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medical waste Companies in Namibia
Keyword: medical waste ×
Industry: Energy - Renewable Energy ×
Location: Africa ×
Location: Namibia ×
Ashtead Technology Ltd
based in Letchworth, UNITED KINGDOM
Ashtead Technology was formed in 1985 when Ashtead Group plc acquired SubSpek Limited, which at the time provided underwater positioning, survey and inspection equipment rental from a base in Aberdeen. In 1994 the Singapore base was opened, focussing on the offshore oil and gas industry and the subsea telecommunications cable market in Asia Pacific. The first US ...
RLC Technologies, Inc.
based in Glen Allen, VIRGINIA (USA)
With over twenty years of experience RLC Technologies has become the world leader in the design of indirect thermal desorption systems for the treatment of hazardous and organic waste streams. Our Anaerobic Thermal Desorption Unit (ATDU) has been involved in projects worldwide treating oily sludge, drill cuttings, tanker bottoms, bio-solids, filter cake, soil contaminated ...
Ambetronics Engineers Pvt. Ltd.
based in Mumbai, INDIA
Ambetronics is an ISO 9001-2008 certified company. A highly motivated-technologically-strong electronic company that offers complete instrumentation and processing solutions for your process automation needs. What began in 1992 has grown and expanded greatly to include over 100 instruments that cater to a diverse range of industries and process markets including ...
Organic Power Solutions
based in Indianapolis, INDIANA (USA)
At the core of our customer solutions OPS uses a process called Pyrolytic Thermal Conversion. We offer systems designated by feedstock capacity that break down organic substances (waste) into a combination of consistent, carbon-based by-products including syn-gas, bio-oil and bio-char, each of which has unique characteristics and applications. Our innovations represent a ...
Clarke Energy
based in Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
Clarke Energy is a multinational specialist in the engineering, installation and maintenance of gas-fuelled power plants. Our facilities deliver fuel efficiency and help reduce carbon emissions. Applications include combined heat and power (CHP) with natural gas, biogas, landfill gas and coal gas. We are a the largest authorised distributor and service provider for GE's ...
Ecologix Environmental Systems, LLC
based in Alpharetta, GEORGIA (US) (USA)
Ecologix was founded over a decade ago with a simple vision: recruit the best people, acquire the best tools, provide an "A-class" working environment, and continually deliver value-added services to our clients, within budget and on time. From engineering to manufacturing, that vision is at the core of what drives each department, every day at Ecologix.
based in Doral, FLORIDA (USA)
SP4U is a technology integrator in renewable and sustainable power generations systems. It distributes Solar and Wind power generation equipment in the latest technologies. It integrates complete and reliable, small to medium sized, non-grid electrical generations systems that include power generation, power storage and energy supply. It integrates its systems to the grid ...
Green Fuels LTD
based in Cheltenham, UNITED KINGDOM
Green Fuels is the world's leading and longest established manufacturer of biodiesel production equipment. Biodiesel is a key source of renewable, alternative energy. With 25 major bio-refineries already installed around the world, along with thousands of decentralised biodiesel processors, every day our customer base is saving 2,500 tonnes of CO2 as it produces over 350 ...
The Spencer Turbine Company
based in Windsor, CONNECTICUT (USA)
Featuring single and multistage centrifugal blowers, Power Mizer high-efficiency cast centrifugal blowers, digester gas boosters, natural gas boosters, Vortex regenerative blowers, central vacuum systems, Industravac integral vacuum units (stationary and mobile), dry and wet separators, tubing and fittings, vacuum hoses, tools and valves and custom control panels. ...
Ciralight UK
based in Kingston, Hull, UNITED KINGDOM
Ciralight UK `Active Daylight Distribution` using our Smart Skylights. Ciralight is the only global provider of active daylight products capable of Naturally Lighting Building Interiors up to 10 hours a day, our skylights utilise Solar-Powered GPS technology to rotate mirrors to face the sun and direct diffused sunlight indoors throughout the day. Our Smart Skylights cut ...
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Santa Claus will be coming to town Saturday.
Floats, antique cars, fire trucks, the Harrison County High School Marching Thorobreds, horses and Christmas cheer will fill the streets of downtown Cynthiana Saturday afternoon during the annual Christmas parade, beginning at 4 p.m.
According to Chamber of Commerce director Pat Grenier, 12 groups will display floats in this year's parade.
Floats will be judged before the parade, from 3-4 p.m. at River Road.
An Old Lair Road home is destroyed after a late Thursday night fire.
Three trucks and 15 county firefighters responded to 3908 Old Lair Road after an 11:30 p.m. call to dispatch.
"When the first firefighter got on the scene, it was fully involved all over," Chief Charlie Carson said about the flames. "It was an older house and once it got started, it went all over it..."
The home was owned by Gerald Wade.
For the complete story, see this week's print edition of The Cynthiana Democrat.
Nathan Miller began writing when he was little.
"It was at Eastside Elementary where I first remember putting humorous stories to paper," Miller said. "Around third or fourth grade things started to become somewhat sensible, I suppose."
Now, years later, one of Miller's 'sensible stories' has made him a published author, a dream of his since he first put pen to paper.
"I think everyone who likes to read or write at all would like to see their name on a cover," Miller said.
The ever-popular Taste of Home Cooking School will be held Tuesday, Nov. 24, at the Harrison County High School auditorium.
"Tickets have been selling like hot potatoes," said Trish Jenkins, Cynthiana Democrat/Harrison Shopper advertising manager.
Holiday cooking will be the theme of this year's jointly sponsored event. The Cynthiana Democrat and Cynthiana Lions Club have again partnered with Ken's NewMarket to make this year's cooking school a success.
To say Robin Gassett loves to hunt would be an understatement.
His office at Licking River Outfitters in northern Harrison County is filled with the heads of deer, fish, fox skins and turkey feathers from five decades of hunting.
It's a passion that Robin wants others to share and enjoy.
And for three years at Licking River Outfitters, Robin has made it his mission that everyone gets a chance to hunt - even those that thought they never could.
With the new season beginning Dec. 2, the Harrison County wrestling team is anxious to get started.
Coach Russ Riegel's squad has some top notch veterans returning but, at the same time, lost heavily to graduation and other issues.
Graduated are five wrestlers who participated in the state meet during their high school careers.
Breds open season at Commodore Classic
The Harrison County Thorobreds open the 2009-10 basketball season Friday at 6 p.m. in Lexington. The Breds will be involved in the opening game Friday against the Somerset Briar Jumpers of the 12th region in the Commodore Classic held at Tates Creek High School.
Years ago, when I was still in Congress, I pulled up one day to address a public meeting in a remote and very rural part of Indiana. The sheriff, a friend of mine, met me outside the small volunteer firehouse where I was to speak. "The Ku Klux Klan is here in full regalia," he told me. "If you'd like, I'll keep them out of your meeting."
Nov. 20 -- Junior L. Fredrick, 40, was arrested on Cherokee Drive and charged with fourth degree assault, domestic violence, minor injury.
Nov. 21 -- James M. Ingram, 22, was arrested on Pike Street and charged with operating a motor vehicle under the influence of alcohol/drugs/etc.
Nov. 21 -- Reese Garrison, 23, was arrested on Riggs Avenue and charged with possession of marijuana and possession of drug paraphernalia.
With the holiday season around the corner, you can reduce holiday stress and the after-holiday bills by developing a budget for gift-giving, food and entertainment expenses. According to the National Retail Federation, the average shopper spends $832.36 on holiday gifts, food and decorations.
Copyright © 2015
The Cynthiana Democrat is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Cynthiana, KY and the surrounding area.

subset: commoncrawl


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Terrance McKnight is the WQXR weekday evening host. He also hosts the Saturday evening program, All Ears with Terrance McKnight, a show about musical discovery, which was honored with an ASCAP Deems Taylor Radio Broadcast Award in 2010.
McKnight's musical experiences – from glee club soloist and accomplished pianist, to professor at Morehouse College, and finally as producer and host of several music programs for public radio – have consistently juxtaposed the European Classical tradition alongside American classic traditions – jazz, gospel, African American spirituals and other musical genres.
McKnight was first heard in New York in 2008 when he joined the staff of WNYC. He moved to WQXR in October 2009. Previously he worked at Georgia Public Broadcasting, where he was creator, producer and host of Studio GPB, a program that introduced a wide array of musical artists through interviews, live studios sessions and commercial recordings.
Terrance McKnight appears in the following:
The Greene Space
Ultimate Battle of the Boroughs 2015
Friday, March 27, 2015
Fri, Mar. 27 | Come hear Manhattan's salsa, Brooklyn's indie-pop, soul from The Bronx, Queens indie folk and Staten Island thrash metal: Only one can be crowned the city's best!
