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A method and apparatus are disclosed for providing information about a real-world space such as an exhibition space. In a preferred embodiment, users visiting a space are equipped with mobile devices in communication with a service system. The mobile devices are arranged to deposit virtual markers with the service system as the users progress around the space. These markers are stored used to provide trail information concerning use of the space. An operator provided with an interface to the service system can directly modify the stored markers or their significance to thereby modify the trail information.
1. A method of providing information about a real-world space, comprising:
(a) as users move through said space, virtual markers are deposited and stored as marker data to indicate associated locations visited by the users in the space; and
(b) the stored marker data is used to provide trail information for guiding users in The space; wherein an operator, using an interface unit and without the need to move around said space, modifies the stored marker data or its significance whereby to modify the trail information derived therefrom;
wherein the virtual markers deposited in respect of said users are aggregated, in dependence on their associated locations, either when being stored or subsequently and the trail information provided in step (b) is based upon the aggregated markers; the operator modifying the stored marker data by depositing additional markers in respect of particular locations or areas in said space; the additional markers, when aggregated with the markers deposited in respect of said users for the same locations or areas, serving to modify said trail information; and
wherein a plurality of location cells are defined that correspond to respective areas of said space, the markers having associated strength values and each marker being stored and aggregated by having its strength value added to an existing aggregated strength value, if any, associated with in the corresponding location cell.
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the operator selecting said first and second location cells with the first cell lying on a path that follows features in a virtual landscape defined by the relative strengths of the aggregated strength values of said location cells;
transferring the aggregated strength value of the first location cell to the second location cell; and
transferring the aggregated strength values of third location cells that lie on said path near the first location cell to fourth location cells that lie in the same direction as the second cell from the first, the transfer distance between each third cell and a corresponding one of said fourth cells decreasing with decreasing proximity of the third cell concerned to said first cell.
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22. Apparatus for providing information about a real-world space, comprising :
a marker-data arrangement for receiving virtual markers deposited in respect of users in said space to indicate locations visited by said users, and for storing marker data corresponding to, or based on, the received virtual markers;
a trail-information arrangement for using the stored marker data to provide trail information for guiding users in the space;
an interface unit for enabling an operator, without the need to move around said space, to modify the stored marker data or its significance whereby to modify the trail information derived therefrom;
wherein one of the marker-data arrangement and the trail-information arrangement is arranged to aggregate said virtual markers in dependence on their associated locations;
wherein the trail-information arrangement is arranged to provide said trail information based upon the aggregated markers; and the interface unit is arranged to enable the operator to modify the stored marker data by depositing additional markers in respect of particular locations or areas in said space; the additional markers, when aggregated with the markers deposited in respect of said users for the same locations or areas, serving to modify said trail information; and
wherein the interface unit is arranged to enable the operator to deposit markers of a strength value greater than that of markers deposited in respect of said users.
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25. Apparatus according to
the apparatus is arranged to model said space as a plurality of location cells that correspond to respective areas of said space;
the marker-data arrangement is arranged to store said marker data as respective aggregated strength values for each location cell, the marker-data arrangement being arranged to determine said aggregated strength value of a said location cell as an aggregate of strength values of markers deposited for locations covered by the said area to which the cell corresponds;
the trail-information arrangement is arranged to provide said trail information on the basis of said aggregated strength values; and
the interface unit is arranged to enable the operator to modify the stored marker data by transferring the aggregated strength value of a first said location cell to a second said location cell, the interface unit being further arranged to aggregate the transferred strength value of the first cell with the aggregated strength value of the second cell.
26. Apparatus according to
to recognise when said first cells lies on a path that follows features in a virtual landscape defined by the relative strengths of the aggregated strength values of said location cells; and
to transfer, following transfer of the aggregated strength value of the first location cell to the second location cell, the aggregated strength values of third location cells that lie on said path near the first location cell to fourth location cells that lie in the same direction as the second cell from the first, the transfer distance between each third cell and a corresponding one of said fourth cells decreasing with decreasing proximity of the third cell concerned to said first cell.
27. Apparatus according to
the apparatus is arranged to store a mapping relating locations in said space to locations in a virtual world, the marker data being arranged to associate the received virtual markers with particular locations in the virtual world;
the interface unit is arranged to enable the operator to modify the significance of the stored marker data by modifying said mapping without modifying the particular virtual-world locations with which the virtual markers are associated; and
the trail-information arrangement is arranged to determine said trail information in terms of virtual-world locations and to map these locations to locations in said space using the current form of the mapping.
28. Apparatus according to
the apparatus is arranged to store a mapping relating areas in said space to respective ones of a plurality of virtual location cells, the marker data being arranged to associate the received virtual markers with particular virtual location cells in the virtual world;
the interface unit is arranged to enable the operator to modify the significance of the stored marker data by modifying said mapping; and
the trail-information arrangement is arranged to determine said trail information in terms of virtual location cells and to map these location cells to areas in said space using the current form of the mapping.
29. Apparatus according to
The subject matter of the present application may also be related to the following U.S. patent application (s): Ser. No. 10/635,939 filed on Aug. 5, 2003; 10/635,938 filed Aug. 5, 2003; and 10/635,940 filed Aug. 5, 2003.
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for providing information about a real-world space by using virtual markers deposited in respect of users of the space.
Ant colony optimization is concerned with the development and use of optimization algorithms inspired by the collective behaviour of large colonies of social insects. Typically, the algorithms represent a problem space as a network of nodes connected by arcs. The network is traversed by simple, autonomous agents that are capable both of depositing virtual markers on nodes and arcs, and acting upon the accumulated markers that they encounter on their travels. By an appropriate choice of agent behaviours, some emergent characteristic of the network can be caused to converge on a (near-)optimal solution to the original problem. This approach has been successfully applied to a range of problems such as the 'Traveling Salesman' Problem and job scheduling. More detailed information about the approach can be found in Swarm Intelligence by Bonabeau, Dorigo & Teraulaz (Oxford University Press, 1999).
