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HATS IN AND MOVING TO THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS 1800-1840 by Gene Hickman The most popular and most dominant hat style documented seems to be the low round crowned, wool felt hat with a wide brim. If you are wearing this style you'll probably not have a "correctness" issue. Before anymore discussion of hats I would refer you to the information in the article on Clothing & Accoutrements In and Moving to the Rocky Mountains. Again it will depend upon the time frame, where the individuals came from such as Canada, Spanish Southwest, the States, or their ethnic origins, etc. Sometimes it would be easier to say what we are fairly sure they did not have or wear, just by observing some of the hats worn at modern rendezvous. Modern buckskinners & Hollywood tend toward what looks good, so they wear it, others see it, and still others imitate it assuming it is correct. Here is a list of what we can not yet document: leather hippie style hats, full drape animal skin "road-kill" hats, floppy shapeless "hill-billy" hats, hats with creased or shaped crowns, "Davey Crockett" style coonskin caps, and the little "pill-box" beaver skin hat with the leather bill, and head scarves worn in the "pirate-style". There are thousands of pages of journals, invoices, other fur trade records, field sketches and paintings that have been reviewed and still probably thousands of more that have not been reviewed. Consequently some of these hats may turn up. If anyone can find documentation or period sketches/paintings of these items we would be very interested in them, and we will add them to this hat article. So far we have been unable to find any documentation for these. Here are some good references for hats in our time and place: Allen Chronister and Clay Landry's article on Clothing of the Rocky Mountain Trapper 1820-1840 in The Book of Buckskinning VII, James A. Hanson's sketchbooks - The Voyager's Sketchbook and The Mountain Man's Sketch Books, Rex Allen Norman's The 1837 Sketchbook of the Western Fur Trade, and Shawn Webster's In the Image of A. J. Miller. Some of these references will have examples that go beyond our 1840 time period, so look closely at what they say. Most have good sketches of appropriate hats. There are a number of artists that have also left us some visual information, but some of these artists painted or sketched after the 1840 time frame. Consequently, all of their sketches/paintings are probably accurate, but then again they may not be accurate for our time and place. You just need to be aware of this and make your own decision. Then there is always the question of artistic "license." Here are some of the artists, from before, during and after our time period, in random order: Rindisbacher, Hind, Bingham, Miller, Kurz, Ranney, Krieghoff, Hopkins, Point, Bodmer and Meyer. Additionally you may want to look at hat makers such as Clearwater Hats (http://www.clearwaterhats.com/furtradepageone.htm) who have well researched reproduction of hats. This may perhaps, not only be a good place to purchase a hat, but it will let you can see some examples. There are probably others good hat makers and distributors out there too, Clearwater is used as one example. Karl Bodmer's painting of Prince Maximilian (1833-34) visiting the Minetarees at Fort Clark, shows the low crowned wide brimmed hat. Karl Bodmer, Paulus Lesser, courtesy Rare Book Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations Again, the most common hat, and what seems to be the hat style of choice, is wool felt, round low crown and broad-brimmed, often referred to in the historic record as just wool hats. They have predominately round crowns, although a few have flat crowns and the flat crown seems to gain some popularity at the end of the 1830s. Crowns average from 3 ½" to 5" high and most brims seem to be around 3"- 5". Rufus Sage, Rocky Mountain Life, says that the mountaineer wore …a low crowned wool-hat, or a rude substitute of his own manufacture. March 1834: Capt Wyeth …accompanied us to a store in the town, and selected a number of articles for us, among which were ….white wool hats, with round crowns, fitting tightly to the head, brims five inches wide, and almost hard enough to resist a rifle ball (J.K. Townsend, 1839. Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River) These hats may be napped or smooth and may often be referred to in the historic inventories as napped. Napped hats seem to be more prevalent in the early 1800s and gradually become less common by the 1830s, at least in the record: 2 Doz. Napped Hats [for] $192…Memorandum of goods for Mess. Gardner & Williams pr their order (Inventory of Goods available at the 1825 Rendezvous on Henry's Fork of the Green River (cached goods listed in Ashley's diary). None of the hats that we found reference for or that are illustrated, seem to have creased crowns. Creasing of crowns and taller crowns become more commonly documented in the mid-1800s. In George Bingham's genere paintings along the Missouri river in the 1850s we see a few hats with flat tops and a "doughnut" crease in the top. From Bingham's 1850 "Shooting the Beef." However, even by the Civil War most civilian hats and many military hats do not have creased crowns, although they are becoming more common by then. These low crowned broad-brimmed hats are seen throughout the sketches and paintings by Miller, Kurz, Bingham, and Bodmer. As James Hanson, Museum of the Fur Trade, says …most hats are twisted, bent from hard use… he does not say nor do the extant examples show, nor do the historic record document, nor do they reference the shapeless "hill-billy" hats, nor the crease crowned hats. All of which are often seen on buckskinners or re-enactors today. Many folks today will buy a felt hat "blank," never shape nor trim it, and then wear it. Some will go so far as to stomp, roll, soak and other means to "age" and take out any shaping it may have had. But if it never had the brim or crown trimmed, to historic shape and dimensions before it was "aged", you probably end up with a well-used misshapen hat still not correct to what we can document. It is also common to take an old weathered "cowboy" hat and wear it as is or to "abuse" it even more to make it look "aged." Again if you start with something that was not within the styles and shapes of what we know, it is hard to hide it's past history. Hanson goes on to tell us that colors are mostly off-white, grey or tan, but today we more often seem to see black hats. Black hats was certainly there, but don't seem to be as common as the colors Hanson found. This may be due to the availability of other colors of hats. Black hats are the predominant hat in the lower priced hats, and it is difficult to find any other colors of "cheap" hats. Here are a few references from historic documents, many of these invoices were goods going to the Indian trade as much as they were for trapper replacement items: 15 hatts $5.50..$82.50…2 straw hats$2…2 caps $1 Invoice of Sundry Merchandise sold and delivered to the Missouri Company by Frs Regnier at St. Louis the 3d May, 1809 Wool Hats [number is unreadable] Inventory of sundries delivered to the Northwest Company, Astoria, Columbia River, October, 1813 1 dz red caps Trade List of John McKnight, Partner of General Thomas James, 1822. hats-Gardner & Gray [these appear to be hats for specific individuals] Inventory of Goods available at the 1825 Rendezvous on Henry's Fork of the Green River (cached goods listed in Ashley's diary) 3 dz black & white hats (First order sent to St. Louis from Fort Pierre by William Laidlaw, Dec. 20, 1832). 3 dz mens woolen caps…4 dz white wool hats (Invoice of merchandise shipped on board S.B. Diana C.M. Halstead Master bound for the upper Missouri River and consigned for account and risk of upper Missouri outfit 1835 under mark in the margin). 7 ½ dz Round White wool hats…1 ½ dz Round Black wool hats…2 dz Round Black wool hats…2 dz Round White wool hats…1 dz Red WoolCap (Invoice of Sundry Merchandise from the Rocky Mountain Outfit 1836 under charge of Fontenelle, Fitzpatrick, & Co.). 1 ¼ dz White wool hats @ $9.00/dz (Invoice of Sundry Merchandise furnished Rocky Mountain Outfit 1837 under charge of Fontenelle, Fitzpatrick & Co.) Here is only the second reference to black hats I found: 2 dz Black wool hats @ $7.50/dz (Invoice of Sundry Merchandise furnished Rocky Mountain Outfit 1837 under charge of Fontenelle, Fitzpatrick & Co.) We do not see beaded, quilled or horse hair hat bands, brims pinned up, various safety pins, vent picks, gun worms, blanket pins, pendicular pins, rendezvous pins, HBC & NWCo pins, pewter buffalo skulls, etc. pinned on the hats. Doesn't mean that it didn't happen, except for the items that did not exist then. The French voyageurs or boatman were particularly noted for adorning their hats as we see in historic sketches or paintings from Hopkins, Krieghoff, and Rindisbacher. Frenchmen and Indians were found of adorning their hats or headgear with ostrich plumes and colored feathers, which were being imported for the Indian Trade: In the period sketches and journal references we see feathers, tails and tufts of fur on the hats, and occasionally a clay pipe tucked in the band. Pierre Rocky Mountain Trapper by A.J. Miller, 1837 Rindisbacher 1823 Now and then a chance party of "Northwesters" appeared at Mackinaw from the rendezvous at Fort William. These held themselves up as the chivalry of the fur trade. They were men of iron; proof against cold weather, hard fare, and perils of all kinds. Some would wear the Northwest button, and a formidable dirk, and assume something of a military air. They generally wore feathers in their hats, and affected the "brave." "Je suis un homme du nord!"