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A method for transmitting data via a data transmission channel in a communication network. The transmission channel is made available for the wireless transmission between a transmitter and a receiver. The data transmission is carried out while taking into consideration the channel quality in such a manner that the channel quality data available during transmission is as current as possible and no unnecessary transmission of channel quality data is required.
1. A method for transmitting data between a transmitter and a receiver via a transmission channel in a communications network for achieving wireless transmission, comprising:
transferring repeatedly channel quality information from the receiver to the transmitter;
determining an activity status for the data transmission by the receiver;
determining a time interval from the last completed transfer of channel quality information;
transferring a further channel quality information item from the receiver to the transmitter when a first activity status exists and the time interval exceeds a defined first time; and
transferring an individual channel quality information item more than once in identical form, and choosing a time interval between these two transfers such that it is at least equal to a period of time which is required in total for the multiple identical transmissions of the channel quality information.
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17. A method for transmitting data between a transmitter and a receiver via a transmission channel in a communications network for achieving wireless transmission, comprising:
transferring repeatedly channel quality information from the receiver to the transmitter;
determining an activity status for the data transmission by the receiver;
determining a time interval from the last completed transfer of channel quality information;
transferring a further channel quality information item from the receiver to the transmitter when a first activity status exists and the time interval exceeds a defined first time interval; and
determining a time interval to the next predetermined transfer of channel quality information and if this time interval falls below a second defined time interval the transfer of the further channel quality information does not take place.
The present disclosure relates to a method for transmitting data by way of a data transmission channel in a communications network, which is made available between a transmitter and a receiver by way of a radio path.
The efficiency of a data transmission from a transmitter to a receiver depends substantially on current information regarding the transmission quality of the data transmission channel used being available at the transmitter at the correct time. Only then can the transmitter match send parameters for the data due to be sent to the current situation in order to achieve satisfactory transmission results. Send power or modulation or coding scheme are regarded as send parameters, for example. The current information regarding the transmission quality is obtained from so-called "channel measurements" or "channel estimates".
The problem with conventional data transmission is illustrated by way of an example using the UMTS standard (UMTS: Universal Mobile Telecommunication System). Refer to the description of the figures for explanations of terms used.
For UMTS, a packet,switched high-speed data transmission method has been proposed for a shared usage channel, the so-called HSDPA (High Speed Downlink Packet Access) method. Using this method, the receiver is a terminal and the transmitter is a base station. HSDPA provides for a slow signaling of control information through higher layers of the OSI layer model (OSI: Open System Interconnection), which controls the channel measurements for HSDPA.
The control information used for these channel measurements includes principally the timing rate for the measurements, the timing offset (displacement) with respect to a reference and the number of retries during the transmission of a measurement value. This means that after a radio connection or "radio link" has been established measurements are carried out at a fixed rate, regardless of whether and when data is actually sent on the shared downlink data channel HSDSCH (High Speed Downlink Shared Channel) set up for HSDPA.
Therefore, on the one hand, under certain circumstances a large number of unnecessary measurements are performed, while on the other hand there may be no current measurement present at the time of an actual packet data transmission, the so-called "packet call". In this situation, a packet data transmission can include a plurality of individual packet calls which can in turn each comprise a plurality of individual data packets.
As a remedy, it has previously been proposed to take additional information about the status of the radio channel from the power control facility. This is, however, not possible for the situation where the terminal is running in so-called "soft handover" mode because it results in problems with the power control facility. "Soft handover" is understood to be a status in which a terminal is connected to a plurality of base stations. In this situation, the power is controlled such that the mobile station or the terminal is able to correctly receive the sent data with the aid of the signals received from all the base stations.
However, this does not generally mean that the terminal correctly receives the signal from the particular base station that sends out the HSDPA data. Since the HSDPA data packets are sent only by this one base station to the mobile station, the power control facility that is optimized for a set of base stations does not delivery any satisfactory additional information.
The following proposed prior art methods have therefore been put forward to solve the problems associated with current channel information data:
1. A so-called activity based channel quality information acknowledgment (activity based CQI feedback, CQI: Channel Quality Information). In this situation, the rate of cyclical measurements is increased as soon as the terminal device or terminal detects that data is being sent. With regard to a packet data transmission in accordance with HSDPA, an additional channel information message CQI can be sent particularly with each feedback indicating whether or not it has been possible to decode a received packet. This feedback can for example be a so-called "ACK"(Acknowledgment) or "NAK" ("No Acknowledgment").
However, since a delay exists between the time when data activity is determined at the terminal, when the measurement is carried out and transmitted, and when the measurement is received and evaluated in the transmitter(in other words the base station), there are disadvantageous results for each packet data transmission. More specifically, for each packet data transmission the first packets have to be transmitted without a current channel information message or channel measurement. Furthermore, during an active data transmission, an unnecessarily large number of channel information messages are sent under certain circumstances due to the increased send rate for the channel information message, as a result of which unnecessary interference is generated in the uplink direction.
2. Another proposed method involves sending an additional channel information message after receiving a NAK. However, the same disadvantages occur here as described above.
3. Another method has been proposed whereby a channel information message is specifically requested. Although this allows this solves the problem associated with the absence of current information at the start of a data transmission (the explicit signaling on the HS-SCCH), the control channel for HSDPA does however result in an additional usage of resources in the downlink direction. It is also disadvantageous that delayed initial sending of the first packet of a packet data transmission occurs as a result of the explicit request operation.
4. Yet another method includes the terminal sending an additional channel information message precisely at the time when the terminal determines during the decoding process for example that the currently applied coding or modulation scheme is too good or too bad. For data links which are already active, this method ensures that channel information messages occur precisely at the time they are required and whenever they are required. A disadvantage of this method however is that the receiver of these channel information messages (in other words the base station in the case of HSDPA) does not know the points in time at which the channel information messages have been sent. As a result, detection and decoding of these messages is made more difficult.
To summarize, the disadvantages shared by all the proposed prior art methods is that it is not possible to simultaneously have access to current channel information and operate in a resource-efficient manner.
Accordingly, a method for data transmission in which current channel quality information is guaranteed while minimizing resource usage, is proposed.
The invention is based on the idea that the most current possible channel quality information is available at the transmitter without channel quality information being transferred unnecessarily.
In an exemplary embodiment, a wireless data transmission channel is made available with regard to a method for wireless data transmission between a transmitter and a receiver in a communications system. In order to allow the transmitter to send the data matched to the current channel quality of the data transmission channel, channel quality information is transmitted repeatedly from the receiver to the transmitter. The receiver or the transmitter determines an activity status for the data transmission (in other words for example whether data is currently being transferred or its transfer is being signaled), whether no data is being transferred, and if no arrival of data is being signaled. Furthermore, the time interval from a previous transfer is ascertained. If this time interval exceeds a certain first time interval and at the same time a certain activity status exists (in particular the beginning or the existence of a data transmission), then a channel information message is sent by the receiver to the receiver.
Exceeding the first time interval to another transfer ensures that there is no transfer of an unnecessarily large number of channel information messages. In addition, this method also has the advantage that the point in time at which further channel quality information is transferred and thus arrives at the transmitter is at least approximately known to the transmitter. Namely, because this point in time correlates with an action by the transmitter, i.e, the beginning of a data transmission operation for example. In this embodiment, the first time interval represents a maximum interval, whereby further channel quality information is transferred when the latter is exceeded.
As an alternative to defining a minimum time interval, it is possible to specify that the transfer of the further channel quality information takes place only after the defined activity status has already existed n times. This has the advantage that the number of channel quality information messages transferred may be reduced according to whether or not data transmissions are taking place. A further alternative includes taking into account timings for the transfer such that no collisions occur between individual transmissions of channel quality information.
In this way, the number of messages transferred containing channel quality information can be reduced, in line with the transmission situation. Furthermore, this alternative has the advantage that no minimum time interval needs to be ascertained or defined. The data transmission can in particular take place in packet switched fashion or, in the case of a circuit switched connection, the quality can be easily selected in stepwise fashion.
