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Youngwood Library 'a dream come true' for bookworm
No matter what city she was in, Marilynn Brown would stop in at the local library to gaze at the neat rows of books and wish her hometown library looked the same.
The longtime Youngwood Library volunteer and past president loved to imagine a time when her town would have a similar library.
"I never in my wildest dreams thought we'd be able to do it," Brown said. "This is just a dream come true."
But now, the library she has been with since 1970 is housed in the new borough building, with bright sunlight streaming in through walls of windows and stacks of books settled on fresh carpets.
"I always thought, 'Will I live long enough to see it?' " Brown said.
Brown, 82, joined the library board at the request of several friends of hers who were on the board in the 1970s. At the time it was housed in a small building on Depot Street, and then moved to a house on Third Street across from the Youngwood post office. Brown became president in 1983, serving until the library became a branch of the Greensburg Hempfield Area Library in 2009.
"It's one of these positions you keep until you die," she said. "Unless something comes up otherwise."
The library is now on the site of Brown's old elementary school next to the former Youngwood High School on South Sixth Street.
Brown serves on the fundraising committee, which is charged with finding matching funds for a grant to pay for the new building fixtures.
She got her start in libraries while taking the bus to Greensburg, where she had her first library card around age 11. When Youngwood Area Library opened in 1955, Brown was thrilled.
"I always say the library is a place for lots of things besides books," she said.
Brown has always loved to read, starting at age 8 with a neighbor's library filled with Bobbsey Twins and Honey Bunch books.
She still reads any fiction book she can get her hands on. Brown's daughter would tease her that, on vacation, half of her suitcase would be filled with paperbacks, so Brown recently made the transition to a reading tablet, which lets her check electronic copies of books out of the library.
Brown said she doesn't miss being the president of the library, but treasures the network of volunteers that still support the library.
"Our patrons do support us any way that they can," she said.
After graduating from Youngwood High School, Brown went to the Pinkerton School for Secretaries and worked at Robertshaw until she married in 1954. Despite raising three children, though, Brown always found time for books.
"God said the seventh day was to rest, and that is my day to rest and read," she said, laughing. "I still read on Sundays."
Kate Wilcox is a staff writer for Trib Total Media. She can be reached at 724-836-6155 or email@example.com.
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Sigma USA - HELLO !!!!!!
Started Jan 9, 2013 | Discussions thread
Regular Member • Posts: 431 • Gear list
Sorry to hear this - in my experience, Sigma is usually relatively quick in servicing lenses, taking a week or two to fix a problem.
johnbachel's gear list:johnbachel's gear list
Olympus OM-D E-M5 Olympus M.Zuiko Digital ED 14-150mm 1:4-5.6 Olympus 12-40mm F2.8
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Health & Parenting
How to Cram a Life into Your Crazy Schedule
I make the most of flex time.
I'm lucky that at Ford you can work anywhere from two days per week to full time, as long as you get your job done; some departments even allow you to have a job-share partner. Both times I came back to work after giving birth, I had a two-day schedule, which eventually bumped up to four days. When Tate was 7, I started up full time again.
Ford also has what they call core hours, which means that everyone must work 9 to 3; then each worker can "flex" the rest of her hours based on what's most convenient. Because I want to be able to spend part of the day with my kids, I wake up around 5:30 a.m. so that I'm on the job by 7. It's an early schedule, but it lets me leave work early so I can pick up my kids from school.
Then I get to savor the entire afternoon with Tate and Tara. Sometimes we head to the park, play on the swing set and climbers, and just enjoy the sunshine and air. Other times the kids have friends over. Both of our children are very social, and Kevin and I love having our house be the neighborhood hang-out spot, so we encourage it by always having snacks and juice boxes on hand. I feel, the more the merrier! I get a kick out of watching all the kids run around the house, playing tag or spy or hide-and-seek. I never dreamed it would be possible to work a full-time job and still have these experiences with my kids, but it's working out!


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Experience Michiana - February 4th, 2014
Tonight, Anna Thompson will give us a preview tonight for the The DeBartolo Performing Art Center. Then Gina Smith and Claudia Case will be in studio tonight to talk about the 50th anniversary of the Beatles appearance on the Ed Sullivan show and and The Northern Indiana Event Center will are hosting "For the Love of Art."
In This Episode
DeBartolo Performing Art CenterAnna Thompson More Information
In This Segment
The DeBartolo Performing Art Center brings top notch unique shows to the area and Anna Thompson the Executive Director will give us a preview tonight on Experience Michiana.
Get more info here: performingarts.nd.edu
- Anna ThompsonExecutive DirectorDeBartolo Performing Arts Center
Other Photos
- Anna ThompsonExecutive DirectorDeBartolo Performing Arts Center
The BeatlesGina Smith, Claudia Case More Information
In This Segment
This weekend marks the 50th anniversary of the Beatles appearance on the Ed Sullivan show. To look back at how Beatlemania swept the nation, Gina Smith (a Beatles Expert/Historian) and Claudia Case (a Beatles Fan) will be in studio tonight for Experience Michiana. Gina also has rare pictures that are being included in new book on the Beatles.
You can find more info on that here: www.SomeFunTonight.com
- Gina SmithBeatles Expert / Historian
- Claudia CaseBeatles Fan
Other Photos
Disney's Little Mirmaid Jr. - Elkhart Civic TheatreBrock Butler, Kellie MacGowan More Information
In This Segment
The Elkhart Civic Theatre is presenting "Disney's The Little Mermaid Jr." this weekend and we'll have the Director Brock Butler along with "Ariel" Kellie MacGowan on Experience Michiana to give us a sneak peak at the performance.
One show is already sold out so to get ticket and show info go here: www.ElkhartCivicTheatre.org
- Brock ButlerElkhart Civic Theatre
- Kellie MacGowanPortraying "Ariel"
Other Photos
- Brock ButlerElkhart Civic Theatre
For the Love of ArtShireen Cline More Information
In This Segment
"For the Love of Art" Winter Art Show
Saturday, Feb. 9th
Northern Indiana Event Center (RV Hall of Fame)
The Northern Indiana Event Center (RV Hall of Fame) will host a Winter art show called "For the Love of Art" on Saturday, February 9th. There will be almost 50 artists on hand for you to see and buy their work. Some even doing custom work on the spot. Shireen Cline will be on Experience Michiana tonight to show us some examples of what might be at the show.
Get more info here: www.facebook.com/events/472514869526307/?fref=ts
- Shireen ClinePromoter/Organizerhttp://www.RoundBarnWinery.com
Other Photos
What do you think? Leave your comments below.
Also In This Episode
- Introduction
- Arts & Culture Calendar
- Live Music Calendar
- Closing


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Fashion your most stylish self
Culture, tips & hacks for every man.
Modern motherhood. Redefined.
Discover something delicious.
Shape a mindful, balanced life.
It isn't a secret that the fashion industry could be more attentive to the plus-size market and now, Mango is doing their part!
The Spanish retailer just announced the launch of Violeta, a...
Our Glam bloggers visited TriBeCa's Mielle Boutique to find the perfect look for a winter wedding with the full-figured fashionista in mind.
It's ladies' night, and the feeling's right! Cora Alvillar is inviting you on a girls' night out, and she's bringing Chastity Garner and Tess Holliday along for the ride. Tune in as they...


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Golfing, Orlando
8 Reviews
8 Reviews
Orlando has over 125 golf courses, private, municipal, and public. The Forelinksters guide is the only directory of public access golf courses which lists the better golf courses you can play, along with a map to find the best course closest to your destination:
Equipment: Bring your golf clubs!
