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An albumin preparation having a polymer content of not more than 3% by weight based on the serum albumin content and an α1 -AGP content of not more than a detectable limit based on the serum albumin content, which is prepared by removing a polymer-forming factor from an albumin aqueous solution by, for example, ion exchange separation or affinity chromatography, and subjecting the solution to a heat treatment.
1. A process for preparing an albumin preparation, which comprises subjecting a serum albumin aqueous solution to ion exchange separation using an anion exchanger, wherein said anion exchange separation is carried out at a pH ranging from 5.1 to 5.5, for removing a polymer-forming factor present in the solution and then subjecting the solution to a heat treatment sufficient to inactivate virus.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein proteins having an isoelectric point lower than that of albumin are removed.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said anion exchange separation is carried out at a pH 5.1.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/742,548, filed Aug. 8, 1991, which is in turn a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/429,873, filed Oct. 31, 1989, both now abandoned.
This invention relates to an albumin preparation and a process for preparing the same. More particularly, it relates to a serum albumin preparation having a reduced content of agglomerates and a reduced content of contaminating proteins and to a process for preparing the same.
Serum albumin is present in blood plasma in a proportion higher than any other plasma protein and functions to maintain an osmotic pressure or to carry nutrients, metabolites, etc. as a combination therewith in blood.
Preparations containing serum albumin are used in the treatment of hypoalbuminemia, hemorrhagic shock, etc. caused by albumin depletion or reduction of albumin biosynthesis. To deactivate viruses which may be incorporated into the albumin preparations, a heat treatment of an albumin-containing aqueous solution is generally carried out. It is known that commercially available albumin preparations obtained from the thus treated albumin aqueous solution contain agglomerates (hereinafter referred to as polymers as such agglomerates are commonly called) which have been formed during preparation. From the fact that no substantial polymers are found before the above-described heat treatment, it is believed that heat-labile proteins are partially denatured by the heat treatment to form polymers. Considering that the commercially available albumin preparations have been widely used with safety, these polymers are not regarded particularly harmful to human bodies. However, it is desired that the preparations contain no polymers because the polymers are heat denaturation products.
Further, albumin preparations also contain α1 -acid glycoprotein (hereinafter referred to as α1 -AGP), having an immunosuppressive activity, as an impurity. α1 -AGP is a protein somewhat similar to albumin in physicochemical properties and, therefore, it is difficult to efficiently separate α1 -AGP from albumin by commonly employed means, such as fractionation. Hence, there is a fear that usual albumin preparations contain residual α1 -AGP having an immunosuppressive activity, and it is desired to remove α1 -AGP from the preparations to the extent possible.
An object of this invention is to provide an albumin preparation having a reduced polymer content and a reduced α1 -AGP content.
Another object of this invention is to provide a process for preparing the above-described albumin preparation.
As a result of extensive investigations, the inventors have found that formation of polymers is attributed to a polymer-forming factor (agglomerate-forming factor) present in albumin and that the polymer-forming factor is heat-labile contaminating proteins mainly comprising haptoglobin. It has also been found that an albumin preparation having reduced content of not only polymers but also of α1 -AGP can be obtained, even if a heat treatment is carried out, by removing the polymer-forming factor from albumin. The present invention has been completed based on these findings.
That is, the present invention relates to an albumin preparation having a polymer content of not more than 3% by weight based on the serum albumin content and an α1 -AGP content of not more than a detectable limit based on the serum albumin content, preferably not more that 4 mg/dl based on the albumin preparation.
The present invention also relates to a process for preparing an albumin preparation, which comprises subjecting a serum albumin aqueous solution to a step for removing a polymer-forming factor present in the solution and subjecting the solution to a heat treatment.
Removal of the polymer-forming factor is preferably achieved by at least one of ion exchange separation using an anion exchanger and affinity chromatography.
FIGS. 1 to 3 each shows a standard curve obtained by primary immunodiffusion against α1 -acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, and prealbumin, respectively.
Albumin, which is the main ingredient of the preparation according to the present invention and also a starting material to be used in the process according to the present invention, is not particularly limited in its origin and includes albumin obtained from mammals, e.g., humans, cattle, rabbits, etc., with human-origin albumin being preferred. The starting material for preparing albumin includes the Fraction V obtained by Cohn's cold alcohol fractionation.
The albumin preparation of the present invention can be obtained by subjecting an albumin-containing aqueous solution to a step of removing a polymer-forming factor present in the solution and then subjecting the solution to a heat treatment. The albumin-containing aqueous solution is usually adjusted to have an albumin content of from 0.1 to 30% (weight/volume, hereinafter the same unless otherwise specified), preferably from about 1 to 10%.
Once it is known that the polymer-forming factor (e.g., haptoglobin) and αhd 1-AGP which have an isoelectric point lower than that of albumin, various technique capable of removing these proteins from the albumin-containing aqueous solution can be used. Examples of suitable techniques include ion exchange separation using an anion exchanger and affinity chromatography. Haptoglobin, the main component of the polymer-forming factor, is hardly separated from albumin by fractionation because of its relative similarity to albumin in physicochemical properties.
In the case of using an anion exchanger, any insoluble carrier, e.g., dextran (Sephadex®, etc.) agarose (Sepharose®, etc.) cellulose (Cellulofine®, etc.), polyacrylamide, vinylpolymer (Toyopearl®, etc.) having an anion exchange group (e.g., dietylaminoethyl (DEAE) group, quarternarized amino ethyl group (QAE)) which is commonly employed in the art can be used. Specific examples of commercially available anion exchangers are DEAE-Sephadex®, QAE-Sephadex®, DEAE-Sepharose® and Q-Sepharose® (produced by Pharmacia); DEAE-Toyopearl® and QAE-Toyopearl® (produced by Tosoh); A200 Cellulofine® (produced by Seikagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.); and anion exchange resins. From the standpoint of polymer-forming factor removal efficiency, strong anion exchangers, e.g., Q-Sepharose® and QAE-Toyopearl®, are preferred.
Removal of the polymer-forming factor by using an anion exchanger can be effected by bringing the albumin-containing aqueous solution into contact with the anion exchanger. The amount of the anion exchanger to be used is selected appropriately depending on the polymer-forming factor content in the albumin aqueous solution, exchange capacity of the anion exchanger, and the like, usually ranging from 2 to 5 ml, particularly about 3 ml, per gram of albumin. The contact may be carried out either in a column system (ion exchange chromatography) or in a batch system, with the latter being preferred in view of removal efficiency.
Where a column system is employed, an albumin aqueous solution is adjusted so as to have a pH between about 4.8 and about 9.0, preferably between 4.9 and 5.5, more preferably 5.1, and a salt concentration of from 0.001 to 0.2M, preferably from 0.001 to 0.05M. The thus adjusted albumin aqueous solution is passed through a column packed with an anion exchanger equilibrated with an eluent, for example, 0.02M sodium acetate (pH=5.1). The column is then developed with the eluent, and the non-adsorbed fraction is collected. In order to prevent denaturation of albumin, these procedures are preferably carried out at low temperatures, usually 10° C. or lower, not less than 0° C.
Where a batch system is employed, an anion exchanger is added to an albumin aqueous solution having been adjusted in the same manner as described above, and the system is mixed at a temperature of 10° C. or less for about 30 minutes to 2 hours. The anion exchanger is then separated by appropriate means, such as centrifugation, and the supernatant liquor is recovered.
In the case of utilizing affinity chromatography, the carrier to be used is an insoluble carrier to which a substance exhibiting specific affinity for the polymer-forming factor, e.g., haptoglobin, is immobilized (hereinafter referred to as affinity carrier). Examples of suitable insoluble carriers are cellulose, agarose and dextran. The substance having specific affinity for the polymer-forming factor, e.g., haptoglobin, is selected according to the kind of the contaminating proteins. For example, an anti-haptoglobin antibody or hemoglobin is used for haptoglobin, and an anti-α1 -AGP antibody is used for α1 -AGP. These antibodies, e.g., an anti-haptoglobin antibody and an anti-α1 -AGP antibody, can be prepared by known antibody production techniques. Bonding between the substance having a specific affinity and the insoluble carrier can be carried out in a usual manner. For example, agarose, e.g., Sepharose®, activated by cyanogen bromide is swollen, and a substance having a specific affinity is coupled with the insoluble carrier in a basic buffer, followed by thoroughly washing with a buffer to obtain an affinity carrier.
Affinity chromatography is performed by contacting an albumin-containing aqueous solution containing the polymer-forming factor, e.g., haptoglobin, with the affinity carrier. For instance, the albumin-containing aqueous solution may be contacted with an affinity carrier to which a plurality of substances each having a specific affinity for the respective contaminating protein are immobilized; or it may be first contacted with an affinity carrier to which a substance having a specific affinity for haptoglobin is immobilized and then with an affinity carrier to which a substance having a specific affinity for α1 -AGP is immobilized, if desired, followed by contact with other affinity carriers having specific affinities for other contaminating proteins.
The amount of the affinity carrier to be used ranges from 2 to 5 ml, usually about 4 ml, per gram of albumin, though depending on the content of the polymer-forming factor, e.g., haptoglobin, in the albumin-containing aqueous solution and adsorption capacity of the affinity carrier. From the viewpoint of efficiency in removal of the polymer-forming factor, it is preferable to carry out affinity chromatography in a column. For example, the albumin-containing aqueous solution is adjusted to a pH of from about 4.0 to 9.0, preferably from 5.0 to 8.0, more preferably 6.8, and passed through a column packed with the above-described affinity carrier having been equilibrated with a solvent used for dissolving albumin. If desired, the column is washed with the solvent for dissolving albumin to recover the non-adsorbed fraction. To inhibit denaturation of albumin, these procedures are preferably conducted at low temperatures (usually 10° C. or less).