Artificial life seeks to understand the processes by which biological and social complexity arise from simple organisms or agents. Typically, the approach is to construct a computer simulation of a universe populated by such agents and to study their interaction and evolution. The simulated universes may or may not reflect natural laws, and the agents may or may not be modeled on naturally occurring organisms. Within that context, the simulation of ant-like agents with the capability to deposit and sense virtual markers (pheromones) has been known for at least a decade (for example, see Ant Farm: Towards Simulated Evolution by Collins & Jefferson (in Artificial Life II, Farmer et al, Addison Wesley, 1991).
Agent-based robotics applies similar ideas to motivate the development and exploration of swarms of simple interacting robots operating in the real world. The idea of pheromone deposition and detection is well known in this field but is primarily used metaphorically to inspire mechanisms that actually implement direct communication between individuals rather than indirect communication through the environment in which the individuals move. For example, see Progress in Pheromone Robotics by Payton, Estkowski & Howard (preprint, 7th International Conference on Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Mar. 25-27, 2002). An exception is the work of Andrew Russell in which robots do deposit (and sense) a chemical marker directly into the environment (see http://www.ecse.monash.edu.au/staff/rar/).
It is an object of a first aspect of the present invention to use the concept of pheromones to provide trail information concerning use of a real-world space such as an exhibition space.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of providing information about a real-world space, comprising:
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided apparatus for providing information about a real-world space, comprising:
Embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of non-limiting example, with reference to the accompanying diagrammatic drawings, in which:
In considering such an arrangement, it is convenient, though not essential, to introduce the abstraction of a virtual feature which is the subject of each zone. Each such virtual feature is given a number of properties such as a unique identifier, a location in the real-world environment, the real-world extent of the zone associated with the feature, a subject description indicating what the feature concerns, and a set of one or more media-object identifiers identifying the media objects (or "feature items") associated with the feature. The zone associated with a virtual feature is referred to hereinafter as the 'active zone' of the feature.
For a feature that is intended to correspond to a particular real-world item (and typically having an active zone that maps to an area about a real-world object), this can be indicated in the subject description of the feature. Using the feature abstraction makes it easier to associate feature items that all relate to the same zone and also facilitates adding/removing these features items since data about the real-world extent of the related zone is kept with the feature and not each feature item.
Each feature is represented by a feature record held in a data-handling system, the feature records together defining the aforesaid virtual world that maps to the real-world environment. Each feature can be thought of as existing in this virtual world with some of these virtual features mapping to real-world objects.
As already noted, when a user is detected as within an active zone of a feature, one or more feature items are delivered to the mobile device of the user for presentation to the user. A feature item can be presented automatically to the user upon delivery or the item can be cached and only presented upon the user having expressed an interest in the feature in some way such as by dwelling in the active zone of the feature more than a minimum time or by explicitly requesting presentation of the feature item. Indeed, the delivery of the feature item to the mobile device can also be deferred until the user is detected as having expressed an interest in the feature; however, since this approach can introduce a delay before the item is available for presentation, the embodiments described below deliver feature items to the mobile device of the user without awaiting a specific expression of interest in each feature (though, of course, a general filtering may be applied as to what items are delivered according what types of features are of interest to the user). Preferably, each feature or feature item is given a property indicating whether feature item delivery is to be effected automatically upon delivery or only after a user has expressed an interest in the feature; this enables important items (such as warning messages concerning features associated with potentially hazardous real-world items) to be pushed to the user whilst other items are subject to an expression of interest by the user. Advantageously, a user may elect to have feature items automatically presented even when the corresponding feature/item property does not require this. Furthermore, since as will be described hereinafter, pre-emptive caching of feature items in the user's mobile device may be implemented, automatic presentation is qualified so as only to apply where the user is in the active zone of the feature with which the feature item is associated.
Considering the
Virtual features are also defined in correspondence to the majority of openings 23 between rooms, the active zones 25 associated with the features again been indicated by dashed lines. Typically, the feature items associated with these features are incidental information concerning the room about to be entered and are automatically presented. It will be seen from
On entering the exhibition hall 10, a user 30 collects a mobile device 31 from the reception desk 18 (or the user may have their own device). This device 31 cooperates with location-related infrastructure to permit the location of the user in the hall 10 to be determined. A number of techniques exist for enabling the location of the user to be determined with reasonable accuracy and any such technique can be used; in the present example, the technique used is based on an array of ultrasonic emitters 33 (represented in
The exhibition hall is equipped with a wireless LAN infrastructure 36 comprising a distribution system and access points 37. The wireless LAN has a coverage encompassing substantially all of the hall 10, the boundary of the coverage being indicated by chain-dashed line 38 in
It will be appreciated that communication between the device 31 and service system 35 can be effected by any suitable means and is not limited to being a wireless LAN.
The visit data held by memory 44 will typically include a user/device profile data (for example, indicating the subjects of interest to the user, the intended visit duration, and the media types that can be handled by the device), an electronic map of the hall 10, the user's current location as determined by the subsystem 40, and the identity of the feature (if any) currently being visited together with the IDs of its related feature items. The visit data also includes a feature history for the visit, which is either:
If a visited-feature history list is kept, a history of accessed features can be embedded in it by providing each feature in the history with an associated flag to indicate whether or not the feature was accessed whilst current. Although keeping a visited-feature history provides more information about the visit, it will inevitably use more memory resources than an accessed-feature history and in many cases it will only be desired to track features which the user has found sufficiently of interest to access an associated feature item. Where the purpose of the feature history is simply to keep a list of features (and related feature items) that were of interest to the user, it may be desirable to exclude from the list features for which items were automatically presented but are not associated with exhibits (real or virtual)—that is, exclude features concerned with incidental information about the hall.