The Greene Space
Battle of the Boroughs 2015: Queens
Friday, February 20, 2015
Fri, Feb. 20 | Queens takes the stage in our quest to find New York City's best up-and-coming musical act. Come for a party, hear great music, then vote for your favorite performance.
No Boundaries: Music in the Life of Coleridge-Taylor Perkinson
Tuesday, February 17, 2015
The Greene Space
Battle of the Boroughs 2015: The Bronx
Friday, February 13, 2015
Fri, Feb. 13 | The Bronx takes the stage in our quest to find New York City's best up-and-coming musical act. Come for a party, hear great music, then vote for your favorite performance.
The Greene Space
Bounce: The Basketball Opera
Wednesday, February 11, 2015
Wed. Feb 11 | Ardea Arts and The Greene Space present a workshop performance of BOUNCE: The Basketball Opera.
The Greene Space
Battle of the Boroughs 2015: Manhattan
Friday, February 6, 2015
Fri, Feb. 6 | Sold Out- Manhattan is sold out, but join us for the Bronx on Feb. 13. Manhattan takes the stage in our quest to find New York City's best up-and-coming musical act.
The Greene Space
5j Barrow Live
Friday, January 23, 2015
Fri, Jan. 23 | Join indie-folk band 5j Barrow, winners of our 2014 Ultimate Battle of the Boroughs, for an intimate concert live in The Greene Space.
The Greene Space
A Conversation on Ailey's New Season
Wednesday, November 12, 2014
Wed, Nov. 12 | Join us for an inside look at the upcoming season of Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater. Featuring an excerpt performed by Ailey dancers.
Hotel Elefant and Meehans/Perkins Duo Open the 2014 Look & Listen Festival
Monday, May 26, 2014
The 13th annual Look & Listen Festival kicked off on April 26 at the BRIC House with a diverse program of American music by Richard Carrick, Paul Lansky, Animal Collective and John Glover. Listen to the entire show now.
Vote for Staten Island's Best Band!
Monday, May 05, 2014
Which of these undiscovered musical acts should be crowned Staten Island's best?
American Music: Duke Ellington's Birthday Celebration
Monday, April 28, 2014
Join The Jonathan Channel and WQXR's Terrance McKnight as we celebrate the birthday of the Pulitzer Prize winning composer, Duke Ellington. Beginning Tuesday afternoon at 4PM ET, we'll take a look into the life of one of America's most beloved composers.
Honorable Mention: The Birthday of Ella Fitzgerald
Friday, April 25, 2014
Beginning Friday afternoon at 3PM, The Jonathan Channel celebrates the birthday of Ella Fitzgerald. For over five decades, Ella Fitzgerald dominated the jazz world and tomorrow afternoon, we're having a party. From 3PM to 7PM, WQXR's Terrance McKnight hosts a musical tour through the life of this dynamic performer.
The Greene Space
Q2 Music Presents Vijay Iyer & The Brentano String Quartet
Thursday, April 24, 2014
Acclaimed composer-pianist Vijay Iyer performs selections from his newest album "Mutations," joined by the world-renowned Brentano String Quartet.
Watch a live video webcast at 7pm ET
Watch Live: Pianist Vijay Iyer and Brentano Quartet
Thursday, April 24, 2014
Need for Speed
Thursday, November 28, 2013
There are few musical moments more well-worn than the first four notes of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony. But it turns out that Beethoven might have made a last-ditch effort to keep his music from ever feeling familiar, to keep pushing his listeners to a kind of psychological limit.
Alan Pierson, ...
Video: August Wilson Talk Series - Religion, Spirituality and Africa
Friday, September 27, 2013
The Greene Space
Religion, Spirituality and Africa
Thursday, September 19, 2013
Spirituality, like music, has been integral to African-American life since the first African was brought to America in 1619. This discussion will examine how playwright August Wilson uses his characters in his American Century Cycle to demonstrate the empowerment that comes from embracing one's identity and the ancestors who came before.
The Greene Space
Music and Dance
Friday, September 6, 2013
From Ma Rainey's Black Bottom to Fences to Seven Guitars, August Wilson's work is built on musicality and movement, both literally and poetically. Join host Terrance McKnight for an exploration of the polyrhythmic framework of these two performance aesthetics with our panel of guests.
EMANCIPATION 150: Pianist Donal Fox performs Variations on Brahms' 'Die Trauernde'
Thursday, July 11, 2013
Donal Fox is an internationally acclaimed pianist, composer and improviser known for his striking musical collages that blend elements of jazz, Latin and classical.
Watch Live and Vote: 2013 Ultimate Battle of the Boroughs
Friday, June 21, 2013
Hundreds of musical acts from across New York City's five boroughs entered. Just over 60 contestants were selected. They competed for their borough title, made it through two rounds of voting. And now, just five bands and one Wild Card pick are left standing in The Ultimate Battle of the Boroughs. The show is sold out, but you can still watch the live stream here and vote for your favorite act on Friday, June 21.


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Frosted Fruit Puree With Rum Sauce
6 Oct 2009
This Frosted Fruit Puree with Rum Sauce makes an excellent dessert or dessert topping. I use it as both ! It tastes terrific on ice cream, milk shakes etc. or have it as it is . Do try this Frosted Fruit Puree for a finger licking experience. Tell me if you've liked it !
|1 Cup (16 tbs), sliced
|Ripe apricots
|3 , pitted and diced
|2 Medium, pitted and diced
|1 Medium, pitted and diced
|Artificial sweetener
|1 Cup (16 tbs) (Equal To 0.5 Cup Sugar)
|Dietetic carbonated beverage
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs) (Cherry Flavored)
|Vanilla extract
|1 Teaspoon
|Strawberry extract
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Skim milk
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Rum extract
|2 Teaspoon
|Almond extract
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Crushed ice
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
Combine fruits, half of sweetener, beverage, vanilla and strawberry extracts in blender, and puree.
Pour 1/4 of mixture into each of 4 dessert dishes.
Chill in freezer for 40-50 minutes or until mixture is half frozen, thick but mushy.
To make "Rum" Sauce, combine remaining ingredients in blender; blend until smooth.
Serve at once evenly divided over each portion of fruit puree.
Recipe Summary
Difficulty Level:Easy
Course:Dessert, Fruit Dessert
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Frosted Fruit Puree With Rum Sauce Recipe


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November 25, 2014 – February 16, 2015 all-day
Skyline Park is the place for family fun this holiday season! Southwest Airlines and the Downtown Denver Partnership invite you to grab your loved ones and head Downtown to take advantage of the Southwest Rink at Skyline Park! In its fourth season, the Southwest Rink offers the community free ice skating seven days a week from November 25 until February 16. Ice skaters are welcome to bring their own skates or rent a pair for just $2. Join us for special entertainment and programming throughout the season, including Friday Night DJs, Saturday Night Live Bands, Sunday Family Fun Day, Broomball Challenge Competition, Skate N' Flicks (movies on ice), and free Learn to Skate Lessons.


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|LCD Display
|Accessories Included
|Turntable, instruction book, warranty card
|20 Litres
|Child Lock
|Defrost Function
|Model Number
|800 Watts
|Product Type
|Digital Microwaves
|Removable Plates
|Who is it for
|[For Her]
Delivered from £2.95
by Tuesday 07 July
by Tuesday 07 July
|Standard: 3-5 days
|Next day
|Named day
|Named day and time
|More delivery info
Returns for UKIf for any reason you are not satisfied with your George Clothing or George Home product, simply return it within 100 days with proof of purchase for an exchange or refund. George branded products only. Excludes watches, jewellery, hair accessories, part assembled flat pack furniture and mattresses. The 100 Day Guarantee only applies to George branded products. Please refer to our terms and conditions for details of our returns and refund process for non-George branded products. Your statutory rights are not affected. UK Mainland stores only. Excludes franchises.
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Asda Q&A is a customer to customer community forum, and as such Asda does not endorse any customers ideas or advice. If you are a Wine Shop customer Asda may respond to questions posted when appropriate to do so regarding product details. If you have a customer service query you can contact us here. Thank you.