The contaminating proteins can thus be removed to obtain an albumin-containing aqueous solution having its polymer-forming factor content reduced.
The albumin-containing aqueous solution having the thus reduced content of the polymer-forming factor is adjusted to have an appropriate concentration and formulated into any desired dose form, for example, charged into vials, followed by a heat treatment for deactivation of viruses. The heat treatment is generally given to an aqueous solution having an albumin concentration of from about 5 to 30% (w/v), usually about 5% (w/v) or from about 20 to 25% (w/v). The heat treatment is carried out under temperature and time conditions selected so as to sufficiently deactivate viruses, for example, at 50° to 70° C., preferably about 60° C., for 5 to 20 hours, preferably about 10 hours. If desired, a stabilizer for albumin, e.g., sodium N-acetyltryptophan and sodium caprylate, may be added either alone or as a mixture thereof to the albumin-containing aqueous solution to be heat-treated. The albumin stabilizer is added in an amount of from about 20 to 60 mg, preferably about 40 mg, per gram of albumin.
The thus obtained albumin preparation contains not more than 3% by weight of polymers based on albumin and contains not more than a detectable limit of α1 -AGP based on albumin.
The albumin preparation according to the present invention can be used at the same dose in the same manner as for the conventional albumin preparations.
The albumin preparations of the present invention have the contaminating viruses deactivated by a heat treatment and the content of polymers and α1 -AGP markedly reduced and are, therefore, excellent in safety, stability and the like.
According to the process of the present invention, viruses which may be incorporated into the preparations can be deactivated by a heat treatment, and since heat-labile contaminating proteins which form polymers on heat treating (polymer-forming factor), e.g., haptoglobin, have been removed before the heat treatment, the resulting albumin preparations have reduced content of polymers and contaminating proteins.
The present invention is now illustrated in greater detail by way of the following Examples, but it should be understood that the present invention is not deemed to be limited thereto.
Fraction V of plasma obtained by Cohn's cold alcohol fractionation was dealcoholized with acetone to obtain an acetone-dried powder, which was then dissolved in water to prepare an aqueous solution having an albumin concentration of 10%. After adjusting the pH to 5.1 with 10% (v/v) acetic acid, the solution was passed through a column of DEAE-Sephadex® equilibrated with 0.02M sodium acetate (pH 5.1) at 4° C. To the effluent were added 20 mM of sodium N-acetyltryptophan and 20 mM of sodium caprylate, and the solution was poured into a vial and heat-treated at 60° C. for 10 hours to obtain an albumin preparation.
The polymer content in the resulting preparation was determined by gel chromatography through 4 replicate runs and was found to be 3.0% or less (relative percent by weight based on the albumin content, hereinafter the same with respect to polymer content).
For comparison, an albumin preparation was prepared in the same manner as described above, except that the treatment with DEAE-Sephadex was not conducted. As a result, the polymer content of the resulting preparation was found to be 6.3% (an average of the results of four replicate runs).
Then, the substance adsorbed onto DEAE-Sephadex® was eluted with 5M magnesium chloride solution at room temperature, and the eluate was analyzed by gel chromatography and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. As a result, the adsorbed substance was found to be proteins mainly comprising haptoglobin.
Cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose® 4B (5.8 g) was swollen with 1 mM hydrochloric acid for 15 minutes and washed with water and then with a basic buffer [containing 0.1M sodium hydrogencarbonate and 0.5M sodium chloride (pH=8.3)]. In 40 ml of the same basic buffer was dissolved 100 mg of human hemoglobin, and 20 ml of the above obtained swollen gel was added thereto, followed by stirring for 2 hours. Then, 15 ml of 1M glycine (pH=8.0) was added thereto, and the system was stirred at 4° C. for 12 hours, followed by filtration. The gel collected was thoroughly washed with the same basic buffer as used above and equilibrated with a phosphoric acid-buffered sodium chloride aqueous solution to prepare human hemoglobin-immobilized Sepharose.
Separately, the acetone-dried powder of the Fraction V as used in Example 1 was dissolved in water to prepare a 10% albumin aqueous solution, and the solution was adjusted to a pH of 6.8 with sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide. The solution (200 ml) was passed through a column packed with 20 ml of the above prepared Sepharose gel at 4° C., and an effluent was collected in 20 ml fractions. Haptoglobin in each of fraction Nos. 2 to 8 was determined by primary immunodiffusion (Mancini test described in Mancini et al., Immunochemistry, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 295-254, 1985). Further, each fraction sample (5 ml) was concentrated to 2 ml by means of Centricut-50, and 280 μl of a stabilizer solution containing 36 mg of sodium N-acetyltryptophan and 24 mg of sodium caprylate per ml was added to the concentrate, followed by heating at 60° C. for 10 hours to obtain an albumin preparation. The polymer content in the preparation was determined by gel chromatography. The haptoglobin (Hp) concentration of the effluent and the polymer content of the albumin preparation obtained therefrom are shown in Table 1 below.
TABLE 1______________________________________ Hp PolymerFraction Concentration contentNo. (mg/dl) (%)______________________________________2 0 0.943 41.8 0.824 267.4 2.705 377.1 2.876 367.9 3.127 366.9 3.138 392.6 3.01______________________________________
As can be seen from the results of Table 1, the lower the haptoglobin concentration in the effluent, the lower the polymer content of the resulting preparation. Taking the results of Examples 1 and 2 into account, it was proved that the polymer content can be reduced by removing contaminating proteins having an isoelectric point lower than that of albumin (mainly comprising haptoglobin).
The Fraction V obtained by Cohn's cold alcohol fractionation (300 g; albumin content: 110.2 g) was dissolved in 1.2 of cold germ-free distilled water, followed by stirring for about 1 hour. After adjusting to a pH of 4.6 with a 10 v/v % acetic acid aqueous solution, the solution was filtered (pore size: 0.45 μm) at about -2° C. To the filtrate was further added 1.2 l of cold germ-free distilled water, and the solution was adjusted to a pH of 5.1 with 0.8M sodium hydrogencarbonate to prepare an albumin aqueous solution.
Separately, 350 ml of QAE-Toyopearl® was packed in a column, thoroughly washed with 500 ml of 0.5M sodium chloride, and equilibrated with 0.02M sodium acetate (pH=5.1) to prepare an anion exchanger column. The above prepared albumin aqueous solution was passed through the column, and the column was washed with 1.2 l of 0.02M sodium acetate. The effluent and the washing were combined, adjusted to a pH of 6.2 with 1N sodium hydroxide, and subjected to concentration with a Pellicon cassette system to give a total amount of 330 ml (albumin concentration: about 28%) (hereinafter referred to as adjusted albumin solution).
To the adjusted albumin solution was added 39.6 ml of a stabilizer solution containing 5.55 g of sodium N-acetyltryptophan and 3.89 g of sodium caprylate per 100 ml, and the solution was adjusted to a pH of 6.85 with 0.1N sodium hydroxide, followed by sterilization by filtration. After adjusting the albumin concentration to 25%, a prescribed amount of the solution was poured into a vial and heat treated at 60° C. for 10 hours to obtain an albumin preparation.
The polymer content in the resulting preparation was found to be 1.99% by gel chromatography.
For comparison, an albumin preparation was obtained in the same manner as described above, except that the treatment with the QAE-Toyopearl column was not conducted. The polymer content after the heat treatment was found to be 6.49%, revealing that the polymer content of the albumin preparation according to the present invention is markedly lower than that of the comaprative preparation.
Further, the contents of contaminating proteins in the adjusted albumin solution and the albumin preparation of the present invention were determined by primary immunodiffusion method (Mancini test) using a gel for primary immunodiffusion prepared using anti-α1 -AGP, anti-haptoglobin or anti-prealbumin as an antibody. The results obtained are shown in Table 2 below. The anti-α1 -AGP serum, anti-haptoglobin serum, and anti-prealbumin serum used were prepared from immunized rabbits in a usual manner. A standard curve of precipitated ring area formed by the reaction between each of the anti-serum and the corresponding contaminating protein is shown in FIGS. 1 to 3.
As is shown in Table 2, the adjusted albumin solution and the albumin preparation according to the present invention have extremely reduced contents of contaminating proteins. As is obvious from FIGS. 1 to 3, the detectable limits of haptoglobin, α1 -AGP, and prealbumin were 6.5 mg/dl, 4 mg/dl, and 4 mg/dl, respectively.
TABLE 2______________________________________ ContentContaminating Adjusted Albumin AlbuminProtein Solution Preparation______________________________________Haptoblobin below detectable below detectable limit limitα1 -AGP below detectable below detectable limit limitPrealbumin below detectable below detectable limit limit______________________________________
While the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various changes and modifications can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof.
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'Halt and Catch Fire' renewed for Season 2 by AMCAdd to Favorites | Halt and Catch Fire
"This is a show about invention, experimentation, and the inherent risks in trying to break new ground -- themes that really resonate with us as a network and attracted a passionate audience," says AMC president Charlie Collier. "We have a history of demonstrating patience through the early seasons of new shows, betting on talent and building audience over time. We see that opportunity here and look forward to a second season of 'Halt and Catch Fire' from creators Chris Cantwell and Chris Rogers, and showrunner Jonathan Lisco."
The series, about the burgeoning computer industry in the early 1980s, averaged 1.3 million viewers each week. Those aren't great numbers, but, as Collier alludes to, both the award-winning and critically-acclaimed dramas "Mad Men" and "Breaking Bad" also grew their audiences over time as well.
The creators add, "We're thrilled to have the opportunity to continue telling this story. Our series about creation, innovation, and taking bold risks wouldn't be possible if it weren't for our partners at AMC, a network known for these very things. Harnessing the momentum of our first season, this next chapter will take the rich characters our audience has come to love in new and surprising directions."
There is no word yet as to a premiere date for the second season, but if pattern holds, it will premiere in summer 2015.