According to another exemplary embodiment, the communications network in question can be a mobile radio network, in particular one according to the UMTS standard. The transmitter in question can be a fixed base station and the receiver a mobile terminal. In particular, such a type of data transmission method can be used for HSDPA. Similarly, the terminal can represent the transmitter and the base station the receiver. This data transmission method can then be applied in particular to a high-speed transmission in the uplink direction from the terminal to the base station, for example HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Access) or EUDCH (Enhanced Uplink Dedicated Channel).
In order to match the transfer to the activity status of the data transmission, the first time interval can be defined depending on the in activity status. In particular, different activity statuses are provided for the beginning of a data transmission and a data transmission in progress and no "active" data transmission. "Active" in this situation means that it is not exclusively control data that is transmitted but also user data. If no active data link is provided, a certain first time interval is selected. This first time interval can then be reduced at the beginning of a data transmission in order that current channel quality information is initially present at the transmitter.
Once data transmission is in progress, this first time interval can be increased in order to be further increased after the data transmission to a greater value as mentioned at the beginning. It is also possible to provide a repeat (in particular cyclical transfer of channel quality information at certain points in time) to which further measurements defined by the above conditions are added. The point in time for the repeat (in particular cyclical measurements) can be predefined by the communications network. As a result, unnecessary interference effects between receivers, terminals in particular, can be avoided.
In yet another exemplary embodiment, if the time interval from the previous transfer exceeds the first time interval the time interval to a following transfer whose point in time is already known, in other words transfers at predefined points in time, is ascertained. Only if this time interval also exceeds a defined second time interval will a further transfer of channel quality information be performed. This second time interval can also be defined depending on the activity status of the data transmission. Additionally, a wireless data transmission channel can be formed by a radio link or also by means of an optical transmission.
The disclosure of the invention also includes a references to a terminal, a base station and a communications network, with which or by means of which this method is performed.
The various object, advantageous and novel features of the present invention will be more readily apprehended from the following Detailed Description and when read in conjunction with the enclosed drawings, in which:
Before proceeding with a detailed description of the figures, there first follows an explanation of terms and reference characters used:
A communications system or communications network is a structure for exchanging data. In this situation, the structure can for example be a cellular mobile radio network, such as the GSM network (Global System of Mobile Communications) or the UMTS network (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). A communications network comprises at least two connection nodes, in other words so-called "point to point" connections are thus also included under this concept.
In a communications system, terminals and base stations are generally provided which establish a connection with one another by way of a radio interface. In UMTS, the communications system or radio transmission network comprises at least base stations, here also referred to as NodeB, and also radio network control units or radio network controllers (RNC) for connecting the individual base stations. The terrestrial radio access network or "Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network" UTRAN is the radio engineering section of a UMTS network in which for example the radio interface is also made available. A radio interface is always standardized and defines the totality of the physical and protocol related provisions for the data exchange, for example the modulation method, the bandwidth, the frequency deviation, access method, protection procedures or also switching technologies. The UTRAN thus includes at least base stations and also at least one RNC.
A base station is a central unit in a communications network, which in the case of a cellular mobile radio network supports terminals or communication terminal devices within a cell of the mobile radio network by way of one or more radio channels. The base station provides the air interface between base station and terminal. It handles the management of the radio operation with the mobile users and monitors the physical radio link. Furthermore, it transmits to the user and status messages to the terminals. The base station has no switching function but simply a supply function. A base station includes at least one transmit/receive unit.
A terminal can be any desired communication terminal device which a user uses to communicate in a communication system. These include for example mobile radio terminal devices such as mobile telephones or portable computers equipped with a radio module. A terminal is frequently also referred to as "mobile station" (MS) or in UMTS as "user equipment" (UE).
In mobile radio, two connection directions are differentiated. The downward connection or "downlink" (DL) denotes the transmission direction from the base station to the terminal. The upward connection or "uplink" (UL) denotes the opposite transmission direction from the terminal to the base station. In wideband transmission systems, such as a UMTS mobile radio network for example, a channel is a sub-area of an overall available transmission capacity. A wireless communications path is designated as the radio channel within the scope of this application.
In a mobile radio system, UMTS for example, there are two types of physical channels for the transmission of data: permanently assigned ("dedicated") channels and jointly used (common) channels. With regard to the dedicated channels, a physical resource is reserved only for the transmission of information for a particular terminal. With regard to the common channels, information items can be transmitted that are intended for all the terminals, for example the primary common physical control channel or "Primary Common Control Physical Channel" (P-CCPCH) in the downlink direction, or else all the terminals share one physical resource. This is the case with regard to HS-PDSCH, which is used for sending data to a terminal depending on the quality of the link with the terminal.
In mobile radio systems such as UMTS for example, in addition to circuit switched services in which a connection is permanently allocated for its duration, packet switched services are also provided. Circuit switched services can also be executed discontinuously.
In the figures, elements with the same reference characters are the same elements and have the same function.
The transmitter S can for example be a base station, and the receiver R a terminal. The communications network system in question can for example be a system in accordance with UMTS, GSM or other standards. The first channel link CH1 can include a plurality of channels, for example a data transmission channel for transmitting user data, or "load bits", and also a control channel for transmitting control information. The second channel link CH2 can include only a control channel or, in the same way as the first channel link CH1, it can include a control channel and a data transmission channel.
With regard to the transmission of user data over the data transmission channel of the first channel link CH1 (from the transmitter to the receiver), it is important that the channel quality of this data transmission channel be known. To this end, the receiver (in other words the terminal for example) ascertains channel quality information CQI from data for the first channel link. The receiver R can also ascertain this channel quality information from data from common control channels. In the case of HSDPA, this would for example be the Common Pilot Channel CPICH in this situation. This channel quality information CQI is transferred by the receiver R to the transmitter S, for example by way of the control channel of the second channel link CH2.
It is important to note that for the data transmission over the first channel link CH1 that the channel quality information CQI present at the transmitter S be as current as possible. At the same time, channel quality information CQI should not be sent unnecessarily since this, as stated previously, results in interference effects. Therefore, within the scope of the invention, coordination of the timing of the transfer of this channel quality information CQI is proposed.
A general check is carried out as to whether a minimum time interval from the previous measurement or to the next known measurement is exceeded. This can be seen in the second data transmission DTX2, where the time interval t_delta′ to the following channel quality information transfer CQI-TX is determined. A data transmission can also, as illustrated by the third data transmission DTX3, extend across a plurality of regular channel quality information transfers CQI-TX. For the duration of the transfer, care is taken to ensure that no further transfer of channel quality information occurs which takes place too close in time to regular transfers.
In order to differentiate the statuses "Start of a data transmission" and "Data transmission in progress", (in the case of a packet switched data transmission or a discontinuous circuit-switched transmission), the period of time since the point in time of the last transmission of a data packet or the length of the pause can be used. If this period of time is greater than a predefined value, which is referred to as inactivity time in the following, then this denotes the "Start of a data transmission". It is thus also possible to specify a transition criterion between both statuses.
This inactivity time is preferably chosen to be greater than a "round trip delay". "A round trip delay" is understood to be the time that is required to decode a message sent by the transmitter in the receiver. The round trip delay is used to notify the transmitter of the result of this decoding, which the transmitter then also decodes again in order to then send the message one further time depending on this result.
The choice of the period of time greater than a round trip delay has the following background: If the last packet of a packet switched data transmission or of a "packet call" requires a plurality of transmissions as a result of an inadequate receive quality, then there is always a time interval equal to at least one round trip delay. This is because the transmitter of the data packet cannot know beforehand that the packet could not be received. If the period of time is now chosen to be greater than one round trip delay, then this case of the packet of a data transmission being sent repeatedly will not be erroneously classed as the start of a new data transmission.
This arrangement can be used in particular for HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) methods, for HSDPA for example where the round trip delay is typically equal to six transmission time intervals TTI. With HSDPA, a TTI defines a time interval within which a base station sends to a terminal. The round trip delay also depends, as described, on the response speed of the base station, which in contrast to the response speed of the mobile station is not standardized. The response speed can be chosen by each manufacturer according to the capabilities of the implementation used. It can therefore be necessary to choose the period of time depending on the base station currently in use and to notify this to the mobile station. Furthermore, terminals are provided that are not capable of receiving data by way of HSDPA in each transmission time interval TTI. In this case, the inactivity time is preferably matched to the round trip delay changed thereby.
The invention will next be described in detail in the following with reference to examples on HSDPA. However, the invention can also be used for example with regard to a corresponding high speed transmission method in the uplink direction, such as methods according to HSUPA or EUDCH.
