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Publications (4)8.36 Total impact
- SourceAvailable from: Atsuro Tsutsumi[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Little is known about the mental health status of trafficked women, even though international conventions require that it be considered. This study, therefore, aims at exploring the mental health status, including anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), of female survivors of human trafficking who are currently supported by local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Katmandu, the capital of Nepal, through comparison between those who were forced to work as sex workers and those who worked in other areas such as domestic and circus work (non-sex workers group). The Hopkins Symptoms Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) was administered to assess anxiety and depression, and the PTSD Checklist Civilian Version (PCL-C) was used to evaluate PTSD. Both the sex workers' and the non-sex workers' groups had a high proportion of cases with anxiety, depression, and PTSD. The sex workers group tended to have more anxiety symptoms (97.7%) than the non-sex workers group (87.5%). Regarding depression, all the constituents of the sex workers group scored over the cut-off point (100%), and the group showed a significantly higher prevalence than the non-sex workers (80.8%). The proportion of those who are above the cut-off for PTSD was higher in the sex workers group (29.6%) than in the non-sex workers group (7.5%). There was a higher rate of HIV infection in the sex workers group (29.6%) than in the non-sex workers group (0%). The findings suggest that programs to address human trafficking should include interventions (such as psychosocial support) to improve survivors' mental health status, paying attention to the category of work performed during the trafficking period. In particular, the current efforts of the United Nations and various NGOs that help survivors of human trafficking need to more explicitly focus on mental health and psychosocial support.Social Science & Medicine 05/2008; 66(8):1841-7. DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.12.025 · 2.56 Impact Factor
Article: Mental health, quality of life, and nutritional status of adolescents in Dhaka, Bangladesh: comparison between an urban slum and a non-slum area.[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: This study aims to clarify the quality of life (QOL), mental health, and nutritional status of adolescents in Dhaka city, Bangladesh by comparing non-slum areas and slums, and to find the factors associated with their mental health problems. A sample of 187 boys and 137 girls from non-slum areas, and 157 boys and 121 girls from slums, between 11-18 years old were interviewed with a questionnaire consisting of a Bangla translation of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment Instrument (WHOQOL-BREF), Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ), Youth Self-Report (YSR) and other questions. The height and weight of the respondents were measured. All significant differences in demographic characteristics, anthropometric measures, and WHOQOL-BREF were found to reflect worse conditions in slum than in non-slum areas. Contrarily, all differences in SRQ and YSR were worse in non-slum areas for both genders, except that the "conduct problems" score for YSR was worse for slum boys. Mental states were mainly associated with school enrollment and working status. Worse physical environment and QOL were found in slums, along with gender and area specific mental health difficulties. The results suggest gender specific needs and a requirement for area sensitive countermeasures.Social Science & Medicine 10/2006; 63(6):1477-88. DOI:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.04.013 · 2.56 Impact Factor
Article: Reliability and validity of the Bangla version of WHOQOL‐BREF in an adult population in Dhaka, Bangladesh[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: Abstract The aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Bangla version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF) in an adult population in Bangladesh. Approximately 200 adults in the Dhaka district were interviewed using a questionnaire containing the Bangla version of the WHOQOL-BREF, as well as questions related to sociodemographic data. To assess the reliability of WHOQOL-BREF, Cronbach's α was calculated, and test–retest reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of the first and second administrations. For comparison, approximately 200 leprosy patients were also interviewed with the questionnaire to examine the discriminant validity between groups. On the whole, sufficient validity was observed, and the Bangla version of the WHOQOL-BREF was deemed to be valid and reliable in assessing the quality of life of an adult population in Bangladesh.Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 07/2006; 60(4):493 - 498. DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2006.01537.x · 1.62 Impact Factor
Article: Comparison of high-functioning atypical autism and childhood autism by Childhood Autism Rating Scale-Tokyo version[Show abstract] [Hide abstract]
ABSTRACT: To assess autistic symptom differences between high-functioning atypical autism (atypical symptomatology) (HAA; IQ >/= 70) and childhood autism (HCA), 53 HAA children (mean: 6.0 +/- 0.5 years) were compared with 21 HCA children (mean: 8.2 +/- 1.1 years) on the Childhood Autism Rating Scale-Tokyo version (CARS-TV). Because IQ on the Japanese version of the Stanford-Binet and CARS-TV total scores differed significantly between HAA and HCA, analysis of covariance was conducted with IQ and CARS-TV total scores controlled for. In two items of CARS-TV (relationship with people and general impressions) the HAA children were significantly less abnormal than the HCA children. Affect tended to be significantly milder in HAA than HCA. Anxiety reaction was significantly more abnormal in HAA than HCA. These findings may be useful to distinguish between HAA and HCA.Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 04/2004; 58(2):217-21. DOI:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2003.01220.x · 1.62 Impact Factor
Top Journals
Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityEdo, Tōkyō, Japan
The University of TokyoTōkyō, Japan

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|« Back to Article
Shocked shows canceled in wake of anti-gay tirade
By Leah Garchik | March 19, 2013 | Updated: March 19, 2013 2:59pm
Photo By Freight and SalvageMichelle Shocked.
Photo By michelleshocked.comMichelle Shocked.
Photo By Jeffrey Ufberg/WireImage via Getty ImagesSinger / Songwriter Michelle Shocked performs during day 4 of the 2011 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival at the Fair Grounds Race Course on May 5, 2011 in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Photo By John O'Hara/The ChronicleMichelle Shocked and "Rev" Wheeler, durning rehersal before a tour in Oct. 1996.
Photo By David Livingston/Getty ImagesSinger Michelle Shocked attends the Bold Ink Awards at the Eli and Edythe Broad Stage on November 5, 2012 in Santa Monica, California.
Photo By Mark Sullivan/WireImage via Getty ImagesMichelle Shocked during Party and Premiere of "MC5: A True Testimonial" at ArcLight Cinemas in Hollywood, California, United States.
Photo By David Redfern/Redferns via Getty ImagesMichelle Shocked performing on stage.
Photo By Pam SpringsteenMichelle Shocked, photo by Pam Springsteen
Photo By Paul Natkin/Getty ImagesBritish musician Keith Richards (right) backstage American musician Michelle Shocked on the former's 'Main Offender' tour, early 1993.
Photo By Courtesy photoMichelle Shocked in a handout photo from 2000.
Photo By Ebet Roberts/Redferns via Getty ImagesPhoto of Michelle Shocked, Michelle Shocked performing at the Rocky Erickson Psychedelic Ice Cream Social held at Threadgill's during South By SouthWest in Austin, Texas on March 19, 2005.
Photo By Jim Steinfeldt/Getty ImagesMichelle Shocked poses for a photo backstage during a performance in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1989.
Photo By Jim Steinfeldt/Getty ImagesMichelle Shocked performs in Los Angeles, California in 1996.
Photo By David Redfern/Redferns via Getty ImagesSinger songwriter Michelle Shocked performs on stage in the 1990's.
Photo By Patrick Ford/Redferns via Getty ImagesPhoto of Michelle Shocked around 2000.
Photo By Jeffrey Mayer via Getty ImagesJimmy Webb, J.D. Souther, Michelle Shocked and John Rich.
Photo By Ebet Roberts/Redferns via Getty ImagesMichelle Shocked photographed during South By SouthWest in Austin, Texas on March19, 2005.
Photo By Leon Morris/Redferns via Getty ImagesMichelle Shocked performs on stage during the first day of New Orleans Jazz And Heritage Festival on May 5, 2011 in New Orleans, United States.
Photo By Paul Natkin/WireImage via Getty ImagesMichelle Shocked on 1/15/88 in Chicago, Il.
Singer Michelle Shocked's words about gays are coming back to haunt her.
By late Monday evening, hours after the spread of news about Michelle Shocked's anti-gay tirade at Yoshi's San Francisco, most venues on her national Short Sharp Shocked tour - including Los Angeles, Santa Cruz, Napa, Portland, Eugene, Boulder and Chicago - had canceled.
Mike Green, communications director of the Kings Place Music Foundation, under whose auspices she was to play in London, wrote to inquiring reader Lisa Woolf that they'd been in contact with her agent in Europe "and will speak with him as soon as possible, but it is very unlikely that she will tour again after what has happened. I must say that it's very unfortunate for all involved."
Cheryl Renee, who was said to have been Shocked's PR person, responded to an e-mail from The Chronicle saying that as of Feb. 25, "I am no longer working with Michelle Shocked. I cannot comment on her behalf and was not present at Yoshi's. ... I personally do not support the sentiment of what Michelle is being accused of saying."
Leah Garchik is a columnist for the San Francisco Chronicle. E-mail her at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Social Media Class Project – Pharrell Williams – Happy [Great Lakes Institute of Management]
This #HappySong Video is a class project and I gave my students a target of 5000 views. They smashed that number in less than a day. Now, with over 18,000, they have even overtaken Stanford University. Super proud.
Evaluating the Final Results of Digital Marketing Exam
Finished the marathon exercise of evaluating the final results of Digital Marketing Exam for 93 students of BIM, Trichy. While correcting these papers on a flight, a SpiceJet air-hostess must have sympathized with me for she offered me a complimentary coffee and said, 'Professor, I felt you needed this drink'.
The daunting task of correcting the answer sheets. My students put in a lot of work and I take the corrections seriously.


