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Various techniques of forming isolation structures between adjacent diffusion regions are disclosed. In one technique, a thermally-grown oxide isolation structure is gouged out, and subsequent poly extending into the gouged out isolation structure is substantially level with the diffusion region. In another technique, a trench (bathtub) is formed, lightly oxidized, overfilled with polysilicon or amorphous silicon, gouged out, and thermally treated to form a substantially planar isolation structure. In another technique, an isolation structure exhibiting bird's-heads and bird's-beaks is polished until the bird's-beaks are removed. Gouging of the diffusion area may be permitted to occur. A bipolar transistor structure can be formed in the gouged diffusion area, and will exhibit reduced spacing between the intrinsic base and collector without proportionally reduced spacing between the extrinsic base and the collector.
1. A method of forming a bipolar transistor structure, comprising:
on a silicon wafer, thermally forming at least one isolation structure adjacent at least one diffusion area, wherein the diffusion region is substantially at wafer level and the isolation structure extends above wafer level;
polishing back the isolation structure, and permitting the diffusion area to become gouged and exhibit a depressed top surface topography;
forming a collector within the diffusion area;
forming an emitter atop the center of the diffusion area;
forming an intrinsic base within the diffusion area between the emitter structure and the collector structure;
forming an extrinsic base just within the top peripheral edge of the diffusion area;
the spacing between the intrinsic base and collector is reduced without proportionally reducing the spacing between the extrinsic base and the collector.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein:
the spacing between the intrinsic base and the collector is reduced on the order of 0.1-0.3 microns.
This application is a division of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/748,853 filed Aug. 22, 1991, which is a continuation-in-part of commonly-owned, copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 711,624, entitled TRENCH PLANARIZATION TECHNIQUES and filed on Jun. 6, 1991 by Schoenborn and Pasch.
The present invention relates to polishing techniques for semiconductor devices, more particularly to the polishing of field (isolation) oxide regions between (i.e., surrounding) active (diffusion) regions.
Electrical isolation of semiconductor integrated transistors from one another can be achieved by laterally (in the plane of the wafer) isolating "active" regions of the device with insulating material. Two techniques are common: 1) selectively oxidizing wafer silicon surrounding the active region (known as "LOCOS", or Local Oxidation of Silicon), or 2) depositing insulating material, such as silicon dioxide ("oxide") in a trench (or "bathtub") around the active region. The former, selectively oxidizing to form a field (isolation) oxide region, is discussed in the main hereinafter.
One known technique of forming isolation oxide around a diffusion area is Local Oxidation Of Silicon ("LOCOS"). In the typical LOCOS process, a mask (e.g., nitride) is applied to the wafer, a trench is etched, the wafer is heated, and oxide "grows" predominantly in the trench. In this manner, an isolation structure is created that extends both into the wafer and some height above the wafer. In a "semi-recessed" version of this process, the height of the oxide structure above wafer level is approximately 45% of the total thickness of the as-grown oxide. In a "fully-sunk" ("fully-recessed") version of this process, the isolation structure can grow to a height of about 25-45% of the total oxide thickness, above wafer level. No matter how it is grown, the resulting oxide structure has a prominent portion above wafer level, resulting in an irregular top surface wafer topography. It is known to polish the wafer to remove the prominent portion of the isolation structure, but this usually involves steps ensuring that the isolation oxide structure does not become gouged out below wafer level, especially if a polish stop (e.g., nitride cap or mask layer) is employed to protect the diffusion region.
LOCOS is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,897,364, 4,903,109 and 4,927,780, incorporated by reference herein.
Subsequent deposition of polysilicon ("poly"), which may typically follow the LOCOS process, usually places poly on top of the diffusion areas and on top of the LOCOS oxide. The top of the poly is typically 3000-4000 Å above the level of the diffusion area, simply because of the normal poly thickness. The poly that is located above the LOCOS region is another 4000-5000 Å above the level of the top of the poly over the diffusion region, simply because of the prominence (not polished) of the oxide in the LOCOS area. For this reason, the difference in height between the diffusion area and the poly over the LOCOS area can be as great as 8000 Å. This large difference in height is very undesirable, but is the natural consequence of the process as currently implemented.
FIG. 1 graphically illustrates the situation, and shows a semiconductor device 110 having a silicon wafer 112, a diffusion area (active region) 114 and field oxide areas (e.g., LOCOS) 116 adjacent the diffusion region 114. Inasmuch as the field oxide areas 116 are thermally formed, they exhibit a raised topography at the wafer surface. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,892,845, 4,897,150, 4,918,510, 4,935,378, 4,935,804, 4,954,214, 4,954,459 and 4,966,861 illustrate structures of this general type, and are incorporated by reference herein.
A polysilicon layer 118 is deposited over the diffusion area 114, and extends from the diffusion region 114 to at least partially over the adjacent field oxide areas 116. The polysilicon layer is shown segmented, discontinuous at the center of the diffusion region 114, but is can be contiguous and extend entirely over the diffusion region. An overlying, generally-conformal insulating oxide layer 120 is deposited over the wafer. Vias 122a and 122b are formed through the insulating oxide 120--one via 122a for making contact with the diffusion area 114 at wafer level, and another via 122b for making contact with the poly 118 over the field oxide area 116. Evidently, the vias 122a and 122b are of unequal depth (even if the insulating layer 120 is subsequently planarized), which causes problems with subsequent via-filling. As mentioned hereinabove, the via 122b to the poly over the field oxide area is shallower by the height (above wafer level) of the field oxide area plus the poly thickness. The problems associated with filling vias of unequal depth are discussed described in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,708,770 and 4,879,257, incorporated by reference herein.
Another problem is that the top surface of the insulating layer 120 is highly irregular (not smooth and non-planar). This irregular top surface topography will propagate through subsequent depositions, if left unchecked, making subsequent processing steps more complicated (e.g., requiring a planarization step).
As mentioned above, planarizing the isolation and diffusion regions (e.g., by polishing back the oxide prominence) is complicated by the different hardnesses of the isolation oxide and the (essentially silicon) diffusion region. The diffusion region, essentially native silicon, is softer than oxide (SiO2), but a polishing stop can be incorporated over the diffusion region. In either case, material hardness differences are the problem.
Consider, for example, the case of a "fully-sunken" LOCOS oxide structure exhibiting a "Bird's-Beak", as shown in FIG. 4A. In the typical implementation of polishing the LOCOS structure (to remove the "Bird's-Head"), the polishing is stopped before the Bird's Beak is totally removed. This is objectionable, because the Bird's-Beak extends laterally into the diffusion area in the polished structure, as shown in FIG. 4B. The bird's-beak is one of the most objectionable aspects of conventional dielectric isolation schemes, and a polish technique that does not effectively remove this structure, without resorting to deposited dielectric films, is lacking in utility.
It is an object of the present invention to provide improved techniques for forming isolation structures.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a technique for reducing the difference in height between the diffusion area and subsequent poly over the field oxide area, thereby resulting in: a) substantially simpler subsequent creation of contacts through an overlying insulating layer; b) a smoother, more planar top surface topography of the overlying insulating layer; and c) substantially simpler subsequent deposition of metal over the overlying insulating layer.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a technique for creating an isolation structure which is substantially planar with regard to the diffusion region, and which polishes substantially faster than normal thermally-grown field oxide isolation regions.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a technique for using conventional LOCOS dielectric oxidation isolation structure processes, and simultaneously retaining the advantages of planarization by polishing.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an improved bipolar transistor structure, benefiting from the techniques disclosed herein.