-"I am a man of the north,"- (Irving, Washington. Astoria, or Anecdotes of an Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains). …our Canadian boatmen, having their hats decorated with parti-colored ribands and feathers, (Franchere's Narrative of A Voyage to the West Coast, 1811-1814). Rindisbacher 1824 So if you're persona is an Indian, half-breed, French or voyageur, an ostrich plume may be appropriate. If you're persona is not one of these it is probably less likely that you would have done it. However, there were lots of individuals then as there are now, so it could be, since we can document the ostrich plumes and various colored feathers being available in the trade. Trying to recruit more voyageurs for their westward journey, Mr. Hunt…tried another temptation… Among the recruits who had enlisted he distributed feathers and ostrich plumes. These they put in their hats, and thus figured about Mackinaw, assuming airs of vast importance, as "voyageurs" in a new company, that was to eclipse the Northwest. The effect was complete. A French Canadian is too vain and mercurial a being to withstand the finery and ostentation of the feather. Numbers immediately pressed into the service. One must have an ostrich plume; another, a white feather with a red end; a third, a bunch of cock's tails. Thus all paraded about, in vainglorious style, more delighted with the feathers in their hats than with the money in their pockets; and considering themselves fully equal to the boastful "men of the north."(Irving, Washington. Astoria, or Anecdotes of an Enterprise Beyond the Rocky Mountains). We see reference to a variety of other hats too, such as top hats, carriage hats, Scotch caps, balmorals, clerk's caps, knit caps, straw hats, military style forage caps, etc. We can find these both in the period sketches and in the fur trade records for our time period. 2 Straw hats $2 (Invoice of Sundry Merchandise sold and delivered to the Missouri Company by Frs Regnier at St. Louis, 1809) Here's one that might work for your Spanish or Southwest persona. It comes from Josiah Gregg's 1844 Commerce of the Prairies describing the styles of dress in New Mexico … a sombrero — a peculiarly shaped low crowned hat with wide brim, covered with oil cloth and surmounted with a band of tinsel cord nearly an inch in diameter. You just have to decide the probability of those having been around or available prior to 1840, which they very well may have been. Scotch Hats or Caps Some of these hats or caps may actually have been military surplus or military hats. Again some of these hats and adornments may be more reflective of your geographic and ethnic origins and may not be universally worn by everyone. However, it does sometimes seem that there are more Scotch caps and balmorals worn today, at modern rendezvous, than there were during the 1800-1840 Rocky Mountain fur trade. Many of these caps were wool and may be brimmed or un-brimmed. Many show the ball on top, others do not. Previous documentation indicates that the ball on top may have been a military hat, may have been more common on military hats or at least had a military origin. Rindisbacher-Red River Settlements 1824. These Scotch type hats/caps seem to have been more common and more readily available in Canada through the NWC & HBC then from the American companies. They are very comfortable and practical hats/caps, which probably led further to improve their popularity. Here are a couple of period sketches of Indians wearing the Scotch type hats: This first sketch by Gustav Sohon, is of the Iroquois Guide Aeneas wearing a typical Scotch cap. He was living among the Flathead at the time. Father Point also shows these as identical to those worn by the Nez Perce. There were quite a few disaffected Eastern Indians in the western fur trade and the Iroquois were common among them, both in the American and Canadian fur trade, and of course there was an HBC influence with these tribes too. So if your persona is for an Iroquois working in the fur trade this may be your hat. The second sketch is of Adolphe a Flathead Chief also drawn by G. Sohon. Here he is wearing an almost identical Scotch cap as Aeneas wears above, but it is decorated with fur around the band. These Scotch caps or this Canadian influence is common in the northwest (Washington, Idaho & Montana) as the HBC had numerous posts in the area. Top Hats Top hats are seen in the variety of hats depicted in James A. Hanson's Voyager's Sketchbook. Top hats seem to again be a French ethnic preference, at least for the common man, as they are more dominant in their depictions, especially among Voyagers and Indians. Other top hat wears seem to be the more wealthy and affluent, company officers or government representatives at treaties and other formal occasions. Rindisbachers's period sketch & paintings depict a number of folks wearing top hats, and would again indicate that top hats were very popular with French Boatmen. Frenchmen - Rindisbacher 1823 & 1824. Additionally, The Mi'kmaq Portrait Collection, http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mikmaq/1801intb.htm, from the 1830s show that these Indians, both men and women also liked the top hat. These Mi'kmaq sketches also reflect the documentation in the written record for this preference of hoods (in a later section) among some western Indians too. Several styles of beaver Top Hats from 1812-1825. Taken from Company of Adventurers by Peter C. Newman. Here is Bodmer's painting (1833-34) of he and Prince Maxmillian at Fort Clark. The interpreter on the left pointing at the Prince is supposedly Toussaint Charbonneau formerly of the Lewis & Clark expedition. This is unknown headgear here on old Toussaint. Those "Frenchies" are always trying to make a fashion statement. However, the Prince is wearing the typical low crowned wide brimmed wool felt hat and Bodmer is wearing a top hat. Between the Prince and Bodmer can be seen a man wearing a Clerk's cap. Finally here's one of my favorite top hat pictures. This is an engraving in George Cartwright's Journal of 17701786. This is a portion of the engraving titled, Captain Cartwright visiting his fox-trap. Cartwright, always the fashion statement, still wears his top hat in freezing temperatures. He is also wearing, what appears to be, a cloth & fur wig and chin cloth (G. Cartwright, A Journal of Transactions and Events during a Residence of Nearly Sixteen Years on the coast of Labrador. Vol. 1, 1792. Collection of the Bibliotheque municipale de Montreal, in F. Back, 2004. Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly. Winter 2004. Clerk's Caps Clerk's caps are the soft cloth hats with a brim and sometimes a band at the bottom. They became popular starting in the early 1800s and lasted in various styles for many years into the early 20th century. These soft caps were made of wool, corduroy, blanketing, linen and other materials with brims of leather or fabric. This is one very useful cap that is probably over looked and under utilized in our modern Rocky Mountain fur trade interpretations. Rindisbacher, Red River Settlers 1820. Rindisbacher, 1824. There are a number of other Rindisbacher sketches & painting showing the clerk's cap: Colonists on the Red River in North America, Two of the Companies Officers Travelling in a Canoe, and Two Young Men Hunting and Winter Voyaging in a Light Sledge. If you want to make a Clerk's Cap see J. Gottfed's article Reproduction Clothing – A Clerk's Cap, on the Northwest Journal website, http://www.northwestjournal.ca/XII3.htm. Isaac Cowie, The Company of Adventurers, wrote that the common outfit for clerks when traveling was…[a] navy blue cap with leather peak (C. Hanson, Jr. 1990. The Traders' Dress. Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly. Vol. 25, No. 1, Spring 1990). These hats were very common in Canada and in the trade forts in the United States. In one of Ranney's paintings, called "Pipe of Friendship," a western traveler is shown wearing a tall version of the Clerk's cap. Ranney's painting is about 1850. These tall clerk's type hats also look much like the fatigue or forage caps worn by the army at this time. Hoods The Mi'kmaq hoods, commonly worn by women, may have been the origins of the hoods that we see Mountain Men wearing in so many of A.J. Millers sketches from the 1837 rendezvous. More of these may be seen at: http://museum.gov.ns.ca/mikmaq/1801intb.htm. It seems that Cree and Metis men of the west are also depicted wearing these types of hoods, although I have not yet found and illustration of them. Lithograph by Robert Petley (1837) of Three Mi'kmaq women's heads, National Archives of Canada, Ottawa. Although commonly worn by women this seems to be a universal style among the Mi'maq and other Indians of the Great Lakes region. With many disaffected "eastern' Indians moving west with the fur brigades, it has been assumed that the "hoods" depicted by Miller in 1837 may have had their origins with these eastern Indians. In fact Chronister and Landry (Clothing of the Rocky Mountain Trapper, 18201840, Book of Buckskinning VII, Scurlock Publ. Co., Texarkana, TX) say that …similar cloth hoods were worn by Indian people of the Great Lakes region and Canada throughout the first half of the nineteenth century. Clth hoods could have been an item adopted by the American trappers from the‖Canadian half-breed or Indian trappers who worked for Hudson's Bay Company. "wigs" and chin cloths are seen commonly in the cold Canadian north. Here's another Indian woman with a decorated cloth hood. This is a watercolor painted at Moose Factory on James Bay around 1804-1811. The color reproduction is on the front cover of the Winter 2004 Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly and came courtesy Hudson's Bay Company Archives. The woman appears to be wearing an additional cloth or fur "wig" under the hood and a fur chin cloth. The wearing of fur Pictures from Rex Norman's The 1837 Sketchbook of the Western Fur Trade. All Pictures are redrawn from A.J. Miller, The left picture is from Approaching the Buffalo, the middle picture is from The Trapper's Bride, and the right picture is from A Trapper in his solitary Camp. This is an excellent reference and resource. The hunters form for themselves a peculiar kind of cap;-it has two ears with a flap reaching to the shoulders...peculiar caps…are made by themselves [trappers], to replace felt hats, long since worn out or lost…(A.J. Miller, 1837. The West of Alfred Jacob Miller). Drawing by Ronald Kil, Book of Buckskinning VII. Hanson & Wilson describe these blanketing hooded caps being made in two styles, the Liberty Cap Style and the Wolf Ears Style, both of which are shown in Miller's 1837 sketches. More