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Kinda amazing to think that with the console due to launch in just two months, a core feature such as this hasn't even been mentioned by Nintendo. Once zoomed in on the side of the Wii U box, this list can be read underneath the 'Connect' header:
- Make and share new Mii characters
- Easily interact with friends, family and people around the world with Miiverse
- Download add-on content, full games, classic games and applications from Nintendo eShop (all contents sold separately).
- Communicate with other Wii U owners in real time with Wii U Chat


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bluexy Sep 13, 12
I thought about picking one of these up, but I might wait until it starts cooling down a bit in Phoenix... so maybe a few months. Card looks great though.
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It is a nice card for the price. And it does get hot here in Phoenix.
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Thu Feb 27, 2014, 01:33 PM
another_liberal (8,209 posts)
Ethnic make up of Crimea.
For those who wonder what the percentages of different ethnic groups in Crimea might be, here you are:
With a referendum on Crimean independence now set for May 25th, some serious fence-mending is likely to be needed if Ukraine wants to keep this region in the Ukrainian nation.
29 replies, 2274 views
|29 replies
Ethnic make up of Crimea. (Original post)
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Response to another_liberal (Original post)
Thu Feb 27, 2014, 01:40 PM
Coyotl (10,790 posts)
1. I worry more about their politics.
Some of the political actors fomenting this unrest and overthrow of a democracy want to reconquer all of Europe.
Response to another_liberal (Original post)
Mon Mar 3, 2014, 12:24 AM
goziosskiy (28 posts)
2. Crimea's right for independence
Last edited Fri May 15, 2015, 12:17 AM - Edit history (1)
1. Population of Crimea have exactly the same right for independence as Kosovo, South Sedan, and English colonies in north America in XVIII century.
2. The only way to peaceful solution is a referendum, but not with such confused question as proposed by "Maidan's government".
3. As far as Crimea was passed by Khrushchev to Ukraine in 1954 without asking people of Crimea their opinion about it, so it must be asked now in a referendum with questions like this:
a) should Crimea be independence?
b) should Crimea stay in the Ukraine?
c) should Crimea be re-united with Russian Federation?
only this way would show respect by "world society" to opinion of Crimea's people, only that if EU and USA approve that referendum and admit any results of it, they might show that they still hold onto democratic way of life, otherwise:
4. all this political "mishmash" issued from EU and USA about "Maidan" and Crimea's question clearly show that not EU neither USA can't be longer consider as truly democratic country; all this is a proof that when expression of people's demand, such as in the latest "Maidan's" uprising, lay in accordance with EU and USA global interest they give them their hard support and money, but when people want something that leads against USA and EU substantial goals, they never approve it.
...why the opinion of "Maidan" have to meet more attention and approve than the opinion of Crimea? Why?
This post represents personal opinion or rather not even opinion, but feelings, it's in no way can be characterized as some scientific approach of any sort...
Response to goziosskiy (Reply #2)
Mon Mar 3, 2014, 12:27 AM
hrmjustin (61,217 posts)
3. If there is to be a referendum the Russians should withdraw so it is fair.
With the Russians there with guns a referendum would be difficult.
Welcome to DU.
Response to hrmjustin (Reply #3)
Mon Mar 3, 2014, 12:43 AM
amandabeech (9,688 posts)
4. Your absolutely right.
The referendum results will be tainted completely if the Russians are still there.
Response to amandabeech (Reply #4)
Wed Mar 5, 2014, 03:08 AM
Scootaloo (18,467 posts)
27. It is actually impossible while the Russians are there
If a territory wishes to declare independence, it must have control over the territory it's claiming - this is why the Palestinians for instance cannot just unilaterally go "We're a state, fuck off!"
Response to hrmjustin (Reply #3)
Mon Mar 3, 2014, 07:03 AM
goziosskiy (28 posts)
5. other conditions to make it transparent
... besides it seems that it wouldn't be out of place if it would be organized under strong observation by independent observers like UN (I guess RF (Russian Federation) neither EU can't be considered as such)...
... but anyway all situation looks like struggle not for the people's vital interests, or democratic value, but for the economical and political profit and influence (perhaps, if RF would hold hard to the right of nations to self-determination it gave independence to Chechnya, I guess, and others republic on the territory of RF which demand it in the 90s, but when RF speaks about defending Russian population - it looks very similar to what speak Nazi in the 30s, and, in my opinion, itself, probably, might be considered as fascism and nazism to some degree)
(thanks for welcoming, hrmjustin)
Response to goziosskiy (Reply #5)
Mon Mar 3, 2014, 07:55 AM
TBF (28,664 posts)
7. Are you in Ukraine currently?
I am just curious. I just posted a piece in "Good Reads" about Trotsky on Ukraine (and the need for the people of the Ukraine to self-rule).
Response to TBF (Reply #7)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 02:43 AM
goziosskiy (28 posts)
10. answer to TBF
... no I'm not in Ukraine and never was there; I was born and live now in RF, maybe of that reason I'm deep down in my soul and heart so tend to support Crimean's independence, not because I agree with Putin's regime and policy, but, well, if you live in Russia sine your childhood and know more or less its history and culture, the fact of passing Crimean in 1954 to Ukraine seems as a very big mistake (probably, that it was a mistake can be proved by recent events, that is, if Crimea hasn't been passed, there wouldn't be such a problem) and, besides, it seems like a very wrong act, why: not only because nobody had been asked or because some historical events connect Russia and Crimea (though it does some matter (and for some citizens of RF - it matter a lot), as it mattered, for example, in the middle of XX century when state Israel have been formed in Palestine only because ages ago on that territory was ancient Israel), but generally because cultural meaning of that region, its connection with Chekhov, Tolstoy etc. The fact of such a "gift" leaves some pain, which now tears the heart apart. So, that is why I strongly hold onto idea that the destiny of Crimea should be revise, and revise only by people of Crimea, though I agreed, of course, that in current circumstances it looks very very difficult, moreover - it fantastic and absolutely unreal (Yatsenyuk's government with EU and USA never raise such a question (and in my opinion in this fact you can see their hypocrisy, because it isn't right to support freedom only for those people with whom you see agree, and not for them, who doesn't), nor RF while Putin is the "tsar" leave his imperialistic idea of "Great Russia" and new Union of Religious Dictatorial Republics when instead of communism they propagate "pravoslavie" (ideology of eastern orthodox church); as for me, I support Kiev and west Ukraine in their striving to EU likewise Crimea's right to determine their status by themselves, in that perceptive, military actions of RF looks like 1. understanding that EU, Yatsenyuk, USA will never agreed to revise status of Crimea and 2. some kind of vengeance for "splitting" Yugoslavia, Serbia, which was supported by EU and USA and met strong opposition by Kremlin, and for something else, probably (vengeance for Livia and Qaddafi maybe))
Trotsky's article recommended by you is very good, very!
Response to goziosskiy (Reply #10)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 07:35 AM
TBF (28,664 posts)
13. I don't know the history
as well as you and appreciate you go through that. Also I agree with your analysis. I'm glad you came on DU to give this perspective. Welcome!
Response to TBF (Reply #13)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 08:51 AM
goziosskiy (28 posts)
18. thanks for welcoming
Thank you, deeply respected TBF, thank you for welcoming! never expected such warm reception by people...
Response to hrmjustin (Reply #3)
Mon Mar 3, 2014, 07:07 AM
Adrahil (3,825 posts)
6. Agreed... but it's not like they will be far away...
... no doubt ready to come back in if the vote were to not go their way.
I guess the Crimean Tatars will need to pack their bags..... AGAIN.
Response to Adrahil (Reply #6)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 08:43 AM
goziosskiy (28 posts)
15. Crimean Tatars as one of the most
Crimean Tatars are one of the most oppressed nation, here some statistics from wiki's "Demographics of Crimea":
1897 census
Russians - 33%
Ukrainians - 12%
Crimean Tatars - 36% (!)
1939 census
Russians - 50%
Ukrainians - 14%
Crimean Tatars - 19%
1989 census
Russians - 67%
Ukrainians - 26%
Crimean Tatars - 2% (!!!)
and today's % - in the main post
Dynamic is clear, only after collapse of USSR population of Crimean Tatars began to grow. In following the right of nations to self-determination's point of view - if the main nations, which now reside in Crimea, want to obtain sovereignty, then territory of Crimea should be divide by national principle to three parts with territories of "compact accommodation" of each nation, I guess; but, again, it's only "dreaming in the sky" - nobody and never would follow so strict to this vital right of each people (if you have power, money and political influence you obtain your independent state as Israel, if you haven't - nobody will consider with your opinion - for example Basques in Spain and much more other nations all around the world), moreover, I believe, Russians, if the y gain Crimea and declare it "their territory" would be against independent state of Crimean Tatars as well as Ukrainians if Crimea would stay in Ukraine, though they ain't against independent states of Russian and Ukraine, well, in that case one can ask - why Crimean Tatars doesn't have a right to their state while others have?
Response to goziosskiy (Reply #15)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 08:45 AM
Adrahil (3,825 posts)
16. Following WWII, the Crimean Tatars were mostly forcibly relocated by the Soviet Union..
... most were forced to relocate Eastern Russian.... FAR away from Crimea.
It's important to remember that when certain members here bleat about how Crimea "used to belong to Russia."
Response to Adrahil (Reply #16)
Wed Mar 5, 2014, 02:25 AM
goziosskiy (28 posts)
25. any statements that some territory in historical times was used to belong to some country...
Last edited Sun Mar 9, 2014, 04:48 AM - Edit history (1)
... and because of that should be part of that country at present times - are absolutely fascistic, and should be condemned by any means; the only thing that matters is the opinion of people who live on that territory now...
I guess my statement above is in some kind too harsh, categorical and looks like it gives no possibility for any other opinion, to correct this I have to add that I think any way of thinking from far-left to far-right perhaps have an equal right to exist as long as it don't strive to violence, killing or any other kind of radicalism... I shouldn't have written "...are absolutely fascistic, and should be condemned by any means", but rather "...are fascistic, and, by my opinion, probably should be condemned"
Response to goziosskiy (Reply #25)
Wed Mar 5, 2014, 07:09 AM
Adrahil (3,825 posts)
28. I would more or less agree....
