text:
John M. Clerici
For over 13 years, John Clerici has helped large pharmaceutical and emerging biotechnology companies develop creative approaches to access non-dilutive capital to fund the development of biotechnology for emerging disease and engineered threats. Since 1999, he has assisted over three dozen entities in obtaining nearly $4 billion in funding for research, development and procurement of public health countermeasures to the Federal government.
Private equity and venture capital firms are increasingly aware of the fact that government policies and funding efforts established in the US and the EU directly influence the value of their investments. Investment firms turn to Mr. Clerici for assistance in identifying and analyzing global government procurement trends as well as assessing the risks associated with investing in companies that receive U.S. federal and state funding and government contracts. In addition, he counsels investment clients in forecasting government priorities and needs – as well as identifying federal and state funding available to the biodefense, pharmaceutical, vaccine, diagnostics and industrial biotechnology industries.
In 2005, Mr. Clerici played a substantial role in the drafting and passage of the Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act (PREP Act), landmark legislation that provides substantial liability protections for makers and distributors of pandemic, epidemic, and bioterrorism countermeasures. He testified as an expert in support of this legislation on four occasions before the United States Senate Appropriations Committee, HELP Committee, and Judiciary Committee.
In 2006, Mr. Clerici was instrumental in the passage of legislation creating the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), which builds upon and improves Project BioShield. His expertise in the area of public health preparedness has been recognized by leading news outlets such as the Wall Street Journal, Business Week, the Associated Press, the Boston Globe, and The Hill. He has also appeared live on the Fox News Channel as a bioterrorism expert.
Prior to joining the firm, Mr. Clerici was a judge advocate with the U.S. Air Force where, among other assignments, he advised the Air Force Research Laboratory on the procurement of technology from research institutions throughout the United States, Europe and Asia.
- J.D., University of North Carolina School of Law, 1995
- B.A., The Catholic University of America, summa cum laude, 1992
Bar Admissions
- District of Columbia
- Georgia
Court Admissions
- U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
- "Public Health Funding Opportunities From the U.S." MedNous, January 2009 (Co-authored with Jennifer Hannesschlager).
- "Meeting The Challenge Of Avian Flu: A Blueprint For Global Pandemics?" Metropolitan Corporate Counsel, July 2006 (Co-authored with Jennifer Hannesschlager)
- "From BioShield to the PREP Act and Beyond: Developing a Market for Infectious Disease and Bioterror Countermeasures," Metropolitan Corporate Counsel, March 2006 (Co-authored with Dana Perkins)
- "Congress Enacts Substantial Liability Protections for Public Health Emergencies," Washington Legal Foundation Legal Opinion Letter, February 10, 2006 (Co-authored with Doug Farry and Frank Rapoport)
Seminars and Presentations:
- Mr. Clerici served as a featured speaker at the following conferences:
- BIO 2009 - May 18 - 21, 2009 (Atlanta, GA)
- NDIA Environment, Energy & Sustainability Symposium - May 4 - 7, 2009 (Denver, CO)
- Phacilitate Vaccine Forum - January 26 - 29, 2009 (Washington, DC)
- Genesis 2008 - December 8 - 10, 2008 (London, England)
- AusBiotech 2008- October 26 - 28, 2008 (Melbourne, Australia)
- Funding and Collaboration Opportunities in Biotechnology - September 16, 2008 (London, England)
- Pacific Rim Summit on Industrial Biotechnology - September 9 - 10, 2008 (Vancouver, British Columbia)
- 6th Annual Biodefense Vaccines & Therapeutics Conference - June 9 - 11, 2008 (Washington, DC)
- World Vaccine Congress 2008 - April 14 - 16, 2008 (Washington, DC)
- AusBiotech 2007 - October 21 - 24, 2007 (Melbourne, Australia)
- 5th Annual Biodefense Vaccines & Therapeutics Policy, Funding & Development - June 4 -6, 2007 (Washington, DC)
- Phacilitate Vaccine Forum - May 28 -30, 2007 (Munich, Germany)
- National Association of County and City Health Officials Public Health Preparedness Summit - February 16, 2007 (Washington, DC)
- Phacilitate Vaccine Forum - January 22 - 24, 2007 (Baltimore, MD)
- Webinar: The Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act - January 16, 2007 (Washington, DC)


text:
Tag Results: joshua morrow
July 1, 2014 Y&R's Joshua Morrow Chats On Gina Tognoni Being The New Phyllis: "I Just Hope The Fans Give Her A Shot!"
April 27, 2014 Y&R's Sharon Case, Eric Braeden, Joshua Morrow, Camryn Grimes Deliver Power Performances Of The Week!
April 6, 2014 Y&R's Steve Burton and Joshua Morrow Social Media Ambassadors Continue Their Reports From ACM Awards!
March 21, 2014 Listen To The Broadcast: Soap Nation Live with Michael Fairman & Special Guests: GH's Donna Mills & Kristen Alderson, Y&R's Joshua Morrow and NASHVILLE'S Jonathan Jackson!
March 20, 2014 TONIGHT: Soap Nation Live with Michael Fairman with Guests: Donna Mills, Joshua Morrow, Jonathan Jackson & Kristen Alderson – 7PMPST/10PMEST

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I'm trying to rig a floor length Bridal Veil. It also has a bit of a train. But, what rigging strategies make sense here? What needs to be considered in choosing one?
Should it be a conforming item?
I've tried rigging it roughly based on the old conforming V3 Dress Headpiece, with handles, but it has some trick around the neck that I can't seem to fathom. That is, the Dress Headpiece has a neck bone, but no assigned Neck Group. I have added my neck group to a Veil group, but it still distorts around what seems to be a hidden neck group.
It's getting confusing and messy.
I have both D/S3 advanced and D/S4Pro.
Thanks for taking a look!


text:
Americans marked one month since the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks, as U.S. military forces pressed ahead with bombing raids on targets in Afghanistan, preparing for ground operations meant to root out its Taliban rulers and Osama bin Laden's terrorist network.
Today, President Bush drew comparisons between the war on terrorism and World War II during a memorial service at the Pentagon in Arlington, Va.
"As Americans did 60 years ago, we have entered a struggle of uncertain duration," Bush said during the service. "But now, as then, we can be certain of the outcome, because we have a number of decisive assets.
"We have a unified country," Bush said. "We have the patience to fight and win on many fronts: blocking terrorist plans, seizing their funds, arresting their networks, disrupting their communications, opposing their sponsors. The president added that America has "one more great asset in this cause: the brave men and women of the United States military."
But hours after the service, Americans received a chilling reminder of the struggles likely to be facing them, as the FBI issued a new warning that new terrorist strikes may be imminent.
"Certain information, while not specific as to target, gives the government reason to believe that there may be additional terrorist attacks within the United States and against U.S. interests overseas over the next several days," the FBI said in a release. See Story
Bombing Raids Continue
While Americans marked a month since hijacked planes crashed into the World Trade Center, the Pentagon and in rural Pennsylvania, leaving more than 5,000 people dead or missing, U.S. forces carried out the heaviest bombing yet of the 5-day-old campaign.
The United States pounded Taliban troop positions, barracks and garrisons, as well as suspected training camps of bin Laden's al Qaeda network, considered responsible for the Sept. 11 attacks on America..
"There's no doubt we've disrupted their network," Maj. Gen. Henry Osman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said in a briefing today.
ABCNEWS has learned that U.S. special operations forces, on the ground in Afghanistan with some opposition groups, are helping to determine targets for American airstrikes — a new development Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld seemed to confirm today, saying "the United States is in communication with people on the ground in terms of gathering information as to military targets."
Targets that were hit earlier in the campaign have been struck again, including missile installations that survived the first round of bombings. But the focus on troop positions marked a major shift from bombardments earlier this week, when the primary targets were airports and air defenses.
The southern Afghan city of Kandahar, where the country's ruling Taliban militia has its headquarters, was hit again, and the capital of Kabul was subjected to its first daylight raids since the bombing campaign began on Sunday.
Refugees fleeing the bombing said most of the Taliban militia had moved out of the city, and headed for the border with Pakistan to prepare for a possible invasion.
The Pentagon released its first images of the war taken from gun cameras, showing an anti-aircraft target igniting after being struck. U.S. missiles. Bombs also seemed to target Taliban compounds, a military academy and troop positions around the capital, according to witnesses.


text:
VIDEO: Nintendo Wii Christmas video becomes YouTube hit
Did you get what you wanted for Christmas? Seems like this little chap did.
Turn down your system's volume and hit play to see the Canadian young gamer's joy at receiving the Ninty console.
Reminiscent of the late Nineties Nintendo 64 Christmas vid, the "Wii Scream" clip has notched up over 80,000 views over the festive period.