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Rated 4.2 out of 5 by 89 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5 by lilleyloulou Excellent Microwave & Great Price I was desperate for a retro looking black microwave and although my husband insisted we go for a more expensive option I chose this one. I'm so glad I did, it's perfect for me in every way......very quick and simple to use, no messing about with setting times etc just twist the dial or use the pre-set times. Eg: milky coffee...press beverage button and twst the dial to 1 (cup) and off it goes..perfect. Very easy to clean, no mirror finish to drive you crazy with fingerprints. It looks very chic and much more expensive than it was. I would highly recommend this to anyone and the delivery service was excellent. Great Value all round 16 December 2011
Rated 5 out of 5 by mrswilcock Excellent purchase!! We recently moved and have quite a modern black/steel and quirky look to our kitchen and our appliances match that theme. We looked everywhere for a microwave but couldn't find one that was black AND quirky....Then we stumbled upon this one and it fits the theme and it is also an excellent appliance. It is very easy to use, the display is bright and clear, the buttons are well designed for easy use, it has an autocook function and the 1 touch menus are simple and self explainitory. We have mainly used warm up milk for our daughters cereal and to sterilize her bottles. A medium size jacket potato is ready in about 5 minutes. This microwave is simple, elegant and modern and will be a brilliant addition to any kitchen!! 09 December 2011
Rated 5 out of 5 by Rat1947 Hot little number ....bought this for my Daughter's new apartment which is predominately black and shiny! This fits in perfectly with its gloss black finish and retro style. Looked everywhere and this was the best looking one for her modern style by a mile. To use it is quite simple; there are sophisticated bits to do with weight, defrost and all that jazz, I guess for those who are sophisticated, but for simple chaps like me, dial in the seconds and push the button does it for me every time! Money wise the price was very keen, it seems to have all you want for a price a fraction of some of the more boring traditional stainless steel expensive brands. I guess a microwave is a microwave, as long as it stays inside and does what it does, why pay more?! I've had Daewoo microwaves before and they have been very reliable, so here's hoping they've maintained that standard with this one. Overall a great buy if you want this kinda style. 14 June 2012
Rated 5 out of 5 by miciic nice looking microwave i bought it because it has a good lock it looks like an old radio :D and actually its the only thing why you should buy this microwave.. it has just the basic operations.. but if you don't need nothing more then its perfect for you.. things i didn't like: it was a little smaller inside than i thought it will be, it doesn't have light when you just open it.. and for the this much money you can buy a microwave with grill function that could make it more useful than a just basic function models :D 04 October 2011
Rated 5 out of 5 by JimmyTheSaint Very smart for the price I bought the KOR6N9RB to replace an ageing microwave that was becoming an eyesore in my kitchen. I bought it because it was cheap and looked the part. When I unpacked it I was not disappointed. It was up and running in seconds, is nicely compact and looks far more expensive than it's price tag suggests. I've only had it for two weeks but it has successfully defrosted and reheated several plates of food whilst looking cool (for a microwave). That's all I wanted. 22 November 2011
Rated 4 out of 5 by Shopper001 Good buy I bought this item online primarily because I liked the look of it. It was delivered quickly. It works as well as any other microwave on the market. The controls are simple and clear. My only gripe is that it has no clock function. The marketing image clearly shows a digital clock, but be warned, if you want a clock don't buy this as you will be disappointed. I couldnt be bothered with the hassle of returning it so am now stuck with a microwave without this function, despite thinking I was getting it. Otherwise a good buy. 16 August 2012
Rated 5 out of 5 by Goose63 Stylish Microwave Spent some time looking for a microwave that had a bit of style before finding this one. Always a bit nervous of buying things when only seen a picture on the internet, but this one delivered in reality. Looks great, an addition to the kitchen rather than just an appliance, and it works great as well! Delivered to local store no problem so no delivery charge either. 19 June 2012
Rated 4 out of 5 by kel1981 happy This microwave was very eye catching. i wanted something to match my kitchen. This microwave is very stylish. I am happy with it. I have used this many times now the only complaint that i have is that it seems very loud and makes a strange noise when using it. I am not sure why or if it should be doing this. but it looks good. cooks food. easy to clean. Had it delivered and it came on time. All boxed nicely. I only gave it a 4 stars due to the loud noise it makes. it is easy to use. We are a family of 4. stylish and does the job. square plates are a bit of a pain as the larger ones don't fit in the smaller ones dont turn. The height is fine have not found a problem with anything that needed to be cooked in a bag. over all happy! 31 January 2012


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Robots Build Large Structures With Brick and Concrete
It's expensive to make things. Making food, making furniture, making electronics, making cars… It's all a lot of time consuming labor requiring a variety of skilled and semi-skilled labor. Industrial robots have been very successful at taking over some of the semi-skilled stuff in structured environments like factories, but other than in a few art projects, it's relatively new to see industrial arms doing productive things out in the world, like laying bricks.


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Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, has issued a broadside against the nuclear parameters announced last week. Among his points: Nothing has been agreed yet, the U.S. fact sheet on the framework is "untrue in most cases," and the U.S. is untrustworthy.
Such tough talk is standard fare for the ayatollah and so is unlikely to perturb U.S. negotiators. Far more important is that in his speech Thursday, despite having pledged that he would not "interfere in the details" of the talks, Iran's supreme leader ruled out inspections of military sites and insisted that Iran not be turned into a "specific case of monitoring." Read More »


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A dull-brown moose with a prominent rack steps delicately onto Anchorage's Minnesota Drive in the January afternoon twilight, as cars streak past.
He stops traffic as he ambles into deep snow on the edge of the road -- barely avoiding becoming part of the growing ranks of the winter's unlucky moose.
For moose, heavy snowfall means misery and this winter is shaping up to be a deadly one.
As of Jan. 20, 118 moose had been killed on Alaska Railroad tracks since October, according to a spokesman for the railroad.
Only 49 moose were struck in the same period last year.
On roadways the situation is bad too, said Gary Olson, the executive director of the Alaska Moose Federation.
This winter is "well above average" for moose kills on roadways in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough, home to one of the state's densest moose populations, according to Tim Peltier, an assistant area biologist for the Department of Fish and Game's Palmer offices.
The last number he'd heard was 269.
The usual season average is 270.
"This winter, we could double that," Olson said. "We're on our way."
Olson's organization, which acts as an advocacy, education and salvage group, has recently started helping respond to calls from Alaska State Troopers to remove dead moose from roadways.
So far this year, the group has delivered at least nine salvaged moose carcasses to charities (minus the head -- that goes to the Department of Fish and Game for testing).
That's too many, Olson said.
"We don't want to pick up so many moose off the roads dead," he said.
The spike in moose deaths is probably the result of heavy snowfall in Southcentral Alaska this winter, said Jessy Coltrane, Anchorage-area wildlife biologist with the Alaska Department of Fish and Game.
Anchorage has received more than 90 inches of snow since October.
When snow gets deep in the mountains, skinny ungulate ankles have trouble maneuvering, and favored browsing foods like willows are buried.
Moose are then apt to relocate to flatland haunts that promise easier mobility and more opportunities for food but that puts them in much closer contact with humans -- along with their cars and trains.
While collisions with vehicles and trains account for a significant number of moose deaths, many die of starvation or other injuries during winter months, Coltrane said.
After the especially harsh winter of 1994, the local moose population dropped from a high of 2,200 to 1,500.
Right now, the moose population in the Anchorage Bowl is about 1,500 -- the lower end of Fish and Game's preferred population of 1,500-1,800.
If this winter continues to bring heavy snow, "we will see a significant decrease in moose numbers, if history repeats itself," Coltrane said.
The Alaska Railroad sees lots of moose kills, in part because the cleared tracks tend to be a magnet for moose sick of standing around in 3 feet of snow, said external affairs manager Tim Sullivan.
This isn't a record-breaking winter for moose deaths on the railroad tracks but it could be close.
Historically, moose kills have been as high as 300 in the October-to-March season, he said. But that was back in the 1970s and 1980s.
With at least 10 weeks of winter left, this season's 118 is on pace to far exceed a typical winter's toll.
From Oct. 2010 to March 2011 the railroad saw 124 moose strikes, with 68 the previous year and 119 the year before that.
Spreaders clear snow 25 feet on either side of the tracks in an attempt to give moose somewhere other than the tracks to stand, said Sullivan.
Crews also clear 50 miles of moose-specific trails in the Mat-Su valley area, where one of the densest populations exists, specifically to give the animals alternative routes.
Many moose-train collisions happen in the Willow and Talkeetna areas, he said.
Conductors try to avoid hitting moose by letting them know the train is coming but sometimes it's just not possible to stop in time, Sullivan said.
A moose doesn't do much damage to a train but kills are distressing to train crews and passengers, Sullivan said
"No one likes it or gets used to it," he said.
It's unclear just how many moose have been killed by cars on Alaska roadways this winter season, with state agencies each saying a different entity records the data.
The Alaska Department of Fish and Game does postmortem examinations of moose heads in order to look for signs of chronic wasting disease but they do not tabulate overall statistics, an employee said.
Troopers respond to reports of moose-vehicle crashes but the data they gather ends up with the Alaska Highway Safety Office, which is part of the state Department of Transportation and Public Facilities.