subset: commoncrawl


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Marina da Glória
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Marina da Glória is a marina located in the neighbourhood of Glória[1] in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This venue will host the sailing events for the 2016 Summer Olympics[2] within the Flamengo Park cluster, from 7 to 19 August 2016. and the 2016 Summer Paralympics. It also hosted the draw procedure for the Qualification for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[citation needed]
- ^ "Rio 2016 Sailing venue". Organising Committee for the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games. 2012-08-24. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
- ^ "ISAF : Official Site : Events : 2016 Rio Olympic Sailing Competition". Sailing.org. 2010-03-16. Retrieved 2012-08-16.
- Rio2016.org.br bid package. Volume 2. p. 18.
|This article about a sports venue in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.


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Respond to Review of Restaurante Vegetariano PSI
by madoublethew
Review: This restaurant was a disappointment. Although it was nice to sit outside and enjoy live piano, that was about the best of it. My partner had seen thali listed on the website, but that was scored through on the menu. We both ordered stuffed rotis - his was better than mine. I had the 'vegetable' filling, which turned out to be mostly peas. There were a few other items, all of which appeared to be fresh out of a freezer bag. Frankly, it was not something a restaurant should be serving. I had lentils on the side, and they were pretty good, but that was only a small consolation. My partner's aubergine filling was quite good, which made mine rather perplexing. Generally speaking, there was no indication on the menu what was vegan versus vegetarian, and only one of the desserts didn't have dairy in it. I would certainly not go back.
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"Wonderful knack for songwriting, very honest and accessible"
"All I Need is a Road, now THAT is greatness"
"Rod's voice is like that of an old friend, someone you want to spend time with and share stories"
"Rod is the kind of songwriter that producers love to produce. His heartfelt lyrics are both accessible and well-crafted, and the stories he tells reflect the real-life heartbreaks and triumphs we all experience. While adhering mainly to contemporary country, his music can draw from rock and pop genres as well. Rod delivers his vocal performances with an authentic style that is truly unique, never contrived, and while he's no polished singer, his voice has total believability. You can't help but love this guy's music!"
"After years of focusing on his construction business, Rod is in a position to follow his passions. His upbeat "Gramma's Got A Lover" is loaded with sing-along audience appeal and he has a growing repertoire of songs that speak to the every-day lives of his fans."
"I don't often meet with "new" songwriters who impress me with both their songs and their soul. It usually takes many years to cultivate a unique voice, language and style and to learn the commercial aspects of professional songwriting; to write songs that mean something to an audience, as well as the songwriter. From our first meeting, I knew that Rod Ballou had both the skill and the soul to be a hit songwriter. His ideas are fresh and universal; his language is honest; and his songs make me laugh, cry and dance -- all at the right times! "Five O'clock Shadow" is the first song we have worked on together and it has felt like a "classic hit" to me from the first time I heard it in it's rough form. The production only enhanced what was already there. I can't wait to hear more! "


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- Transform offers a comprehensive and extensive post-operative care programme, which is included in the cost of the treatments. The programme serves to ensure that recovery is as swift and problem free as possible
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A national report released this week shows charter school enrollment continues to grow in Detroit, Michigan and across the nation. The seventh annual report by the National Alliance for Public Charter Schools shows that Detroit now ranks No. 2 nationally when it comes to the percentage of students enrolled in charter schools.
Read more
The West Virginia Board of Education voted to terminate State Superintendent of Schools Jorea Marple during a routine board meeting in a 5-2 vote.
A Utah parent has sued her school district in federal court challenging the constitutionality of restrictions imposed on student access to a library book about a lesbian couple raising a family.
The tax-exempt bond market's first in-depth evaluation of charter school credit quality details stronger-than-expected financial performance, especially among rated borrowers, and challenges market perceptions about charter school financial risk.
Absence of parental or educational support and becoming a parent are the two top reasons cited by respondents for dropping out of high school, according to the 2012 High School Dropouts in America survey of 513 adults aged 19 to 35.
Clayton and Fayette counties recently lost their school chiefs within a month of each other. Both outgoing superintendents met contentious ends to their tenures, and both were recently passed over for other jobs. Fayette Superintendent Jeff Bearden lost out on a similar job in Floyd County, and Clayton Superintendent Edmond Heatley made an unsuccessful bid for school chief of the Berkeley Unified District in California.
With more students, fewer teachers and less money, school systems are searching for ways to stay competitive with what they offer students.
With the number of students in Utah's charter schools growing steadily, a Utah legislator is considering a law that would allow educators to pursue new types of charter schools, rather than wait for them to be proposed.
State education board members assured teachers Wednesday that the Education Department's proposal to give teachers letter grades will not be part of South Carolina's performance-based evaluation system, which is set to start statewide in 2014-15.
Pressure to meet mathematics and reading targets was so high in recent years that some Kansas elementary schools sacrificed science lessons to focus on those subjects, a survey found.
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Step 1: Starting out
The first thing you need to do is find the pin-out diagram to tell which pin handles what function. These things are available all over google for whatever port you might find.
What else do you need: Soldering iron, glue gun, continuity tester, shrink wire, port connector, female a/v jacks
Step 2: Understanding the pin-out
Here I'm going to use the six audio channels, the amplifier remote wire, and mute wire
Right now I'm ignoring the rear view camera and video hookups.