text:
To the second point, Reinhart and Rogoff had, to a first approximation, zero actual effect on policy.
There are, to a first approximation, zero healthy adoptable babies in the US foster care system.
Finally, the former president is home, back in civilian life—or at some approximation of it.
early 15c., "act of coming near or close," noun of action from approximate (v.). Meaning "result of approximating" is from 1650s.
approximation ap·prox·i·ma·tion (ə-prŏk'sə-mā'shən)
Bringing tissue edges into desired apposition for suturing.


text:
Details of Vick's bankruptcy filing reveal QB spent much of fortune
Updated: November 21, 2008, 8:05 PM ETAssociated Press
RICHMOND, Va. -- Michael Vick was once the NFL's highest-paid player, and he spent like it.
One of his friends tools around in a $31,000 Cadillac DTS. His former personal assistant steers a $45,000 Infiniti M45 and has a pair of power boats. His brother Marcus has a $62,000 Land Rover and his sister a Yukon Denali.
But Vick himself is busted, millions of dollars in debt and making 12 cents an hour in his job at the federal penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kan., where he serving a 23-month ...
Read full story
You must be signed in to post a comment
You are fully responsible for the content you post. Content that includes profanity, personal attacks or antisocial behavior (such as "spamming" or "trolling"), or other inappropriate content or material will be removed. We reserve the right to block any user who violates our terms of use, including removing all content posted by that user.


text:
|« Back to Article
Cards' Berkman named NL Comeback Player of the Year
By STEVE CAMPBELL, HOUSTON CHRONICLE | October 13, 2011
Photo By Charles Rex ArbogastSt. Louis Cardinals' Lance Berkman smiles as he answers questions during a news conference before Game 4 of baseball's National League championship series against the Milwaukee Brewers Thursday, Oct. 13, 2011, in St. Louis. Berkman and Jacoby Ellsbury of the Boston Red Sox were named baseball's comeback players of the year. (AP Photo/Charles Rex Arbogast)
Photo By Jim RogashBOSTON, MA - SEPTEMBER 19: Jacoby Ellsbury #2 of the Boston Red Sox reacts after he crossed home for an inside the park home against the Baltimore Orioles defends in the seventh inning during the second game of a doubleheader at Fenway Park September 19, 2011 in Boston, Massachusetts. (Photo by Jim Rogash/Getty Images)
St. Louis Cardinals outfielder Lance Berkman received the award that is on no player's to-do list at the start of a career.
Major League Baseball announced Thursday that Berkman and Boston Red Sox outfielder Jacoby Ellsbury won the 2011 Comeback Player of the Year awards.
In the case of Berkman, 35, he came back from an injury-plagued 2010 season with the Astros and Yankees to bat .301 with 31 home runs and 94 RBIs while ranking third in the National League in on-base percentage (.412) and fifth in slugging (.547).
Following Lidge
Berkman is the second former Astro in the past four seasons to win the NL comeback award, joining reliever Brad Lidge (2008).
"It's not something that you ever set out to win," Berkman said. "But after having been down last year, to be able to come back this year and post a good season, it is satisfying. I'm certainly happy to win it."
The Cardinals signed Berkman to a one-year, $8 million contract as a free agent after he batted .248 with 14 homers and 58 RBIs in 2010. This season, Berkman made his sixth All-Star Game appearance - and third start - and helped the Cardinals rally from a 10½-game deficit to nose out the Atlanta Braves for the NL wild card.
"(It) doesn't take long for people to move on to the next page in the game and say, 'Well, he's lost it,' or you're never heard from again," Berkman said. "You see it happen all the time. I wasn't thinking I had to come back and prove people wrong. That wasn't my attitude at all. I know that that's part of the business, and especially when you get to be a little older, that kind of speculation happens all the time."
Bosox's MVP hopeful
Ellsbury, 28, bounced back from playing only 18 games in 2010 to emerge as an American League Most Valuable Player candidate. On top of batting .321 with 32 homers, 105 RBIs and 39 stolen bases, he had a .376 on-base percentage and ranked fifth in AL slugging (.552). Ellsbury made his first All-Star team and became the fourth player in history to reach 200 hits, 100 RBIs, 35 steals and 30 homers in a season.
The 30 team beat writers for MLB.com voted on the awards.
firstname.lastname@example.com twitter.com/CampbellChron


text:
Dog Walking / Dog Walker / Driver - Job opportunity in West London
Calma-K9 is an established dog care company based in Holland Park, West London with an outstanding reputation. We are currently looking for a van driver & dog walker to join our team. Non driver vacancies also available. The successful applicant


text:
REVIEW: Rutgers comes through late
PapaJohns.com Bowl Preview
Player Profiles, Histories, & More
1. Don't look
now, but here comes the Big
East. Just when everyone thinks
it has the conference pegged as
a BCS fraud, it gets hot in the
second season. Again. Sure, the
competition hasn't been scary,
but 3-0 is 3-0. Connecticut is a
safe bet to pick up win No. 4
over Buffalo in the
International Bowl, which would
leave Pittsburgh versus Oregon
State in the Sun Bowl and
Cincinnati versus Virginia Tech
in the Orange Bowl. Even a split
gives the league an impressive
5-1 mark two years after going
5-0 in the postseason. Hey, no
one is silly enough to compare
the Big East to the SEC or Big
12, but as long as it keeps
cranking out victories in
December and January, everyone
should tone down the rhetoric
about someday yanking its
automatic BCS bowl bid.
Richard Cirminiello
It's not fair to assume that NC
State would've won the game had
QB Russell Wilson not sprained
his knee, but the injury
certainly will leave the
Wolfpack wondering about what
might have been. Yes, the
Wolfpack might have lost the
game, but NC State fans, be
proud, and not just because your
team put up a good fight. Be
proud that Wilson didn't play in
the second half. The uber-competitive
freshman was lobbying and
politicking to get back into the
game, especially when things
were starting to go south, but
head coach Tom O'Brien wouldn't
let it happen. It would've been
awfully easy to have stuck
Wilson back out there in the
name of the bullspit macho
football code, but no. The team
doctor told O'Brien that Wilson
shouldn't play, and that was the
end of that for O'Brien. He
might be a disciplinarian and he
might be as dry as white toast
compared to former head coach
Chuck Amato, but O'Brien showed
class and restraint when other
coaches would've put Wilson out
there with some rational about
having eight months to heal. No,
NC State didn't win on the
scoreboard, and O'Brien was the
first to not let the Wilson
injury be used as an excuse, but
the program's integrity
certainly came through a winner.
3. Russell Wilson was this
game's best and most dominant
player, but the real MVP was
Rutgers fullback Jack Corcoran.
Lost in the shadow of
better-known skill players (Mike
Teel, Tiquan Underwood, and
Kenny Britt), Corcoran made some
superb catches and gave variety
to the Rutgers attack in the
second half, enabling the
Scarlet Knights to develop a
rushing game with running back
Joe Martinek. Corcoran is the
kind of "glue guy" that reminds
me a lot of Brian Leonard, a
Rutgers legend who set the
standard for all of his
successors in Piscataway. With
today's terrific effort in
Birmingham, Corcoran--a
junior--has a chance to produce
an outstanding senior season in
4. Regardless of
your rooting interest, it's hard
not to feel good for Rutgers QB
Mike Teel, who capped a rocky
career in Piscataway with a
torrid finish and an MVP trophy
in the PapaJohns.com Bowl. The
same Teel who bottomed out after
taking an on-field swipe at
teammate Glen Lee in September
was a microcosm for the Knights'
second-half push to the
postseason. Virtually
unstoppable in November, he
rallied Rutgers one last time on
Monday, bringing the program
back from a 17-6 halftime
deficit and finishing the game
22-of-37 for 320 yards, two
touchdowns and a pick. While
maddeningly inconsistent, he
wound up being a picture of
perseverance, and those three
straight bowl wins as the
starter are the only three in RU
history. That alone puts him in
a special place in school lore,
which no errant pass can erase.
Richard Cirminiello
5. This bowl game presented the
participating head coaches with
several challenges, and all
things considered, N.C. State's
Tom O'Brien and Rutgers's Greg
Schiano performed well under
fire. Neither coach was perfect,
but O'Brien and Schiano hit the
target more often than not.
O'Brien smartly saved his
injured stud, Russell Wilson,
for 2009, and then had the
wisdom to pull Harrison Beck and
insert Daniel Evans in the
fourth quarter. Yes, O'Brien had
no business chasing a relatively
meaningless point (after a
touchdown) when up 23-19 with
9:21 left in regulation, but on
a larger level, the Wolfpack
remained competitive because
their coach came prepared.
O'Brien lost this bowl game, but
there's a reason why the former
Marine won bowls in seven
consecutive seasons at Boston
Schiano, for his part, treated a
bowl game the right way. He and
offensive coordinator John
McNulty left no plays in the
grab bag, a generally
appropriate approach for
a one-shot postseason
contest against an unfamiliar
opponent. Yeah, there were times
when billy-basic
plays would have been good
enough for the Scarlet Knights,
but one still has to admire the
aggressiveness demonstrated by
Schiano and his staff. College
football prospers when
coaches treat bowls as a big
deal. The people associated with
these games witness an
attractive product (which this
game was) as a result. Even more
important, fans acquire a fair
bit of bang for the hard-earned
dollars they spend on air fare,
hotel rooms, and game tickets.
In terms of getting his team to
the finish line first, Schiano's
best move came when he ran the
ball on a third-and-goal from
the Wolfpack 3 with just
under 1:40 left in regulation,
and his team nursing a 26-23
lead. The use of roughly 50
extra seconds limited N.C.
State's ability to mount
a comeback. Schiano wisely
concluded that it was more
important to drain clock than to
try a pass at a time when NCSU
had been drained of its
timeouts. While Schiano's
subsequent decision to kick a
field goal on fourth down left
something to be desired--the
move would have made a lot more
sense if Rutgers led by only one
or two points, and not three, at
the time--it still remains
that RU's head coach increased
his team's chances of winning in
the endgame phase of this
Rutgers' football program
received a measure of off-field
healing on Monday with the
appointment of interim athletic
director Carl Kirshner. Thanks
to Greg Schiano's decision
making, the Scarlet Knights
gained a dose of on-field pain
relief as well. -