The feature history preferably covers the whole of the visit though it may alternatively only cover the most recently visited/accessed features. In either case, the most recent several entries in the history list form what is hereinafter referred to as the "feature tail" of the user and provides useful information about the path being taken by the user.
The visit data held in memory 43 may further include details of a planned route being followed by the user, and a history of the locations visited by the user (this may be a full history or just the locations most recently visited—hereinafter termed the "location tail" of the user).
The service system 35 comprises the following main functional elements:
The mobile device 31 and service system 35 provide a number of useful capabilities that will each be described in detail below after an overview of the general operation of the mobile device and service system during a visit. It is to be understood that the split of functionality between the mobile device 31 and service subsystem 35 can be varied substantially form that indicated for the
In general terms, a user starting a visit can request a route to follow using the user interface 48 of the mobile device 31 to indicate parameters to be satisfied by the route. This route request is sent by the visit manager to route planner 50 and results in the download to the mobile device 31 of a planned route. The path guide 49 then provides the user (typically, though not necessarily, only when asked) with guide indications to assist the user in following the planned route. Where the interface 48 includes a visual display, this can conveniently be done by displaying a map showing the user's current location and the planned route; in contrast, where only an audio interface is available, this can be done by audio cues to indicate the direction to follow. A user need not request a planned route and in this case will receive no guide indications. A user may request a route plan at any stage of a visit (for example a route to an exhibit of interest).
As the user moves through the hall, the location determination subsystem 40 sends periodic location reports 62 (see
When a location report 62 is received by the manager 54, it passes on the user's current location in the report to the pheromone trail subsystem 55 to enable the latter to build up trail data from all devices; additionally, the user and/or type identifier may be passed on to subsystem 55 if provided in the location report. The user's current location is also passed to the item-data response subsystem 56 together with any profile data and prediction-assist data in the location report 62. The item-data response subsystem 56 then constructs and sends a response 65 (see
More particularly, the location-item to feature translation unit 57 of subsystem 56 uses the data passed to subsystem to determine the feature, if any, currently being visited by the user and thus what feature items are relevant to the user in their current location. In doing this, the unit 57 may also use the supplied profile data to disregard both features that do not relate to a subject of interest to the user and feature items of a media type that cannot be handled by the mobile device 31. The unit 57 may also use elements of the prediction-assist data (for example, the location or feature last encountered before the current one) to enable it to determine the direction of progression of the user and thus to select between feature items of a feature in dependence on the direction of approach of the user. This is done, for example, for the features associated with openings 25 in order to select a feature item appropriate to entering a room. The IDs of feature items identified by the unit 57 together with the identity of the corresponding feature and the status of the automatic presentation flag of the feature, form a first part 66 of the response 65 to be sent back to the mobile device 31. Where the current location does not correspond to the active zone of any feature, the first response part 66 simply indicates this.
A second part 67 of the item-data response 65 is produced by the prediction unit 58 and comprises a list of the feature items most likely to be needed in the near future by the mobile device 31; for each such feature item, the second response part 67 includes the feature ID, its type, size and probability of usage. Like the unit 57, the unit 58 uses supplied profile data to disregard feature items of features not of interest to the user or of a media type that cannot not be handled by the mobile device 31. The number of feature items identified in response part 67 is preferably limited (for example, to ten such items). The item-data response subsystem 56 then sends the response 65 back to the mobile device 31 of the user by using a return address supplied with the original location report 62 and passed to subsystem 56 by the manager 54.
Rather than having the prediction unit 58 provide a prediction each and every time the mobile device 31 sends a location report, it is possible to arrange for the prediction unit 58 only to operate when required by the mobile device 31 with the latter only requiring a prediction, for example, every nth location report or only after the user has moved a certain distance since the last prediction made by unit 58. Conveniently, the location report field used to carry the prediction-assist data is also used to indicate when a prediction is required by, for example, setting the field to a predetermined value when prediction is not required.
The item-data response received back at the mobile device 31 is processed by the visit manager 47. If the first part 66 of the response identifies a feature (thereby indicating that the current location of the user corresponds to the active zone of feature), the manager 47 updates the 'current feature' data in memory 45 to the feature identifier and item IDs in the first response part. These item IDs are also passed to the cache manager 45 and are used by the latter to request immediate delivery of these items from the server 53 of the service system to cache 44, if not already present in the cache. If the feature history data held by memory 43 relates to visited, rather than accessed, features, and if the feature identifier and item IDs in the first response part 66 differ from the most recent entry in the feature history list, the latter is updated with the feature identifier and item IDs from the first response part 66.
In the case that no feature is identified in the first part of the response 65, the 'current feature' data in memory 43 is set to null.
The manager 47 also determines whether the (first) feature item (if any) identified in the first response part 66 is to be immediately presented to the user, this determination taking account of the setting of the automatic presentation flag in the first part of the response, any user indication (stored, for example in the profile data) that all items are to be automatically presented, and any monitored indications of the user's interest in the currently-visited feature. Where a feature item identified in the first response part is to be immediately presented to the user, the manager 47 requests the item from the cache manager 45 (there may be a delay in the delivery of the item if it has not yet been received from the server 53). At the same time, if the feature history concerns accessed features the manager 47 updates the feature history with an entry corresponding to the feature identifier and item IDs forming the 'current feature' data; where the feature history although recording all visited features, provides for indicating whether a feature has been accessed, the manager updates the feature history accordingly.
With respect to the data contained in the second part 67 of the response 65, the visit manager simply passes this data to the cache manager 45 which determines whether or not to request from server 53 any of the items identified that are not already in the cache 44. The cache manger 47 in making this determination takes account of the probability that an item will be needed in the near future and the available cache space. The cache manager 45 may decide to create additional cache space by flushing one or more items from the cache.