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Erzbergrodeo 2015
Pure Adrenalin plus Extraordinary Hard Enduro Excellence and FunRead article
Pure Adrenalin plus Extraordinary Hard Enduro Excellence and FunRead article
KTM is pleased to announce that the EXC model year 2016 range has been launched and is currently arriving in KTM dealers in selected countries.Read article
Red Bull KTM Ajo riders Miguel Oliveira and Brad Binder finished on the podium at the Moto3 Grand Prix of Spain at the Jerez circuit on Sunday, a solid and positive result for the team run by Aki Ajo. Oliveira was just 0.097 seconds behind leader Danny Kent. It was the closest finish of the four rounds so far held in the 2015 World Championship.Read article
KTM UK has launched its 'Trade-Up' promotion to give riders of all machines an extra £1000* discount towards the exciting new 1050 ADVENTURE when trading in their existing bike.Read article
LAS VEGAS, Nevada – Red Bull KTM factory rider and newly crowned East 250 Supercross Champion, Marvin Musquin, took a dominating win in the Las Vegas East/West 250 Supercross Shootout in front of a packed crowd at Sam Boyd Stadium for the season finale. His teammate, Justin Hill, did not finish the event after a heat race injury kept him from competing in the main event.Read article
LAS VEGAS, Nevada – Red Bull KTM factory rider Ryan Dungey took an impressive win at the season finale of the Monster Energy Supercross Series, an FIM World Championship, held at Sam Boyd Stadium.Read article


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Are you interested in being an IBC Academy trainer or author?
IBC Academy delivers public and client specific learning and training solutions for the ports, logistics, energy, environment and safety industries, assisting individuals and organisations to achieve goals by developing skills, knowledge and performance.
We are always keen to hear from experienced professionals who may wish to contribute to an existing or future IBC Academy training programme, whether as an author of a distance learning module or an entire course, or as a trainer or consultant for our in-house corporate training engagements.
We look for a combination of professional knowledge, practical experience and top level presentation and writing skills to ensure that all contributors maintain the high quality of delivery required by IBC Academy. If selected, our professional in-house teams then work closely with trainers and authors to ensure we develop and deliver leading-edge information, knowledge and skills training solutions.
Our Distance Learning Courses are designed to fulfil the knowledge requirements of particular roles in the maritime industry or to offer education in focused areas of importance to the industry. Distance learning authors and tutors are drawn from academic and commercial organisations to ensure we offer the best quality whilst integrating both academic and industry view points.
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Articles tagged andre has a posse
21 Jan 2009 // 8:59 PM
- //Features
In many ways Sheppard Fairey's (designer of the famous Obama "hope" poster) work is an ad campaign making fun of ad campaigns. It's his consistency of message that has earned him respect. He is the McDonalds of guerilla art.READ more
//Mixed media
Colette Carr "Static" (video) (Premiere) // Music
House of Blondes "First of July" (audio) (premiere) // Music
Digisaurus 'No More Room For Love' (EP stream) // Music
Eszter Balint 'Airless Midnight' (album stream) (premiere) // Music
//Pm Picks
PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.
// Announcements
"PopMatters is on a short summer publishing break. We resume Monday, July 6th.READ the article


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Local News
Henrico Businesses and Educators Honored at 2015 RichTech Awards Read more
Henrico shopping center sells for $33M Read more
Pair of Henrico property sales top $25M Read more
Four Henrico high schools named among nation's best Read more
Trio of projects transforming Short Pump Read more
Henrico Provides Perfect Backdrop for AMC Historical Series Read more
Innsbrook After Hours Celebrates 30 Years of Music Read more
PRESS RELEASE: Governor McAuliffe Announces 1,173 New Jobs in Henrico County Read more
College kicks off $13M renovation Read more
Henrico Profiles: Genworth Financial and Markel Corporation Read more
About Henrico County
Located in the heart of the Eastern Seaboard, Henrico County is adjacent to Virginia's capital city of Richmond. Home to 25,000 businesses and four Fortune 1000 headquarters, Henrico County is one of only 36 localities in the U.S. with an AAA bond rating from the three major national bond rating agencies.
Henrico County also offers a wide variety of competitive business incentives, including economic assistance, job training assistance and real estate credits, focused on driving business success.
If you're looking to grow an existing business or establish a new one, Henrico County is an ideal business-friendly location. We offer a wide range of complimentary economic development services, including access to HenricoProperties.com – our real estate and GIS database.
From Properties To Permits – You'll Find It Here
- Low operating costs – high quality of life
Henrico County's strategic location can help your bottom line.
4300 East Parham Road
Henrico, VA 23228 USA
(804) 501-7654
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Welcome! We invite you to make a 'Sacred Space' in your day, praying here and now, as you visit our website, with the help of scripture chosen every day and on-screen guidance.
Something to think and pray about this week
It is always a joyful experience for us to read and reflect on the Beatitudes! Jesus proclaimed them in his first great sermon, preached on the shore of the Sea of Galilee. There was a very large crowd, so Jesus went up on the mountain to teach his disciples. That is why it is known as "the Sermon on the Mount." In the Bible, the mountain is regarded as a place where God reveals himself. Jesus, by preaching on the mount, reveals himself to be a divine teacher, a new Moses. What does he tell us? He shows us the way to life, the way that he himself has taken. Jesus himself is the way, and he proposes this way as the path to true happiness. Throughout his life, from his birth in the stable in Bethlehem until his death on the cross and his resurrection, Jesus embodied the Beatitudes. All the promises of God's kingdom were fulfilled in him.
In proclaiming the Beatitudes, Jesus asks us to follow him and to travel with him along the path of love, the path that alone leads to eternal life. It is not an easy journey, yet the Lord promises us his grace, and he never abandons us. We face so many challenges in life: poverty, distress, humiliation, the struggle for justice, persecutions, the difficulty of daily conversion, the effort to remain faithful to our call to holiness, and many others. But if we open the door to Jesus and allow him to be part of our lives, if we share our joys and sorrows with him, then we will experience the peace and joy that only God, who is infinite love, can give.
- Excerpted from Walking with Jesus by Pope Francis
Sacred Space - daily prayer for 16 years
Sacred Space began in 1999 and has offered new content every day since then. You can see some of the thoughts of other users of the site on our Feedback page.


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MARSEILLE, France, May 19 /PRNewswire/ -- IPSOGEN SA (Marseille and New Haven), a cancer profiler that develops and markets molecular diagnostic assays for blood & breast cancers, announced today that researchers from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC, Houston, TX) will present the results of two studies on the Genomic Grade index (GGi) at the ASCO Annual Meeting, held in Chicago from May 30 to June 3, 2008. The data indicate that the Genomic Grade index predicts response to chemotherapy in breast cancer. A third study extends the pronostic utility of the GGi to inflammatory breast cancer.
The Genomic Grade index (GGi) is a 97-gene measure of tumor grade, a key prognostic indicator of breast cancer agressiveness closely related to cellular proliferation. Ipsogen is the exclusive worldwide licensee of the GGi technologies.
Two MD Anderson Cancer Center studies
In a preliminary study published in May 2008 in Breast Cancer Research (1) conducted on 133 patients, MDACC researchers had found that, among 852 genomic indexes describing biological pathways, the GGi was one of the most promising candidate for predicting response to chemotherapy.
In the first study to be presented (abstract 541, (2)), Dr. Symmans and colleagues from MDACC and Institut Bordet (Brussels, Belgium) validated the GGi as a predictive marker of chemotherapy response in 229 patients with HER2-normal breast cancer. All patients were treated with a current standard chemotherapy regimen, T/FAC (6 months of paclitaxel followed by 5-fluoruracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) then by surgery. In such preoperative chemotherapy settings, treatment efficacy can be rapidly & precisely assessed by examining the resected tumor in a pathology laboratory.
This study concludes that high GGi is predictive for increased
sensitivity to T/FAC chemotherapy in both ER- and ER+ patients. In
addition, the GGi can be combined with ER and nodal status to p
|SOURCE Ipsogen
Copyright©2008 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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The top two seeds stood tall on Day 2 of the District 1-AAA volleyball tournament on Tuesday when Dobyns-Bennett and Science Hill each swept into the winners' bracket finals.Comments
Photos from Tuesday's David Crockett at Dobyns-Bennett girls soccer matchComments
The Kingsport Parks and Recreation Department is scaring up some fun this month, with several activities coming up during fall break.Comments
More than 200 cars filled Thunder Valley Saturday for the year's final Street Fights presented by ZRock 99.3.Comments
Lauren Grindstaff, a former D-B standout, led the Buffaloes to a 12th-place finish in the Greater Louisville Classic 5K women's race.Comments
After being honored by the South Atlantic Conference on Monday, Tusculum College's LiRonta Archie and Bo Cordell were named the Tennessee Sports Writers Association's College Football Players of the Week on Tuesday.Comments
Monday's high school results from around the region.Comments
The top three seeds in action Monday — Science Hill, Sullivan Central and Tennessee High — all made their way into the second round of the District 1-AAA volleyball tournament at Volunteer High School.Comments
Elimination games are always nerve-wracking, but Sullivan North's volleyball team erased all doubt of the outcome early in its first-round match against Johnson County in the District 1-AA tournament on Monday.Comments
Our area's ranked high school football teams — Sullivan South, Sullivan North and Elizabethton— stood pat when the latest Associated Press polls came out Monday.Comments
TimesNews.net is looking for dependable students/parents/fans to tweet game highlights for your high school team.
If You Can Text - You Can Tweet! All You Need is a Cell Phone!
Sign up to Tweet Football or Basketball today and become an Official Tweeter for the Times-News Tweet Team at TimesNews.net
Contact Diana Meredith at firstname.lastname@example.com, 423-723-1484, or Carmen Musick, email@example.com×