According to the invention, an isolation structure between diffusion regions is polished (e.g., using chem-mech polishing techniques) until it is gouged out, below wafer level. A subsequent layer, such as polysilicon, extending over the edge of the diffusion regions and drooping into the gouged out isolation structure exhibits increased uniformity in height above wafer level. This is useful, inter alia, in the filling of vias formed through a subsequent insulating layer.
Further according to the invention, polysilicon or amorphous silicon is used to form an isolation structure. A bathtub (isolation trench) is etched and overfilled with a material selected from the group of polysilicon or amorphous silicon. Polishing proceeds until the isolation structure (within the bathtub) is gouged out below wafer level. Then, the isolation structure is thermally oxidized, and expands to form a substantially planar isolation structure. A thin oxide layer may be formed in the bathtub prior to depositing the polysilicon (or amorphous silicon).
Further according to the invention, an isolation oxide structure, such as a fully-sunk (fully-recessed) oxide structure exhibiting a bird's-head and bird's-beaks, is polished, with polishing continuing until essentially or actually all of the bird's-beak is removed with polishing. In order for this technique to be effective, the isolation oxide is grown to a greater thickness than normal. Gouging in the diffusion area is small, and can be controlled such as by nitride capping.
Further according to the invention, an isolation structure, such as a fully-sunk (fully-recessed) oxide structure exhibiting a bird's-head and bird's-beaks, is polished, with polishing continuing until essentially or actually all of the bird's-beak is removed with polishing. The diffusion area is permitted to be gouged (e.g., no polish stop is incorporated). This allows for bipolar transistor structures to be formed in the diffusion area with reduced collector to (intrinsic) base spacing, and without significantly reduced collector to (extrinsic) base spacing.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent in light of the following description thereof.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a prior art semiconductor device.
FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional view of an in-process semiconductor device formed by the technique of the present invention.
FIG. 2B is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor device of FIG. 2A, at a later stage in fabrication.
FIG. 3A is a cross-sectional view of an in-process semiconductor structure, according to another embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor structure of FIG. 3A, at a later stage of fabrication.
FIG. 3C is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor structure of FIG. 3B, at a later stage of fabrication.
FIG. 3D is a cross-sectional view of the semiconductor structure of FIG. 3C, at a later stage of fabrication.
FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of a prior art LOCOS, fully-sunk isolation structure, exhibiting a bird's-head and bird's beaks.
FIG. 4B is a cross-sectional view of the isolation structure of FIG. 4A, after conventional polishing, according to the prior art.
FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional view of a semiconductor structure incorporating the isolation structure of FIG. 4A, after polishing according to the present invention.
FIG. 5A is a cross-sectional view of a "generic" bipolar transistor of the prior art.
FIG. 5B is a cross-sectional view of a bipolar semiconductor structure, according to the present invention, which is formed based on the inventive polishing technique illustrated in FIG. 4C.
Throughout all of the descriptions contained herein, while only one semiconductor structure or isolation structure may be discussed, it should be understood that the invention is applicable to semiconductor devices employing many such structures.
The present invention, in its various embodiments, benefits from the quantitative and qualitative understandings of polishing, as described in the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 711,624, entitled TRENCH PLANARIZATION TECHNIQUES and filed on Jun. 6, 1991 by Schoenborn and Pasch,
When polishing is referred to herein, it should be understood that it can be abrasive polishing (lapping), as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,507, but is preferably chemi-mechanical (chemmech) polishing as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,671,851, 4,910,155, 4,944,836, all of which patents are incorporated by reference herein. When chemi-mechanical polishing is referred to hereinafter, it should be understood to be performed with a suitable slurry, such as Cabot SC-1.
FIG. 1, discussed hereinabove, illustrates the problem of vias extending to poly over LOCOS regions being shallower than vias extending to diffusion regions (or to poly over the diffusion region).
FIG. 2A shows an in-process semiconductor device 210 formed according to the present invention. The device 210 includes a substrate 212, in which field oxide (e.g., LOCOS) regions 216 are formed adjacent a diffusion (active) region 214. Typically, as illustrated, the LOCOS regions 216 extend prominently above the top surface of the wafer 212, and create an irregular top surface topography. It is known to planarize irregular semiconductor structures at various phases of fabrication by techniques such as abrasive polishing (e.g., lapping), chem-mech polishing and etching. In some cases, sacrificial layers are applied prior to planarization.
Polishing to planarize a field oxide region is feasible, but tends to proceed at a faster rate with respect to the field oxide than with respect to the capped diffusion area, thereby gouging the field softer field oxide. As described in commonly-owned, copending U.S. Pat. No. 711,624, entitled TRENCH PLANARIZATION TECHNIQUES and filed on Jun. 6, 1991, various techniques can be employed to characterize, and therefore implement processes to avoid this seemingly undesirable result.
According to the present invention, it is advantageous to permit gouging the field oxide 216 during polishing, which will be beneficial in further processing steps.
FIG. 2B shows the semiconductor device 210 after polishing (abrasive or chem-mech polishing), wherein it has been permitted that the polishing process gouges the softer field oxide 216 so that its top surface is below wafer level (and consequently below the top surface of the diffusion area 214). The resulting gouged field oxide structure is denoted as 216', and it can be seen that it is "dished" (bowl-shaped). At its inner and outer peripheries, it is at wafer level, and it slopes smoothly down (below wafer level) towards its center. Typical dimensions for this field oxide region are: its width (w) is about 2-5 microns, and its center is depressed a depth (d) about 3000-4000 Å below wafer level. Field oxide regions, generally, can be up to 50 microns wide.
Further illustrated in FIG. 2B, a layer 218, such as patterned poly, is deposited and extends over the diffusion area 214 in at least an area adjacent a gouged field oxide 216', and extends over the gouged field oxide 216' in at least an area adjacent a diffusion area 214. As in FIG. 1, an insulating layer 220 is deposited over the entire device, and vias 222a and 222b are formed through the insulating layer 220 for connecting to the diffusion area 214 and to the poly over the gouged field oxide 216'.
Notably, the vias 222a and 222b are of substantially equal depth, due to the gouging of the field oxide 216'. For example, if the field oxide 216' is gouged to a depth (d) of 3000-4000 Å below wafer level, and the thickness of the poly 218 over the gouged field oxide 216' is 3000-4000 Å thick, then the top surface of the poly over the gouged field oxide 216' will be substantially at wafer level--in other words, level with the top surface of the diffusion area 214.
Further, as a result of gouging the field oxide, the top surface topography of the insulating layer 220 is smoother and more planar (i.e., than shown in FIG. 1, which illustrates the irregular topography of the prior art).
In other words, as shown in FIG. 2B, the polysilicon which extends over the edge of the diffusion region 214 will "droop" down into the gouged out area of the field oxide region 216'. If the gouging is not too great, (e.g., less than the thickness of the polysilicon below the level of the diffusion area), the difference in position of the diffusion area, the top of the polysilicon in the diffusion area, and the top of the polysilicon in the field oxide region will be reduced to only the thickness of the polysilicon. If the gouging is substantially equal to or greater than the thickness of the poly, substantial equality can be achieved between the position of the diffusion area and the poly over oxide.
The significant improvement in the topography of the wafer allows for a more straightforward creation of a planarized deposited silicon dioxide (220) forming the insulation to the first metal layer (not shown). The improvement in the smoothness of the insulating layer can have numerous beneficial effects on the subsequent processing of wafers and on the eventual yield and reliability of the wafer.
While it has been shown that the poly layer (118 of FIG. 1 and 218 of FIGS. 2A and 2B) is segmented, having an opening above the diffusion area (114,214), the poly layer 118, 218) can also extend fully across the diffusion area (114, 214). In that case, a via formed through an overlying insulating layer (120,220) can also extend through the poly layer (118,218). The teachings of the present invention are equally applicable in that case.