In this manner, the cache manager 45 seeks to ensure that the next item requested by the visit manager 47 as the user progresses to the next feature will already be in the cache 44.
Following the processing of an item-data response by the visit manager, whenever a feature item is accessed (presented) either as a result of the visit manager 47 determining that the current feature is of interest to the user or as result of the user specifically requesting the item (for example, after inspecting the list of items associated with the current feature), then where the feature history data records accessed feature information, the visit manager 47 checks if the feature associated with the accessed item is the current feature and, if so, updates the feature history to record the feature as an accessed one if not already so indicated.
The visit manager can also be arranged to keep a list in memory 43 of the individual feature items accessed.
Having described the general operation of the mobile device 31 and service system 35, a more detailed description will now be given of some of the functionality embodied in the arrangement of
Pheromone Trails
The location reports provided by the mobile device 31 and passed to the pheromone trail subsystem 55 serve as virtual markers in the virtual world corresponding to the hall environment. These markers are stored by the subsystem 55 and used to build up trail and other useful information about utilisation of the corresponding real-world environment.
In general terms (that is, without limitation to the specifics of the embodiment of
However, each of these characteristics represents a choice in some dimension and other choices are possible. For example:
Of course, a wide range of mixes of the above choices of characteristics (and of other characteristics) are possible and although the term "pheromone trail" is used herein to refer to the general arrangement of the deposition and use of virtual markers, this term should not be taken as implying that any particular characteristic is being implemented in respect of the arrangement concerned or that the use of the markers is related to delimiting a trail. Furthermore, it is to be understood that implementation of any particular characteristic is not tied to either one of the mobile device 31 or service system 35. Indeed, the service system is not essential for the implementation of a pheromone trail arrangement where the devices can communicate amongst themselves. Conversely, whilst some form of mobile device will generally need to be carried by the user to assist in determining the location of a user, the actual location determination of a user and corresponding marker deposition can be done by the service system 35; for example, the user's mobile device can be arranged to emit distinctive ultrasonic signals at intervals which are picked up by fixed receivers with time of receipt information then being used to determine the user's location and a corresponding virtual marker deposited in respect of the user. A system that does not require any device to be carried by the user for the purposes of location determination is also possible such as a camera-based system that can track the movement of an individual user through the hall 10 with the images produced by different cameras being correlated to follow the user as he/she passes from the field of view of one camera to that of another (this correlation can be aided by the use of face recognition technology). An alternative approach is to use pressure sensors to detect the footfalls of users with the individual footfalls being correlated to determine the most likely pattern of related footfalls corresponding to movement of single users (this correlation is facilitated if the pressure sensors also give a weight reading for each footfall).
Whatever the detailed characteristics of the markers, the effect of their deposition as users move around the physical environment is the generation of a marker "landscape" in the digital representation of that environment. The ridges, peaks, troughs and wells of this landscape reflect the number of markers laid in each part of the landscape and will typically (though not necessarily in all cases) also reflect the time elapsed since the markers were laid. The devices of other users are arranged to be able to sense this landscape enabling them to use various gradient and contour following applications to traverse it, for example to follow (or avoid) popular paths. In doing so, the intensity of marker accumulations can be indicated to users in a variety of ways; for example intensity levels can be represented through an audio signal whose loudness or frequency varied with that intensity or through a visual display.
Considering first the marker deposition stage 80 (functional block 85), marker deposition can be done automatically, by deliberate user-action per marker, or by deliberate user confirmation of an automatically-generated series of latent markers representing a trail segment. Where markers are deposited (or generated) automatically, the frequency of deposition/generation can be made time or distance dependent (with respect to the last marker) or can be arranged to occur at specific way points around the environment, for example, at virtual features (that is, when a user enters the active zone of the feature, with typically only one marker being deposited/generated per feature encounter). Depositing a marker when a feature is encountered does, of course, require the mapping between location and features to have first been carried out; this can be done either by arranging for this mapping to be effected in the user's mobile device or by arranging for the unit carrying out the mapping away from the device (for example, unit 57 in the
However a marker is deposited/generated, each marker may have an associated user identifier and/or type indicator (indicating some special significance not specific to a user). In the case of there being more than one type of marker, either a single marker type can be associated with a user or multiple types of marker can be associated with the user. Where multiple marker types are associated with a user, different conditions can be specified for when each type of marker is to be deposited (for example, one type of marker could be deposited at regular intervals whilst another type only deposited when at a virtual feature). More than one type of marker can be deposited at the same time where appropriate and in this case it can be useful to avoid duplication of data by combining the different types of basic marker into a single compound marker with attributes defining the types of basic marker represented by the compound marker.
Each marker may also have a tag to indicate a desired decay behaviour—for example, where, by default, a marker is arranged to decay, a no-decay tag can be included which if set (or "true") indicates that the marker concerned is not to be given the default behaviour of decaying in value with time. Of course, it is possible to view the decay tag simply as a marker type indicator with markers tagged for decay being decay-type markers and markers tagged not to decay being no-decay type markers.
The main choice presented at the storage stage 81 (functional block 86) is whether a marker is to be aggregated with previously stored markers deposited at the same location or stored as an individual marker along with any associated data. Whilst aggregation produces useful information, storing in an un-aggregated form has the advantage of preserving the maximum amount of raw data whilst leaving open the option to later on retrieve a copy of the data for aggregation; the disadvantages of not aggregating initially are the much greater storage capacity required and the delay in later on obtaining aggregated data. Where aggregation is effected, this can be done across all types of marker or for each type of marker separately. Typically aggregation is done by adding an initial strength value to the aggregated strength value already stored for the same "location cell" as that in which the marker was deposited where a location cell corresponds to a specific area of the real-world environment. Rather than a marker being allocated to one location cell only, the strength of the marker can be divided up between the nearest cells in proportion, for example, to the distance between the point of deposition of the marker and a center point of each of the nearest cells. The initial strength value of a marker can be made dependent on the type of marker concerned where multiple marker types are present.