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Gear Review
light, durable
I like the length for touring, and shorten them up for the downhill. The carbon bottom swings nicely and has enough flex to with. I'm 5'7", they have all of the range of length I need. I use them as a resort pole as well, shortening them on mogul runs where the carbon bottom really pays off. My only gripe is that I did have the bottoms release on me a few times before I tightened the screw where the lock is located. Once I fine tuned the screw, I haven't had that problem again.
View More Details on Black Diamond Carbon Fiber Ski Poles


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Now Available - PlanetSide 2
PlanetSide 2 is Now Available on Steam and is Free to Play!
Across the continents of Auraxis, thousands of players come together in enormous battles to win control of critical territories and key resources for their Empire. With an extensive skill tree and free-form class-based system, players are able to customize their soldier, weapons and vehicles to match their play-style, as well as the needs of their squad, outfit or Empire. Battles can last for days or weeks, so players need to build alliances and specialized combat outfits to take on long-term strategic and tactical initiatives. With aircraft and ground vehicles, as well as infantry combat, the battles are larger and more intense than ever before.
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Avascular necrosis occurs when the blood supply to tissue, such as
cartilage and bone, is decreased or stopped. Without an adequate blood supply,
the tissue breaks down and dies.
Avascular necrosis may be caused by an injury, such as forceful
impact in a car crash, or may occur as a complication of a hip fracture or
dislocation. Conditions such as sickle cell anemia, gout, and lupus may lead to
avascular necrosis. Long-term use of alcohol or medicines, such as
corticosteroids, increases the risk of avascular necrosis.
Last Revised:
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The Senate bill's additional requirements of transparency--for instance, on the costs for common treatments, use of simple language in insurance documents, studies on coverage denials by insurers, and disclosures of insurer claims and payment practices--are beneficial. They will certainly lead to greater public awareness. But regulators must also respond by using the information to improve the system, said Consumer Watchdog.
Consumer Watchdog is a nonpartisan consumer advocacy organization with offices in Washington, D.C. and Santa Monica, CA. Find us on the web at: http://www.ConsumerWatchdog.org
SOURCE Consumer Watchdog
|Copyright©2009 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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TPL Override was programmed for WHMCS v5, although it may be backwards compatible to previous versions; this has not been tested or confirmed:
- WHMCS version 5 or higher recommended
Licensing and Support
TPL Override is provided under the terms of the GPL-v2 license.
As there is no charge for TPL Override, there is no support offered for this extension directly. We always advise you to perform regular maintenance on your site including backups and upgrades, and to proceed with care whenever using any 3rd party extension.


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
31 year old woman | Philadelphia, PA, USA | Seeking men 30-40
The Rose that Grew from Concrete.
This section is almost as scary as the "so tell me a little about yourself" interview question. Here it goes... I have been in the Philadelphia area for a little over two years now. I'm finally comfortable calling this place home. I am still not too familiar with all that the city has to offer and am interested in meeting someone to explore with. I love to read for fun. Work kind of makes that difficult these days, since I read for a living. But when I do get the chance to pick up a novel, it's usually in the historical fiction, detective/suspense novels, and whatever the equivalent of chick-flicks for books is genres. I also love to shop, try new restaurants, attend happy hour with friends and co-workers, listen to music, watch movies/TV. I love good company and need laughter in my life to feel balanced. I try to shy away from making a list of characteristics my future bf/husband must have. I hear those things can get way out of hand, and it's basically a set up for failure. But at a minimum my ideal partner will be an honest, loyal, motivated, and ambitious man, who enjoys a good laugh and who is equally satisfied spending an evening on the town as he is hanging out on the couch in lounge wear watching encore episodes of (insert guilty pleasure tv show).
Cooking , Dining out , Museums and art , Nightclubs/Dancing , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Volunteering , Wine tasting
I exercise 1-2 times per week.
Tequila's or El Vez for margaritas. Del Frisco's for ... well, everything. Can you say "ambiance." And I always have a good time in the Fairmount neighborhood.
Twelve Years a Slave. I wanted to read it before seeing the movie. After reading the book, I don't think I have the nerve nor the stomach to watch the movie.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'6" (167cms)
|5'10" (177cms) to 6'6" (198cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|No preference
|Dark brown
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way, Cigar aficionado
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|No preference
I think the saying goes something like "You can never have too many lawyers." Or at least that's how I heard it when I was deciding whether to go to law school.
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Black / African descent
|No preference
|Christian / Protestant
|Christian / Catholic, Christian / LDS, Christian / Protestant, Spiritual but not religious, Christian / Other
|English, Other
|Graduate degree
|Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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Car Shoe Celebrates Lamborghini 50th Anniversary
Car Shoe (part of the Prada Group), the celebrated Italian brand born in 1963, is honoring the 50th anniversary of Automobili Lamborghini by producing a limited edition of their world-famous moccasin. The shoe features a metal of the 50th anniversary design on the lace and the Lamborghini shield enameled on the back and printed on the insole. A shoe that best expresses the Italian craftsmanship, revisited to underline both brands anniversary.
source: Lamborghini
source: Lamborghini
Categories: News


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Tina Dupuy: It's condescension when politicians can't have a reasonable discussion about real issues without bleating out some melba toast bromides.
Progressive Media Advocates
By Tina Dupuy
Treva Brandon Scharf: Confident people don't bash themselves; they don't let negative thinking and self-loathing screw up a good workout or undermine their progress.
Edward Wasserman: The larger question, to me, was less why she did what she did, but why everybody seemed to care so much, and why her case provoked so much anger.
Joe Mathews: But with immigration flatlining and the climate drying up, it may soon be.


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Rinse and drain water chestnuts and coarsely chop. Diagonally cut snow peas into 1/2-inch-wide pieces and chop scallions. Separate lettuce leaves.
In a bowl with your hands mix turkey, 1 teaspoon honey, 1 tablespoon each soy sauce, vinegar, and garlic, and 2 tablespoons gingerroot until just combined. Marinate turkey mixture 15 minutes.
In a small bowl whisk together Worcestershire sauce, water, sugar, cornstarch, and remaining teaspoon honey, 3 tablespoons soy sauce, and 2 tablespoons vinegar. In a wok or large non-stick skillet heat vegetable oil over moderately high heat until hot but not smoking and saut turkey mixture, stirring and breaking up lumps, until just cooked through, about 3 minutes. With a slotted spoon transfer turkey mixture to cleaned bowl. In wok or skillet stir-fry remaining tablespoon each garlic and gingerroot 15 seconds. Add water chestnuts and stir-fry 15 seconds. Add turkey mixture, soy-sauce mixture, snow peas, and scallions and stir-fry until sauce is thickened and snow peas are tender, about 3 minutes. Remove wok or skillet from heat and stir in sesame oil and salt and pepper to taste.
Serve turkey mixture, mint, and cilantro on lettuce leaves accompanied by rice.
Each serving, including rice, about 425 calories and 11.7 grams fat (25% of calories from fat).
Nutritional analysis provided by Gourmet


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Looks good, works and looks like a real zippo. Nice pocket size. The price is good. It came in a strong protective blue case. Not realy a con but you see your fingerprints because It's high polished. You can't chose the of... Read more
Good Oil lighter. Works just like a zippo. So if you know how to use a zippo, you know how to use one of these. The Decal on the front of it seems quite high quality. Could be a bit cheaper! Hign polished finish is hard to... Read more
The classic oil cigarette lighter which is very easy to use, the lighter has very close quality to a zippo, and also came with a very large wick compared to zippos. The decal is good quality and actually etched in to the a... Read more
Works just like a zippo. So if you know how to use a zippo, you know how to use one of these. The Decal on the front of it seems quite high quality. The top was slightly off centre The insert was VERY tight, spent about 10... Read more
The lighter is worked cleanly and well. It is practically and exactly as good as an original Zippo. It is not at the underside the lighter any stamp what surprises me very much. It is perfect for enthusiasts and is also as... Read more
This lighter is a nice size. It is very decorative, easy to fill, lights every time even when it is windy. There is nothing at all i can... Read more
- It's a very beautiful lighter. - You can refill it. - It has a funny text on it. - It was a good present, gave it to a friend of mine.... Read more
Looks good, works and looks like a real zippo. Nice pocket size. The price is good. It came in a strong protective blue case. Not realy a... Read more
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Detecvision Technologies Private Limited Agency
New Delhi, India
$16.67 – $16.67/hr
45 jobs completed
50 Upwork hrs
Agency Freelancers
Web designer, Web Researcher, Data entry operator, Assistant Professor
Detecvision is made out of aspiring web developers, designers and brilliant technology geeks aim to serve the clients with an engaging online presence that speaks their business at one glance! Our goals are simple – to visualize, to execute and to captivate! we always strive to surpass client's expectations, help them communicate their business ideas effectively to their target audience via an effective web-branding and marketing and provide them creative and marketing consultations…more
Work History & Feedback
SEO Project
– Present / $1,111.11 (fixed-price)
Job in progress
– / $3,333.33 (fixed-price)
Evaluation form with sliders used as scale of 1 - 10
– / $66.68 (4 hrs @ $16.67/hr)