Due to a system that involves incident reporting on paper forms that are in turn processed in Omaha, Neb., the most recent data on overall moose highway deaths available is for 2009, said Jack Stickel, the transportation information group manager with the DOT.
"We're behind," he said.
Some 575 moose were reported to have been killed on roadways in 2009, he said.
A new electronic system that's being phased in starting this year should speed things up in the future, he said.
No human deaths as a result of moose-vehicle collisions have been reported since 2009, said Joanna Reed, who works in fatality reporting for the Alaska Highway Safety Office.
There's one sure strategy for not becoming part of a moose-related collision statistic this winter, Coltrane says: Assume all moose have a self-destructive streak.
"If there's a moose standing on the side of the road, assume it's going to throw itself in front of you," she said. "Slow down."
Reach Michelle Theriault Boots at firstname.lastname@example.com or 257-4344.Photos: Moose in Alaska
Reader-submitted: Moose sightings
More moose stories
By MICHELLE THERIAULT BOOTS
Anchorage Daily News


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ST. MARYS – Two St. Marys residents are facing felony charges in the theft of a vehicle that occurred Thursday night.
According to affidavits of probable cause, David John Krise, 31, of St. Marys, conspired with Alanna Nicole Lilja, 22, of St. Marys, to steal a white 2004 GMC Sonoma truck, which belonged to Frank Bauer, Lilja's stepfather. Lilja reportedly told officers that it was Krise's idea to take the truck to go to Philipsburg to buy drugs and try to sell the truck.
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Laguna Beach's City Council chambers turned into an idea lab Wednesday night as the Planning Commission, city staff and the public dissected merits and drawbacks of possibly regulating the commercial arm of a popular water sport.
Interest in stand-up paddling, according to Marine Safety officials and business owners, has surged in recent years, with instructors from around the region heading to the shoreline to lead groups of people on the water.
It's these large groups of people that strain the lifeguard staff, who have to monitor paddlers so they don't collide with other swimmers or hit rocks and reefs, Marine Safety Chief Kevin Snow.
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"If you are stand-up paddling, you are acting as a vessel in a swimming area," Snow said.
The number of times a lifeguard has been needed to assist a paddler has greatly increased, from 14,000 from May through September last year to 150 during the same period five years ago, Lt. Kai Bond said.
Planning Commissioners, residents and business owners debated regulating commercial instruction, including limiting hours of operation and requiring permits, training (including first aid and CPR) and liability coverage.
"The goal is not to discourage stand-up paddling," Deputy City Manager Ben Siegel said during the meeting. Potential regulations would not target individual renters, only commercial classes, Siegel said.
"[Rentals] generally involve one or two people [entering the water]," Siegel said. "The primary issue involves groups of people coming down and all going out at one time and all coming in at one time."
Billy Fried, owner of La Vida Laguna and a Coastline Pilot columnist, said it's not always the people in formal classes who pose safety problems but also renters.
"Lessons are far more safe," Fried said, suggesting individual renters might not be adequately trained. "In north Laguna we have reefs. People who don't know how to steer [may hurt themselves]."
Stand-up paddle operators said they already self-regulate; clients must sign liability forms and prove they have taken training classes.
"We won't rent a board to someone who has never done it," Stand Up Paddle Co. founder Tommy Donnelly said.
Stand-up paddling is legal throughout Laguna, but lifeguards are required to assist users in designated swimming areas so they don't hurt themselves or others, Bond said.
Lifeguards aren't required to assist paddlers in surfing areas, he said.
Marni Magda, who often swims at Oak Street, said paddleboards are safety hazards if a wave hits a paddler.
"I do love this new sport, and 99 percent of the time stand-up paddlers go outside [the surfline] where no one else is," Magda said. "When a board gets loose, it's rolling in the surf, and if it hits someone it is deadly. "I've watched [a board] almost hit little children in the surf while a lifeguard is trying to take care of someone else."
City staff recommended limiting hours for the stand-up paddle commercial classes from 7 a.m. to 10 a.m. from June 15 through September 15, but the idea didn't go over well with business owners.
"Tourists don't get up before 10 a.m.," Fried said.
Owners from four businesses, including Donnelly and Fried, sent a letter to the city saying at least eight companies conduct business on the beaches without paying property or business taxes.
"Several of them don't even live here, though they park their graphic vans here — for free," the letter said. "This is not only unsightly; it's also unfair to those of us with significantly larger investments in the city.


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Ralph J. Roberts* is our Founder and Chairman Emeritus of the Board. He served as the Chair of the Finance Committee of the Board from November 2002 until December 2008. From March 1969 to February 1990, Mr. Roberts served as our President, and from November 1984 to November 2002, he served as our Chairman of the Board. He is the father of Mr. Brian L. Roberts.
*Ralph J. Roberts does not participate in any committees.


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Symantec unveils enhancements to it Windows storage management, clustering suites
Symantec this week unveiled a new version of its Veritas Storage Foundation Suite for Windows and high availability clustered server environments.
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FCoE: the evolutionary approach to SAN expansion
Ever since the emergence of Fibre Channel SANs in the late 1990s, enterprise IT managers have maintained two sets of networks, one for storage I/O traffic and the other for data network traffic. But system consolidation and SAN expansion efforts are driving the need for a unified fabric where multiple traffic types -- network, storage and clustering -- are all carried over a single network infrastructure.
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10 quick-hit observations from VMware's annual conference.
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Protecting Microsoft Exchange
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By Evet6 | Tuesday, November 11 2014
Skip hire couldn't be easier with Wilcos Eco Waste Management. Simply give us a call and tell us your requirements and we will help you find the right size skip for your needs, and arrange delivery and collection.
The rental period is 14 days - however this time can be extended should you need it.
If this is your first time ordering a skip then there is no need to worry. Our booking service is quick and simple and we have a friendly team on hand to answer any question you might have. All you need to do is prepare a quick checklist of what you are planning to put in your skip.
We offer a flawless, fast and professional service designed to take the load off your mind. You can rest assured that you will receive a reliable service with both roll on/roll off and chain lift skips available. This is our area of expertise! We have years of experience in the waste management industry.
Book your skip now on 01752 421866.
Used the reclamation yard within Wilkos Eco waste. Found some wonderful items at very reasonable prices. Found the staff very friendly and helpful. Will be using again. Highly recommended, get some great bargains
we used wilcos for a skip when clearing our garden out today, abo****ley great service, really helpful and freindly service. skip was on time and collected as soon as i needed it to be! aslo bought some top quality top soil from wilcos for grading my garden before turfing. very highly recomended. thanks dave and vikki


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A two phase adhesive matrix for use in an electrically powered iontophoretic delivery device is provided. The adhesive matrix comprises an adhesive hydrophobic polymer phase and about 15 to 60 wt % on a dry weight basis of a hydrophilic polymer phase distributed through the hydrophobic polymer phase. The hydrophilic phase forms upon hydration an interconnecting network of aqueous pathways for passage of the agent through the adhesive. The adhesive can be used to adhere an electrode assembly of an iontophoretic delivery device to a body surface such as skin or a mucosal membrane. Alternatively, the adhesive can be used to adhere together two or more elements of an iontophoretic delivery device.
1. A two phase adhesive matrix for use in an electrically powered intophoretic agent delivery device adapted to iontophoretically deliver an agent through a body surface, the adhesive comprising an adhesive hydrophobic polymer phase and about 15 to 60 wt % on a dry weight basis of a hydrophilic polymer phase distributed through the hydrophobic polymer phase, the hydrophilic phase forming upon hydration an interconnecting network of the hydrophilic polymer throughout the matrix, the network providing aqueous pathways for passage of the agent through the matrix.
2. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the matrix comprises about 30 to 40 wt % on a dry weight basis of the hydrophilic polymer.
3. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the adhesive is capable of absorbing about 7 to 80 wt % water based on the total weight of the adhesive.
4. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylamide, cross-linked dextran, polyvinylalcohol, starch-graft-poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) polymers, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose. cross-linked Na-carboxymethylcellulose, polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, blends of polyoxyethylene and polyethylene glycols with polyacrylic acid, polyethylene oxides and cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
5. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is in the form of particles having a particle size of up to about 180 μm.
6. The adhesive of claim 5, wherein the hydrophilic particles have a particle size of up to about 35 μm.
7. The adhesive of claim 1, the adhesive exhibiting a specific resistance of less than about 0.33 kohm-cm2 per mil thickness of adhesive.
8. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic polymer is selected from the group consisting of acrylate adhesives and silicone adhesives.
9. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the hydrophobic polymer phase is rendered adhesive by adding thereto a tackifying resin.