The second arrow from the feedback message AN, n in the HS-DPCCH to the HS-SCCH indicates the point in time from which this confirmation is present again at the transmitter, in other words, the base station, and thus a corresponding response is able to occur on the HS-SCCH. The points in time from which a response is possible are shaded gray for the HSPDSCH and HS-SCCH.
With regard to this embodiment, three different reasons are now used for transferring the channel quality information or "CQI feedback": 1. CQI feedbacks, in particular those cyclically recurring, predetermined by the communications network. The predetermination can in particular be carried out by a central unit such as the base station or RNC. A predetermination by the base station has the advantage that the radio traffic can be controlled in a simple manner with respect to interference effects within a radio cell. With regard to control using the RNC, control can also be implemented in respect of a plurality of radio cells.
2. Additional CQI feedbacks at the start of a data transmission.
3. Additional CQI feedbacks during an active data transmission.
According to the above, time intervals are now defined for the reasons in 2 and 3, which determine time interval CQI feedbacks at least with respect to the cyclical CQI feedbacks. Optionally, control can be exercised such that predetermined CQI feedbacks are transmitted with top priority. This priority arrangement can be controlled globally for example by the termination, postponement or a temporary ban on CQI feedbacks according to 2 and 3. Alternatively, the priority arrangement can be controlled depending on parameters that relate to the data traffic.
In the different statuses different conditions can be chosen for sending out CQI feedbacks. For example, CQI feedbacks can be sent at the start of a data transmission directly after the terminal has detected this status, whereas otherwise only (for example according to method 2 of the prior art) CQI feedbacks are sent only when a NACK has been sent. In the exemplary embodiment, the first CQI feedback can be sent earlier than in the case of the prior art method 2, in other words not just at the point in time m as shown in
A maximum number of CQI feedbacks can optionally be defined at the start of a data transmission. This exemplary embodiment variant is advantageous when the first CQI feedback sent at the start of a data transmission is lost, in other words cannot be received correctly. The information is nevertheless then available at the transmitter by means of a further CQI sent. Alternatively, a smaller time interval with respect to preceding CQI feedbacks can be chosen at the start of a data transmission than during an active data transmission. In this situation, the start of a data transmission must not of course be defined as the first TTI in which a data packet has been transferred after no data packets have been transferred during a predefined time (inactivity time). Rather, this status must continue to apply after this first TTI for a certain predefined time (referred to in the following as hold time) until a switch occurs to the active data transmission status or possibly to the no data transmission status if no further data packets have been sent and the hold time has been chosen to be greater than the inactivity time.
By checking whether minimum intervals from the previous and following cyclical CQIs have been exceeded, it is additionally possible to prevent the sending of an unnecessarily large number of feedbacks. In particular, however, this means that it is also possible to ensure that in the event of multiple transmissions of a CQI feedback such repeated transmissions do not overlap with the subsequent transmissions of the next ascertained channel quality information. If the transmission conditions are such that the transmission of a CQI feedback in the uplink direction is not well secured, then the possibility exists to send the CQI feedbacks repeatedly, in other words exactly the same CQI feedback several times in succession. The transmitter can then take into account all the received copies during the decoding and thus has a better probability of being able to correctly decode the CQI feedback than if only one copy were to be available. Naturally, it is not then possible to send a CQI feedback in every TTI but, for example given a threefold send, at best every third TTI.
However, if yet further CQI feedbacks are now sent in addition to the cyclical CQI feedbacks, then the possibility exists of a repetition of a non-cyclical CQI feedback colliding with a cyclical CQI feedback. This is disadvantageous because then either the additional CQI feedback or the cyclical CQI feedback cannot be repeated sufficiently frequently and the detection of the CQI feedback is thus impaired. In order to prevent this, a time interval is chosen between predetermined and additional CQI feedbacks such that no such collision can occur. To this end, the time interval must be chosen to be at least as large as the number of repetitions. This selection of minimum time intervals can also be performed without consideration for the activity status of the data transmission, in other words in the case of all non-predetermined CQI feedbacks.
The points in time of the predetermined, in particular cyclical, CQI feedbacks are also known to the transmitter during an active data transmission. On the other hand, the check for minimum intervals from the previous and following predetermined (in particular cyclical) CQI helps to avoid sending an unnecessarily large number of feedbacks and also any overlapping of transmissions of different CQI feedbacks. Furthermore, a priority of cyclical CQI feedbacks can be secured through suitable choice of these intervals. This is also indicated, amongst other things, for reasons of backward compatibility with earlier standard specifications. In this situation, minimum intervals from the cyclical CQI feedbacks are defined for non-cyclical CQI feedbacks, whereas no restrictions apply to the cyclical CQI feedbacks.
In another exemplary embodiment, minimum intervals are also provided between non-cyclical CQI feedbacks. These minimum intervals must be at least as large as the number of repetitions of an individual non-cyclical CQI feedback. It is also possible to choose larger minimum intervals however. For example, a minimum interval can be chosen such that a maximum of one CQI feedback is sent, or at most on each third TTI. Although each CQI feedback is sent without additional repeats, this serves to prevent CQI feedbacks from being sent more frequently than the channel is capable of changing significantly. In this case, it would be superfluous to send a CQI feedback for each TTI. This exemplary embodiment can be combined with all the methods for sending CQI feedbacks, which were listed at the beginning under the description of the prior art under 1 to 4. This combination too would be independent of the activity statuses of the data transmission.
Another exemplary embodiment specifies that not every additional CQI feedback is sent but only every n-th, where n represents a natural number. In other words, every third for example. If packets are sent to the terminal in each TTI, then this method is equivalent to the previous embodiment when using the activity based CQI feedback (described under prior art method 1). Otherwise, fewer CQI feedbacks are generated by this embodiment, however. This situation is illustrated in
In another exemplary embodiment, provisions are made for sending the first CQI feedback at the start of a data transmission, but then only every n-th further CQI feedback. This course of action ensures that an updated value is available at the start of a data transmission but only a few CQI feedbacks are sent during the data transmission. As a result, less interference is generated than is the case with the methods according to the prior art (i.e., 1 to 4).
This embodiment can for example be implemented by measuring the period of time T since the last transmission of the last CQI feedback and in addition the number of the occurrence of the activity status under consideration. In contrast to the previous embodiment, a CQI feedback is however not sent if both the period of time T and also the number of the occurrence of the activity status under consideration exceeds a predefined threshold, but it is sent if only one of these parameters exceeds the threshold. The timing threshold will not be exceeded during a data transmission but the number of the occurrence of the activity status under consideration will be. The start of a data transmission will generally be characterized in that no data has previously been transferred for a certain time and that the activity status under consideration did not occur. This is however only one possible implementation of this embodiment.
The possibility also exists of even choosing different intervals for the cyclical CQI feedback in the different statuses. However, it is not only possible to use shorter intervals for times of data activity with the aim of reducing the interval of the cyclical CQI feedbacks during the data transmission. By using the exemplary method proposed here, it is also possible to increase the interval of the cyclical CQI feedbacks during the data transmission, or the cyclical CQIs can be entirely discontinued. Additional CQIs are available during the data activity, for example according to prior art method 2 when a NAK is sent, which enables a substantially higher correlation between a change in the receive quality and the point in time of the CQI feedback when compared with the predetermined cyclical CQI feedbacks.
To summarize, the exemplary embodiments described above yield an extremely flexible instrument for controlling the CQI feedback. During inactivity on the data channel, it is possible should the occasion arise to receive information about the channel status of a user by means of cyclical CQI feedback. At the start of a data transmission, an updated value is transferred as quickly as possible unless such a value is present in the immediate temporal vicinity. An explicit request for a CQI feedback is dispensed with on account of the disadvantages associated with this, in particular the resource allocation in the downlink direction. Furthermore, different activity statuses of the data transmission channel are differentiated when executing the CQI feedback, whereby in particular the statuses "no active data link", "start of an active data link" and "active data link exists" are used.
Consideration can also be given to transferring a further channel quality information item (CQI-TX) from the receiver (R) to the transmitter (S) if either a first activity status exists and the time interval (t delta) from the last completed transfer of channel quality information (CQI-TX) exceeds a specified first time interval, or a first activity status exists and this status has already occurred n times.
It should be understood that various changes to the specification and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.
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High school--and adolescence in general--can be a confusing time for children and parents alike. To one point, you've spent the past 15 or so years molding your child into a responsible, respectable person, but at the same time he's still a kid and has a lot of learning to do. When it comes to school, it can be tempting to hand over the reigns entirely, assuming that after a decade or so of formal education your teen should have things under control, but that's not necessarily the case. You should still be the guiding force in your child's life, especially when it comes to school and safety. Read on to discover some of the most common mistakes parents of high schoolers make.
Mom works 3 jobs to support her spoiled daughter's designer wardrobe
Most parents try to teach their kids the value of money and encourage them to get jobs once they are legally able to work. Unfortunately one mom hasn't received the memo and can barely afford to pay for her 15-year-old daughter's designer wardrobe. Jackie Walsh works three jobs in order to support her daughter Lauren's shopping habit.
Lauren spends over $1,000 on designer clothes every month all with her mom's hard earned cash. There's something TERRIBLY wrong with this picture!Continue Reading >

