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The liquid droplet spray device (1) comprises a housing formed of a superposition of a first and a second substrate (5, 6) and a space (2) within the housing for containing a liquid substance (3), vibrating means (8) for applying a frequency vibration to the substance (3) thereby generating the liquid droplet spray, and outlet means (7, 9, 10) for ejecting the liquid droplet spray. The outlet means comprise a cavity (7), output nozzles (9) and output channels (10) connecting the cavity (7) to the outlet nozzles (9). According to the invention, the vibrating means (8) creates a standing wave pattern within the liquid substance (3), and the outlet means are arranged such that said outlet nozzles (9) are superposed on the vibration mode peaks of the standing wave pattern. Advantageously, the first and second substrates have similar geometrical shapes. Minimal retention and optimal flow of the substance are obtained.
1. A liquid droplet spray device for atomizing an inhaled liquid substance, comprising:
a housing formed of a superposition of a first substrate and a second substrate;
a space within the housing and enclosed by said first and second substrates for containing the liquid substance;
a supply device connected to supply said liquid substance to said space;
a vibrating device disposed to apply a frequency of vibration to said liquid substance thereby generating said liquid droplet spray; and
an outlet arrangement disposed to eject said liquid droplet spray when said liquid substance undergoes said vibration, said outlet arrangement comprising at least one cavity arranged in one of said substrates and forming part of said space of said housing;
wherein said outlet arrangement is located in said first substrate and said vibrating device is arranged on said second substrate, said outlet arrangement further comprising one or more output nozzles and at least one output channel connecting said cavity to said output nozzles, and wherein said outlet arrangement is disposed such that output nozzles are superposed on vibration mode peaks of a standing wave pattern creatable in said space.
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12. A liquid droplet spray device according to any one of
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18. A method of dispensing an inhalable atomized liquid with a liquid droplet spray device comprising:
a housing formed of a superposition of a first substrate and a second substrate;
a space within the housing and enclosed by said first and second substrates for containing the liquid substance;
a supply device connected to supply said liquid substance to said space;
a vibrating device disposed to apply a frequency of vibration to said liquid substance thereby generating said liquid droplet spray; and
an outlet arrangement disposed to eject said liquid droplet spray when said liquid substance undergoes said vibration, said outlet arrangement comprising at least one cavity arranged in one of said substrates and forming part of said space of said housing;
wherein said outlet is located in said first substrate and said vibrating device is arranged on said second substrate, said outlet arrangement further comprising one or more output nozzles and at least one output channel connecting said cavity to said output nozzles;
said method comprising the steps of:
(a) supplying said liquid substance to said space;
(b) creating a standing wave pattern within said space, such that said nozzles are superposed on vibration mode peaks of said standing wave pattern; and
(c) applying a frequency of vibration to said liquid substance sufficient to generate said liquid droplet spray, and eject said spray from said output nozzle.
19. A method according to
20. A method according to
21. A method according to
22. A method according to
providing a piezoelectric element included in said vibrating device;
providing a piezoresistive element in contact with or part of said top substrate;
detecting a particular vibration mode of said piezoelectric element;
maintaining a desired vibration mode based on said detected mode; and
compensating for non-linear effects due to a change in ambient conditions.
23. A method according to
24. A method according to
25. A method according to
26. A method according to
27. A method of generating an atomized spray for inhalation comprising the steps of:
providing a space having one or more output nozzles;
supplying liquid to said space at a low pressure;
creating a standing wave pattern within said space, such that the output nozzles are superposed on vibration mode peaks of said standing wave pattern; and
applying a frequency of vibration to said liquid sufficient to generate said atomized spray and eject said spray through the output nozzle.
28. A method according to
29. A method according to
This application claims priority of European patent application 122 751.5 filed Dec. 1, 1998 and European patent application 107 553.2 filed Apr. 15, 1999. The entire disclosure of the above patent applications is incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention relates generally to drug administration devices, and in particular to a liquid droplet spray device for atomizing a liquid substance such as a drug, a fragrance or other aerosolised or atomized liquids. Such a device may be used for administrating a drug to a patient by means of his or her respiratory system. Such an administration device, in its simplest form, is commonly called an inhaler. It may be used, e.g., for the controlled administration of drugs or for a variety of therapies using aerosolised drug administration including anesthetics. The inhaler delivers the drug, which is in the form of a liquid substance, as a dispersion of atomized droplets. More specifically, the present invention concerns an optimized liquid droplet spray device which efficiently creates and which fully expels a liquid droplet spray.
Various devices are known for atomizing a liquid. Document EP 0 516 565 describes am ultrasonic wave nebuliser which atomizes water. This apparatus is used as a room humidifier. Vibration is transmitted through the water to the water surface from which the spray is produced. A perforate membrane is provided to retain the water in absence of oscillation.
Typically, inhaler devices use the same principle to atomize the liquid into droplets, see for example the document WO 95/15822. However, such devices are particularly ineffective in vaporizing suspensions as explained in the Research Article <<Comparison of a respiratory suspension aerosolised by an air-jet and an ultrasonic nebuliser>> by Susan L. Tiano and Richard N. Dalby in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, |(3), 261-268 (1996).
Furthermore, the droplet size which depends on the size of the outlet orifices of the perforate membrane, further also depends on the shape of the orifice and on the vibration frequency. In order to obtain a small droplet, a very high frequency should be used, typically over 1 MHz for droplets of about 10 μm in diameter. This leads to an increased power consumption due to the high frequency so that such a device is not suitable for a small battery operated device.
With a large variation of droplet size, it is almost impossible to determine the expelled quantity and thus the actually-administered dosage.
Further, the orifices can not be made too small, not only because of fabrication reasons, but also in order to avoid clogging of the outlet orifices by the substance. In fact, it is known that the aqueous solubility of the substance solution depends on the composition of the drugs used and on its temperature. It is also known that such orifices might be clogged by very small amounts of drug left in the liquid spray device after atomization.
To ensure that a certain amount of substance is indeed released, it has been proposed to monitor the amount of liquid released when the inhaler is used. The document WO 92/11050 describes such an inhaler having means for cyclically pressurizing the liquid such that the liquid is periodically expelled and also having control means for deactivating the droplet generator after a predetermined time, e.g., by using a timer, or, after a predetermined volume of liquid has been expelled. However, this document is completely silent about droplet size control, aqueous solution or suspension characteristics as well as about any deposition target determination and control of the liquid.
Another prior art device is known from the document U.S. Pat. No. 5,497,763. This device has a breath actuated release of aerosolised drug and has a porous membrane located above a dosage unit container. The pores are preferably cone-shaped to reduce the force needed to move the drug substance there through when collapsing the container. However, such a membrane is difficult to manufacture, as the reproducibility of the pores is poor. Also, the difference in length and diameter of the pore channel results in a considerable difference of pressure drop across this channel. This varying pressure drop will thus also lead to a variation of the quantity and droplet size dispersion of the drug being expelled. Another problem is the alignment of the movable membrane with pores over each unit container resulting in another source of uncertainty over the expelled amount of drug.
The pre-cited documents are silent about avoiding layers or areas of liquid drug forming on the outside surface of the nozzle array by well-known capillary action and stiction. This is especially the case with devices where the same nozzle array is used several times, such as for example in the documents WO 92/11050 or WO 90/01997. Such layers lead to the forming of liquid meniscus in front of the nozzles which are broken up by the piezo-activated spraying action but lead to a larger droplet size dispersion than without such layers.
Although the cited document U.S. Pat. No. 5,497,763 partially overcomes this problem by separating dosage containers and the porous membrane through which the drug is aerosolised, this solution does not allow for the precision and repeatability of the cone-shaped pores used and the precise control of the drug delivery, requiring a pressure to be applied additionally to the piezoelectric vibrating means to force the liquid out. Also, the pre-cited documents do not mention that the piezoelectric vibrating means is not compensated for its non-linearities adding to uncontrolled factors affecting the delivery of targeted delivery.
The document U.S. Pat. No. 4,605,167 also describes a liquid droplet spray device for use in a fuel injector or an ink jet printer. The spray device comprises a housing provided with a liquid containing space and having a top substrate forming a membrane and provided with outlet nozzles therein. A piezoelectric actuator is attached to the membrane to vibrate the latter thereby causing the ejection of the liquid which is sucked out of the space by the vibrating membrane. Thus, when the membrane deflects inwardly towards the liquid, it compresses the latter and by expanding again, the created pressure in the liquid ensures the droplet ejection, i.e. the liquid is sucked towards the membrane and is expelled through the outlet nozzle. Another prior art document which basically functions according to the same principle is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,828,394.
However, such spray devices suffer from the inability to fully empty the liquid in the space. Indeed, if the liquid is a suspension containing solid particles, these particles will not be sucked towards the membrane because they are too heavy. Thus, a precise dosing is not possible, because the retention cannot be determined. Furthermore, the pressure created in the liquid by the incoming membrane causes another problem related to the ejected droplet. Indeed, a droplet that is ejected through the outlet nozzle usually has a pear-shape, with the large body part tearing apart at the exit, and a smaller cut-off tail part thus being ejected slightly later. However, due to the pressure of the liquid, the tail part will regain the body part, and the total large droplet impacts simultaneously the target. It may be thus understood that an exact determination of the expelled amount of liquid and an exact control of the droplet size are impossible.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an improved liquid droplet spray device for an inhaler suitable for respiratory therapies which overcomes, at least partially, the inconveniences of the prior art and which allows for an optimal flow of the atomized substance and which allows for a minimal retention of the substance in the spray device after expelling so that a precisely determined quantity may be expelled.
It is another object of the present invention to provide such a device which is simple, reliable to manufacture, small in size and low in cost.
Thus, the present invention concerns a liquid droplet spray device as disclosed and described herein.
Thanks to the specific shape and the positioning of the outlet means of the spray device according to the present invention an optimal throughput and flow together with a minimal retention of the atomized liquid in the spray device is obtained so that a precise dosage of expelled liquid may be determined.
Further, the inventive spray device may be re-used for a certain number of doses, because, due to the minimal retention, there is a minimal risk of increased drug concentration or drug contamination with remains of the previously used liquid.
Further, thanks to the inventive spray device, only a minimal amount of liquid is used, as the exact amount released can be predetermined with a high precision so that there is only a very small amount of waste and that the side effects can be limited too.
Other features and advantages of the liquid spray device according to the present invention will become clear from reading the following description which is given solely by way of a non-limitative example thereby referring to the attached drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-section of a first preferred embodiment of the liquid droplet spray device according to the present invention,
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a wafer and mask which may be used to manufacture the liquid droplet spray device according to the present invention,
FIG. 3 is a schematic top view of the vibration modes in the vibrated liquid substance of the liquid droplet spray device according to the present invention,
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-section of a second preferred embodiment of the liquid droplet spray device according to the present invention, and
FIG. 5 shows a schematic detailed view of a top substrate of the liquid droplet spray device according to the present invention.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a first embodiment of a liquid droplet spray device for an inhaler suitable for respiratory therapies is indicated by general reference 1. A suitable inhaler and other embodiments are described in more detail in the document EP 0 824 023 and in co-pending European patent application no. 98111497.8 which is incorporated herein by reference.
Spray device 1 consists of a housing formed of a superposition of a first, or a top substrate 5 and a second, or a bottom substrate 6 in-between which a chamber or a space 2 is formed for containing a liquid substance 3. Top substrate 5 contains outlet means consisting of cavities 7 which partly constitute space 2, outlet nozzles 9 and outlet channels 10 connecting these nozzles to the cavities 7.
Liquid substance 3 enters spray device 1 by way of, e.g., a very low pressure, e.g., around a few millibar, or capillary action. Such very low input pressure is preferably at a constant and repeatable value and is important to provide very low exit velocity of the aerosol which is consequently easily absorbed into the inhalation air stream, limiting medication deposition losses in the extrathoracic region. This can be achieved for example by way of at least one input tube or needle 4 through which a liquid substance may be supplied, directly or via a valve, from an external reservoir (not shown), which may be included in the inhaler, into spray device 1. In the example shown, this input tube 4 is located at a side of the spray device 1, but this input needle may of course also be located elsewhere, e.g., below the spray device and traversing its housing or traversing further provided vibrating means 8 and bottom substrate 6 to reach space 2. The filling of space 2 may also be piston or plunger activated, however with pressure reduction or performed by way of valves or a pump or a micropump at very low pressure. This may be carried out as described in the document EP-A-0 641 934. Thus space 2 is dimensioned such that it may contain the required amount corresponding to the desired unit dose and can include corresponding dosage valves.
Referring now to FIG. 2, both substrates are manufactured in a similar manner e.g. by etching a silicon wafer 14 in a suitable manner by using a mask in a manner well known to a skilled person to obtain a plurality of substrates, in this example top substrates 5, per wafer. The FIG. 2b shows a part of a mask corresponding to that required to obtain top substrate 5. The distribution and shape of the cavities shown here can take on many different forms. The arrangement resulting from a mask 15 according to FIG. 2b is just one example. Space 2 is thus obtained by partially etching top substrate 5 and bottom substrate 6. However, it is also possible to etch only top substrate 5 depending on the final arrangement of these two substrates relative to each other for enclosing space 2. In the preferred embodiment, bottom substrate 6 is also etched so as to form a thinner middle section which may act as a membrane for transmitting a vibration. This bottom substrate may be arranged such that its etched surface is facing the etched surface of top substrate 5 thus obtaining a large space 2. In the embodiment as shown in FIG. 1, however, bottom substrate 6 is arranged upside down such that its flat surface faces the etched surface of top substrate 5. In this manner, the bottom exterior part of the housing formed by these substrates has a thinner middle section into which vibrating means 8 may be placed so as to obtain a compact device as will be explained further on.
Bottom substrate 6 may be made of glass, ceramics, silicon, high-density polymer or the like. Top substrate 5 preferably consists of silicon, but it may consist of plastic, high density polymer, ceramics, metal or silicon or the like for its main body, and of silicon for its nozzle body as will be explained in more detail further on. The substrates 5 and 6 are attached to each other, preferably by anodic bonding, so as to form and enclose space 2. As mentioned, the present example shows a preferred embodiment in which bottom substrate 6 is fitted so that the bottom of space 2 is flat, this allowing for a high compression of the volume of space 2 and for a compact spray device 1.
A selective hydrophilic coating, e.g., an amorphous material such as SiO2 or sputtered glass or Pyrex™, may further be applied to provide a protective layer around the inside walls of space 2 and/or of cavities 7 to avoid any contamination of substance 3 by the material of these walls and to improve wettability in certain parts. This may be carried out as described in the document EP-A-0 641934. This hydrophilic coating which may be applied as a selective, patterned coating is advantageously coupled with a selective, patterned hydrophobic coating in certain areas of space 2, cavities 7 and on the outside of top substrate 5. In order to maintain the protective aspect of these surfaces and at the same time to reduce the internal and external stiction due to capillary forces in space 2, and especially on the outside of top substrate 5, a hard amorphous carbon film, e.g. a diamond-like carbon (DLC), is provided, preferably in a selective patterned manner in these areas. Such selective film coating also allows for a more complete emptying of space 2 due to reduced stiction resulting in a minimal retention of the used liquid substance. Such coating and its hydrophobic properties can be enhanced by fluorine plasma.
The present Applicant has found that such surface property specific DLC coating influences and improves droplet size dispersion, provides an even better mono-dispersive pattern released by the spray device and prevents extractables or leachable components and bio-contamination.