.... Though I think we do have to be a bit careful. The Tatars have been screwed over historically, and while Crimea is majority ethnic Russian, that should not be a license to abuse the over 40% who are not.
Response to hrmjustin (Reply #3)
Mon Mar 3, 2014, 03:30 PM
another_liberal (8,209 posts)
9. That would, though, be the green light for Svoboda to move into Crimea.
Honestly, do you think they would be welcomed by the Russian-speaking majority there? I fear a true bloodbath might ensue.
Response to another_liberal (Reply #9)
Wed Mar 5, 2014, 07:16 AM
Tommy_Carcetti (23,006 posts)
29. So you are now on the record for supporting the Russian occupation.
Fair enough.
Response to goziosskiy (Reply #2)
Mon Mar 3, 2014, 03:23 PM
another_liberal (8,209 posts)
8. I would prefer it that Ukraine would stay one country . . .
I am not, however, a citizen of Ukraine, or of Crimea, and I am definitely not a Russian descended, Russian-speaking citizen of such.
At this point, I suspect, for Ukraine to remain whole would require the so-called "Interim Government" in Kiev to step aside, Yanukovich to resume his authority as President and his majority coalition of Rada deputies to be given back their seats. The early election (which all parties agreed to only a little over a week ago) could then reaffirm Yanukovich's Presidency, or remove him and his coalition from power. That is what we like to call "democracy!"
And welcome to Democratic Underground, goziozzskiy!
Response to another_liberal (Reply #8)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 03:33 AM
goziosskiy (28 posts)
11. should there be bloodshed to remain Ukraine's integrity or to gain Crimea's independence
... as for me, if a question formulated like this: "there is some injustice, to correct that injustice should there be a bloodshed or not" the only possible answer is - absolutely no.
If it means foreign military intervention and bloodshed to fix mistake of 1954 (in my opinion - mistake), when Crimea was passed to Ukraine, I'd rather refuse from insisting on correction that mistake (because it's only an idea, and to kill anybody merely for an idea - nonsense and it definitely not permissible from my point of view, because any idea - is something which may be right or wrong, but life can only by right: if something has quality of life it's automatically cannot be described as wrong, because any life is something that maintain "existence" and oppose "non-existence" which only can be describe as a wrong)
likewise - if people of Crimea strive for other way, than those who strive for EU in Kiev, and want to form independent government it's also in my opinion not permissible to force them by military action of any kind (beside if Yatsenyuk would agree to use of force to bar extraction of Crimea from Ukraine is there be any difference between him and those who send "Berkut" to kill people on Maidan?) - of course, that kind of judgment would be possible only if Crimea's people make their decisions without military invasion from outer country in present condition one cannot judge like this, because there is foreign military intervention, though hidden, as I suppose; so in this way to judge Yatsenyuk's possible reaction one must take into consideration, for example, such question: what would do Kremlin, or Brussels, or Washington if such situation took place in their territory? how Putin would respond if China drive their force to Vladivostok, how Ashton would respond if Turkey drive their force to Greece? how Obama would respond if Mexico drive their force to California? - it's some kind of "big politics" i don't know how to respond on such questions, the only strong conviction of mine is that no idea or political interest can justify bloodshed or killing even one man...
completely forget thank you for welcoming, another_liberal...
Response to goziosskiy (Reply #11)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 04:25 AM
another_liberal (8,209 posts)
12. In this current situation . . .
The use of deadly military force would be extremely foolish. You are completely correct concerning the protection of human life being paramount. In this current situation, we must remain calm and pragmatic. Military force by anyone involved could lead to the kind of wholesale bloodshed, destruction and death that no sane person can possibly want to see.
Crimea, as you note, was only added to Ukraine sixty years ago, and even after that transfer they both remained within the Soviet Union. I seriously doubt such an action would have even been considered had people at the time foreseen a breaking up of the Soviet Union itself. That makes Crimean independence a different situation than it would be if one of the States of the United States, for example, attempted to secede and become its own country. I think it is entirely justified for the citizens of Crimea to have a free and fair vote to decide the question of their independence, or continued status as a part of the larger Ukraine.
Response to another_liberal (Original post)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 07:57 AM
pampango (20,198 posts)
14. Assuming the 41.5% who are not ethnic Russians vote No, it would only take a few
ethnic Russians (perhaps liberals who do not see a future with Putin's domestic policies and prefer the "humanist, socially liberal policies that exist in Europe) to lead to a surprising result in the referendum. What then? Does Putin say "The people have spoken. We are out of here."
And I'm not sure that Putin wants people in provinces/regions voting in referendums to determine what their national affiliation will be. There are many regions in Russia where ethnic Russians are a minority. I suspect the "Putin Rule" on nationality referendums only applies when and where Putin says it applies. And that is the beauty of large armies (though I think they are an incredible waste of money). Rules don't apply to you; only to countries with smaller armies.
Response to pampango (Reply #14)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 08:46 AM
another_liberal (8,209 posts)
17. Your last point, about countries with large and small armies is spot on.
Our own country's recent history proves it fairly well.
As to how the non-Russians will vote in Crimea's referendum, I doubt if all of them will be against independence, especially not when the alternative is staying under the control of the kind of clowns who outlaw political parties, censor the press, elevate unelected "technocrat" stooges to the Presidency (at the behest of the US government) and have no clue how to run an economy (except for begging handouts from anyone who will listen).
Response to another_liberal (Reply #17)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 08:55 AM
pampango (20,198 posts)
19. We shall see but I doubt too many non-Russians in Crimea think that Putin
is a paragon of democracy, civil rights, economic management (his man, Yanukovych, certainly was not) or a supporter of a free press.
In the short term it looks like a choice between the "lesser-of-two-evils". In a longer term view you could argue that the chance for some level of economic prosperity and liberal social policy is greater the current Ukraine administration and its tilt towards Europe than is a closer association with Putin's Russia.
Response to pampango (Reply #19)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 12:54 PM
another_liberal (8,209 posts)
20. I think the Crimean referendum is to be for or against independence . . .
I've heard nothing about it's being about a union with Russia.
Response to another_liberal (Reply #20)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 01:45 PM
pampango (20,198 posts)
21. The new Crimean leader changed the referendum date from May 25 (passed by parliament) to March 30
but did not really explain why.
Crimea's new pro-Moscow premier, Sergei Aksenov, moved the date of the peninsula's status referendum to March 30.
On Thursday, the Crimean parliament, which appointed Aksenov, had called for a referendum on May 25, the date also set for the urgent presidential election in Ukraine.
In connection with a necessity we decided to speed up the holding of the referendum on the stauts of the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea, Aksenov said Saturday in Simferopol at a new government session, the UNIAN information agency reported.
Earlier that day, Aksenov, head of the nationalist Russian Unity organization, appealed to Russian President Vladimir Putin to render assistance in securing peace and tranquility on the territory of the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea," UNIAN reported.
The only reason for moving up the date given was "in connection with a necessity". I'm not sure what that is code for or if he has explained it more fully somewhere else. Was "the necessity" that Vladimir decided he needed an early referendum, while emotions are high and troops are widespread, because he wants a positive vote on it to bolster his case now not 3 months from now?
The Washington Post has an article supposedly clarifying the wording of the referendum:
Volodymyr Konstantynov, chairman of the Supreme Council of Crimea and a high-ranking official in the same new regime, claims that it would give Crimea the status of a state and that Crimea and Ukraine as a whole belong to the Russian world. Some Russian media describe it as a referendum on independence as well. The Russian-language text of the question to be put before the voters is as follows:
Автономная республика Крым обладает государственной самостоятельностью и входит в состав Украины на основе договоров и соглашений (да или нет )?
I loosely translate this as The autonomous republic of Crimea possesses state independence and is a part of Ukraine on the basis of treaties and agreements (yes or no)? In Russian, as in English, this legalistic language is ambiguous enough to be interpreted either way. Perhaps it means that Crimea is an independent state that has some loose connection to Ukraine based on agreements. Or it could mean that Crimea has a legal right to be independent if it want to, but has chosen not to be. Legalistic hair-splitting aside, there is little doubt that Putin could use the referendum as a pretext for justifying de facto Russian control of Crimea, even if not de jure.
The wording - at least the English translation in the article - seems odd. Does a "Yes" vote mean a vote for "state independence" or for being "a part of Ukraine"? If you want Crimea to stay in the Ukraine, do you vote Yes or No?
Response to pampango (Reply #21)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 05:53 PM
another_liberal (8,209 posts)
23. They do need to work on the wording, or on the translation . . .
No doubt about that.
Response to another_liberal (Reply #20)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 01:52 PM
Bad Thoughts (1,788 posts)
22. The perception of outside influence could easily affect such a vote ...
... even if it is simply a matter of independence. For instance, the vote in the Saar was tipped partially by the sense that France was pushing too hard for it to be an independent state.
Response to Bad Thoughts (Reply #22)
Tue Mar 4, 2014, 05:55 PM
another_liberal (8,209 posts)
24. Yes, there will be many influences at play . . .
The most important thing is that the vote be free and fair (a secret ballot is essential).
Response to pampango (Reply #14)
Wed Mar 5, 2014, 02:52 AM
goziosskiy (28 posts)
26. don't know what Putin would say in that case, but as for me...
... such result of referendum (I mean that Crimea will remain in Ukraine) as well as any others would mean that Crimea's question is closed, and that Crimea become the real, true part of Ukraine, and no-one can claim on this territory...
There are many regions in Russia where ethnic Russians are a minority. I suspect the "Putin Rule" on nationality referendums only applies when and where Putin says it applies.- the main example to this is Chechnya, I guess...