subset: commoncrawl


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Sex Ed: How Can I Make Her Want To Kiss Me?
Sex Ed: How To Get Her To Be On Top
Sex Ed: How To Ask A Good Friend To Go On A Date
Sex Ed: How Is A Vibrator Different From A Dildo?
Allison: cum down my throat
Hiedi practices jerking off with her dildo
Sex Ed: Losing My Erection - Am I Gay?
Sex Ed: Best Sex Position for First Time Sex
Help wanted: A good man to cum on my panties
Sex Ed: I Feel Guilty Being Naked. Please Help!
Josie jacking off an imginary dick on her stomach
Sex Ed: What Does Sperm Taste Like?
Sex Ed: How Can I Control Excessive Masturbation?
Doctor Big Cock [CLIP]
Sex Ed: My First Time With Another Female
Sex Ed: Can You Fall In Love Without Meeting?
Sex Ed: Does Masturbation Hurt Penis Sensitivity?
Sex Ed: I Love Being On Top But He Loses Erection!
Sex Ed: What's That Lump Inside My Penis?
Sex Ed: 5 Tips To Make Your 1st Threesome Great
Sex Ed: First Threesome - Who Should It Be With?
Cameron says Just follow the videos instructions ON jerking OFF
Maddie imitates a guy jacking off
Missy talking sexy to the webcam
Dakoda wants to bust that load via webcam
Kelli shows him how to fuck his pillow
Maddie looking good & talking dirty


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40 CFR 63.11131 - Who implements and enforces this subpart?
(a) This subpart can be implemented and enforced by the U.S. EPA or a delegated authority such as the applicable State, local, or tribal agency. If the U.S. EPA Administrator has delegated authority to a State, local, or tribal agency, then that agency, in addition to the U.S. EPA, has the authority to implement and enforce this subpart. Contact the applicable U.S. EPA Regional Office to find out if implementation and enforcement of this subpart is delegated to a State, local, or tribal agency.
(b) In delegating implementation and enforcement authority of this subpart to a State, local, or tribal agency under subpart E of this part, the authorities contained in paragraph (c) of this section are retained by the Administrator of U.S. EPA and cannot be transferred to the State, local, or tribal agency.
(c) The authorities that cannot be delegated to State, local, or tribal agencies are as specified in paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section.
(1) Approval of alternatives to the requirements in §§ 63.11116 through 63.11118 and 63.11120.
(2) Approval of major alternatives to test methods under § 63.7(e)(2)(ii) and (f), as defined in § 63.90, and as required in this subpart.
Title 40 published on 2014-07-01
The following are only the Rules published in the Federal Register after the published date of Title 40.
For a complete list of all Rules, Proposed Rules, and Notices view the Rulemaking tab.
Title 40 published on 2014-07-01
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 40 CFR 63 after this date.


