text:
Cherry shortbread hearts
By James Martin
Cooking timePrep: 15 mins Cook: 15 mins
Skill levelEasy
ServingsMakes 14-16, depending on cutter
James Martin's easy biscuits taste as good as they look and make an ideal Valentine's Day gift
Nutrition and extra info
Additional info
- Biscuits can be frozen before adding jam
Nutrition per serving
- kcalories
- 242
- protein
- 2g
- carbs
- 27g
- fat
- 15g
- saturates
- 8g
- fibre
- 1g
- sugar
- 14g
- salt
- 0.21g
- 100g icing sugar, plus extra for dusting
- 200g plain flour, plus extra for dusting
- 50g cornflour
- 50g ground almonds
- 250g pack cold butter, cut into cubes
- 50g glacé cherries, finely chopped
- ½ tsp almond extract
- 8 tbsp cherry jam, sieved
Compare prices
Want to see what this recipe costs at different supermarkets? Compare in one place here:
- Heat oven to 180C/160C fan/gas 4. Sift the icing sugar, flour and cornflour together into a bowl. Stir in the ground almonds and butter, then rub in the butter until smooth. Stir in the chopped glacé cherries and almond extract, and bring together to form a dough.
- Roll out on a lightly floured surface, then stamp out biscuits using a heartshaped cutter. Keep re-rolling the trimmings until all the dough is used. Carefully transfer the biscuits to baking trays lined with parchment and bake for just 8-10 mins until just pale golden.
- Using an upturned bottle top or similar, press gently into the centre of each biscuit to make a round indent. Spoon in a little jam and return to the oven for 2 mins. Remove and cool on a wire rack, before dusting with icing sugar to serve.
Recipe from Good Food magazine, February 2011
Ads by Google
Comments, questions and tips
These tasted delicious but had the same problem as others, the cookies lost their shape and spread, even after chilling the dough in the fridge for an hour. I rolled them out fairly thickly but they still don't look like hearts, still - everyone is enjoying the taste! I don't have much luck with dough but would make them again, maybe just as round shapes. Oh, and I didn't bother with the jam as my heart cutter was fairly small and didn't have space.
Didn't work out for me I'm sad to say :( I chilled the dough for 1 hr in the fridge and even tried putting the cutout cookies in the freezer before baking but they still spread and lost their shape. And took longer to bake than stated... Not sure what went wrong - maybe I rolled my dough too thin? Or didn't rub in the butter thoroughly enough in the first place... I have way more luck with cakes than cookies, so think I'll stick to them next time!! Shame cos the dough was delicious!
I made the cookies, they tasted fantastic! i spooned the dough onto a surface and rolled it into a 5cm diameter roll, covered it in plastic and placed it into the fridge. Once cool enough to work with I sliced the roll into 1-1.5cm slices and used my cookie cutter on the slices. This went quite fast and the dough didn't get a lot of time to warm up before going into the oven so the cookies were only slightly larger than the original cut-outs. I used chocolate instead of jam and my family loves it! thank you for the top-tips and amazing recipe.
This was such an easy recipie to do, and they taste delicious. I used the ingredients listed and replaced the glace cherries with chocolate chips to make small biscuits for a friend's birthday present.
The mixture was very crumbly and i needed to add a tiny splash of milk in order to get it to stick together.
The shapes i cut deformed slightly when cooked, so i definitely agree with cadveria to leave them for 1 hour in the fridge before
cooking. Also stick to larger shapes.
they are beautiful! the only thing I would point out is that when kneading the dough the butter becomes soft and warm so when you cut out the cookies they sort of melted in the oven becoming slightly thinner and misshaped and it was more difficult to put the jam in!
I think putting the dough in the fridge/freezer for an hour or so to set the butter would solve the problem :)
- ‹ previous
- 1
- 2


text:
Release Date. 06/08/13
Catalogue Number. BDDNL232
Having had music featured in the very first series of "Skins" back in 2007, when Rodney Smith aka Roots Manuva was asked to compose a track for the very last series, he jumped at the chance. With a brief that covered everything from tempo and feel to hints at lyrical content, Manuva cooked up "Stolen Youth" - a classic Roots Manuva moment built on mournful strings, heartbeat drum programming and the kind of lyrical flights that made his name, all delivered in that trademark chocolate-growl. The producers at "Skins" were so pleased with the results that they asked Segal to make a second version of the tune, to be used over the final credits.
So here, in all their glory, are the original and remix, a little taste of Manuva to keep you going until the various - at this stage top-secret - projects he's working on come to fruition over the next few months.
It's been a while, but well worth the wait. Rodney's new 12" featuring Four Tet and Machinedrum on production, Facety 2:11, is out now - Ninjashop / iTunes / Amazon / SpotifyRead More
Roots Manuva shares the flip-side to previously unleashed new single Facety 2:11 in the form of Like A Drum, produced by the mighty Machinedrum, available now via Ninjashop / iTunes / SpotifyRead More
Roots Manuva returns now with Facety, a stunning track produced by fellow UK maverick Four Tet, premiered on The FADER. Lifted off the new single, which also features Ninja Tune's Machinedrum, pre-order on 12" & digital download from Big Dada / iTunesRead More

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I beat the game and have literally over 1k hours on it ;D
So I've moved on to Naruto Shippuden Gekitou Ninja Taisen Special (and Generations) ^^ Now if you have the game well..ADD ME!!!
Oh forgot to say its a Japanese game so yep..probably don't have it cause the Japanese are greedy bastards.
Anyway enjoy the game trailer ;D


text:
Newt Gingrich to Guest Star on NBC's PARKS AND RECREATION
|Related Links
|Syfy's GEEKS WHO DRINK to Debut Next Month
June 29, 2015
|Henry Winkler, William Shatner & More Set for New NBC Travel Series BETTER LATE THAN NEVER
June 09, 2015
|Scoop: PARKS AND RECREATION on NBC - Tuesday, January 6, 2015
December 19, 2014
|Disney Channel Announces January Programming Highlights
December 19, 2014
|Related: NBC, PARKS AND RECREATION
TVGuide.com reports that former Republican presidential candidate Newt Gingrich will make his acting debut on an upcoming episode of NBC'S PARKS AND RECREATION. The comedy has previously hosted guest appearances by fellow politicians Joe Biden and John McCain.
According to the report, the series co-creator Mike Schur spotted Gingrich in a steak house in Indianapolis yesterday and approached him with the idea of a guest starring gig. "It was a completely random chance," Schur said. "But you can't pass up on an opportunity like that."
No details have been released as to who Gingrich will play or which episode he will apear in.
From Emmy Award-winning executive producers Greg Daniels (NBC's "The Office," "King of the Hill") and Michael Schur (NBC's "The Office," "Saturday Night Live"), "Parks and Recreation" is a hilarious ensemble comedy that follows Leslie Knope (Emmy nominee Amy Poehler, NBC's "Saturday Night Live," "Baby Mama") a mid-level bureaucrat in the Parks and Recreation Department of Pawnee, Indiana, and her tireless efforts to make her quintessentially American town just a little bit more fun.
Since its premiere in 2009, the critically-acclaimed series has been included on dozens of television critics' Top 10 lists. 2011 was an especially notable year for the show: the series received its first Emmy nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series, was honored by AFI as one of the top 10 Television Programs of the Year, received a Writers Guild Award nomination and was named "TV's Smartest Comedy" in Entertainment Weekly's 2011 cover story. Additionally accolades include Amy Poehler's two Emmy nominations for her performance, Television Critics Award nominations for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy, Program of the Year and Individual Achievement in Comedy for Poehler and co-star Nick Offerman.
About Author
- CNBC to Air THE MAKING OF DIG, the USA Network Event Series, 3/1
- NBC to Air One-Hour Season Finale of CHRISTINA MILIAN TURNED UP, 3/1
- NBC Universo to Present ROMEO SANTOS DESDE VINA Concert Exclusive, 3/1
- Kelly Clarkson to Visit CBS SUNDAY MORNING, 3/1
- VIDEO: Clark Gregg Teases New AGENTS OF S.H.I.E.L.D. Season Using Emojis
- Dakota Johnson to Host SNL Tonight; Alabama Shakes to Perform
- NBC Sports to Air Coverage of U.S. GRAND PRIX FROM PARK CITY
- Discovery Family to Premiere New Episodes of TRANSFORMERS RESCUE BOTS, Today
- Telemundo to Present FUTBOL ESTELAR: LEON VS SANTOS, Today
- Telemundo to Give Viewers Sneak Peek at Upcoming Programming on LO NUEVO, Today


text:
Halfrida Aprons are an Idakoos specialtiy! Idakoos has many things to offer. Whether you want to get a Halfrida Apron for a special occasion, give a Halfrida Canvas Apron as a present or need to represent with a funny Halfrida Apron during Holidays or Family and Friends get-togethers, Idakoos is sure to have the right Halfrida Apron for you! Even if it turns out you can't find the right Halfrida Canvas Apron with the perfect design for your mother, father or children (or friends!); Idakoos offers all of its Halfrida Aprons as Custom Halfrida Aprons. Personalize any Halfrida Apron the way you want to ensure the perfect gift.
Showing 1 - 24 of 73 Apron


text:
2011's F1 cars revealed
It's launch season: teams gear up for the first race in March with some sparkly new motors
Posted: 13 May 2011
Ferrari F150
Named to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the Unification of Italy, the F150 - codenamed 662 - is the 57th single-seat Fezza to race in F1.
New regulations mean the double-diffuser is out, the blown rear-wing makes way for a hydraulically controlled adjustable one, KERS makes a return and brakes are courtesy of Brembo.
Ferrari hasn't modified the engine, but has worked on improving reliability, while the introduction of KERS has rerouted the cooling system, new air exit ducts and changed the front of the engine.