Surprisingly, what was previously thought to be an undesirable process side effect (gouging of oxides during polishing) serves as the basis of an improved process. An oxide isolation structure is created which automatically places overlying poly structures in a more advantageous position for subsequent contact formation.
The use of silicon-on-sapphire technology gives somewhat similar advantages, but the complexity and cost are prohibitive. Processes using nitride-guarded sidewalls, such as "SWAMI", for recessed oxides do not as a rule give smooth transitions between the diffusion area and the accompanying field oxide region. Also, these technologies are more complex than the disclosed process.
FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate a technique for forming substantially planar isolation structures. It will be evident that the process involves some steps resembling those used in the formation of Recessed Oxide Isolation (ROI) techniques, some resembling those used in thermal oxide techniques, as well as some of the techniques described above with respect to FIGS. 2A and 2B.
FIG. 3A shows an in-process semiconductor device 310 having a wafer 312. A trench, or "bathtub" 316 is etched into the wafer, in an area which will become the isolation region, and has a depth "h". Diffusion regions 314 are adjacent the inchoate isolation region 316. This stage of the process resembles steps employed in the formation of ROI trench isolation structures, but at this point the process diverges from the teachings of the prior art.
FIG. 3B shows the next step in the process. The bathtub 316 is preferably lightly oxidized using conventional thermal oxidation processes to grow a very thin layer 318 of thermal oxide in the bathtub, and optionally over the diffusion region (if not capped). By "very thin", it is meant that the thermal oxide layer 318 would be on the order of 400-600 Å, which is significantly less than the depth of the bathtub (and eventual field oxide thickness) which will be on the order of 1500-2000 Å, by way of example. This thin layer of thermal oxide is preferably formed in the bathtub to serve as a stress relief layer for subsequent deposition.
A layer of material 320 selected from the group of amorphous silicon or polysilicon materials is deposited over the thermal oxide layer 318. The layer 320 is deposited to a thickness that is greater than the depth "h" of the bathtub 316, and exhibits a depression (trough) 322 above the bathtub 316. The layer 320 is now polished.
FIG. 3C shows the layer 320 after it has been polished. A portion 320a of the layer 320 is within the bathtub 316, and is intentionally polished until it is gouged, or depressed below wafer level. Its peripheral edges are substantially at wafer level, and its center is substantially below wafer level. There may also be a thin remnant of the layer 320 remaining over the diffusion areas 314, but it is not shown. In order to control this polishing process, the teachings of the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 711,624, entitled TRENCH PLANARIZATION TECHNIQUES and filed by Schoenborn and Pasch, are especially helpful.
At this point, the layer 320a within the bathtub 316 looks like a layer of oxide, but herein the desirability of the use of polysilicon (or amorphous silicon) is revealed.
As shown in FIG. 3C, the portion 320a within the bathtub 316 is thickest at the center of the bathtub 314, and thinner towards the periphery (edge) of the bathtub bordering the diffusion regions 316.
The polished polysilicon 320a (FIG. 3C) is now oxidized in a thermal oxidation furnace. Because of the expansion of polysilicon (or amorphous silicon) upon oxidation, significant changes occur to the topography of the portion 320a. The gouged out area expands (grows) upward, forming a substantially flat isolation structure 324 within the bathtub 316. This is because the structure 320a expands more at its center, where it is thicker, than at its periphery adjacent the diffusion regions 314, where it is thinner. This results in an isolation structure 324, shown in FIG. 3D, that is substantially planar across its entire surface, after thermal oxidation.
The use of polysilicon (or amorphous silicon) for isolation in the manner described above yields beneficial results in the formation of a reasonably planar isolation structure. As mentioned above, the process benefits from various steps that are known in the formation of ROI isolation structures, in the formation of LTO isolation structures, and in the gouging of isolation structures (described hereinabove), with the non-obvious selection of materials for the layer 320.
The invention solves the conventional problem of significant irregular topography of isolation structures, while also solving the problem of gouging the dielectric film inherent in conventional polishing processes. Current processes such as fully-recessed oxide, "SWAMI", and "zero Bird's Head are complicated, and often involve compromises in the quality of the isolation to diffusion interface. The disclosed technique makes fewer compromises to arrive at an excellent topography, and exhibits less stress at the isolation to diffusion interface. This provides a possibility of improving the device packing density, using a process of good productivity and producing adequate device performance.
Although not shown, if polishing proceeds to the point where a layer of polysilicon (or amorphous silicon) remains over the diffusion regions, the remnant over the diffusion regions may be used in the formation of subsequent structures, as desired.
FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate a prior art technique for creating a LOCOS fully-sunk isolation oxide structure. As shown in FIG. 4A, a semiconductor device 410 has a wafer 412, and a thermally-grown field oxide structure 416 adjacent a diffusion area 414. The oxide structure 416 exhibits bird's-heads 418 and bird's-beaks 420, both adjacent the diffusion areas 414. Bird's-head structures, which are a normal consequence of LOCOS oxidations, are objectionable because they are especially non-planar, and bird's-beaks are objectionable because they intrude upon a significant portion of the diffusion regions, making those portions of the diffusion regions virtually unusable.
FIG. 4B shows the structure after polishing, according to the prior art, and it is evident that the bird's-beaks 420 remain after polishing. This is the situation illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,671,851, entitled METHOD FOR REMOVING PROTUBERANCES AT THE SURFACE OF A SEMICONDUCTOR WAFER USING CHEM-MECH POLISHING TECHNIQUE (Beyer, et al.; 1987).
Bird's-Beaks are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,897,365, 4,912,062, 4,952,525 and 4,959,325, incorporated by reference herein.
According to the present invention, it is possible to use a conventional LOCOS dielectric oxidation isolation structure process, and simultaneously retain the advantages of planarization by polishing. The technique requires that the polishing of the isolation structure be continued until the dielectric film over the diffusion region has been completely removed, as shown in FIG. 4B. Polishing is then continued until essentially or actually all of the bird's-beak 420 is removed with polishing.
The resulting structure is shown in FIG. 4C. Evidently, the bird's-beaks 420 have been removed, and there is only a minor gouging of the diffusion regions 414. A reference plane "P" is shown by a dashed line in FIGS. 4B and 4C, to illustrate how far polishing must proceed to accomplish the purpose of completely removing the bird's-beaks 420.
The process requires a minor change in the growth of the field oxide for isolation. Preferably the use of a fully-recessed oxide isolation is grown to a somewhat greater thickness than is normally done, such as a few hundred Angstroms greater thickness (i.e., grown to approximately 10% greater thickness than normal). The optimal amount of excess growth is driven by the overall parameters of the particular structure, and can be determined empirically. To some extent, less extra growth results in more efficiency, and the ten percent figure set forth above is nominally optimal.
The combination of the fully sunk oxide isolation and its greater thickness is required to compensate for the material being removed during polishing. (Evidently, as illustrated in FIG. 4C, the trench depth, and hence the oxide thickness in the completed structure has been diminished by the advertent over-polishing.)
This procedure makes the polishing create a structure that has a sharp edge between the diffusion region 414 and the isolation region 416, and there are no bird's-beaks to accommodate in subsequent processing steps.
Because the diffusion area is made of softer silicon crystal material, the diffusion area is expected to polish must faster than the surrounding silicon dioxide isolation area. This phenomenon could be advantageous, depending on the semiconductor process being implemented. However, if gouging the diffusion area is deemed undesirable for a particular process, it may be capped with a polish stop, such as silicon nitride. (The silicon nitride cap can simply be the mask used for etching the isolation trench, and it can be retained to prevent gouging the diffusion region.) An appropriately chosen nitride thickness would largely eliminate any tendency for the polishing to gouge out the diffusion area.