There are more than enough golf courses available on Disney property and close by for any golfer to be able to fit in a game. Make sure to call before travelling to secure a tee time. Reservations are a must and tee time book up in advance rather quickly.
Check online for Disney golf. I managed to book my husband a tee time (after 3pm) On a Disney course for less than $40 which included a cart. You can rent clubs if need be. He is thrilled to be playing a major course (The Palms) at such a great price! The course is located on Disney property across from the Polynesian Resort. There are other courses available with these great prices too. A few restrictions, like the late tee time, apply, But then your not playing at the Hottest time of the Florida day anyway. They will even pair you up to make a foursome, what a great way to meet new people while on vacation. WHEN YOU CALL, MAKE SURE YOU SAY YOU WANT A TEE TIME AFTER 3PM AND WANT THE DISCOUNTED RATE FOR THAT OPTION. THIS IS AVAILABLE MAY 12 THRU OCT 2 ONLY. THERE IS ALSO A $10 MORE RATE OF $49 FOR A 10:30 AM TEE TIME. THESE COURSES USUALLY COSTS OVER $100 TO PLAY!!!!!!!!!!!
Equipment: Bring your own clubs or rent them. Practice balls must be purchased if wanted. NO METAL SIPIKE SHOES.
At the Marriot World Center in Orlando is a golf course. Playing there was a real pleasure. Especially as it was January and we could play the courses here while at home it was freezing :-)
Equipment: Golf equipment and shoes can be rented on site
We played Mini or Crazy Golf 3 or 4 times and I ran out winner most of the time. My friends said it was because I played golf every week so I should have won, although I think it was more likely have been down to luck. I even managed to win a free game.
The Mini-Golf courses are nothing like I have played in England, they are beautifully landscaped and far more challenging with plenty of water.
Equipment: No equipment is needed as you are supplied with a putter and a ball.
The one thing Orlando isn`t short of and that`s golf courses, whether they are just fun mini golf courses or the full blown 18 hole championship courses there is something for everybody and all standards.
The first time I went to Orlando in 1996 Tiger Woods won the Disney Open, that would have been pretty cool to go and see I wonder if he played on the greens shaped like Mickey Mouse.
I wonder if the aligators cause much trouble???
Equipment: Well if it`s mini golf you just hire a club and a ball but if you are a little bit more serious about your golf you need the whole lot. You will need your own clubs, shoes and relevant clothing. I`m not too sure if you will be able to hire any of the equipment in Orlando but I should imagine that you would.
If you play golf then it is essential that you have a round or 2 while you are over here.
It is a good opportunity for 'the wife' to go out and buy you a nice present.
The courses are nothing like the ones in the UK and really have to experienced.
Remember that they work on the principle of fast play so there is no walking the course as buggies are used throughout. The courses are well thought out and extemely well tended, even the municipal courses.
Remember to take one of the money off coupons with you otherwise you may find it a bit expensive, but well worth it none the less.
The people on the course I found to be extremely friendly and very helpful. Not quite to the extent of helping you with your swing but good to talk to for course tips.
If you dont want the others to spend all your money, then you can let them do the other really popular activity while you are away, and that is swimming, either in the hotel pool or at one of Disneys water parks (they are excellent) just remember to get a waterproof camera.
Equipment: We didnt have spikes, hired the clubs there. Bought the balls from Wallmart.
They do ahve a semi-bress code so check before you go.
The courses have everything you need.
The golf courses near Orlando/Kissimee are plentiful! We played Mystic Dunes, Orange Tree (private), Falcon's Fire and both courses at Orange County National (The Panther and Crooked Cat).
Equipment: Your clubs!
Get an instant answer from local experts and frequent travelers
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This deal has ended.
Through 4/24 and exclusively for BradsDeals readers, WineBasket.com drops the Sweet Tooth Candy Dish Gift Basket from $24.95 to $22.45 with code W41BD11. Plus, shipping is free. This basket includes Lindt extra creamy milk chocolate, Guylian Belgian chocolate twists, Jelly Belly tropical mix jelly beans, and more. It makes a fantastic Easter hostess gift. Sales tax is not charged in most states.No longer available


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Zoltek Companies, Inc. : Zoltek Reports Third Quarter Results FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI - August 9, 2013 - Zoltek Companies Inc. (Nasdaq: ZOLT) today reported financial results for the third quarter of its 2013 fiscal year. Zoltek's net revenues for the quarter ended June 30, 2013, totaled $30.3 million, compared to $48.1 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2012. Revenues in the recently completed quarter excluded sales of $2.0 million from carbon fibers in-transit for delivery to a customer in China at the end of the quarter, which will be recognized in the current quarter. On a sequential basis, net revenues for the latest quarter decreased from $33.3 million in the second quarter of fiscal 2013. Zoltek reported a net loss of $0.9 million ($0.03 per share) in the third quarter of fiscal 2013, which included a $1.2 million loss from foreign currency transactions. That compared to net income of $3.3 million in the immediately preceding quarter, which included a gain of $1.7 million from foreign currency transactions, and to net income of $5.6 million ($0.16 per share) in fiscal 2012's third quarter. The Company's operating earnings were $1.0 million in the latest quarter, compared to $1.7 million in the second quarter of the current fiscal year, and to $6.4 million in the third quarter of fiscal 2012. For the nine months ended June 30, 2013, Zoltek's net sales were $99.5 million, compared to $142.1 million in the first nine months of fiscal 2012, a decrease of 30%. Operating income for the year-to-date period of fiscal 2013 was $6.3 million, compared to $20.3 million in the corresponding period of fiscal 2012. Net income for the recent nine months was $5.4 million ($0.16 per share), compared to $18.6 million in the first three quarters of fiscal 2012 ($0.54 per share). "The cyclical downturn in the wind energy market that began in the fourth quarter of fiscal 2012, continued to negatively affect our sales and operating results in the third quarter. However, in recent weeks we have seen a number of signs that demand in our sector of the wind energy market - supplying carbon fibers used in the manufacture of the biggest and most advanced wind turbines - is picking up again and will show renewed strength through at least the end of calendar year 2013," said Zsolt Rumy, Zoltek's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. Rumy added, "Despite a small third quarter net loss - our first in eight quarters - Zoltek remains cash flow positive from operating activities, with a sound balance sheet." "Meanwhile, we continue to invest and make solid progress in our long-term efforts to develop new applications for our low-cost, high-performance carbon fibers in other fields - with automotive leading the list. We are working closely with auto companies, their top-tier suppliers, and composite equipment companies in dozens of trials and demonstration projects." Zoltek will host a conference call to review its third quarter results on Monday, August 12, 2013 at 10:00 am CT. The conference dial-in number is (888) 430-8705. The confirmation code is 3306087. As a reminder, there will not be a Q&A portion of the call due to the ongoing strategic alternatives evaluation process previously announced by the Company. Individuals who wish to listen to the call should dial in 5 to 10 minutes prior to the scheduled start time. This conference call will also be webcast on Zoltek's website- www.zoltek.com- under "Investor Relations." The webcast replay will be available on the website several hours after the call. For further information contact: Andrew Whipple, CFO 3101 McKelvey Road St. Louis, MO 63044 (314) 291-5110 This press release contains certain statements that constitute "forward-looking statements" within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. The words "expect," "believe," "goal," "plan," "intend," "estimate," and similar expressions and variations thereof are intended to specifically identify forward-looking statements. Those statements include statements regarding the intent, belief or current expectations of us, our directors and officers with respect to, among other things: (1) our financial prospects; (2) our growth strategy and operating strategy, including our focus on facilitating acceleration of the introduction and development of mass market applications for carbon fibers; and (3) our current and expected future revenue. This press release also contains statements that are based on the current expectations of our company. You are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks and uncertainties, and that actual results may differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements as a result of various factors. The factors that might cause such differences include, among others, our ability to: (1) successfully adapt to recessionary conditions in the global economy and substantial volatility in order rates from our wind energy customers, including our principal