10. The adhesive of claim 9, wherein the hydrophobic polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(styrene-isoprene-styrene) block copolymers, ethylene vinyl acetate polymers, plasticized and unplasticized polyvinylchloride, natural and synthetic rubber, C2 -C4 polyolefins, polyethylene, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene and polybutadiene.
11. The adhesive of claim 9, wherein the tackifying resin is selected from the group consisting of fully hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbon resins, hydrogenated esters and low molecular weight grades of polyisobutylene.
12. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the adhesive matrix also contains at least a portion of the agent to be delivered.
13. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the agent comprises a drug.
14. The adhesive of claim 13, wherein the drug comprises a water soluble drug salt.
15. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the agent comprises an electrolyte.
16. The adhesive of claim 15, wherein the electrolyte comprises a water soluble electrolyte salt.
17. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is a hydrogel.
18. The adhesive of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic polymer is a cellulosic derivative.
This case is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/308,716, filed Feb. 9, 1989.
This invention relates to adhesive compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to adhesives for use as in-line contact adhesives for iontophoretic agent delivery devices. Still more particularly, but without limitation thereto, this invention relates to adhesives which permit the passage therethrough of therapeutic agents and electrolytes, especially water soluble and ionized agents and electrolytes.
Iontophoresis, according to Dorland3 s Illustrated Medical Dictionary, is defined to be "the introduction, by means of electric current, of ions of soluble salts into the tissues of the body for therapeutic purposes." Iontophoretic devices have been known since the early 1900's. British patent specification No. 410,009 (1934) describes an iontophoretic device which overcame one of the disadvantages of such early devices known to the art at that time, namely the requirement of a special low tension (low voltage) source of current which meant that the patient needed to be immobilized near such source. The device of that British specification was made by forming a galvanic cell from the electrodes and the material containing the medicament or drug to be delivered transdermally. The galvanic cell produced the current necessary for iontophoretically delivering the medicament. This ambulatory device thus permitted iontophoretic drug delivery with substantially less interference with the patient's daily activities.
More recently, a number of U.S. patents have issued in the iontophoresis field, indicating a renewed interest in this mode of drug delivery. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,991,755 issued to Vernon et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,141,359 issued to Jacobsen et al; U.S. Pat. No. 4,398,545 issued to Wilson; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,878 issued to Jacobsen disclose examples of iontophoretic devices and some applications thereof. The iontophoresis process has been found to be useful in the transdermal administration of medicaments or drugs including lidocaine hydrochloride, hydrocortisone, fluoride, penicillin, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, insulin and many other drugs. Perhaps the most common use of iontophoresis is in diagnosing cystic fibrosis by delivering pilocarpine salts iontophoretically. The pilocarpine stimulates sweat production; the sweat is collected and analyzed for its chloride content to detect the presence of the disease.
In presently known iontophoretic devices, at least two electrodes are used. Both of these electrodes are disposed so as to be in intimate electrical contact with some portion of the skin of the body. One electrode, called the active or donor electrode, is the electrode from which the ionic substance, medicament, drug precursor or drug is delivered into the body by iontophoresis. The other electrode, called the counter or return electrode, serves to close the electrical circuit through the body. In conjunction with the patient's skin contacted by the electrodes, the circuit is completed by connection of the electrodes to a source of electrical energy, e.g., a battery. For example, if the ionic substance to be delivered into the body is positively charged (i.e., a cation), then the anode will be the active electrode and the cathode will serve to complete the circuit. If the ionic substance to be delivered is negatively charged (i.e., an anion), then the cathode will be the active electrode and the anode will be the counter electrode.
Alternatively, both the anode and cathode may be used to deliver drugs of opposite charge into the body. In such a case, both electrodes are considered to be active or donor electrodes. For example, the anode can deliver a positively charged ionic substance into the body while the cathode can deliver a negatively charged ionic substance into the body.
It is also known that iontophoretic delivery devices can be used to deliver an uncharged drug or agent into the body. This is accomplished by a process called electroosmosis. Electroosmosis is the volume flow of a liquid (e.g., a liquid containing the uncharged drug or agent) through the skin induced by the presence of an electric field imposed across the skin.
Furthermore, existing iontophoresis devices generally require a reservoir or source of the beneficial agent (which is preferably an ionized or ionizable agent or a precursor of such agent) to be iontophoretically delivered or introduced into the body. Examples of such reservoirs or sources of ionized or ionizable agents include a pouch as described in the previously mentioned Jacobsen U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,878, or a pre-formed gel body as described in Webster U.S. Pat. No. 4,382,529 and Ariura et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,570, which patents are incorporated herein by reference. Such drug reservoirs are electrically connected to the anode or the cathode of an iontophoresis device, or optionally to an electrolyte reservoir or an ion selective membrane, to provide a fixed or renewable source of one or more desired agents. See for example Parsi U.S. Pat. No. 4,731,049, incorporated herein by reference.
It is desirable to minimize the internal electrical resistance of an iontophoretic delivery device since this allows the device to be powered by a lower voltage, and therefore, less expensive, power source. One way of minimizing the internal electrical resistance of the device is to establish good electrical contact between the various components (e.g., the electrode, the drug reservoir, any electrolyte reservoir and any selectively permeable membrane) of the device as well as to establish good electrical contact between the device and the body surface (e.g., the skin or a mucosal membrane) through which the drug is to be delivered. Along with establishing an interface for ionic and/or water soluble species to diffuse, intimate contact between the delivery surface of the device and the body also ensures uniform electrical current distribution, thereby avoiding high localized current densities which could cause damage to body tissue.
Important criteria for adhesive compositions utilized as in-line contact adhesives for iontophoretic delivery devices in general, are: sufficient adhesion allowing prolonged adhesion to a body surface and allowing easy removal from the body surface without damaging the tissue, cohesion, bio- and chemical-compatibility, rapid drug transportability, and mechanical flexibility. When drugs are administered by electrotransport means rather than by passive diffusion, the adhesive should exhibit low resistance to drug transport and should contain minimal extraneous ions which could undesirably compete with the drug for delivery into the body.
The use of electrically-conductive adhesives in electrodes is known in the art. See U.S. Pat. No. 4,008,721, (vinyl acrylic copolymer which is activated by acetone or a low molecular weight alcohol); U.S. Pat. No. 4 391,278; (polymerized 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid); U.S. Pat. No. 4,274,420; (karaya gum having an ionizable salt or a finely powdered metal dispersed therethrough); and U.S. Pat. No. 4,566,762 (cross-linked latex polymers containing an electrically conductive aqueous phase). While these adhesives are suitable for conducting current, they are not well suited for allowing agent or electrolyte (e.g., drug ions and/or electrolyte ions) to be transported therethrough. In addition, the solvent used in the adhesive may react adversely with the drug or hinder the delivery of drug to the body, or constituents incorporated in the adhesive may interfere with or compete with the agent or electrolyte for transport into the body.
Others have attempted to use self-adhering matrices comprised of a gel formed from a hydrophilic natural or synthetic material such as a natural resinous polysaccharide, plasticized with water and/or polyols. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,474,570 and 4,706,680.
This invention therefore provides an adhesive formulation which overcomes many of the disadvantages associated with state of the art adhesives and is particularly suited for use as an in-line contact adhesive used to (1) adhere an iontophoretic delivery device to a body surface such as skin or a mucosal membrane and/or (2) to adhere together two or more elements of an iontophoretic delivery device electrode assembly, through which elements drug and/or electrolyte ions must travel.
It is an object of this invention to provide an adhesive formulation suitable for use as an in-line contact adhesive for electrically assisted drug delivery systems.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an adhesive which has an acceptably low resistance to ionic transport when in a hydrated state.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide such an adhesive having uniform charge distribution properties.
These and other objects, features and advantages are met by an agent/electrolyte-conducting adhesive for use in an iontophoretic delivery device adapted to iontophoretically deliver an agent, preferably in the form of agent ions, through a body surface such as intact skin or a mucosal membrane. The adhesive is a two phase matrix comprised of an adhesive hydrophobic polymer phase and about 15 to 60 wt % on a dry weight basis of a hydrophilic polymer phase distributed through the hydrophobic polymer phase so as to form an interconnecting network of the hydrophilic polymer throughout the matrix. The interconnecting hydrophilic polymer network provides aqueous pathways for passage of the agent or electrolyte through the matrix.
Also provided is an electrically powered iontophoretic agent delivery device adapted to iontophoretically deliver an agent, such as a drug, through a body surface such as intact skin or a mucosal membrane. The delivery device includes a donor electrode assembly, a counter electrode assembly and a source of electrical power adapted to be electrically connected to the donor electrode assembly and the counter electrode assembly. The donor electrode assembly includes an agent reservoir containing the agent to be delivered. The agent reservoir is adapted to be placed in agent transmitting relation with a body surface. The donor electrode assembly also includes a donor electrode adapted to be electrically connected to the source of electrical power. The donor electrode is also in electrical contact with the agent reservoir.