The technique of this invention provides a method of creating an isolation structure which has a smaller than normal transition from diffusion to the oxide material. Further, by effective removal of the bird's-head and bird's-beak structures, more area is available for active elements, and denser circuits are possible.
Prior art polishing techniques (e.g., for removing bird's-heads) typically require CVD deposited dielectric films, which sometimes have questionable electrical characteristics.
This method gives a sharp isolation transition without the problems of stress concentration common with previous methods.
As illustrated above, in FIGS. 4A-4C, it is possible to polish isolation structures and create substantially planar isolation and diffusion structures. Also, it was noted that the diffusion area can (if not capped, or not adequately capped) take on a perceptible depression in the middle of the diffusion area after polish. Herein is disclosed the formation of a subsequent structure, a bipolar transistor, which benefits from allowing the diffusion region to be depressed (gouged).
FIG. 5A shows a "generic" bipolar transistor structure 510 of the prior art. A wafer 512 has a diffusion region 514 surrounded by two isolation regions 516. A collector structure 518 is buried within the diffusion region, according to known techniques. An emitter structure 520 is formed atop the diffusion region, according to known techniques. An intrinsic base structure 522 is also formed within the diffusion region, between the emitter and the collector at a given distance from the top surface of the periphery of the diffusion region, according to known techniques. An extrinsic base 524, or "base sink" is formed just within the top surface of the diffusion region, according to known techniques.
As shown in FIG. 5A, the top surface of the diffusion region 514 tends to be "crowned" (i.e., opposite of "gouged"). Hence there is a significant distance between the intrinsic base 52 and the collector 518.
According to the present invention, it is desirable to reduce the spacing between the intrinsic base (522) and the collector (518), without proportionally decreasing the distance between the extrinsic base (524) and the collector (518).
FIG. 5B shows a bipolar transistor structure 510', fabricated according to the present invention. Referring back to FIG. 4C, and the discussion thereof, it was described how the diffusion region 514' could be allowed to become gouged (depressed within the wafer 512'), by polishing without a polish stop. (This accounts for the somewhat more prominent field oxide regions 516' in FIG. 5B than were evident in FIG. 4C.)
As is evident in FIG. 5B, because the diffusion region is gouged, the spacing between the intrinsic base 522' and the collector 518' is reduced, since the intrinsic base 522' is formed at a given distance below the depressed center of the diffusion region 514'. A decrease in intrinsic base to collector spacing on the order of 0.1-0.3 microns, or more, can be achieved, and is very desirable to the basic transistor architecture.
At the same time, the spacing between the extrinsic base 524' and the collector 518' has not been proportionally reduced, since the extrinsic base resides at the periphery of the diffusion region (i.e., upper edge of the bowl), which is virtually at wafer level. This is significant because it would be undesirable to decrease the spacing between the extrinsic base and the collector, which would disadvantageously increase the (extrinsic) base-to-collector capacitance.
In other words, all other process factors being equal (depth of collector below wafer level, depth of intrinsic base below top of diffusion region, position and penetration of extrinsic base), by depressing (gouging) the diffusion region, several advantages to the transistor architecture (and performance) can be derived.
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On April 5, Zacks Investment Research downgraded Quanex Building Products Corporation ( NX ), the provider of engineered and aluminum sheet products, to a Zacks Rank #5 (Strong Sell).Why the Downgrade?
Quanex Building has witnessed sharp downward estimate revisions after reporting a loss of 14 cents per share for the first quarter of 2014 on March 6. The loss was wider than the Zacks Consensus Estimate of a loss per share of 8 cents.
For full-year 2014, the company expects revenues in the Engineered Products Group (EPG) segment to grow 5%-6% from 2013. However, earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) margins for the segment will be similar to the 2013 level.
Last week, the company announced completion of the sale of Nichols Aluminum, LLC to Aleris for $110 million. Nichols Group will be moved into discontinued operations in the second quarter in 2014. Proceeds from the sale will be used to enhance the EPG business.
The EPG segment accounted for 58% of total sales in full-year of fiscal 2013 (ended Oct 31, 2013) including North American Fenestration sales of 80%-85%. Notably, less than 20% of EPG's sales were derived from abroad. The company will now have to concentrate on acquisitions or develop more entry price point products to gain further share in the rapidly rebounding new construction market.
While Quanex Building seems favorably poised for 2014, future growth expectations will remain lower than that of the market until the residential remodeling and replacement activity (R&R) sector recovers. The company will continue to witness increased prices, particularly on vinyl, which will affect its margin.
Following Quanex Building's first-quarter earnings announcement, the Zacks Consensus Estimate declined 31% to 27 cents per share for 2014 and 16% to 58 cents per share for 2015.Other Stocks to Consider
Some better-ranked stocks in the same industry include Gibraltar Industries, Inc. ( ROCK ), MasTec, Inc. ( MTZ ) and United Rentals, Inc. ( URI ). While Gibraltar Industries and MasTec sport a Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy), United Rentals has a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy).
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I am very satisfied with Uncle Bob's. From the first day it was easy to do this and the office couldn't be more helpful when I needed to ask questions, etc. I definitely would recommend Uncle Bob's to anyone who needs storage. Happy that I made the best selection. Your staff is friendly, considerate and again, so very helpful!!!Francine from Hawthorne, NJ
The manager at the Wayne, NJ location has gone above and beyond to help me. I can't say enough good things about Tatiana.Karin from Hawthorne, NJ
I keep my boat at the Hillsborough NJ facility. The facility is kept in impeccable condition. It's always clean and neat. The staff is great!!!!George from Hillsborough, NJ
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I've heard Jerry Narron recently talk about Wily Mo Pena and how hard he's going to work on his defense. Well, I have a specific question for Narron that I wish our scribes would ask.
Will the coaches demand that Pena catch the ball with two hands whenever possible? I sure would. I'd fine the guy for every nonchalant, one handed catch he makes until he shows a proficiency in catching the baseball. He's forced the Reds to treat him like a little leaguer and coach the fundamentals to him. If I see him one handing catches again in 2006 it will tell me two things:
1) He's not intent on improving his defense
2) The Reds are not serious about insisting on improved defense from him


text:
I have been informed that it is not, but I want an official issue and scans proving that is, if there isn't, then it's implied that the enchantment still remains.
Anyone want to help me out?
Character » Thor appears in 5742 issues.
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text: Leap Year: "A Movie Only In A Strictly Technical Sense" Margaret Hartmann and 465 othersEditDelete Invite manuallyPromoteXDismissXUndismissBlock for jezebelHide A woman proposing to a man? Leap Year takes the sexist premise that women are forbidden from popping the question year-round and adds every rom-com cliché and Irish stereotype. The result: "The cinematic equivalent of a Shamrock Shake." » 1/08/10 12:00pm 1/08/10 12:00pm


text:
"WWE hit a home run from Tokyo"
Check out a new review of the WWE "Beast in the East" special airing live on the WWE Network on Saturday morning from Tokyo, Japan featuring Brock Lesnar, a new champion. Read more...
7/2 WWE Smackdown Review
Check out a review of WWE Smackdown for 7/2/15 by Dustin Holland and why he felt it was a show that had it all, more. Read More...
Wrestleview.com is your source for everything pro wrestling since 1997. Daily updates with WWE News, TNA News, Indy News and the latest Wrestling Results for WWE Raw, WWE Smackdown, TNA Impact Wrestling and more. Live coverage of WWE PPV and TNA PPV events. Plus, feature writers, premium podcasts, wrestling information, weekly polls and more.