Of course, the hydrophobicity and the hydrophilicity of top substrate 5 and bottom substrate 6 may be inverted if so required by the flow characteristics of the medication or liquid substance 3.
If top substrate 5 is made, at least partially, of a polymer, then a polymer with very low surface energy is used advantageously in combination with the selectively patterned hydrophobic coating. If this substrate 5 is made of a polymer, acrylic or e.g. a photosensitive epoxy including or not said selective hydrophobic coating, e.g. a diamond-like nano-composite or Teflon� coating, a silicon etched mask, using the deep silicon etching process described hereafter, is preferably used by providing the masks on the wafer used to obtain the top substrate to facilitate precise plasma etching, e.g. O2 plasma or UV exposure of photosensitive materials, of the channels and of the output nozzles which are provided in the top substrate in said materials, as will be explained in more detail further on.
Spray device 1 preferably comprises a vibrating element 8, e.g., a piezoelectric element, attached to the exterior bottom surface of bottom substrate 6 in the vicinity of its thinner middle section to cause vibration of substance 3 in space 2 through the membrane part of second, or bottom substrate 6. However, this element may also be located separated from spray device 1 directly onto a Printed Circuit Board (PCB). This element may be glued to or deposited on the bottom surface of the spray device or on the PCB. Electrodes 11 and 12 are applied to piezoelectric element 8 and to bottom substrate 6 respectively. These electrodes may be spring-contacts which contact appropriate electrodes (not shown) connected to electronic control means which may be included in the inhaler itself. If the element is arranged on the PCB with or without intermediary elements, clamping means may be provided to bring the spray device into contact with the piezoelectric element 8. As already mentioned, by assembling this piezoelectric element to the thinner middle section of the bottom substrate 6, a very compact spray device may be obtained.
Advantageously, vibrating means 8 is operably connected to electronic device or means 100, for detecting a particular vibration mode of the piezoelectric element, for maintaining that particular mode and for compensating for any non-linear effects due to a change in ambient conditions of the place of use of spray device 1.
It has been observed that the droplet size is inversely proportional to the excitation frequency as of a particular frequency and pressure. Preferably, piezoelectric element 8 vibrates at that particular frequency which may be for example around 243 kHz. Of course other frequencies may be used if appropriate. Indeed, several embodiments have been satisfactorily tested by the Applicant at a frequency of 100 kHz and even of 30 kHz. It should be noted that the lower the frequency, the lower the power consumption, but the higher the number of outlet nozzles so as to obtain a desired liquid substance output. This vibration may be generated in a known manner e.g. by using a frequency oscillator.
According to the present invention, the Applicant has noticed that when vibrating bottom substrate 6 at certain frequencies, a standing wave pattern is created in space 2, which thus traverses the liquid substance. For a specific frequency, vibration mode peaks are generated at specific places. These vibration modes provoke a vibration of top substrate 5 containing the outlet nozzles 9. This top substrate may be considered a membrane. Indeed, the vibration of the liquid substance is transmitted to the membrane and causes a pressure increase due to the compression of the vibrating means 8 and space 2 thus causing the atomization of the liquid substance. At certain places where outlet channels 10 and outlet nozzles 9 are located, the membrane has a thickness which is thin enough, in the present example around 20 μm, to allow a vibration of this membrane, or this top substrate 5 as a function of the applied frequency. This vibration frequency of the top substrate 5 may be higher than the applied frequency. This effect is probably due to addition of frequencies. When creating the outlet means comprising the channels 10 and nozzles 9, care should be taken to arrange these outlet means such that they are substantially superposed on the vibration mode peaks of the standing wave pattern created in space 2 containing the liquid substance. In such a case, an optimized flow and throughput of the atomized liquid substance through the channels and nozzles is obtained thus resulting in a minimal retention of the liquid substance in space 2 and a very precise determination of the expelled amount of liquid substance.
The corresponding vibration mode can also be selected to invert the flow. Applicant has observed for example that a liquid droplet spray device 1 whose expelling vibration frequency and mode peaks occur around 270 kHz, was drawing tiny liquid droplets on the outer surface of top substrate 5 through the nozzles 9 and channels 10 back into device 1 and back past the entry channel 4 under certain conditions e.g. at a frequency around 70 kHz featuring emptying internal space 2 after inhalation. Electronic means, not represented, can be used advantageously to select, control and maintain the desired vibration mode for minimum retention and to compensate for any non-linear effects as mentioned earlier.
FIGS. 3a and 3 b show the vibration mode peaks 13 created in the liquid and on the membrane part of the top substrate 5 for two different frequencies, in FIG. 3a the applied frequency being around 139.9 kHz, and in FIG. 3b around 243 kHz. From this it is clear that by correctly positioning the outlet nozzles 9 with respect to the mode peaks, an optimized liquid droplet spray device may be obtained which has a maximal flow and a minimal retention of liquid substance 3.
FIG. 4 shows a second preferred embodiment of the liquid droplet spray device according to the present invention. This spray device is similar to that of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1 except for the fact that the first or top substrate 5 and the second or bottom substrate 6 are in this case identical. The same reference signs are used for similar components. In this example, bottom substrate 6 has a shape very similar to that of top substrate 5 comprising the outlet means. As can be seen, bottom substrate 6 also has cut-off pyramid-shaped cavities 7 in a similar manner as the top substrate. Output channels 10 may also be provided in this bottom substrate. Of course, no output nozzles 9 are provided in the bottom substrate, but its general geometrical shape resembles that of top substrate 5. By thus constructing the spray device, space 2 is created having a specific shape due to the fact that both substrates are provided with the cut-off pyramid shaped cavities. Space 2 has a chamber depth, designated by reference sign δ, which is defined as shown in FIG. 4 as being the distance between the two inner surfaces of the substrates before the micro-machining of the cavities has been carried out.
As is generally known, objects that are geometrically and material-wise the same will have the same resonance frequency. Thus, by providing two similar substrate structures as the top and bottom substrates, the only anti-symmetry left is the vibrating means 8 which is arranged on the outside of bottom substrate 6. This design gave even better results than the first embodiment due to the fact that the first modal frequencies within space 2 originating from the inner surface of the bottom and the top substrate only differ by a factor 1.2. Anti-symmetrically changing the chamber depth δ can bring the two modes further together. However, even when these first modes do not appear together there still are some interesting modes at higher frequencies. In such a case, a mode on one side can induce a similar vibration on the other side. In practice, this embodiment was found to be more stable.
As already mentioned, the outlet means should be placed there where there is sufficient amplitude for droplet ejection, hence close to the peaks or extremes of the mode, because with enough kinetic energy, the liquid breaks off the nozzle and forms a small droplet. Nozzles that are not properly placed can cause large droplets on the front outer surface of top substrate 5, which in turn can block other output nozzles.
Advantageously, a flexible heating surface, such as a captan film with heating element 17, see FIG. 1, can be suitably fitted on substrates 5 and 6, to heat the liquid substance, to e.g. around 37� C., by applying an electric current in an appropriate manner to this heating element. Of course, it is also possible to deposit a conductive material on the inner surface of bottom substrate 6, which thus corresponds to the bottom of space 2, to heat the liquid by applying a current to this conductive material.
The present Applicant has also detected that such heating effect can be generated advantageously by operating vibrating means 8 at a particular vibration frequency and mode at which there is no ejection of the liquid substance, but there is a heating effect caused by the vibrating means 8, e.g. at 70 kHz but also at other frequencies. In this case vibrating means 8 renders a separate heating element such as heating element 17 superfluous, as the vibrating means itself may thus act as a heating element.
Thanks to such heating, the influence of any temperature fluctuations on substance 3, and in particular on the particles which this substance contains, may be largely controlled. In fact, it is known that the dimensions of steroids which are commonly used in a drug substance vary with the temperature and become more soluble with a higher temperature, see for more details the article "Steroid/Cyclodextrin complexes for pulmonary delivery" by G. M. Worth, M. Thomas, S. J. Farr and G. Taylor; Proceed. Int'l Symp. Control. Rel. Bioact. Mater., 24 (1997), pages 747 & 748, Controlled Release Society Inc. Furthermore, thanks to this heating, humidity influences due to the environment in which the spray device operates may also be taken into account to ensure correct functioning.
Furthermore, such heating may contribute before or at the beginning of the atomization cycle to operate the liquid droplet spray device 1 under defined ambient and operating conditions.
Also, such heating may further contribute at the end of the atomization cycle to evaporate any minute amount of liquid present in space 2, same as a continuation for a predetermined time of the actuating of the vibrating means after the inhalation cycle has ended thereby obtaining the aforementioned inverted flow.
Furthermore, this heating is of course advantageous for dispersing the liquid droplet spray under extreme ambient conditions, e.g. at a temperature of less than −10� C. This heating can also be extended to the aforementioned external reservoir and valve supplying the liquid substance to inner space 2.
An example of the dimensions of the different parts of spray device 1 is given hereafter. The vibrating means 8 is around 300 μm thick. The thinner middle section of bottom substrate 6 is around 50 μm , whereas the bottom substrate and the top substrate 5 are both around 400 μm (i.e. the wafer thickness) for a spray device having a total top surface of about several square millimeter.
In a preferred embodiment, top substrate 5 is formed of silicon as it may be micro-machined to obtain a very high precision manufacturing, such a high precision and absence of leachable components being much more difficult to obtain with plastics or the like, for instance by using UV exposure or a plasma etching treatment of various plastic material, but silicon is also more expensive than plastics. As mentioned, outlet nozzles 9 and accesses or outlet channels 10 are formed in top substrate 5, so that the excited substance 3 may leave device 1 as a droplet spray. To this effect, this top substrate 5 is micro-machined, for example in a well known anisotropic etching manner at several places, by using an appropriate mask 15 as shown in FIG. 2, to obtain tapered, cut-off pyramid-shaped cavities 7 which are, for example, about 200 to 400 μm deep. These cut-off pyramid-shaped cavities can have a square or an elongated base and be of any number to provide the correct internal volume and flow characteristics for a particular substance 3. However, the specific shape of these cavities is not important, but mainly depends on the method of manufacturing them. By using the usual micro-machining techniques, anisotropic etching is used, thus resulting in the tapered cut-off pyramid shape, but the cavities may also be straight or cylindrical or of another suitable geometrical shape.
Each cavity 7 then has a flat top surface having a side length of about 200-400 μm . Within this top surface of each cavity 7 at least one output channel 10 is provided to connect cavity 7 to an outlet nozzle 9 at the exterior of top substrate 5. This output channel is preferably micro-machined using a deep reactive vertical plasma etching of silicon, e.g. at room temperature or low temperature, and an advanced silicon etch solution process. The present Applicant has realized multi-cavity designs where each flat top surface is up to 800�800 μm and contains more than 100 output channels. The Applicant has developed techniques to machine these channels with a vertical and smooth profile, thereby significantly reducing undercutting and maintaining tight control over tolerances. This provides for a precisely defined pressure drop, droplet size and flow behaviour across channel 10 for aqueous solutions and suspensions whereas the smooth surface is suited for medications carrying small solid particles, e.g. from less than 1 to 3 μm , in suspensions. The same effect can be obtained proportionally with larger dimensions, e.g. with nozzles of 10 μm or larger for example for nasal applications.
Thus, at the outer end of each output channel 10 at least one output nozzle 9 is provided through which the excited liquid substance is ejected as a droplet spray. The used technology allows to etch extremely precise, deep channels having straight and smooth side-walls and being round or square with a very tight, repeatable tolerance and allows to etch areas around nozzles 9 as explained here below. The process between lithography and etching can be arranged so as to adapt the lithography mask to the desired diameter as a function of the process tolerances thus guaranteeing the uniform precision of the nozzles and of the droplets. In the present example, each output channel 10 is about 20 μm long and 5 μm wide with nozzle 9 having a maximum opening of around 5 μm . Dimensions as well as the number of nozzles may of course be readily modified depending on the amount of drug and on the corresponding droplet size to be ejected as will be explained in more detail hereafter. However, it should be noted that the length of this output channel 10 should not be too long to avoid a large pressure drop across this channel resulting in a change of the droplet size as ejected.
Preferably, a selective, patterned hard amorphous carbon film, e.g. diamond like carbon (DLC), of for example 400 nm (10−9 m) is deposited in various areas, notably inside all or part of cavity 7 and output channel 10, certain areas of space 2 and on all or part of the outside of top substrate 5. Such coating further improves smoothness and lowers flow resistance in channel 10. This DLC coating may be applied on the entire exterior surface of top substrate 5, but of course needs to be removed, or not deposited, at those places where the top and bottom substrates are attached to each other by anodic bonding.
Hydrophilic and hydrophobic coatings may be applied selectively on top substrate 5 and on bottom substrate 6 as required by the flow characteristics of the medication or liquid substance 3.
The ratios between the different individual dimensions, such as the internal volume height of space 2, the distance between the nozzles 9, the length of the membrane part of bottom substrate 6 etc. result in factors such as compression ratio, stroke amplitude of the membrane etc. which together with the electronic parameters such as amplitude and frequency allow to adapt the inventive spray device to various liquid characteristics such as viscosity.
Thanks to the inventive arrangement of spray device 1, virtually mono-dispersive droplets are ejected which allow for a precise calculation of the amount of drug which will enter the various parts of the lungs.
FIG. 5a shows a detailed view of top substrate 5 comprising cavities 7, outlet channels 10 and outlet nozzles 9. As the top surface of cavity 7 forming the aforementioned membrane is much larger than the actual nozzle surface, it is thus possible to provide several outlet nozzles 9 on each cavity surface in order to eject more droplets simultaneously, and thus a larger amount of drug. FIG. 5b shows a close-up view of a part of FIG. 4a in which it can be seen that the channels 10 and nozzles 9 may be readily placed according to the specific conditions.
Advantageously, several cavities 7 can also be combined to form a single elongated cut-off pyramid-shaped trench, and even several of these trenches may be combined in a suitable arrangement. An increased internal volume is then obtained which also has a lower impact risk for the excited liquid trying to leave the device. Furthermore, such an arrangement is easier to manufacture and is thus lower in cost.
The diameter of a droplet depends on the nozzle hole size for a given frequency of the vibration of the liquid substance and the inlet pressure. In the present example where a frequency of around 243 kHz is used, the droplet diameter has been found to be around 5 μm, the diameter of the hole of nozzle 9 is around 7 μm and the inlet pressure is a few millibar. One such a droplet thus contains a quantity of around 67 femtoliters (10−15I) so that as such the number of nozzles may be determined as a function of the amount to be ejected. In a practical case, the number of nozzles may vary from around 600 to about 1500.
In a preferred embodiment, a medication flow measurement device or means, such as, e.g., a piezoresistive element, referenced by reference numeral 16, see FIG. 1, is provided on the inner surface of the membrane near the outlet nozzles by way of a differential pressure sensor allowing a more complete supervision of the spray device by not only measuring the flow, but which may also detect an empty space 2 as well as a possible occlusion. The amount of droplets to be ejected may be controlled by the medication flow measurement device within the spray device so as to allow for a determination of the amount ejected.
The piezoresistive flow measurement device 16, which may be deposited or diffused into the inner membrane of top substrate 5, can also be calibrated to measure temperature. It can thus be interfaced the electronic device or means 100 for the purpose of flow measurement as well as temperature measurement, thus serving as an input to said electronic device 100 for the calculation of correct operating modes under varying ambiental conditions of the aforementioned heating and of correction factors for compensation of its own non-linearities and those of vibrating means 8 and liquid droplet spray device 1.
The present Applicant has further used, and implemented in electronic circuitry, a model of the lungs and of their functioning. Details of this lung model are described in European patent application no. 98111497.8 and of the electronic control circuit, which is a rule processor, in European patent EP-B-0 748 482. Indeed, it has been observed that a certain droplet size is more suitable for effectively reaching the different regions. For example, a droplet having a size of around 3 to 5 μm will easier reach the alveoli region, but a droplet with a size of around 10 μm will reach the centre region, whereas a droplet size of around 16 μm assures that the droplets arrive at the trachea region.
Thanks to these observations, it is thus possible to determine which droplet size and dosage of a drug is to be used for a desired therapy and for a type of patient (infant, child or adult) and to design the inhaler according to the required dosage.
Having described a preferred embodiment of this invention, it will now be apparent to one of skill in the art that other embodiments incorporating its concept may be used. It is felt, therefore, that this invention should not be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but rather should be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Original Image