text:
E-Mail Address:
Forgot your password?
Log in
Not a member? Register now!
Common Conditions
Related Tools
Find & Review Drugs
Popular Topics
Advice & Support
Some people experience rapid heart rates not as palpitations, but
rather as chest pain. In people with healthy hearts, palpitations may cause a
pounding or thumping sensation that can be painful or uncomfortable, rather
than the heavy, tight, or squeezing sensation, called angina, usually
associated with heart attacks. In people with coronary artery disease, a rapid
heart rate can cause angina. How you describe your pain may help your doctor
determine whether the chest pain is the result of an abnormal rhythm or angina.
In many cases, your doctor may not be sure based strictly on your description,
and will probably order an electrocardiogram (EKG, ECG) or further stress
testing to evaluate the rhythm or rule out angina.
Last Revised:
August 9, 2010
Healthwise Staff
Medical Review:
E. Gregory Thompson, MD - Internal Medicine & John M. Miller, MD - Electrophysiology
This information does not replace the advice of a doctor. Healthwise disclaims any warranty or liability for your use of this information. Your use of this information means that you agree to the Terms of Use.
How this information was developed to help you make better health decisions
To learn more visit Healthwise.org
© 1995-2013 Healthwise, Incorporated. Healthwise, Healthwise for every health decision, and the Healthwise logo are trademarks of Healthwise, Incorporated.
This Site and third parties who place advertisements on this Site may collect and use information about
your visits to this Site and other websites in order to provide advertisements about goods and services of
interest to you. If you would like to obtain more information about these advertising practices and to make
choices about online behavioral advertising, please click here.


text:
Kiwi actress Anna Hutchison, who's to be seen in tonight's season finale of Go Girls on TV2, is getting her chance to shine in the upcoming New Zealand International Film Festival.
It's been announced today that Joss Whedon's latest film, The Cabin in the Woods , will premiere in Auckland and Wellington from July.
It had been revealed that the film, which has had critical acclaim, was due to go straight to DVD in Australia and New Zealand. But, following that announcement last week on Facebook, a petition was started to ensure it got a cinematic release.
Now, Ant Timpson, the curator of the Incredibly Strange Film Festival's revealed that the film will be part of the line up of the festival when it kicks off in July in Auckland. It's also being shown in Wellington but there's no word yet on whether it will play around New Zealand.
Hutchison stars alongside Aussie Chris Hemsworth, who played Thor in the recent smash hit The Avengers . It was also revealed last week that Hutchison will be starring in the next series of sex, swords and sandals saga Spartacus, which has previously starred Lucy Lawless.


text:
About Us: Company Fact Sheet
Company Fact Sheet
Jo-Ann Fabric and Craft Stores® is the nation's largest specialty retailer of fabrics and crafts, offering an unmatched, under-one-roof selection of products for quilting, apparel, craft and home décor sewing along with a full array of components, tools and kits for crafters of all ages.
Our Culture
To spark the creativity that lives in every person.
To be the best fabric and craft retail brand - for our customers, our Team Members, our communities and our investors.
Jo-Ann Fabric and Craft Stores is headquartered in Hudson, Ohio, a historic town situated between Cleveland and Akron, and just next to the scenic and popular Cuyahoga Valley National Park.
Store Operations
Jo-Ann operates over 850 stores in 49 states, plus its Web site, Joann.com®. Its three distribution centers are located in Hudson, Ohio; Visalia, California; and Opelika, Alabama.
More than 23,000 Team Members nationwide work to support the Jo-Ann Fabric and Craft Stores brand.
Leadership | Executive Officers
Jill Soltau
CEO & President
Megan Featherston
Executive Vice President, Merchandising & Marketing
Jim Kerr
Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer
Thomas Williams
Executive Vice President, Operations & Human Resources
Leadership | Operating Officers
Mark Beaty, Regional Vice President, Southwest Region
Kirk Bell, Regional Vice President, California Region
Joy Beeson, Divisional Vice President, Home, Seasonal & Trend
Tony Carosello, Vice President, Real Estate
Richard Chapman, Vice President, Store Development and Facilities
Kris Christian, Vice President In-Store Experience and Merchandise Productivity
Scott Clark, Vice President, Supply Chain
Daniel Desmarais, Regional Vice President, Northwest Region
Lee Anne DiCecco, Divisional Vice President, Craft
Anthony Dissinger, Senior Vice President, Supply Chain Management and Logistics
Christopher DiTullio, Vice President, eCommerce and Omni-Channel
Tom Dryer, Vice President, Controller
David Goldston, Senior Vice President, General Counsel and Secretary
Roger Hawkins, Regional Vice President, Southeast Region
Sharyn Hejcl, Vice President, Inventory Mangement
Renee Jefferson, Vice President, Treasurer
Lisa Kainec, Vice President, Human Resources
Greg Koval, Regional Vice President, Southwest Region
Robin Michel, Senior Vice President, Store Operations
Amy Parker, Senior Vice President Marketing and Advertising
Scott Roubic, Vice President, Internal Audit and Asset Protection
Lynne Schron, Divisional Vice President, Sewing
Matt Susz, Senior Vice President, Chief Information Officer
Joseph Thibault, Regional Vice President, Mid Atlantic Region
Sue Walker, Regional Vice President, Great Lakes Region
Edward Weinstein, Vice President, Tax
Diana Young, Regional Vice President, Northeast Region


text:
Five days back, Aamir Khan on his blog had asked for his fans'
opine on whether he should incorporate an additional song, Jaane Tu Mera Kya
Hai in Jaane Tu Ya Jaane Na. Since the film's length was exceeding
beyond what Aamir was expecting it to be, he had earlier decided after a meeting
with his film's team that he would not keep that song in the film. But with now
encouraged with the response to his blog entry he has decided to go ahead with
this song that will feature in the second half of the film. But he is going with
a one week experiment of keeping the song.
However, this song shall not be seen in cinema halls outside India. Aamir writes in this regard, "This addition of the song was possible only in India as the overseas distributor cited to many practical problems. So half of you are going to slaughter me. But please believe me when I say that I tried my level best to convince them. And I am extremely disappointed that I was not able to. Maybe if y'all kick up enough of a row on my blog that will convince them." He further adds, "But to those of you within India, I hope you enjoy the song, and I really wonder whether after seeing the song you will agree with us about deleting it in the first place. Am super curious."
Trade pundits claim it be a smart move by "producer" Aamir to ensure more foot falls for his films considering the fact that another young romantic film, Kismat Konnection has released today. The collections of Jaane Tu during weekdays have begun to fall down as its only caught the fancy of the young generation. He wants to cash on his young fans by making them feel important and come in to see the new song.
Do you like this article?
|User Rating
|(0 Votes)
jaane tu ya jaane na rocks! the film is beautiful!
yea mee 2 want c his blog...thnks
is there anyway we can view his blog n all?
i wanna see that new song soooo bad!!
I am in US. I wish I could see that song too.:(. Just Loved the movie. Something great has come after Dil Chahta hai..
That's a very smart business move... plus i'm curious to see the song, which is one of my favorites!
Thats a very smart move... Stratigically and promoting-wise... ;-)
Aamir is a smart businessman...love him to bits:$
it's great!!!!!!!!!!!Luv JTYJN!!!
Dashing actor cum host Manish Paul is yet again ready to showcase his ...
With rumours mills suggesting that the show Comedy Nights with Kapil ... 7
Unlike most emerging stars in Bollywood, actor Tiger Shroff says he ... 3
Actor Tiger Shroff confirms he has been approached to appear in ...