The intrinsic behaviour stage 82 (functional block 87) applies behaviours to the aggregated or non-aggregated markers. For example, the aggregated or non-aggregated marker strength can be reduced with time with the rate of strength decay being dependent on marker type (the decay rate can be of any suitable form such as by a fixed amount per unit time or a by fixed proportion of the remaining strength per unit time). Where a marker is individually stored, the marker can also be given a limited life determined as expired either when its strength falls below a certain level or when the marker reaches a certain age (for which purpose, a time-of-deposition time stamp can be stored along with the marker). Applying intrinsic behaviour is done, for example, by a process that regularly scans the memory block 91, reviewing and modifying its contents as necessary. The intrinsic behaviour stage 82 may not be present either because no relevant behaviours are being implemented or because they are applied as part of the applications processes for using the stored data.
The application stage 83 (functional block 88) uses the stored data to carry out specific application tasks and may also apply behaviours, such as marker strength fall off with time, to the data copied from storage where such behaviours have not been applied earlier to the stored data itself. Typical application tasks include:
It should be noted that different applications may call for different marker strength decay rates. This can be accommodated in a several ways—for example, each marker that is deposited can be split into multiple copies with each copy being used for a particular application and decayed (either as an intrinsic behaviour or by the application) at an appropriate rate. A variant of this approach is to give a single marker multiple strength attribute values, each value being associated with a different application and being decayed at a rate appropriate for the application concerned either as an intrinsic behaviour or by the application; this is equivalent to there being a respective marker type per application with markers of several different types being deposited at the same time in a compound marker (of course, it would also be possible to actually deposit discrete markers per application type).
As regards the presentation stage 84 (functional block 89), how the output of an application is presented to a user will depend on the nature of that output and the interface modalities available. Typically, where an application task has determined a trail to follow or the most popular features, this can be presented to the user on a map display whilst if an application is arranged to provide real time guidance along a path, this may be best done using audio prompts.
Implementation details of the functional blocks 85-89 for any particular combination of the available choices discussed above will be apparent to persons skilled in the art. It should be noted that multiple combinations of choices can exist together; for example, markers can be arranged to be deposited by a mobile device both at fixed time intervals and every time a feature is encountered and a marker can be both aggregated upon storage as well as an individual copy being kept. Thus in one implementation, an array data structure is used to define an X-Y array of location cells with each cell mapping to a respective area of the real world environment (hall 10) and being used to hold, for each marker type, both an aggregated strength value for the markers of that type deposited at locations covered by the real-world area to which the cell maps, and a pointer to a linked list of individual records for those markers which are still alive (that is, not time expired). With respect to the embodiment of
The stored markers are put to use for route planning/following, feature popularity review, and prediction purposes. With respect to route planning, when the visit manager 47 of a mobile device 31 requests a route from the route planner 59 of the service system, the latter can ask the application task block 88 of the pheromone trail subsystem 55 to access the stored marker data and propose a possible route based either on the tour markers or the aggregated normal markers. Thus, the route planner, where provided with a subject of interest to the user by the visit manager 47, can be arranged to map this subject to a particular tour sub-type and then retrieve the set of locations of the corresponding tour markers stored by the subsystem 55; these locations are then used to provide a route plan back to the mobile device 31. As described above, no sequence information is stored with the tour markers and whilst this will generally not be an issue, it is possible to provide for the tour markers to carry sequence information in a number of ways, the simplest of which is to associate a sequence number with each tour marker as it is deposited, this number being incremented for each successive marker and being stored along with the marker. An equivalent way of providing sequence information is to incrementally increase/decrease the strength value assigned to each marker as it is deposited; since the tour marker do not decay, this strength value remains and effectively serves as a sequence number indicating the direction of progression of the tour.
The route planner 59 can be arranged to request the subsystem 55 for the most popular route around the hall 10 as indicated by ridges of higher-strength accumulations of normal markers, or for the least crowded route as indicated by troughs of zero or low-strength accumulations of the normal markers. Of course, the route planner 59 will typically have been requested by a user to provide a route that takes the user to features relating to a particular subject or even to a set of user-selected features; if the route planner decides that there is no relevant pre-planned tour it can use, or if the user has specifically asked for a popular or a least crowded route, then the route planner will use the normal-marker aggregations to aid it in planning a route between the selected features. This can be done by first selecting an order in which to visit the features and then asking the application task block 88 to provide the most popular/least crowded route between each successive pairing of features in the order they are to be visited. Alternatively, the actual order of visiting of the features, as well as the route between each feature, can be determined according to the peaks and troughs of the accumulated normal marker landscape, preferably with account being taken of the total distance to be traveled by the user. In this case, since the application task block 88 has more immediate access to the stored marker accumulations, it may be appropriate for the route planner to hand over the whole task of planning a route to the task block 88.
Rather than determining a route by following ridges or troughs in the accumulated-marker landscape, the route planner can be arranged to determine a route by avoiding ridges or troughs. In relation to route determination, it is to be understood that the term "ridge" includes the limit case of a "peak" and the term "trough" includes the limit case of a "well".
An image of the virtual landscape formed by the location-dependent aggregations of markers mapped to a representation (such as a plan) of the hall 10 can, of course, be passed to the mobile device 31 for presentation to the user.
Another possible usage of the pheromone trail subsystem 55 in respect of providing route information involves the deposition by a first user of user-specific markers that are not aggregated but are arranged to decay in strength over a period of an hour or so. These markers would enable a second user to request the route taken by the first user (for example, by means of a request sent from the visit manager 47 of the second user's mobile device to the route planner 59), the markers deposited by the first user then being accessed to determine the route taken by the first user and their direction of progression as indicated by the current strengths of the markers. This service (suitable for a parent wanting to track a child) can be made private with only the users involved being able to access the relevant marker data and can be provided as a fee-based service.