text:
46 CFR 160.170-17 - Marking and labeling.
(a) Each hook body of a release mechanism must be marked with a plate or label permanently affixed in a conspicuous place readily accessible for inspection and sufficiently durable to withstand continuous exposure to environmental conditions at sea for the life of the release mechanism.
(7) Number of the test certificate in accordance with IMO Revised recommendation on testing, part 2/6.2.2 (incorporated by reference, see § 160.170-5 of this subpart); and
Title 46 published on 2014-10-01
no entries appear in the Federal Register after this date.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
BirthsFebruary 02,2013
Central Vermont Medical Center
A daughter, Raelynn Marie Rielly, was born on Jan. 20, 2013, to Raven Streeter and Dylan Rielly of Williamstown.
A daughter, Sophia McKenzie Cline, was born on Jan. 21, 2013, to Sarah (Nutbrown) and Charles Cline of Barre.
A daughter, Aliyah Rayne Peters, was born on Jan. 22, 2013, to Amy Smith and Vincent Peters of Barre City.
A son, Dean Fredrik Shattuck, was born on Jan. 23, 2013, to Brenda (Namisango) and Peter Shattuck of East Montpelier.
A son, Patrick Phillip Paquet, was born on Jan. 24, 2013, to Hilary (Giroux) and Travis Paquet of East Montpelier.
A daughter, Olivia Autumn Lawson, was born on Jan. 26, 2013, to Kristin (Holt) and Joshua Lawson of North Fayston.
Copley Hospital
A son, Bruce Clyde Mead, was born on Jan. 15, 2013, to Daphne Mead of Hyde Park.
A daugther, Zoelle Brooke Petteys, was born on Jan. 16, 2013, to Nathaniel and Gina (Rowell) Petteys of Morrisville.
A daughter, Indira Kaneko Rodriguez, was born on Jan. 20, 2013, to Leslie Hardy and Richard Rodriguez of Jeffersonville.
A son, Lewis Loyd Lowell Jr., was born on Jan. 21, 2013, to Misty Sicely and Lewis Lowell Sr. of Morrisville.
A daughter, Sophia Agnes Flint, was born on Jan. 23, 2013, to Jennifer Crum and John Flint III of Wolcott.
A son, William Alexander Guile, was born on Jan. 24, 2013, to Jeffrey and Tanya (Eastman) Gile of Greensboro Bend.
Gifford Meeical Center
A daughter, JazLynn Grace Folsom, was born on Jan. 16, 2013, to Casie (Davis) and Don Folsom of Castleton.
A daughter, Alina Joanne Morgan, was born on Jan. 16, 2013, to Robin (Poulin) and Shawn Morgan of South Royalton.
A daughter, Hazel Leigh Emmons, was born on Jan. 19, 2013, to Salina and Scotty Emmons of Barre.MORE IN Central VermontMONTPELIER The permit to spray the chemical herbicide glyphosate on the railroad track in the... Full StoryA Marshfield man is accused of threatening to hit another man with brass knuckles after being... Full StoryBRATTLEBORO A distributor in a large New York-to-Rutland heroin network will serve five years... Full Story
- Most Popular
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text:
Actor Rajeev Khandelwal says he had a sleepless night after reading the script of "Table No. 21", and he chose to do the film since he wanted to pass on the same feeling to the audience.
"What excited me was the premise in which the story has been told. Secondly, I don't normally read or hear such films. It is rare that you are not able to sleep after reading a script.
"But I had a sleepless night (after reading 'Table No.21'), and I thought I'm going to give sleepless nights to the audience," the 37-year-old said in an interview here Friday.
The movie also features actress Tena Desae, who has done some bold scenes in the film.
Tena says she was nervous about the kissing scene as she did not want it to look vulgar and cheap.
"The kissing scene was important to make sure it came out passionate and not sloppy. I wanted to make sure it comes out looking good," Tena said in an interview.
However, she admits it was not easy.
"It was a challenge because I am shy about these things and we were shooting on a street, which had 2,000 to 3,000 people watching us. I was freaking out," she said.
Rajeev and Tena play a newly married couple in the film.
Directed by Aditya Datt, "Table No. 21" will release Jan 4.
Do you like this article?
|User Rating
|(30 Votes)
|BarunILoveU, contact.remya, kashishh1, mytri, RSZR, Mrinmoyee, BlueSpirit, Amor., CrystalSaya, binimoti, luvraj4ever, suhana.dixit, Sumi_162710, Kamalika.., MentalExotica, rajeevkiijann, Maha149, Magical_KaSh, -Mishu-, ~~~~, ana56, -purnima-, Mahak Sinha, momorockz, -Araina-, spvd, -Swetha-, .Karam.Deewani., BiggBoss420
All the best rajeev khandelwal for the film.
Come back on a show with amna miss kahin to hoga still been years aswell
We r really excited abt the movie just cant wait to watch it... Counting the days left...
Gud nit rajeev all the best ...
waiting for the movie..Rajeev u r the best.
Jst listening the song man mera...its superb.
Rajeev onscreen definitely we will get sleepless night
Luv u rajeev and all the best for d film.
Rajeev u jst rck and awesome...
waiting for ths movie...songs to mast hai.
Indian actress Tina Desai, who debuted in American TV with "Sense 8", ...
The overseas small screen is calling for Bollywood talent. From ...
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text:
In the corporate tents, there was at least as much civic, business and political schmoozing as race-watching. Donald Fry, president and CEO of the Greater Baltimore Committee business group, was squiring a group of people he wanted to attract to the area's growing cyber community. Having brought them to the Orioles game Friday night, Saturday was devoted to the Preakness.
"It's a great way to see people, see them in a different setting and enjoy one of Maryland's greatest traditions, the Preakness," Fry said. "There's no better way to highlight Maryland."
Gov. Martin O'Malley dropped by the corporate village but left before the race and the trophy-presenting ceremony that he traditionally handles. Instead, Lt. Gov. Anthony G. Brown, a gubernatorial candidate, did the honors.
- Oxbow takes the Preakness, dashing hopes of a Triple Crown
- 2013 Preakness Stakes
- Preakness 2015 infield pictures and photos of the party scene
- Preakness 2013 bikini contest [Pictures]
- Preakness 2013 concerts [Pictures]
- Views of the 2013 Preakness infield [Pictures]
See more photos »
- Preakness Peek at infield dancing [Video]
- Preakness
- Equestrian
- Preakness Stakes
- Elections
See more topics »
"It's my daughter's graduation from Georgetown — cum laude," O'Malley said of his eldest, Grace. "That doesn't happen every day."
The infield, notoriously rowdy when ticket-holders were allowed to bring in their own booze, continued on its tamer path this year.
Ryan Becker and Adam Meliker, both from Baltimore, reminisced about Preakness' wilder days as they pressed up against a chain link fence waiting for an early race to start. "I went in 2007 when it was a nut house," Becker said.
A chalk graffiti wall in the infield ended up mostly dominated by fraternities' Greek letters, but Natalie Abacherli, 25, added her own little sorority, RoCaJoNa — a mashup of her college friends' names.
That done, her plan for the rest of the day was simple.
"Drink!" she said, raising her glass of Bud Light in salute.
Police Commissioner Anthony W. Batts was in the infield keeping an eye on the crowds swelling around Pitbull's performance. He wanted to make sure people could be evacuated safely if there was a surge toward the stage, he said.
The department has been especially wary since the Boston marathon bombings, he said, and scheduled more officers to work at the race than usual. "We're paying attention to bags," Batts added.
Police spokesman Anthony Guglielmi said after the race that three men were arrested for disorderly conduct, and 23 minor medical calls were reported.
The revelry extended into the parking lots and surrounding neigborhoods. Rocky Fox, 33, attending his fifth Preakness, packed into a rented van with about a dozen friends.
The group would have preferred to bring their own alcohol, but said that wouldn't stop them from drinking at the track. Fox said he expected extra security and could deal with that as well.
"I am just happy to be here and have a good time," Fox said.
Outside the track, many neighborhood residents became entrepreneurs for the day. They turned lawns into makeshift parking lots, waving signs on Northern Parkway and other major roads to draw in drivers. Kids hawked bottled water for a little spending money, and women tempted passersby with hot dogs and baked goods.
"It's a victimless hustle," said Shaquan Hopkins, who makes $300 to $400 selling parking spots on his aunt's lawn on Manhattan Avene. He waved a cardboard sign advertising the $20 spots and yelled "Need parking?" to cars, bicylists and anyone else coming by.
Robin Dickson brought her 13-year-old son to sell bottled water from the roadside because he wanted to make some money for a school trip to Chicago. But he disappeared around 12:30 p.m.and left an irritated mom to man the sales.
"He better come back," she said.
Baltimore Sun reporter Justin George contributed to this article.