text:
Save on all Kessick Wine Cellars products
Collections E - H
Collections I - L
return to topLearn more about Kessick Wine Cellars
ATG Stores.com is the best place to shop for Kessick Wine Cellars products
With a family tradition of South Carolina anchored businesses, father and son team Ralph and Robert Bass started Kessick Wine Cellars in 2004. Ralph's business experience combined with Robert's design and construction expertise meshed seamlessly to create a business with a clear focus: Create wine cellars that exceed the expectations of their customers. Today, Kessick Wine Cellars manufactures high quality Sapele Mahogany wine cellar racks in their facilities in South Carolina. Their products are unique to the industry in quality, design flexibility, wood type, and finish options. Kessick's products will meet your wine storage and display needs in regards to bottle capacity, wine rack design features, wine rack purpose, wine rack display features, and more.
Related Products


text:
Although new Hearts signing David Obua will become the first Ugandan to play in the Scottish Premier League, he won't be the first from his own family to star in Edinburgh.
Obua hails from a sporting dynasty, and his father, Denis, was a celebrated left-winger for the Ugandan national team. However, it is his uncle, John Akii-Bua, who made his name on the world stage when winning gold in the 400m hurdles at the Munich Olympics in 1972. This was having only switched to the discipline two years earlier at the Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh.
Obua's uncle had been persuaded to make the change from shorter distances by renowned British athletics coach Malcolm Arnold. He finished fourth in Edinburgh and over the next 24 months undertook an intense training regime as he prepared for an event known as the Man-Killer. It worked.
At Munich he became the first African to win gold in an event under 800 metres, and did so in a world record time from the inside lane. His story is also remarkable for other reasons, many of them rooted in the brutal regime of Idi Amin, who had seized power in his homeland a year before the Munich Olympics.
Three of Akii-Bua's own brothers were murdered by Amin's troops. Akii-Bua himself was forced to flee for Kenya in 1979. Although he returned to Uganda in 1983, it was not for long. He died 11 years ago at the age of just 51.
A documentary entitled The John Akii-Bua Story: An African Legend was shown as recently as two weekends ago on BBC2. Revelations included the fact Akii-Bua was one of 43 children. He also apparently drank a bottle of champagne on the night before his Munich triumph, in order to help him sleep.
Obua has a lot to live up to as he contemplates life in Edinburgh, though on the other side of a city where his uncle's journey to Olympic gold began. "It's nice to finally be here," the 24-year-old said yesterday.
Circumstances have deposited Akii-Bua's nephew in Edinburgh, with the most significant of these being Hearts' recruitment of former Uganda coach Csaba Laszlo in July. Among his first targets was to tie up the signing of Obua, who once scored a hat-trick for him in an African Nations match against Niger. Work permit problems meant this could not be concluded until earlier this month. His current lack of fitness means there will be another delay before the Hearts fans see him in first-team action.
Obua's tall, wiry frame makes it possible to see the link with one of the greatest African athletes of all time. His own story perhaps lacks some of the power of his uncle's, but is also not straightforward.
Obua spent five years on a football scholarship in North Carolina. His progress was blighted by what were described as "disciplinary problems". This trait, at a one-to-one level, is impossible to detect, although the softly-spoken Ugandan clearly possesses a steely determination to better himself. He has signed a four-year contract with Hearts, and hopes to continue learning his trade in Scotland. He is prepared to play anywhere on the left, but prefers the role behind a principal striker.
Obua's level-headedness is highlighted by a decision to turn down the offer of a contract with West Ham, where he went on trial earlier this summer. He also had the chance to sign for Serie A club Chievo.
"I'm not in a hurry," he said. "I have to progress, slowly but surely. I thought if I went to West Ham or Chievo it would have taken me a long time to adapt. I'm here with a coach I know, and it will help me grow as a player before I go to something bigger."
This is something which his uncle might have said as he ran up hills in a weighted vest, part of an extreme training programme devised by his mentor, Arnold. Obua hopes his own guru will guide him to success.
"I had an idea when Csaba became manager here I might end up here," he said. "I have played for him for more than two years now and he has got the best out of me. When I play for him, I play with my heart."
Hearts have announced that former sporting director Alex Koslovski has left the club. He has been at Tynecastle as "sport director" since 2006, and often helped translate during press conferences.


text:
New Words Added To Dictionary Include: Twerking, Selfie and Bitcoin
Oxford English Dictionary released their list of new words that they'll be adding to the English language this year.
Oxford English Dictionary released their list of new words that they'll be adding to the English language this year.
Your daily dose of WHATEVER!
Your daily dose of WHATEVER!!
The highlight of last night's VMAS, MTV's annual reminder that they're still tangentially related to the music industry, was easily the multiple shots of stars reacting to Miley Cyrus' super awkward performance. Oh, also 'N Sync reunited or something and provided an answer to "what does Chris Kirkpatrick look like these days"?
In case you missed it, Miley Cyrus put on a performance at last night's MTV Video Music Awards that may go down in history as one of the strangest. And let me just say this, I'm not prude, but I spent the entire performance watching in horror as she pranced around the stage twerking, sticking her tongue out, and then trying to sex up Robin Thicke.
There's a lot of talk that Miley Cyrus may have taken things a little far last night on the MTV Video Music Awards.
Your daily dose of WHATEVER!!
Justin Timberlake had already won the night's most prestigious award, pulled off an epic performance, was publicly dubbed the "President of Pop," reunited with his legendary boy band -- what else could he get at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards? How 'bout Video of the Year!
Tonight (Aug. 25) at the 2013 MTV VMAs, Taylor Swift graced the stage in a stunning gown to present the award for Best Male Video – and the winner was Bruno Mars with 'Locked Out of Heaven.'
Taylor Swift might have brought a dash of vintage Hollywood to the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards last night (Aug. 25), but it looks as if she also brought her potty mouth!
Drake had been promising an explosive performance at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, and Drizzy definitely delivered!
Bruno Mars hit the stage at the 2013 MTV VMAs tonight (Aug. 25) with a 'Gorilla' on his back.


text:
The coaches we love to hate
With a little help from the readers, Jonah Keri counts down the 23 coaches we all love to hate. Story.
Updated: September 24, 2007, 6:27 PM ETBy Jonah Keri | Special to Page 2
1. Rick Pitino, Boston Celtics: "Larry Bird is not walking through that door, fans. Kevin McHale is not walking through that door, and Robert Parish is not walking through that door. And if you expect them to walk through that door, they're going to be gray and old."
• The 36 owners we love to hate • The 25 GMs we love to hate
2. Bill Belichick, Cleveland Browns and New York Jets: A driving force behind the Browns' ...
Read full story
You must be signed in to post a comment
You are fully responsible for the content you post. Content that includes profanity, personal attacks or antisocial behavior (such as "spamming" or "trolling"), or other inappropriate content or material will be removed. We reserve the right to block any user who violates our terms of use, including removing all content posted by that user.