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Proceed with caution
Coaches wary of potential NCAA rule changes
Updated: January 13, 2013, 1:42 PM ETBy Mitch Sherman | ESPN RecruitingNation
NASHVILLE, Tenn. -- In the wake of the American Football Coaches Association convention this week and the NCAA's explanation to college coaches on several proposed legislative changes that threaten to impact recruiting significantly, I've repeatedly heard one question.
Why would the Division I Board of Directors consider a vote to deregulate all private electronic communication, including text messaging, from coaches to prospects, as it will do next week at the NCAA ...
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Originally written on Larry Brown Sports | Last updated 6/23/13
Pittsburgh Pirates rookie Tony Sanchez got his first career hit on Sunday, and his hit produced another "first." Sanchez, who was selected fourth overall by the Pirates in 2009, lined a Joe Blanton fastball to right field in the top of the second inning of his team's game against the LA Angels, and the ball [...]
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Report: Rajon Rondo wants 'all of' Kings' $10M cap space
With a coach and owner reportedly feuding over whether they should trade their star player — just two years after the franchise came close to shipping out of town — the Sacramento Kings are kind of a mess right now. That hasn't scared off Rajon Rondo, though. Rondo is reportedly interested in signed with the Kings as a free agent, and the former All-Star point guard apparently...
Via NESN.com
1 hour ago
Reports: Kevin Love, Tristan Thompson returning to Cavs
When Kevin Love sustained a season-ending shoulder injury, NBA fans and analysts alike wondered if his tenure with the Cleveland Cavaliers had finished, too. That's not the case, however. Via an article on The Players Tribune, Love shared he will return to the Cleveland Cavaliers for the 2015-16 season: "I'm going back to Cleveland. After Game 1 of the NBA Finals, that's...
Via Sportsnaut
1 hour ago
Dwyane Wade, Heat reportedly progressing in contract talks
Dwyane Wade is one of the more intriguing names on the free agent market, as very few people can picture him in a uniform other than the Miami Heat one he has worn throughout his entire NBA career. In all likelihood, they won't have to. According to Adrian Wojnarowski of Yahoo Sports, Wade and the...Read More
Via Larry Brown Sports
2 hours ago
Obama Administration: Change name if Redskins move to D.C.
The Obama Administration is not going to accommodate a move of the Washington Redskins from Landover, Maryland to the District of Columbia unless the team agrees to change its controversial name. A report from the Washington Post suggests that Interior Secretary Sally Jewell told D.C. political leaders, including Mayor Muriel Bowser, that the National Park Service will not agree...
Via Sportsnaut
3 hours ago
Brandon Spikes sentenced to one year probation in crash
Brandon Spikes isn't getting off the hook this time around. The free agent linebacker appeared in court Wednesday and was found guilty on three counts of leaving the scene of a crash resulting in personal injury. He was sentenced to one year probation, had his licensed revoked for a year and also was slapped with a $1,000 fine. Spikes' punishment stems from an incident...
Via NESN.com
3 hours ago
Report: Leafs trade Kessel to Penguins in multi-player deal
NHL free agency began Wednesday at noon, but it's a blockbuster trade that has stole the headlines. The Toronto Maple Leafs have traded first-line right winger Phil Kessel to the Pittsburgh Penguins, per Sportsnet's Nick Kypreos. Sportsnet's John Shannon reports the Penguins will send forward prospect Kasperi Kapanen, defenseman Scott Harrington and a draft pick to the Leafs...
Via NESN.com
3 hours ago
David Ortiz vehemently denies that his bat speed is declining
Last rites were being read on David Ortiz's illustrious major league career when he stumbled out of the gates this season. This prompted the Boston Red Sox slugger, 39, to feel compelled on numerous occasions to vehemently deny that Father Time at long last had caught up with him. A rudimentary look at his statistics...Read More The post David Ortiz vehmently blasts notion that...
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3 hours ago
Report: Spurs sign Danny Green to deal, trade Tiago Splitter
The San Antonio Spurs' pursuit of free agent LaMarcus Aldridge put Danny Green's future into question with the franchise, but ESPN's Chris Broussard reports the shooting guard is sticking around. Sources: Danny Green has agreed to a 4 year, $45 million deal with the Spurs — Chris Broussard (@Chris_Broussard) July 1, 2015 Green rose to league-wide popularity in...
Via Sportsnaut
4 hours ago
Matt Duffy is baseball's biggest surprise
Guys drafted in the 18th round aren't supposed to amount to much. Every once in a while you get lucky, but for the most part teams are drafting for organizational depth by then: players who might move up a level or two in the minors, but nothing more. It's where teams draft a light-hitting infielder with a .253/.305/.289 overall college slash line with no career home runs....
Via The Outside Corner
4 hours ago
Jim Harbaugh joins Colin Cowherd for awkward interview
Michigan coach Jim Harbaugh joined ESPN's Colin Cowherd for what appeared to be an innocent interview on Wednesday morning, but it could not have gone much worse. Harbaugh, who isn't exactly the easiest guy to deal with, seemed to be on the defensive the entire time. He provided very little insight and stonewalled Cowherd on...Read More
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4 hours ago
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Narrow your search
A proposed law might allow feds to read e-mail without a warrant, Facebook tests a tool that auto-uploads iPhone photos, and Nokia's Here Maps arrives in Apple's app store.
A proposed law might allow feds to read e-mail without a warrant, Facebook tests a tool that auto-uploads iPhone photos, and Nokia's Here Maps arrives in Apple's app store.
But the administration will tell Congress tomorrow that the feds need more surveillance powers over e-mail messages, Twitter direct messages, and Facebook direct messages in other ways.
The bill would limit the personal information that services such as Uber and Lyft can request or require from their customers.
After public criticism of proposal that lets government agencies warrantlessly access Americans' e-mail, Sen. Patrick Leahy says he will "not support" such an idea at next week's vote.
Proposed law scheduled for a vote next week originally increased Americans' e-mail privacy. Then law enforcement complained. Now it increases government access to e-mail and other digital files.
Technically Incorrect: A new study from the University of Pennsylvania finds that Americans have lost hope that their data will ever be kept private.
Because of the wording of an obscure 1986 federal law, the former CIA director -- and the rest of Americans -- receive less privacy protection than we would for love letters stored under a mattress.
Technically Incorrect: Implicitly criticizing the likes of Google and Facebook as gobblers of personal information, the Apple CEO makes a strong plea for respect of people's personal selves.
The search giant also creates a privacy site that will "candidly" answer user questions on how Google collects data and what it does with all of that information.


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Confrontation Amid Battling Protesters Looms in Egypt Crisis
Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood alleged for a assemblage abetment Admiral Mohamed Mursi alfresco his alcazar on Wednesday and leftists planned a counter-demonstration, adopting fears of clashes in a crisis over a acknowledged advance for a new constitution.
Mursi alternate to plan at his admixture a day afterwards it came beneath annoy from action protesters bent at his drive to accredit a new architecture in a breeze acclamation set for December 15 afterwards briefly accretion his admiral by decree.
The Islamist admiral said he acted to anticipate courts still abounding of appointees from the era of absolute antecedent Hosni Mubarak from derailing the abstract architecture meant to complete a political alteration in the Arab world's a lot of crawling state.
The Brotherhood, from which Mursi emerged to almost win a chargeless acclamation in June, summoned supporters to a affirmation alfresco the alcazar in acknowledgment to what it termed "oppressive abuses" by action parties.
Brotherhood agent Mahmoud Ghozlan was quoted on its Facebook page as adage action groups "imagined they could agitate angary or appoint their angle by force".
Leftist action baton Hamdeen Sabahy promptly apprenticed his supporters to go to the streets as well, deepening the affairs of battle amid Islamists and their opponents.
A backer for Sabahy's Popular Current movement asked protesters to arch to the alcazar to reinforce those still camped out there afterwards Tuesday evening's protests, in which admiral said 35 protesters and 40 badge were wounded.
Although they accursed breach gas if protesters bankrupt through barricades to ability the alcazar walls, anarchism badge appeared to handle those disturbances with restraint.
About 200 protesters camped out overnight, blocking one aboideau to the alcazar in arctic Cairo, but cartage was abounding commonly and anarchism badge had been withdrawn.
"Our demands to the president: abjure the presidential decree and abolish the acclamation on the constitution," apprehend a placard afraid by demonstrators on a alcazar gate.
The blow of the Egyptian basic was calm, admitting the political furor over Mursi's November 22 decree handing himself advanced admiral and careful his decisions from administrative oversight.
Crowds had aggregate on Tuesday for what organizers dubbed a "last warning" to Mursi. "The humans wish the atrophy of the regime," they chanted, roaring the signature byword of endure year's insurgence that ousted Mubarak.
But the "last warning" may about-face out to be one of the endure gasps for a disparate action that has little adventitious of endlessly next week's vote on a architecture drafted over six months and apace accustomed by an Islamist-dominated assembly.
Facing the gravest crisis of his six-month-old tenure, the Islamist admiral has apparent no assurance of accedence beneath pressure, assured that the Muslim Brotherhood and its Islamist allies can win the acclamation and a aldermanic acclamation to follow.
Many Egyptians ache for an end to political about-face that has afraid off investors and tourists, damaging the economy.
Ahmed Kamel, agent for the Congress Party led by above Arab League arch Amr Moussa, said Mursi should accommodated action demands, not alarm for an Islamist counter-demonstration.
Some protesters accept already gone above action calls for Mursi to atom his decree, adjourn the acclamation and set up a "representative committee" to alter the abstract constitution, instead ambitious the president's overthrow.
"The demands of the artery are affective faster than those of the politicians," said Elijah Zarwan, a adolescent with the European Council on Foreign Relations. "Now is the time for the Egyptian liberals to accommodate after conditions."
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40 years of helping San Diego stay alive
One of San Diego Grantmakers' most successful group collaborations resulted in Coming Home to Stay, a program designed to help former prisoners living in the City Heights and Diamond neighborhoods get the health, housing, employment and other services they need to stay out of jail.
"Judy is kind of a sparkplug," Grantmakers' executive director Nancy Jamison said. "She says what she thinks, and she has a lot of wisdom because she has been doing this for a long time. We look to her for inspiration and insight. She carries with her a sense of urgency on how we have to do better and make a bigger difference with the philanthropic dollars we have."
She has seven grandchildren she loves to entertain, an excellent patio for parties she is happy to throw and exotic places she would like to visit while she still can. And if you're still wondering why Judy McDonald gives so much of herself away, be prepared for the gift of another fast answer.
"I do it because I love it. I have been extraordinarily fortunate, so if there is anything I can do to improve lives of individuals or a group or a community, I'm happy to do it."