information on making these hoods may be found in The Mountain Man's Sketchbook, Volume One (J.A. Hanson & K.J. Wilson, 1982. The Mountain Man's Sketch book Volume One. The Fur Press. Chadron, NE). Here is a portion of Miller's painting, from sketch, of Louis, Rocky Mountain Trapper. This is an elaborately decorated hood and it is difficult to see if it is the "wolfeared" or liberty style. Kerchiefs or Headscarves Common among the French, especially the boatmen or engages was either the wool toque or a kerchief. The kerchief was worn to hold another hat down in high wind or was worn tied around the head like a bandanna or headband. Being tied either in front or back. In cold weather it was tied like a woman's headscarf or over the ears. Research of the various sketches and drawings of the French engage, trappers, traders, settlers, etc. does not show the kerchief being worn "pirate style". There are references to knotted kerchiefs being worn, but the only sketches, other pictures or detailed descriptions from the period do not show the pirate style. It may be the Hollywood pirate or Zorro movies that have popularized this type of wear. Chronister and Landry (Book of Buckskinning VII) state that the use of bandannas or silk scarves as head coverings, …like many other aspects of mountaineer dress this adaption is probable but none of the journals or art work from the period provide and documentation for this usage. This manner of head covering may have been more favored by the river men or engages than by the rocky Mountain trapper. Artists of a later vintage such as Kurz and Ranney, both from the 1850s, semmto be the main pictorial sources of [any] bandanna head coverings. Consequently, and contrary to popular practice at modern rendezvous, and the many modern drawings and paintings of the Fur Trade, we have not been able to document, in our time period or before, headscarves being worn pirate style. The only sketch I have ever found comes from an 1850 Ranney painting called "On the Wing," of waterfowl hunting in an eastern marsh. Don't know about waterfowl hunting in the 1850s, but wearing a red head scarf and a red shirt waterfowl hunting today would not be very productive. who was sketched and then painted by E.M & R.H. Kern in1849. Some have used this painting as justification for wearing a "pirate" scarf under a hat. However, this seems to be more a head bandanna tied on the side, in the Navajo style, rather than a pirate scarf. I guess if you were doing a Navajo in the fur trade this look could be for you. Notice in this sketch that he is wearing the typical low crowned, wide brimmed, wool hat. There are a number of other sketches showing the wearing of a head scarf under a hat in the southwest and California Another documented areas. On closer examination they all seem to be of the headscarf is worn by a head bandanna tied to the back or side and then a hat Navajo Chief, worn over it. Marianos Martinez, The question, of the wear of a "pirate" scarf, whether alone or under a hat, has not been answered definitively. Our good friend Todd Glover, Poison River Party, says …My opinion on this is that it is one of those hairs to be split. We know they had scarves, and there are only so many ways to wear one. I would think that it would occur to them to wear one pirate style on occasion. Can't prove they did, can't prove they didn't. I think the question is akin to did they tuck their shirts in or not? Most probably did, some didn't according to personal habits and standards. "Finally, many men simply tied a handkerchief around their heads. If the cloth was big enough, this would be done as a turban, open at the top‖ (Rickman, Unknown; Ruxton, G. 1950. Ruxton of the Rockies. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman, OK; Parkman, F. 1969. The Oregon Trail. Edited, E.N. Feltskog. University of Wisconsin. Madison, WI; and Ewers, J.C. 1982. Artists of the Old West. Promontory Press. New York, NY). Many Indians are seen wearing kerchiefs or shawls as turbans. This sketch is of a Delaware Indian by Richard Petri 1850 (Newcomb, 1978, as seen in Rickman' Costume Manual) is wearing a turban made from a fringed shawl or scarf. If your persona is for an eastern Indian, this style may be for you. Here is the Walla Walla chief Peoped MoxMox painted by Paul Kane in 1847. He is wearing a turban, possibly inspired by Iroquois or Delaware Indian trappers living in the area. The feathers and raccoon tail are tied into the hair (Rickman's Costume Manual). Ruxton, Wild Life in the Rocky Mountains, upon returning to "civilization" in the 1840s was wearing a turban and says, …I have no doubt that I myself came in for a share of staring, for I was dressed in complete mountain costume, with my mahogany-colored face shaded by a crimson turban a la Indien, and in all the pride of fringed deerskin and porcupine-quills; and I was paid the compliment of being more than once mistaken for an Indian chief; and on one occasion I was appealed to by two of the dragoons to decide a bet as to whether I was a white man or a redskin. One day I was passing through the dragoons' stables when the men were cleaning their horses, and my appearance created no little difference of opinion amongst the troopers as to what tribe of Indians I belonged to. "That's a Pottowatomie," said one, "by his red turban." "How long have you been in the west," cried another, "not to know a Kickapoo when you see him?" "Pshaw!" exclaimed a third; "that's a white trapper from the mountains. A regular mountain-boy that, I'll bet a dollar!" Here is a comparison of a Catlin and a Bodmer painting showing a couple Indian worn kerchiefs as head gear. Sometimes summer caps were improvised from handkerchiefs. They were folded so as to cover the top of the head and tied together on the forehead ('cleaning lady' style), or made into a headband tied with a large bow in front. From: Peter Rindisbacher, 'Two of the Companies Officers Travelling in a Canoe Made of Birchbark Manned by Canadians' (Northwest Journal ISSN 1206-42). One of the most common style of head and/kerchief wear is what we see typified in these Kurz drawings. The first is of an American Fur Co. engage's [probably metis] as seen in Ewers (1981), Kurz, (1937) and Rickman. The second is of a well known Kurz sketch of the "Horseguard at Fort Berthold". Here are a couple more kerchief styles from 1800s western paintings. The Prairie Hunter American Frontier Life The wear of kerchiefs does not seem a common practice outside of the French. For others you would be considered to be so low down on your luck, that you had no hat and were forced to wear a kerchief instead of a hat. However, as hats wore out, the wearing of kerchiefs may be come more common, especially during From Mountain Man the summer. A silk scarf or a piece of linen would be a Sketch Book Vol. 1 start for a cheap kerchief or neck cloth. The neck scarves were usually the same as the kerchief (36"x36"), and usually solid colors with blue being the most popular for the French and black or red the predominant colors of silk scarves seen in the inventories. These kerchiefs would be appropriate summer head coverings worn headband or bandana style. For more on some styles of kerchief wear see J.A. Hanson's Vohager's Sketchbook from the Fur Press in Chadron, NE. Toques Toques make excellent cool or cold weather caps. There are many styles and methods of wearing these hats, and we refer you to the Voyager's Sketchbook by James A. Hanson for more references on ways to wear the toque and on other types of hats worn by the French. Two styles of toques are noted in journal accounts: the single and the double cap. A single toque resembles a simple modern stocking cap, while the double toque resembles a deflated football with one end stuffed into the other to form a double layer. Depending upon how deep you stuff one end into the other, it is possible to adjust the ―drop‖ or ―bag‖ of the double toque… The distinct fashion statement of the toque was the ―bag‖ of the cap, which is the leftover portion that hangs from the head (K.A. Koster K.A. 2002. Les Pays Den Haut, When is a Tuque, Not a Tuque? On The Trail Magazine). Some styles of wearing the toque, often shown in period sketches and paintings A pattern for knitting this correct style of toque is available in Mark Tully's "The Packet II" (M. Tully 2000 The Packet II – Being Another Collection of Patterns, Articles and Essays of Particular Interest to the 18th-Century Re-Enactor. Ballindalloch Press. Baraboo, WI). Modern Toque Toques or tuques were worn by most everyone and not just the French. Toques are knitted wool hats, but they are not usually like most of those that are sold and worn at modern rendezvous with the knitted "ribbed" look. The most common colors among French voyagers were blue or scarlet. But other colors are used too, with natural colors & green also being documented. Toques did not have "brow-folds" or turned up edges, nor the different knitted ridges on the bottom ends, nor did they usually have tassels on the end. These are things we so commonly see on today's "buckskinners." This same style of hat was not always knit, especially, in the earlier days, but were often made of wool fabric, blanketing or blankets too. The wearing of trade silver or other adornments such as feathers, ribbons, badges, and beads upon the toque severely lacks support historically in journals and artwork (Koster, K.A. 2002. Les Pays Den Haut, When is a Tuque, Not a Tuque? On The Trail Magazine). Here are a few toques in historic sketches & paintings. Both Rindisbacher and Krieghoff show over and over again the plain bag style toque, most commonly in Red. You'll notice no ribs, no tassel, no pins or other junk stuck on the hats. Canadians wearing toques by Cornelius Krieghoff. French Traveler by Rindisbacher. Canadian Cap B. Moore, We Proceeded On, 2001. Wool Canadian Caps with their fur bands have been around since at least the middle 1700s. These are nice looking warm hats and they are easily constructed. The cap is made from four or more wedge shaped pieces of wool or blanket material sewn into a beanie. These pieces can be doubled and/or lined with linen, fustian or cotton. You can take your measurements from the segments of a