customer Vestas Wind Systems; (2) penetrate existing, identified and emerging markets, including entering into new supply agreements with large volume customers; (3) continue to improve efficiency at our manufacturing facilities on a timely and cost-effective basis; (4) successfully add new planned capacity for the production of carbon fiber, prepregs and precursor raw materials and meet our obligations under long-term supply agreements; (5) operate profitably; (6) increase or maintain our borrowing at acceptable costs; (7) manage changes in customers' forecasted requirements for our products; (8) continue investing in application and market development for a range of applications; (9) manufacture low-cost carbon fibers and profitably market them despite fluctuations in raw material and energy costs; (10) successfully operate our Mexican facility to produce acrylic fiber precursor and carbon fibers; (11) successfully continue operations at our Hungarian facility if natural gas supply disruptions occur; (12) successfully prosecute patent litigation; (13) successfully facilitate adoption of our carbon fibers by the auto industry for use in high-volume applications; (14) establish and grow prepreg capacity; (15) speed development of low-cost carbon fiber sheet molding compounds for the automotive industry pursuant to our global collaborative partnership with Magna Exteriors and Interiors; (16) resolve possible disputes with a group of shareholders that filed a Schedule 13D reporting beneficial ownership of an aggregate of approximately 10.1% of our outstanding common stock, including the group's request for a special shareholders meeting to remove the current Board of Directors and elect new directors; (17) successfully pursue the announced process for exploring strategic alternatives to maximize shareholder value; and (18) manage the risks identified under "Risk Factors" in our filings with the SEC. Because forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified, you should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. The events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements may not be achieved or occur and actual results could differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Q3-2013 Summary Financials ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This announcement is distributed by Thomson Reuters on behalf of Thomson Reuters clients. The owner of this announcement warrants that: (i) the releases contained herein are protected by copyright and other applicable laws; and (ii) they are solely responsible for the content, accuracy and originality of the information contained therein. Source: Zoltek Companies, Inc. via Thomson Reuters ONE HUG#1722331
Zoltek Companies, Inc. : Zoltek Reports Third Quarter Results
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Posts by Neale Donald Walsch About
Struggle ends when gratitude begins by Neale Donald Walsch
Make a life by Neale Donald Walsch
Forget about the past by Neale Donald Walsch
Glorify who you are today by Neale Donald Walsch
Everything is falling together perfectly by Neale Donald Walsch
Move into gratitude by Neale Donald Walsch
All change is change for the better by Neale Donald Walsch
You cannot help another who will not help himself by Neale Donald Walsch
The purpose of relationship by Neale Donald Walsch
Nothing happens in life by accident by Neale Donald Walsch
The past is the past by Neale Donald Walsch
All things lead to your highest good by Neale Donald Walsch
Life begins at the end of your comfort zone by Neale Donald Walsch
Having gratitude in advance by Neale Donald Walsch
Neale Donald Walschis a modern day spiritual messenger whose words continue to touch the world in profound ways. With an early interest in religion and a deeply felt connection to spirituality, Neale spent the majority of his life thriving professionally, yet searching for spiritual meaning before beginning his now famous conversation with God. His With God series of books has been translated into 37 languages, touching millions of lives and inspiring important changes in their day-to-day lives.
Neale's work has taken him from the steps of Macchu Picchu in Peru to the steps of the Shinto shrines of Japan, from Red Square in Moscow to St. Peters Square in Vatican City to Tiananmen Square in China. And everywhere he has gone-from South Africa to Norway, Croatia to The Netherlands, the streets of Zurich to the streets of Seoul, Neale has found a hunger among the people to find a new way to live, at last, in peace and harmony, and he has sought to bring people a new understanding of life and of God which would allow them to experience that. (crossroadsfilm.com)
Embrace the pain of letting go by Les Brown
Look deep into nature by Albert Einstein
You choose to have drama or not by Cheryl Richardson
Your next message by Ram Dass
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Announced in this post on Google+, the new feature will be built into the core of CyanogenMod for the best possible experience, as well as being available via the Play Store for non CM devices (in addition to planned cross-platform support).
"We are partnering with @Moxie from TextSecure to build this solution. He is building an iOS app [and] also going to be helping out on the Android side to build an Android equivalent into CM, as well as a standalone [app for the] Android Market...We hope that making this cross-platform will make this a lot easier for users to use this seamless messaging." - Koush
"By making this seamless into the framework, this will work regardless of the text messaging application you use, [on CyanogenMod] including all Third party apps". - Cyanogen
I look forward to seeing this in future builds!
Click here to view the item


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Brighton Lotus is Proud to introduce the All New Lotus Evora 400! Available Now for Pre-order. The Lotus Evora 400 is the fastest Lotus road... More
New 2014 Lotus Evora S in Chrome Orange with Suede Tex interior. Brighton Motorsports is Arizona's Lotus headquarters! This Evora S is equipped as... More
Fantastic model year end savings on all remaining new 2014 Evoras. Only 3 still available. For details, call Derek at (864)255-3593.... More
--Autumn Bronze with Cognac Brown leather interior and Charcoal carpeting, IPS (Intelligent Precision Shift) Transmission, 1,100 miles from new, My personal demo used sparingly,... More


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Town Square
Jump Start The College Application
Original post made by Doing College, another community, on Jul 15, 2013
The 2013-14 Common Application is set to launch on August 1st, 2013. The application and the member colleges' admission requirements will be released on line. A student who wants a head start in the summer can fill in all of the data on The Common Application as soon as it goes on line, as well as select and write the main essay. The application prompts (questions) were revised this for this cycle and students must select and write an essay based on one of the following five options:
1. Some students have a background or story that is so central to their identity that they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story.
2. Recount an incident or time when you experienced failure. How did it affect you, and what lessons did you learn?
3. Reflect on a time when you challenged a belief or idea. What prompted you to act? Would you make the same decision again?
4. Describe a place or environment where you are perfectly content. What do you do or experience there and why is it meaningful to you?
5. Discuss an accomplishment or event, formal or informal that marked your transition from childhood to adulthood within your culture, community, or family.
The word limit for the essay is 650 words and the limit will be strictly enforced.
Although The Common Application streamlines the process of applying to colleges in many ways, it is important to keep in mind that most colleges require supplemental information. These supplements are institution-specific and take the form of short answer questions and/or one or more additional essays. Supplements are typically not optional and your application is considered incomplete without them.
Elizabeth LaScala Ph.D. guides college, transfer and graduate school applicants through the complex world of admissions. She develops best match college lists, offers personalized interview and essay coaching, and tools and strategies to help students tackle each step of the admissions process with confidence and success. Elizabeth helps students from all backgrounds to maximize merit and financial aid awards. Visit www.doingcollege.com; Call (925) 891-4491 or email at firstname.lastname@example.com
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The Kentucky Gubernatorial Derby
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I find your reply plain rude!
Also quite obnoxious and crude.
Consider how you would answer the same questions if asked about someone you really love, such as your child. See the difference?
Love is patient, love is kind. It is not jealous, [love] is not pompous, it is not inflated, it is not rude, it does not seek its own interests, it is not quick-tempered, it does not brood over injuryit does not rejoice over wrongdoing but rejoices with the truth. It bears all things, believes all things, hopes all things, endures all things. Love never fails. If there are prophecies, they will be brought to nothing; if tongues, they will cease; if knowledge, it will be brought to nothing. For we know partially and we prophesy partially, but when the perfect comes, the partial will pass away. (1 Cor 13:4-10)
Yikes, that love stuff is hard.