A similar type of usage involves all members of a group having markers of a type specific to that group, the markers being aggregated on storage. This would enable an overview to be obtained of what the group did during a visit and if the markers concerned did not decay (though typically given a lifespan limited to the day of the visit) and were deposited at fixed time intervals, it would also enable the popularity of different visited features to be discerned. Preferably, the group markers are deposited in addition to normal markers rather than as an alternative to the latter.
Although in the foregoing examples of the use of the pheromone trail system in the embodiment of
With regard to the use of the deposited marker data for feature popularity review, if a user wishes to ascertain the current relative popularity of the features (or, in user terms, of the exhibits with which the features are associated), the user causes the visit manager 47 to send a request to the pheromone trail subsystem 55. The task block 88 of the subsystem 55 then accesses the feature marker accumulations of the feature cells and uses the strengths of these accumulations to determine the current relative popularity of the features. This popularity data is then returned to the requesting mobile device for presentation to the user. If a longer term view of the popularity of the features is required, then the task block 88 accesses the normal marker aggregations for the feature cells, these aggregations having a longer decay period and, unlike the feature marker accumulations, having a strength that reflects the dwell time at each feature as well as the number of visits.
In respect of use of the deposited marker data for prediction purposes, this involves using the current location or location tail of a user to make predictions as to where the user is likely to go next having regard to what others have done as indicated by the relative strengths of the accumulations of normal markers in location cells adjacent the one in which the user is currently located. If location tail data is available, the strengths of marker accumulations in location cells just visited by the user (and possibly also of the cells on either side of such cells) can be scaled down to reflect the fact that the user is less likely to visit those cells; however, if the geography of the hall or the layout of features of interest to the user is likely to cause the user to turn around, then such scaling down is not effected. Making predictions of the user's future path in this manner is carried out by the application task block 88 of the pheromone trail subsystem. This future path prediction capability can be used by the prediction unit 58 to determine what feature items are likely to be needed in the near future.
It will be appreciated that many other applications are possible for the pheromone trail arrangements discussed above.
With respect to management of the pheromone trail information by the exhibition hall staff, the use of tour markers for defining tours has already been mentioned. However, other management techniques are also possible. For example, as an alternative to using tour markers, or in order to modify trails such as those defined by ridges or troughs of aggregated normal markers, a special marker type that has a very high initial strength (for example, 10,100 or a 1000 times stronger than a normal marker) can be defined and associated with the role of a tour guide—this guide then traverses the hall on a desired path depositing the high-strength markers along the way. These high-strength markers are aggregated with normal markers and effectively serve to swamp existing trail information based on the latter whereby to define new trails (in fact, the actual strength of the high-strength markers need not be pre-selected but can set adaptively depending on the strength of marker aggregations encountered—all that is required is that the strength of the high-strength markers is sufficient to swamp the strength values of any aggregations of normal markers already deposited in respect of the locations concerned). A reverse effect can also be provided by defining a 'negative' strength marker type (a 'wipe-out' type) to wipe out, or at least reduce, aggregated strength values of normal markers along particular paths (this assumes that the normal markers have 'positive' strength values—more generally, the normal markers and the wipe-out markers simply need to be treated as having strength values of opposite signs). Wipe-out markers can have a specific negative strength value or can be arranged to exactly cancel out the aggregated normal marker strength in the location cells concerned.
Instead of seeking to modify existing trail information by having a tour guide deposit additional markers, the service system 35 can be arranged to enable an operator to modify the stored marker information via an interface 200 (
Other useful modification operations will be apparent to persons skilled in the art.
The above described methods and arrangements are not limited to use in exhibition halls or similar public or private buildings; the methods and arrangements disclosed can be applied not only to internal spaces but also to external spaces or combinations of the two. As already noted, the distribution of functionality between mobile devices and the service system is not limited to the distributions described above since the availability of communication resources makes it possible to place functionality where most suitable from technical and commercial considerations. Furthermore, in the foregoing reference to a mobile device is not to be construed as requiring functionality housed in a single unit and the functionality associated with a mobile device can be provided by a local aggregation of units.
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subset: commoncrawl


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The Power of Independent Thinking
Stephen Halbrook on His New Book Gun Control in the Third Reich
Recorded: Friday, November 1, 2013
Stephen P. Halbrook, author of Gun Control in the Third Reich appeared on NRA News Television with host Cam Edwards. Halbrook talks about his new book and the years of research he conducted, showing how the Nazi party used gun registrations to disarm Jewish citizens and other Enemies of the State.
Experts: Stephen P. HalbrookType: TelevisionIssues: Constitutional Law, Crime, Gun Control, History (International)
Ivan Eland on the Syrian Crisis and White House Leadership
Recorded: Tuesday, September 10, 2013
Senior Fellow Ivan Eland appeared on the RT Global News Channel program Crosstalk speaking about the crisis in Syria and President Obama's effectiveness as a world leader.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Defense and Foreign Policy, Diplomacy and Foreign Aid, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Politics
Alvaro Vargas Llosa on The Jason Lewis Radio Show
Recorded: Thursday, August 15, 2013
Senior Fellow Alvaro Vargas Llosa, author of Global Crossings, is interviewed by host Jason Lewis about his new book.
Experts: Alvaro Vargas LlosaType: RadioIssues: Economic Policy, Immigration, Labor and Employment, Latin America, Politics
Obama and Putin: A Summit that Wasnt
Recorded: Friday, August 9, 2013
In a cold war of words, President Barack Obama told Russian President Vladimir Putin he wouldnt attend a Moscow summit in September. Research Fellow Anthony Gregory compares the two leaders record on human rights and asks why they would even meet in the first place.