text:
As of Wednesday, February 5, 2014
© Copyright 2015 Clayton News Daily
The scene will be played out across the state and nation today.
With cameras flashing, area athletes will get their first opportunities today to sign their college scholarships.
After months of the recruiting process with endless calls from college coaches and recruiting analysts, it will all come to an end today on National Signing Day, once they put their names on the dotted line.
"I can't wait," former Mundy's Mill running back Rodney Smith said. "It will be like a dream coming true when I finally sign those papers. I've waited a long time for this day. I am one step closer to my goal of playing college football."
It is expected to be a historic day at Mundy's Mill with Smith and teammate Jonathan Celestin signing with Minnesota. They are the first players from the school to sign with a Big Ten Conference program. This past season, the two helped lead the team to the Class AAAAA quarterfinals, the furthest that a Mundy's Mill team has gone in the playoffs.
Smith rushed for 2,201 yards and 26 touchdowns while Celestin was one of the top defensive players in the area.
While all the players are expected to relish the moment, there will also be a sense of relief from the recruiting process.
"Yep, I'll be glad when it's all over," Lovejoy defensive end Randy Anyanwu said. "It has been a long process. It started fun, but it starts to wear on you."
Smith agreed.
"In the beginning, the attention was great," said Smith, who chose Minnesota over East Carolina and Southern Mississippi. "It does start to get to you, but my coach told me to enjoy it. It is the only time in your life that grown men chase after you because of your athletic talents. It can wear on you if it continues."
Anyanwu committed to Western Kentucky in early December, but after the school had a coaching change, he re-opened his recruiting process. Two weeks ago, he committed to Buffalo after taking an official visit.
"I'm just ready to get started," Anyanwu said.
The month of January is always hectic as new coaching hires are trying to make that last push for recruits.
"It's real frantic, especially with all the coaching changes out there — head coaches and assistants," said recruiting analyst Keith Niebuhr of 247Sports. "A lot of kids' heads are spinning right now."
As typical, it should be a big signing day at Lovejoy with several Div. I recruits. Linebacker DeMarquis Gates is the biggest attraction as he will sign with Ole Miss. He has been committed to the SEC school since last February.
Gates missed the entire season in 2013 as he recovered from knee surgery, but Ole Miss has kept recruiting him.
"They stayed loyal to me," Gates said.
More like this story
- Observations from National Signing Day in Clayton County ( February 7, 2014 )
- Jonathan Celestin commits to Minnesota ( January 26, 2014 )
- Mundy's Mill has historic signing day ( February 6, 2014 )
- Next year's recruits already on radar ( January 25, 2013 )
- Jonathan Celestin getting late push from Minnesota ( January 24, 2014 )


text:
In the news
Posted: July 24, 2014 at 3:31 a.m.
• Sarah Palin, the former Alaska governor, who was pulled over July 16 and given a $154 ticket for driving between 10 and 19 mph over the speed limit in her hometown of Wasilla, joked with TMZ that she wasn't speeding, she was "qualifying."
This story is only available from our archives.
« Previous Story
The nation in brief
Gay-nuptials stay continues in Florida Read »
Next Story »
Legislators knock U.S. Iraq response
WASHINGTON -- Senior U.S. officials and lawmakers butted heads Wednesday over the American response to Iraq's ... Read »


text:
You might not be able to really judge an album by its cover, but you sure can survey the cultural importance of LP design in this collection of framed LPs presented by New Documents. Providing the perfect canvas for artists and photographers, the album cover became a forum for innovation in design where the consumer was deemed the final critic.
A 3-piece collection of vivid Burt Portnoy designs: "Hello, Dolly" (circa 1964), "Grand Canyon Suite" (circa 1964), and "A Vocal Portrait of Mario Lanza" (circa 1964). Each piece is framed in a black record frame and ready to hang.
These gently used vintage products are in good condition. Shows some signs of age. Some minor surface wear. Since these items are being sold as a piece of graphic design, playability of the LPs is not guaranteed.
This product has no reviews yet. Be the first to review this product. Write a review
Enjoy 10% off your first order*


text:
Have a Question? We Are Here to Help!
Home / Promotional Products and Promotional Items / Golf Products / Golf Balls / Titleist Pro V1 Golf Ball
Titleist Pro V1 Golf Ball
View More Images
Cart Status
Price Details:
Product Description
The PV1 has exceptional distance and consistent ball flight. It has a soft feel on all shots and improved scoring performance. Large, high velocity dual core with soft center. The PV1 has a responsive ionomeric casing layer and high performance urethane Elastomer cover. Tour-Proven spherically tiled 328 tetrahedral dimple design. Drop-and-Stop green side control. AIM (Alignment integrated Marking) side stamp. Tour proven. Price per dozen. FOB: Hixson, TN 37343. PMS color match at no charge.


text:
Flat-screen TVs produced by the Coby company are facing a recall, AP reported Thursday. The recall is over the risk of extreme fire danger A total of 8,900 Coby flat-screens are being recalled. The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) says the TVs contain a component that can easily catch fire.
Six incidents
The CPUC says there were six cases of the TVs overheating, smoking or catching fire. In once incident, a TV caught fire and scorched a wall. Another involved a fire that was contained to the TV.
Model, serial numbers
The recalled TVs are black Coby 32-inch flat screens with the model number TFTV3229 and serial numbers beginning with LG and that have M07 or M10 in the 9th, 10th and 11th position of the serial number. The model and serial numbers are printed on a label on the back of the televisions. The brand "Coby" is printed on the front.
Coby out of business, retailers step up
The Coby company is out of business, but the CPUC notes that ight retailers have stepped up to voluntarily recall the televisions. Note that the business is called Coby, not Colby.
Here's that retailer list from the CPUC:
ABC Warehouse: Toll-free at (855) 510-0070 or www.abcwarehouse.com for more information.
Best Buy: (800) 566-7498 or www.BestBuy.com and click on Product Recalls at the bottom of the page for more information.
Fry's Electronics: Toll-free at (877) 688-7678 or www.frys.com for more information.
h.h. gregg: Toll-free at (888) 723-7385 or www.hhgregg.com for more information.
Nebraska Furniture Mart: (800) 359-1200 or www.nfm.com for more information.
P.C. Richard & Son: Toll-free at (866) 312-4493 or www.pcrichard.com for more information.
Sears/Kmart: Toll-free at (888) 852-3571 or www.sears.com or www.kmart.com and click on Product Recalls at the bottom of the page for more information.
Toys R Us: (800) 869-7787 or www.toysrusinc.com and click on Product Recalls at the bottom of the page for more information.
Here more of the full statement from the CPUC
Recall Details
About 8,900
This recall involves black Coby 32-inch flat screen televisions with model number TFTV3229 and serial numbers beginning with LG and that have M07 or M10 in the 9th, 10th and 11th position of the serial number. The model and serial numbers are printed on a label on the back of the televisions and Coby is printed on the front. Coby USA is out of business.
CPSC has received reports of six incidents involving the televisions overheating, smoking or catching fire. One incident involved a television catching on fire and scorching a wall. Another involved a fire that was limited to the television. No injuries have been reported.
Consumers should immediately turn off and unplug the recalled televisions and contact the participating retailer where their television was purchased for instructions on the remedy available from that retailer, which could be a refund, store credit, gift card or replacement TV. Because the importer/distributor Coby USA is out of business, the retailers are providing the remedy. The remedy and terms vary between the retailers.
Sold at
ABC Warehouse, Fry's Electronics, h.h. gregg, Nebraska Furniture Mart, P.C. Richard & Son, Sears/Kmart, Toys R Us and online at BestBuy.com, dealtree.com, techliquidators.com and bestbuy.dtdeals.com, and other stores and sites nationwide, from August 2011 through November 2013 for between $170 and $260.
Coby USA is out of business
Coby USA is out of business
Coby Electronics Co. Ltd., of Hong Kong
Manufactured in
The CPUC is asking any owners of the recalled Coby TV flat-screen TVs to report any new incidents involving the TVs here.


text:
Evansville base water rates to increase by $6 a month over three years
Money to repair, maintain infrastructure
EVANSVILLE - Base rates for the city of Evansville water customers will increase by nearly $6 a month over the next three years.
The city's Utility Board on Wednesday approved the increase in a 5-0 vote. In December, the city petitioned the Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission for a rate hike to fund capital improvements and growing expenses. It will apply to residential, commercial industrial and wholesale customers.
Those on Evansville's system currently pay a base monthly amount of $14.42 per 5,000 gallons. The increases will push the rate to $16.68 this year, $18.10 in 2014 and $19.52 in 2015.
That base amount does not include a surcharge residents pay for fire protection. With the surcharge factored in, the actual increase will be just short of $6 over the three-year period, Utility Director Allen Mounts said.
Data compiled by the city show that compared to other Indiana communities, Evansville's water rate is greater than in Columbus and South Bend and by 2015 will reach or pass current rates in Fort Wayne and Bloomington.
The city's data show that Indianapolis residents pay $27.90, Mount Vernon residents pay $35 and Newburgh and Terre Haute residents pay more than $36 per 5,000 gallons of use.
Mounts said the city is "working through the process of when (the increase) would go into effect," but it is to be sometime this year.
According to the Utility, revenue from the rate increase will fund:
* Replacement of several old water mains throughout the city.
* Relocating water lines that are in the right of way of road improvement projects.
* Updating technology to help the utility meet water quality standards.
* Water tower painting and inspections.
The city's last water rate increase was approved by the Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission in 2007 and phased in through 2010.
Although the city petitioned for an increase in December, Mayor Lloyd Winnecke, who took office in January, sought a delay to further evaluate the need for it.
"It was concluded to proceed given the under-investment over the past decade by the city of Evansville in its water system infrastructure," according to a news release from the utility.
Mounts said the city "realizes that any increase in utility rates will impact our customers. The rate increase will help fund much-needed capital improvement projects to reduce water main breaks and system failures, among other important improvements throughout the Utility's massive infrastructure."
Subscribe to the Courier & Press or The Gleaner
Need Help? Call us at 1-877-304-7771.
Monday-Friday: 6am-5pm / Saturday: 6am-11am / Sunday: 7am-Noon


text:
Our licensed foster families provide a structured and therapeutic family environment for youth who can safely be placed in the community but who cannot live with their biological families. The program utilizes a team based approach to help foster parents meet the emotional & behavioral needs of the children placed in their homes.
Want to make a difference in the life of a child? Consider becoming a foster parent.
Foster Family Inquiry Form
For more information, contact Treatment Foster Care Program Manager Paul Hodosh
PO Box 1700 | Woonsocket, RI | 02895 | Directions
401.235.7000 Main Agency | 401.235.7120 Emergency |
401.766.0900 Family Support Center
Site Map|Privacy Policy