Love is all about sacrifice. It also brings joy beyond measure. (That whole crucifixion/resurrection thing.) I have said before: my best 'love teachers' are my kids.
As Rachel has pointed out, folks are just expressing their opinions and it is probably best not to take things personally.
On that note:
The difference between a child one loves that does something socially unacceptable and an adult one loves who does something socially unacceptable is that the adult should know better. It is not a sign of genuine love versus a false infatuation. And for the record, I believe that there is a very real difference between infatuation and true romantic love. There is great wisdom in Catholic teachings, and an adult gentleman and an adult lady who approach a Catholic courtship in a way that honours each other and honours God is a beautiful thing to witness.


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Desjardins outduels Pickard for 1-0 win
(CP) -- Calvin Pickard frustrated the Hamilton Bulldogs for more than 56 minutes on Tuesday night, but Steve Quailer finally found a way through. (more...)
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Fire Burns Forever guitar pro by Hammerfall, added: July 31st, 2006
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WARNING: You are trying to view content from Ultimate-Guitar.com in an unauthorized application, which is prohibited. Please use an official Ultimate Guitar Tabs application for iPhone, iPad or Android to access legitimate chords, guitar, bass, and drum tabs from Ultimate-Guitar.com database. Type "ultimate guitar tabs" in Apple App Store's or Android Market's search to find the application.
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and tempo control by starting your free 3-day trial!
Very very good tab, rockin' !
Very nice tab, but the solo isn't accurate, I think, it may sound right, but I think its impossible to play it like that, that fast.. And if you see live version on Youtube you'll find that he starts on the low frets(closest to the guitar-head). Would love to be able to play that solo, but I cant transcribe:\, YET..;)


text:
J and I have lived in our house for seven years. And not once has a window cleaner been and cleaned our windows. Just look at the state of the gutter and fascias too. Or is that the soffit…?
How utterly shameful is that?
There was a reason though. With the single storey extension on the back of the house, a man with a ladder couldn't clean the upstairs windows. And I didn't want to pay a window cleaner and still end up with some dirty windows. Nowadays though, whether it's to do with health and safety, or just being able to work as a one-man outfit, many window cleaners are going ladderless!
So last Saturday, in the pouring rain, a nice man with a long pole and a hosey, brushy contraption made everything better. And he will be coming every two months to keep it nice. Hurrah!
It's quite hard to take these outdoor close-ups of an upstairs window by the way ;-)


text:
Fluidic systems, including microfluidic systems, are used to manipulate light by light-fluid interaction so as to affect reflection, refraction, absorption, optical filtering, or scattering of the beam. One or more fluids may be provided to a channel or chamber and exposed to an incident beam, and the proportion of at least one of a plurality of fluids may be varied. Light may interact with a discrete fluid plug subject to movement within a channel. One or more flexible members may be employed, such as to provide a variable lens. Fluidic optical devices may be used in applications including optical switching, optical filtering, or optical processing. Multiplexed fluidic optical systems are further provided.
1. A microfluidic optical system comprising:
a light source;
a light receiver;
a microfluidic device for altering, by light-fluid interaction, the nature of a light beam emitted by the light source, the device having a window that is substantially transmissive of a desired light spectrum and containing a plurality of fluids behind the window, the window being disposed in an optical path between the light source and the light receiver to permit light-fluid interaction;
means for repeatedly manipulating the proportion of at least one of the plurality of fluids optically disposed between the light source and light receiver, wherein the manipulation affects reflection, refraction, absorption, optical filtering, or scattering of the light beam by at least one of the plurality of fluids; and
a mixer for substantially mixing at least two of the plurality of fluids, wherein the light beam interacts with the resulting mixture.
2. A microfluidic optical system comprising:
a light source;
a light receiver;
a microfluidic device for altering, by light-fluid interaction, the nature of a light beam emitted by the light source, the device having a window that is substantially transmissive of a desired light spectrum and containing a plurality of fluids behind the window, the window being disposed in an optical path between the light source and the light receiver to permit light-fluid interaction; and
means for repeatedly manipulating the proportion of at least one of the plurality of fluids optically disposed between the light source and light receiver, wherein the manipulation affects reflection, refraction, absorption, optical filtering, or scattering of the light beam by at least one of the plurality of fluids;
wherein the plurality of fluids includes a first fluid and a second fluid, the fluids being substantially immiscible and defining a discrete plug of the first fluid, and
wherein the manipulation means includes a deformable flexible member in fluid communication with the first fluid plug.
3. The system of
4. The system of
5. The system of
6. A variable optical filter including the optical system of
7. An optical switching device including the optical system of
8. A method for performing optical switching, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a first light source and a first light receiver;
providing an enclosed microfluidic channel containing a first fluid and a second fluid, the fluids being substantially immiscible and defining a discrete plug of the first fluid; and
manipulating the first fluid plug to selectively enable light emitted from the first light source to be received by the first light receiver;
wherein manipulation of the first fluid plug is performed by deforming a flexible member in fluid communication with the microfluidic channel.
9. A method for performing optical switching, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a first light source and a first light receiver;
providing an enclosed microfluidic channel containing a first fluid and a second fluid, the fluids being substantially immiscible and defining a discrete plug of the first fluid;
providing a plurality of electrodes in electrical communication with at least one of the first fluid and the second fluid; and
supplying an electric potential to at least one electrode of the plurality of electrodes to induce an electrokinetic or electrophoretic pressure gradient within the microfluidic channel to manipulate the first fluid plug to selectively enable light emitted from the first light source to be received by the first light receiver.
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. A method for performing optical switching, the method comprising the steps of:
providing a light source and a light receiver;
providing an enclosed microfluidic channel containing a fluid;
providing a deformable member in fluid communication with the channel, and
deforming the deformable member to displace at least a portion of the fluid contained in the microfluidic channel to selectively enable light emitted from the light source to be received by the light receiver;
wherein the fluid is substantially absorptive of at least a portion of the spectrum to be emitted from the light source, and the deformable member is substantially reflective of at least a portion of the spectrum to be emitted from the light source.
13. The method of
14. An optical switching device utilizing the method of
15. A method for altering the nature of a light beam, the method comprising the steps of:
providing an enclosed microfluidic device having a chamber bounded by a deformable flexible membrane, the chamber containing fluid;
supplying a light beam to the microfluidic device in the direction of the flexible membrane; and
manipulating the pressure within the chamber, thereby deforming the flexible membrane and changing the amount of fluid present in the chamber;
wherein the flexible membrane is substantially reflective of a desired light spectrum and at least a portion of the light beam interacts with the membrane.
16. The system of
17. The system of
18. The system of
19. The system of
20. The system of
21. The system of
22. The system of
23. The system of
24. The system of
25. The system of
26. The system of
27. The system of
28. The system of
29. The system of
30. An optical processing system comprising:
an input light source;
an input coupler for receiving light from the input light source;
an output coupler for providing light to an output device;
a microfluidic optical device for manipulating light, the microfluidic optical device comprising a plurality of substantially planar device layers including a stencil layer having a microfluidic channel defined through the entire thickness of the stencil layer, the microfluidic optical device further being optically coupled between the input coupler and the output coupler;
an output device for receiving a beam from the output coupler;
a controller;
a power supply; and
a sensor, wherein the controller receives a feedback signal from the sensor.