Experts: Anthony GregoryType: Independent Institute TVIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Freedom, Government Power, Political Ideology and Philosophy, Politics
Ivan Eland Discusses Snowdens Temporary Asylum in Russia
Recorded: Friday, August 2, 2013
Senior Fellow Ivan Eland discusses USRussia relations and Edward Snowden, the NSA whistle blower on CCTV's "BizAsia America" show.
Experts: Ivan ElandType: TelevisionIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Defense and Foreign Policy, Freedom, Law Enforcement, Politics
Reaction to the Conviction of Bradley Manning by Research Fellow Anthony Gregory
Recorded: Thursday, August 1, 2013
Presidential candidate Barack Obama promised to protect government whistle-blowers in an effort to be more transparent. When U.S. Army private Bradley Manning was convicted of espionage, Independent Institute Research Fellow Anthony Gregory said it's time to make a choice.
Experts: Anthony GregoryType: Independent Institute TVIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Constitutional Law, Criminal Justice/ Prisons, Defense and Foreign Policy, Government Power
Mary Theroux on ARNNSnowden and the Surveillance State
Recorded: Monday, July 22, 2013
Mary Theroux, Senior Vice President at the Independent Institute, is interviewed by host Ernie Brown on the topic of Edward Snowden and the US Governments Surveillance State.
Experts: Mary L. G. TherouxType: RadioIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Constitutional Law, Defense and Foreign Policy, Government Power, Government Secrecy, Technology, Terrorism and National Crises
Civil Liberties and Security in an Age of Terrorism
Recorded: Thursday, July 18, 2013
Civil Liberties in an Age of Terrorism: A special evening with our "Challenge of Liberty Summer Seminars" students and featured by C-SPAN's Book TV. Watch this eye-opening, timely discussion on the recent revelations of systematic government spyingincluding NSA accessing of phone records, USPS photocopying the exterior of all mail, and the dangers posed to liberty and security by these and other such unchecked and unconstitutional powers.
Experts: Anthony Gregory, Robert Higgs, Mary L. G. TherouxType: Independent Institute EventIssues: Civil Liberties/ Human Rights, Constitutional Law, Defense and Foreign Policy, Privacy, Terrorism and National Crises


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The viewfinder could be popped off so I could hold it low and compose a photo at waist level if the situation got bad.
The charge was to compose a story on it—a story that would justifiably appear on a napkin.
Since Nina Simone did compose much of her most pivotal music, the estate maintains control over its usage.
c.1400, compousen, from Old French composer "put together, arrange, write" a work (12c.), from com- "with" (see com-) + poser "to place," from Late Latin pausare "to cease, lay down," ultimately from Latin ponere "to put, place" (see position (n.)). Meaning influenced in Old French by componere (see composite). Musical sense is from 1590s. Related: Composed; composing.


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(France 24 Oct 1869 – Jun 1909)
7.3 x 6.7 cm (irreg.)
Anna Waldmann, Renée Free and Nicholas Draffin, Salon and Académie: the charm of tradition: a catalogue of nineteenth-century European salon works, Sydney, 1984, (illus.). no catalogue numbers
Salon and Academie: the charm of tradition, Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, 15 Nov 1984–May 1985


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Property to let in St. Anns Lane, Burley, Leeds LS4 - 5 bedrooms
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£1,430 pcm (£330 pw)
St. Anns Lane, Burley, Leeds LS4Property to rent - 5 bedrooms
Located in a popular and convenient location. There is an open plan kitchen/lounge area. The contemporary kitchen includes stainless steel oven and hob, fridge freezer, washing machine, dishwasher. All 5 bedrooms have built-in wardrobe and double ... More details
Note: Distances are straight line measurements
- Headingley (0.4 miles)
- Burley Park (0.4 miles)
Marketed by Cityred Properties, LS2. Call 0113 826 7584


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Podcasts: Morning Newswatch Podcasts
Morning Newswatch Podcasts
Broken Truce
Another truce has been broken in the Gaza strip.
Jackson Street Corridor
Joey discusses the Jackson St. Corridor with Paul O'Shea the chairman of the Historic Preservation Fund and planning and design coordinator for the city of Springfield.
Joey talks with Tom Wolf, executive director of the Illinois Chamber of Commerce's Energy Council about why it's taking so long for the State of Illinois to come up with fracking rules.
Korean War National Museum
President and Chief Executive Officer at The Korean War National Museum Tony Enrietto talks with Joey about the re-dedication of the museum.
Shrapnel Like Holes on MH17
Crash investigators at the sight of Malaysia flight 17 in Eastern Ukraine say they have discovered shrapnel like holes in parts of the plane.
Air Algerie Crash
An Air Algerie flight has crashed in northern Mali with 116 people on board it's the latest in a string of airline incidents around the world.
Changes for Deer Hunters
The Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) is making some changes for deer hunters this season. Joey talks with IDNRs Tim Schweizer.
Human Remains in Rochester
The latest on the human remains found in Rochester over the weekend.
Botched Execution
Fighting is goes on in Ukraine, and there was problems with another execution yesterday.
Undersherrif on Armed Standoff
Joey talks with Sangamon County Undersherrif Jack Campbell about the incident last evening at the Lincoln Place trailer park near Riverton where an armed man was barricaded in his mobile home.


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Your chest, shoulder, and upper back muscles tend to become tight
after open-heart surgery. The following exercises are designed to help
flexibility and prevent stiffness in these muscles.
These are just guidelines. Discuss additional physical limitations or medical issues with your doctor before beginning any exercise program.
Start with the easy exercises, and add others as you are able to do
them comfortably.
Start right after discharge, or within 1 week after surgery
Start 2 weeks after discharge, or 3 weeks after surgery
Start 4 weeks after discharge, or 5 to 6 weeks after surgery
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I just got off the phone with Danny Block and he wanted me to put a post up here to let everyone know that Gabi will NOT be able to lecture this year.