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. In Professor Heinz Wolff's Gravity, players must use given objects to build constructs that will allow a ball or cart to go from its starting location to hit a switch elsewhere. Occasionally, levels switch this goal up by having players figure out a way to hit the switch through some other means. Professor Heinz Wolff is a respected scientist and was once Head of the European manned Space Commission. He was also an honorary chairman of the Microgravity Advisory Committee with the European Space Agency. Party Mode There are three physics-based minigames playable from the Party Mode menu (for the Nintendo DS). Tallest Tower Your goal in Tallest Tower is to create the tallest structure possible with the pieces given to you and within a set time limit. When the time limit runs out, an earthquake happens, and the final measured height of your tower will be after the quake is over and whatever is left standing. Up and Down In this one, you control a cannon on the side of the touchscreen. You can change its trajectory. On the right side of the screen are different baskets, each with their own set of points printed on them. Fire cannonballs into the baskets for points and earn as much as you can before time runs out. Clear the DecksJust like in Up and Down, players control a cannon in this minigame. On the right of the screen, behind a protective wall, are colored bricks. Hit the colored bricks with a cannonball of the same color to clear them. Players must try to clear as many bricks as possible. If you miss three times, an extra block of bricks will appear.


text:
Usual Suspects Dominate Thursday
Thursday's Nielsen ratings shook out the way they usually do, with
CBS averaged a 9.4 rating/15 share in primetime, beating ABC's 8.6/14 (the Eye had a lead of about 2.2 million viewers).
In the adults 18-49 demo, ABC won the night with a 4.8 rating. CBS was not far behind at 4.4, and NBC finished third at 2.8. FOX averaged 2.2 and The CW 0.9.
"Survivor: China" put CBS on top at 8 p.m. with an 8.3/13. "Ugly Betty," 6.4/10, snagged second for ABC. FOX came in third with "
At 10 p.m.,