According to one embodiment, the agent-conducting adhesive is disposed between the donor electrode assembly and the body surface in order to adhere the electrode assembly to the body surface. In an alternative embodiment, the adhesive is used to adhere the agent reservoir to the donor electrode and/or to another component in the donor electrode assembly such as an electrolyte reservoir or a membrane. In either case, the adhesive is a two phase matrix comprised of an adhesive hydrophobic polymer phase and about 15 to 60 wt % on a dry weight basis of a hydrophilic polymer phase distributed through the hydrophobic polymer phase so as to form an interconnecting network of the hydrophilic polymer throughout the matrix.
Preferably, the iontophoretic agent delivery device includes a counter electrode assembly having an electrolyte reservoir and a counter electrode in electrical contact with one another. The electrolyte reservoir in the counter electrode assembly is adapted to be placed in electrolyte transmitting relation with the body surface spaced apart from the donor electrode assembly. The electrolyte-conducting adhesive is disposed between the electrolyte reservoir and the body surface. The adhesive may also be used to adhere the electrolyte reservoir to the counter electrode and/or to another component in the counter electrode assembly such as a second reservoir or a membrane.
The FIGURE is a graph presenting the electrically assisted flux of metoclopramide through several adhesive formulations of this invention, while the formulations are adhered to skin.
As used herein, the terms "iontophoresis," "electrotransport" and "electrically assisted transport" are used interchangeably and are defined as the mechanism by which drugs are transported through a body surface under the influence of an electrical field. The term "body surface" as used herein, is defined as including without limitation, skin, body tissues, mucosal membranes, nails and blood vessel walls. As used herein, the expressions "agent" and "drug" are used interchangeably and are intended to have their broadest interpretation as any therapeutically active substance which is delivered to a living organism to produce a desired, usually beneficial effect.
This invention is an agent-conducting and electrolyte-conducting adhesive. The adhesive is a two phase matrix comprised of an adhesive hydrophobic polymer phase and a hydrophilic polymer phase which when hydrated provide an aqueous network for passage of agent/electrolyte through the adhesive matrix. The hydrophilic polymer phase is water sorbable and preferably non-ionic. The hydrophilic polymer phase can be either water soluble or water insoluble. The hydrophilic polymer phase functions as a hydroattractant material, forming aqueous pathways in the adhesive hydrophobic polymer matrix, through which the agent and electrolyte ions can pass through the adhesive.
The adhesive can be either in a dry or a hydrated state when applied to the body surface, depending upon the delivery profile desired or depending upon the stability of the other constituents, for example the drug or electrodes, when water is present. Utilizing the adhesive in a hydrated state may facilitate the onset of drug delivery as the pathways for drug/electrolyte passage will be immediately available. Hydrating the adhesive can be accomplished in several ways. The adhesive can be hydrated before packaging or it can be hydrated immediately prior to placement on the body surface. Alternately the aqueous source can be incorporated into the electrotransport drug delivery system with a barrier separating the source from the adhesive, said barrier being broken or removed immediately prior to use so as to hydrate the adhesive.
It may further be desirable to place a set amount of the agent to be delivered in the adhesive itself to provide a priming dose of agent when the system is placed on the body surface. Alternately, the adhesive itself may be the drug reservoir to form a self adhering drug reservoir. To function as a reservoir, the adhesive must contain agent in an amount sufficient to maintain therapeutic delivery for an extended period of time. The adhesive may also have other additives present such as are commonly known in the art. These include, plasticizers which may modify the tack and cohesive strength of the adhesive, fillers which may reduce the cost and improve handling, and antioxidants which improve the resistance of the adhesive to oxidative degradation.
Blending of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymer components is done mechanically, either in solution or by milling, extrusion or hot melt mixing, for example. The resulting adhesive films may then be prepared by solvent casting, extrusion or by melt processing, for example.
State of the art adhesives which are comprised of hydrophobic polymers, normally are only capable of absorbing less than 2% of their own weight in water. The presence of water and the resulting aqueous pathways is critical to the success of this invention and the addition of the hydrophilic polymer phase to the hydrophobic polymer creates an adhesive which is capable of absorbing water within the range of about 7 to 80% of the total adhesive weight.
The hydrophilic polymer phase can be present within the range of about 15 to 60 wt % on a dry weight basis, with the preferred range being about 30 to 40 wt % on a dry weight basis. The hydrophobic polymer phase comprises about 40 to 85 wt % on a dry weight basis, and preferably about 60 to 70 wt % on a dry weight basis, of the adhesive matrix. A suitable amount of hydrophilic polymer is that which provides an interconnecting network of the hydrophilic polymer throughout the matrix, generally at least about 15 wt % hydrophilic polymer. On the other hand, the amount of the hydrophilic polymer should not be so great that it significantly lowers the adhesive strength of the adhesive, generally no more than about 60 wt %. Keeping this criteria in mind, increasing the amount of hydrophilic polymer within this range will increase the current distribution but will also decrease the adhesive strength.
Preferably, the hydrophilic polymer is mixed with the hydrophobic polymer in the form of hydrophilic polymer particles. The average particle size can be up to about 180 μm. The particle size selected is preferably related to the thickness of the adhesive. For a 5 mil thick adhesive, the average particle size should be no larger than about 125 μm. For 2-3 mil thick adhesives, the preferred particle size is less than about 40 μm.
The hydrophobic polymer itself can have adequate adhesive properties or it may be rendered adhesive by the addition of tackifying resins.
Suitable hydrophobic polymers include, without limitation, acrylic or methacrylic resins such as polymers of esters of acrylic or methacrylic acid with alcohols such as n-butanol, n-pentanol, isopentanol, 2-methyl butanol, 1-methyl butanol, 1-methyl pentanol, 2-methyl pentanol, 3-methyl pentanol, 2-ethyl butanol, isooctanol, n-decanol, or n-dodecanol, alone or copolymerized with ethylenically unsaturated monomers such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-alkoxymethyl acrylamides, N-alkoxymethyl methacrylamides, N-tert-butylacrylamide, itaconic acid, ethylene vinylacetate copolymers, N-branched alkyl maleamic acids wherein the alkyl group had 10-24 carbon atoms, glycol diacrylates, or mixtures of these. Typical examples of commercially available acrylate adhesives suitable for use in this invention are the polyvinylacetate compounds sold by Monsanto Polymer Products Co. under the name of GELVA, such as GELVA 737 and GELVA 788, acrylate adhesives sold by the 3M Company such as 3M #9871 and 3M #9872, and sold by The Kendall Company under the name Kendall A200C-0. Also suitable are silicone adhesives which are prepared by the reaction of a linear polydimethylsiloxane fluid with a solvent-soluble, low molecular weight silicate resin. A typical example of a silicone adhesive suitable for use in this invention is a medical grade silicone pressure-sensitive adhesive commercially available under the trademark DOW CORNING�355 Medical Grade Adhesive from Dow Corning Corporation. Plasticizers may also be added. A preferred plasticizer for silicone adhesives is silicone medical fluid.
Suitable hydrophobic polymers which can be rendered adhesive by the addition of tackifying resins include, without limitation, poly(styrene-butadiene) and poly(styrene-isoprene-styrene) block copolymers, ethylene vinyl acetate polymers such as those which are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,317, plasticized or unplasticized polyvinylchoride, natural or synthetic rubbers, C2 -C4 polyolefins such as polyethylene, polyisoprene, polyisobutylene and polybutadiene. Examples of suitable tackifying resins include, without limitation, fully hydrogenated aromatic hydrocarbon resins, hydrogenated esters and low molecular weight grades of polyisobutylene. Particularly suitable are tackifiers sold under the trademarks Staybelite Ester� #5 and #10, Regal-Rez� and Piccotac�, by Hercules, Inc. of Wilmington, Del.
Suitable hydrophilic polymers include, without limitation, polyacrylamide (hereinafter "PAA"), Klucel�, cross-linked dextran such as Sephadex (Pharmacia Fine Chemicals, AB, Uppsala, Sweden), polyvinylalcohol (hereinafter "PVA"), WaterLock (Grain Processing Corp., Muscatine, Iowa) which is a starch-graft-poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide) polymer, cellulosic derivatives such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (hereinafter "HPMC"), low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose (hereinafter "LHPC") and cross-linked Nacarboxymethylcellulose such as Ac-Di-Sol (FMC Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.), hydrogels such as polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate (hereinafter "pHEMA") (National Patent Development Corp.), blends of polyoxyethylene or polyethylene glycols with polyacrylic acid such as Polyox� blended with Carbopol�, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone (hereinafter "PVP") (GAF Corporation), natural gums and chitosan. Also suitable are phospholipids such as L-α-phosphatidylcholine (Sigma Chemical Company).