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My Fair Ernest T. Bass
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text:
A polymer nano-particle composition is provided, wherein the nano-particle includes a poly(alkenylbenzene) core and a surface layer including poly(conjugated diene). The polymer nano-particles are preferably less than about 100 nm in diameter. The nano-particles can be made by a dispersion polymerization process.
1. A polymer nano-particle composition comprising:
a. a poly(alkenylbenzene) core, and
b. a surface layer comprising poly(conjugated diene), wherein said nano-particles have a mean average diameter of less than about 100 nm.
2. The composition of
3. The composition of
4. The composition of
5. The composition of
6. The composition of
7. The composition of
8. The composition of
9. A process for forming polymer nano-particles comprising:
a. polymerizing alkenylbenzene monomer and conjugated diene monomer in a hydrocarbon solvent to form a diblock polymer;
b. forming a polymerization mixture including micelles of said diblock polymer; and
c. adding at least one crosslinking agent to the polymerization mixture to form crosslinked nano-particles from said micelles, said nano-particles comprising an alkenylbenzene core and conjugated diene surface.
10. The process of
11. The process of
12. The process of
13. The process of
14. The process of
15. The process of
16. The process of
17. The process of
18. A polymer nano-particle comprising a conjugated diene contributed monomer unit outer surface, a vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon contributed unit core including a crosslinking agent, and wherein said nano-particles are less than about 100 nm in diameter and have a Mw between about 100,000 and 3,000,000.
19. A rubber composition comprising a blend of rubber and a plurality of said polymer nano-particles of
20. The composition of
The present invention relates to polymer nano-particles, a method for their preparation, and their use as, for example, additives for rubber, including natural and synthetic elastomers.
Polymer nano-particles have attracted increased attention over the past several years in a variety of fields including catalysis, combinatorial chemistry, protein supports, magnets, and photonic crystals. Similarly, vinyl aromatic (e.g. polystyrene) microparticles have been prepared for uses as a reference standard in the calibration of various instruments, in medical research and in medical diagnostic tests. Such polystyrene microparticles have been prepared by anionic dispersion polymerization.
Nano-particles can be discrete particles uniformly dispersed throughout a host composition. Nano-particles preferably are monodisperse in size and uniform in shape. However, controlling the size of nano-particles during polymerization and/or the surface characteristics of such nano-particles can be difficult. Moreover, achieving better control over the surface composition of such polymer nano-particles also is desirable.
Rubbers may be modified by the addition of various polymer compositions. Such polymeric additives often improve the physical properties of rubber compositions. Specifically, moldability and tenacity are often approved through such modifications.
Development of nano-particles having a poly(conjugated diene) surface layer which would be compatible with a wide variety of rubbers is desirable because discrete particles could likely disperse evenly throughout the rubber to provide a uniform rubber composition. However, the solubility of diene monomers in traditional alkane solvents has made solution polymerization a difficult process by which to achieve conjugated diene nano-particles.
A polymer nano-particle composition is provided. The nano-particle includes a crosslinked poly(alkenylbenzene) core and a surface layer including poly(conjugated diene). The mean average diameter of such polymer nano-particles is preferably less than about 100 nm.
A method for forming polymer nano-particles is also provided. Alkenylbenzene monomer and conjugated diene monomer are copolymerized in a hydrocarbon solvent to form a diblock polymer. A crosslinking agent, optionally with a further vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon monomer and/or a conjugated diene monomer charge, is added to the polymerization reaction to form the nano-particles.
In another embodiment, a rubber composition is formed, wherein the above-described nano-particles are combined with at least one rubber to form a modified rubber composition with improved tensile and/or tear strength.
Herein throughout, unless specifically stated otherwise:
"vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon" and "alkenylbenzene" are used interchangeably; and
"rubber" refers to rubber compounds, including natural rubber, and synthetic elastomers including styrene-butadiene rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, etc., which are known in the art.
FIG. 1 is a transmission electron microscopy photograph of nano-particles of the present invention.
The polymer nano-particle is formed from diblock polymer chains having a poly(conjugated diene) block and a poly(alkenylbenzene) block. The poly(alkenylbenzene) blocks are crosslinked to form the desired nanoparticles. The nano-particles have diameters—expressed as a mean average diameter—that are preferably less than about 100 nm, more preferably less than about 75 nm, and most preferably less than about 50 nm. The nano-particles preferably are substantially monodisperse and uniform in shape. The dispersity is represented by the ratio of Mw to Mn, with a ratio of 1 being substantially monodisperse. The polymer nano-particles of the present invention preferably have a dispersity less than about 1.3, more preferably less than about 1.1. Moreover, the nano-particles are preferably spherical, though shape defects are acceptable, provided the nano-particles generally retain their discrete nature with little or no polymerization between particles.
The nano-particles are preferably formed via dispersion polymerization, although emulsion polymerization is also contemplated. Hydrocarbons are preferably used as the dispersion solvent. Suitable solvents include aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, and the like, as well as alicyclic hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, methyl cyclopentane, cyclooctane, cyclopentane, cycloheptane, cyclononane, cyclodecane and the like. These hydrocarbons may be used individually or in combination.
With respect to the monomers and solvents identified herein, nano-particles are formed by maintaining a temperature that is favorable to polymerization of the selected monomers in the selected solvent(s). Preferred temperatures are in the range of about −40 to 250� C., with a temperature in the range of about 0 to 150� C. being particularly preferred. As described in more detail below, the interaction of monomer selection, temperature and solvent, facilitates the formation of diblock polymers which form micelles and ultimately the desired nano-particles.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, a first diblock polymer is formed of vinyl aromatic hydrocarbon monomers and conjugated diene monomers in the hydrocarbon solvent. The diblock polymer contains a first end block that is soluble in the dispersion solvent, preferably the conjugated diene monomer, and a second end block which is less soluble in the dispersion solvent, preferably the vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon monomer. Moreover, in one preferred embodiment, a vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon monomer is chosen which is insoluble in the dispersion solvent.
As is known in the art, such a diblock copolymer may be formed by living anionic polymerization, in which the vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon monomer is added to the completely polymerized conjugated diene monomer. Another method of forming substantially diblock polymers is the living anionic copolymerization of a mixture of a conjugated diene monomer and a vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon monomer in a hydrocarbon solvent, particularly, in the absence of certain polar additives, such as ethers, tertiary amines, or metal alkoxides which could otherwise effect the polymerization of the separately constituted polymer blocks. Under these conditions, the conjugated diene generally polymerizes first, followed by the polymerization of the vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon.
In either process, it is preferred that the conjugated diene block polymerize first, followed by the vinyl substituted aromatic, positioning the living end of the polymerizing polymer on the vinyl aromatic block to facilitate later cross-linking.
Such diblock copolymers, formed by either method, are believed to aggregate to form micelle-like structures, with for example, the vinyl-substituted aromatic blocks directed toward the centers of the micelles and the conjugated diene blocks as tails extending therefrom. It is noted that a further hydrocarbon solvent charge or a decrease in polymerization mixture temperature may also be used, and may in fact be required, to obtain formation of the micelles. Moreover, these steps may be used to take advantage of the general insolubility of the vinyl-aromatic blocks. An exemplary temperature range for micelle formation is between about 50 and 80� C.
After the micelles have formed, additional conjugated diene monomer and/or vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon monomer can be added to the polymerization mixture as desired.
After formation of the micelles, a cross-linking agent is added to the polymerization mixture. Preferably a crosslinking agent is selected which has an affinity to the vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon monomer blocks and migrates to the center of the micelles due to its compatibility with the monomer units and initiator residues present in the center of the micelle and its relative incompatibility with the dispersion solvent and monomer units present in the outer layer of the micelle. The crosslinking agent crosslinks the center core of the micelle (i.e. alkenylbenzene) to form the derived nano-particle. Consequently, nano-particles are formed from the micelles with a core including, for example, styrene monomer units and a surface layer including, for example, butadiene monomer units.
The present inventive process is preferably initiated via addition of anionic initiators that are known in the art as useful in the copolymerization of diene monomers and vinyl aromatic hydrocarbons. Exemplary organo-lithium catalysts include lithium compounds having the formula R(Li)x, wherein R represents a C1-C20 hydrocarbyl radical, preferably a C2-C8 hydrocarbyl radical and x is an integer from 1 to 4. Typical R groups include aliphatic radicals and cycloaliphatic radicals. Specific examples of R groups include primary, secondary, and tertiary groups, such as n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, etc.
Specific examples of exemplary initiators include ethyllithium, propyllithium, n-butyllithium, sec-butyllithium, tert-butyllithium, and the like; aryllithiums, such as phenyllithium, tolyllithium, and the like; alkenyllithiums such as vinyllithium, propenyllithium, and the like; alkylene lithium such as tetramethylene lithium, pentamethylene lithium, and the like. Among these, n-butyllithium, sec-butyllithium, tert-butyllithium, tetramethylene lithium, and mixtures thereof are preferred.