text:
Water Conservation
Sometimes less water means more energy
Read more
RENEW Your Subscription
Access premium content online or in print.
Log-in NOW!
Smart Design
Optimizing efficiency in high-performance homes doesn't always mean Passive House certiication
Read more
Order No-Regrets Remodeling, 2nd Edition
The best guide to creating a comfortable, healthy home that saves energy.
Order now
Reaping the Benefits of Existing Tree Cover
It's a paradox: Developers clear a wooded lot to create housing, and the new owners buy small trees to plant on the property.
Read more
Sign Up for Training Programs
Advance your career as a home performance professional or list your training program for free.
Go Now
Spotlight Article:
Editorial: Water Conservation
Read Now
A Proposal for Expanded International Collaboration
By Chris Dorsi
We can all benefit from the sharing of knowledge across the construction industries and among countries
Join DOE for a Webinar on Home Energy Score
By Joan Glickman
The U.S. Department of Energy recently announced the release of a new online simulation tool that provides ...
Water Heaters Get an Efficiency Makeover Courtesy of DOE
By Marianne DiMascio
From the rustic 1850s pump shower to the 1920s Humphrey automatic to today'...
Number of Certified Passive House Square Meters Reaches One Million Mark
By Benjamin Wünsch
Building owners throughout the world are increasingly turning to the Passive House standard. This past autumn, the number ...
Law Could Prevent Ambitious Battery Storage Plan in Texas
By Holbert Janson
The transmission utility responsible for the electricity infrastructure of much of Texas has an idea that could change ...
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
- 5
Latest Tweets from @HomeEnergyMag
Sunday Jul 5 - 1:50am
RT@B4Conference: Looking for expert presenters. Proposals due July 20. http://t.co/6C6mKXXt7O@HomeEnergyMag@NAHBhome@WiscBuilders@NARI…
Friday Jul 3 - 2:52am
RT@zeroENRGY: RT@buildability_ca: Five mini net-zero communities spring up across Canada http://t.co/BRQDdcMrhq@owenscorning@RHHQuality…
Thursday Jul 2 - 6:31pm
The@HomeEnergyMag free enewsletter is out, w links to Alan Meier's editorial, ad discounts,@JimGunshinan's blog. http://t.co/U5XON0xbas
Thursday Jul 2 - 6:23pm
RT@IBPSA_USA: We're offering scholarships for students and young professionals to attend ASHRAE's 2015 Energy Modeling Conference: http://…
Wednesday Jul 1 - 11:47am
RT@ZeroCarbonHub: It's the hottest day of the year! Great time to read our new report on Overheating in Homes!#GreatTiming http://t.co/S8…
Wednesday Jul 1 - 11:42am
RT@MaxGruenig: NY energy plan http://t.co/s6O3UKpByb the roadmap for#NYREV http://t.co/O64TfN8GRB@NYUGuarini@EcologicDC https://t.co/H…
Tuesday Jun 30 - 6:04pm
RT@Ian_Mawditt: Recruiting homes for#IAQ and#Ventilation study for winter 2015/16. Can you help? Read more http://t.co/BZQWWqaNTP http:/…
Tuesday Jun 30 - 4:29pm
RT@DruCrawley: Fantastic Infographic: Energy Efficiency in the United States: 35 Years and Counting http://t.co/pVHiKO4aWF@ACEEEdc http:/…
Tuesday Jun 30 - 4:29pm
DOE's Building Science Education Review: send us your reading list or syllabi! https://t.co/zlWcevxY1H@ENERGY
Tuesday Jun 30 - 11:12am
Home Energy online: Water Conservation, Storytelling Our Way to a Better Life#constantcontact http://t.co/ieGoeAa50Q


text:
TV Info
Episode PremiereOctober 31, 2006
Show Period2003 - now
Production CompanyCBS, Paramount, Belisarius Prod., thinkfilm
Cast and Crew
DirectorJames Whitmore Jr.
ScreenwriterSteven Kriozere
Main Cast
- Mark Harmon as NCIS Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs
- Michael Weatherly as NCIS Special Agent Anthony DiNozzo
- Sean Murray as NCIS Special Agent Timothy McGee
- Cote de Pablo as Mossad Liaison Officer Ziva David
- Pauley Perrette as Abby Sciuto
- David McCallum as Dr. Donald Mallard
- Rocky Carroll
- Brian Dietzen
- Lauren Holly as Jenny Shepard
- Alimi Ballard
- Matthew Willig
Additional Cast
- Robert Reinis
- Scott Michael Campbell
- Garikayi Mutambirwa
- David Earnest
- Mary Matilyn Mouser
It's Halloween and the NCIS team is busy investigating a ransom case. A Marine's daughter has been kidnapped after the kidnapper attacked a Marine in his home. The investigation leads them to a fact that the couple has been separated. They decide to focus on the wife's ex-boyfriend, after learning that the woman is the one who destroyed their marriage. Meanwhile, McGee and Tony are stunned by Abby's Halloween costume.


text:
We offer discount to nonprofits, government agencies, and federal contractors
In just the last two weeks, congressional calls to #EndFamilyDetention have turned the tide of momentum significantly.
AILA Doc No. 07062644 | Dated June 26, 2007 | File Size: 14 KDownload the Document
AILA's quick overview of Senate procedure for debate on S. 1639 for June 27-29, 2007.
[[To print the PDF on this page please use the print function in the PDF reader.]]
Cite as AILA Doc. No. 07062644.Open the Document
American Immigration Lawyers Association
1331 G Street NW, Suite 300
Washington, DC 20005
Copyright © 1993-2015
American Immigration Lawyers Association.


text: /> "With Case, we'd give him a set (of plays) and he'd look at it and call something real quick (at the line)," Holgorsen said. "Where (the quarterback calling plays) really happens is if we call a bad play and he doesn't think it's going to work out, we give him the authority to change (the play)." Hence the critical nature of Harrell's role. With Holgorsen in charge of the entire offense, he's unlikely to be able to invest the time required to properly tutor all five quarterbacks on the roster when the season begins in September. Harrell will have the time and the ability to answer any question and patiently take OSU's quarterbacks through the new offensive system, step-by-step, play-by-play. When asked what trait he looks for in a quarterback, Holgorsen's response was telling. "The cerebral part of the game," Holgorsen said. "Being a smart kid and understanding the offense. Being competitive and having a burning desire to win. That may sound cliché, but it's not." Not a rocket arm, not uncanny accuracy, not even the ability to make plays with their feet when a play breaks down. Intelligence and competitiveness. "The physical stuff... you can get better at a lot of that stuff," Holgorsen said. "The thing you can't get kids better at is what he's got going upstairs and what his competitive nature is."


text:
Will cheap RAM break the Internet?
Security: A Fair Bit
An abundance of buffers hides the Internet's dirty little secret.
In this article, I'm not going to talk about an emerging technology (don't get me wrong, I love new technology) but about something even more interesting: An emergent behavior that was never expected: buffer-bloat.
Buy this article as PDF
(incl. VAT)
Buy Linux Magazine
Visit Our Shop
Direct Download
Read full article as PDF:058-059_kurt.pdf (1.62 MB)
NoScript Flaw
Mozilla's script blocker add-on could be putting malware sites on the whitelist.
RIP SSLv3
The Internet community officially banishes the notoriously unsafe Secure Sockets Layer protocol.
Mate 1.1 Arrives
Popular desktop environment continues the Gnome 2 legacy – with new support for the Gnome 3 toolkit.
US Government Requires HTTPS
The Obama White House has issued a memorandum telling all US government agencies they must use HTTPS for all websites and web communication.
Mozilla Signs Firefox Add-Ons
New program will dial up security for the Firefox browser.
Fedora 22 Arrives
Red Hat's community distro embraces the cloud.
Code.org and College Board Team Reach Out for Talented High School Coders
New partnership will bring more and better CS training to US schools
A Peek Inside TeslaCrypt Ransomware
Criminals offer online help over Tor network
Mumblehard Still Spams
Sophisticated malware is still present on Joomla and WordPress sites around the world.
Launchpad Gets Git
Future versions of Ubuntu's code service will support the popular Git version control system used with Linux and other open source projects.


text:
What's Your Number?
Watch Movies Online
Did You Know...
10StarMovies.com has the largest database to Watch Movies Online completely free? you can watch movies and even documentaries by streaming video files online.
- Related Movies
- Comedy Central Roast of Flavor Flav
- Zombie Bloodbath
- Carol Channing: Larger Than Life
- Abroad
- Piper Penguin and His Fantastic Flying Machines
- Myra Breckinridge
- Carry On Don't Lose Your Head
- Carry On Spying
- Man Of La Mancha
- Diplomaniacs
- You Move You Die
- Blood, Guts, Bullets and Octane
- A Chump At Oxford
- She-devil
- Doctor in the House
Watch What's Your Number? Online
Release:September 30, 2011
IMDB Rating:6.0/10 (42783 votes)
Director:Mark MylodActors:Chris Evans, Anna Faris, Martin Freeman, Zachary Quinto, Dave Annable(View All)
Description: Watch What's Your Number? full movie online for free directed by Mark Mylod produced in 2011. Genres are Comedy.
Fatal error: Allowed memory size of 33554432 bytes exhausted (tried to allocate 13482334 bytes) in /home/star10/public_html/cache-credits/Whats_Your_Number_2011.php on line 1


text:
Born on January 1, 1930 in Boston, Massachusetts
Oct 7th 2010, 3:10PM
Sep 17th 2010, 4:02PM
Aug 4th 2010, 11:45AM
Jan 27th 2010, 3:31PM
Mar 31st 2009, 9:02AM
Jun 11th 2007, 3:01PM
send us feedback |terms of service|privacy policy|about our ads|FAQ|about us
© 2015 AOL Inc. All Rights Reserved. Part of AOL-HuffPost Entertainment.
You are currently subscribed as: {email}
Get the latest reviews, movie news, photos, and trailers sent straight to your inbox.
You're not following any movies.
These are the movies you're currently following.
Enter your email address below to receive alerts on the latest news about "TAG NAME HERE" as it becomes available.
It's safe with us, we promise not to share with anyone else!