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1 – Number of weeks Hamburg spent at the top of the table 2 – Number of 0-0 draws after five weeks 5 – Clean sheets, tied (alongside week 4) for the most in one week 8 – Minutes it … Continue reading
1st Schalke What You Know: If baseball's Chicago Cubs had a baby with the Red Sox prior to 2004, Schalke would be the offspring. What You Don't: All things both good and bad must end. What to Expect: Yes, Campeones! … Continue reading


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Top Definition
A Korean dude who muds like a maniac and farts uncontrollably.
av Intel 30. juli 2004
161 more definitions
Generic, no-name shoes or even worse shoes with corny names (i.e. pro-wings, avia, sike (just glue it), four-stripe adidas, ragamuffinpinwheelsdeluxe. . .).
Bobos, they make your feet feel fine,
Bobos, they cost a dollar ninety-nine. . .
Bobos, they cost a dollar ninety-nine. . .
av stop or my mom will shoot 3. februar 2005
The first ape able to make it into the MLS. A majestic being who blocks every shoot unless its from half field. Has a cock bigger the world itself and his been known to give a billion dollars to every person in need.
Inmate who's that amazing being over there
Enlightened being oh that's just king bobo
Enlightened being oh that's just king bobo
av darrick477 21. februar 2015
Abbreviation for Bohemian Bourgeois. People who were hippies in the sixties, grew out of that, got a computer, and a 70 hour work week but still wanted to be "kinda funky" and "see the world". so they wear long skirts, grow a skullet, buy veggies at the "market" and fill their homes with overpriced expensive crap from 3rd world countries. To get that 'exotic look'.
"Check the bobos and their giant african carvings!"
av pica pica 4. juli 2005
A haitian illegal citizen who looks like a bum, who usually wears beat up jordans that he/she bought at ross. They usually have an ugly haircut (so called no tape) they also enjoy bragging about how good they are at basketball even though they are absolutely horrible. BO-BO's are usually short, fat, have no swag and eat everything with hot sauce.
I invited a bunch of people to play basketall and bo-bo's bum self came uninvited with his no swag self.
BO-BO is always bragging about how good he is at basketball.
I saw BO-BO at ross with his whole family buying a tu-tu for his aunty.
BO-BO is a stank ass nigga.
BO-BO is always bragging about how good he is at basketball.
I saw BO-BO at ross with his whole family buying a tu-tu for his aunty.
BO-BO is a stank ass nigga.
av DATNIGGADANIEL 4. oktober 2011
A penis just before becoming erect or just after. The size of an erection but being flacid
That girl grabbed my cock at just the right moment, I totally had a bo-bo.
You better stop talking to me like that I've got myself a bo-bo.
You better stop talking to me like that I've got myself a bo-bo.
av Bo-bo the dancing chimp 29. august 2010
A person who participates in elite equestrian competitions who clearly does not have the knowledge, horsepower, and or skill to do so. Their horses will appear to be unkept and will be of low quality. They also will tend to lean towards equipment of the florescent and plastic persuasion (which is generally frowned upon in this conservative natured sport). They also will enter classes which are above and beyond their skill level which inevitably leads to a disastrous performance. A Bobo is generally oblivious to the aforementioned and is usually very high on themselves and their horses. Thus, they tend to cause a disturbance in the warm up areas due to their inflated egos. Also known as a "Rubber Booter" due to their infatuation with plastic equipment.
"Dude, did you see that Bobo with the hot pink saddle pad run in front of my warm up fence?!"
"Quick, the Bobo from this morning entered the 1.40, disaster will ensue!"
"Quick, the Bobo from this morning entered the 1.40, disaster will ensue!"


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Five Things: Bears vs. Lions Thanksgiving Roundup
The Detroit Lions have won two Thanksgiving games in a row, both in blowout fashion no less. After nine straight losses on Turkey Day, it is a welcome change for Lions fans.
Cowboys Fans Opt For A Tailgating Thanksgiving
In North Texas nothing says thanksgiving like cooking a turkey in the parking lot.
Black Friday Shoppers Start Earlier Than Ever
Black Friday sales are creeping earlier into Thanksgiving Day.
MedStar Brings A Family Together For Thanksgiving
An ambulance ride brought a family together for the holidays.
Thanksgiving: Parades, Travel, Shopping
Turkey, stuffing and a helium-filled Thomas the Tank Engine are on the menu as friends and families gather across the United States on Thursday to celebrate Thanksgiving.
It's The Annual 'Black Pieday' At Fort Worth Pastry Shop
Most businesses wait for Black Friday. But for the Swiss Pastry Shop in Fort Worth, the day before Thanksgiving could be called Black Pieday.
Keidel: Giving Thanks For Sports
Since we are upon our great day of gratitude, a pretext for gorging on poultry and then taking our swollen torsos to the nearest television for some football, let's look to sports for reasons to give thanks.
Thursday Football Breakdown: Chicago Bears At Detroit Lions
The Detroit Lions played on Thanksgiving before 24 of the current NFL franchises even existed. The Lions' first owner scheduled the inaugural game in 1934 to try and generate interest in the team.
First Thanksgiving At Home For Formerly Conjoined Twins
The Ezell family is especially thankful this Thanksgiving for having their twins being successfully separation operation.
Airlines Prepare For Storm In Northeast
A big storm could cause problems for travelers on Wednesday, the day before Thanksgiving, putting a dent into what is typically the busiest travel day of the year.
Happy Thanksgiving: What I'm Thankful For
This is one of my favorite holidays of the year. Not just because of the turkey, dressing and deserts, but for being with family and friends that we love and being thankful.
Thanksgiving Turn Shorter Than Usual For Dallas
George Selvie rushed out of Dallas' locker room, already prepared for some down time on a short week even by the standards of the Thanksgiving-trained Cowboys.