Specific examples of other suitable lithium inititators include one or more of: p-tolyllithium, 4-phenylbutyl lithium, 4-butylcyclohexyl lithium, 4-cyclohexylbutyl lithium, lithium dialkyl amines, lithium dialkyl phosphines, lithium alkyl aryl phosphine, and lithium diaryl phosphines.
Anionic initiators generally are useful in amounts ranging from about 0.01 to 60 millimoles per hundred grams of monomer charge.
The conjugated diene monomers contemplated for the diblock polymer are those soluble in non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. C4-C8 conjugated diene monomers are the most preferred. Exemplary conjugated diene monomers include 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, and 1,3-pentadiene.
Vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon monomers include styrene, α-methylstyrene, 1-vinyl naphthalene, 2-vinyl naphthalene, 1-α-methyl vinyl naphthalene, 2-α-methyl vinyl naphthalene, vinyl toluene, methoxystyrene, t-butoxystyrene, and the like, as well as alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, alkaryl, and aralkyl derivatives thereof, in which the total number of carbon atoms in the combined hydrocarbon is generally not greater than 18, as well as any di- or tri-vinyl substituted aromatic hydrocarbons.
The diblock polymer, preferably has Mw of about 5,000 to 200,000, more preferably between about 10,000 and 100,000. A typical diblock polymer will be comprised of 10 to 90% by weight conjugated diene and 10 to 90% by weight vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon, more preferably 30 to 70% by weight, and most preferably 40 to 60% by weight of each contributed monomer type.
The micelle formed by the polymerization of vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons and conjugated diene monomers is preferably crosslinked to enhance the uniformity and permanence of shape and size of the resultant nano-particle. Preferred crosslinking agents are di- or tri-vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons. However, crosslinking agents which are at least bifunctional, wherein the two functional groups are capable of reacting with vinyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon monomers are acceptable. A preferred crosslinking agent is divinylbenzene (DVB).
Without being bound by theory, it is believed that an exemplary micelle will be comprised of ten to thirty diblock polymers yielding, after crosslinking, a nano-particle having a Mw of between about 100,000 to 3,000,000, preferably between about 500,000 to 1,500,000.
A 1,2-microstructure controlling agent or randomizing modifier is optionally used to control the 1,2-microstructure in the conjugated diene contributed monomer units, such as 1,3-butadiene, of the nano-particle. Suitable modifiers include hexamethylphosphoric acid triamide, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylene diamine, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, diethyl ether, triethylamine, tri-n-butylamine, tri-n-butylphosphine, p-dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxy ethane, dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, ethyl propyl ether, di-n-propyl ether, di-n-octyl ether, anisole, dibenzyl ether, diphenyl ether, dimethylethylamine, bis-oxalanyl propane, tri-n-propyl amine, trimethyl amine, triethyl amine, N,N-dimethyl aniline, N-ethylpiperidine, N-methyl-N-ethyl aniline, N-methylmorpholine, tetramethylenediamine, oligomeric oxolanyl propanes (OOPs), 2,2-bis-(4-methyl dioxane), and bistetrahydrofuryl propane. A mixture of one or more randomizing modifiers also can be used. The ratio of the modifier to the monomers can vary from a minimum as low as 0 to a maximum as great as about 400 millimoles, preferably about 0.01 to 3000 millimoles, of modifier per hundred grams of monomer currently being charged into the reactor. As the modifier charge increases, the percentage of 1,2-microstructure (vinyl content) increases in the conjugated diene contributed monomer units in the surface layer of the polymer nano-particle. The 1,2-microstructure content of the conjugated diene units is preferably between about 5% and 95%, and preferably less than about 35%.
After the polymer nano-particles have been formed, they may be blended with a rubber to improve the physical characteristics of the rubber composition. Nano-particles are useful modifying agents for rubbers because they are discrete particles which are capable of dispersing uniformly throughout the rubber composition, resulting in uniformity of physical characteristics. Furthermore, the present polymer nano-particles are advantageous because the surface layer of poly(conjugated diene), especially vinyl-modified poly(conjugated diene), is capable of bonding with the rubber matrix due to the accessibility of the pendant vinyl groups.
The present polymer nano-particles are suitable for modifying a variety of rubbers including, but not limited to, random styrene/butadiene copolymers, butadiene rubber, poly(isoprene), nitrile rubber, polyurethane, butyl rubber, EPDM, and the like. Advantageously, the nano-particles demonstrate improved tensile and tear strength of at least about 30% over non-spherical copolymers.
One application for such rubber compounds is in tire rubber formulations. Specifically, they are contemplated for use in rubber compounds used to make tire treads and side walls.
The present invention now will be described with reference to non-limiting examples. The following examples and tables are presented for purposes of illustration only and are not to be construed in a limiting sense.
Preparation of Polymers
A 7.6 L reactor equipped with external jacked heating and internal agitation was used for all polymerizations. 1,3-Butadiene was used as a 22.0 or 21.1 weight percent solution in hexane. Styrene was used as a 33.0 wt % solution in hexane, and n-butyllithium was used as a 15 wt % solution in hexane. The antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT, Aldrich Chem. Co., Milwaukee, Wis.) was used as an approximately 17 wt % solution in hexane. Technical grade divinylbenzene (DVB, 80% as a mixture of isomers, Aldrich) was passed through a column of inhibitor remover under N2 before use. Neat bis-oxalanyl propane (OOPs, Aldrich) was similarly treated and used as a 1.6M solution in hexane, stored over calcium hydride.
Preparation of Diblock Polymers:
The reactor was charged with 1.03 kg of 22% butadiene, 0.55 kg hexane, and 0.70 kg styrene (33 wt %). The batch was heated to 57� C., followed by initiation of polymerization with 5.0 mL n-BuLi (1.6 M) diluted in 30 mL hexane. The temperature was maintained at 57� C. for the duration of the polymerization.
Particle Formation:
Following the diblock polymer preparation, the reactor jacket was set to 26� C. The reactor was charged with 1.36 kg styrene (33 wt %) diluted with an additional 0.90 kg hexane, followed by 50 mL DVB containing 1.0 mL OOPs. The reactor jacket was set to 50� C. The exotherm peaked at 54� C. about 30 minutes after the addition of the DVB/OOPs mixture. About half of the batch was dropped into dried, N2 purged bottles, and polymerization was terminated with about 1 mL isopropanol and treated with about 3 mL BHT solution. For transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, about 10 mL of solution was taken from the batch and further diluted with the hexane solvent to about 10−4 wt %. A drop of the diluted solution was then deposited on a formvar-carbon coated micro-grid. After the solvent was evaporated, the grid was stained with OSO4, and then examined by TEM. The results showed that the average particle diameter was about 50 nm with dispersity of about 1.1.
The diblock polymer was prepared as described above. Particle formation was also performed as described above, except 1.22 kg of styrene (33 wt %) 1.0 kg hexane, and 100 mL of DVB containing 1.0 mL of OOPs solution was used. The jacket temperature was raised to 57� C., then 65� C. overnight because no exotherm was observed. Half of the batch was dropped into bottles and terminated as described above. The particles constituted about 18% by weight of the mixture. To the remainder of the batch was added 2.27 kg of 21.6% butadiene, but no polymerization occurred. Further polymerization was initiated with a charge of 2.5 mL of n-BuLi (1.6 M solution) and the batch subsequently gelled.
The dispersant was prepared as described above, except 1.8 kg of butadiene (22 wt %) was used. The living dispersant was diluted with 0.91 kg hexane, and a solution of 0.453 kg DVB in 0.91 kg hexane was charged into the reactor. The reactor temperature control was switched from batch control at 57� C. to jacket at 57� C. After about 4 hours, the batch was dropped into bottles and terminated as described above. The particles constituted about 11% by weight of the mixture. The GPC analysis showed that the particle had a Mn of about 976,000. The polydispersity of the molecular weight was 1.11. The nano-particles were examined by TEM and had an average particle size of about 15 nm, and a dispersity of particle size of about 1.1 (FIG. 1).
Four kinds of rubber compositions were prepared according to the formulation shown in Tables 1 and 2 by selectively using the synthesized particles to replace the amount of polymer (polybutadiene) in the compound formulation. The physical details of these compositions are shown in Table 3. Two controls were used (Examples 4 and 5) to provide a comparison with the test compounds (Examples 6 and 7) wherein the nano-particles were derived from Example 3. In each sample, a blend of the ingredients was kneaded by the method described in Table 4. The final stock was sheeted and molded at 160� C. for 30 minutes.
The physical characteristics of the rubber compounds shown in Table 3 were measured by accepted standards in the art. The tensile strength measurements were based on conditions of ASTM-D 412 at 22� C. Test specimen geometry was taken in the form of a ring of a width of 0.127 cm and of a thickness of 0.197 cm. The specimen was tested at a specific gauge length of 2.54 cm. The measurement of tear strength was based on conditions of ASTM-D 624 at 170� C. Test specimen geometry was taken in the form of a nicked ring (ASTM-624-C). The specimen was tested at the specific gauge length 11.29 cm. The hysteresis loss was measured with a Dynastat Viscoelastic Analyzer. Test specimen geometry was taken in the form of a strip of a length of 30 mm and of a width of 15 mm. A frequency of 5 Hz at 2% strain was employed. Measurement of the wet traction was performed on the British Portable Skid Tester. The sample geometry for the test was a rectangular bar of 2.54�7.6�0.64 cm.
As seen in Table 3, the rubber compositions of Examples 6 and 7 exhibit balanced physical properties. The tensile strength and tear strength of the modified rubber compounds are ˜30% better than those of the comparative compounds at equal modulus.
The invention has been described with reference to the exemplary embodiments. Modifications and alterations will occur to others upon reading and understanding the specification. The invention is intended to include such modifications and alterations insofar as they come within the scope of the disclosure and claims.
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text: ACL Music Festival Radio TUNE IN TO ACL 2013 RADIO With summer right around the corner, what better way to prep your playlists than by getting to know the artists hitting the Zilker Park stages this October? Listen to our dedicated ACL Radio powered by iHeartRadio as a warm-up to the Festival! <#ACLFest 2013 Lineup Clues>The Lineups – Weekend 1 & 2