text:
I'm not sure, & i need one 0_o
I'm not sure, & i need one 0_o
GAMES I LOVE[IMG]http://icons.*************/154/ICONATOR_1bc59e8ac7a67f04f83ed3b4e2ffc500.png[/IMG]
I think right now you can only get them when you create a character in the park... but maybe someone else can confirm this.
I don't think there are codes. I thought you were able to buy it, but maybe only when you make a new character.
i think its retired now, and there are no codes for it..
formally known as:SkateboardP
It was never offered through codes. You could either:
a.) buy one
b.) create a character and have it as your first room
But it seems you can create a character at the parks and still get one.
It seems another tiki month is bound to happen, so no worries, I believe the tiki room will be back.
whew 0_o
GAMES I LOVE[IMG]http://icons.*************/154/ICONATOR_1bc59e8ac7a67f04f83ed3b4e2ffc500.png[/IMG]
Oh, goodie.
the oc freak. <3*
it was my first room when i signed up..i wish you could trade room heh.,. lots of people seem to want it and i am using it to hold buyable junk rofl
how much do you think it will be for?
i'm obsessed...
and always will be.
harry potter
percy jackson
edward cullen
We also have a Guest Room Guide in Tips and Tricks if you ever have anymore room questions.
Guide to Rooms
Is it me or do you get more stuff when you creat a Born In Park (BIP) character as opposed to one done at home? Or maybe the stuff for BIP is better ... like the Tiki Room?


text:
Serving the Toronto Area
Have another critter problem? MORE CRITTERS
we offer the following home services:
Critter Control® Toronto has provided wildlife control and management services to the Toronto area for over 20 years. Our experienced team of wildlife specialists work with you to identify your animal control problem and develop a plan to remove the wild animal and prevent any further entry. We provide integrated animal control and wildlife management solutions that are environmentally sound and ecologically responsible. We offer home repair services to fix animal damage and prevent future animal infestations.
We service residential, commercial, municipal and industrial clients throughout the Toronto area.
Our wildlife removal experts are on call and ready to deal with your animal control emergency. Please call us at 416.687.2889 to schedule your home inspection today.
Critter Control® Toronto offers wildlife removal and animal damage repair services for the following animals: raccoons, squirrels, skunks, birds, bats, groundhogs, bees and several others.
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York Region: Aurora, Georgina, King, Markham, Newmarket, Richmond Hill, Vaughan, Stouffville, Thornhill
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65 Lillooet Crescent, Richmond Hill, Ontario L4C 5A6
Phone: 416.687.2889
Hours: Mon-Sun 8:00am – 8:00pm
100% Guaranteed Satisfaction


text:
Ermenegildo Zegna
Plaid Scarf
Product Actions
Linen blend scarf in plaid pattern with fringed edges.
- 75" length x 20" width
- Available in Red
- Made in Italy
- Linen/silk/cotton
- Dry clean
Need Help? Have Questions? Contact Us.
Please call 1.888.222.7639 to speak with a Customer Service Representative.
We're here to help you:
Monday - Friday, 9 AM - 9 PM (ET)
Saturday - Sunday, 11:30 AM - 8 PM (ET)
If you prefer email, we can be reached anytime at email@example.com.
Our Shipping & Returns Policy can be viewed here.


text:
Conservation news
Coke announces sustainability targets with WWF
Coca-Cola has committed itself to a 20 percent improvement in water efficiency over 2004 levels in ...
Living Planet analysis shows looming ecological credit crunch -- for the Earth and Danube-Carpathians
Czechs are "consuming" 2.5 planet Earths, Bulgarians "only" 1.3, WWF's bi-annual report reveals. ...
Cows prepared for a long, hard winter in OEMN Maramures
Work is almost complete on the winter shelter for nature-conserving cows, built by OEMN partners ...
Bulgarians eye Black Sea development with concern
Eighty per cent of the Bulgarian population has expressed concern at the over-construction along ...
Ski developments bite into Tatras National Park
Intensive development of ski runs and tourism infrastructure are cutting into Tatras National Park. ...
Destruction of Bulgarian parks continues
Despite growing public concern, destruction of Bulgarian protected areas is continuing and even ...
Danube getting cleaner
The Danube and its tributaries are becoming cleaner, but more work is needed -- these are the ...
Climate change in Serbia
Serbian Minister of Environment and Spatial Planning Oliver Dulić lent his support to WWF's first ...
Carpathian jewels come together
First conference of the Carpathian Network of Protected Areas in Poiana-Brasov
Climate tour in Romania
The WWF climate tour comes to Romania, spreading public awareness of climate change and energy ...


text: Arts & Life 'War of the Worlds' Vies for Blockbuster Title June 29, 2005 Steven Spielberg directs Tom Cruise in an adaptation of the 1898 H.G. Wells novel War of the Worlds. The movie has all the qualities of a summer thrill-ride, with a rush of surprises and special effects. Listen Loading… Playlist Download Embed Embed Close embed modal <iframe src="http://www.npr.org/player/embed/4723742/4723743" width="100%" height="290" frameborder="0" scrolling="no">