text:
Hostelworld "meet the world" by Lucky Generals
Rating: 5.0
By Amy Sandiford-Watts, campaignlive.co.uk, Thursday, 22 August 2013 08:00AM
He replaces Frazer Jelleyman, who has relocated to Canada.
Booth will oversee BBC campaigns and report to Charlie Mawer, the executive creative director.
Booth has been at AMV since 2008. His recent work includes EDF Energy "feel better energy" and Galaxy's brand campaign that featured a CGI Audrey Hepburn.
Before AMV, he worked at 4Creative, where he won a D&AD Pencil for the More4 "Russian bear" spot.
Mawer said: "Andy brings a unique blend of experiences, developed during his time working both in some of the UK's leading creative agencies and in a more specialist environment at 4Creative."
This article was first published on campaignlive.co.uk
Before commenting please read our rules for commenting on articles.
If you see a comment you find offensive, you can flag it as inappropriate. In the top right-hand corner of an individual comment, you will see 'flag as inappropriate'. Clicking this prompts us to review the comment. For further information see our rules for commenting on articles.
Rating: 5.0
Agency: Grey London
Rating: 5.0


text:
Sidney Crosby has struggled to stay on the ice the past two seasons, but his dominance when healthy is enough for the Penguins to hand him a monster contract. The Penguins and Crosby are finalizing a new contract in excess of $100 million, according to ESPN.com. The contract would reportedly carry an average salary of around $9 million per season, with much of it being front-loaded. The deal is reportedly expected to be 12 or 13 years in length. Crosby, who has one year remaining on his current contract, played in just 22 games last season and 41 the season...
NHL News
Delivered to your inbox
You'll also receive Yardbarker's daily Top 10, featuring the best sports stories from around the web. Customize your newsletter to get articles on your favorite sports and teams. And the best part? It's free!
|Best of Yardbarker
|NFL News
|MLB News
Today's Best Stuff
For Bloggers
Join the Yardbarker Network for more promotion, traffic, and money.
Company Info
What is Yardbarker?
Yardbarker is the largest network of sports blogs and pro athlete blogs on the web. This site is the hub of the Yardbarker Network, where our editors and algorithms curate the best sports content from our network and beyond.
|© 2015 Yardbarker, Inc. All rights reserved. Use of this website (including any and all parts and components) constitutes your acceptance of these Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. (What's New?)


text:
Results 1 to 6 of 6
Thread: Upper torso help
November 6th, 2008 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Jul 2008
- Posts
- 136
- Thanks
- 21
- Thanked 77 Times in 26 Posts
Upper torso help
Hey everyone. I've really been having trouble with shoulder and arm widths. All my arms have been either looking too fat or too thin on figures. I've been studying the deltoids, scapula, and clavicles, but I can't ever tell if I'm making the arms in proprtion to the rib cage. I know I soud dumb but I'd really appreciate any help.
Hide this ad by registering as a memberNovember 6th, 2008 #2Registered User
- Join Date
- Feb 2004
- Location
- Baltimore, MD
- Posts
- 291
- Thanks
- 44
- Thanked 52 Times in 22 Posts
The best way to go about getting help on this sort of thing is to post an example of a drawing you've done that you think is problematic. We'll be able to better address your problems that way.
November 7th, 2008 #3
not to flame you mate, but it may be a good idea to consolidate your questions (as they arise) into the one thread, instead of creating new ones
reason being i can see your questions (all valid and worthy of answers) are often of the same nature, and it would make far more sense for everyone if they could help you in a single, focussed effort than track down the specific problems and answer them one at a time. not to mention it would save you having to scour for ages to find the responses to your questions - goodness knows how often new threads are made anywhere and how fast old/inactive threads get shoved onto the second page and into obscurity.
just a friendly thought
edit: in more specific response to your query, without having a clear picture as to what troubles youre experiencing, keep in mind that the elbow should generally line up with the bottom of the rib cage (that is, the lowest point they dip to on your sides). everything else should follow from there
November 7th, 2008 #4
- Join Date
- Apr 2007
- Location
- Uk
- Posts
- 1,900
- Thanks
- 179
- Thanked 295 Times in 190 Posts
- Blog Entries
- 6
Instead of studying seperate elements of the upper body, look at the upper body as a whole.
Using measurments, measure where the bottom of the deltoid is compared to the nipple. Measure where the top of the deltoid is compared to the length between the collar bone interior and the transition to the chin. For the width of the arm this can vary due to fat and muscle density. Generally you should understand skeletal composition and a basic understanding of where muscles are attached. Use the head width to measure how far across the body is and then judge what the body type is from there.
So a run down of my studies:
The WIDTH from shoulder to shoulder is 3 width head measurements (to the bone rather than the muscle).
Length of the deltoid is generally, from the top, a third to halfway down from the chin to the collarbone. And from the bottom it is usually around the same point as the nipple.
Study first the larger elements of anatomy (arms, torso, head, legs), and then the feet and hands. Then go into the bone stucture (easier now that you understand the proportions), and finally the intricacies of the muscle structure and fat composition.
And for the ribcage thing. Worry more about where the midsection of the arm, the elbow, is from the bellybutton. What happens if you are drawing a fat dude with no bones visible? For the ribcage, the bottom of this is usually at the same point as the bellybutton anyway so the difference does not matter.
I hope this makes sense.
Last edited by Rist; November 7th, 2008 at 08:32 AM.
November 7th, 2008 #5
I copy pasted this from one of my replies in an other thread..
Label EVERYTHING. Learn the names of the different locations of the bones. Many of the names of the muscles indicate their origins and insertions. The name sternocleidomastoid (neck muscle) indicates its origin on the top of the sternum, inner (medial) third of the clavicle and it's insertion to the mastoid process (on your skull just behind your ear).
Learn the names of major landmarks on the skeleton, where large musclegroups are located. If you line a circle around the torso/ribcage/thorax, at the bottom of the pecs, it should line up with the bottom of the deltoids, bottom of the scapula (where the origin of the serratus and the teres mayor can be located) and the bottom of the sternum.
The bottom portion of the deltoid marks the upper half of the humerus and the bottom of the humerus marks the 10th rib of the ribcage (or was it the 12th?).
The main thing (obviously) to go for when you copy the plates, is getting the right proportions, but once you have established in your mind an idea of how the large, individual bone masses are related in proportion, you have come pretty far. From there, it's all about the muscles origins/insertions, morphology and mass. Remember to always focus on the relationships between big shapes and proportions, and keep in mind that you are constantly dealing with solid, complex masses placed in space that are affected by gravity.
Old Sketchbook
November 7th, 2008 #6
I second Rist, don't forget the whole. Also do studies of the major masses that make up the torso, and how they interact. Its easy to get lost in "correct" anatomy and the individual parts, but sometimes you just need to take a step back and look at the major forms. Hogarth is good at breaking down the body into masses, it could be a good supplement to more technical anatomy studies.


text:
Results 1 to 4 of 4
June 5th, 2007 #1Registered User
- Join Date
- Aug 2005
- Posts
- 9
- Thanks
- 0
- Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts
Good Mechanical Pencils? Lead choices etc..
I've decided to give mechanical pencils a go as I've noticed that a lot of modern artists prefer them due to accuracy etc.
Could any of you please tell me, what is a good pencil for the money and are the leads the same as a traditional pencil? What size lead do you use (2mm,3mm,2b,2h etc)?
Also, I don't want to spend a fortune but I want a good model!
Hide this ad by registering as a memberJune 5th, 2007 #2
It's really a matter of preference- and really there's no advantage to lead holders/mechanical pencils other than convenience in sharpening. But for what it's worth here's what I prefer:
- The blue Staedtler 2mm lead holder. The only reason I prefer this one over others is that it has a built-in lead pointer in the end. I'm sure that any lead holder would do the same job when it comes to drawing. Just find one that feels right for you.
- I use the Staedtler Mars H lead almost exclusively. This is lighter that most people prefer- I really like to keep my drawings light. If you want nice rich blacks you'll want something softer. Again, largely a matter of preference. I think in the case of most major manufacturers the lead for lead holders is the same lead that goes into their wood pencils. But there is definitely a difference from company to company for the grading of softness and hardness. 2H in one brand is usually different from 2H in another brand. I recommend experimenting with different types until you find the ones you like. I have a couple friends that draw with 2B all the time, and a teacher of mine recommended switching between H, B, and 3B for the light areas, halftones, and shadows respectively. I know others who just like regular old HB. I'm sure anyone else who answers might have a different recommendation.
June 5th, 2007 #3
I have 3 different ones for different types of leads.
Doesn't really matter what you buy it's how you use them that matters.
I have an old Rotring Tikky mechanical pencil 0.5 for 9 years now and it still works fine.
2nd one is a Staedtler mars micro 0.5.
3rd Staedtler Mars Technico 2mm
leads HB 2B and HB
don't buy them too soft or they would break too easily.
that's why i also work with 12 staedtler mars lumograph traditional pencils.
Do not buy small lead mech. pencils with the lead pushing mechanics in the tip on the outside like the Rotring rapid XL or the Staedtler graphite have. They jam easily.
And never drop your mechanical pencils tip down.
Last edited by Uziel; June 5th, 2007 at 02:11 PM."Create like a god, command like a king, work like a slave."
June 5th, 2007 #4Registered User
- Join Date
- Aug 2005
- Posts
- 9
- Thanks
- 0
- Thanked 0 Times in 0 Posts
Thanks for all your help, I'm checking out that Mars pencil now (looks very slender).