The two phase adhesive matrix according to this invention has hydrophilic pathways in order to allow agent and/or electrolyte (e.g., agent or electrolyte ions) to pass through the adhesive under the influence of an electric field, i.e., the adhesive presents minimal mass transport resistance. The adhesive also has good hydration kinetics so that the time it takes to absorb water (e.g., from the body) and begin passing current, is acceptable. A suitable time to reach steady state moisture content is less than about 5 hours, preferably less than 1 hour, most preferably less than 10 minutes. Further, the adhesive layer provides for uniform current distribution so as to avoid highly localized current densities which could result in tissue damage.
The adhesive of the present invention exhibits excellent ionic conductivity so it is not rate limiting and does not require significant voltage during system operation, i.e., the adhesive presents minimal electrical resistance. State of the art adhesives have been shown to be essentially blocking to ionic transport in that ions are unable to pass through the adhesive. By incorporating the hydrophilic polymer phase, the adhesive of this invention has been shown to exhibit an area resistance of less than about 10 kohm-cm2, preferably less than about 5 kohm-cm2, most preferably less than about 1 kohm-cm2 for a typical 3 mil thick sample, or most preferably less than about 0.33 kohm-cm2 per mil thickness of adhesive.
Having thus generally described our invention, the following examples will illustrate how variations of the above described parameters provide adhesives suitable for use as in-line contact adhesives for electrotransport systems.
Several acrylate-based adhesive formulations were tested in vitro to evaluate the electrically assisted and passive transport of the drug metoclopramide. Adhesive samples 5 mils in thickness were laminated onto flexible polyester cloth for support and mounted into cells designed for electrotransport permeation experiments. The sample side having exposed adhesive was positioned toward the anode. An aqueous donor solution containing 0.1 g/ml metoclopramide HCl was placed on the anode side of the cell. The receptor solution was Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline at pH 7 and a total salt concentration of about 0.15M (hereinafter "DPBS"). Experiments were conducted at 32� C. for 5 hours. Metoclopramide transport across the adhesive/cloth laminate was measured, both with and without 0.1 mA/cm2 of applied electrical current. The receptor solution was sampled and the cell voltage across the films was monitored every hour. The hydrophobic polymer used was Kendall A200C-0, an acrylate adhesive. The hydrophilic polymer was pHEMA, in the form of particles loaded in 20, 30, and 40 weight percent (wt %) amounts. The average particle size was within the range of 74-177 μm. Both electrically assisted and passive transport of metoclopramide through the Kendall A200C-0/pHEMA adhesives was high, exceeding 1 mg/cm2 -hr, thus establishing that the adhesives presented minimal mass transport resistance.
Several adhesive films according to this invention were solvent cast and tested in vitro (32� C.) to measure the cell potential during electrically assisted transport of metoclopramide. The aqueous donor solution contained 0.1 g/ml metoclopramide and the receptor solution was DPBS. The cells had an anodic polarity and were run at a current of 0.1 mA/cm2. The films tested were comprised of 70 wt % hydrophobic polymer and 30 wt % hydrophilic polymers. The hydrophobic polymers tested were silicone adhesive and the acrylate adhesives GELVA 788 and GELVA 737. The hydrophilic polymers tested was LHPC, in the form of particles having an average particle size of less than 63 μm. Control adhesive films comprised solely of hydrophobic polymer were also tested. The potentials across each cell and the equivalent resistances are presented in the following table:
TABLE I______________________________________ Specific Area Resistance Thick- Potential Resistance (kohm-cm2/ nessAdhesive (volts) (kohm-cm2) mil) (mils)______________________________________Silicone Adhesive/ 0.084 0.84 0.28 3LHPCGELVA 788/LHPC 0.024 0.24 0.10 2.5GELVA 737/LHPC 0.016 0.16 0.05 3Silicone Adhesive >30 >200 >100 2GELVA 788 4.6 46 18 2.5GELVA 737 3 30 20 1.5______________________________________
As shown in Table I, the two phase adhesive matrices comprised of 30 wt % hydrophilic polymer exhibited specific resistances well within the most preferred range of less than 0.33 kohm-cm2 per mil thickness of adhesive, and therefore have low voltage requirements during use. In comparison, the adhesive films having no hydrophilic additive exhibited area resistances at least 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of the present invention.
Several adhesive films having an approximate thickness of 3 mils were made according to this invention, having a composition of 70 wt % hydrophobic polymer (silicone adhesive, GELVA 788 and GELVA 737) and 30 wt % hydrophilic polymer (PVA, particles having an average particle size of <63 μm). These adhesives were solvent cast, adhered to human cadaver skin and tested as in Example II. Two samples of each adhesive were run using eight skin samples from the same donor. The electrically assisted flux using 0.1 mA/cm2 (averaged for the two samples) for metoclopramide versus time is plotted in the FIGURE and the voltages across each cell are presented in the following table:
TABLE II______________________________________ Cell Voltage (volts)Adhesive Sample 1 Sample 2______________________________________Skin only 1.59 0.83Skin + Silicone Adhesive/PVA 0.66 0.75Skin + GELVA 788/PVA 0.75 0.81Skin + GELVA 737/PVA 1.20 1.50______________________________________
The data in the FIGURE establishes that the flux across skin does not change appreciably when the adhesive of this invention is added. This is desirable as the adhesive should not present a significant barrier to mass transport. The data in Table II also indicates that the voltage across the skin only has a fairly broad variability between different skin samples (0.83 to 1.59 volts). However, within this range the data shows that the cell voltage does not significantly increase when the adhesive of this invention is placed on the skin. Therefore, the adhesive itself appears to have a much lower electrical resistance than the resistance of the skin alone.
The acrylate-based adhesives of Example I were also tested as to their electrical resistance. The resistance of the Kendall A200C-0/pHEMA adhesives were on the order of 1 kohm-cm2. The electrical resistance of the Kendall A200C-0 acrylate adhesive without any pHEMA added was approximately 15 kohm-cm2.
Several adhesive film compositions were evaluated for current distribution characteristics. The hydrophobic polymers used were silicone adhesive alone, silicone adhesive with silicone medical fluid and the acrylate adhesives GELVA 788 and GELVA 737. The hydrophilic polymers were either LHPC or PVA particles, having an average particle size of less than 63 μm. The adhesives were directly cast in thicknesses of approximately 3 mils onto copper foil and mounted as the anode in an electrochemical cell. The cathode was Ag/AgCl and the electrolyte solution was 0.1M copper sulfate/0.5M sulfuric acid/0.01M sodium chloride solution. The test was run at room temperature for 6 hours at a current density of 0.5 mA/cm2. As current flows, copper metal is oxidized underneath the adhesive film. At the conclusion of the experiment, the adhesive was dissolved from the copper foil and the surface of the foil inspected for uniformity of copper dissolution. The following data was obtained where hydration time was the time to reach 75% of the steady state voltage.
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Weight Percent Hydration Time Avg. Steady State CellSilicone Adhesive Silicone Med. fluid GELVA 788 GELVA 737 LHPC PVA (hours) Voltage__________________________________________________________________________ (volts)80 20 <3.1 0.2270 30 <1 0.123 70 30 <0.25 0.202 70 30 <0.25 0.2 60 40 <0.1 0.13 60 40 <0.25 0.1167.5 2.5 30 <1.6 0.1857.5 2.5 40 <1 0.155 5 40 <1 0.1180 20 <0.5 0.3170 30 <0.25 0.15 70 30 <0.25 0.12 70 30 <0.5 0.4867.5 2.5 30 <0.5 0.14__________________________________________________________________________
while lower voltages are preferable, this is not always an indication of a better adhesive film since a low voltage (or low adhesive resistance) may be due to the presence of isolated defects in the adhesive, where all the current could pass through a small area rather than being uniformly distributed over the entire surface of the adhesive. The silicone adhesive formulations ehibited lower overall steady state voltages but showed spots of high current density. The acrylate adhesives showed a more uniform current distribution pattern and shorter hydration times, with the steady state voltages of GELVA 788 being somewhat greater than those of GELVA 737.