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| | Other topics
News articles on carbon dioxide
Mongabay.com news articles on carbon dioxide in blog format. Updated regularly.
Temperate forests not a fix for global warming
(08/10/2007) Carbon sequestration projects in temperate regions -- already facing doubts by scientists -- were dealt another blow by Duke University-led research that found pine tree stands grown under elevated carbon dioxide conditions only store significant amounts of carbon when they receive sufficient amounts of water and nutrients.
Pound of beef produces 36 pounds of CO2 emissions
(07/18/2007) The production of a kilogram of beef is results in more greenhouse gas emissions and other pollution than driving a car for 3 hours while leaving all the lights at home, concludes a new study led by Akifumi Ogino of the National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science in Tsukuba, Japan. The research is detailed in this week's issue of New Scientist Magazine.
Is peat swamp worth more than palm oil plantations?
(07/16/2007) Could peat swamp be worth more intact for their carbon value than palm oil plantations for their oil? Quick analysis suggests yes, though binding limits on emissions will be needed to trigger the largest ever flow of money from the industrialized world to developing countries. At stake: the bulk of the world's biodiversity.
Florida to cut greenhouse gas emissions 80% by 2050
(07/15/2007) Florida plans to cut greenhouse gas emissions 80 percent from 1990 levels by 2050 according to Charlie Crist, Florida's Republican state governor. Due to its low elevation and hurricane risk, global warming may pose the biggest risk to Florida of any U.S. state.
Indonesia's peat swamps worth $39B/year
(07/11/2007) Indonesia's peat swamps are worth $39 billion in carbon credits per year, according to rough calculations by Bloomberg.
China will not commit to CO2 limits
(07/06/2007) China will not commit to binding greenhouse gas emissions cuts, reports the BBC. Lu Xuedu, deputy director-general of China's Office of Global Environmental Affairs, told British parliamentarians that China does not presently have the "capability to make those commitments."
WWF condemns iron fertilization scheme to fight global warming
(06/28/2007) Environmental group WWF condemned a scheme by Planktos, Inc. (OTCBB: PLKT) to dump up to 100 tons of iron dust in the open ocean west of the Galapagos Islands. The firm claims the experiment will fertilize massive blooms of phytoplankton that will absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and help fight global warming.
Industrialized countries outsource CO2 emissions to China
(06/22/2007) Facing criticism as it surpasses the U.S. as the world's largest producer of carbon dioxide, China says that industrialized countries are hypocritical for criticizing its greenhouse gas emissions while buying its products, according to the Associated Press. China argues that developed countries are effectively outsourcing emissions by shifting manufacturing to its factories.
Melting Antarctic icebergs help increase biodiversity, slow climate change
(06/21/2007) Icebergs breaking off Antarctica are unexpected hotspots of biological productivity and have a surprising role in climate change, reports a new study published in the journal Science.
$100 billion invested in renewable energy in 2006
(06/20/2007) $100 billion poured into renewable energy and energy efficiency in 2006, a 25 percent jump from 2005, reports a new analysis by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP).
Most Americans back a $10 monthly global warming tax
(06/20/2007) 73 percent of Americans back a $10-per-month charge to underwrite renewable energy production reports a new survey by New Scientist Magazine, Stanford University and Resources for the Future, an independent think tank. The research indicates that 85 percent of Americans believe global warming in currently happening.
China surpasses the U.S. in CO2 emissions
(06/20/2007) China has surpassed the United States as the world's largest producers of greenhouse gas emissions, reports the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (EEA), a group that advises the Dutch government.
Google to be carbon neutral by year end
(06/20/2007) Google Inc. aims to be carbon neutral by the end of 2007, according to a statement posted on the Official Google Blog. The search giant plans to fight global warming by investing in and using renewable energy sources; reducing energy consumption by maximizing efficiency, and purchasing carbon offsets for the greenhouse gas emissions that it cannot reduce directly.
Amazon.com, eBay rank worst for global warming efforts
(06/20/2007) Amazon.com and eBay rank at the bottom of the list when it comes to reducing their impact on climate, reports a new analysis from Climate Counts, a nonprofit that works to promote responsible climate policy among corporations. Microsoft and Yahoo rank at the top of Internet and software companies rated, while Google is in the middle of the pack.
Carbon capture and storage could help combat global warming
(06/12/2007) While solar power and hybrid cars have become popular symbols of green technology, Stanford researchers are exploring another path for cutting emissions of carbon dioxide, the leading greenhouse gas that causes global warming.
World Bank to raise $250M for avoided deforestation in tropics
(06/11/2007) The World Bank will soon launch an "avoided deforestation" pilot project that will pay tropical countries for preserving their forests, reports The Wall Street Journal. The $250 million fund will reward Indonesia, Brazil, Congo and other tropical forest countries for offsetting global warming emissions. Tropical deforestation accounts for roughly 20 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, but slowing deforestation slows emissions of heat-trapping emissions. Researchers estimate that "avoided deforestation" schemes may be one of the most cost effective ways to slow climate change. Further, avoided deforestation offers simultaneous benefits including preservation of ecosystem services and biodiversity.
Nobel prize winner debates future of nuclear power
(06/07/2007) Two renowned energy experts sparred in a debate over nuclear energy Wednesday afternoon at Stanford University. Amory Lovins, Chairman and Chief Scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute, an energy think tank, argued that energy efficiency and alternative energy sources will send nuclear power the way of the dinosaurs in the near future. Dr. Burton Richter, winner of the 1976 Nobel Prize in physics, said that nuclear would play an important part of the future energy portfolio needed to cut carbon emissions to fight global warming.
Dirty snow may warm Arctic as much as GHG emissions
(06/07/2007) Dirty snow from soot and forest fires is responsible for one-third or more of Arctic warming reports a new study from researchers at the University of California at Irvine (UCI) and the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder.
U.S. refuses to talk global warming cuts at G8 summit
(06/06/2007) President Bush said he opposed setting firm targets for greenhouse gas cuts at a G8 summit but said that his proposal to fight climate change would not undermine U.N. efforts, as critics have claimed.
Indonesia: No more rainforest clearing for palm oil
(06/05/2007) Indonesian Minister for Environment Rachmat Witoelar said Indonesia will not allow palm oil producers to clear primary forests for establishing plantations, reports Bloomberg. Indonesia is expected to surpass Malaysia as the world largest producer of palm oil this year. The government hopes to add 7 million hectares of plantations by 2011.
China Unveils Global Warming Initiative
(06/05/2007) Scientists documented 467 species, including 24 species believed new to science, during a rainforest survey in eastern Suriname, South America. The expedition, led by conservation International (CI), was sponsored by two mining companies, BHP-Billiton Maatschappij Suriname (BMS) and Suriname Aluminium Company LLC (Suralco), hoping to mine the area for bauxite, the raw material used to make aluminum. conservation International said the Rapid Assessment Survey (RAP) will help "give miners guidance on protecting unique plants and animals during potential future development," according to a statement from the organization.
Geoengineering could stop global warming but carries big risks
(06/04/2007) Using radical techniques to ,engineer, Earth's climate by blocking sunlight could cool Earth but presents great risks that could well worsen global warming should they fail or be discontinued, reports a new study published in the June 4 early online edition of The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
CO2 emissions growth surges as global energy efficiency falls
(05/21/2007) Worldwide growth in carbon dioxide emissions has doubled since the close of the 1990s, reports a study published in the early on-line edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The findings suggest that the global economy is more dependent on fossil fuels than ever before, with carbon intensity--the amount of carbon needed to produce a unit of economic output--decreasing after a period of increases.
Southern Ocean may not absorb more CO2 emissions
(05/17/2007) Climate change has weakened one the Earth's largest natural carbon 'sinks' raising the possibility that increased warming could reduce the capacity of some systems to absorb carbon dioxide, reports a study published this week in the journal Science.
Calpine may benefit from global warming limits
(05/16/2007) Power generator Calpine will be well-positioned when the regularlory environment for carbon dioxide emissions shifts and federal caps are introduced, reports the Wall Street Journal.
Canada's boreal forest must be saved
(05/14/2007) At a conference Monday, 1500 prominent scientists called for protection of Canada's boreal forest, one of the largest intact forest and wetland ecosystems remaining on the planet.
Ocean 'burps' may have ended last ice ages
(05/10/2007) A University of Colorado at Boulder-led research team tracing the origin of a large carbon dioxide increase in Earth's atmosphere at the end of the last ice age has detected two ancient 'burps' that originated from the deepest parts of the oceans.
Reducing tropical deforestation will help fight global warming
(05/10/2007) Scientists have lent support to a plan by developing countries to fight global warming by reducing deforestation rates. Tropical deforestation releases more than 1.5 billion metric tons of carbon into the atmosphere every year, though in some years, like the 1997-1998 el Nino year when fires released some 2 billion tons of carbon from peat swamps alone in Indonesia, emissions are more than twice that. Writing in the journal Science, an international team of scientists argue that the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation (RED) initiative, launched in 2005 by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, is scientifically and technologically sound, and that political and economic challenges facing the plan can be overcome.
Global carbon cycle is key to understanding climate change
(05/09/2007) Despite its importance to mankind, the global carbon cycle is poorly understood. With concerns over climate change mounting, it becomes all the more imperative to understand how carbon is absorbed by the Earth's oceans, vegetation, and atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide emissions lag 25% behind 2012 targets
(05/08/2007) The world is far behind carbon dioxide emissions targets set by the Kyoto Protocol reports the Little Green Data Book 2007, an annual publication put out by the World Bank. The publication notes that global carbon dioxide emissions have risen 19 percent since 1990, more than 25 percent behind goals set forth under the Kyoto Protocol, which called for a 5.2 percent reduction from 1990 levels.
Peatlands store 100 years of CO2 emissions
(05/08/2007) The UN Convention on Climate Change is putting global climate at risk by ignoring carbon dioxide emissions from the destruction of carbon-rich peatlands in Indonesia, charged Wetlands International, a Dutch environmental group that has highlighted the climate impact of land-use change in southeast Asia.
China finds 7.5 billion barrel oilfield
(05/08/2007) PetroChina, Asia's largest oil and gas producer, announced the discovery of a 7.5 billion barrel oil field off the northeast coast of China. The find, in an undersea field in Bohai Bay, is the largest in Asia in four decades and will boost China's known oil reserves by 20 percent. Nevertheless, the discovery will not be enough to offset China's oil imports, which have surged in recent years due to a booming economy and rapid adoption of automobiles.
Amazon rainforest locks up 11 years of CO2 emissions
(05/08/2007) The amount and distribution of above ground biomass (or the amount of carbon contained in vegetation) in the Amazon basin is largely unknown, making it difficult to estimate how much carbon dioxide is produced through deforestation and how much is sequestered through forest regrowth. To address this uncertainty, a team of scientists from Caltech, the Woods Hole Institute, and INPE (Brazil's space agency), have developed a new method to determine forest biomass using remote sensing and field plot measurements. The researchers say the work will help them better understand the role of Amazon rainforest in global climate change.
U.S. could offset 20% of emissions through reforestation of marginal lands
(05/03/2007) Reforesting marginal agricultural land could significantly slow the increase of carbon in the atmosphere reports a new study based on NASA data, though it would be no magic bullet in fighting global warming since temperate forests have been shown to increase regional temperatures by absorbing more sunlight. Still, reforestation has the potential to offer other ancillary benefits including watershed services and erosion control.
U.S. and China fight plan to slow global warming
(04/30/2007) Claiming that costs of fighting global warming will be higher than consensus estimates, China and the United States are fighting plans to slow climate change, according to the Associated Press (AP). The countries also say the impacts of climate change will not be as severe as projected and want to raise the emissions cap of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels from 430 parts per million (ppm) proposed by the European Union to 445 ppm. Current CO2 levels stand around 381 ppm.
Dutch plan restricts biofuels that damage environment
(04/29/2007) The Netherlands has proposed a system to reduce the environmental impact of biofuels production. The country becomes the first in the world to establish such guidelines. Environmentalists have expressed increasing concern for the establishment of energy crops in biodiverse and carbon-rich ecosystems like the peatlands of Indonesia and the Amazon rainforest. They say that conversion of these forests for oil palm and soybeans is threatening endangered species and worsening global warming. Further, they warn, demand for such biomass energy products is driving up prices for food crops.
Dutch will demand rainforest-friendly palm oil
(04/27/2007) In a report scheduled to be released today, the Dutch government will outline criteria for growing biofuels in a more sustainable manner. The guidelines will be closely watched by the rest of Europe, which is currently struggling with the environmental pros and cons of large-scale energy crop production, especially in ecologically-sensitive areas like the Amazon and Indonesian rainforests.
To fight warming, Canada will ban incandescent light bulbs by 2012
(04/25/2007) In an effort to fight greenhouse gas emissions, Canada plans to ban use of incandescent light bulbs by 2012, said Natural Resources Minister Gary Lunn. Canada follows Australia as the second country to announce a ban on the inefficient bulbs. California legislators have proposed a similar ban for 2012.
Biodiesel may worsen global warming relative to petroleum diesel
(04/23/2007) Biodiesel made from rapeseed could increase rather than reduce greenhouse emissions compared to conventional diesel fuels, reports a new study published in the journal Chemistry & Industry. Overall the researchers found that petroleum diesel and rapeseed biodiesel, presently the main biofuel used across Europe, have a similar environmental impact. The results suggest that efforts to mitigate climate change through the adoption of rapeseed biodiesel may be of little use beyond energy security.
Higher temperatures slow tropical tree growth
(04/23/2007) Climate change may be reducing growth rates of tropical rainforest trees, a development that could have widespread impacts for biodiversity, forest productivity, and even climate change itself, according to new research published in Ecology Letters.
Device uses solar energy to convert CO2 into fuel
(04/18/2007) Chemists at the University of California, San Diego, (UCSD) have devised a device that uses solar energy to convert carbon dioxide into fuel. While the machine is only a prototype and not yet optimized, the researchers hope that their work will attract attention to their approach.
Bush administration praises record level of global warming emissions
(04/17/2007) The head of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency said the 0.8 percent growth in greenhouse gas emissions in 2005 showed the Bush Administration was serious about addressing climate change.
Palo Alto aims to cut CO2 emissions 80% by 2050
(04/15/2007) The city of Palo Alto, California aims to cut greenhouse gas emissions significantly in coming years, joining a growing number of U.S. cities that have pledged to cut emissions by 80 percent by 2050. The goal, set forth in Green Ribbon task force report last year, was discussed by a panel of experts convening at Stanford University Sunday.
ConocoPhillips becomes first U.S. oil major to call for CO2 limits
(04/11/2007) This week ConocoPhillips became the first major U.S. oil firm to call for a legally-binding emissions cap. The Houston-based company said it would join the U.S. Climate Action Partnership (USCAP), a coalition of corporations seeking to influence future climate policy.
Supreme Court rebukes Bush Administration on global warming rule
(04/02/2007) The U.S. Supreme Court ruled against the Bush Administration in a landmark case with global warming implications. In Massachusetts v. EPA, the Supreme Court ruled 5-4 that (1) state governments and environmental groups have the right to sue the EPA, and (2) the EPA has the right to regulate CO2 emissions as a pollutant under the Clean Air Act. On a third point, where the EPA can choose not to regulate CO2 emissions, the Supreme Court directed the agency to "reconsider its refusal based on the factors set forth in the law."
U.S. can cut oil imports to zero by 2040, use to zero by 2050
(03/29/2007) The United States could dramatically cut oil usage over the next 20-30 years at low to no net cost, said Amory B. Lovins, cofounder and CEO of the Colorado-based Rocky Mountain Institute, speaking at Stanford University Wednesday night for a week-long evening series of lectures sponsored by Mineral Acquisition Partners, Inc.
Some corals may survive acidification caused by rising CO2 levels
(03/29/2007) Several studies have shown that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are acidifying the world's oceans. This is significant for coral reefs because acidification strips carbonate ions from seawater, making it more difficult for corals to build the calcium carbonate skeletons that serve as their structural basis. Research has shown that many species of coral, as well as other marine microorganisms, fare quite poorly under the increasingly acidic conditions forecast by some models. However, the news may not be bad for all types of corals. A study published in the March 30 issue of the journal Science, suggests that some corals may weather acidification better than others.
Non-CO2 gases also cause global warming
(03/29/2007) While most of the focus in developing a policy to fight global warming has been on carbon dioxide, other gases also contribute to climate change. The effect of these gases is still poorly understood and should be the subject of further research say two climate scientists writing in the March 30 issue of the journal Science.
CO2 levels tightly linked with climate change over past 420 million years
(03/28/2007) New research shows that sensitivity of Earth's climate to changes in the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2) have been relatively consistence for at least 420 million years, suggesting that presently rising levels of carbon dioxide resulting from fossil fuel use will indeed produce higher temperatures in the future.
Indonesia is 3rd largest greenhouse gas producer due to deforestation
(03/26/2007) Indonesia trails only the United States and China in greenhouse gas emissions, reports a study released Friday by the World Bank and the British government.
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text:
Anyone have any suggestions?
We'd need something encompassing all areas of irreligion, though, which might be hard to do...
Bad Religion's icon?
Only joking, though. Even they don't like their icon anymore.
The icon should be something completely unrelated to religion. So like a taco or a cup of coffee. Or perhaps an animal of some sort. This would keep from placing an icon that has a negative connotation and it would represent other things in the world besides nonreligious humans that make through day by day without needing a religion as well.
Use the icon that Wikipedia uses for their Irreligion section.
Originally Posted by NeedleStorm
Use the icon that Wikipedia uses for their Irreligion section.