31. An optical switching device including the optical system of
32. The system of
33. The system of
34. The system of
35. The system of
36. The system of
This application claims benefit of U.S. Application Ser. No. 60/226,174, filed on Aug. 15, 2000.
This invention relates to the use of fluidic systems, including microfluidic systems, to manipulate light.
Fiber optic systems are now in common use for transmitting optical communication signals (i.e., optical signals modulated to encode desired information). Optical communication signals are transmitted across a network using optical fibers that support substantial transmission capacity with compact fiber bundles. Given the ever-increasing demands for improved signal quality and bandwidth, it is anticipated that the use of fiber optic communications will continue to increase for years to come.
In addition to bandwidth density advantages, a further reason why fiber optic networks have attracted attention in recent years relates to potential switching advantages. Conventional electronic switching components create bottlenecks in network communication, particularly when switching high bandwidth signals. Because the communication signals in fiber optic networks are optical rather than electrical in nature, bottlenecks caused by conventional electronic switching components potentially may be eliminated. A variety of optical switching technologies are reputed to be under development, including MEMS micromirror array switches and 'bubble' or 'droplet' switches utilizing inkjet dispensing technology. Questions remain, however, about fabrication difficulties and/or robustness of these devices, and commercial embodiments of these technologies have yet become widely available. There remains a commercial need for robust optical switching devices that may be readily manufactured.
There also exist needs for active optical devices in other fields not necessarily directed to optical switching. For example, in research environments it is often desirable to provide electromagnetic radiation to a test sample, then vary a characteristic of that radiation (such as, for example, intensity or spectrum), and finally detect or measure some interaction with the sample as a function of the supplied radiation. Collimated, polarized, monochromatic, and/or laser light is often desirable in such environments. Conventional methods of varying radiation characteristics from a fixed source include placement of filter elements between the source and a sample. To facilitate rapid changing of elements, filter "wheels" having multiple elements may be provided in the path of the incident beam. However, such methods involving discrete filter elements are digital in nature, thus limiting their ability to vary filtering utility in very small increments. As a result, there exists a need for dynamic optical devices that may be continuously varied.
The present invention provides, inter alia, novel devices and methods that can be used for switching communication signals in fiber optic networks, for dynamic optical devices, and for other applications that require manipulation of light waves.
This invention relates to the use of fluidic systems, including microfluidic systems, to manipulate light by light-fluid interaction. Fluidic optical manipulation may be used to achieve various effects.
In one aspect of the invention, a fluidic optical system includes a light source, a light receiver, a microfluidic device containing a plurality of fluids behind a substantially transmissive window for altering a light beam by light-fluid interaction, and manipulation means for varying the proportion of at least one of the fluids optically disposed between the light source and light receiver. The fluidic optical system may be a microfluidic system. Interaction between the light and one or more fluids within the fluidic device may affect reflection, refraction, absorption, optical filtering, or scattering of the light beam.
In a separate aspect of the invention, an optical processing system includes an input light source and input coupler, an output coupler for providing light to an output device, and a fluidic optical device coupled between the input coupler and the output coupler. The fluidic device is used to manipulate light provided to the processing system. The fluidic system may be a microfluidic system.
In a further separate aspect of the invention, a method for performing optical switching includes the steps of: providing a light source, a light receiver, and a microfluidic channel containing a discrete plug of fluid, and manipulating the fluid plug to selectively enable light emitted from the light source to be received by the receiver. Various ways of manipulating the fluid plug may be employed.
In another separate aspect of the invention, a method for performing optical switching includes the steps of: providing a light source, a light receiver, a fluid-containing microfluidic channel having a deformable member in fluid communication with the channel, and deforming the deformable member to displace fluid within the channel so as to selectively enable light emitted from the light source to the received by the receiver.
In another separate aspect of the invention, a light beam may be altered by providing a fluidic device having a fluid-containing chamber with a flexible membrane, supplying a light beam to the device in the direction of the flexible membrane, and manipulating the pressure within the chamber to after the geometry of the fluid and/or membrane in the path of the beam. The chamber may be a microfluidic chamber.
In a further separate aspect of the invention, a method for performing optical switching includes the steps of: providing a first fluidic optical device disposed in a first device layer and a second fluidic optical device disposed in a second device layer, supplying a light beam to the first microfluidic optical device, and manipulating the first device to selectively transmit at least a portion of the light beam to the second microfluidic device.
In a further aspect of the invention, one or more of the foregoing aspects may be combined to provide additional advantage. The foregoing and additional aspects of the invention are described herein.
The term "channel" as used herein is to be interpreted in a broad sense. Thus, it is not intended to be restricted to elongated configurations where the transverse or longitudinal dimension greatly exceeds the diameter or cross-sectional dimension. Rather, such terms are meant to comprise cavities or tunnels of any desired shape or configuration through which liquids may be directed. Such a fluid cavity may, for example, comprise a flow-through cell where fluid is to be continually passed or, alternatively, a chamber for holding a specified, discrete amount of fluid for a specified amount of time. "Channels" may be filled or may contain internal structures comprising valves or equivalent components.
The term "microfluidic" as used herein is to be understood, without any restriction thereto, to refer to structures or devices through which fluid(s) are capable of being passed or directed, wherein one or more of the dimensions is less than 500 microns. The construction of microfluidic devices is described in co-pending applications, U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 09/550,184 and 09/453,029, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Construction of microfluidic devices is also described in two WIPO PCT patent applications, application nos. PCT/US00/27366 and PCT/US00/27313, which were published on Apr. 12, 2001.
The term "fluidic" as used herein is to be understood, without any restriction thereto, to refer to any type of device that is built to control and manipulate any type of fluid. Additionally, these devices can be constructed using channels, chambers, valves, and other fluidic components that behave as do most macroscopic systems, or the devices can be constructed in a way so that they are considered microfluidic devices. Many of the examples in this patent were constructed by the inventors using microfluidic devices.
The term "fluid" as used herein is to be understood, without any restriction thereto, to refer to any type of fluid that may be used, including but not limited to gases, liquids, gels, or plasmas. Additionally, the fluid may be a pure materials or a mixture of fluids. Additionally, molecules, particles, colloids or other types of material may be suspended or solvated within the fluid.
The term "light" as used herein is not intended to refer solely to visible light, but rather should be understood to refer broadly to electromagnetic radiation of all spectra subject to being affected by optical manipulation, unless specifically limited herein to a particular spectral band such as "infrared light" or "visible light".
The term "optically disposed" as used herein refers to placement in an optical path, such as between two points or elements (such as a light source and light receiver). An optical path between two elements may or may not coincide with a physical path. For example, a reflector may be optically disposed but not also physically disposed between a light source and light receiver.
The term "optically coupled" as used herein means connected, whether directly or indirectly, for purposes of transmitting a light beam. A first and a second element may be optically coupled if a beam may be provided from the first element to the second element, whether or an intermediate component manipulates the beam between the first and second elements.
This invention describes fluidic devices that are capable of manipulating light. Incoming light may include various types of light, including but not limited to visible light, ultraviolet light, infrared light, far-IR light, and other frequencies of the electromagnetic spectrum. The light can be coherent or non-coherent, monochromatic or non-monochromatic, or collimated or diffuse. The source of such light can be a laser, a lamp, or other types of light sources.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a network of fluidic channels is constructed so that the channels within the device can affect light that enters the device. In certain embodiments, the light is affected by the fluid that is passing through the device. In other embodiments, the fluid passing through the device has an indirect effect on the light. In another embodiment, the light is directly or indirectly affected by a stationary fluid. In certain embodiments, one or more fluids can be gases, liquids, gels, or suspensions. Liquid crystals may also be used.