text:
The present invention relates to a system and method to facilitate efficient and automated processing of messages. A bulk filter is provided to categorize one or more received messages according to a range of classification, the range spanning from at least a bulk classification of values to at least a non-bulk classification of values. A second filter is provided to further classify the received messages in order to automatically facilitate processing of the messages. The range of classification includes a continuum of values based on a likelihood that the received messages are determined to tend toward or fall within the bulk classification of values or toward/within the non-bulk classification of values. Also, the bulk filter or filters can include an adjustable threshold setting to determine or define differences between the bulk classifications and the non-bulk classifications. Various combinations of filters are possible including multiple filter arrangements, parallel arrangements, cascaded arrangements, and other arrangements to facilitate filtering and sorting of messages in order that users can more efficiently process such information in a timely manner. Applications include the enhancement of classification procedures for identifying urgent or important email from non-urgent or non-important email, with the combination of bulk-email filters with urgency or importance filters in cascaded and parallel filtering methodologies.
1. A system that filters received messages, the system is recorded on a computer-readable storage medium and capable of execution by a computer, comprising:
a bulk filter to categorize one or more received messages according to a range of classification, the range spanning from a bulk classification of values to a non-bulk classification of values, the bulk filter employs an expected urgency computation followed by a weighting computation to determine whether messages are bulk;
at least a second filter to further classify the received messages in order to automatically facilitate processing of the messages, the second filter is an urgency filter that is employed to assign urgency scores, the urgency filter employs a utility model that assigns an expected cost of delayed review for urgent and non-urgent messages; and
an importance filter that acts in parallel to the urgency filter and is employed to determine the importance of non-bulk messages;
wherein the bulk filter computes a bulk score or discretized states of the bulk score, as a direct input to the second filter forming a cascaded filter, a classifier is then constructed that employs the bulk score to further classify the received messages; and
a notification platform that directs prioritized messages to one or more notification sinks, the notification platform receives the prioritized messages and makes decisions regarding when, where, and how to notify a user by determining a current notification sink, likely location and likely focus of attention of the user, such that if a high importance e-mail is received, the notification platform determines the users location and reformats the message to the notification sink associated with the user and if a lower priority message is received, the notification platform configures to leave the e-mail in the user's in-box for later review as desired.
2. The system of
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. The system of
7. The system of
8. The system of
9. The system of
10. The system of
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. A computer readable medium having computer readable instructions stored thereon for implementing at least one of the bulk filter and the second filter of
14. A method that facilitates message processing, comprising:
employing a first filter to determine a bulk message score for a message, the first filter employs an expected urgency computation followed by a weighting computation to determine whether messages are bulk;
employing a second filter to determine an urgency score for the message, the second filter employs a utility model that assigns an expected cost of delayed review for urgent and non-urgent messages;
employing a third filter that acts in parallel to the second filter to determine importance of non-bulk messages;
sorting the bulk message from other messages based upon at least one of the bulk message score, the urgency score, and the importance score;
computing a bulk score or discretized states of the bulk score, as a direct input to the second filter to form a cascaded filter;
constructing a classifier that takes into consideration the bulk score; and
employing a notification platform that directs prioritized messages to one or more notification sinks, the notification platform receives the prioritized messages and makes decisions regarding when, where, and how to notify a user by determining a current notification sink, likely location and likely focus of attention of the user, such that if a high importance e-mail is received, the notification platform determines the users location and reformats the message to the notification sink associated with the user and if a lower priority message is received, the notification platform configures to leave the e-mail in the user's in-box for later review as desired.
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. A method that facilitates message processing, comprising:
employing a first filter to determine a bulk message score for a message, the first filter employs an expected urgency computation followed by a weighting computation to determine whether messages are bulk;
employing a second filter to determine an importance score for the message;
employing a third filter that acts in parallel to the second filter to determine an urgency score for the message, the third filter employs a utility model that assigns an expected cost of delayed review for urgent and non-urgent messages;
sorting the bulk message from other messages based upon at least one of the bulk message score, the importance score, and the urgency score;
computing a bulk score or discretized states of the bulk score, as a direct input to the second filter to form a cascaded filter;
constructing a classifier that takes into consideration the bulk score; and
employing a notification platform that directs prioritized messages to one or more notification sinks, the notification platform receives the prioritized messages and makes decisions regarding when, where, and how to notify a user by determining a current notification sink, likely location and likely focus of attention of the user, such that if a high importance e-mail is received, the notification platform determines the users location and reformats the message to the notification sink associated with the user and if a lower priority message is received, the notification platform configures to leave the e-mail in the user's in-box for later review as desired.
This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/220,550 filed on Aug. 30, 2002, entitled PRIORITIES GENERATION AND MANAGEMENT, which claims priority to PCT Application Ser. No. PCT/US01/08710, filed on Mar. 16, 2001, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/189,801, filed on Mar. 16, 2000, entitled ATTENTIONAL SYSTEMS AND INTERFACES.
This application is also a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/220,419 filed on Aug. 30, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,243,130, entitled NOTIFICATION PLATFORM ARCHITECTURE, which claims priority to PCT Application Ser. No. PCT/US01/08711, filed on Mar. 16, 2001, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/189,801, filed on Mar. 16, 2000, entitled ATTENTIONAL SYSTEMS AND INTERFACES. All of the aforementioned applications are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates generally to systems and methods that facilitate communications between devices, systems, processes, and/or individuals. More particularly, the present invention relates to the employment of multilevel filters for managing received messages.
With the growth of computer and information systems, and related network technologies such as wireless and Internet communications, ever increasing amounts of electronic information are communicated, transferred and subsequently processed by users and/or systems. As an example, electronic mail programs have become a popular application among computer users for generating and receiving such information. With the advent of the Internet, for example, exchanging e-mail or other information such as voice or audio information has become an important factor influencing why many people acquire computers. Within many corporate environments, e-mail, for example, has become almost a de facto standard by which coworkers exchange information. However, with the heightened popularity of e-mail and other information transfer systems, problems have begun to appear in regard to managing and processing increasing amounts of information from a plurality of sources.
Among these problems, many users now face a deluge of e-mail and/or other information from which to sort through and/or respond, such that the capability of being able to send, receive and process information has almost become a hindrance to being productive. With such large numbers of e-mail and/or other electronic information, it has thus become difficult to manage information according to what is important and what is not as important without substantially expending valuable time to make a personal determination as to the importance. As an example of these determinations, users may have to decide whether messages should be responded to immediately, passed over to be read at a later time, or simply deleted due to non-importance (e.g., junk mail).
Some attempts have been directed to information management problems. For example, attempts have been made to curtail the amount of junk or promotional e-mail that users receive. Additionally, some electronic mail programs provide for the generation of rules that govern how e-mail is managed within the program. For example, a rule providing, "all e-mails from certain coworkers or addresses" are to be placed in a special folder.
These attempts at limiting certain types of information, however, generally are not directed at the basic problem behind e-mail and other information transfer/reception systems. That is, conventional systems often cause users to manually peruse and check at least a portion of some if not all of their received messages in order to determine which messages should be reviewed or further processed. As described above, this takes time from more productive activities. Thus, with the large quantities of information being received, there is a need for a system and methodology to facilitate efficient processing of electronic information while mitigating the costs of manual interventions associated therewith.
The following presents a simplified summary of the invention in order to provide a basic understanding of some aspects of the invention. This summary is not an extensive overview of the invention. It is not intended to identify key/critical elements of the invention or to delineate the scope of the invention. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of the invention in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
The present invention provides for assigning urgency or importance scores as well as bulk scores to one or more communications items or messages (e.g., e-mail, voice encoded text). Respective items or messages are then sorted and/or filtered according to the assigned scores in order to facilitate message processing by users. The subject invention provides for a multi-level cascade and/or parallel combinations with respect to sorting or filtering messages/items. By pre-filtering items vis a vis the classification of the likelihood that the email is bulk email, removing junk items and subsequently performing prioritization of items remaining after going through a bulk pre-filter and/or junk pre-filter, a priority-based system can be substantially optimized.
Single-level urgency or importance classifiers can be composed to identify bulk email messages as having low urgency and/or importance, by including bulk email in the low urgency or low importance category in the training set used to build a statistical classifier. However, training a message urgency or importance filter with bulk email included in the low-urgency or low-importance category can diminish the filters ability to ideally distinguish urgent from non-urgent email. For example, bulk email can contain properties associated with important or urgent messages. To enhance the power of urgency classifiers, a separate bulk email filter can be constructed to infer the likelihood that email is bulk email, and thus remove the email from consideration of an urgency or importance filter, raising the accuracy of the urgency or importance classification, by reducing false positives and false negatives in the importance or urgency classifier. Another aspect of the invention provides for authenticating internal e-mail or other type messages (which corresponds with non-junk) and bypassing the bulk pre-filter—thus internal messages will be automatically prioritized (e.g., not pass through the bulk pre-filter).