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Google boasts that the Nexus 7 is the "world's first" 7-inch slate to have a quad-core processor. As a result, the tablet's Nvidia Tegra 3 CPU promises better multitasking, as well as smoother video streaming and Web browsing, than the dual-core chips found on competing tablets. The Tegra 3 also features a fifth core that conserves battery life by managing low-power activities such as active standby. One thing's for certain: The rest of the 7-inch pack will soon add quad-core CPUs as well.
Next Valley View: Google I/O Deep Dive
Google Nexus 7 Tablet Aims For Amazon, Not Apple
Google I/O: Jelly Bean, Nexus Tablet, Project Glass
Firefox For Android Reborn
Google Bouncer Beat Up By Security Researchers
8 Things Tablets Still Can't Do
Microsoft Surface Won't Kill PC Industry, Analyst Says
Why Microsoft's New Surface Tablets Will Fail
Microsoft Surface To Start At $599?
Microsoft Surface Tablet: 10 Coolest Features


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Tradition associates a gem with each sign of the zodiac based on a color system. Color was thought to unleash the power attributed to the gemstone.
In time, birthstones became associated with calendar months rather than the zodiac and people began to select birthstones in colors other than the original.
The Roman, Arabic, Jewish, Polish, Russian and Italian lists were all different.
The following list of birthstones, which is the one commonly used today, was adopted in 1912 by the American National Association of Jewelers, which later evolved into the Jewelers of America.
Garnet is a beautiful gemstone, bursting with fire and brilliance. Most recognizable as glossy pomegranate red, it is found in every color to match everything in your wardrobe and complement any style. This gem is a favorite of connoisseurs, who can't resist adding more garnet to their collection. There are garnets that change color in different light, translucent green garnets that look like jade, and garnets with stars. In addition, garnets are durable, all natural, and generally affordable.
Amethyst is an ideal gemstone for jewelry because of its royal color, variety of sizes and shapes, affordability, and wide tonal range, from pale lavender to dark purple. Amethyst complements both warm and cool colors so it looks great set in both yellow and white metals. This chameleon quality means it complements almost every color in your wardrobe.
A gem whose name means sea water, Aquamarine captures the beauty of the sea. This member of the beryl family, which also include emerald, is found in a range of pastel blue and greenish blue shades, from the palest hint to a deep sky blue. The elegant icy color looks as fresh with earth tones as with other paste shades. And it is the perfect accompaniment to grey and navy.
So brilliant, they were once thought to be fallen stars, diamonds are the ideal gift for a loved one. Thought to be one of the hardest substances on the globe, diamonds date back billions of years. Traditionally most desired as colorless, fancy-colored diamonds are enjoying a surge of popularity, and come in a wide range of colors such as black, blue, green, pink, red, purple, orange and yellow.
The supreme green color of emerald has a timeless appeal - Cleopatra, Egypt's tempestuous monarch was famous for wearing emeralds in her time, as Liz Taylor, the actress who played her in a 1969 movie, is for wearing them in ours. Because of the rich green color of emerald is the color of spring, it has long symbolized love and rebirth. Emerald is most often cut in a rectangular step-cut, which is now popularly known as the emerald cut. Due to their rich color, emeralds are also spectacular when cut in a smooth-domed cabochon cut.
Pearls are unique in that they are the only gems from living creatures. They require no faceting or polishing to reveal their natural beauty. They are truly a gift from the sea.
Pearls have long been a favorite adornment. Jacqueline Onassis, Princess Grace Kelley and Audrey Hepburn are a few of the timeless beauties who loved wearing classic strands of pearls or traditional pearl earings.
Throughout most of recorded history, Ruby had been the world's most valued gemstone. Ruby is the epitome of the boldest of colors: the gem of desire, passion, courage, and emotion. In the ancient language of Sanskrit, ruby is called ratnaraj, or "king of precious stones."
The fresh lime green of Peridot is its distinctive signature. Its spring green color also is ideal with sky blue. The beauty of Peridot is a result of extreme conditions - Peridot is found in the rocks created by volcanoes and even in meteors that fall to earth. A few samples of extra-terrestrial Peridot have been faceted into gems.
Sapphire provides the most beautiful blues of the gem kingdom. The ancient Persians believed the earth rests on a giant sapphire. Its reflection, they said, made the sky blue. But Sapphire doesn't have to be blue to be beautiful. Sapphire also comes in beautiful pinks, yellows, oranges, peach and violet colors. The most sought-after color of Sapphire is the rare and beautiful padparadscha - a pink-orange corundum with a distinctive salmon color reminiscent of a tropical sunset.
A beautiful Opal is one of the kind: a natural artwork with a unique pattern of rainbow flashes of color unlike any other. It's as individual as your personality. You my prefer an opal that serenely glows with pinpoint flashes of the blues and greens of the sea and sky. Or you may fall in love with a gem that flashes broad patterns of red and yellow, with all the bright festivity of carnival in Rio.
Opal value is based on the amount and distribution of play of color. The ideal is broad patterns covering the surface of the stone, with all the colors of the spectrum represented. But opals are the most individual of gems, and personal taste in color and pattern should guide your selection.
For centuries, many people in India have believed that Topaz worn above the heart assures long life, beauty, and intelligence.
Many know topaz as a blue gem, however, the blue color of the gems is often caused by treatment. Topaz has an exceptionally wide natural color range that, besides brown, includes various tones and saturation of blue, yellow, orange, red, pink, and purple.
Topaz is also pleochroic, meaning that the gem can show different colors in different crystal directions.
Exotic velvety blue with a rich overtone of purple, tanzanite is found only in one place on the planet: The Merelani Hills of Tanzania, in the shadow of Mount Kilimanjaro.
Tanzanite is an ideal complement to all the rich blues, purples, and green in your wardrobe, but the velvety depths of this gem are also beautiful worn with earth tones, from chocolates to rusts and golds.
Tanzanites with a color that is more blue than purple tend to be more expensive because the crystal tend to form with the blue color axis oriented along the width of the crystal instead of the length. That means that if the cutter chooses to maximize the purity of the blue color, the stone cut from the rough will be smaller and will cost more per carat. The blue color, however, is so beautiful that the sacrifice is often worth it.
For five generations, Ben Bridge has been committed to offering the finest jewelry and unsurpassed personal service at the best value.About Us