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Coming to you live from beautiful Toronto, Canada, overlooking Lake Ontario….
Not only is the view spectacular from Cisco's downtown offices but the Cisco Networkers conference has been an exceptional experience. During my two days here, I had the opportunity to share our collaboration journey with customers in academia, financial services, healthcare and retail (the largest retailer in Canada). Read More »
Tags: coc-collaboration


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Onetha Gethers owns Gethers Funeral Home in Syracuse's Southside of Syracuse, a low-income, often rundown part of town. In the past two years, people have broken into her business in search of embalming fluid. The first time the robbers broke in, neighbors chased them away. But the second time, Gethers was not so lucky.
"I saw the rugs were disturbed," Gethers said. "And I continued and saw that the upstairs in the parlor area was mangled and out of order."
Before, Gethers stored her bottles of formaldehyde in cabinets in the room she calls her morgue, downstairs. Now, due to the demand for water, she only orders embalming fluid when she needs it, or hires outside trade embalmers.
Prosecuting use of embalming fluid is a problem. Because it is a legal substance, police cannot test and arrest someone for using it.
New York state senator David Valesky , however, is trying to change this. He recently drafted Senate bill S7542b that seeks to make the incorrect use of embalming fluid a Class A misdemeanor, which carries fines and jail time.
"We thought we ought to make it very clear from a New York State legal perspective that there's one use and only one use for this substance called embalming fluid," Senator Valesky said. "And anything else that it's used for is simply not gonna happen without penalties."
Valesky's bill passed through the State Senate unanimously in June 2010 and now awaits the vote in the Assembly.
Senator Valesky credits Helen Hudson, a community activist in Syracuse, with bringing the issue to his attention. Working as the community liaison for the city's chapter of the United Way and as president and cofounder of Mothers Against Gun Violence, she strives to get water off the streets. But her places of employment aren't the only reason for her struggle.
Hudson's 29-year-old son, Kareem Wofford, is a water addict, and she recalled the day she discovered this.
"He was standing in the middle of the street, and he was loud and he was pacing, and he was ranting and he was raving," Hudson said.
"And I looked at him and I asked him what was going on. ... 'What's going on with you?' I said. 'What have you had?' … And he looked at me and said, 'Water.'"
Hudson said that her son has been addicted to the drug for a year and that she no longer recognizes him. From the nauseating odor that emanates from his pores to his erratic behavior that has led him into fights in which he's been stabbed, it's become clear to Hudson that water has taken over her son's life.
But as some users say, the high is so incredible that there's no turning back.
"It makes you feel like Superman," Bacon said. "It makes you feel just like you're untouchable. Like someone can do something to you and you won't even feel it."
Because PCP is a hallucinogen, Dr. Johnson said users often experience this sensation of invincibility and perform crazy stunts while under the influence.
"It makes you scary, violent, hot. Often people take their clothes off," Dr. Johnson said. "Sometimes people are arrested while they're on phencyclidine because they strip off all their clothes and run around the streets naked. It puts you in a blackout."


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A simple plugin for injecting HTML into various places in your WordPress theme output.
i have installed and activated it, but i can't find a place to edit my header ..
Does what it says, solves a simple problem but very well.
Easy to use, a well polished plugin that does what it needs to.
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Gallery: A Firsthand Look at the Magnolia 2300 Yurt – the First Energy ...
25 Comments
August 15, 2012 at 9:32 pm
Hi Betsyjane- I'm glad that you took a moment of your time to ask your questions about this project, thank you! This home is 2300 sq.ft., the price tag of $100/sq.ft. is for the Mandala portion- which does not include finishing costs- the Mandala portion is the shell-to-weathertight; the wall systems, floor and roof systems, insulation and siding, doors and windows. The finishing costs are very client specific (ie; granite counter-top or Formica counter-top- so, there is a huge cost difference depending on the choices of the owner, as you can imagine. Our finishing costs on this project were about double per sq. ft. If you would like more information , for example; What's Included in a Mandala Kit. I encourage you to contact email@example.com. Thanks for your interest!~Rachel
August 1, 2012 at 1:21 pm
Hi ecomeruhomes- I'm super glad that you like this project and find it inspiring for your construction juices! Wonderful! ~Rachel
July 24, 2012 at 11:41 am
Hello dwyerj- Thanks for your interest in our buildings! We are a prefab company and we build and ship these structures as kits in panels (and more) with a set-up manual and onsite or phone support- primarily because of the complexity of the round , we want to be closely connected with the projects-more connected than just selling the plans. Does that make sense? If you are still interested, check out our website at http://www.mandalahomes.com or email email@example.com for more information. Thanks, Rachel
July 20, 2012 at 12:05 pm
Hi Earthgirl- The cost for building a house like this is similar to the cost for a regular build- between $65-$95 sq. ft for the shell to lock-up, and approx $100 sq. ft for finishing costs, depending on choices of materials. The savings in energy costs is significant- about 30% per year! ~Rachel
July 20, 2012 at 1:59 am
beautiful – do you have acoustic problems with the curved walls and ceiling making echoes?


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Posted: 01/15/14
"What is up with these ugly retro graphics?" If anything of this nature comes out of your mouth after you've had a look at Nidhogg's minimalist visual presentation, you should probably die a hundred deaths... in a game of Nidhogg. If you can't appreciate the game's aesthetic, then your body truly deserves be crushed by the mighty jaws of Nidhogg himself. That's because when this happens, you'll have become the exalted victor of a thrilling contest. Unless you have something against glorious triumph, your personal taste isn't going to keep you from savoring that moment.
Every match begins the same way. Two figures assume a fencing stance and engage in a duel to the death. Should the individual on the left prevail, he'll begin running to the right. Should the one on the right prevail, he'll begin running to the left. Your opponent will appear before you again and again, attempting to halt your advance, take your life, and seize the initiative.
The arrow indicator on either side of the screen acts as kind of a metaphorical football, and as long as it's with you, you can keep driving toward your opponent's end zone. There are no downs, but there are plenty of deaths, and the moment you're slain it's the other player's turn to be on offense. Nidhogg is a tug of war, a one-on-one fight, and a contest of wills. You might ride a roller-coaster of adrenaline and emotion swinging back and forth between winning and losing, or ride a tidal wave of momentum toward your victory.
While fencing carries some connotation of nobility, Nidhogg most often feels like a desperate struggle. There's certainly room for a bit of elegance with the basic swordplay as you vary the height of your blade and try to disarm or jab at your opponent, but you might also throw the sword or drop your foe to the ground with a diving kick or leg sweep. If you reach your fallen opponent before they recover, you can quickly snap their spine and be on your way.
Every technique is accomplished with simple directional inputs and only two buttons, making the game easy to pick up in a couple of minutes, but the combined possibilities create countless variations to a dance of death and hilarity. Every move has a countermove, and the game moves about as fast as you can think. If you'd like it to be faster, try turbo mode, one of the optional gameplay tweaks that include boomerang swords and low gravity.
Mastering the elements of combat to control space and outsmart your opponent is endlessly enjoyable, but as long as you have the blessing of the arrow you could also try running away. The frantic pursuit of a runaway rival leads to some of the most entertaining and exciting moments in the game. Even so, nothing beats a clean and decisive stab… except maybe wiggling the sword around afterwards as your vanquished foe spurts brightly colored pixels that stain the ground beneath you.
Four stages play host to the action, and various configurations of doorways, gaps, low ceilings, and intentionally obscured views have a strong bearing on strategy and ensure a certain amount of variety to confrontation. A player frustrated with a particularly jumpy adversary in the open wilds might welcome the narrow passages of the mines where you can only depend on your skill with the blade. Despite the limited number of arenas, it feels like there's plenty of room to fight.
Nidhogg possesses many of the qualities that make competitive fighting games great, and like Street Fighter or Tekken, the best way to play is with someone who's sitting right next to you. Nidhogg excels as a spectator sport, and it's rarely played quietly. The game smartly supports local multiplayer tournaments, but it also lets players battle computer-controlled opponents or look for competition online. Network matches aren't always perfect, but the game often allows for reasonably fair matches.
To put it plainly, Nidhogg is incredibly fun. If you can appreciate the game's style for what it is and you don't have an ego as fragile as glass, you'll delight in testing your mettle against another's. And even if you lose, at least you didn't get eaten by some horrible beast.
Score: 9.0
Reviewed on PC.
Reviewed by Justin Speer.
Posted: 01/13/2014
Views: 8,634
Views: 3,861,023
Views: 3,592,377
Views: 2,991,419
Views: 2,820,689
Views: 2,756,348
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Hostelworld "meet the world" by Lucky Generals
Rating: 5.0
By Sara Kimberley, campaignlive.co.uk, Thursday, 09 September 2010 11:25AM
The film features fake poo chasing people around the streets of London. It will be hosted on YouTube and will be distributed via social media sites including Twitter and Facebook.
Created by Kitcatt Nohr Alexander Shaw, the campaign forms part of an ambitious five-year global strategy launched by WaterAid at the end of last year.
The drive will target 35- to 50 year-olds professionals, a younger target audience than usual for WaterAid, asking them to sign up to a regular gift and sign a petition that calls on the UK government to help end the lack of toilets in the world's poorest countries.
Other campaign activity includes inserts, email, a microsite digtoilets.org, PR and online display ads.
Last month WaterAid launched a hard-hitting TV campaign using a dark version of the playground song, 'Diarrhoea Diarrhoea'.
This article was first published on campaignlive.co.uk
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Rating: 5.0
Agency: Grey London
Rating: 5.0


