nearby
Posted emergency information and resources
The Space
Our apartment is a perfect peaceful haven for 4 people or a family who want to be on the doorstep of the best of Dublin city but without the noise. It has has high quality furnishings and in addition to our own private balcony, the complex has several communal gardens. It's the perfect spot to relax for the evening after sightseeing.
If you prefer to party, it is close to nightlife so car/taxi not needed.
Most of Dublin's main tourist attractions are within walking distance.
For those of you who may be allergic our dogs have never been in the apartment.
Guest Access
Free wifi, secure parking, cable TV, free local telephone calls and everything in the apartment is yours to use. We provide a welcome grocery pack to get you started. We sometimes use the apartment ourselves for a night out in town so it's equipped with all you need as we like to travel light!
Interaction with Guests
We welcome all guests personally to the apartment. We live only 20 minutes away and are available for as much or as little interaction as you like. We will provide you with our email and phone numbers when we welcome you so you can contact us at any time. As true Dubliners, we love our city and have made a tourist folder for guests of places to go and things to do.
The Neighborhood
Our neighbourhood is in one of the best locations in Dublin. You can walk to Grafton Street and Trinity College or along the canal and visit the pubs favoured by many of our Irish poets and writers. Theatres, the Aviva Stadium (you can see it from our back gate) and the docklands are just a stroll away. Dublin bikes are available to hire across the road at budget rates and well worth it. There are excellent pubs and restaurants to suit all tastes. Parks, museums and galleries all within a short stroll.
Getting Around
There is a bus from Dublin airport that will leave you at our door. The area is well serviced by local busses. There is also an excellent rail system (the dart) beside us and you can travel along the coast of Dublin to the beautiful fishing village of Howth or Dalkey/Killiney (the Hollywood of Dublin) where you may bump into Bono ! Or check out the James Joyce museum in the Martello Tower in Sandycove. Wherever you decide to go, we can point you in the right direction and show you the best way to get there.
Other Things to Note
Sláinte and welcome to Dublin! Let yourself be charmed by the city famous for its pub culture and literary tradition.
Enjoy a pint of Guinness or a tumbler of Jameson at one of Dublin's more than 1,000 pubs.
Experience the festive St Patrick's Day in March or the Writer's Festival in May celebrating contemporary writers as well as the literary heritage of world famous writers such as Samuel Beckett, WB Yeats and James Joyce. Revel in the vibrant live music scene, from arena to clubs to the streets of Dublin. Get a kick out of the charming cobblestoned Temple Bar neighborhood filled to the brim with cafés, art galleries and architectural grandeur.
Up for a game of Gaelic football or Hurling? Then Croke Park is the place for you, the fourth biggest sport's venue in Europe.
Take a walk down to the bustling Moore Street market or relax in one of Dublin's many parks or take a ride with Dublin Bus Guided Sightseeing Tours.
Did you know that Dublin has more green spaces per square kilometer than any other European capital city?
Welcome to Dublin – the green capital of the Emerald Isle!
Treat it as your home !
58 Reviews
Cathal was a great host, and we had a lovely time in Dublin! The apartment was so lovely and in a great location - so handy to everything we needed. Cathal was very welcoming and gave us lots of helpful information in regards to the surrounding area. Thanks for a great stay!
Excellent flat and location. Very accommodating host. Would recommend to anyone. Many thanks
Very nice appartment , well located to discover Dublin , very clean and well equiped.
The hosts are very kind and supported ud to spend a very nice journey Perfect !!
This was a beautiful apartment in an excellent part of Dublin and it felt like a brand new upscale home. It was very secure and close to all transportation and only a short walk to everything needed. Cathal met us at the front door and even helped us carry up our luggage. We really appreciated the stocked refrigerator for snacks.
What a fabulous flat in Dublin! Here are some specifics:
Description: The flat was exactly as described and more! It was not only adorable, clean and comfy but well appointed. With everything from a French Press to a martini shaker!!!
Our host: A wonderful guy - did his very best to get us in the flat as soon as possible (we were on the overnight flight from Boston). Lots of maps, guides and other info to help you navigate the city.
The neighborhood: Super quiet, which is what we wanted. We had a restful sleep every night and then just a brisk walk to the major areas.
Tip: There is a cute pub across the street (O'Connor's) it was great for a 'last pint' before heading home. Also a great Italian restaurant (Mama Mia's) just around the corner.
Thank you Cathal for everything! We give you the highest recommendation!!!!!
This host has 68 reviews for other properties.View Other Reviews
About the Host, Cathal
Hi, I am a Dubliner born and bred and love the city. If my family and I can help to make your trip to Dublin more enjoyable just ask. My wife, Gina, has put together a great tour guide which we leave in the apartment. Feel free to add any of your recommendations or tips.
O'Donoghues BarGreat singing pub.Merrion Row Dublin Dublin DUBLIN 2