favorite baseball cap. Either a separate band, about 3" wide, can be sewn around the bottom, or your "football" sections can be lengthened and then turned up on the sides about 3". Fur is sewed on this band and it forms a large fur band around the cap. The Canada Cap is well documented for use in the 18th and into the 19th century. The artist F. VonGermann depicts the cap being worn circa 1766 by a British soldier at Michilimackinac. Two decades earlier, celebrated English artist William Hogarth, wearing a Canada cap, captures himself in a self-portrait. From before the French and Indian War through the Revolutionary War the Canada cap is evident. It is said Benjamin Franklin himself donned one and wore it when he lived in Paris. Another example can be seen in the Eastman Johnson painting Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851). Later, in the 1860s another celebrated artist, cartoonist Thomas Nast, established the look of "Santa Claus". Santa may be the most popular wearer of the Canada cap (Koster, Grand Portage National Monument). When the bottom fur band is pulled down the band forms earflaps with the fur next to the skin. Fox and raccoon were common, but coyote also makes a good fur band. Many times the cap had a fur "pom," tassel, wool pompom, feather(s) or tail on top in the center. These are easy simple caps to make and The Book of Buckskinning II, the Manuel for Interpreting Lewis & Clark, and Beth Gilgun's Tidings From The 18th Century all give details on how to make a Canadian Cap. Indian Style Fur Caps The Horse in Blackfoot Indian Culture with Comparative Material from Other Western Tribes, 1955. J. Ewers, Smithsonian Inst. Press Indian style fur hats or turbans were probably made or procured by mountain men for winter wear, although fur caps are only occasionally mentioned. Indian fur caps were simple turbans of fur with open tops. Turbans were commonly made from a 3"-4" wide stripe of critter fur from head to tail. The tail and what ever is left over, depending on the critter, meet in the rear. On some "hats" the split legs and/or tails of the animals may have been left on and hanging down the back or sides. These turban type hats were sometimes improved upon by lining them with wool or other fabric and closing the tops. Ewers (1955) goes on to tell us that the Blackfeet make winter caps of hair-on buffalo hide with earlaps [flaps], and that these are worn by both sexes. Ewers doesn't give us a time frame, but his informants are old time buffalo Indians. So this may be an adaptation of white style hats. Here is an almost identical Nez Perce hat as the Blackfoot, by Stephen Shawley 1974. Here again are some very similar fur hats worn by whites and depicted by the western artist Ranney in 1846. Other Winter Hats For some good information on winter clothing I would recommend the article Winter Traders' Dress in Eighteenth-Century Hudson Bay, by Frances Back in the Winter 2004 Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly. Even though this is 18th Century Hudson Bay, some of the example sited here are early 19th century. Additionally, The Northwest and Hudson's Bay companies were in both the Canadian and American Rockies and many Canadians were also employed in the American Fur Trade. These tapabord caps shown here are by Francis Back in Back's article in the Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly, Summer 2000, Vol. 36, No. 2. Back tells us that this …was a sailor-type cap popular among the hatitants and the Indians during the 17th century. According to the weather, the visor and ear-flaps of the tapabord could be worn up or down. Back's drawings here are based on surviving examples in European collections and on contemporary depictions, especially those of Sebastien Le Clerca showing Micmac Indians wearing these tapabords. Back goes on to tell us that tapabords listed in trade goods are …sometimes colorful, such as blue lined with red, but usually they were of grey cloth. There is no evidence that I could find for this hat continuing into the late 18th or 19th century. However, it seems to be the for-runner of the brimmed cap with fold down ear-flaps that are popular all through the 19th & 20th centuries. These later hats are commonly made of wool or fur. Here is what may be a continuation of the tapabord, commonly made from wool or fur. This more modern looking fur hat, shown in Rickman's, Costume Manual for Sutter's Fort, is circa 1845. These pictures were taken from Hanson & Wilson's The Mountain Man's Sketch Book, Volume II from the Museum of the Fur Trade. Unfortunately we are not given any time frame for these hats, other than the middle sketch by an artist done between 1835-1850. Chronister and Landry (Clothing of the rocky Mountain Trapper, 1820-1840, Book of BuckskinningVII, Scurlock Publ. Co. Texarkana, TX) refer to an extant example of a fur cap …made much like a modern winter cap, complete with ear flaps and visor… Perhaps this is the "Wolfskin cap" that Charles Larpenteur lists with his personal clothing when he goes to work at Fort Union. (Drawing from Book of Buckskinning VII.) For winter fur caps we have limited information. Osborne Russell mentions in Journal of a Mountain Man, that A Trapper's equipment consists or … a hat or Cap of wool, Buffaloe or Otter skin. The daughter of the Mountain Man Jim Bordeaux said that western trappers generally made their caps of cheap furs like skunk, kit fox or badgers, and sold their good furs to the traders (C.E. Hanson, Jr. 1979. The Mountain Man's Outfit. Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly. Vol. 11, No. 3). In A List of the various articles…taken from the invoices furnished by the Traders at the Superintendency St. Louis…1831 they list 24 men's fur hats, no idea what they are though. HBC employees wore caps, ―the crown of which is of cloth, the flaps of which reach down on the shoulders, and button close under the chin, are of beaver skin; and those who do not use caps, have martin or cat-skin wigs.‖ From Voyages of Hyudson's Bay in Search of a Northwest Passage, 1741-1747, The voyage of William Moor and Francis Smith, 1746-1747 in F. Back, 2004. Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly. Winter 2004)…In mild weather, an otter skin wig or cap is worn, having a broad piece of the above skin ‗round it,' the crown of cloth lined with linen; but when the cold is great or snow drifting much, another kind of cap is used, the crown also of cloth but lined with flannel; and has a large flap or cape which comes down over the shoulders, and ties under the chin. The face is defended by a chin cloth made of bveaver, duffle, flannel or blanketing; it comes under the chin, over the cheeks and ties with strings on the crown of the head under the cap; so that little more than the eyes, nose and mouth is exposed to the air (From Andrew Graham, Observations on Hudson Bay, [written from 1767-1791], Hudson's Bay Company Archives in F. Back, 2004. Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly. Winter 2004). Here are three hats drawn by Francis Back in the article Winter Traders' Dress in Eighteenth-Century Hudson Bay, found in the Winter 2004 edition of Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 4. The objects shown in these figure were taken from artifacts in the Canadian Museum of civilization. The caps in the first and second pictures are worn over "fur wigs" and on the second also has a "chin cloth." Both these pictures show skull caps made from sections like those of a Canadian cap. The third hat is a cloth [wool] skullcap with fur earflaps that could be worn up or down. Here's another fur hat from Canada. This smaller piece is taken from a watercolor painted at Moose Factory on James Bay around 1804-1811. The color reproduction is on the front cover of the Winter 2004 Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly and came courtesy Hudson's Bay Company Archives. This water color shows a fur cap with earflaps. At first glance it would seem to be skunk, but that is highly unlikely since this region is beyond the skunk's historic range. Upon closer examination it is darker fur flaps tied up over a lighter colored hat body, which may be either wool or a lighter fur. In many ways it resembles the hat on the far right of the previous three pictures, but this one appears to have the ear/neck flaps rounded on the ends rather than pointed. Note the fur collar on the coat too. Various types of winter hats or fur or wool were also worn. Here is a 1837 pencil sketch by James Wandesford Butler. And a second by Butler entitled "Hunter" from 1838. The first hat looks like what we would call a "Trapper's Hat" today. The hat in the second sketch almost looks like the hat that Mark Baker wears. Both of these sketches are from Canadian subjects. What is absent in all of the descriptions, period sketches and paintings of winter hats are the round beaver hats with the leather bills, which have become very popular at modern rendezvous and in modern mountain man or fur trade paintings. Another popular hat today is the fur drape or full animal pelt "roadkill" hats that have suddenly appeared and proliferated in the last 30 years. They too have no historic precedence. When you see a lot of guys wearing something at a modern rendezvous or in a Hollywood production, that looks "cool," it should send up a "red" flag, as it usually turns out to be historically incorrect. Other Headgear We think it would be entirely appropriate, especially if your persona is a recently discharged "G.I." or militiaman, to be wearing a military hat appropriate for the time you are depicting. There are a variety of hats that fall into this category and many mirror civilian styles or types of the time. Here's Rindisbacher's 1823 painting of "Two Company Men Traveling in Canoe". Notice that there are four top hats, one clerk's cap and one kerchief (tied Aunt Jemima style) shown. Here's Rindisbacher's 1824 "Governor of Red River, Hudson's Bay Voyagers in a Light Canoe." It looks a lot like the same guys going the other way. Here there are three top hats, an Aunt Jemima tied kerchief, and now there are also two clerk's caps. It may have been the same crew as dignitaries were often conveyed by the HBC Governor's personal voyagers & canoe.