text:
SGA — We Are Listening!
The Student Government Association (SGA) consists of executive officers plus a representative body made up of students from the various academic disciplines. With the exceptions of May, December and the summer months, meetings are held the 2nd Monday of each month. Student Government welcomes attendance by all on campus who have an interest. The election of officers is open to the entire student body.
Executive Board:
President (elected in April)
Vice President (elected in April)
Secretary (elected in April)
Treasurer (elected in April)
Co-Activity Coordinators [two] (elected in April)
SGA Executive Officer applications for the 2015 - 2016 academic year are now available!
You are invited to take part in exciting leadership opportunities that cross all academic disciplines. If interested, please print out the "SGA Election Packet". [The same Election Packets are additionally available to pick up in hard copy at the Student Life Office as well.] A completed "Candidacy Declaration Sheet" plus a photo must be submitted by the deadline of March 9th to Saderrick Johnson, email@example.com. Online voting will be held from 12 noon on March 23rd through March 31st at midnight. We hope to work with you in this most compelling and challenging capacity!
Fall 2014 Meeting Dates:
September 8
Spring 2015 Meeting Dates:
January 12
Script for Video
Students who participate in SGA have made a commitment in a leadership role to promote cooperation among students, staff and faculty, as well as to improve the overall environment for the physical, social and academic welfare of those taking classes. SGA, by its very nature, is a vehicle to focus into a single voice the ideas and opinions of students to other institutions as well as to the general administration. Student input will continue to be vital and sought out as decisions are made about the physical structure and use of this state-of-the-art building.
EVENING Students - There are opportunities for you to get involved in Student Government by participating in the SGA Online Forum. For more details, contact Raluchukwu Ogbazi, your SGA V.P. Send inquirities to email@example.com.
Monthly Birthday Celebrations
Peanut Butter and Jelly Bar (Fall & Spring)
De-Stress Day (Fall & Spring)
Typical Fall Activities
Fall Mixer
9/11 Card Assembly (for those in the service and veterans)
League of Women Voters
Food Drive (for Houston Food Bank)
Fall Festival
Flag Football between academic disciplines
Typical Spring Activities
Spring Mixer
Creating Valentine Cards for patients at Texas Children's Hospital
Egg Hunt
Tax Seminar
Spring Fling
Trip to the Houston Zoo
Minutes from SGA Meetings
Academic Year 2014-2015
September 8 2014
October 13 2014
November 10 2014
January 12 2015
February 9 2015
March 9 2015
April 13 2015
Executive Officers for 2014 - 2015!!!
President: Ngozi Nwabudike
Vice President: Raluchukwu Ogbazi
Treasurer: Amy Bergeron
Secretary: Mary Claire Campbell
Co-Activity Coordinator: Estefani Gonzalez
Co-Activity Coordinator: Claudia Lombera
Leadership Shimmers * Visions Emerge into Form * Setting Dreams in Flight
page last updated 6/29/2015 3:08 PM


text:
As a serious foodie, I have tasted many pizzas in Italy and have found the pizzas at La Carbonella to be absolutely superb - the best I've ever had in Italy. They are no ordinary pizzas - they are genuine gourmet pizzas with an excellent thin crust and made in a wood fired oven. A good indication... read more
Add Photo


text:
Professional WordPress plugins helping you build secure, collaborative intranets and websites
Google Apps Login
Never deal with WordPress user accounts again!
Allow users to log into your site using Google to securely authenticate their account – no username or password is explicitly required.
It eliminates the need for Google Apps domain admins to separately manage WordPress user accounts, and gives peace of mind that only authorized employees have access to the company's websites or intranet.
Google Drive Embedder
Embed live documents or folders from Google Drive
Give WordPress users easy access to their Google Drive in a popup box, where they can select documents to embed directly into their post or page. Just as easily as picking a photo from the WordPress media gallery.
Supports anything you can view in Google Drive, plus Google Calendars. Embed interactive Drive Folders so users can browse without leaving your site!
All-In-One Intranet
Instantly turn WordPress into a private intranet
WordPress is a popular platform for creating corporate intranets. The only problem is that it's built primarily for public-facing websites.
Our All-In-One Intranet plugin provides all the features you need to lock down WordPress, allowing you to build a secure staff portal.
Google Profile Avatars
Bring your site to life with profile photos
Increase user adoption of your site by using Google profile photos as avatars for your users.
Extends the Google Apps Login plugin (free or paid versions) so no extra setup or user actions are required – users simply Login with Google and their Google profile photo will be pulled in automatically!
All our plugins come with friendly email support and updates for one year.
Our plugins are trusted by thousands of organizations from small businesses to NASDAQ-listed companies and government organizations.
Here are some of our customers and development agencies who recommend us to their clients:
Google Apps Login as an Extensible Platform
Once you have installed Google Apps Login, your developers can use it as a 'platform' allowing them (or other third-party plugins) to centralize all Google API calls and easily add Google functionality.
Your WordPress site appears to a Google account as one unified 'web application', making it more secure and easier to manage. It also means that extensions do not need any setup of their own once Google Apps Login is installed.
A popular example extension is our Google Drive Embedder plugin which allows users to browse for Google Drive documents to embed directly in their posts or pages.
For help building your own extensions, please see our platform documentation.
Contact Us
Please get in touch if you have any questions whatsoever, email firstname.lastname@example.com.
If you would like to speak to us on the phone, please email the best number to reach you on and we will get back to you soon.
Sign up your email address to hear about product updates plus advice on how to make your life easier as an admin of Google Apps or WordPress.
Read our blog for news, plus articles related to WordPress, Intranets, and Google Apps.Follow @wpglogin


text:
Add this chart to your site:
Copy and paste this HTML:
Add this chart to your site:
Copy and paste this HTML:
The role of human resources is one that many people will have encountered in just about any job, but there are multiple facets of a human resources department that help it run smoothly. Arguably, one of the most important roles in the department is the human resources generalist. The generalists try to maintain a steady flow of information and help between all workers, from the top to the bottom. This position primarily exists so that the role of human resources can fulfill its purpose as an efficiency regulator and interpersonal management resource.Read More...
Typically, generalists will work in an office environment, but the position can be needed in just about any workplace that's big enough to require a HR department. This means that the role could extend to schools, large shops, or even sectors of the entertainment industry. HR generalists can expect to work with absolutely everybody in an organization because it is their role to bridge gaps between workers that may otherwise remain unfixed due to the inherent difficulty of fluent workplace relations. HR generalists usually work directly under the main HR manager. Senior HR generalists should expect organizations to require a BA or higher in the field of human resources, or a combination of a relevant business degree with HR experience. These positions also require very strong social skills as they demands that the generalist stay neutral and not be vulnerable to fighting, bickering, or let racial or gender prejudices get in the way of the job at hand.
The hours for senior HR generalists will vary from one workplace to another, but it's not uncommon for typical workplace hours to be the foundation of generalists' working week. However, as these jobs require the employees to resolve certain social situations, it may not be unreasonable to assume that they may have to take time out of their personal time to resolve unexpected issues in the workplace.
Add this chart to your site: 640px 300px
At the upper end, Senior Human Resources Generalists who move into a Senior Human Resources Business Partner role can end up with a hefty increase in pay. The average income for Senior Human Resources Business Partners is a much higher $95K per year. The most common promotion for Senior Human Resources Generalists is a Human Resources Manager position, which usually brings in $58K a year. Another standard transition for Senior Human Resources Generalists seeking advancement is to assume a Human Resources Director role, where pay is often $78K.
Senior Human Resources Generalists report using a deep pool of skills on the job. Most notably, skills in Performance Management, Organizational Development, Employee Relations, and Legal Compliance are correlated to pay that is above average. Skills that are correlated to lower pay, on the other hand, include Payroll Administration, ADP Payroll System, and Microsoft Excel. Those educated in Benefits & Compensation tend to be well versed in Benefits Administration and Recruiting. The majority of those who know Employee Relations also know Recruiting and Benefits Administration.
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
For many Senior Human Resources Generalists, extensive experience does not lead to significantly more money. The average beginner in this position makes around $56K, but folks who have been around for five to 10 years see a markedly higher median salary of $63K. Senior Human Resources Generalists claiming one to two decades of experience make an estimated median of $67K. People who have worked for more than 20 years report a median income of $68K, which is barely higher than the median for folks with 10 to 20 years of experience.
Senior Human Resources Generalists will find that New York offers an impressive pay rate, one which exceeds the national average by 28 percent. Senior Human Resources Generalists will also find cushy salaries in San Francisco (+21 percent), Washington (+15 percent), Denver (+8 percent), and Chicago (+8 percent). Baltimore is home to the smallest salaries in the field, lagging the national average by 9 percent.
|Extremely satisfied
Rated 5 out of 5
based on 441 votes.
87 %
13 %
|Medical: 90%
|Dental: 83%
|Vision: 70%
|None: 8%


text:
Amlin Challenge Cup: Wasps comeback sets up pool decider
Last Updated: 08/12/12 10:40pm
Christian Wade: winger touched down for Wasps
London Wasps battled back from a 10-point deficit to secure a 13-13 draw at Bayonne in Pool 3 of the Amlin Challenge Cup.
The French side built a 10-0 lead in the first half thanks to a penalty from Jacques-Louis Potgieter and a try on the stroke of half-time from Marvin O'Connor, which Potgieter converted.
But the second half saw the pool leaders hit back and take a share of the spoils, to remain a point in front of their French opponents in the battle for a quarter-final place.
Nicky Robinson kicked a penalty after 51 minutes and then speedy wing Christian Wade crossed for a vital try.
Wade had caused the Bayonne defence plenty of problems throughout the game with his pace and tricky running and was full value for his try.
Robinson converted and then went for a match-winning drop goal with almost the last kick of the match, but failed to hit the target.
The sides meet again at Adams Park next weekend in what will effectively be the pool decider.


text:
Our company serves biopharma, medical device and
in vitro
diagnostics companies exclusively.
For the past 25 years, we have delivered a unique blend of skill sets in market research, web development and packaging/labeling development. If your need is for market information anywhere in the world, expanded web presence, or global consistency and accuracy of product labeling—you are in the right place.
Market Research & Market Information
Utilizing a full range of secondary and primary qualitative/quantitative methodologies, PII delivers quality information and analysis required to help you make better informed decisions. We adapt to the needs of your key audiences by employing multiple methods including live, phone, mobile and online surveys and interactive discussion forums.
Web Development & Programming
We offer the full range of design and technical skills required to develop product and eCommerce web sites, online questionnaires, custom databases, secure interactive forums and secure document portals.
Packaging/Labeling Development
PII has developed proprietary systems, and we utilize the latest technologies to assure accuracy and consistency of design and content across your entire body of labeling--component to component, product to product, language to language.