text:
Jul 11, 2015
Lake Murray State Park, Ardmore, OK 73401
Even if you're a regular visitor to Oklahoma's state parks, you might not be very experienced in tent camping. ... read more...
Nature/Agriculture Event
Sep 08, 2015 - Sep 12, 2015
Hardy Murphy Coliseum, Ardmore, OK 73401
Head to Ardmore for the Carter County Free Fair at the Hardy Murphy Coliseum in September. For five days, there will be ... read more...
Fairs & Festivals
Arbuckle Mountain Bluegrass Festival
Sep 13, 2015 - Sep 19, 2015
Arbuckle Mountain Park, Davis, OK 73098
Make your way to Arbuckle Mountain Park, one of the fastest growing bluegrass parks in Oklahoma and located near Davis ... read more...
Music Event
Oct 03, 2015
Main St & 3rd St, Davis, OK 73030
Lace up your tennis shoes, grab your bike and head out for a beautiful day of cycling during the Hills of Oklahoma Tour ... read more...
Sporting/Recreation Event
Arbuckle Mountain Fall Bluegrass Jam
Oct 11, 2015 - Oct 17, 2015
Arbuckle Mountain Park, Davis, OK 73098
Enjoy informal jamming, bluegrass gospel and old time country music at the Arbuckle Mountain Fall Bluegrass Jam in ... read more...
Music Event
Oct 23, 2015 - Oct 24, 2015
Ardmore Convention Center, Ardmore, OK 73401
The Texoma Hamarama in Ardmore is an amateur radio gathering, swap meet and expo. The event features numerous ham radio ... read more...
Craft/Hobby Show, Expo/Trade Show
Oct 30, 2015
251 E Main, Ardmore, OK 73401
Celebrate Halloween at Trick or Treat on Main in Ardmore. Main Street merchants will open their doors to friendly ghosts ... read more...
Children's Event, Fall Festivals & Events
Davis Halloween Parade & Carnival
Oct 31, 2015
Fullerton Park, Davis, OK 73030
Head to Davis for their old fashioned family Halloween Parade & Carnival that has something for everyone. ... read more...
Children's Event, Fall Festivals & Events
Carter County Arts & Crafts Festival & Food Fair
Nov 13, 2015 - Nov 14, 2015
Hardy Murphy Coliseum, Ardmore, OK 73401
Make your way to Ardmore's annual Carter County Arts & Crafts Festival & Food Fair and browse through over ... read more...
Craft/Hobby Show
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Extended mouse cursor is displayed, occasionally.
I encountered extended mouse cursor, whose display Y-coordinate seems to be timed 2, and display X-coordinate and working X-Y coordinate kept original.
So, I need to click the far below of a button to activate it.
It happends occasionally, once a day.. And there is no obvious reproducible pattern.
I've tried SWcursor, and I haven't met this problem yet.
BUT, on hardware rendering image, the mouse cursor is disappered when mouse stopped.
These are happened on different machine machines.
These machine setting is
video card: Quadro4 380 XGL
driver version: NVRM version: NVIDIA Linux x86 nvidia.o Kernel Module 1.0-4191 Mon Dec 9 11:49:01 PST 2002
GCC version: gcc version 2.96 20000731 (Red Hat Linux 7.3 2.96-110)
distribution: RedHat (2.4.18-18SGI_XFS_1.2pre5smp)
video bios revision: 04.18.20.02.11
processor: 2 x Intel(R) XEON(TM) CPU 2.00GHz
motherboard model: TYAN Thunder i7505 S2665
It seems to happen fairly regularly for you - does it happen with 4349?
OK, I'll try 4349.
The linux kernel was built with 4191, so I'll rebuild the kernel to separate it.
If there are means kind of modification module/kernel setting, it's preferable.
Thank you.
XF86Config-4 and log
1 Attachment(s)
Here is XF86Config-4 and XFree86.0.log
I've tested 4349 driver, but the problem happened again... :(
I've been having this problem recently as well. One of our clients is seeing it several times a day. The problem results in the cursor stretching to twice its normal height and the Y cursor space seeming to double. This means that you have to click at the bottom of the screen to hit something that is displayed in the middle.
I've found that this can be fixed by going to a virtual terminal (Ctr-Alt-F1) and then back to X (Ctr-Alt-F7). This is a major problem for our client, however, as they can't be expected to do this very often.
Has anybody seen this before? Any ideas?
I can post my config files if necessary.
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text:
- 800.878.7323
New Compact Disc
Ships in 1 to 3 days
available for shipping or prepaid pickup only
Available for In-store Pickup
in 7 to 12 days
Rez Life: An Indian's Journey Through Reservation Lifeby David Treuer
Synopses & Reviews
Publisher Comments:
Celebrated novelist David Treuer has gained a reputation for writing fiction that expands the horizons of Native American literature. In Rez Life, his first full-length work of nonfiction, Treuer brings a novelist's storytelling skill and an eye for detail to a complex and subtle examination of Native American reservation life, past and present.
With authoritative research and reportage, Treuer illuminates misunderstood contemporary issues of sovereignty, treaty rights, and natural-resource conservation. He traces the waves of public policy that have disenfranchised and exploited Native Americans, exposing the tension that has marked the historical relationship between the United States government and the Native American population. Through the eyes of students, teachers, government administrators, lawyers, and tribal court judges, he shows how casinos, tribal government, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs have transformed the landscape of Native American life.
A member of the Ojibwe of northern Minnesota, Treuer grew up on Leech Lake Reservation, but was educated in mainstream America. Exploring crime and poverty, casinos and wealth, and the preservation of native language and culture, Rez Life is a strikingly original work of history and reportage, a must listen for anyone interested in the Native American story.
Novelist David Treuer examines Native American reservation life, illuminating misunderstood contemporary issues of sovereignty, treaty rights, and natural-resource conservation while also exploring crime and poverty, casinos and wealth, and the preservation of native language and culture.
About the Author
David Treuer is the author of several books exploring Native American culture, including Native American Fiction, The Translation of Dr. Apelles, The Hiawatha, and Little. He is Ojibwe from the Leech Lake Reservation in northern Minnesota. He grew up on Leech Lake and left to attend Princeton University, where he worked with Paul Muldoon, Joanna Scott, and Toni Morrison. David is the recipient of the Pushcart Prize, and his work has been named an editor's pick by the Washington Post, Time Out, and City Pages. His essays and reviews have appeared in the New York Times, Los Angeles Times, Esquire, Slate.com, and the Washington Post. David also teaches literature and creative writing at The University of Southern California. He divides his time between L.A. and The Leech Lake Reservation. A veteran of stage and screen, Peter Berkrot's career spans four decades. Highlights include feature roles in Caddyshack and Showtime's Brotherhood, and appearances on America's Most Wanted and Unsolved Mysteries. His voice can be heard on television, radio, video games, documentaries and industrials. He is a prominent acting coach and a regular contributor to the award-winning news program Frontline produced by WGBH in Boston. Peter served as director of narration for the Emmy-nominated The Truth About Cancer. Peter has recorded a number of audiobooks, including three by Peter Hessler: Country Driving, Oracle Bones, and River Town. Other favorite titles include The Woods by Harlan Coben, English, August by Upamanyu Chatterjee, The Fifth Vial by Michael Palmer, American Brutus by Michael W. Kauffmann, Better by Atul Gawande, and Some Sort of Epic Grandeur by Matthew J. Bruccoli.
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text:
Could Fury have worked with a rewrite?
View Single Post
October 29 2013, 12:09 AM
Guy Gardener
Fleet Admiral
Location: In the lap of squalor I assure you.
Re: Could Fury have worked with a rewrite?
What if she came back to frakk Neelix?
"Sorry, I ment to #### him before I left but things got crazy pretty fast when I was turning into a cloud... Where's Neelix?"
A guy does that, he's a pervert.
A woman does that, meh, whatever... Against the wall or should we look for a bed?
I'm not saying men are disgusting because I shouldn't have to.
"Glitter is the herpes of arts and craft."
Troy Yingst. My Life as Liz
Guy Gardener
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text:
You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your ReverbNation experience.
nice one, Keep it moving
Great music :-))
Hell YEah!!
Hails to the mighty Pantera!
Pantera has and always will be a major influence in The Hong Kong Sleepover's writing! Pantera has brought so much to metal and is still reaching new people everyday! These guys are metal gods!
Great show!
`This Love`
Hahahaha.. 1st time I ever heard that song was in a topless bar in Houston, one of the hottest girls i'd ever seen came out on stage... so gorgeous... long black hair like a china doll, perfect tan body, sexy face, wow!
Great song !
Philip! Myspace says maybe a new album?!


text:
Tavares still looking for higher level despite breakout season
Apr 5, 2012, 8:27 AM EDT
John Tavares is just one point away from 80 with two games remaining in the regular season. That's a nice jump up from his 67-point sophomore campaign and it's further validation of the Islanders' decision to take him first overall back in 2009. At this point, Tavares has gone from being a top-tier prospect to a legitimate star, but that doesn't mean he's done growing.
"I do feel like I've taken a lot of strides this year, and I'm happy to see that the things I worked hard on last summer have paid off in some ways," Tavares said. "When this season is over, I'll see some more things I want to improve on and try to get to that next level."
The Islanders will fall well short of the playoffs again and the only upside is that they'll probably end up with a top-five pick for the fourth straight year. Still, with Tavares leading the way and some other impressive youngsters developing, it might not be too long before Tavares finally gets a chance to show what he can do in the postseason.
- bcisleman - Apr 5, 2012 at 12:27 PM
Its clear from this season and last that the first two months are key for the Islanders. That's when the wheels have come off the cart and the team has fallen into a hole that proves too big to climb out of.
The Islanders' point totals for December through March never fell below 14. In October, they were 8 and November 10. If the Isles had 14 or more points for those two months and not blown leads twice against the Caps and once against the Devils down the stretch, they would be in the 8th spot now. Consistency is the key.
JT needs support. He has it on the first line with Matt Moulson and PA Parenteau. The Isles need more production from their other lines and the blue line and they need consistent goaltending.
Signing Nabby was big as far as goaltending although Garth will have to decide if Montoya should be his backup. Matt Donovan, who played his first game against the Devils, will be a big help on the blueline and hopefully Garth can make one or two good FA signings. Adding the recently signed Brock Nelson should help secondary scoring and Ryan Strome may make the roster as well.
Hard yo say who Garth will draft in June, but Alex Galchenyuk is interesting. He apparently was inspired to pursue professional hockey after watching JT play as a junior. Drafting him might inspire Kirill Petrov to cross the pond. He had been disappointed that the Isles drafted Nino in lieu of Burmistrov in 2010. Perhaps Petrov and Kabanov could form an all Russian second line.
- danphipps01 - Apr 5, 2012 at 2:31 PM
As a rule, the "all-Russian line" idea really only works for the Red Wings.
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text:
Eric Lamonte Smith
Position: WR
Height: 5-11 Weight: 183 lbs.
Born: September 15, 1971 in Vero Beach, FL
High School: Vero Beach
College: LSU (school history) (Smith college stats)
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (14747th overall since 1950)
Other SR Links: College Football at Sports-Reference.com
Our primary support comes from users like you. Sponsor this page for $5. Your message will replace this ad.
Output includes all games from 1920 to 2014.