Fluidic devices according to the present invention can manipulate light in many ways and can have various effects upon the light. In certain embodiments, a fluidic device attenuates the light. In certain embodiments, a fluidic device filters the light. This filtering may include frequency filtering or phase filtering. In certain embodiments, a fluidic device changes the position of the light or alters the light path. This light positioning can be accomplished by reflecting the light, refracting the light, or other ways. The positional movement can have different effects on different frequencies of the incoming light. In certain embodiments, the fluidic device may superimpose more than one light beam and cause them to interact. This interaction can be additive or subtractive, and may cause constructive or destructive interference. This interference can affect the light from one source or from multiple sources. The interaction can cause harmonic generations of the light and sub-harmonics. In certain embodiments, the fluidic device splits the light into multiple beams. In certain embodiments, the fluidic device focuses the light or is used as a diffuser. In certain embodiments, the fluidic device diffracts the light. In certain embodiments, the fluidic device may be used as a polarizer or de-polarizer.
In certain embodiments, the fluidic device is used to collimate the light. In such an embodiment, multiple devices can be used in series and/or parallel to collimate the light. In an alternative embodiment, the interior of the channels themselves can be used as light conduits. In certain embodiments, the light within the channels may undergo total internal reflection, such as occurs in optical fibers. The material from which the fluidic device is constructed can be tailored to enhance internal reflection for particular frequencies. Additionally, the surface of the channels can be coated or altered to enhance this effect.
The effects the devices have upon the light can be static and unchanging, or the effect can change depending on the condition of the fluidic device. In certain embodiments, it is desirable to permit the effect an optical component has on light to change over time, either automatically or whenever a user desires certain changes. Many traditional optical components such as lenses and filter are static and provide no ability to change. Certain embodiments of the fluidic systems described herein rely on the nature of the fluid within the fluid channel or chamber, and further upon the pressure within the channels and chambers, to control the optical manipulation. These fluids and pressures may be altered actively to render the optical device a dynamic device rather than traditional optical components, which are static. However, devices according to the present invention can also be used statically. Sensing and feedback may be provided to facilitate control. Examples of dynamic feedback include the injection of "plugs" of fluid of various sizes to control the duration and/or effect of the optical alteration. In other embodiments, a fluid front is moved in different directions to after the effect over time. In certain embodiments, more than one fluid injected into a device to provide additive or subtractive effects. Flow rates and pressures of one or more fluids of the multiple fluids can be manipulated to after the optical effect on incident light.
Since the systems described can be actively controlled, feedback systems can be added. The optical devices described here can be intelligent and change their internal properties depending on the conditions of the inputted light and outputted light. The device can also change its fluidic properties when other conditions change, such as fluidic conditions, temperature, electrical feedback, mechanical feedback, or other types of feedback.
A basic embodiment is shown in
In a preferred embodiment, light enters into a fluidic device and passes through one or more sections of one or more fluidic channels. One or more fluids can be added to the channels to affect the light. The fluid may have various effects on the light.
In certain embodiments, the indices of refraction of fluids used can be different than the index of refraction of the surrounding medium. In this manner, the path of a light beam or beams can be altered by altering the fluid within the device at region where the light strikes the fluid. Different fluids may have different refractive indices and thus altering the fluid within a single fluidic channel can affect a light beam in a variety of ways.
In certain embodiments, the distance through which light travels within a fluidic device can be altered. The deflection of a light beam passing through a medium is related to both the refractive index and the distance of travel. Thus, by altering the travel distance, even more control may be added.
Referring to
In another preferred embodiment, a fluidic device can be used as a filter. Fluids can be added to a channel placed in the path of a light beam to either absorb certain frequencies or reflect certain frequencies of light. This effect can be provided by the fluid itself, or by molecules added to the fluid. Alternatively, colloids or particles can be suspended in the fluid to provide a desired effect. Further alternatively, molecules that absorb and/or emit light can be used. Alternatively, fluorescent, chemiluminescent, or electro-chemiluminescent molecules or particles may be used.
In another preferred embodiment, a fluidic device is used as an attenuator. In this embodiment, a fluid absorbs part of the energy of light passing through the device. Alternatively, the fluid can contain particles, molecules, colloids or other materials that perform the attenuation. In certain embodiments, a fluidic device acts as a shutter that may completely shut off the light.
In a preferred embodiment, two fluids can be co-located within a given region of a fluidic device such that the fluids have an additive or subtractive effect on light. Referring to
In another embodiment of this invention, a fluidic system can rapidly change its effect on incident light. A system can be provided to rapidly change fluid flow rates and rapidly change the effect of fluids on the light. In one particular embodiment, two immiscible fluids can be used. As one example, oil could be used as fluid 120 and water as fluid 121. In this embodiment, the fluids are injected into the system and do not mix through any portion of the outlet channels. A light beam can enter into the region 111, be deflected a certain amount by the oil layer, then be deflected another different amount by the water. If the flow rate of the oil and water are changed relative to one another, the distance by which the beam will pass through the oil will change, the light will be deflected a different amount, and the beam will be deflected a different amount.
In another embodiment, active optical filters can be constructed using the above fluidic mixer device. Two different fluids can be used that have different absorption effects on the light. For instance, one fluid may absorb red light and the other may absorb green light. The relative thicknesses of the fluid layers affect the band of light absorbed by the active optical filtering device.
In another preferred embodiment, the light interacts with the interfacial junction of two different fluids. In a preferred embodiment, a simple channel is constructed and a plug of fluid enters the channel. Alternatively, a series of plugs can be used to produce a repeatable effect. The light passes through a fluidic optical device, and when the light strikes the edge of a plug, the light is altered. In a preferred embodiment, a reflective metal such as mercury or silver can be used within a fluidic optical device. Light is directed to an area within the device where it contacts the reflective fluid. When the reflective fluid front is in the path of the light, the light is reflected to a new position. As the reflective fluid is moved, the light may be reflected to a different position. The reflective fluid plug can be moved by positive or negative pressure to alter the reflection. In this manner, a number of different light effects can be caused by a single plug.
In another preferred embodiment, the geometry of the fluidic device and/or fluid contained within may be manipulated to have an effect on incident light. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a fluidic device is constructed from a material that can alter its shape, thus varying the effect on the light. Referring to
An advantage of using fluidic systems according to the present invention is that on a given platform, the optical components can be multiplexed and/or be additive in a relatively small area. An incident beam may be affected by a plurality of fluidic optical elements in a single device or multiple interrelated devices.
In a preferred embodiment, a three-dimensional fluidic system for the manipulation of light may be constructed. In this embodiment, optical components may be positioned in relation to one another to create a multiplexed system. Referring to
A second layer 143 of the system 140 has three fluidic light deflectors 144, 145, 146 in that are preferably all the same. Each of the deflectors 144, 145, 146 can be individually or collectively controlled. In operation, a light beam enters the first layer 141 of the system 140 at the deflector 142. Depending on the condition of each of the deflectors 142, 144, 145, 146, the beam may be deflected to a variety of positions and directions. For example,
In another embodiment of the invention, a fluidic optical variable refraction device may be constructed. Referring to
Multiple fluidic channels may be provided in a fluidic optical variable refraction device to provide further function. Referring to
In certain embodiments of the invention, optical components utilize disposable chips that may be replaced after use. In other embodiments, fluids used to alter light may be recycled back through the fluidic channels for re-use. In other embodiments, fluids within the fluidic optical devices can be stored in reservoirs (within the devices or off-board) and pumped out to the optical components when needed. In other embodiments, the fluids can be stored in off-board containers and supplied when needed to fluid interaction regions in the devices.