Electrochemical dissolution of a metal in intimate contact with a polymeric film occurs at the hydrated hydrophilic polymer pathways. Therefore, the electrical current distribution across an adhesive is revealed by observing the dissolution pattern created on a metal foil covered or coated by an adhesive. An 80 wt % Kendall A200C-0/20 wt % pHEMA particles (average particle size within the range of 74-177 μm) adhesive film was cast onto copper foil (0.0025 mm thick) to a dried film thickness of 5 mils. The copper/adhesive laminate was then mounted as the anode in an electrochemical cell. The cathode was Ag/AgCl and a 0.5M sulfuric acid/0.01M sodium chloride solution was used as the electrolyte solution. Triplicate samples of copper/adhesive were evaluated for 1, 4, 8 and 24 hours using a current of 0.1 mA/cm2. An uncoated copper foil was also included for each set of samples Following dissolution, the samples were rinsed with water, the adhesive layer was dissolved using methylene chloride, and the dissolution pattern on the copper surface was observed. Between 1 and 8 hours, no holes had formed on the coated sample, but the surface showed scattered minute dark spots, no larger than the diameter of a pin, which probably consisted of copper oxide. In contrast, the uncoated sample was uniformly discolored. After 24 hours, randomly dispersed holes (pinhole size or smaller) were observed on the coated sample. After 24 hours, discoloration of the uncoated sample was uniform, but darker than at 8 hours. Comparison of the dissolution patterns of the adhesive coated and uncoated foil samples indicated that the electrical current distribution across the adhesive was adequately distributed across the surface as evidenced by the random dispersion of pits and holes Increasing the loading of pHEMA and decreasing the particle size improves the current distribution since increased pHEMA loadings increase the density of hydrated hydrophilic polymer pathways per unit area.
Several acrylate-based adhesive formulations were tested as to tack or "stickiness". Kendall A200C-0 was loaded with 20, 30 and 40 wt % pHEMA particles (average particle size within the range of 74-177μ). All three films were tacky. Tack was highest for the film with 20 wt % pHEMA and lowest for the film with 40 wt % pHEMA. Additionally, silicone based adhesives containing various levels of pHEMA and acrylate adhesives (e.g., GELVA 788 and GELVA 737) containing various levels of pHEMA were compared All formulations tested exhibited sufficient tack and elasticity for use in an electrotransport transdermal system.
Prolonged adhesion to the skin was evaluated using 1/2" diameter patches composed of 70 wt % Kendall A200C-0/30 wt % pHEMA particles (average particle size within the range of 74-177 μm) films laminated to flexible polyester cloth backing (non-occlusive) and to ethylene vinylacetate coated polyester film (occlusive). These patches were worn on the arm by several subjects After 7 hours, the patches were still adhering to the skin. No difference in wearability was observed regardless of which backing material was used.
Several adhesive formulations according to this invention were solvent cast as approximately 3 mil thick films having a disc area of 11.4 cm2. The total water uptake was then evaluated by placing the formulations in a glass desiccator chamber, preheated to 32� C., containing a saturated solution of Na2 HPO4 . 7H2 O which produced a 95% relative humidity atmosphere. Water uptake was measured by the total water absorbed (% dry basis). The adhesive compositions tested were comprised of 70 wt % hydrophobic polymer and 30 wt % hydrophilic polymer in the form of particles having an average particle size of <63μ. The hydrophilic polymers tested were LHPC (equilibrium moisture content=20.5% at 95% relative humidity), PVA (equilibrium moisture content=34.5% at 95% relative humidity) and PAA. The hydrophobic polymers tested were silicone adhesive, GELVA 788 and GELVA 737.
TABLE IV______________________________________ Total Water AbsorbedHydrophilic Hydrophobic Time, % of % ofPolymer Polymer hrs particle wt adhesive wt______________________________________-- Sil. Adhesive 8 0 0 GELVA 788 8 0 0 GELVA 737 8 0 0LHPC Sil. Adhesive 8.5 12.5 3.8 GELVA 788 8.5 23.0 6.9 GELVA 737 8.5 19.5 5.3PVA Sil. Adhesive 8.2 21.0 6.3 GELVA 788 8.2 20.5 6.2 GELVA 737 8.2 19.5 5.9PAA Sil. Adhesive 8.2 51 15.3 GELVA 788 8.2 60 18.0 GELVA 737 8.2 59 17.7______________________________________
A solid drug reservoir composed of 50 wt % hydroxypropylmethylcellulose and 50 wt % metoclopramide HCl was solvent cast from an aqueous solution to form a film. After drying, a 1" diameter disk of the film was laminated between a 1" disk of silver foil and a 1" disk of the adhesive being tested. One control system was made comprised of only the metoclopramide-containing film and silver foil. The control system had no adhesive layer.
The adhesives were made by solvent casting from a freon solution. Each adhesive contained 68 wt % hydrophobic polymer matrix (Dow Corning X7-2920 silicone adhesive), 2 wt % of a resinous tackifying agent (silicone medical fluid) and 30 wt % of hydrophilic polymer particles.
After lamination, the systems were hydrated in a 95% relative humidity environment for 2 hours and 15 minutes. Following hydration, a 1" disk of heat stripped human cadaver epidermis was placed with the stratum corneum side facing the exposed adhesive surface.
The three adhesive-containing systems and the adhesive-free control system were then mounted in an electrotransport permeation cell having a permeation area of 1.26 cm2. DPBS was used as a receptor solution The silver foil was anodically polarized and the current was controlled at 100 μA/cm2 using a Princeton Applied Research Potentiostat/Galvanostat Model 363. The transport of metoclopramide into the receptor compartment was determined hourly over a period of 5 hours by measuring the UV absorbance of the receptor solutions at 310 nanometers using a Hewlett Packard Spectrophotometer Model 8452A. Steady state flux was achieved by the 3rd hour and calculated by taking the average flux over hours 3, 4 and 5. The average steady state flux of metoclopramide is given in Table V. A comparison with the control system (which had no adhesive) demonstrates that the steady state flux of metoclopramide was only minimally impeded by the presence of the adhesive.
TABLE V______________________________________ Avg. Cell Steady State Hydrophilic Voltage FluxAdhesive No. Polymer (volts) (μg/cm2 -hr)______________________________________Control -- 0.5 1481 Starch-graft-poly (Na 3.4 129 acrylate-co-acrylamide)12 Polyvinyl pyrrolidone2 2.4 1153 Polyethylene oxide3 5.5 120______________________________________ 1 Water Lock A180 sold by Grain Processing Corp. of Muscatine, IA 2 PVP-xl sold by GAF Corp. 3 Polyox � sold by Union Carbide Corp.
Having thus generally described our invention and described in detail certain preferred embodiments thereof, it will be readily apparent that various modifications to the invention may be made by workers skilled in the art without departing from the scope of this invention as defined by the following claims.
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Body Solid Seated Calf Raise Lower Body Gym
Body Solid Seated Calf Raise Lower Body Gym
Weights & Dimensions
|Product Type: Lower body machine
|Frame Color: Silver
|Frame Material: Steel
|Steel Gauge: 11
|Seat/Bench Included: Yes
|Handles Included: Yes
|Resistance Type: Weight stack
|Functionality: Single purpose
|Number of Exercises: 1
|Commercial Use: Yes
|Country of Manufacture: China
About the ManufacturerBody-Solid has been manufacturing high quality strength training equipment for over 20 years. Today, Body-Solid products are better than ever. They're designed for today's style of workouts with striking new features and distinctive styling. No design, engineering or manufacturing challenge has been too big nor any detail too small for Body-Solid's team of outstanding engineers who are continually looking for more ways to make a great product even better. Body-Solid has grown to become the country's largest supplier of home gyms and strength training equipment. The name is synonymous with quality, performance and value. Body Solid is dedicated to making their customers bigger, faster, stronger and most of all...healthier!
Body Solid Seated Calf Raise Lower Body Gym
Customer Reviews
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|1 star
Love this machine..
sundeep from calgary, AB – Verified Buyer
Great machine, commercial grade and easy assembly! only let down was the bar shown in the picture has a 2" olympic bar however it came with a 1" standard bar (2" adaptor sleeve is sold separately ) I know have to wait another two week for the adaptors to arrive to use it...
The best seated calf I have used
TheUltimate0001 from Ky
This machine, actually, does work your muscles fiber deeper, the gastrocnemius, than your standard seated calf that has a flat bar for your feet.The only con I have with the machine is in the instructions. Whoever engineered this machine was not the person who wrote the instructions. The proof being if you look at how the machine image setup is per the instruction and how the images by the actual manufacture differs.
Built to last
dTiem from ON, Canada – Verified Buyer
The seated calf raise is built strong, assembly was easy, the curved foot pads helps the calf raise to be effective but the machine itself overall feels very tight and small. Other then the size its a near average calf raise machine
OUR SKU # BSO1021Seated Calf Raise Lower Body Gym is also sometimes listed under the following manufacturer numbers: GSCR-349