text:
Get your own profile/avatar or leave a comment
xX_HUsTL3 BuNnii3_Xx
Sign In
a little something about me
Name: Neesha
Birthday: September 19
Zodiac: Virgo
Born: Virgin Islands/St.thomas
Current Location: Atl Georgia
Status: [ ] Married [x]Single [ ] Taken
Likes:reading, listening to music, hanging with my bestie,
shopping, anime, saturday cartoons, my dog, & family
Dislikes: fake ppl, haters, beggers, users/abusers,and all
Justin Beiber's songs lol ;D
Favorite Color: All Shades of pink
Favorite Singer: Mariah Carey
Favorite Rapper: Nicki Minaj
Favorite Person in the Whole World: Um... Me Duh!
Honestly I'll probably be the sweetest girl you'll ever meet.
I'm shy and a little quiet around strangers but the people
that know me know wish that I was. I'm kind of a nerd
but that's ok cause I rather not be a dumb a**. If your
in my life right now its cause your're an important person.
I try to do the most for the people that I care about.
I hate disappointing the people I love. I'm not gonna
try to pretend like I'm perfect cause unfortunately
I'm human and I always constantly making mistakes
whether its in life or love. But its a good that I learn
from those mistakes cause eventually I make up
for them or I atleast try to.
Can I- Trina


text:
Photos from Day One of the Federation Nation Western Divisional presented by Yamaha and Skeeter on Navajo Lake.
In this photo gallery, you'll find weigh-in images from Day Three of the 2011 Federation Southern Divisional on Barren River Lake, near Lucas, Kentucky.
The Federation Nation Southern Divisional Day Three will weigh-in early because of weather.
B.A.S.S. Federation Nation is, in some cases, a family affair with tradition being passed to the next generation.
The big news out of the B.A.S.S. Federation Nation Southern Divisional is the weather and the effect it's having.
Get a behind the scenes view of day two at the 2011 Southern Opens #2.
Go behind the scenes at 2010 Bassmaster Federation National Championship.
Experience the flurry of activity surrounding the day three launch of the 2010 Bassmaster Southern Open #3.
Go behind the scenes at the 2010 Bassmaster Southern Open #3.
Hydrologic Technician Brian Mailot wins the Federation Nation North Tournament.