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CBS Books New 'Hawaii Five-O'
That means that the iconic theme music will stay, with possibly a few tweaks. The main character will be Chris McGarrett, who's following the footsteps of his father Steve (Jack Lord in the original) as head of a Hawaii state police unit. And, like the original, the show would shoot on location in Hawaii.
"Hawaii Five-O" is the second old-school police procedural CBS has put into development recently. The network is also working on a new version of "The Streets of
Bernero is also working on two other projects for CBS. "

subset: commoncrawl


text: Mobile Watch out, Apple: Nokia's bringing its Here maps to iOS November 13, 2012 12:08 PM Ricardo Bilton 0 If you're not reaching, engaging, and monetizing customers on mobile, you're likely losing them to someone else. Register now for the 8th annual MobileBeat, July 13-14, where the best and brightest will be exploring the latest strategies and tactics in the mobile space. With its smartphone sales sluggish, Nokia is turning elsewhere in an effort to make fans: maps. At at event in California today, the company announced that it's bringing Here, its new maps platform, to iOS, FireFox OS, and Android (in the form of an API). Built for urban use, Here will offer features like voice-guided walking directions, public transportation info, and personal map creation. Nokia is making a big push for offline use as well: Users can download maps of specific areas and access them even when they're without an Internet conneciton. Here's 3D map data comes courtesy of Earthmine, which Nokia has acquired for an undisclosed sum. While the 3D mapping company gives Nokia a direct competitor to Google Street View, it's not a stretch to say that Nokia's in no place to be spending lots of money. So let's hope the investment pays off. Nokia's announcement comes during an interesting time for the iOS maps ecosystem. With Google Maps still absent and Apple still making vital improvements to its own Maps app, Nokia has a significant chance to carve off some of the iOS maps market for itself. Of course, creating an iOS app means Nokia's going to need to get Here approved by Apple, which Nokia expects to happen within the next few weeks. Photo: Flickr/David R Gilson VB's research team is studying mobile user acquisition... Chime in here, and we'll share the results.


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Users may now press the "enter key" to perform a search function on the "Add Project Team Members" page. Previously, the enter key cleared the input values and the user had to reenter the information.
ITD has awesome customer service!!
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Santorini Stavros Villas
Facilities Map Streetview Reviews
Karterados Fira
Cancellation policy: 48h advance notice.
Late cancellation or no-show – one night charge.
Payment upon arrival by cash only.
Check in from 13.00.
Check out before 11.00.
Breakfast not included - extra EUR5.00 per person per night.
Note: It is the responsibility of the hotel chain and/or the individual property to ensure the accuracy of the photos displayed. Travellerspoint is not responsible for any inaccuracies in the photos.
Cancellation policy: 48h advance notice.
Late cancellation or no-show – one night charge.
Payment upon arrival by cash only.
Check in from 13.00.
Check out before 11.00.
Breakfast not included - extra EUR5.00 per person per night.
Stavros Villas is situated in Karterados, a traditional village on the outskirts of Fira, the islands capital. The Villas offer its guests traditional Greek hospitality within modern comforts for an unforgettable holiday on Santorini. Stavros Villas are located at the suburbs of the capital, walking distance from the centre, few minutes away from the beach of Karterados.
Consisting of 15 rooms with private balconies looking out over the Aegean Sea and sunrise each room has a private bathroom, fridge, cooker, television, air conditioning and a safe. Stavros Villas has a great swimming pool and sunbeds with umbrellas around it.
Next to the reception is the breakfast and lounge area also with television.
Island excursions and car or moped rental can be arranged and there is also a laundry service available. Rooms are cleaned daily and there is hot water available 24 hours. At Stavros Villas we offer a friendly, and relaxed atmosphere. Our staff will be happy to provide you with tourist information on Santorini and its surrounding areas.
Internet WI-FI for free 24 hours in the rooms.
Arrival transfers from the port or airport are available. Please contact us before your arrival to arrange this.
Breakfast and kitchen are available for an additional fee.
Payment by cash on arrival day.
This is a Trusted Review. Why?
We are three Canadian seniors who stayed at Stavros Villa for 2 nights on our recent visit to Santorini.
.We can only speak highly of the accomodation...we were picked up from the port,Mr Stavros drove us to the airport when we left.
The accomodation is near restaurants,car rental agency,has a computer available for guests and has a swimming pool.
Oh yes plenty of hot water too.
It is family run and we highly recommend the Stavros Villas.
This is a Trusted Review. Why?
Stavros Villas is great for a budget accommodation. Its not fancy but it's all you need. Its only a 15 minute walk into Fira along a flat road and because its not right in town its nice and quiet. If you don't want to walk there are buses on the main road to all the major places anyway. The pool area is nice to relax in. As soon as we booked we got an email asking for our arrival details to pick us up from the airport and Stavros was there waiting when we arrived. He also took us to the port when we departed. The rooms aren't fantastic. One of the pillows on our first night was really hard and uncomfortable but it was replaced with no fuss when we asked. All in all its basic but comfortable and very friendly.
This is a Trusted Review. Why?
We had such great time with this nice and friendly family from Stavros Villas of Santorini. We came over with our 3 kids and felt welcomed right away. A nice family runs the place and wants each and every one of their customers to be fully satisfied... it works,,, we are !!!
We definately recommend !
From happy Canadians !
This is a Trusted Review. Why?
Stavros picked us up from the port and took us to the hotel. Then he drove us to a cash machine. He can organise trips from his office. He gives you free frappees! He is a really nice man. The hotel is lovely, big, clean rooms, with a fridge. There is a lovely pool to end the day. Absolutely great value!
Have you stayed here? Write a review
Note: It is the responsibility of the hotel chain and/or the individual property to ensure the accuracy of the photos displayed. Travellerspoint is not responsible for any inaccuracies in the photos.
Create your own travel plan and bookmark this hotel on your plan. You can even bookmark hotels found on other websites!
Do you have questions about Santorini? You might try asking in our active travel forums and see if anyone else has been there.
Read up on what to see and do in Santorini in the Travellerspoint guide, written by travellers for travellers.


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Photo by Mitchell Feinberg
YIELD: Makes 8 servings
For crispy breadcrumbs:
Preheat oven to 400°F. Place bread in medium bowl. Drizzle oil over, tossing to coat. Scatter bread pieces on small rimmed baking sheet. Sprinkle lightly with sea salt. Bake until bread is golden brown, stirring often, 10 to 12 minutes. Cool on sheet. DO AHEAD: Can be made 2 hours ahead. Let stand at room temperature. Rewarm 3 minutes in 350°F oven before using.
For eggs:
Cook fava beans in medium saucepan of boiling salted water until tender, about 14 minutes. Drain. Whisk eggs, crème fraîche, and 1/2 teaspoon sea salt in large bowl to blend.
Melt butter in heavy large skillet over low heat. Add leeks. Sauté until tender but not brown, about 10 minutes. Sprinkle lightly with sea salt. Mix in fava beans. Increase heat to medium-high. Add egg mixture. Stir with heatproof spatula until eggs are almost set but still creamy, 3 to 4 minutes. Season with pepper.
Transfer egg mixture to platter. Sprinkle with crispy breadcrumbs. Grate Parmesan cheese over and serve.
Per serving: 354.4 calories, 55.2 % calories from fat, 21.7 g fat, 8.1 g saturated fat, 340.5 mg cholesterol, 21.1 g carbohydrates, 1.7 g dietary fiber, 4.5 g total sugars, 19.4 g net carbohydrates, 17.0 g protein
Nutritional analysis provided by Bon Appétit


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Like virtually everybody else, I haven't seen the mega-budget Disney film John Carter.
Unlike most, though, I plan to see it — largely because my youngest son, a serious student of film and of science fiction, fantasy, and horror literature, keeps urging me to do so.
Here's a piece that he wrote for the Deseret News about the "John Carter of Mars" stories by Edgar Rice Burroughs.


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This is the 253rd greatest songs are all time according to Rolling Stone Magazine. So the group is Mott The Hoople and their bass player whose name was Peter Watts was having a beer with David Bowie. He was telling David that the band was breaking up because they hadn't had any commercial success and David said not to do it and that he would write a song for them. So David Bowie wrote this song for Mott The Hoople back in 1972. This song was a huge hit and put them on the charts.