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Staybridge Suites Birmingham
Staybridge Suites Birmingham is located in the very heart of Birmingham within the Martineau Place Shopping Centre and just five minutes' walk from the world-class Bullring Shopping Centre and the stunning architecture of the city's beautiful New St.
The Staybridge Suites hotel is just a short walk from Birmingham New Street Train Station, offering quick connections to locations all over the UK. All of our Studios and one-bedroom Suites include complimentary breakfast and free Wi-Fi. All of our Suites offer individually controlled cooling and heating.
Choose a relaxing home from home, offering a little oasis in the vibrant and culture rich city of Birmingham. Birmingham's vibrant and diverse city offers superb shopping, a magnificent nightlife and great treats for culture vultures and lovers of fine food.
Please Note: Our hotel does not have on-site parking due to its location in the city centre. However, we do offer a concessionary rate of £8 for 24 hours with the NCP High Street on Dale End, postcode B4 7LN (closed between 12am and 6am) and NCP Londonderry House, postcode B4 7LX (open 24 hours); just five and ten minute's walk from the hotel respectively. Ticket must be validated at reception. We look forward to your re-submission.
Quick Info
- Check In: 3:00 PM
- Check Out: 11:00 AM
- Minimum Check-In Age: 18
- Print Fact sheet
- Chat Online
Hotel Highlights
- On-site Guest Self-Laundry Facilities
- Housekeeping Full Service
- Complimentary Breakfast Buffet
- Standard Wireless Internet service is free for all members
- On-Site Fitness Center Available
Guest Reviews
Overall Experience
Fantastic hotel
02 July 2015
Great customer service, fantastic housekeeping staff and generally a faultless stay. Super quiet and good night's sleep!
Very good value for business stay
30 June 2015
Rooms are just like having your own studio flat. Quiet aswell.
Great accommodation in central Birmingham
30 June 2015
Really good accommodation right in the heart of Birmingham. The suites are great with good quality equipment and confortable beds.
Modern and Efficient
30 June 2015
One of the best hotels I've stayed in and I have travelled quite extensively across the UK during the last few months. I would recommend this particular hotel as it is modern, clean and the hotel staff friendly and helpful


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By mudding the waters with consensual adult services, the issue itself is not being dealt with.
He had invited a 19-year-old drifter named Arnold Murray to his house and they had had consensual sex.
According to the allegations, consensual sexual encounters with Assange became nonconsensual.
consensual con·sen·su·al (kən-sěn'shōō-əl)
Of or relating to a reflexive response of one body structure following stimulation of another, such as the concurrent constriction of one pupil in response to light shined in the other.
Of or relating to involuntary movement of a body part accompanying voluntary movement of another.