text:
Music Box Acquires Winocour's AUGUSTINE
Music Box Films has picked up all US rights to AUGUSTINE, French writer/director Alice Winokou's first feature film. AUGUSTINE stars Vincent Lindon, Soko and Chiara Mastroianni.
AUGUSTINE follows the real relationship of Dr. Jean-Martin Charcot, the 19th century French neurologist and his infamous teenage patient. The film first premiered at the 2012 Cannes film festival, followed by its North American premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival. In addition, AUGUSTINE was nominated for 'Best First Film' and 'Best Costumes' at the 2013 Cesars awards.
The film is officially billed as: "After suffering an inexplicable seizure which leaves her paralyzed on her right side,19-year-old illiterate kitchen maid Augustine (27 year-old singer-turned-actress Soko in a break out performance), is shipped off to Paris' all female psychiatric hospital Pitié-Salpêtriere which specializes in detecting the then-fashionable ailment of 'hysteria'. Augustine captures the attention of Dr. Charcot (Vincent Lindon, Mademoiselle Chambon, Welcome) after a seizure which appears to give her intense physical pleasure. Intrigued, he begins using her as his principal subject hypnotizing her in front of fellow doctors - as she displays her spectacular fits in lecture halls - and eventually blurring the lines between doctor and patient."
Music Box Films is aiming for a March 2013 theatrical release.
About Author
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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
41 year old man | Dallas, TX, USA | Seeking women 29-40 within 10 miles
Greatness pending
The biggest compliment people usually give me is that I'm intelligent, however, that in itself is highly subjective. I'm not perfect, but I strive to be better, which is more realistic. I'm the type of person that likes to do things which have purpose. I enjoy museums, I enjoy theater, I enjoy concerts, or to sum it up, I love the arts and the culture it provides. I love hanging out with friends and participating in the discussions and experiences which accompany them. I travel to places I've never been before, to countries or cities which have culture, great museums, or great achitecture, and yet, I also will make time to leisurely travel domestically because just knowing texas isn't enough for me. I work hard but no longer allow my job to consume me. I make time to volunteer for selfish reasons such as it makes me feel better about myself and because I've been fortunate to have been given such a good life that perhaps I should be volunteering. I value other people's opinions and don't mind being wrong and/or admitting that I'm wrong. I'm analytical and rationalize all my actions at some point but I can still be spontaneous. I'm looking for someone who's attractive both inwardly and outwardly. Someone who's intelligent, educated, and confident of herself. Someone with a good sense of humor that enjoys life and looks forward to the many adventures which have yet to happen. If that is you, you're someone I'd be interested in knowing.
Gardening/Landscaping , Museums and art , Travel/Sightseeing
Tennis / Racquet sports, Weights / Machines
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
I like Dogs
Middle of the Road
I can't say that there's one in particular......I like Houston's (now Hillstone) but I can't exactly call that a "hot spot".
Marx Brothers movies, musicals, theater/plays, kayaking, sporting events
I love hanging out with my friends, enjoying the conversations about absolutely nothing, doing just about anything, but when its hotter than hell, I prefer going to the movies. For Vacation fun, I like to travel abroad.
I read the newspaper (the hard copy), I also read a book about the history of mexico.....very informative.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'8" (172cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|No preference
|No preference
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|No Way
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Contracts Manager
|I'll tell you later
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text:
Tommaso and his wife Sarina Cavallero opened their Footscray sweet store in 1956, just in time for the Melbourne Olympics. Tommaso's father was a pastry chef back in Italy, and now his son Carmelo runs the store – and he hasn't changed a thing. "Our secret to success is simplicity," Carmelo says. You can still order a fresh cannoli casing, choose your filling flavour, and they'll pipe you a fresh one out the back. Italian biscuits pastine di mandorla, amaretti and croccantini are always favourites, too. It takes for people to make every canoli, and with Carmelo carrying on a 130-year-old family tradition, you know they're made with love.
The Hit List: our guide to the essential Melbourne restaurants to conquer


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Are all the possible combinations of two shapes included in this
set of 27 cards? How do you know?
Arrange the shapes in a line so that you change either colour or
shape in the next piece along. Can you find several ways to start
with a blue triangle and end with a red circle?
You cannot choose a selection of ice cream flavours that includes
totally what someone has already chosen. Have a go and find all the
different ways in which seven children can have ice cream.
When newspaper pages get separated at home we have to try to sort
them out and get things in the correct order. How many ways can we
arrange these pages so that the numbering may be different?
This activity investigates how you might make squares and pentominoes from Polydron.
There are seven pots of plants in a greenhouse. They have lost their labels. Perhaps you can help re-label them.
These rectangles have been torn. How many squares did each one have
inside it before it was ripped?
How many different ways can you find to join three equilateral
triangles together? Can you convince us that you have found them
If we had 16 light bars which digital numbers could we make? How
will you know you've found them all?
The challenge here is to find as many routes as you can for a fence
to go so that this town is divided up into two halves, each with 8
Ana and Ross looked in a trunk in the attic. They found old cloaks
and gowns, hats and masks. How many possible costumes could they
This practical challenge invites you to investigate the different
squares you can make on a square geoboard or pegboard.
These practical challenges are all about making a 'tray' and covering it with paper.
What is the largest 'ribbon square' you can make? And the smallest? How many different squares can you make altogether?
An activity making various patterns with 2 x 1 rectangular tiles.
What is the greatest number of counters you can place on the grid below without four of them lying at the corners of a square?
If you have three circular objects, you could arrange them so that
they are separate, touching, overlapping or inside each other. Can
you investigate all the different possibilities?
How many ways can you find of tiling the square patio, using square
tiles of different sizes?
What is the smallest number of tiles needed to tile this patio? Can
you investigate patios of different sizes?
Investigate all the different squares you can make on this 5 by 5
grid by making your starting side go from the bottom left hand
point. Can you find out the areas of all these squares?
Alice and Brian are snails who live on a wall and can only travel
along the cracks. Alice wants to go to see Brian. How far is the
shortest route along the cracks? Is there more than one way to go?
Make a pair of cubes that can be moved to show all the days of the
month from the 1st to the 31st.
There are 44 people coming to a dinner party. There are 15 square
tables that seat 4 people. Find a way to seat the 44 people using
all 15 tables, with no empty places.
How many triangles can you make on the 3 by 3 pegboard?
Using different numbers of sticks, how many different triangles are
you able to make? Can you make any rules about the numbers of
sticks that make the most triangles?
The Vikings communicated in writing by making simple scratches on
wood or stones called runes. Can you work out how their code works
using the table of the alphabet?
Tim's class collected data about all their pets. Can you put the
animal names under each column in the block graph using the
I was in my car when I noticed a line of four cars on the lane next
to me with number plates starting and ending with J, K, L and M.
What order were they in?
Can you put plus signs in so this is true? 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 = 99
How many ways can you do it?
Ben and his mum are planting garlic. Use the interactivity to help
you find out how many cloves of garlic they might have had.
Systematically explore the range of symmetric designs that can be
created by shading parts of the motif below. Use normal square
lattice paper to record your results.
The ancient Egyptians were said to make right-angled triangles
using a rope with twelve equal sections divided by knots. What
other triangles could you make if you had a rope like this?
A magician took a suit of thirteen cards and held them in his hand
face down. Every card he revealed had the same value as the one he
had just finished spelling. How did this work?