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iHerb Customer Reviews
Oceanus Naturals, The Natural Premium Personal Lubricant with Carrageenan, 50 ml (Discontinued Item)
Customer Ratings
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Items 1-5 of 5 total
Loved the results
Posted by Reviewer1991595 on Mar 14, 2011
So nice for so many reasons. Feels wonderful. I highly recommend this over anything that can be purchased at drug store.
good lubricant
Posted by Reviewer1317118 on Nov 22, 2011
very smooth, non sticky!
It works!
Posted by Reviewer3330129 on Apr 24, 2011
Yes it does!
not worth it
Posted by LauraLeonard on Oct 28, 2011
won't buy again, have used better
not as decribed
Posted by Reviewer2735141 on Sep 06, 2012
I received this lubricant without bonus-15 ml female stimulating gel.
Items 1-5 of 5 total


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Department of Labor Fiduciary Rule
The Individual Annuity: A Resource in Your Retirement
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Download ACLI's consumer brochures to learn more about how life insurers' products can help provide financial security for you and your loved ones.
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Court admits ex-banker's statement as exhibit in Atuche, others trial
Justice Lateef Okunnu of the Lagos High Court, Ikeja has admitted in evidence, a statement made to the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) by a former staff member of Bank PHB (now Keystone Bank), Nnaemeka Obiaraeri in the trial of the bank's former Managing Director, Mr Francis Atuche.
Atuche, sacked along with some other bank chiefs some years ago by the Central Bank of Bank of Nigeria (CBN) for alleged abuse of office, is being tried with his wife, Elizabeth and the bank's ex-Chief Financial Officer, Ugo Anyanwu. They are accused of allegedly stealing N27.7billion from the bank.
The statement was marked exhibit P. 136 after it was admitted. It contained reports of meeting and correspondences between the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Future View Financial Services Limited, Mrs Elizabeth Ebi, who had earlier in her evidence admitted collecting and benefitting from a loan agreement advanced to her companies by the bank during Atuche's era.
Obiareaeri, who is the sixth prosecution witness, was led in evidence by lead prosecution lawyer, Kemi Pinheiro (SAN). The witness told the court that he had advised Mrs Ebi against taking the loan, if she was not comfortable with the terms.
He said the loans were for Tradjek Limited, Petosan Oil & Gas Ltd, Extra-Oil, Future View Financial Securities Limited, companies owned by Mrs Ebi.
The companies are fingered in the alleged suspicious loan transactions, for which Atuche, Elizabeth and Anyanwu are being tried.
The witness said he knew little about the transaction afterwards. He said he was directed by Mrs Ebi to collect some documents from Atuche's house, which include, blank loan application form.
Mrs Ebi, who had earlier testified as prosecution witness in the case, said though she did not solicit for the loan given her companies, she re-invested the funds estimated at N10.9 billion.
Mrs Ebi had, while being cross-examined by one of the defence lawyers, Sylva Ogwemoh, told the court she invested part of what she claimed was unsolicited funds in procuring Oceanic Bank Plc shares, from which she made some profit.
When asked whether she reported the alleged 'unsolicited' lodgments from Bank PHB to the EFCC or other security agencies, she said no, because she felt it was not necessary to do so.
Obiaraeri further told the court that he knew of the relationship between Mrs Ebi and Atuche. He said his former boss, Charles Ojo, ex-Managing Director of Spring Bank (now Enterprise Bank, directed him to relate with Mrs Ebi on the transaction.
Obiaraeri will be cross-examined by Atuche's counsel, Chief Anthony Idigbe (SAN) and Ogwemoh (lawyer to Anyanwu) on February 1 when proceedings resume. The prosecution is also expected to call seven more witnesses before concluding its case.
Earlier, the fifth witness, Ms Helen Eriyor, who testified that she was not with the bank, when the transaction took place, was discharged after she was cross-examined by Mr Ogwemoh.
The defendants have denied the allegations and argued that some of the amounts mentioned were loans granted to companies as normally banking business transaction.
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What Boko Haram and NADECO have in common
As we watched troubled President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan in his black kaftan with black cap behind the distraught emir of Kano last week, it was ... Full story


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Victor Calderone set.
This comment has been deleted.
MISSalina1 year agoReplyDelete and block
miss these heavy dirty tribal
house bombs. edm kids have no clue!
This comment has been deleted.
Galia Stilianova2 years agoReplyDelete and block
Crobar......the good old days
This comment has been deleted.
patmisa2 years agoReplyDelete and block
this shit is absolutely sick, hes been playing this kinda music for a good 5 years now if this was recorded in 2006. I'd kill for a dloadlink
This comment has been deleted.
Gregory Crisci3 years agoReplyDelete and block
With all due respect to Victor, his early/mid 2000s sound blows away what he's messing with now ... Miss that jumping jack dirty tribal crack!!


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Gear Review
Pretty Yummy
This isn't bad considering the dry milk. I liked it much better warm than cold and it does take the full 15 minutes as suggested on the bag. My only suggestion is that they make the bag burnable so you don't have to pack out the trash.
View More Details on AlpineAire Strawberry Honey Granola with Milk


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New Media Rights' final DMCA Anti-circumvention comments encourage the Copyright Office to protect fair use for all filmmakers
Today, New Media Rights submitted our final set of comments supporting exemptions that allow filmmakers to bypass encryption and technical protections measures for purposes of making fair use.
Specifically, following testimony in May, the Copyright Office requested definitions of a variety of terms including documentary, documentary-like, non-fiction, fictional, scripted, biopic, "inspired by," imaginative, and "totally fiction" that were used in the proceeding.
In our responses to the Copyright Office's request, we draw on the work of film scholars to explain that genre distinctions are not easily made, and that an exemption for all filmmakers is the best way to proceed. You can read our latest filing here, and check out the entire proceeding on the Copyright Office's website.
You can see our more extensive earlier comments, supporting exemptions for remix creators, smartphone consumes, and filmmakers, here. New Media Rights wants to thank fantastic interns Emory Roane and Patrick McManus for their work on this proceeding.