In certain embodiments, one or more interior surfaces of the fluidic devices are coated to enhance the optical properties.
In a preferred embodiment, a fiber-optic switching device may be constructed according to the present invention. In this embodiment, multiple fibers are used as the inlets of a fiber optic switching system. These fibers can carry one signal or many signals. Multiple fibers also serve as outlet fibers. A fluidic optical device is placed between the inlet fibers and outlet fibers. One or more embodiments described herein may be used to direct the optical signals from certain inlet fibers (light sources) to certain outlet fibers (light receivers). The direction of these signals can be altered as described herein. In this manner, a complete optical switching system can be constructed.
Fluidic optical devices according to the present invention may be fabricated in various ways using a wide variety of materials. Preferably, fluidic optical devices are fabricated in multiple layers, at least one layer being a cover layer for sealing fluidic channels and/or chambers within the device. In a preferred embodiment, a fluidic optical device is fabricated from materials such as glass, silicon, silicon nitride, or similar materials. For example, glass materials or the like glass materials or the like can be used where it is desirable for the material to pass visible wavelengths, and quartz materials can be used where it is desirable to pass infrared light. Additionally, silicon materials may be used to reflect or absorb light. Various conventional machining or micromachining techniques such as those known in the semiconductor industry may be used to fashion channels and chambers in these materials, including wet or dry etching and laser ablation. Channels, chambers, and/or apertures may be made into one or more surfaces of a material or penetrate through the material. Various layers of these devices may be attached by techniques including adhesive, thermal, chemical, or light-activated bonding; mechanical attachment (such as using clamps or screws to apply pressure to the layers); or other equivalent coupling methods. These techniques, whether or not coupled with conventional fabrication techniques, may be used to fabricate either macrofluidic or microfluidic optical devices. Polymeric, metallic, and/or composite materials may also be used in fabricating devices according to the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment, fluidic optical devices are constructed using stencil layers to define channels and/or chambers. A stencil layer is substantially planar and has a channel or chamber cut through the layer. When assembled in a fluidic device, the top and bottom surfaces of stencil layers may mate with one or more adjacent stencil or substrate layers to form a closed device. In one embodiment, one or more layers of a device are comprised of single- or double-sided adhesive tape. A portion of the tape (of the desired shape and dimensions) can be cut and removed to form channels, chambers, and/or apertures. A tape stencil can then be placed on a supporting substrate, between layers of tape, or between layers of other materials. In one embodiment, stencil layers can be stacked on each other. In this embodiment, the thickness or height of the channels can be varied by varying the thickness of the stencil (e.g. the tape carrier and the adhesive material thereon) or by using multiple substantially identical stencil layers stacked on top of one another. Various types of tape are useful with this embodiment. Suitable tape carrier materials include but are not limited to polyesters, polycarbonates, polytetrafluoroethlyenes, polypropylenes, polyimides. Such tapes may have various methods of curing, including curing by pressure, temperature, or chemical or optical interaction. The thicknesses of these carrier materials may be varied.
In one embodiment, a variable fluidic optical filter utilizing a plurality of fluids may be constructed. Referring to
The light source 202 may provide practically any band of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, infrared, UV light, or others. Additionally, the incident light may also be focused, collimated, polarized, or monochromatic, such as laser light. Appropriate filters or optical components may be used to provide such characteristics where desired by the user. The detector XX may include a charge-coupled device (CCD), a photo multiplier tube (PMT), or other detecting elements known in the art. The fluid-optical device 191 is illustrated as being composed of five discrete layers, although greater or fewer layers may be provided depending on the particular method of construction. In the illustrated system, wherein the light source 202 and light detector 207 are disposed on opposite sides of the device 191, at least a portion of all layers of the device 191 should be substantially optically transmissive of a particular wavelength band of interest to the user. For instance, if it is desirable to provide visible light to the device 191, then the device layers may be composed of materials such as glass, quartz, polycarbonate, or other clear polymeric materials. As would be recognized by one skilled in the art, other materials could be used to transmit the visible spectrum or other band where desired. Materials may be chosen to optimize the interaction with the frequency of light chosen. Additionally, devices according to the present invention may be composed of multiple materials. For instance, a device may include one layer fabricated from silicon, and an other layer made from glass. The inlet ports 196, 197 along a surface of the device 191 are in fluid communication internal channels leading to the mixing or overlap region 198. One function of the mixing or overlap region is to ensure a relatively uniform distribution of fluid across the height and width of the channel 199 behind the window region 200 where light interacts with the fluids in the device 191. Notably, the device 191 may be either a microfluidic device or a conventional fluidic (macrofluidic) device
The presence of multiple fluidic valves 194, 195 each associated with a fluid reservoir (e.g., reservoir 192 or 193) permits the proportion of each fluid supplied to the device 191 to be varied. For example, the first fluid may be a pure fluid (or solvent) and the second fluid may include a dissolved light-absorbing dye. As a particular experiment is initiated, fluid flowing to the device 191 may be exclusively solvent, such as water. Over time, the second valve 195 may be progressively opened (whether or not coupled with progressive closure of the first valve 194) to admit a greater percentage of dye to the device 191, thus supplying a solvent/dye mixture of varying concentration to serve as a progressively variable active optical filter. Notably, one or more outlet valves (not shown) may be provided downstream of the window region 200 and closed so as to capture and hold fluid present behind the window 200 for a desired length of time. Thus, the variable active optical filtering device 191 of the present embodiment may provide either a continuous flow of fluid behind the window 200 or a motionless fluid sample behind the window 200. In either operational mode, the proportion of fluids subject to interaction with incident light may be varied.
Effects of operating a system according to
In other embodiments, more than two fluids may be supplied to the device in varying proportions. That is, three or more fluid reservoirs each having an outlet valve may be provided, with a fluidic optical device fabricated to accept three or more fluids and supplying a mixture or layered combination of those fluids to a window region for interaction with incident light.
In a further embodiment, a fluidic device capable of polarizing light to a varying degree may be provided. With respect to light radiation, polarization may be defined as the restriction of the vibrations of the magnetic or electric field vector to a single plane. In a beam of electromagnetic radiation, the polarization direction is the direction of the electric field vector, without distinction between positive and negative as the field oscillates back and forth. The polarization vector is always in the plane at right angles to the beam direction. Near some given stationary point in space the polarization direction in the beam can vary at random (an unpolarized beam), can remain constant (plane-polarized beam), or can have two coherent plane-polarized elements whose polarization directions yield a right angle. In the latter case, depending on the amplitude of the two waves and their relative phase, the combined electric vector traces out an ellipse and the wave is said to be elliptically polarized. Elliptical and plane polarizations can be converted into one another by means of birefringent optical systems.