text:
An apparatus comprising a first interface capable of sponsoring a first protocol, a first service translation layer converting data formatted in the first protocol into streams, the first service translation layer extracting and appending a first path identifier to the streams, a core responsive to the first service translator for obtaining the streams and determining a second path identifier therefrom, the core transferring the streams according to the second path identifier, a second service translation layer accepting the transferred streams, the second service translation layer converting the transferred streams into data formatted according to a second protocol, and a second interface for asserting the data formatted into the second protocol. A system comprising a virtual omni-user switching (VOSR) network device, a first network coupled to the VOSR, the VOSR accepting data from the first network, and a second network coupled to the VOSR, the VOSR converting the accepted data into a format compatible with the second network, the VOSR capable of switching data among the first and second networks and other networks coupled to the VOSR. A method comprising creating tunnel segments in a public network supplied data pipe, maintaining a tunnel mapping in private networks bridged by the data pipe, and switching data between devices in one of the private networks with devices in another of the private networks bridged by the data pipe, the tunnel mapping determining the switching, the switching performed over the data pipe in the tunnels in a fashion transparent to the public network.
1. An apparatus comprising:
first interface capable of sponsoring a first protocol;
a first service translation layer converting data formatted in said first protocol into streams, said first service translation layer extracting and appending a first path identifier to said streams;
a core responsive to said first service translator layer for obtaining said streams and determining a second path identifier therefrom, said core transferring said streams according to said second path identifier;
a second service translation layer accepting said transferred streams, said second service translation layer converting said transferred streams into data formatted according to a second protocol; and
a second interface for asserting said data formatted into said second protocol.
2. An apparatus according to
3. An apparatus according to
4. An apparatus according to
5. An apparatus according to
6. An apparatus according to
7. An apparatus comprising:
first interface capable of sponsoring a first protocol;
a first service translation layer converting data formatted in said first protocol into streams, said first service translation layer extracting and appending a first path identifier to said streams;
a core responsive to said first service translator for obtaining said streams and determining a second path identifier there from, said core transferring said streams according to said second path identifier, the core capable of creating additional new third path identifier;
a second service translation layer accepting said transferred streams, said second service translation layer converting said transferred streams into data formatted according to a second protocol; and
a second interface for asserting said data formatted into said second protocol.
8. An apparatus according to
9. An apparatus according to
10. An apparatus according to
11. An apparatus according to
12. An apparatus according to
13. An apparatus comprising:
a first interface;
a first service translation layer to convert data formatted in a first protocol into data streams, said first service translation layer to append a first path identifier to said data streams;
a core in communication with said first service translation layer, said core to receive said data streams and determine a second path identifier therefrom, said second path identifier being used to transfer said data streams;
a second service translation layer to receive said transferred data streams and to convert said transferred data streams into data formatted in a second protocol; and
a second interface to output said data formatted in said second protocol.
14. An apparatus according to
15. An apparatus according to
16. An apparatus according to
17. An apparatus according to
18. An apparatus according to
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to computer networking. More specifically, the invention relates to switching, routing and bridging devices for interconnecting networks and other devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
One way of subdividing communications networking environments and protocols is to classify them as either connection-oriented or connectionless. In connectionless environment or protocol, the source and destination address is specified for each "packet" or unit of data such that the network resolves these addresses to determine a route for the packets to travel in. The IP or Internet Protocol is an example of a connectionless service. By contrast, in a connection-oriented environment, a source and destination set-up or establish a routing or connection that does not change from packet to packet. One example of a connection-oriented service is the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) where one phone sets up a call to another phone and establishes a permanent circuit wherein voice data can travel back and forth.
Another way to classify networks is based upon their speed in transferring data and the geographical or physical range of the data transfer. Generally, in this classification, networks may be considered LANs (Local Area Networks) or WANs (Wide Area Networks). LANs are usually limited in geographical range (for instance, an office building) whereas WANs may span over hundreds of miles such between offices located in different cities. LANs and WANs may be either connection-oriented or connectionless. When WANs and LANs are connected to other LANs and WANs using different protocols special network devices known as gateways (or routers) are needed so that information can travel between them.
Typically these network devices are hardware mechanisms that can provide physical connectivity translation (e.g., between Ethernet and fiber) and/or protocol translation (e.g., between IPX and IP (Internet Protocol). With the proper design and programming of such network devices potentially any type of networks can be interconnected. When more than two networks or network devices are attached at some common interconnect, such as a frame relay cloud, devices known as switches regulate the passage of data from one network device to another.
Where a network device also needs to switch because different data have different destinations after passing through the device, switching and routing functions may need to be combined. Though switching and routing functions have often been combined by placing switching software/hardware within a network device, one problem from a customer standpoint is the disposition of legacy devices already present in the customer's network which may function well for their purpose and do not warrant an expensive replacement upgrade. Since such legacy devices may not be able to be programmed or retrofitted to provide a new function such as switching, to utilize legacy devices, switches are often added to a common connection point (such as a leased line) as separate hardware components. In a connection-oriented environment such as frame relay, this often implies that the "carrier" or provider of the physical line for the network must provide a separate additional line for the new network device. Though "virtual circuits" (VCs) may be provided by the carrier, these are only obtained at substantial cost and ordinarily not controlled or configurable by the customer. When the number of network devices grows, the cost becomes prohibitive since each additional carrier line is accompanied by monthly charges as well as maintenance.
Where physically separate switching hardware is used to interconnect two or more dissimilar network devices to another network, the hardware is often too expensive or cumbersome for the task at hand. For instance, most switches are built with a large number of ports, typically 16, and thus are under-utilized where only a handful of network devices may need to be connected. Where the switching hardware is plugged in (for instance, by means of a chipset) to a network device, this integration is typically provided on the backplane of the router device and thus will conform to the protocol or standard of the backplane, for instance ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) and be incapable of providing a translation between dissimilar protocols that may later need interconnection.
Where software switching is provided for the router, the software switch is typically not configurable once installed in the sense that it is typically not capable of peer-to-peer connectivity. For instance, since a router is designed to move data to a pre-specified network cloud to which it is connected, when two or more network devices are inter-connected for moving data to that pre-specified network, they are then unable to move data directly between each other. In order to do communicate with one another, they must move their data first "up" to that pre-specified network after which the pre-specified network moves the data back "down" to the other router. This problem is often stated as an inability of "users" of the same level (such as two routers) to directly communicate in a peer-to-peer fashion without passing first through an "upper user" (such as the pre-specified network). This scheme is very expensive in every facet since the latency, load upon the network and connection cost is increased while speed, reachability and even security may be decreased.
Thus, there is a need for virtual switching scheme that permits any network devices at any level in a network topology to communicate with each other directly without resorting to re-routing upstream and downstream when such routing is extraneous. Additionally, there is a need for a inexpensive switching solution that does not involve proprietary protocol recognition or hardware implementation.
What is disclosed is an apparatus comprising a first interface capable of sponsoring a first protocol, a first service translation layer converting data formatted in the first protocol into streams, the first service translation layer extracting and appending a first path identifier to the streams, a core responsive to the first service translator for obtaining the streams and determining a second path identifier therefrom, the core transferring the streams according to the second path identifier, a second service translation layer accepting the transferred streams, the second service translation layer converting the transferred streams into data formatted according to a second protocol, and a second interface for asserting the data formatted into the second protocol.
Also disclosed is a method comprising converting data formatted in first protocol into streams, uplinking the streams to a core module, the streams accompanied by a path identifier, transferring by the core of the streams to a destination in accordance with the path identifier, converting at the destination the streams into data formatted in a second protocol, and issuing the data formatted in the second protocol.
Also disclosed is a system comprising a virtual omni-user switching (VOSR) network device, a first network coupled to the VOSR, the VOSR accepting data from the first network, and a second network coupled to the VOSR, the VOSR converting the accepted data into a format compatible with the second network, the VOSR capable of switching data among the first and second networks and other networks coupled to the VOSR.
Also disclosed is a method comprising creating tunnel segments in a public network supplied data pipe, maintaining a tunnel mapping in private networks bridged by the data pipe, and switching data between devices in one of the private networks with devices in another of the private networks bridged by the data pipe, the tunnel mapping determining the switching, the switching performed over the data pipe in the tunnels in a fashion transparent to the public network.
The objects, features and advantages of the method and apparatus for the present invention will be apparent from the following description in which:
FIG. 1(a) provides an overview of conventional network interconnections.
FIG. 1(b) provides an overview of the disclosed embodiments of the invention.
FIG. 2 shows the functionality of a VOSR according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 describes tunneling according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates the stacking of functions and assigning of IDs within the VOSR.
FIG. 5 shows a design methodology for configuring a VOSR according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of processing data packets into data streams in accordance with the disclosed embodiments of the invention.
Referring to the figures, exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described. The exemplary embodiments are provided to illustrate aspects of the invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. The exemplary embodiments are primarily described with reference to block diagrams or flowcharts. As to the flowcharts, each block within the flowcharts represents both a method step and an apparatus element for performing the method step. Depending upon the implementation, the corresponding apparatus element may be configured in hardware, software, firmware or combinations thereof.
FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) show a Network 145 which is a carrier provided network segment such as a frame relay "cloud." "Private" users, those in the same physical location, such as an office building may connect to other office buildings through a network cloud such as network 145. Network 145 can connect other private networks (not shown) to the private users shown in FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b). The private users shown in FIGS. 1(a) and 1(b) may consist of other networks, such as networks 105, 115, and 125 connected to other routers, such as routers 100, 110 and 120.
Referring to FIG. 1(a), which provides an overview of conventional network interconnections, typically when a legacy device 110 such as router attempted to connect to a frame relay based network such as network 145, where that router did not support frame relay signaling, another gateway or translationing device 195 was required to act as a translator between the two. Such routers are ordinarily designed to provide "upstream" communication capability (where a private user sends data to the public network) and "downstream" capability (where a private user receives data from the public network). This capability is split in that the gateway router provides upstream/downstream capability to the existing router and then uses its upstream/downstream capability with the public network to facilitate the data transfer. The preservation of legacy device such as legacy device 110 is often important where for example, a LAN of an office (such as network 115) has a different backbone and protocol (such as IP) which it needs to maintain for private users within network 115. In such a scenario, however, the gateway device 195 may also sponsor its own private network (such as network 105). This private network is not enabled to communicate directly with the network sponsored by the legacy device unless the public network is first involved in the transfer. This inefficiency places an undue burden on the public network as well as on the gateway device 195. An additional standalone switch faces the same problem in that the switching is designed to orient traffic toward the public network and not the gateway and can be quite cost-inefficient when setting up to bridge the legacy device 110 and the gateway device 195. Also, a problem lies in the switch being unable to translate between protocol differences among private networks and their nodes, necessitating the use of another gateway as well for each desired protocol translation.
FIG. 1(b) provides an overview of the disclosed embodiments of the invention.
According to an embodiment of the invention, a Virtual Omni-User Switching Router (VOSR) 100 is provided to perform a variety of services in a configurable manner, the primary of which is peer-to-peer or private node to other private node direct interconnect switching. VOSR acts as an ordinary router with a frame relay (or other public network compatible) port and can sponsor its own network 105 as shown in FIG. 1(a). VOSR 100 is also a switching device which facilitates data transfer from private nodes on network 105 to private nodes on other networks such as network 115 without resorting to re-routing of the data through the public network 145. Importantly, the VOSR 100, according an embodiment of the invention, provides service translation that permits VOSR 100 to interface and communicate with a third party router 120 which may not be compatible with either the public network compatible protocol native to the VOSR 100 (such as frame relay) or the protocol native to the legacy device 110. VOSR 100 can be programmed to translate between a service/protocol compatible with third party router 120 and any other service/protocol such that any node of a network 125 sponsored by third party router 120 can communicate directly with nodes of other private networks such as network 115 or network 105. VOSR 100 also provides tunneling over the public network 145 to destination beyond without permission of and in a transparent fashion to the public network 145 and segmentation which is unavailable with conventional routers.
FIG. 2 shows the functionality of a VOSR according to an embodiment of the invention.
A VOSR, according to an embodiment of the invention, may have traditional hardware-based router elements such as ports needed to connect out to a public network. Advantageously, and unlike traditional routers, a virtual switching capability is provided with the VOSR such that direct communication is facilitated between other routers, nodes or devices that are private without any re-routing upstream through and downstream back from the public network which would ordinarily have the desired switching capability. The virtual switch operating within the VOSR maintains a database that stores (and, if needed, updates) two parameters-a path identifier (ID) and port ID for each "virtual circuit" (VC) created between two private nodes that are communicating through the VOSR. The port ID identifies an interface between a switching "core" and a service translation layer, while the path ID identifies ingress and egress points within the switching core (see FIG. 4 and associated description). Virtual switching is typically concerned only with switching regulation for nodes on private networks sponsored by private routers connected to the VOSR. Any number of VCs may be created and maintained by the VOSR, such that an arbitrary number of private routers/devices (such as the legacy devices and third party routers shown in FIG. 1) may be connected and given a data transfer pathway without resorting to the public network. Unlike a physical switch which is inherently limited in the number as well as the type of devices it can interconnect, the VOSR adds a new database entry or set of entries for any new VC or router/device needing switching services.