Various combinations of filters are provided in accordance with the present invention for automatically managing user messages. In one aspect, a bulk filter and an urgency filter process received messages in parallel. Output from respective filters includes scoring of the received messages according to the likelihood the messages are of the bulk variety (e.g., mass sales literature) or non-bulk variety and the urgency of the received messages. Policies can be provided to enable sorting of the messages according to the assigned scores. In one aspect, bulk e-mail may be sorted into a special file or folder, wherein non-bulk messages are sorted according to urgency, priority, and/or a utility model that categorizes messages according to an expected cost of delayed review for urgent and non-urgent messages. In another aspect, an urgency filter computes an expected urgency score for bulk and non-bulk messages. A bulk filter then computes a bulk score for the urgency scored messages and performs a re-weighting process by considering the likelihood that a given message is bulk given the bulk score.
In yet another aspect, a bulk filter may be applied to incoming messages wherein output from the bulk filter is then processed by an urgency filter providing a cascaded filter arrangement. With such an approach the urgency or importance filter can be employed to infer the likelihood of urgency or importance, conditioned on the email not being bulk email, p(urgency|not bulk email). As can be appreciated filters can be arranged in many orders and combinations. This includes employment of filter bypass mechanisms for messages deemed of a certain type (e.g., internal versus external). Other type filtering arrangements include analyzing a message's importance then processing the analyzed messages according to an urgency determination. Other applications include considering the loss of value over time on messages that have been categorized to varying degrees of urgency.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, certain illustrative aspects of the invention are described herein in connection with the following description and the annexed drawings. These aspects are indicative of various ways in which the invention may be practiced, all of which are intended to be covered by the present invention. Other advantages and novel features of the invention may become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the drawings.
The present invention relates to a system and method to facilitate efficient and automated processing of messages. A bulk filter is provided to categorize one or more received messages according to a range of classification, the range spanning from at least a bulk classification of values to at least a non-bulk classification of values. A second filter such as an urgency or importance filter, hereafter referred to as an urgency filter, is provided to further classify the received messages in order to automatically facilitate processing of the messages. The range of classification includes a continuum of values based on a likelihood that the received messages are determined to tend toward of fall within the bulk classification of values or toward/within the non-bulk classification of values. Also, the bulk filter (or filters) can include an adjustable threshold setting to determine or define differences between the bulk classifications and the non-bulk classifications. Various combinations of filters are possible including multiple filter arrangements, parallel arrangements, cascaded arrangements, and other arrangements to facilitate filtering and sorting of messages in order that users can more efficiently process such information in a timely manner.
As used in this application, the terms "component," "filter," "model," and "system" are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and/or a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server can be a component. One or more components may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a component may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers.
As used herein, the term "inference" refers generally to the process of reasoning about or inferring states of the system, environment, and/or user from a set of observations as captured via events and/or data. Inference can be employed to identify a specific context or action, or can generate a probability distribution over states, for example. The inference can be probabilistic—that is, the computation of a probability distribution over states of interest based on a consideration of data and events. Inference can also refer to techniques employed for composing higher-level events from a set of events and/or data. Such inference results in the construction of new events or actions from a set of observed events and/or stored event data, whether or not the events are correlated in close temporal proximity, and whether the events and data come from one or several event and data sources.
Referring initially to
In one approach as illustrated by the system 100, at least two filters are employed to process emails 110 (or other type messages). A bulk email filter or classifier 114 is employed for discriminating between bulk email and non-bulk email. An urgency filter 120 is employed to assign email urgency scores, with or without the use of a utility model described below that assigns an expected cost of delayed review for urgent versus non-urgent email. In this aspect of the present invention, the filters 114 and 120 examine new email 110 and annotate the email 130 with an urgency value, represented in an urgency field 134, and a likelihood of bulk email, represented in a bulk email field at 140, a policy component 150 includes policies or rules for considering inferences relating to message urgency and/or bulk considerations.
In one aspect of a two filter system, rules or policies are employed by the policy component 150 to siphon away or remove bulk email of a higher than threshold (per a user's adjustable settings or preferences) likelihood of being bulk email into a special folder for later review depicted as a bulk folder 160. Remaining email is classified by urgency in another folder 164. At reference numeral 170, a diagram illustrates a range of values that may be determined for bulk computations and non-bulk computations. When bulk determinations are made by the bulk filter 114, statistical determinations are provided that compute a probability or likelihood that a respective email is of the bulk or non-bulk type. For example, one e-mail may have a 70% likelihood of being a bulk mailing, whereas another email may be determined as having a 62% likelihood of being considered bulk. As illustrated, an adjustable threshold (e.g., user interface sliders adjusting a probability value) may be employed by users to set the level when emails should be considered as bulk (e.g., all emails with a determined likelihood below 0.50 of being bulk are to be treated as non-bulk e-mails).
Referring now to
As an example, if it assumed that the urgency filter described above treats bulk email and normal email in a similar manner, per assignments of urgency (i.e., that urgency score is independent of whether or not the email is bulk email), then the expected urgency of email can be computed by performing an urgency analysis, and then re-weighting it at 220 by considering the likelihood that the email is bulk email.
Generally, the urgency of bulk email is considered to be zero (or other low value). Thus, from an urgency analysis, for (in this example) a binary classification of urgency into urgent and non-urgent email, then, before bulk email analysis an expected urgency can be determined as:
That is, an expected urgency score can be computed from an urgency classifier (and a utility model) described below, and then determine the expectation considering that re-weighting it by considering the likelihood that the message is bulk email, considering the bulk email score. The following discussions consider the probabilistic dependencies between junk filter analysis and bulk filter analysis.
Turning to
Referring now to
It is noted that various combinations of parallel or cascaded filters can also be employed to classify separately importance and urgency, wherein one filter classifies messages by importance and the second analyzes messages for urgency. Thus, for example, in a cascade of filters, bulk email versus non-bulk can be sorted as previously described, then importance of non-bulk messages is determined via an importance filter to provide further sorting, then urgency of important messages is determined via an urgency filter.
Proceeding to 602, at least one bulk filter is constructed for processing incoming messages such as email or other type messages. At 604, at least one other type of filter is constructed that cooperates with the bulk filter constructed at 604. Such filters include urgency filters, importance filters, time critical filters, and/or weighted filters for example. At 608, the filters constructed at 602 and 604 are applied to incoming messages in various combinations. This can include parallel combinations of filters, serial combinations, and/or combinations having some serial elements and some parallel elements. At 612, messages are automatically analyzed and filtered according to desired combinations configured at 608. This can include dynamic sorting operations, wherein messages deemed to be of the bulk variety are sorted out into a separate folder, whereas other messages are prioritized in an inbox, for example. Other aspects include enabling users to set thresholds that set likelihood limits for when an item is considered bulk. If an item scores above the threshold for example, indicating that a message has been determined to be bulk, then the respective bulk email can be deleted, removed, and/or sorted.
p(bulk email|E1 . . . En)=0.31 and p(urgent|not junk)=0.99
At 820, p(bulk email|E1 . . . En)=0.66 and p(urgent|not junk)=0.31
At 830 p(bulk email|E1 . . . En)=0.00 and p(urgent|not junk)=0.90. Note, these scores can be employed separately, or can be built as a composite score. Referring to
According to another aspect of the present invention, a notification platform 1017 can be employed in conjunction with the priorities system 1012 to direct prioritized messages to one or more notification sinks accessible to users. As will be described in more detail below, the notification platform 1017 can be adapted to receive the prioritized messages 1016 and make decisions regarding when, where, and how to notify the user, for example. As an example, the notification platform 1017 can determine a communications modality (e.g., current notification sink 1018 of the user such as a cell phone, or Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)) and likely location and/or likely focus of attention of the user. If a high importance e-mail were received, for example, the notification platform 1017 can determine the users location/focus and direct/reformat the message to the notification sink 1018 associated with the user. If a lower priority message 1016 were received, the notification platform 1017 can be configured to leave the e-mail in the user's in-box for later review as desired, for example. As will be described in more detail below, other routing and/or alerting systems 1019 may be utilized to direct prioritized messages 1016 to users and/or other systems.
In the following section of the description, the generation of a priority for electronic files such as an e-mail is described via an automatic classification system and process. The generation of priorities for messages represented electronically as described can then be employed in other systems. The description in this section is provided in conjunction with
Referring now to
Training of the text classifier 1120 as represented by the arrow 1122 includes constructing the classifier in 1126, including utilizing feature selection. In the explicit training phase, the classifier 1120 can be presented with both time-critical and non-time-critical texts, so that the classifier may be able to discriminate between the two, for example. This training set may be provided by the user, or a standard or default training set may be utilized. Given a training corpus, the classifier 1120 first applies feature-selection procedures that attempt to find the most discriminatory features. This process can employ a mutual-information analysis, for example. Feature selection can operate on one or more words or higher-level distinctions made available, such as phrases and parts of speech tagged with natural language processing. That is, the text classifier 1120 can be seeded with specially tagged text to discriminate features of a text that are considered important.