How can you arrange the 5 cubes so that you need the smallest number of Brush Loads of paint to cover them? Try with other numbers of cubes as well.
Using the statements, can you work out how many of each type of
rabbit there are in these pens?
Take 5 cubes of one colour and 2 of another colour. How many
different ways can you join them if the 5 must touch the table and
the 2 must not touch the table?
Place the numbers 1 to 8 in the circles so that no consecutive
numbers are joined by a line.
Investigate the different ways you could split up these rooms so
that you have double the number.
Suppose we allow ourselves to use three numbers less than 10 and
multiply them together. How many different products can you find?
How do you know you've got them all?
This problem focuses on Dienes' Logiblocs. What is the same and
what is different about these pairs of shapes? Can you describe the
shapes in the picture?
Place eight queens on an chessboard (an 8 by 8 grid) so that none
can capture any of the others.
A thoughtful shepherd used bales of straw to protect the area
around his lambs. Explore how you can arrange the bales.
This problem is based on the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Investigate the different numbers of people and rats there could have been if you know how many legs there are altogether!
In the planet system of Octa the planets are arranged in the shape
of an octahedron. How many different routes could be taken to get
from Planet A to Planet Zargon?
How many DIFFERENT quadrilaterals can be made by joining the dots
on the 8-point circle?
There are 4 jugs which hold 9 litres, 7 litres, 4 litres and 2
litres. Find a way to pour 9 litres of drink from one jug to
another until you are left with exactly 3 litres in three of the
Nina must cook some pasta for 15 minutes but she only has a 7-minute sand-timer and an 11-minute sand-timer. How can she use these timers to measure exactly 15 minutes?
A merchant brings four bars of gold to a jeweller. How can the
jeweller use the scales just twice to identify the lighter, fake
Use the clues to find out who's who in the family, to fill in the family tree and to find out which of the family members are mathematicians and which are not.
In this town, houses are built with one room for each person. There
are some families of seven people living in the town. In how many
different ways can they build their houses?


text:
Read more: Click here to see the original, longer version of this article
"PINK slime" may be off the menu for US schoolchildren after the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) yielded to a petition demanding its withdrawal from schools.
The substance, officially called "lean finely textured beef" (LFTB), is made from slaughterhouse trimmings separated from fat and sterilised using ammonia. It is added to a range of meat products. Its manufacturer claims LFTB is 94 to 97 per cent lean beef, with similar nutritional value to 90 per cent lean ground beef.
A petition launched in March cites microbiologists' concerns, and incidents of Escherichia coli and Salmonella contamination - all of which were intercepted before reaching customers. After receiving 235,970 signatures, the USDA agreed to offer schools foods without LFTB.
Nancy Donley, founder of STOP Foodborne Illness, whose son died from E. coli poisoning, defends LFTB: "This product is meat. The use of ammonia improves safety and is used throughout the food industry."
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Senior Walmart executives regularly invoke the name of Sam Walton when it serves to reinforce a point regarding the company's business model or the cultural principles on which Walton is said to have founded the company.
Record-breaking attendance, a high-profile keynote speaker, four engaging panel discussions on some of the hottest issues facing the industry and exclusive consumer videos set the stage for the 13th annual Drug Store News Industry Issues conference held on Nov. 29 in New York City.
To deliver the value of a supercenter with the convenience of a drug store — that is the essence of the Dollar General strategy.
In an effort to emphasize the importance of being protected against the flu, Illinois governor Pat Quinn visited a Chicago Walgreens to receive his seasonal flu shot.
Walgreens' chief information officer Tim Theriault has been named to Computerworld's "Premier 100 IT Leaders for 2012," a list that annually recognizes individuals who have made significant impacts on their organization through technology excellence and leadership, the drug retailer announced Friday.
CVS Caremark has announced the appointment of Randy Falkenrath as SVP specialty pharmacy, with responsibility for the ongoing development of clinical programs and product management to support the company's specialty pharmacy business.
Schiff Nutrition on Thursday named three new members to its recently established scientific advisory board: Dale Bredesen, Michael Fischbach and Charles Serhan.
Eva Kohn of Valassis and Subriana Pierce of Supervalu are co-chairing the Network of Executive Women CPG Retail Diversity Forum 2012, March 6 to 8, in Dallas, NEW announced Wednesday.
Schiff Nutrition on Tuesday appointed Brian Swette to its board of directors.
Walgreens' chief medical officer Cheryl Pegus delivered a keynote session Tuesday at the National Conference of State Legislatures Fall Forum in Tampa, Fla., to outline innovative approaches in health care today, and shared how Walgreens complements these new models.


text:
Ristorante Bellavista: One of the many
There are many restaurants in San Marino, all of them offering more or less the same. You can choose amond single dishes like pasta, pizzas ... or you can order a daily menu. Al restaurants seem to have the same price for it, 16 euro (18 euro for fish menu).
We decided for Bellavista restaurnat because it was the closest at the moment and it has a nice view (as the name suggests). Melas were OK, but nothing special. My menu was made of combined first course (pasta with salsa and ravioli in oil with basil), main course had different types of meat and for the dessert I had a fruit salad.Related to:
- Food and Dining
Cafe Brasil: Snacks
A nice small stop for a snack next to the car park underneath the castle walls between 1st and 2nd towers. Good selection of usual Italian foods and good service too.
English not spoken too well by the owner but my Italian and pointing will always work well.
Favorite Dish: Pannini
Hotel Ristorante Diamond: Fresh, Fast and Flavorful
Just on a main walkway walking by we noticed an empty table and wonderful aroma. We took a seat and were pleased with the service and food!
Favorite Dish: Fresh pasta caught our attention right away. We sat down, scanned the menu and asked the server for their specialty. He showed us a trio of fresh pastas and we agreed. It was a lasagna, tortelloni, and flat noodle each with a distinct sauce and flavor! Very nice!
In San Marino you can find a...
In San Marino you can find a lot small caffees there you can taste different kind of pizzas or other italian food.
Coffe and beer taste also great.....Don't look at table there i'm sitting....it is nearly empty,because picture was taken a little bit late....After good lunch
Visitors to San Marino will...
Visitors to San Marino will find themseleves inundated with more than their fair share of touristy snack bars that offer only the standard pizza-ice cream-soft drink options. However, the Republic is not without its culinary treats. Perhaps the best restaurant in the whole country is La Fratta, with an extensive Italian menu and a wine list featuring some of San Marino's quite good native vintages. La Fratta's decor generally fits in with San Marino city's medieval feel, although with a bit of a modern twist. The service is friendly, almost familial, and the food is the best in the tiny country. The other restaurant worth a visit is Righi La Taverna. Although the food here is not the equal of La Fratta, it is still pretty good, and the decor is even more medieval, allowing diners to feel as if they are really eating in a castle. The service is friendly, if a bit less relaxed than at its chief competitor. Beyond these two restauants, the food at the Hotel Titano restaurant is top notch, and the service very friendly - they opened the whole restaurant just for me so that I could eat after my plane was delayed. The restaurants at the Hotel Cesare and the San Marino Grand Hotel are also far better than the standard hotel fare. Also, there are several good bars scattered throughout the town of San Marino - all with the same medieval motif - and a few excellent bars in the town of Borgo Maggiore that have the extra added benefit that they see fewer tourists despite the fact that they are only a cable car ride and a short walk away.
La Fratta, besides having a sort of neo-medieval atmosphere, is the best restaurant in the Republic, though it is not pretentious. The food is quite good, but it is the friendly staff that you will remember the most. They will treat you like family. Righi La Taverna offers a more authentic medieval feel - it's just like having dinner in a castle - and also offers alfresco dining right across from the Sammarinese parliament building.