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
44 year old man | Palm Desert, CA, USA | Seeking women 30-45 within 50 miles of Coachella, CA
Hoping to meet the right woman
I'm a very easy going kind of guy. I've learned a lot in my life about who I am and what I want from life. What I do have is the sense that everyday is a real adventure. It doesn't matter if the adventure is big or little, but everyday is different and an opportunity. I just want to enjoy my life and hopefully share it with someone who has a sense of adventure and fun. I am secure with who I am and am looking for someone who knows who they are. I am not looking for a person to fix and not looking to be a project for somebody else. I have a career as a computer programmer, working for in the casino industry right now designing games, and I really enjoy what I do. I also enjoy cooking, especially coming up with something new. I am an avid reader and music listener. I really enjoy things that are off the beaten path, and walk to the beat of my own drum, and it's not to be different for the sake of being different, just being true to myself. I have a wicked sense of humor and being able to laugh is must have in my partner. If you are able to find the humor in just about anything then we should be able to get along (even if you are the only one who gets the joke, which sometimes is even better!). However I do not ever go out of my way to cause harm, and if I make a joke that really offends someone then I make sure they know I meant no harm. I do not like cruel people. I want to be in an equal relationship and valuing mutual respect is a must. I don't care for angry/negative people at all. And hopefully you don't take yourself too seriously. I am also a single father to two wonderful young sons (ages 8 and 7), and it's going to stay that way so loving children is going to be important, just don't expect me to introduce them right away. That will be something I'm not in any rush to do. I'm not looking for a mom for them, I am looking for that right woman for me not them. Hopefully you are honest, want an honest healthy relationship, and decide you want to be with me for me. And most important of all... (that was the joke, hope you got it!) Have a sense of humor!
Alumni connections , Book club , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Performing arts , Playing cards , Political interests , Religion/Spiritual , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Volunteering
Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Dancing, Other types of exercise, Soccer, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I have Cats, Dogs
Middle of the Road
San Diego, Idyllwild, Vancouver, Big Sur, PCH1, San Francisco
San Diego City College, San Diego, CA
I really enjoy cooking, reading, technology, listening to music, intelligent conversation, coffee, trying something new, just going for a drive, going to a place I've never been before
I like to go out try something new it could be going to a movie, a restaurant or just going for a drive.
James Rollins Sigma Series
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'4" (193cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|A few extra pounds
|Slender, About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Dark brown
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Silver, Dark blonde, Grey, Platinum
|No Way, Occasionally, Daily, Cigar aficionado, Yes, but trying to quit
|Never, Social Drinker, Moderately
|Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering
|Administrative / Secretarial, Artistic / Creative / Performance, Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Labor / Construction, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military, Retail / Food services, Retired, Sales / Marketing, Self-Employed / Entrepreneur, Student, Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering, Travel / Hospitality / Transportation, Other profession, Nonprofit / Volunteer / Activist, Law enforcement / Security / Military, Fashion / Model / Beauty, Architecture / Interior design
Software Developer for the Casino Gaming Industry
|$75,001 to $100,000
|$25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they live at home (2)
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure, Probably not, No, No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|Native American, White / Caucasian
|Asian, Black / African descent, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian, Other
|Spiritual but not religious
|Agnostic, Atheist, Buddhist / Taoist, Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Hindu, Jewish, Muslim / Islam, Spiritual but not religious, Other, Christian / Other
|Bachelors degree
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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Most of the time when I log in to respond or post a thread I have to log on again before I can send. Why is that???? Sometimes I lose part of my post after I log on the second time. Can I change auto save settings so it saves more frequently?
This kind of ticks me off when it happens cause ya know I type 5 words a minute.


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Posted 08 March 2013 - 19:06
Posted 08 March 2013 - 19:18
Hello guys,
Recently I've checked the hardware monitor in bios and the numbers were:
So, after these numbers, you can see that 12v is lower than 12.
- CPU Voltage: 1.184v
- 3.3V Voltage: 3.360v
- 5V Voltage: 5.136v / 5.160v
- 12V Voltage: 11.872v / 11.928v
Should I change the PSU?
If I must, can someone recommend modular Cooler Master PSU (because my market) for my configuration?
Future Upgrades: SSD (OCZ Vertex 4 128GB) and new GPU (ASUS HD 7850 DC2 2GB / Gigabyte GTX 660 Windforce OC 2 GB)
Posted 08 March 2013 - 19:27
The ATX spec includes a 5% tolerance, so as long as you are between 12.6V and 11.4V, you should be okay. Plus the software programs that read those voltages aren't super accurate to begin with. You'd have to physically check it with a multimeter.
If you're looking for a new PSU, this is the one I have, and it's rock solid:
Posted 08 March 2013 - 20:40
Thank you for the info.
So, I can go with the SIlent Pro PSU's.
850W - isn't a overkill for my config (including the future upgrades)?


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GigaomSurvey says: female CIOs make inroads
After all the news about a scarcity of women in the top management of companies (and in the ranks of engineers), here's a bright spot: Half of the CIOs of Fortune 10 companies are… Read more »
After all the news about a scarcity of women in the top management of companies (and in the ranks of engineers), here's a bright spot: Half of the CIOs of Fortune 10 companies are… Read more »
If you want a cogent — and hilarious — assessment of the state of cloud, take a look at Charles Fitzgerald's latest blog post "A dispatch from cloud city — 2014… Read more »
On this, the best of all holidays, I give thanks for Twitter, clouds, Seeking Alpha and, yes Larry Ellison — just for being Larry Ellison. Read more »
The internet of things doesn't need proprietary software and M2M platforms, it needs developers. The key isn't the things, but the data these things generate and the applications that will be… Read more »
IBM, the venerable IT giant, is in a tough place and it's unclear whether divesting businesses will help it compete with cloud and software oriented companies with lower cost structures, but… Read more »
The week in cloud: Oracle CEO change bombshell-that-may-not-be-a-bombshell overshadowed a week that also brought more OpenStack cloud M&A. Read more »
Eucalpytus: Bought. Metacloud: Bought. Enovance: Bought. What does the future hold for Cloudscaling, Piston Cloud, Mirantis et al? Read more »
In recent months, there's been a spate of tech companies publishing their staff demographics. We've taken the liberty of turning all of them into pie charts — for gender — and… Read more »
IBM has been all over the media the past few weeks–both pitching its story and fielding brickbats and accolades for its prospects and position in the market. The company has been… Read more »
William James once observed (although I can't find the reference), You can judge a man's intelligence by how well he agrees with you. This post is about some recent thoughts by… Read more »


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featured artist
New signing... CASPIAN 26th June 2015 It's with huge delight we can announce the UK/EU release of CASPIAN's brilliant new album, Dust & Disquiet. Released on 25th September, this will be their 5th studio recording, following up on 2012's Waking Season. Pre-order launches on Monday but you can hear a song via Noisey now
New mewithoutYou song 28th May 2015 Ahead of the release of their incredible new album, Pale Horses, mewithoutYou have posted a second track from the record. D-Minor is available to stream now by clicking here. The CD, vinyl (including UK/EU exclusive variant) and t-shirt are up for pre-order in our webstore now
Gnarwolves tour the US with Every Time I Die 27th May 2015 It's only a few days ago we announced that Gnarwolves would be supporting NOFX and Alkaline Trio on a couple of their sold out UK dates, but now we can tell you Gnarwolves will return to the US this summer with Every Time I Die, Real Friends and more! Click here to see the full list of dates
Woahnows on tour with Lemuria 26th May 2015 Following on immediately from a run of headline shows around mainland Europe, Woahnows are heading out with Lemuria, one of their favourite bands, to do it all again. Click for the dates
Gnarwolves support NOFX and The Movielife 16th May 2015 Gnarwolves, having already been to Australia and Japan this year, as well as completing a co-headline UK tour with The Smith Street Band and a flying visit to Venice, are off again. In June they play Download Festival before supporting The Movielife, then the small matter of supporting NOFX!New signing... Cassels 8th May 2015 Welcome... mewithoutYou! 5th May 2015 Welcome... Beach Slang! 31st March 2015 Delta Sleep announce debut album and new song 27th March 2015 Pet Symmetry pre-order 19th March 2015


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- Published: Bath, UK ; Cambridge, MA : Barefoot Books, 2007.
- Year Published: 2007
- Description: 1 v. (unpaged) : col. ill. ; 26 cm.
- Language: English
- Format: Book
ISBN/Standard Number
- 9781846860843 (alk. paper)
- 1846860849 (alk. paper)
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by Gershator, Phillis.
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Where To Find It
Call number: E GER
Available Copies: Downtown Youth PicBks, Malletts Youth Picture Books
Additional Details
Illustrations and rhyming text explore the sights and sounds of nature in each season of the year.
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