105.7 WRORWROR is Boston's home for Loren & Wally in the morning and Boston's Greatest Hits! Enjoy more songs you know and love, more songs you can sing along with, and more songs that make you feel good….all day and night!
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Georgia Farm Bureau members held their inaugural gala last month for the GFB Foundation for Agriculture at the Evergreen Marriott Resort in Stone Mountain Park. Rolling Stones keyboardist Chuck Leavell, who grows timber with his wife, Rose Lane, on their middle Georgia farm, performed at the event.
As plans to bring water and power to a sprawling studio site in Effingham County take shape, the final cut of the long-awaited film "Yellow" could be ready soon, too, according to Moon River Studio officials.
The recently formed Savannah Harbor-Interstate 16 Joint Corridor Development Authority has filed an application with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for a 1,904.5-acre project site to "construct a mega-site manufacturing facility" at Highway 280 and I-16, according to a public notice filed Thursday.
Dennis Webb returned to the Effingham Industrial Development Authority to receive the board's gratitude.
The Effingham Chamber of Commerce is finalizing plans for its second job fair.
ATLANTA-The Georgia Department of Labor announced that the state's seasonally-adjusted unemployment rate for March was 6.3 percent, unchanged from February, matching its lowest level since July 2008. The rate was 7.3 percent a year ago.
The Georgia Ports Authority increased containerized cargo in March by 27.8 percent compared to the same month a year ago, for an additional 72,499 20-foot equivalent container units (TEUs).
With confetti raining down among the mist Thursday morning, the Tanger Outlet Center in Pooler opened to cheers, fanfare and television stars.
FONU2 announced that it has updated its Web site to reflect the strategic direction of the company.
The Savannah Small Business Development Center, a public service and outreach unit of the University of Georgia, will present "Location Isn't Everything" on April 28 from 6-8:30 p.m. at the SBDC, 111 E. Liberty St.
The Georgia Department of Labor will help staffing company Ambassador Personnel hire 18 manufacturing workers for companies in Savannah, Pooler and Bloomingdale.
The Effingham Chamber of Commerce recently held a ribbon cutting for Burns World Travel, which has moved to a new location.
ATLANTA - The Georgia Department of Labor announced that Metro Savannah's unemployment rate for February was 6.0 percent, down four-tenths of a percentage point from 6.4 percent in January. The rate in February 2014 was 7.3 percent.
FONU2, Inc., announced Tuesday it has signed definitive agreements to acquire Applebox Productions.
The Effingham Industrial Development Authority's board is under new leadership, as one of its most senior members was voted in as chairman Thursday night.
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The board of directors of the Georgia Ports Authority has re-elected James A. Walters of Gainesville to serve as chairman.
The Georgia Department of Labor announced that unemployment in Effingham County was 5.3 percent in May, up from April's figure of 4.9 percent.
Georgia Health Care Association members have elected Norma Jean Morgan, chief executive officer of the Effingham Health System, as chair of the GHCA board of directors. Morgan will provide guidance and direction to the association that represents long term and post-acute care providers serving communities throughout the state of Georgia.
SAVANNAH-At its May meeting, the Effingham Industrial Development Authority voted to support the expansion of workforce development training with the construction of a precision manufacturing lab at the Effingham Campus of Savannah Technical College.
ATLANTA-The Georgia Department of Labor announced that Effingham County's unemployment rate for April was 4.9 percent, down from 5.1 percent in March.
FONU2, Inc. announced that Lisa Scarbrough has joined Moon River Studios as vice president of social media.
FONU2, Inc. has announced that it has engaged Lexden Capital, LLC to advise and manage EB-5 financing for the benefit of the company's construction of sound stages, offices, and film support services on its 1,560 acre property in Effingham County.
Lt. Gen. Thomas Bostick, commander of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, visited the Port of Savannah on Thursday for an update on the Savannah Harbor Expansion Project.
Lt. Gen. Thomas Bostick, commander of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, visited the Port of Savannah on Thursday for an update on the Savannah Harbor Expansion Project.
ALEXANDRIA, VA-The American College of Health Care Administrators named Norma Jean Morgan, CNHA, FACHCA, administrator of Effingham Extended Care Facility in Springfield as a 2015 recipient of the ACHCA Eli Pick Facility Leadership Award. The award, named in memory of visionary ACHCA member Eli Pick, recognizes administrators whose teams have achieved dimensions of organizational quality that few others have been able to reach. Two hundred and fifty-seven administrators were awarded leadership awards nationally.
Jobseekers eagerly awaited the Effingham Chamber of Commerce's second annual job fair. So much so they were lined up well before the doors of the Effingham College and Career Academy opened.
Port of Savannah container volumes jumped 25.8 percent in April, with a total volume of 335,337 20-foot equivalent container units, or an additional 69,000 units. The Georgia Ports Authority also saw strong growth in roll-on/roll-off traffic, moving 77,574 units through Brunswick and Savannah, a 14.1 percent gain.
Volvo Cars has chosen Berkeley County in South Carolina as the location of its first American factory, investing up to $500 million in a facility with a capacity to initially produce up to 100,000 cars per year.
The Effingham Chamber of Commerce will hold a job fair Wednesday at the Effingham College and Career Academy.
The state is making inroads with economic development, members of Effingham County's General Assembly delegation, and the next big prize could be an automobile manufacturer.
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27 year old man | San Diego, CA, USA | Seeking women 21-33 within 500 miles of Pearl City, HI
Living life full throttle...and loving every minute that I'm here...
Love the outdoors and warmth of character and laughter. I've lived in San Diego for a few months and i live a really exciting and fun filled life, i work a lot but i enjoy it and would love to meet somebody who want's to go out after they are done with school or work for the day, spend time together, live life and smile. I'm hoping to find a woman who is warm and athletic, cares about herself and others. I am kind of a sarcastically goofy humorous guy so if you are the same i'm sure we'd have a blast, and if you're not...i hope you can deal with me being a little goofy from time to time :) Im athletic, and i watch what i eat and would love to meet a woman who has the same feeling about themselves! My appetite is adventurous though and i'll try any food at least once! Get in touch with me and we'll see how it goes!! One little pet peeve about this whole site, the email service has a read receipt function and if you decide that you're not interested in me or anyone for that matter and they email you...well say something, looking at an email and not responding is like being smiled at and turning around. It's rude. I expect to be held to every standard I hold anyone else to
Book club , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Exploring new areas , Playing cards , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports
Aerobics, Auto racing / Motorcross, Billiards / Pool, Cycling, Golf, Other types of exercise, Running, Skiing, Swimming, Tennis / Racquet sports, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 5 or more times per week.
Don't display my sign
I like Birds, Cats, Dogs
no pets but i want some.
Some other viewpoint
Sierra Nevada Mountains! And of course the beach.
Color:Green. Favorite thing to do when it's raining outside, go running around outside haha. I love all sorts of books, almost anything!
Im an avid skiier and mountain climber, i love to rock climb and skydive as much as possible. hiking, photography and reading also tend to be things i gravitate towards. I love the outdoors and the ocean, spearfishing...mmm fresh fish is amazing.
Plight of the Plains Indians
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|Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Dark brown
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|No Way
|No Way, Yes, but trying to quit
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military
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Navy man. Not on a ship.
|$75,001 to $100,000
|Less Than $25,000, $25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married
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|White / Caucasian
|Native American, White / Caucasian, Other
I thought Caucasion was the ultimate way to describe me...haha! I'm a mutt of Western European nationalities.
|Christian / Other
|Christian / Catholic, Christian / Protestant, Spiritual but not religious, Other, Christian / Other
Non-Denominational Christian.
|Some college
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
Went to a year of college, then decided to enlist in the Navy. I have been in the Navy for years now and it's a lot of fun!


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as needed for specific uses, suggests that the polyphenolic protein could be the key component in an effective surgical adhesive.
BioPolymers' strategy was to commercialize specially designed adhesive formulations through licensing, cooperative development programs, and joint ventures with companies in the targeted markets. Customers in biomedical research have been using the adhesive to simplify the manipulation of cells and tissue outside the body.
BioPolymers, Inc. spent 5 years focused on developing and commercializing novel adhesives and coatings for the medical and industrial markets. That concept was spawned in 1985 after Dr. Waite's discovery of a decapeptide (sequence of 10 amino acids) which repeated 85 times to comprise the mussel adhesive protein (MAP). After licensing this technology from the University of Connecticut (patents 4,585,585 and 4,687,740), the company selected the patented 10 amino-acid sequence and variations of it for commercial development, although it was not known at the time which amino acid in that sequence was the proper starting point for the decapeptide.
The mussel in its sea environment adheres to many substrates, and laboratory research indicated that extracted and synthetic protein polymers could stick to almost any substance, such as rock, plastic, metal, glass, Teflon, and skin. Even though the original concept was never demonstrated to work as an adhesive or coating in a medical or industrial environment, the fact that the mussel anchors itself by a collagen byssus thread to these surfaces supported the notion that the MAP could also adhere to the collagen of biological tissue. Proof of that theory was part of the responsibility of the new company.