Favorite Dish: A warm alcoholic drink not native to San Marino but consumed in the Alpine border region between France and Italy, Gorollo dell' amiciza, served at the La Fratta restaurant, is definitely worth trying. The word 'grollo' refers to the terracotta vase in which the drink is served, and 'amiciza' means friend. This refers to the fact that it is drunk by everyone at a table from the same vase. Grollo dell'amiciza is made only from ingredients that were available in medieval times, and is generally served only during the Republic's late summer medieval festival. The flavor is unlike anything you've ever had before and it packs a wallop, so you probably won't remember it anyway.
Ristorante "La Fratta": Good Restaurant!
I can suggest ristorante 'La Fratta', right in the city center.
They serve very good food (local specialties, very good meat and fish). Medium prices.
Ask for Stefano (the owner), he speaks good english, and tell them that Lino (myself) recommended the restaurant.
Favorite Dish: Tagliatelle and all fresh pasta dishes
Very nice vegetables buffet
Piadina (uneaven bread) with soft cheese
Fiorentina (T-bone steak)
Fish (catch of the day)
Everywhere at anytime, you...
Everywhere at anytime, you will hardly see a so high concentration of shops and restaurants and bars in an another so small city or country
Try Piadina, here it's not the best, but still something good and tasty
La Rocca, in San Leo. Actually...
La Rocca, in San Leo. Actually my family owns this ristorante, but it's been there for 40 years and is known as the best in San Marino. Ask for Ivo, and tell him CIAO from his cousin Arturo in Los Angeles.
Great atmosphere, great wine selection. Rustic ambiance.
Favorite Dish: Tortelloni di San Leo.
Pasticiatta alla Cagliostro.
Vini regionale
Il Ghetto: Very simple menu
After we stroll around, it was still early probably around 5.15 pm and it's very dark already. So, we decided to have a meal before going back to our hotel. When we are looking for restaurants we have notice most menus are posted outside. After passing through 4 to 5 restaurant, we decide to take the last one
We took the Il Gheto restaurant and were the only customer the moment we came in. The woman sitting behind the bar, welcoming us and very friendly. She gave us the menu card. The first page was a complete menu with two choice of the dishes, dessert included. As we look further to the card there are plenty of choices but is hard to choose one
The lady came and suggest to take the complete menu, and she said the lasagna is very good. So, I decide to take the suggestion and my partner saw a mix grill in the card and he like to order those, but the lady said is not available. So, we now both take the same order
I saw her husband came out the kitchen and she give our order to him. It didn't take long we got our first dish the lasagna. It is very delicious but I don't know if it's fresh made. Because we only waited for 15 minutes. We got a basket of bread with it
Afterwards, we got the salad with sausage. At first when I looked the sausage I have no idea what it is, is not sausage I know. Okay, they cut the sausage in two and put it in grill. It is also very delicious. Except the salad is very simple, what I got is only leaves, grated carrot and a few slice tomato. But it is all good
For dessert we got a Tiramisu which is really good. I'm not fun of sweet but this one is pretty good. Real Italian Tiramisu. It was all good, friendly owner. You sitting in a simple interior nothing fancy, good enough to fill the stomach
Favorite Dish: The lasagna was really great. And certainly try their self made TiramisuRelated to:
- Hiking and Walking
- Historical Travel
- Museum Visits
Ristorante Villa del Sole: Fresh Seafood !!!
A magical abode of the'700 wrapped in charm, a taste elegant, antique and sought, located in a picturesque environment, which recalls the old lounges meeting Renaissance, the result of skilful fusion of retro influences and a special new, sober and taste exclusive.
Favorite Dish: One chef who plays a strategic role in the choices Villa del Sole, interpreting in a unique way new and old flavors, with a single goal, to become the romantic dinner. A moment of real pleasure that give emotion those who choose Restaurant Villa del Sole.Related to:
- Romantic Travel and Honeymoons
- Family Travel
- Business Travel
- 1
San Marino Hotels
Located in the heart of the medieval city, it is the best place for sightseeing you can imagine. It...more
Grand Hotel San Marino
Viale Antonio Onofri 31
Satisfaction: Excellent
Good for: Families
Hotel Joli
Viale Federico D'Urbino 36 B, San Marino, 47890, s
Satisfaction: Excellent
Good for: Solo
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16 S. Smith St.
New Buffalo Michigan 49117United States
(269) 469-6811
Midwest Living Review
Kids and engineers will enjoy a quick visit to this train shop.
The first floor of this house was converted into a store and is filled to the ceiling with toy-train merchandise. Whether it's antique Lionel trains, John Deere merchandise or Thomas the Tank Engine toys, you'll find it here.But the highlight is in a tiny, cramped room in the back: an electric train set. Children can stand on steps and push buttons that turn on lights, raise gates and work other fascinating things. This isn't a place you'll spend a lot of time at (unless you're a train enthusiast or traveling with children), but it's a nice after-meal stop if you dine at the adjacent Oink's ice cream shop or Marilyn's restaurant.


text:
Soil Association members can get a 20% discount off their first order of Greenscents organic laundry and household products. Visit www.greenscents.co.uk or email firstname.lastname@example.com quoting the discount code. Email your Soil Association membership number to email@example.com to get the discount code.
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Luxury Pool Towel 47 48
Great Beach Towels!!! These are the best beach towels! They wash well and absorb the water when getting out of the pool or the beach! Does not fade!!! Great purchase! Highly recommend!! June 11, 2014
Very High Quality These are the softest beach towels I've found. Velour on one side, terry on the other. Great size too - not at all skimpy. You get what you pay for. April 30, 2014
Luury Pool Towels This a is a wonderful towel !! I have ordered several of these towels and had them monogrammed. They are perfect for the pool .. and wonderful gifts for any occasion. You will be very happy with this towel. March 5, 2014
Beautiful Towels bought these to use at my pool. beautiful towels, great quality. would have bought more if they offered more colors. highly recommend. February 24, 2014
Luxury Pool Towels are Fab Purchased these towels as Christmas gifts for each member of our extended family in Florida & they were a big hit. We're always fighting over/losing beach towels - now we each have our own personalized towel in a favorite color for the pool, beach or boat.The towels are HUGE and of nice quality. From CA I ordered 9 custom monogrammed towels 1 week before Christmas & they all arrived in Florida on time and beautifully wrapped. Great value. January 2, 2014
Perfect Pool Towel My daughter-in-law was so happy with this gift. The towels washed beautifully and were so soft and absorbent at the pool. The monogram added a special touch. The family will be using these for many years, I am sure! Great for spreading on lounge chairs around the pool too. Love the size. December 29, 2013
Beach & Pool Towels Awesome quality. So plush and soft and built to last. I love my towel and the color is so vivid, even after many washes. September 26, 2013
Best Beach Towel Ever Ordered last minute but still arrived in time for our company at the beach and what a success. We all loved the towels. The best beach towel ever. You can actually lay head to toe without being in the sand. July 18, 2013
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3 years ago
St Louis, MO, USA
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Do you have this towel in orange?
10 months ago
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Answer:The Luxury Pool Towel is currently available in white, jade and ocean blue.
9 months ago
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Do these towels pill after washing?
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DURANGO- exploring the tighter trails
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Canyon Explorer
Joined: Aug 2009
Location: Phoenix, AZ
Oddometer: 693
Originally Posted by
PS, wonder why you turned back on Hermosa Trail? The trail goes all the way through to Hermosa Park and comes out at Purgatory Ski Area, have done it several times on various bikes, last time was solo on an XR500. Perhaps it was the pavement getting back to Durango?