Feature selection for text classification typically performs a search over single words. Beyond the reliance on single words, domain-specific phrases and high-level patterns of features are also made available. Special tokens can also enhance classification. The quality of the learned classifiers for e-mail criticality, for example, can be enhanced by inputting to the feature selection procedures handcrafted features that are identified as being useful for distinguishing among e-mail of different time criticality. Thus, during feature selection, one or more words as well as phrases and symbols that are useful for discriminating among messages of different levels of time criticality are considered.
As the following examples illustrate, tokens and/or patterns of value in identifying the criticality of messages include such distinctions as, and including Boolean combinations of the following:
Information in a Message Header
For example:
To: Field (Recipient Information)
Lunch this afternoon resolved to 12:00 pm
Period of time until resolved date/time=2 hours
Beyond keywords and phrases, statistics on parts of speech and logical forms of sentences appearing in the subject and body of messages can also be employed.
Patterns of Pointers
Pointers to resources external to the email message, such as URLs embedded in mail messages.
Number and type of pointers to sites outside of a user's organizational domain
Number and type of pointers to sites within a user's organizational domain.
Background Colors
Email senders may employ different background patterns than the default white background that is commonly used.
Embedded Graphics
Number, type, and size of graphics files.
e.g., files with .jpg, .gif file extensions that are rendered as graphical images
HTML and XML
HTML and XML for rich control of rendering and for execution of scripts may be embedded in email.
General Natural Language Processing Analysis
It is noted that the word or phrase groupings depicted above illustrate exemplary words, groupings, or phrases that may be utilized from which to conduct classifier training. It is to be appreciated that other similar words, groups, or phrases may be similarly employed and thus the present invention is not limited to the illustrated examples.
Furthermore, still referring to
Alternatively, larger quantities of messages can be gathered, wherein new filters are created in a batch process, either per a daily schedule, per the number of new quantities of messages admitted to the training set, and/or combinations. For each message inputted into the classifier, for example, a new case for the classifier can be created. The cases are stored as negative and positive examples of texts that are either high or low priority, for example. As an example, one or more low, medium, and high urgency classes can be recognized such that the probabilities of membership in each of these classes are utilized to build an expected criticality. Larger numbers of criticality classes can be utilized to seek higher resolution. For example, as illustrated in
According to another aspect of the invention, an estimation of a number or value can be achieved by monitoring a user interact with e-mail, for example, rather than labeling the case or message as one of a set of folders. Thus, a classifier can be continued to be updated but have a moving window, wherein cases of messages or documents that are newer than some age are considered, as specified by the user.
For example, a constant rate of loss associated with the delayed review of messages is referred to as the expected criticality (EC) of the message, wherein,
As an example, referring to
It is noted that the present invention as has been described above, the classifier 1220 and the priority 1238 can be based on a scheme wherein the e-mails in the training phase are construed as either high priority or low priority, for example. As described above, a plurality of other training sets may be employed to provide greater or higher resolution distinctions of priorities.
The present invention is not limited to the definition of priority as this term is employed by the classifier to assign such priority to a message such as an e-mail message. Priority can be defined in terms of a loss function, for example. More specifically, priority can be defined in terms of the expected cost in lost opportunities per time delayed in reviewing the message after it has be received. That is, the expected loss or cost that will result for delayed processing of the message. The loss function can further vary according to the type of message received.
It is noted that a criticality "C" which is described in more detail below can be assigned to the cost functions. Thus, "C" generally describes a "cost rate" which refers to the rate at which cost is accrued with delayed review. The "cost functions" are thus defined as the "rate" at which cost is accrued. A total cost, which can be defined as an Expected Loss, "EL" can be defined as:
wherein EL′ is an uncertainty in time of delay, E represents one or more observations about a user state (e.g., a calendar, a room acoustic, a desktop activity, a time since last touched an active device), and i and j are indexes, i and j being integers.
If the cost rate is non-linear, the loss with delayed review can be similarly computed but with integration of the time-dependent rate over time such as:
An expected loss can also be computed by adding a term to capture the likelihood of different delays.
For example, some messages, however, do not have their priorities well approximated by the use of a linear cost function. As an example, a message relating to a meeting will have its cost function increase as the time of the meeting nears, and thereafter, the cost function rapidly decreases. That is, after the meeting is missed, there is not much generally a user can do about it. This situation is better approximated by a non-linear cost function, as depicted in
Thus, as has been described, the priority of a message can be just the likelihood that it is of one of a plurality of priorities based on the output of a classifier, or the most likely priority class the message applies to, also based on the output of the classifier. Alternatively, an expected time criticality of the message, such as an e-mail message, can be determined. This can be written as:
If there are two criticality classes low and high as an example, the expected loss can be reformulated as:
Other measures that accord a value metric for ranking documents, such as e-mail messages, by importance. While the discussion above focused on priority as time criticality, other notions of "importance" can also be trained. For example, this can be accomplished by labeling a set of training folders: "High Importance" all the way down to "Low Importance" wherein a measure of "expected importance" can be determined. Another metric can be based on a semantic label, "messages that I would wish to hear about within 1 day while traveling" and to determine a measure for prioritizing messages for forwarding to a traveling user. Furthermore, one utilized metric is urgency or time-criticality, as it has clear semantics for decision-making, triage, and routing. In this case, the classes are labeled according to different levels of urgency and computed as an expected urgency for each message from the probabilities inferred that the message is in each class.
Extensions to criticality classification, as described in the previous section, can also be provided in accordance with the present invention. For instance, classification can include an automatic search for combinations of high-payoff features within or between classes of features. As an example, combinations of special distinctions, structures, and so forth, with words that have been found to be particularly useful for certain users can be searched for and utilized in the classification process. A combination of two features is referred as a doublet, whereas a combination of three features is referred to as a triplet, and so forth. The combination of features can enable improved classification. Classification can also be improved with the use of incremental indexing that employs a moving window in the classifier. This enables the classifier to be routinely refreshed, as old data is timed out, and new data is brought in.
Classification can also be based on the determination of the date and time of an event specified in a message. This determination can assign features to the message that can be utilized by the classifier. For example, the features assigned may include: today within four hours, today within eight hours, tomorrow, this week, this month, and next month and beyond. This enables the classifier to have improved accuracy with respect to the messages that are classified. In general, classification can be based on the time of the referenced event, considering whether the event is in the future or has past. With respect to future events, classification thus considers the sender's reference to a time in the future when the event is to occur.
Other new features can also be integrated into the classification process. For example, an organization chart can be utilized to determine how important a message is by the sender's location within the chart. Linguistic features may be integrated into the classifier. To accommodate different languages, the features may be modified depending on the origin of the sender, and/or the language in which the message is written. Classification may vary depending on different folders in which messages are stored, as well as other scaling and control rules. In addition to e-mail and other sources, classification can be performed on instant messages, and other sources of information, such as stock tickers, and so forth.
In general, a sender-recipient structural relationship may be considered in the classification process. If the user is substantially the only recipient of a message, for example, then this message may be considered as more important than a message sent to a small number of people. In turn, a message sent to a small number of people may be more important than a message on which the user is blind-copied (bcc'ed) or carbon-copied (cc'ed). With respect to the sender, criticality may be assigned based on whether the sender's name is recognized. Criticality may also be assigned depending on whether the sender is internal or external to the organization of which the user is associated.
Other distinctions that may be considered in classification include the length of the message, whether questions have been detected, and whether the user's name is in the message. Language associated with time criticality may increase the message's importance. For example, phrases such as "happening soon," "right away," "as soon as possible," "ASAP," and "deadline is," may render the message more critical. Usage of past tense as compared to future tense may be considered, as well as coordinative tasks specified by phrases such as "get together," "can we meet," and so on. Evidence of junk mail may lower the priority of a message. Predicates representing combinations, such as a short question from a sender proximate to the user in the organization chart, may also be considered in the classification process.
Turning now to
The context analyzer 1322 stores/analyzes information regarding variables and parameters of a user that influence notification decision-making. For example, the parameters may include contextual information, such as the user's typical locations and attentional focus or activities per the time of day and the day of the week, and additional parameters conditioned on such parameters, such as the devices users tend to have access to in different locations. Such parameters may also be functions of observations made autonomously via one or more sensors. For example, one or more profiles (not shown) may be selected or modified based on information about a user's location as can be provided by a global positioning system (GPS) subsystem, on information about the type of device being used and/or the pattern of usage of the device, and the last time a device of a particular type was accessed by the user. Furthermore, as is described in more detail below, automated inference may also be employed, to dynamically infer parameters or states such as location and attention. The profile parameters may be stored as a user profile that can be edited by the user. Beyond relying on sets of predefined profiles or dynamic inference, the notification architecture can enable users to specify in real-time his or her state, such as the user not being available except for important notifications for the next "x" hours, or until a given time, for example.
The parameters can also include default notification preference parameters regarding a user's preference as to being disturbed by notifications of different types in different settings, which can be used as the basis from which to make notification decisions by the notification engine 1324, and upon which a user can initiate changes. The parameters may include default parameters as to how the user wishes to be notified in different situations (e.g., such as by cell phone, by pager). The parameters can include such assessments as the costs of disruption associated with being notified by different modes in different settings. This can include contextual parameters indicating the likelihoods that the user is in different locations, the likelihoods that different devices are available, and the likelihoods of his or her attentional status at a given time, as well as notification parameters indicating how the user desires to be notified at a given time.