During its first 2 years, BioPolymers extracted the natural MAP and developed a product, CELL-TAK, to enhance cell attachment and, where appropriate, cell growth, in laboratory culture dishes. However, the market was small, and financial return too limited to warrant further expansion in this area. Hence, a distribution agreement was signed with another cell-culture product company. Also, during the first 2 years, the company's attention focused on the medical field. A patent application was filed covering a myriad of end uses for formulation of mussel-based adhesives.
In 1986, BioPolymers also conducted gross feasibility tests of the MAP in several ophthalmological in vitro and in vivo models. Some were successful, but recognizing the limitations in the supply of mussels and the degree of difficulty in moving a natural material through the FDA's regulatory approval process, a significant research and development emphasis was


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by The Bon Appétit Test Kitchen
Bon Appétit
June 2013
reviews (0)
make it again
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Makes 8 servings
Combine 10 black tea
bags and 8 cups cold
water in a large pitcher.
Cover; chill at least
4 hours. Discard tea
bags. Serve over ice with
lemon slices.
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With Revis signed, can Patriots surpass Broncos? Boston Sports Live, March 13
With the signing of star cornerback Darrelle Revis, the Patriots begin changing their roster. Will it be enough to surpass their AFC rivals, the Denver Broncos? Kevin Paul Dupont and Joe Sullivan discuss on Boston Sports Live, Thurs., March 13, 2014.
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July 4, 2015
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(AP) A Florida man stopped because of his windshield tinting was arrested for murder and released hours later _ when fingerprint comparisons showed he wasn't the wanted man.
The man was arrested after a background check found a fugitive wanted for murder in South Carolina with the same name, birth date and description.
He was released Sunday, the day of the arrest, when fingerprint comparisons showed he wasn't the wanted man. His wife protested the arrest and was taken in for resisting arrest and interfering with a trooper. She made bond and still faces possible charges.
A Louisiana State Patrol spokesman, said troopers acted in good faith and that it was an unfortunate situation.
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Originally written on 60 Max Power O | Last updated 5/3/13
As we all know by now, Jacksonville Jaguars receiver Justin Blackmon was suspended this week for violating the NFL's Policy and Program for Substances of Abuse, but that doesn't mean it's the end of the road for the 2nd-year player who has seen his share of off-field issues. GM Dave Caldwell threw his support behind Blackmon earlier this week, and now head coach Gus Bradley is following suit. "I told Justin I do trust him," Bradley said, via the Florida Times-Union. "We both have to earn each other's trust and I don't want trust to be mistaken for being naïve." He also says he's had quite a few conversations about the suspension with Blackmon. "He understands we're disappointed in what took place... I really try to maintain my focus on making sure he has a clear vision of what we expect from him. We've had great conversations since this came out." As with all cases of substance abuse, the NFL isn't sharing details with the public about what substance he was banned for. Blackmon has yet to speak with the media about the suspension.
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Paso Robles, CA, USA < change city >
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Angie's List highlights the Top Doctors and Dentists as rated by consumers, including dentists, family and internal medicine doctors, and pediatricians.
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Family Doctor reviews in Hiawatha
1. In
2. In November, 2012 I actually went to their office for the first time ( and last time) for a physical. I am not a fan of their 2 part physical. You first go there for the actual physical where they draw blood etc and then you have to go back and sit with the doctor and go over the results ? who has time for this ? Also, when I went back to go over the results with the doctor and he gave me a list of foods to lower cholesterol ( which I could have printed this off Google) they charged my insurance for a regular office visit. Apparently, the physical your insurance covers at 100% is only part one of your two visits there. Beware ! With my current doctor..I go in for a basic physical…it takes 25 minutes and two days later he emails the results to my secure mailbox on their website…it's one easy trip and it's done.
3. After the physical, the billing nightmare started and this dragged out until June of 2013. To make a long story short, it was back and forth over $118. They sent me a bill and I questioned it. When I called to question it, they said to disregard it. This happened a few times. On April 7th 2013 I got the bill in the mail again and I called them the next the morning ( April 8th) to question it, the person I spoke with told me to disregard it. That very same day, I get home from work and in my mail is a letter from their business office demanding payment and threatening to send me to collections ! I called them the next day April 9th and they told me to disregard the letter and the bill.
4. On June 6, 2013…two months later..after they again told me to disregard the bill…I get the same bill again …and this time they added a late fee ! This was the last straw, I was fed up and tired of dealing of these people so I wrote a check for $130 and sent the bill back telling them to cash the check, send me a statement I owed nothing and to leave me alone. I wanted them out of my life ! After that I found a new practice that is light years better than
5. Fast forward to March 15th 2015, nearly 3 years after all this nonsense. I get a letter from
Unbelievable, we are back to the original issue from
This was all over a basic routine physical, I can't even begin to imagine the hassle you would encounter if you had a really serious illness. Do yourself a favor and avoid
She is a very good doctor. "
Family Practice Doctors in Hiawatha, IA
Adams, Dr. Denise
Iowa City
Advante Members Only
Alecia Allen MD
Allen, Dr. Alecia P
Andersen, Dr. Amy E.
North Liberty
Ann C Mckinstry, MD
Ann McKinstry MD
Bentley, Dr. Laura
Bowman Woods Family Medicine
Cedar Rapids
Bradley Beer MD
Burns, Michele
Carroll, Dr. Charles
Champion, Dr. Maurice C.
Iowa City
Cooper-Brown, Dr. Linda
Iowa City
Delford Roth DO
Department of Family Medicine University of Iowa
Iowa City
Dr. Monica M. Minjeur
Cedar Rapids
Dunn, Dr. Roxanne M.
Cedar Rapids
Eken, Dr. Joshua L.
Iowa City
Greiner, Dr. Jamie A.
IA Health Physicians
Karen Harmon MD
Keating, Dr. Colleen L.
Cedar Rapids
Kenneth Cearlock MD
Cedar Rapids
Lancaster, Dr. John E.
Center Point
Linn County Anesthesiologists
Matthew Roes MD,DC
Melanie Cleveland MD
Iowa City
Mercy Care Occupational Health Partners
Mercy Fitness Center
Cedar Rapids
MercyCare Blairs Ferry Clinic
Michael Franklin MD
North Ridge Family Medicine
Port, Dr. Abbie
Ramsey, Merrilee
Cedar Rapids
Ritu Munjal MD
Shane Kasner MD
Shannon Throndson MD
Shen, Dr. Wendy
Iowa City
Simpson, Dr. Thomas
Iowa City
Stewart, Dr. Teresa
Cedar Rapids
Swails, Dr. Erin
Cedar Rapids
Timothy Quinn MD,MBA
Timothy Sagers MD
Trautman, Dr. Daniel A.
UI Health Care - North Liberty
North Liberty
United Health Care
UnityPoint Clinic
Cedar Rapids
UnityPoint Clinic Multispecialty
Cedar Rapids
Urbana Family Medical Clinic
Walker, Tod M
Mount Vernon
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You'll entertain them with a good scare wearing this Spider Geisha Teen Costume. Black pleather robes and jacket with blue spider detail offer a scary twist on the classic Asian look.
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A Scientist's Life: 20 Things James Fowler has done
Fought butterflies during a press conference with 50 reporters when Gina Kolata of the New York Times asked for extra information from our study about obesity spreading in social networks
Ironically, learned about the death of a close friend the same day our research on the spread of happiness in social networks was published.
Forced myself to take several deep breaths while Stephen Colbert bounded from his chair to dance in front of the audience and then quiz me about my book, Connected.
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Madoff Customers' Lawyer Asks Judge to Review 121 Clawback Suits
Nov. 3 (Bloomberg) -- Lawyer Helen Chaitman filed 121 requests in two days asking a judge to review the Bernard Madoff trustee's lawsuits against her clients, according to Chaitman and court filings. U.S. District Judge Jed Rakoff's ruling in the case against the New York Mets owners barred the trustee from taking back more than two years of withdrawals from the Ponzi scheme, and affirmed that a brokerage firm's debt to a client can't be taken back, Chaitman said in an e-mail today.
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Napa Auto Parts located at 2347 17th Street in Sarasota, FL services vehicles for AC and Heating Repair, Clutch Repair. Call (941) 955-8107 to book an appointment or to hear more about the services of Napa Auto Parts.
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Shooting with the Canon Rebel T3i (600D and Kiss X5) details the features, controls, and options in the Canon Rebel T3i camera. Author Ben Long provides an overview of a digital single lens reflex (SLR) camera and reviews the Canon Rebel T3i camera's components and basics of operation, including changing lenses, navigating the menus, shooting in Auto mode, and reviewing and managing photos on the camera's LCD screen. The course also covers white balance options, advanced metering and autofocus controls, flash, and shooting HD video, and includes a chapter on sensor and camera maintenance.