For each VC, there may be an incompatibility between the nodes that are trying to communicate, particularly, when the routers sponsoring the networks on which they lie are incompatible. For instance, referring back to FIG. 1(a), if the third party router 120 natively sponsors an IP-based network, which is connectionless and packet oriented, while the existing router sponsors an X.25 based network, which is connection oriented and circuit based, then without some translationing, nodes on one network will be unable to communicate with nodes of the other. A traditional physical switch does not act to translate between services/protocols since its function is to switch rather than to interpret. Further, once designed, such switches cannot be easily modified to accommodate new services/protocols or existing protocol changes that may need support. Thus according to another embodiment of the invention, the VOSR also incorporates service translation layers which act as translationing gateways facilitating the transfer of data between nodes on incompatible networks. The service translation layers perform task such as encapsulating and de-encapsulating of headers for different types of datagrams such as those defined by the well-known TCP (Transport Control Protocol) and UDP (User Datagram Protocol). This built-in translation capability eliminates the need for any gateways or translationing hardware.
Another feature of the VOSR is the ability to provide tunneling and bandwidth segmentation. When a single physical pipe such as an Ethernet connection is used as a data transfer pathway, the total bandwidth or capacity of the pipe to transmit information may be segmented. In the typical router or switch, such tunneling if offered is proprietary such that the tunneling protocol used may not be understood by a router of another manufacturer. This prevents a traditional router or switch from setting up tunnels between devices of arbitrary nature.
FIG. 3 describes tunneling according to an embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 3 shows tunneling capability implemented in a VOSR that sponsors a frame relay network. A public network 300 such as a frame relay network can bridge together two private networks in a wide area, as exemplified in FIG. 3. For example, an office in Hong Kong may be connected over the public network 300 to an office in Los Angeles. Typically, the carrier hosting the pubic network 300 "leases" one physical line (data pipe) (lines 17 and 18) into each office, and directs data traffic within the public network so that two offices are connected in a direct fashion.
The Los Angeles office is shown in FIG. 3 to have two routers LAR1 and LAR2, and according to an embodiment of the invention, these are connected to a VOSR 318. VOSR 318 interfaces with the public network 300 which provides the Los Angeles a frame relay leased line data pipe assigning it an ID of 18. This ID is assigned by the carrier and not subject to modification by the private network. If a more than one virtual circuit is desired, then the carrier leasing the line, must provide the VC identification according to conventional router design. Alternatively, the carrier may force the customer to buy a separate leased line for each new tunnel or virtual circuit that is desired between the two offices. Either alternative may be expensive since the third party carrier, not the customer, has provisioning control of the public network.
However, with the addition of a tunneling capability such as that provided in VOSR 318, the tunneling and virtual circuit numbers may be assigned and maintained privately. The so-called "tunnel mapping" is internal to the private offices and transparent to the public network. This eliminates the potential cost of a separate leased line or a public network assigned numbering which is not configurable. In order to achieve private tunnel-mapping, a VOSR 317 in the Hong Kong office is also utilized which interconnects a leased line designated as 17 by the carrier of the public network with two routers HKR1 and HKR2. VOSR 317 includes much of the same functionality as its Los Angeles counterpart VOSR 317, particularly as pertains to tunnel-mapping. Each VOSR 317 and 318 maintains a table of tunnel mappings that in combination permit the simultaneous use of the single pair of leased lines 17 and 18 by more than one of the private router LAR1, LAR2, HKR1 and HKR2.
A tunnel mapping table would be used to essentially assign a sub-circuit by means of the path ID for each tunnel created in the carrier supplied line that needs to be segmented. For instance, the carrier supplied data transfer line 17 may be virtually divided into three segments labeled 01, 02 and 03. Each segment could be assigned to the traffic of a particular private router. If the connection between VOSR 317 and HKR2 is labeled 21 and the connect between VOSR 17 and HKR1 is labeled 20, then VOSR 317 may maintain a table such as:
In the above table, line 21 (and thus HKR2) participates in two virtual circuits or tunnels 17:01 and 17:03. This may be needed where HKR2 needs to communicate simultaneously or contemporaneously with two routers in the Los Angeles office, LAR1 and LAR2. If HKR1 also needs to communicate with two other routers, another tunnel segment may be created by simply adding an entry 17:04→20 to the mapping table of VOSR 317. For VOSR 317, it is not relevant what the final path or destination end of the tunnel segment is, since this is left to the other VOSR 318 which also maintains a mapping table relevant to the LA network. Assuming that the connect between VOSR 318 and LAR1 is labeled 23 and the connect between VOSR 318 and LAR2 is labeled 22 then a tunnel mapping table for VOSR 318 may be the following:
For the Los Angeles office, line 23 (between VOSR 318 and LAR1) defines two tunnel segments, 18:02 and 18:03 and thus, can have two different and simultaneous connects with private routers in the Hong Kong office or elsewhere. The tunnel segment numbering 01, 02 and 03 operates as a switching fabric since it identifies the same data transfer path on both carrier lines 17 and 18. Thus, 17:01 is the counterpart of 18:01, 17:02 the counterpart of 18:02 and 17:03 the counterpart of 18:03. Thus, a virtual circuit can be considered created between 21 (and thus HKR2) and 22 (and thus LAR2) through the tunnel segment 01, which is identified by VOSR 317 as 17:01 and by VOSR 18:01. In order to achieve tunneling in this manner, the VOSR 317 and VOSR 318 should preferably handshake and negotiate the tunnel ID which it then uses locally. This negotiation is performed without permission of the carrier sponsoring the lines 17 and 18 through which the tunnel is created since leased line relationships remain unchanged. Referring to both aforementioned tables, tunnel segment 02 interconnects 20 with 23 (HKR1 with LAR1) over the public network while tunnel segment 03 interconnects 21 with 23 (HKR2 with LAR2). Whenever new nodes, routers or devices request a connection, new table entries may be created ad infinitum, restricted only by the memory available for the mapping table as will be appreciated by those ordinarily skilled in the art.
By circumventing the need for the public network (and thus the carrier) to assign virtual circuit numbers, the configuration of the entire WAN is more flexible (since it is privately regulated) and the cost is internalized as carriers often charge for each additional VC created. Also this scheme avoids the situation where carriers do not or are unwilling to provide tunneling and VCs, and thus require the use of a separate physical line, which is expensive both in terms of cost and perhaps maintenance and overhead since another router may be needed to connect the second line.
The tunneling functionality of the VOSR 317 and 318 is in addition to the switching and service translation layer functions that may need to implemented so that VCs are created between routers LAR1 and LAR2, for example. The tunnel mapping is akin to and can be combined within the switching table, described below in reference to FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 illustrates the stacking of functions and assigning of IDs within the VOSR.
FIG. 4 illustrates the logical framework of an exemplary VOSR. One layer of functionality is a frame relay service 410 which provides the VOSR with the capability of interpreting frame relay headers and the packets they encapsulate. Frame relay service 410 is similar to a frame relay service of a typical frame relay router except that it is also "streams compliant" in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. One key feature of the invention involves conversion of circuit or packet data into "streams." Streams are well-known in the art of computer programming, and are defined in the standard reference, "UNIX System V Release IV Programmer's Guide: Streams" (published by Prentice Hall, 1991), and also "UNIX System V/306 Streams Primer," (Prentice Hall, 1991), both authored by AT&T Corporation (collectively referred to hereinafter as "streams specification"). Thus each of functional modules shown in FIG. 4 should also be streams compliant in accordance with the invention. A core function 400, which implements the virtual circuit switching is software or programmable hardware based such that it can be easily configured and also is streams compliant.
The VOSR can provide service translation layers that convert/translate one type of protocol or service to another. In providing service translation, the VOSR is capable of interconnecting a great variety of disparate network and data types such that the flow of information in a network of networks does not require hardware complexity. For instance, a voice service 450 may be used to accept a PBX-type voice call at the VOSR. Voice service 450 is also streams compliant, and thus, will convert the voice data into data streams. A "put" streams operation will uplink the voice data as streams to the core 400, which is also streams compliant. The put operation will accompanied by an additional pair of parameters, namely, a port ID and path ID such that core 400 will recognize which destination the data is bound for. Based on the destination, a variety of different layers may be invoked. For instance, if the voice data from the PBX desires to transfer its voice data to an IP-based device that is also connected to the VOSR, a "put" (or "putqueue") is performed on the stream(s) to uplink it to an IP translation service 440. IP translation service 440 is also streams compliant and thus accepts the stream of data and encapsulates and/or converts to the voice data to IP packets in a known manner. Once the IP translation service 440 has encapsulated the voice data stream into an IP packet, the data may then be sent directly to an IP-network based device or issued to a network implementing such devices.
Likewise, a voice call may be switched through core 400 to frame relay service 410 such that the data is available to devices sponsored by the frame relay network. Again the voice call is transformed into streams when received by voice service 450, and the "put" to core 400. Core 400 initiates another "put" to frame relay service 410 which is also streams compliant and will convert the stream into a frame relay data format suitable for transmission over a frame relay network. In the same manner, the voice "stream" put from voice service 450 may be switched to a transparent service such as serial which will also be streams conformant, and convert the data stream and buffer it in a serial manner such that a serial device (not shown) may directly receive it.
As described earlier, the VOSR maintains a switching table which identifies virtual circuits created between various service translation layers and contains a combination of a path ID and port ID for each. FIG. 4 shows port IDs between each of the service translation layers and core 400. For instance, port ID 2 identifies a stream(s) between PBX voice service 450 and core 400. Likewise, port ID 1 specifies stream(s) between IP translation service 440 and core 400, port ID 3 specifies streams between ISDN service 420 and core 400, port ID 4 A specifies stream between frame relay service 410 and core 400, port ID 5 between serial service 430 and core 400 and port ID 6 between voice over IP service 460 and core 400. These port IDs number each stream uniquely but do not relate the destination or path. The port IDs may be fixed/assigned when the translation service layer is programmed, or when the VOSR is activated through a handshaking between core 400 and that service translation layer.
A path ID is a single number which identifies an ingress point from a service translation layer while another path ID may identify an egress point to a service translation layer. For instance, in the example above of a purported transfer of voice data to a frame relay, the ingress point to the core from port ID 2 is identified as 9. The egress point from the core to the frame relay service 410 is identified as 10. The combination of path IDs 9 and 10 define a virtual circuit between voice service 450 and frame relay service 410 (i.e., port or streams 2 and 4). Both ingress and egress points need to be identified since any service may be interconnected to any other service. To maintain such flexibility, and to remove core 400 from being unable to decide what the intended destination of the streams are, the ingress and egress points are defined. Each service translation layer must provide a path ID to the core 400 when the first data stream in a virtual circuit is sought to be transferred. After that, a switching table may be maintained within the core such upon receiving the path ID from the service putting the stream to the core, the virtual circuit and destination can be referenced in the table. A virtual circuit between ports identified and 2 have an ingress/egress pair 11 and 12. By specifying two path IDs, the switching is full duplex or bi-directional once a virtual circuit is established. A table for the exemplary virtual circuits shown in FIG. 4 may be summarized as follows:
In like fashion, any type/origin of data, can be switched to any other similar or disparate protocol or network service by use of the appropriate translation layer. The exemplary model shown in FIG. 4 would allow any the following data transfers: Voice to Frame Relay, ISDN or Serial; Frame Relay to Serial, Voice, or ISDN; ISDN to Frame Relay, Serial or Voice; and Serial to Frame Relay, Voice or ISDN. The universal requirement, according to an embodiment of the invention, is that each module in the VOSR be streams compliant such that it can receive a stream and if needed, perform a put or putqueue to uplink the data to another module. The modules shown in FIG. 4 are merely exemplary. Any number and variety of other services may be added/programmed into the VOSR such that each of the already existing services can now communicate with it to transfer data to that new network/device type. One example of a service not shown is IPX which may be added into the VOSR to achieve interconnectivity through the VOSR with an IP network in a known manner. Such flexibility is enabled in part by the requirement, according to an embodiment of the invention, that the IPX service translation layer that is added also conform or be compliant with the streams standard. The core 400 is essentially a switch with a translationing capability, and each service shown connected to it behaves much like a DTE (Data Terminal Equipment) device. Thus, the VOSR may be viewed as a plurality of translationing devices that are plugged into a switch. According to an embodiment of the invention, each module shown in FIG. 4, including the core 400 is software or some programmable device, such that the switch and those service translations layers plugged into the switch are all implemented in software or programmable hardware. A tunneling service layer may also be provided separately to maintain the mapping between the VOSR shown in FIG. 4 and other VOSRs connected over a public network. Part of the VOSR not shown is the physical interconnects that allow each of these connections to other physical routers or networks to be maintained such as those found in conventional router. Unlike a conventional router, switching and tunneling are both performed and unlike a conventional router or network device, by simply programming a new service translation module, the VOSR can interconnect any new network/protocol/data type that needs interconnection. One of ordinary skill in the art will readily be able to implement the encapsulation/de-encapsulation performed in the service layers shown in FIG. 4.
FIG. 5 shows a design methodology for configuring a VOSR according to an embodiment of the invention.
The first step in configuring a VOSR is to build/design the physical router device with the appropriate interfaces (step 510). Such techniques for building a physical router, such as a frame relay router are known in the art and need not be discussed further herein. Once the physical router is built and/or designed, then according to step 520, a streams stack is created with two rules: (1) Each stream must be uniquely numbered; and (2) A path ID and port ID must be provided by each module when performing a "put" of data to other modules. When these two rules are enforced, a VOSR is able to provide a combination of virtual switching, service translation and tunneling. Thus, when configuring the VOSR, the next step is to write service translation layer modules which conform to the above rules and which comply with the streams specification (step 530). If any more services need to be enabled (checked at step 540), then more service translation layers are programmed in or written to the VOSR in accordance with step 530. Once all services that need enabling are finished, the VOSR is closed (step 550) and ready to commence operation. After the initial design whenever a new service needs enabling, step 530 can again be repeated such that the new service is enabled. This allows the VOSR to dynamically expand its range of capabilities, limited only by the availability of resource necessary to program the VOSR. In an alternate embodiment, a computer system may be used as VOSR, provided that it has whatever capability of physical interconnect/interface (e.g., Network Interface Card) that would be needed to transfer data. The VOSR, in the disclosed embodiments of the invention, may couple a computer subsystem such as a processor and memory within a physical router to achieve the desired programmability.
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of processing data packets into data streams in accordance with the disclosed embodiments of the invention.
Each module within the VOSR must convert data packets into data streams so that the information within the data packets may be passed from module to module within the VOSR. FIG. 6 illustrates one methodology for performing the data packet to data stream conversion within these modules. The first step in doing so is to fetch the data packet from the device/module (step 610). The VOSR may include traffic management layers that coordinate and/or queue the movement of data between devices outside the VOSR and modules within the VOSR. Once a packet is fetched, the data is assembled into a "frame" (step 620). A frame is defined in the streams specification and is essentially a unit of data with complete header information and data payload without fragmentation. The frame is then encapsulated by attaching a streams header (step 630), which is defined in the streams specification, of the proposed data transfer. With the appropriate streams header, a streams processing function such as "put" or "putqueue" may be called (step 640) in order to initiate the movement of the data stream to the next module/device. If the final destination for the data is not yet reached (checked at step 650), then the streams processing of the stream repeats. If the final destination is reached the proper encapsulation, provided by the service translation layer above will already accompany the data making it suitable for transfer. For instance, referring back to FIG. 4, streams data which is uplinked to IP translation service 440 will be encapsulated into IP after the stream is received.
The exemplary embodiments described herein are provided merely to illustrate the principles of the invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention. Rather, the principles of the invention may be applied to a wide range of systems to achieve the advantages described herein and to achieve other advantages or to satisfy other objectives as well.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image