text:
Rob Marciano Named Co-Anchor of ENTERTAINMENT TONIGHT
|Related Links
|Scoop: THE TALK on CBS - Week of June 29, 2015
June 25, 2015
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June 24, 2015
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June 22, 2015
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June 18, 2015
|Related: ENTERTAINMENT TONIGHT, CBS
Rob Marciano has been named co-anchor of CBS Television Distribution's ENTERTAINMENT TONIGHT, the #1 syndicated newsmagazine, it was announced today by Linda Bell Blue, Executive Producer of ET. Marciano will co-anchor with Nancy O'Dell beginning January 2013.
Marciano comes to ET from CNN News Group where he has been a news and weather anchor since 2003. Marciano also worked across the CNN Network as a field correspondent and fill-in anchor.
"I am honored to be joining the distinguished and talented team at ENTERTAINMENT TONIGHT, all of whom are the gold standard in entertainment journalism," said Marciano. "For over 30 years, ET has been a powerhouse in the entertainment industry and to be part of that blue chip franchise is a dream come true."
"We are so pleased to welcome Rob to the ET family," said Blue. "Rob brings with him a passion for news, a wealth of knowledge about the entertainment industry and an enormous amount of charisma that viewers have been responding to for years. We know he will be an outstanding fit for our show, our audience and the immensely talented Nancy O'Dell."
Marciano's reports for CNN from the field during Hurricane Katrina and the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico earned a Peabody Award. He hosted primetime specials including "Rescue: Saving The Gulf" where he worked side-by-side with the heroes who saved wildlife, skimmed oil, and cleaned up the beach during the worst oil disaster in U.S. history.
Prior to his work at CNN, Marciano served as chief meteorologist for KATU-TV and 750 KXL News Radio in Portland, Oregon. From 1994-1997, he worked as morning and then chief meteorologist for KPLC-TV in Lake Charles, Louisiana. Marciano began his career as a weather anchor for WVIT Connecticut News 30. Before embarking on a career in television he spent three years living and working in New York City as an Equity Sales Trader. Marciano grew up in the Northeast and went to college in upstate New York. He holds a bachelor's degree in meteorology from Cornell University and has the American Meteorological Society Seal of Approval.
Entertainment Tonight is produced and distributed by CBS Television Distribution and is taped in Studio City, Calif. Linda Bell Blue and DJ Petroro are executive producers. Nancy O'Dell is the co-anchor. Chris Jacobs and Christina McLarty are correspondents.
CBS Television Distribution is a unit of CBS Corp.
About Author
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text:
What's Happening
Haunted house to benefit school band
NEWBURY PARK — The Newbury Park High School Band will present a Haunted House this weekend to raise funds.
The Haunted House will be open 6-10:30 p.m. tonight, Saturday and Sunday in Room M2 at the school, 456 N Reino Road.
Admission is $5.
2 to be honored for community service
OXNARD — Community Action of Ventura County will hold El Dia de Los Muertos Celebrating Life, Yesterday, Today & Tomorrow 6 to midnight tonight at Casa Lopez, 325 South A Street.
The fundraising event will honor Lee Riggan, former executive director of the organization and Les Goldberg, board member emeritus, for their service to the community and commitment to the work of CAVC.
Tickets are $45 and includes dinner, dancing and entertainment.
Community Action of Ventura County assists low-income, disadvantaged and at-risk individuals and families.
For more information, call Robbie Hibbler, Community Action Fund Development Committee at 484-6852 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
Halloween drive-in movie planned
SIMI VALLEY — The Simi Valley Recreation and Park District will present a Halloween drive-in movie featuring a screening of "Hocus Pocus" at 7 tonight at Rancho Santa Susana Community Center, 5005 Los Angeles Ave. The movie will be shown on a 30-foot screen at the gravel lot behind the center.
Starring Bette Midler, Sarah Jessica Parker and Kathy Najimy as the Sanderson Sisters of Salem, the 1993 film is rated PG. Sound will be broadcast from cars' FM radios. Admission is $5 per car; gates open at 6 p.m. Snacks will be available for purchase.
For more information, call Sheri Fruhwirth at 584-4443.
Poet, ex-teacher to sign favorite novels
CAMARILLO — Author Louise Cabral will be at Mrs. Fig's Book Worm bookstore Saturday to discuss and sign her favorite novels "A Pageant of Shadow" and "An Uncommon Bond".
The 86 year-old author, poet, and former English teacher is founder of the Agoura Hills Center for the Arts and best known for her book "Islands of Recall: Write Your Life Story".
Cabral teaches an online writing course and is currently working on another novel. She plans to release it sometime next year.
Mrs. Fig's Book Worm is at 93 E. Daily Drive in the Los Posas Plaza next to Taco Bell.
For more information, call 482-1384.
Duo to perform at library event
THOUSAND OAKS — Bodie House Music presents Ronny Cox and Jack Williams at 8 p.m. Saturday at the Grant R. Brimhall Library, 1401 E. Janss Road. Cox is a musician and performer who is best known for his acting career.
Williams is a folk, rock, jazz, R&B and classical artist.
Suggested donation is $20. Contributions to the appetizer/dessert buffet are appreciated. For more information, call 449-2660. RSVP to email@example.com.
Pumpkin Day slated at farmers market
OXNARD — The Channel Islands Harbor farmers market will present Pumpkin Fun Day 10:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. Sunday.
The event will include trick-or-treating, pumpkin bowling, live music, barbecue, and costume and pumpkin-decorating contests.
Admission and activities are free.
Channel Islands Harbor is at Victoria Avenue and Channel Islands Boulevard. For more information, call 643-6458.
CLU to host Lego robotics contest
THOUSAND OAKS — California Lutheran University will host a First Lego League Robotics Tournament for fourth- through eighth-graders 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Sunday.
For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology is a nonprofit organization dedicated to inspiring young people's interest and participation in science and technology. Its program challenges 9- to 14-year-old students to build LEGO-based robots to complete a specific task.
Sixteen teams from local schools will bring the robots they designed to compete for the first time in the 2010-11 school year.
This will be the first robotics competition CLU has hosted.
The university is working to become a resource for robotics teams throughout the county and hopes to host additional tournaments.
The event will be in the Gilbert Sports and Fitness Center, on the north side of Olsen Road near Campus Drive.
The public is invited to watch the competition.
For more information, contact Bob Rumer at 377-8369 or firstname.lastname@example.com. For details on FIRST, visit http://www.usfirst.org/.
— From staff reports
Subscribe to the Ventura County Star
Need Help? Call us at 1-877-710-6182.
Monday-Friday: 6am-3pm / Saturday: 6:30am-10:30am / Sunday: 7am-11am


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29 year old man | Pooler, GA, USA | Seeking women 22-30 within 50 miles
Active within 3 days
New to Georgia
I am originally from a small town south of Boston, MA and have been living in the Savannah area for about three years now. I live a very active lifestyle whether I'm going to the gym, going to the beach, boating, mountain biking or pretty much anything outside. I'm not big into the bar scene anymore but I will go to one on occasion to relax and have dinner and drinks with some friends and unwind. I love to travel and did quite a bit over the years but haven't done much of recent and would like to continue go new places and see new things. I would like to meet someone who has the same drive and determination as I have for the things that are important to them in life as well as the same loyalty and love that I do for the people that they care about. I am a very outgoing person and love to be around people and make them laugh. Sometimes I can be pretty pretty sarcastic but not in a mean way ( hey I'm from Boston, we all are). I want to meet someone who I can have just as much fun staying home with and watching a movie as I can going out on some kind of adventure. Someone who is as active as I am who takes care of there body and overall health as part of there everyday life is also a must.
Dining out , Movies/Videos , Nightclubs/Dancing , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports
Auto racing / Motorcross, Baseball, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Cycling, Football, Golf, Hockey, Martial arts, Running, VolleyBall, Weights / Machines
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
I like Cats, Dogs
Middle of the Road
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'4" (193cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No preference
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Executive / Management
|No preference
Production Manager/Aerospace
|$50,001 to $75,000
|$35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|Asian, Latino / Hispanic, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian
|No preference
|Some college
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree


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28 year old man | Wenonah, NJ, USA | Seeking women 23-35 within 25 miles
Active within 3 days
The Dude Abides
Hello, I'm Steve. I'm 27, pretty easy going, and have a pretty good sense of humor. I love to laugh and am a little shy at first, but once I get to know someone I'm very talkative. I'm a bit of a homebody, but this is mostly because I have a job that takes up alot of my time and I have two sons who I get 2 days a week. My favorite types of music are classic rock and alt rock. I do listen to other types, but artists like Queen, The Stones, Billy Joel, RHCP,Sublime are by far my favorite. I'm pretty into movies and some tv. I guess you can say im a little bit of a horror nut, but I do enjoy a nice drama also.Love stand up comedy. Some of my favorites are Hannibal burres, Louis C.K., Bill Burr, Demetri Martin. Every now and again I will go out to a bar, but not often. I would rather drink with a friend at my house and just relax. I'm open to trying new things and going with the flow. Live and let live. I'm looking to meet someone who shares similar interests as me and is just pretty easy going. So if you like to laugh or want to know more send me a message. :)
Coffee and conversation , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Exploring new areas , Playing cards , Video games , Watching sports
Billiards / Pool, Running
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
Don't display my sign
I like Dogs
Middle of the Road
Camden County College, Blackwood, NJ
hmmm.. I love talking and getting to know someone. Like I said before I am a little shy at first. I love good tv and am obsessed with Breaking Bad, Game Of Thrones, Arrested Development and similar things. Also am a Phillies and Eagles fan!
Enjoy movies, pool, having a few drinks, getting a cup of coffee, walking, jogging, I used to be really into nostalgia.....
Currently reading The Song Of Ice And Fire Series aka Game Of Thrones
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|6'0" (182cms)
|3'0" (91cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|A few extra pounds
|Big and beautiful, About average, Curvy, Full-figured, Heavyset, A few extra pounds
|No preference
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|Retail / Food services
|No preference
Im a server and do enjoy it most of the time.
|$25,001 to $35,000
|No preference
|Never Married
|No preference
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home (2)
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|No preference
|White / Caucasian
|Latino / Hispanic, White / Caucasian
|Agnostic, Atheist, Spiritual but not religious, Other
Live and Let live.
|Some college
|No preference


text:
Author has written 1 story for Naruto.
Update: Since all the stories I'm currently working on have content that some would deem innapropriate for those under the age of eighteen, I am moving some of my stories to adultfanfiction.net. It remains to be seen if I will continue to post on this site. I apologize to any of my readers who are under the age of eighteen and will no longer be able to access my work.