text:
Delete key goes analogue
For the geek who's especially proud of his geekiness comes this Delete eraser in the shape of the Delete button.
It sort of bridges the gap between the digital function and the analogue eraser's action.
The price may put some of you off - it will cost about $10 when it's released in July.


text:
Originally written on The Victory Formation | Last updated 4/22/13
The New York Yankees don't want you heckling their bullpen, those guys have a hard enough time keeping a lead for Mariano Rivera to finish teams off. This isn't too much of a problem at their home park, but they take it very seriously while the team travels, as Justin Jackson of Sportto Network pointed out after the Yanks visited the Blue Jays this past weekend: I and many others in our section witnessed two individuals in Yankees jackets, complete with Yankees lanyard ID tags walk into our seating area and point out to Toronto police two fans who were chirping and heckling the Yankees bullpen. Hey man, who wants to hear "Joba the Hut" chanted at you every single night of a road trip? This is the first we have heard about this, but it is such a Yankees thing to do.
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text:
Grease stars John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John have teamed up again after 34 years to bring you this Christmas ditty, I Think You Might Like It.
24.com publishes all comments posted on articles provided that they adhere to our Comments Policy. Should you wish to report a comment for editorial review, please do so by clicking the 'Report Comment' button to the right of each comment.
Miley Cyrus has mocked Justin Bieber's naked photo by enlarging his skinny butt. Read More »
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