A common method of polarizing light is by using a polarizing filter or lens. A well-known but less commonly used method of polarizing light involves transmitting light through a medium having a first index of refraction (n1), and into a medium having a second index of refraction (n2) at an angle of incidence equal to "Brewster's angle" ("θB"). The light transmitted through the second medium is partially polarized, while the light reflected off the interface is completely polarized in a direction perpendicular to the plane of incidence. The interface between two media having different indices of refraction n1 and n2 is provided in FIG. 9A. Notably, the two media need not both be solids or gases; they may also be fluids. In the present embodiment, the first medium (having refractive index n1) is preferably a solid, substantially transmissive material, and the second medium (having refractive index n2) is preferably a fluid mixture. Referring to
A fluidic optical device may take advantage of the above-stated principles by receiving multiple fluids having different indices of refraction (yielding a composite refractive index n2 for the fluid mixture) behind an optically transmissive window having a fixed refractive index (n1), and by positioning a light source relative to the fluidic optical device at a fixed angle approximately equal to Brewster's angle (θB). With n1 and θB fixed, the degree of polarization of the reflected light may be controlled by varying n2. Referring to
In further embodiments of the invention, devices for performing optical switching are provided. For example,
The fifth and sixth layers 235, 236 provide a rigid structure for supporting and spacing an actuator 237 an operative distance from the flexible fourth layer 234. The actuator 237 serves to deform the flexible fourth layer 234 upward, thereby displacing fluid contained within the chamber 240. The chamber 240 is preferably in fluid communication with a variable-volume region (such as shown in FIGS. 12A-12B), such as a chamber defined by at least one flexible member, to act as a spring to as to cause fluid to return to the chamber 240 when the actuator 237 is returned to a retracted position. Such a variable-volume region may be located along an external surface of the device 230 to permit volumetric expansion. Preferably, the upper surface 238 of the actuator 237 may deform the flexible fourth layer 234 into the chamber 240 until a central portion of the fourth layer 234 physically contacts the inner surface of the first layer 231. Several different types of actuation means may be employed, including, for example, piezoelectric, pneumatic, magnetic, thermoelastic, and other mechanical actuators. Linear or rotary (screw-type) actuators may be used. The actuator 237 may be fully or only partially contained within the device 230. In certain embodiments, the actuator forms part of the fluid network and is sealed within the device. In other embodiments, the actuator is outside of the sealed portion of the device but is in contact with a portion of said device. The actuator moves and in turn moves a portion of said microfluidic device causing an alteration of the fluid inside of the device. In certain embodiments, the actuator movement causes a pressure change within the device, which affects the fluid within. In other embodiments, the actuation forces a change in the geometry of the channels or chambers and fluid within the device, which alters light-fluid interaction in the device.
While the device illustrated in
As an alternative to the embodiments illustrated in
Pressure within the central actuation chamber 269 may be manipulated with one or more actuators 270, 271 in fluid communication with the fluid contents of the actuation chamber 269 by way of fluid channels 271 and lateral actuation chambers 272, 273. Operation of an actuator 270, 271 causes it to deform a flexible member 262 into a lateral actuation chamber 272, 273, thus displacing fluid through a fluid channel 271 and ultimately displacing flexible membrane 265 at the boundary of the central actuation chamber 269. Preferably, the actuators 270, 271 are capable of deforming the flexible member 265 along the central actuation chamber 269 until a central portion of the flexible member 265 physically contacts the inner surface of the first layer 261. Several different types of actuation means may be employed, including for example piezoelectric, pneumatic, magnetic, thermoelastic, or other mechanical actuators.
Operation of the device 260 may proceed similarly to the operational modes described in connection with
Several variations to the device 260 illustrated in
Fluidic optical devices according to the present invention may be advantageously controlled with a controller. Referring to
In further embodiments directed to optical switching, one or more fluid plugs may be contained in a fluidic device and manipulated to affect fluidic interaction with a light beam. Referring to
The plug channel 331 contains a plurality of fluids that are preferably substantially immiscible. Where dimensions of the plug channel 331 are relatively small, and particularly when the plug channel 331 is of microfluidic dimensions, the immiscible liquids will define at least one discrete fluid plug. Notably, however, miscible liquids may be operatively used in certain microfluidic embodiments. In the embodiment shown in
In operation, an incident beam provided by an external source (not shown) having a fixed position may be manipulated by the device 320 to be selectively received by two different light detectors (not shown), or by no detector at all, depending on the position of fluids within the device 320. In
In an alternative embodiment to provide optical switching utility, substantially immiscible fluids with different indices of refraction may be supplied to the device 320 according to
While the preceding example utilized actuators to move fluids within a fluidic optical device, in an alternative embodiment electrokinetic or electroosmotic flow maybe induced to move fluids within such a device. In such an embodiment, electrodes placed in contact with fluid in an optical device and used to generate electric fields that induce fluids to move.
In further embodiments of the present invention, multiple fluidic channels containing fluid plugs may be superimposed to provide optical switching utility. Referring to
In operation, fluids are provided to the first channel 355 and the second channel 356 to define at least one discrete fluid plug (not shown) in each channel. Preferably, the fluids are substantially incompressible. Various combinations of optically transmissive, absorptive, and reflective fluids, along with fluids of different refractive indices, may be used, with selection of particular fluids depending on the particular light spectrum of interest to be provided to the device 350. Actuation means (such as shown in
Further embodiments of the present invention directed to optical switching utility may include more than two superimposed channels. Referring to
In operation, fluids are provided to the first, second, and third channels 378, 381, 383 to define at least one discrete fluid plug (not shown) in each channel. As before, various combinations of fluids having distinct optical transmissive, absorptive, reflective, and refractive properties may be used, with selection of particular fluids depending on the particular light spectrum of interest to be provided to the device 370. Actuation means (such as shown in
In alternative embodiments similar to that depicted in
In another embodiment, a fluidic optical element is incorporated into an optical processing system. Referring to
The particular devices, construction methods, and fluid manipulation methods illustrated and described herein are provided by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention, which should be restricted only in accordance with the appended claims and their equivalents.
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The What kind of musician are you Test
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K&N Pro Series oil filters feature several quality features including anti-drainback valves, PSI relief valves and rolled threads to prevent stripping. The heavy-duty fluted black canisters are emblazoned with both K&N and NASCAR's logos. Started in 1969, K&N has garnered a reputation for engineering the world's finest filtration products for cars, trucks, SUVs, motorcycles, race vehicles, commercial vehicles and anything in-between.
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Originally written on Fox Sports | Last updated 12/12/11
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Perinatal nicotine exposure induces asthma in second generation offspring
1 Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center at David Geffen School of Medicine, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
2 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1975 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, 90033, USA
BMC Medicine 2012, 10:129 doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-129Published: 30 October 2012
Additional files
Additional File 1:
Rat Model of Multigenerational Nicotine-induced Asthma. Rats were exposed to nicotine in utero (F0) to mimic maternal cigarette smoking. F0 offspring were then mated to generate F1 offspring, which in turn were mated to generate F2 offspring. Lungs, ovaries and testes are shown in black or white to symbolize direct or multigenerational nicotine exposure effects, respectively.
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The Yellow Sailor
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HOME MLB San Francisco Giants Gear San Francisco Giants Collectibles San Francisco Giants Collectibles Prints & Artwork (381 items) Product ID: 1837288
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This unique 13" x 16" framed collectible commemorates Tim Lincecum's second career no hitter on June 25, 2014! An 8" x 10" photo of Lincecum pitching in the final inning vs. the Padres is triple matted under glass with a 39mm minted gold flash plated Giants commemorative coin and a 39mm minted gold flash plated AT&T Stadium coin. A numbered certificate of authenticity that also lists the details of the special night is matted between both gold coins. A limited edition of 2014 and officially licensed by MLB and MLBPA. Proudly made in the USA by the Highland Mint.
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text: No recent wiki edits to this page. Dr. Light is back - and he's got the Titans on his side! Identity Crisis showed how evil Dr. Light could be, but writers Dan Abnett and Andy Lanning and fan-favorite artist Mike McKone take him to a new level in this stand-alone special issue guest-starring Steel!


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Van Hollen, Flynn react to Sebena memorial delayUPDATED 7:22 AM CDT Mar 22, 2013
Wisconsin Attorney General J.B. Van Hollen and Milwaukee Police Chief Ed Flynn react to the decision to delay whether Jen Sebena's name to a fallen officers memorial.
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CAKE - The Sweets & Party Expo
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