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Introduces the printing process, from choosing the correct paper, inks, colors, and fonts and correctly laying out the project in Illustrator and InDesign to getting the final product from the printing press floor.
"As a graphic designer, I have found the site very comprehensive, easy to navigate, and the video tutorials and presenters are great. It is like taking college classes without leaving home. Great for total beginners and long-time veterans." —Trevor C.
more from our members »


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Upstate News
Kathleen Paice 315 464-4839
University Hospital celebrates Children and Healthcare Week March 14-20
The special needs of children in healthcare settings will be highlighted March 14 through 20 during Children and Healthcare Week, an annual event sponsored by the Association for the Care of Children's Health (ACCH).
At University Hospital, special programs are planned throughout the week. Activities will include an ice cream social on March 16 for pediatric staff and families; an informational booth and registration for a free toy raffle outside the cafeteria on the second floor of University Hospital from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. March 15, 16 and 19; displays of artwork produced by pediatric patients; and a visit to the hospital on March 18 by children from the Health Science Child Care Center. The youngsters will engage in medical play, giving their interpretations of a visit to the hospital by using dolls as patients and playing the roles of physicians and nurses.
Special activities are also planned at University Hospital's Pediatric and Adolescent Center, located at University Health Care Center, which treats patients on an outpatient basis.
According to Child Life Specialist Janice Whitcombe, "The activities that University Hospital sponsors during Children and Healthcare Week provide pediatric specialists with an opportunity to share the latest information on child care in the clinical setting with the public and with other healthcare professionals."
The ACCH is a multidisciplinary organization made up of more than 300 hospitals and 3,500 healthcare professionals devoted to improving the ways in which the healthcare community responds to the unique emotional and developmental needs of children.
Search Upstate News
Upstate in the News
- Treating synthetic drug users, dealing with unknown chemicals
WTVH CBS5 Syracuse
- Doctors say you may be bathing your kids too much
WSYR TV9 Syracuse
- From Silence to sound: Mason Drake hears for the first time!
WSTM NBC3 Syracuse
- From Silence to sound: Mason Drake hears for the first time!
WSTM NBC3 Syracuse
- Cholesterol concerns? Guidelines on what to eat may be changing
WSYR TV9 Syracuse
- Cholesterol concerns? Guidelines on what to eat may be changing
WSYR TV9 Syracuse


text: Eiko 240 mini indicator lamps are designed for long lasting and reliable performance. With a miniature bayonet (BA9s) base and T3.25 bulb shape, this Eiko lamp has high quality components and is easy to install. This mini indicator lamp operates at 6.3 volts and 0.36 amps and is typically used as a lamp for automobiles. With an impressive life rating of 5,000 hours, this bulb will last for many miles and is suitable for all types of weather.


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Ford Explorer Problem Report
Ford Explorer Updated Differential Clutch Kit Available if Rear End Noise is Heard
(8 reports)
If a noise from the rear end is heard when going around turns or after driving at highway speed for an extended period, this could be caused by a failing deferential clutch kit. An updated differential clutch kit available.
Has rear end dope been changed in rear end? I changed dope in 65 chevy truck and the rear end made a clicking slippinp grinding noise when i turned curves or corners . i was advised to add a 6 oz bottle of factory fluid i dont remember name but this solved proublem. check with dealer and ask for this fliud and advice i think the cost was ten dollars - lightningrod191
1 person likes this
YO TENGO EL MISMO POBLEMA - Visitor
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Four Dudes, a vintage Honda Twin, and the 2012 Mexican 1000
View Single Post
Racing Like a Noob
Joined: May 2007
Location: Duh!
Oddometer: 4,541
Another sneak peak....
So, in a shameless attempt to raise some money to help make the Mexican 1000 happen, I am in the process of having tee-shirts designed that we will happily sell at a modest profit to help offset some of the costs!!
I mentioned earlier in this thread that I wanted something outrageously 70's to help promote the vintage aspect of the M1K and our race team. I also wanted something that would evoke Big Daddy Ed Roth's Rat Fink and give it a cool vibe.
There is a local artist here that does some pretty unique stuff out of a tiny little tee-shirt shop and I like a lot of his work I have seen. I have known him for years, and he helped us out last year by running off last year's shirts for a great deal. He is a true old-school artist and the shirts are true old-school screen printed, not cheap lazer prints or transfers.
Mike James came up to Oregon from California and can remember being at car shows and seeing Ed Roth airbrushing one of a kind tee-shirts right on the spot for customers...so he is a fan. The example below is still a work in progress but this is getting close to a final draft. There will be more background elements and other details including color choices, but you can get an idea what the shirts are going to look like. I love where he is going and I can't wait to see what his final result will be.
We are hoping to get some pre orders so we can gauge how many shirts to make on the first run. They will be black tees and we will have long sleeve tees for slightly more. Remember, all profits will go directly into race expenses and in return you get a cool tee shirt. If you think you might be interested, let me know so I can figure out an estimate for the first run. I understand if you choose to wait until you see the final artwork...but this should give you a good idea of where we are going....
We are working on some sponsorship packets which will include swag and a great coupon from Atomic-Moto and one from Konflict for you KTM owners!! But for just a 2012 M1K T-shirts it will set you back $30 (and youll get groovy OSR sticker, too) and you would be helping our team out a bunch and a percentage of the price will go into Baldy's pocket for providing ADV to all of us.
Stay tuned!!
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Big yield from Cleveland, also a great acquisition of Brave pheenom Pete Smith plus six in the ninth
Big yield from Cleveland, also a great acquisition of Brave pheenom Pete Smith plus six in the ninth
Guess we should get ready for a whole bunch of threads like this over in Old Red Guard.
The lowest acceptable payroll amount for ownership to show they are not greedy pigs is 15 million more than they are currently paying. No matter what that currently is.
Gerard Peter DiPoto rides again.
When all is said and done more is said than done.
Some people seem to like simple, one line threads with only an obscure player name and no real point. Other people don't care for them. Fortunatley there are enough different types of threads started here at RZ that just about everybody can find a thread or two that they like.
Last edited by Ltlabner; 10-20-2006 at 05:06 PM.
a super volcano of ridonkulous suckitude.
I simply don't have access to a "cares about RBI" place in my psyche. There is a "mildly curious about OBI%" alcove just before the acid filled lake guarded by robot snipers with lasers which leads to the "cares about RBI" antechamber though. - Nate
Let's keep these type of threads consolidated, please.
Board Moderators may, at their discretion and judgment, delete and/or edit any messages that violate any of the following guidelines: 1. Explicit references to alleged illegal or unlawful acts. 2. Graphic sexual descriptions. 3. Racial or ethnic slurs. 4. Use of edgy language (including masked profanity). 5. Direct personal attacks, flames, fights, trolling, baiting, name-calling, general nuisance, excessive player criticism or anything along those lines. 6. Posting spam. 7. Each person may have only one user account. It is fine to be critical here - that's what this board is for. But let's not beat a subject or a player to death, please.


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3K Downloads
Item is not compatible with your phone.
Minesweeper, Free Cell, Klondike and Spider Solitaire – the legendary office time-killers are now in one superb collection for PDA and smartphones.
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Rate & Review
2 yrs ago - Nokia N73
Good game to pass your time.
2 yrs ago - Samsung GT-I9003
Cool game...loved it. Must try it once.


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Warriors of Radness Reversible Smock Pullover Hoodie from the WOR collection last winter. Super soft and very very thick and heavy cotton pullover. Pictures can describe it better. PM for any addtional pictures of questions. $60 shipped or best Pit to pit: 22 inches Length: 26 inches
6/9/12 at 6:13pm


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FN Rising Star hires ex-colleague to new hedge fund
One of Financial News's hedge fund rising stars, who ran the London office of Canyon Capital Advisors before casting out on his own in 2012, has recruited a familiar face as a partner at his credit fund Makuria Investment Management.
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Create or complete your Little Red Riding Hood costume with this cute red gingham lined basket and carry your treats on Halloween.
Every adventurer needs to carry the Red and White Gingham Basket. Collect candy or put your Halloween accessories in this picnic style basket made of straw.
…my pretty, and your little Halloween accessory, too!" A simply wonderful item, this must-have Wizard of Oz accessory is an adorable addition to your Dorothy costume. The sturdy basket features a plush incarnation of Toto, Dorothy's little dog. Add ruby slippers and prepare to go over the rainbow!
Carry treats, spooky stuff or sneakers in this handy black bag covered with a grinning skull print. It transforms the ordinary into extraordinary, whether it's a peanut butter and jelly sandwich or a bag of bones!
Adorn your lawn with the finest inflatable decorations, including this Ghost with Witch Hat Airblown Inflatable. This goofy ghost features a pumpkin candy basket and witch hat, making this one unique ghostly creature!
Your child will be the boldest pirate on the block in this High Seas Buccaneer toddler costume. In the vest, poet shirt, red-and-black striped pants, bandanna, belt, boot tops, and pirate hat, he'll be ready to plunder the neighbors' candy baskets in style!
Your little pirate lass will have a swashbuckling good time in this High Seas Buccaneer girl toddler costume. Complete with a dress, wide-buckled belt, bandanna, boot tops, and captain's hat, she'll be ready to plunder the neighbors' candy baskets in style!