We did an out-and-back on Hermosa. We'd much rather ride the trail backwards than loop around on the highway or past the crowded resort.
Originally Posted by
They allow moto bikes on the downhill trails?
It depends on the trail. The specific DH trail we rode up and down was 'pirate' trail built by the locals who practice their gravity defying skills on specific DH bicycles. Many trails in this area are shared by both motos and bikes, which is totally cool in my opinion. I wish my home state of AZ did a better job of this.
Originally Posted by
Wow that looked awesome. Video looked great, but I could only watch so much. Personally the CRF is music to my ears - Styx isn't (anymore). So I'm guessing you had to gear down significantly? That looks like the kind of riding most of us only dream about. I've done the Durango/Silverton train. Are you in that general area?
RZ Rob
The Hermosa Video has lots of CRF soundtrack for you to enjoy: 11 minutes of 4-stroke symphony!
None of us geared down, I have stock gearing on the KTM 450xcr-w and I believe the two Honda's also kept their desert gearing on....we just used a lot more clutch and of course the Rekluse Clutches made it much easier.
All of our riding was within 40 minutes of Durango, Hermosa is north of town and the other trails were NE of town. In the winter time there is also some good riding south around Aztec.
On a side note: I've been visiting Durango for the last 20 years and I think they have done a great job catering to such a vast population of outdoor users. I used to race mtn bikes and enjoyed the Iron Horse events, Roostmaster Shoot-outs on Chapmin Hill, racing the road bike up to Silverton, etc. The town seems to have doubled the number of trails nowadays and most of them are marked and mapped out for everyones enjoyment....which is a hard thing to do considering the population of Durango has also probably tripled in that same time frame.
If your wife is pissed off about your moto trip, you are doing it right
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The Truth About Training Attitude
What was more interesting, was the fact that this guy trained it the way the instructor wanted it when the instructor was close by, or watching him, but the moment the instructor turned his back, or was offering advice on the other end of the mats, this guy would go back to his own "improvements" to the technique.
Pinch Punch … Er, Not Quite First of The Month!
Do you dole out a pinch and a punch on the first day of the month?
Powerful Punch is All in The Brain
A powerful punch is not the result of strong muscles, but the features that make up the brain, scientists have found.
How to Execute a Body Blow to Boxing
"There are many types of shots to the body: a left to the liver, a left or right in the plexus, ribs or heart. You have many options, you hit the opponent," said Joe Guson, professional boxing trainer.
How to Control The Boxing Ring
"A boxer who control ring is the one who best knows his opponent suddenly stop," said Joe Guson, professional boxing trainer. "As a team can match the controllers during the offensive, as well as a boxer in the ring can control the game."
The Basics of Boxing
If you want to learn a little self defense, try learning boxing. It can help you a lot if you ever have to defend yourself in life. Although, before you can get started, there are a few basics you must learn beforehand.
I am going to tell you about something about self-defense and some principles on how to survive a fight. NOTE: Always try to avoid fighting. It only solves the winner, not anything else.
Auburn Defensive Lineman Michael Goggans Ejected for "Punch"
In the closing minutes of the Auburn-Georgia game, a fight broke out after Auburn D-lineman Nick Fairley was pinned on the ground and attacked by a Georgia lineman, resulting in the ejection of Michael Goggans.
Manny Pacquiao: What Happens?
What happens in the Philippines when Pacquiao is in the ring?
Different Purposes and Effects of Punching
Punch is designed as a physical weapon, and to affect the opponent's character and confidence as well… it is not limited to just being a physical weapon but can also be a psychological weapon.. here are some of the kinds of punches that we have…


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A full transcript of Ole Miss football's Monday press conference featuring head coach Hugh Freeze and senior quarterback Bo Wallace.
Click here for the original story.
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"It's the only amp I play. It does just what it says, amplifies my jazz guitar. No coloration or proprietary sonic characteristics for me to work around. Just me and my guitar sound. I can enhance frequencies to suit my taste. It has concert power with gigging portability. The perfect amp for any venue setting and my amp of choice for nearly ten years!" Read MoreBobby Broom
"A fat, warm sounding amp that works both as a single combo amp, or as a second amp in my stereo setup. Thanks for a fantastic, musical product." Read More-John Abercrombie
"Through all my years of performing and recording jazz guitar I have always searched for an amp that gives me clarity of tone and " my sound" no matter what the playing or performing situation. In Henriksen I have found that amp. Plenty of power in a light weight package for blues gigs with J.Geils or guitar duos with Bucky Pizzarelli or Howard Alden...Once you try a Henriksen all your other amps will go in your local want ad." Read More-Gerry Beaudoin
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Our amps are designed and hand-crafted in the USA. They provide the volume for gigs, and easy to use controls for quickly dialing in any room and any guitar.


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40 CFR 63.992 - Implementation and enforcement.
(a) This subpart can be implemented and enforced by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), or a delegated authority such as the applicable State, local, or tribal agency. If the EPA Administrator has delegated authority to a State, local, or tribal agency, then that agency has the authority to implement and enforce this subpart. Contact the applicable EPA Regional Office to find out if this subpart is delegated to a State, local, or tribal agency.
(b) In delegating implementation and enforcement authority of this subpart to a State, local, or tribal agency under section 40 CFR part 63, subpart E, the authorities contained in paragraphs (b)(1) through (5) of this section are retained by the EPA Administrator and are not transferred to the State, local, or tribal agency.
(1) Approval of alternatives to the nonopacity emissions standards in §§ 63.983(a) and (d), 63.984, 63.985(a), 63.986(a), 63.987(a), 63.988(a), 63.990(a), 63.993(a), 63.994(a), and 63.995(a) under § 63.6(g). Where these standards reference another subpart, the cited provisions will be delegated according to the delegation provisions of the referenced subpart.
(3) Approval of major changes to test methods under § 63.7(e)(2)(ii) and (f) and as defined in § 63.90.
(5) Approval of major changes to recordkeeping and reporting under § 63.10(f) and as defined in § 63.90.
[67 FR 46277, July 12, 2002]
Title 40 published on 2014-07-01
The following are only the Rules published in the Federal Register after the published date of Title 40.
For a complete list of all Rules, Proposed Rules, and Notices view the Rulemaking tab.
Title 40 published on 2014-07-01
The following are ALL rules, proposed rules, and notices (chronologically) published in the Federal Register relating to 40 CFR 63 after this date.


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Over 30 fps on Veryhigh with 4xAA/16xAF in 1600x1200 * WOW!
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Registered User
Join Date: Jan 2006
Posts: 6,726
Re: Over 30 fps on Veryhigh with 4xAA/16xAF in 1600x1200 * WOW!
Originally Posted by
30fps average is unplayable for me
No thanks.
And I just don't understand the obsession with antialiasing either. Why the hell would you be running 4x AA at 1600x1200 if you're only getting 30fps average?
I don't even run AA in multiplayer games when I'm getting 85 fps constant because it gives extremely inconsistent performance when there are scenes with lots of explosions, smoke, or transparent effects. I really rarely use any AA at all, which is why I play most games at 1600x1200 or 2048x1536 at 60+fps constant.
Turn off the freaking AA in Crysis and it'll run significantly better.
It all depends upon what part of the spectrum you're on. I know some people that would turn the game down to 1024 x 768 if they had to just to get 90fps+. On FPS games I usually strive to keep around 60fps because the game will be smoother when you need to make quick shots. For Crysis I think it's less about playing the game and more about the eye candy, so not having AA would really bring it down a notch. I'm perfectly happy with playing the game at only 30fps, but I only play single player so should it dip into the teens it really doesn't matter.
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