text:
The Shenendehowa wrestling team's busy January ended as it began -- with the Plainsmen on top.
Seven Shen wrestlers won their weight classes to lead the Plainsmen to the team title at their own invitational Saturday. Shen finished with 256 points, 68 points ahead of runner-up North Rockland.
\I'm very pleased with the way they performed, said Shen coach Rob Weeks. "We were in a grind for a month and a half [with dual matches and tournaments]."
As has been the case all season, Shen's "Murderers Row" led the way in the championship round. Most Outstanding Lightweight Performer Nick Kelley pinned Niskayuna's Matt Stenard in 58 seconds, while 135-pounder David Almaviva scored a technical fall over Scotia-Glenville's Nick Leffler in 1:52.
"I think David [Almaviva] went in with a game plan," said Weeks. "He wanted to get [Leffler] in a takedown early, and he did that. Then, he got him in a tilt series [where he turned Leffler on his back several times in a row]."
Shen's Jim Carucci battled North Rockland's Mike Caputo in the 140-pound final before he pinned Caputo with 56 seconds left in the third period. Max Miller -- the fourth member of "Murderers Row" -- received the 125-pound title in an injury default.
Shen's heavyweights also won championships. Tony Fusco defeated Scotia-Glenville's John DiPace 12-2 for the 189-pound title, while Mike Almaviva defeated Harrison's Duke Alvora 5-2 in the 215-pound championship bout. Cole Lampman added a 2-0 victory over Burnt Hills-Ballston Lake's Alberto Biasiucci for the 285-pound title.
"Mike [Almaviva] is, I think, finally healthy," said Weeks. "You could see he still had some concerns about his knee, but once he realized that it would be OK, he was able to relax and wrestle his style."
BH-BL and Niskayuna each had one individual champion at the Shen Invitational. BH-BL's Jeff Matrazzo held on for a 4-3 victory over Glens Falls' Jared Strong in the 171-pound final, while Niskayuna's Alex Espina shut out Brewster's Nick Gheraducci 3-0 for the 152-pound title.
BH-BL placed fourth in the team standings with 148 points, and Niskayuna finished fifth with 90 points.
For more video from the Shen Invitational, visit our YouTube channel at TheSpotlightSports ""
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text:
The dancing horses are a part of Richland Farms. Horses in the area are not only used for riding or agricultural work, but often are used for dancing. Training the horses takes a long time and a resident of Richland Farms, Ramon Franco trains them. Ramon Franco has trained for horses to dance for 20 years. Ramon likes Richland Farms since it is a part of his culture, and he feels like he is in his ranch in Mexico.
- A Los Angeles Primer
- Arrival Stories
- Block by Block
- Engaging Spaces
- Green Justice
- I Am Los Angeles
- Intersections


text:
The first book in the 10 book manga series
The manga adaptation of the acclaimed anime film! Makoto Konno is having one of those days. While performing an errand for her mother, Makoto loses the brakes on her bike and barrels headlong down the street into an oncoming train. This would have been … see full wiki
The first book in the 10 book manga series
Last book in the series
The seventh book in the twelve book series
First book in 12 book manga series


text: Tununak Unincorporated CDP in the Bethel Census Area Community Details Incorporation Type Unincorporated CDP Area Type Community Current Population 384 Population Comment 2014 Department of Labor Estimate Pronunciation too noo' nuck Other Names Tananak Borough/Census Area FIPS Code 050 Place FIPS 79230 Economy Subsistence Yes Residents Age 16 and Over 244 Residents Employed in 2013 164 Residents Employed (%) 67 Employed in all 4 Quarters (%) 44 Employed in Private Sector (%) 49 Employed in Local Gov. (%) 49 Employed in State Gov. (%) 1 Resident Wages in 2013 ($) 2,043,971 New Hires 81 Unemployment Insurance Claimants 41 Local Labor Market Info URL http://live.laborstats.alaska.gov/alari/index.cfm?r=6&b=4&p=332&goplace=go Economy - Fisheries Participation and Earnings CDQ Participant Yes CQE Eligible No Count of Seafood Processors 1 All Fisheries, Permit Holders 43 All Fisheries, Permits Issued 63 All Fisheries, Permit Holders that Fished 27 All Fisheries, Est. Earnings ($) 122,395 All Fisheries, Total (Lbs.) 45,542 Halibut, Permit Holders 29 Halibut, Permits Issued 34 Halibut, Permit holders that fished 26 Halibut, Est. Earnings ($) 92,550 Halibut, Total (Lbs.) 23,399 Halibut, Note Data is partially suppressed; due to three or fewer permit holders participating in one or more of the fisheries. Herring, Permit Holders 26 Herring, Permits Issued 26 Herring, Permit holders that fished 0 Salmon, Permit Holders 3 Salmon, Permits Issued 3 Salmon, Permit holders that fished 1 Salmon, Note Community has permit holders in this fishery but data is suppressed; three or fewer permit holders participated in one or more of the fisheries. Economy - Fuel Prices Fuel Price Data Month July 2014 Gallon of Heating Fuel ($) 6.95 Gallon of Gasoline ($) 7.15 Gallon of Propane ($) 10.59 Election, Recording, and Judicial Districts Senate District S Senator Lyman Hoffman (D) House District 38 Representative Bob Herron (D) Judicial District 4 Recording District Bethel Facilities and Amenities Broadband Internet Available Yes Broadband Cell Phone Services No Cell Phone Service Available Yes Max Upload Speed Available 1.5 Mbps to 3 Mbps Max Download Speed Available 6 Mbps to 10 Mbps Geography and Climate Location Tununak is located in a small bay on the northeast coast of Nelson Island, 115 miles northwest of Bethel and 519 miles northwest of Anchorage. Community Map Available Yes Map URL http://commerce.alaska.gov/dnn/dcra/PlanningLandManagement/CommunityProfileMaps.aspx Latitude 60.5851 Longitude -165.2555 Climate Tununak falls within the western transitional climate zone, characterized by tundra interspersed with boreal forests, and weather patterns of long, cold winters and shorter, warm summers. History and Culture History In 1878 Nelson Island was named after Edward Nelson, a Smithsonian naturalist who noted 6 people, including 1 non-Native trader, living in Tununak. In 1889 the Jesuits opened a small chapel and school. They found the villagers difficult to convert due to the migratory nature of their traditional culture and because the shamans were still quite powerful. The mission closed in 1892. In 1925 a government school was built, and a Northern Commercial Company store was opened in 1929. From 1934 to 1962, a missionary named Father Deshout lived on Nelson Island. His long-standing relationship and work with the people in the area had a great influence. The 1950s brought great changes to the islanders' lifestyle, through their involvement with the Territorial Guard and work in fish canneries, high schools, and healthcare treatment for tuberculosis. For many, this was their first exposure outside the community. By the 1970s, snowmachines were replacing dog-sled teams, and the last qasgiq (men's community houses) was abandoned. The city was incorporated in 1975, but it was dissolved on Feb. 28, 1997, in favor of traditional council governance. Culture Tununak is a traditional Yup'ik Eskimo village, with an active fishing and subsistence lifestyle. Indigenous Language Central Yup'ik Federally Recognized Tribe Yes Name of Federally Recognized Tribe Native Village of Tununak ANCSA Village/Urban Corporation Tununrmiut Rinit Corporation Municipal Powers Local Option Restrictions Ban sale and importation of alcohol. Regions Borough/Census Area Bethel Census Area ANCSA Regional Corporation Calista Corporation Native Regional Health Care Provider Yukon-Kuskokwim Health Corporation ANCSA Regional Non-Profit Association of Village Council Presidents School District Lower Kuskokwim School District DCRA Alaska Region Western Region Climate Region Western Transitional Taxes Transportation Transportation Tununak relies on air transportation for passengers, mail, and cargo service. A state-owned wide gravel airstrip is available. Barges deliver goods two to four times each summer, and goods are lightered to shore. Boats, snow machines, and ATVs are used for local travel. Harbor/Dock No State Ferry No Cargo Barge Yes Road Connection No Coastal Yes Housing - 2010 Census Total Housing Units 90 Total Households 84 Family Households 68 Average Household Size 3.89 Total Occupied Housing Units 84 Total Vacant Housing Units 6 Occupied Housing Units (%) 93.3 Owner Occupied Units (%) 76.2 Renter Occupied Units (%) 23.8 Vacant Housing Units (%) 6.7 Vacant Due to Seasonal Use (%) 0.0 Census Population History Population in 1880 6 Population in 1890 0 Population in 1900 48 Population in 1910 0 Population in 1920 0 Population in 1930 0 Population in 1940 65 Population in 1950 112 Population in 1960 183 Population in 1970 274 Population in 1980 298 Population in 1990 316 Population in 2000 325 Population in 2010 327 Population by Age - 2010 Census 19 or Younger 143 20 to 64 157 65 and Older 27 Median Age 25 Other Population Characteristics - 2010 Census Population by Gender: Female 135 Population by Gender: Male 192 Percent Native, Alone or in Combination with Another Race 94.58 Income - 2009-2013 ACS 5-Year Estimates Per Capita Income 11,034 Per Capita Income - Margin of Error +/-2,334 Median Household Income 26,875 Median Household Income - Margin of Error +/-13,643 Median Family Income 27,500 Median Family Income - Margin of Error +/-13,833 Poverty - 2009-2013 ACS 5-Year Estimates Population for whom poverty status is determined 277 Total Population - Margin of Error +/-52 Persons below poverty level (%) 40.80 Persons below poverty level (%) - Margin of Error +/-11.9 All Individuals below 125 percent of poverty level 128 Persons below 125% of poverty level - Margin of Error +/-44