Information stored by the context analyzer 1322, according to one aspect of the present invention is inclusive of contextual information determined by the analyzer. The contextual information is determined by the analyzer 1322 by discerning the user's location and attentional status based on one or more contextual information sources (not shown), as is described in more detail in a later section of the description. The context analyzer 1322, for example, may be able to determine with precision the actual location of the user via a global positioning system (GPS) that is a part of a user's car or cell phone. The analyzer may also employ a statistical model to determine the likelihood that the user is in a given state of attention by considering background assessments and/or observations gathered through considering such information as the type of day, the time of day, the data in the user's calendar, and observations about the user's activity. The given state of attention can include whether the user is open to receiving notification, busy and not open to receiving notification, and can include other considerations such as weekdays, weekends, holidays, and/or other occasions/periods.
The sources 1326-1328, 1330 generate notifications intended for the user and/or other entity. For example, the sources 1326-1328 may include communications, such as Internet and network-based communications, and telephony communications, as well as software services. Notification sources are defined generally herein as that which generates events, which can also be referred to as notifications and alerts, intended to alert a user, or a proxy for the user, about information, services, and/or a system or world event. A notification source can also be referred to as an event source.
For example, e-mail may be generated as notifications by the priorities system 1330 such that it is prioritized, wherein an application program or system generating the notification assigns the e-mail with a relative priority corresponding to the likely importance or urgency of the e-mail to the user. The e-mail may also be sent without regard to the relative importance to the user. Internet-related services can include notifications including information that the user has subscribed to, such as headlines of current news every so often, and stock quotes, for example.
Notification sources 1326-1328 can themselves be push-type or pull-type sources. Push-type sources are those that automatically generate and send information without a corresponding request, such as headline news and other Internet-related services that send information automatically after being subscribed to. Pull-type sources are those that send information in response to a request, such as e-mail being received after a mail server is polled. Still other notification sources include the following:
The notification sinks 1336-1338 are able to provide notifications to the user. For example, such notification sinks 1336-1338 can include computers, such as desktop and/or laptop computers, handheld computers, cell phones, landline phones, pagers, automotive-based computers, as well as other systems/applications as can be appreciated. It is noted that some of the sinks 1336-1338 can convey notifications more richly than other of the sinks. For example, a desktop computer typically has speakers and a relatively large color display coupled thereto, as well as having a higher bandwidth for receiving information when coupled to a local network or to the Internet. Thus, notifications can be conveyed by the desktop computer to the user in a relatively rich manner. Conversely, many cell phones have a smaller display that can be black and white, and receive information at a relatively lower bandwidth, for example. Correspondingly, the information associated with notifications conveyed by cell phones may generally be shorter and geared towards the phone's interface capabilities, for example. Thus, the content of a notification may differ depending on whether it is to be sent to a cell phone or a desktop computer. According to one aspect of the present invention, a notification sink can refer to that which subscribes, via an event subscription service, for example, to events or notifications.
The notification engine 1324 accesses the information stored and/or determined by the context analyzer, and determines which of the notifications received from the sources 1326-1328 to convey to which of the sinks 1336-1338. Furthermore, the notification engine 1324 can determine how the notification is to be conveyed, depending on which of the sinks 1336-1338 has been selected to send the information to. For example, it may be determined that notifications should be summarized before being provided to a selected sinks 1336-1338.
The invention is not limited to how the engine 1324 makes its decisions as to which of the notifications to convey to which of the notification sinks, and in what manner the notifications are conveyed. In accordance with one aspect, a decision-theoretic analysis can be utilized. For example, the notification engine 1324 can be adapted to infer important uncertainties about variables including a user's location, attention, device availability, and amount of time until the user will access the information if there were no alert. The notification engine 1324 can then make notification decisions about whether to alert a user to a notification, and if so, the nature of the summarization and the suitable device or devices to employ for relaying the notification. In general, the notification engine 1324 determines the net expected value of a notification. In doing so, it can consider the following:
Inferences made about uncertainties thus may be generated as expected likelihoods of values such as the cost of disruption to the user with the use of a particular mode of a particular device given some attentional state of the user, for example. The notification engine 1324 can make decisions as to one or more of the following:
Furthermore, the notification engine 1324 can access information stored in a user profile by the context analyzer 1322 in lieu of or to support a personalized decision-theoretic analysis. For example, the user profile may indicate that at a given time, the user prefers to be notified via a pager, and only if the notification has a predetermined importance level. Such information can be utilized as a baseline from which to start a decision-theoretic analysis, or can be the manner by which the notification engine 1324 determines how and whether to notify the user.
According to one aspect of the present invention, the notification platform architecture 1300 can be configured as a layer that resides over an eventing or messaging infrastructure. However, the invention is not limited to any particular eventing infrastructure. Furthermore, the architecture can be configured as a layer that resides over a flexible distributed computational infrastructure, as can be appreciated by those of ordinary skill within the art. Thus, the notification platform architecture can utilize an underlying infrastructure as a manner by which sources send notifications, alerts and events, and as a manner by which sinks such as endpoint devices receive notifications, alerts and events, for example. The present invention is not so limited, however.
With reference to
The system bus 1418 can be any of several types of bus structure(s) including the memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus or external bus, and/or a local bus using any variety of available bus architectures including, but not limited to, 11-bit bus, Industrial Standard Architecture (ISA), Micro-Channel Architecture (MSA), Extended ISA (EISA), Intelligent Drive Electronics (IDE), VESA Local Bus (VLB), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), Universal Serial Bus (USB), Advanced Graphics Port (AGP), Personal Computer Memory Card International Association bus (PCMCIA), and Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI).
The system memory 1416 includes volatile memory 1420 and nonvolatile memory 1422. The basic input/output system (BIOS), containing the basic routines to transfer information between elements within the computer 1412, such as during start-up, is stored in nonvolatile memory 1422. By way of illustration, and not limitation, nonvolatile memory 1422 can include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory 1420 includes random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory. By way of illustration and not limitation, RAM is available in many forms such as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM), Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM).
Computer 1412 also includes removable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer storage media.
It is to be appreciated that
A user enters commands or information into the computer 1412 through input device(s) 1436. Input devices 1436 include, but are not limited to, a pointing device such as a mouse, trackball, stylus, touch pad, keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, TV tuner card, digital camera, digital video camera, web camera, and the like. These and other input devices connect to the processing unit 1414 through the system bus 1418 via interface port(s) 1438. Interface port(s) 1438 include, for example, a serial port, a parallel port, a game port, and a universal serial bus (USB). Output device(s) 1440 use some of the same type of ports as input device(s) 1436. Thus, for example, a USB port may be used to provide input to computer 1412, and to output information from computer 1412 to an output device 1440. Output adapter 1442 is provided to illustrate that there are some output devices 1440 like monitors, speakers, and printers, among other output devices 1440, that require special adapters. The output adapters 1442 include, by way of illustration and not limitation, video and sound cards that provide a means of connection between the output device 1440 and the system bus 1418. It should be noted that other devices and/or systems of devices provide both input and output capabilities such as remote computer(s) 1444.
Computer 1412 can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer(s) 1444. The remote computer(s) 1444 can be a personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a workstation, a microprocessor based appliance, a peer device or other common network node and the like, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to computer 1412. For purposes of brevity, only a memory storage device 1446 is illustrated with remote computer(s) 1444. Remote computer(s) 1444 is logically connected to computer 1412 through a network interface 1448 and then physically connected via communication connection 1450. Network interface 1448 encompasses communication networks such as local-area networks (LAN) and wide-area networks (WAN). LAN technologies include Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), Copper Distributed Data Interface (CDDI), Ethernet/IEEE 1102.3, Token Ring/IEEE 1102.5 and the like. WAN technologies include, but are not limited to, point-to-point links, circuit switching networks like Integrated Services Digital Networks (ISDN) and variations thereon, packet switching networks, and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL).
Communication connection(s) 1450 refers to the hardware/software employed to connect the network interface 1448 to the bus 1418. While communication connection 1450 is shown for illustrative clarity inside computer 1412, it can also be external to computer 1412. The hardware/software necessary for connection to the network interface 1448 includes, for exemplary purposes only, internal and external technologies such as, modems including regular telephone grade modems, cable modems and DSL modems, ISDN adapters, and Ethernet cards.
What has been described above includes examples of the present invention. It is, of course, not possible to describe every conceivable combination of components or methodologies for purposes of describing the present invention, but one of ordinary skill in the art may recognize that many further combinations and permutations of the present invention are possible. Accordingly, the present invention is intended to embrace all such alterations, modifications and variations that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. Furthermore, to the extent that the term "includes" is used in either the detailed description or the claims, such term is intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term "comprising" as "comprising" is interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image