The flash on your camera has a range of about 10 to 12 feet. Beyond that, your flash simply won't have any effect on your image, but within that range, moving your camera and its flash closer or farther from your subject will result in more or less flash illumination on that subject. That should be pretty intuitive. Put the flash right in someone's face and they might end up with too much light on them. Flash Exposure Compensation is a way of controlling how much light the flash puts out. By dialing in negative Flash Exposure Compensation you can reduce the intensity of the flash to go from something like this to something like this.
To dial in some Flash Exposure Compensation, we'll hit the Q button to go to the Quick Control screen and this entry right here, it's a little flash with a +/- next to it. You may recognize the +/- as the Exposure Compensation icon. So this is Flash Exposure Compensation and you can see that it's currently set to 0. So I'm going to go down here and hit Set and here I get a Flash Exposure Compensation menu where I can dial up or down in stops. So that's going to emit less flash that's going to give me a weaker flash, because it's dialed into -1 stop.
This is going to give me more flash. Another way of changing Flash Exposure Compensation is to go into the Q menu, highlight this, and just turn the dial up here and you can dial it in that way. Most of the items on this menu are also available somewhere else. For example, White Balance, you can also get to from this button Exposure Compensation you can get to from this button. Flash Exposure Compensation is the only thing that's only available in the Q screen. So you just really got to try to remember this one. You're not going to find a button for it.
You're not going to find a menu item for it. This is where it is and it is a command that you'll probably find yourself using fairly regularly if you use a lot of flash.
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Jody Gladden
member for 7 years, 11 months, 25 days
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I am a daughter, wife, mother, grandmother, Sunday School Teacher, MBSF sponsor, Daughter of the American Revolution, P. E. O. and have a part time job. I retired October 31, 2010 and am LOVING it! I became interested in Genealogy about 2001. Genealogy is a joy to me and a continual learning process. I hope my efforts at Find A Grave will help someone locate a family member.
Please don't ask me to make changes or corrections based on speculation. Unless I know the family history, I enter what I see in the Drew Co. cemetery book, just as it is.
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RE: Starling Binns and Richard Cotham
Thank you so much for transferring my great grandfather and 2nd great grandfather to my care. Your hard work and dedication to this service are greatly appreciated by me and all family historians.
Added by
on Jan 23, 2015 9:35 AM
Hyatt Family @ Oakland Cemetery
Jody... you are truly amazing! My sincere thanks for all of the incredible work you are doing here at Find-a-Grave. I appreciate the transfers for various Hyatt Family memorials to my care. ~ George Gaston
Added by
on Jan 17, 2015 7:33 AM
Bailey Alabama
Michael Remley in Drew County.
Will you take a picture of Michael Remley's grave site? His first wife Mary Bailey has a listing in Campground Cemetary. Her tombstone reads "wife of Michael Remley) and her marker # on this site is 21649037. We would very much like to find closure by locating our ancestors gravesite. He was born in 1817 in Pennsylvania and is probably buried near his first wife in Campground Cemetary. He was married again to a woman named Fay Jones and they had some children together or he married the widow of one of his brothers. Thank you. Cecilia Harlan
Added by
Bailey Alabama
on Dec 27, 2014 8:35 AM
Kathy Patton
Yea, that's what I have on him too. He married my father's mother in Virginia the day after he was born (oops). But, I can't find any record of them ever living together. I am having trouble filling in the gap between his first marriage in 1920 and the one in Arkansas. Thanks for your help.
Added by
Kathy Patton
on Nov 09, 2014 8:31 AM
Kathy Patton
Garland David Lee Patton
I'm sure this is the grave of my grandfather that I never met. My father's name was Garland also and he too went by Pat. Have been researching and glad to finally find him. Any more information on him would be awesome. My father was born and raised in Virginia so wondering how he made it to Arkansas and why
Added by
Kathy Patton
on Nov 07, 2014 7:04 AM
Beth Bauchet
Jonathan Clower
Looking at his original gravestone, it clearly shows 19 Sep 1837 as his death date. I even had someone else look at it and they also agreed that it was a 9, not an 8.
Added by
Beth Bauchet
on Sep 20, 2014 8:51 PM
Wes Phinney
Mary Wright Mt Zion Lincoln Co, AR
Thank you for the transfer. Will merge the photo and eliminate duplication.
Thank you
Added by
Wes Phinney
on Jun 29, 2014 12:54 PM
Gaines transfer
Thank you, Jody.
Added by
on Jun 13, 2014 2:44 PM
K Todd Sherer
Dr. Jabeze A. Allen
Now you are just blowing my mind. You don't happen to have any of my other lost family out there do you? All I gave you was a misspelled name and you have this man also. It will take me a week to put all this together but you really did fill in blanks. Most of it due to our missing 1890 Census. When we have family that left, married, or died, in that blank time it is so difficult to find them sometimes. This is really a gift and I appreciate your help so much.
Added by
K Todd Sherer
on Mar 22, 2014 2:20 PM
K Todd Sherer
Allen Family
I'm at a loss for words. You gave me all the Allen family and I hope you did not feel pressured as I was not trying to take over. I will do my very best with all of them but I know Frances and Dr. John will be filled with info and connected to lot's of family. I can't thank you enough for your generosity. Not to mention speed. They changed before my eyes as I was looking at them. Please know how grateful I am. Your work will open lot's of doors and if I can ever help you with anything feel free to ask.
thanks so much,
Karla Todd Sherer
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K Todd Sherer
on Mar 22, 2014 12:47 PM
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Toastmasters members weigh Henderson chapter
HENDERSON COUNTY, Ky. - The ability to speak in public can be crucial for those in business or organizations who need to be able to make presentations.
But for many, public speaking isn't a natural gift; it's a tool that must be cultivated and practiced with the help of others.
To that end, there is a movement to gauge interest in establishing a Toastmasters International presence here, where members could hone their speaking skills in front of fellow members and with the help of Toastmasters' training materials.
"I think part of the reason Toastmasters is growing, especially in this area, is that people see the value of getting practice getting up in front of people and speaking effectively," said LouAnn Clark of Henderson, who is a member of the Crescent City Toastmasters chapter in Evansville.
Further, Toastmasters has an "enhanced emphasis on leadership" that can benefit members, according to Clark, who recently finished in the top 86 among 30,000 contestants to qualify for the world semifinals of the Toastmasters International Speech Contest in Orlando in August.
An initial meeting is scheduled for noon Nov. 7 in the training room at the Northwest Kentucky Forward regional economic development organization, located on the fifth floor of the Soaper Building at Second and Main streets in downtown Henderson.
"I think Northwest Kentucky Forward is really interested in hosting," Clark said. "They're about training and we're about training."
Toastmasters would furnish training manuals to help members tackle a variety of speaking assignments.
"There would be opportunities to speak, generally, at every meeting," either to fulfill specific training assignments or to practice generally, Clark said.
Toastmasters chapters typically meet weekly, for an hour at lunchtime or 90 minutes at dinner. That would be among the matters discussed at the initial meeting.
Twenty members are needed to charter a club here, which would likely be sponsored by the Crescent City chapter.
For more information, contact Clark at 577-3266 or email@example.com.


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European Toys
From traditional wooden blocks to unique baby toys, our extensive collection of European toys is sure to please both parent and child. Crafted with a careful touch and eye for detail, our friends across the Atlantic continually produce adorable toys of the highest quality. Our line of European toys is designed by the master toy-crafters at Kathe Kruse, Haba, Djeco, and more. Here, you'll find toys designed in Europe as well as toys made in Europe. We hope you enjoy our unique line of toys from Europe!
Vanilla Scooter
Help your little one explore balance and coordination on our retro Vanilla Scooter! This adorable wooden two-wheeler features inflatable tires, an adjustable seat, and pretend lights. We love this stylish, unique scooter! PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS OVERSIZED ITEM WILL SHIP SEPARATELY FROM OTHER ITEMS IN YOUR ORDER AND MAY BE SHIPPED DIRECTLY FROM TH...More Details →


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For the woman who loves to be noticed. A bold floral blend by the design house of Giorgio Beverly Hills.
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Mannie & Rose
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More from Renemaat
Download size4 MB
Last updated6/15/2014
Works with
- Windows Phone 8.1
- Windows Phone 8
- Windows Phone 7.5
App requires
- phone identity
- owner identity
- location services
- photo, music, and video libraries
- data services
- phone dialer
- movement and directional sensor
- web browser component
- camera
- WVGA (480x800)
- music library
- media playback
- HD720P (720x1280)
- WXGA (768x1280)
Supported languages (1)
English (United States)
This is a children's story about the friendship between a mole and a flower. You can read this story to your kids, let them read it themselves or they will just like the images and swipe through the app to see the colorful illustrations. Written and illustrated by E. Eringaard.