There are some family issues and he does not want to leave Spain at this time.
Danny is working on a replacement lecturer. If/when he gets a replacement, I'll post the info here.
Please spread the word to anyone else you know that is going to Buffalo.


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Product Specs
Product Description
Add a contemporary touch to your bachelor or bachelorette party with this personalized half yard ale glass! This hand-blown glass comes with a cherry wood stand complete with a silver plate that can be engraved with up to two lines of text. It's the perfect way to toast the beer lovers in your life!
Beer lovers will also enjoy personalized pint glasses and bar tools keychain favors.


text: Shake The Room! - FREE DOWNLOAD by The Funk Hunters published on 2010/06/10 22:42:26 +0000 Shake The Room! - The Funk Hunters This one's a banger! Tried and tested, all summer long. 112bpm, complete with wobbly basslines, funky guitar riffs, and all the right samples to make the dancefloor shake! - CONNECT ONLINE - Download FREE Music at: http://www.thefunkhunters.com/music Follow The Funk Hunters: http://www.facebook.com/thefunkhunters Instagram: http://www.instagram.com/thefunkhunters Upcoming Tour Dates: http://gigs.gigatools.com/u/thefunkhunters


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John Mistler: 480-314-4200
Christa Bigness: 941-408-9758
Stearns Bank has the resources, with over $1.3 billion in assets, and expertise to finance your real estate property. Stearns Bank is a well capitalized, independent bank founded in 1912 with bank locations in Arizona, Florida, Georgia, and Minnesota. We have partnered with the Arizona Canadian Connection to bring you these two exclusive finance programs:
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ACE Fit Share
Add some diversity to your fitness program with these butt and hip exercises from the American Council on Exercise. We'll help you tone up those glutes and get that butt into shape. Choose from a wide variety of hip flexibility and strengthening exercises including glute bridges, BOSU lateral jumps and more. These exercises come with detailed instructions, step-by-step guidance and tutorials on proper equipment use. For full workout routines featuring butt and hip exercises, be sure to visit our Workouts section.
Fit Life Articles
Although there are several benefits to practicing Bikram yoga, the concern over heat-related challenges among some participants seems warranted. If you are planning on participating in a Bikram yoga class, check out ACE's easy-to-follow safety recommendations that will help...
If you're trying to eat healthier or lose a few pounds, lunch can prove to be a stumbling block, with limited time and workplace temptations making it easy to ditch your healthy habits. Check out these common lunch-hour mishaps and their fixes that can help you stay on...
If you're exercising regularly, you undoubtedly are noticing the benefits—better sleep and moods, maybe a few lost pounds. The last thing you want to do is derail your efforts or, worse, get yourself injured. Learn about five of the most common exercise mistakes people make...
ACE Pro Homepage
Copyright © 2015 The American Council on Exercise. All Rights Reserved.4851 Paramount Drive, San Diego, California 92123 1 (888)-825-3636


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Photo by Romulo Yanes
YIELD: Makes 6 main-course servings
ACTIVE TIME: 30 min
TOTAL TIME: 30 min
Boil wine, vinegar, and shallot in a 2 1/2- to 3-quart heavy saucepan over moderate heat until liquid is reduced to about 1 tablespoon, about 3 minutes. Add a few tablespoons butter, whisking constantly. Add remaining butter 1 piece at a time, whisking constantly and adding each new piece before previous one has completely melted, lifting pan from heat occasionally to cool mixture. Reduce heat to low, then add crabmeat and cook, stirring occasionally, until just heated through, about 2 minutes.
Remove pan from heat and stir in herbs, zest, lemon juice, and salt.
Meanwhile, cook pasta in a 6- to 8-quart pot of boiling salted water until al dente. Reserve 3 tablespoons of pasta-cooking water, then drain pasta.
Toss pasta with crab sauce and reserved cooking water in a serving bowl. Season with salt and pepper.


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Romney's ability to make his push for Latino votes a success has long been hampered by Team Obama's efforts to paint him as an unacceptable candidate, attacking his hard-line stance on immigration and desire to cut some social programs.
Obama was able to drive that message home virtually uncontested all spring and summer. And despite Romney's surge, the president and his allies are still spending more on Spanish-language TV in battleground states.
The president and his supporters are spending twice as much as Romney's team in Florida, three-and-a-half times as much in Colorado, and nearly three times as much in Nevada, all despite being outspent in English.
The critical Orlando market -- where the rapidly-growing, Democrat-leaning Puerto-Rican population is fast becoming a political force that rivals right-leaning Cuban-Americans in Miami -- provides an interesting test case.
Both Romney and Obama have recently run spots there that feature prominent figures in the community (Puerto Rico Gov. Luis Fortuño speaking for Romney and Obama touting his appointment of Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor).
But spending for Obama has totaled $1.5 million compared to just $306,000 for Romney, who has had the most ads air in the Cuban-American bastion of Miami.
The reality is that truly undecided Latino voters -- aka those who could be persuaded by ads -- are few in number; only 6 percent according to Latino Decisions. And it will certainly take more than Spanish-language ads to convince them, especially for the millions who prefer to get their political information in English. But judging from the numbers, the amount of money spent by campaigns and outside groups on Spanish-language ads will like continue to rise as Election Day nears. But with the election this close, Romney and Obama are doing everything they can to hit the right note en Español.


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Season tickets (seven or more events) on sale now.
Single tickets on sale July 26.
To receive priority seating, join the Friends of McCain by July 2.
McCain Auditorium is the only authorized outlet for purchasing tickets to events in the McCain Performance Series.
Order by phone
Order online
Single tickets go on sale July 26.
Order in person
The McCain box office is open from 11:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. weekdays and is located in the lobby of McCain Auditorium.
The McCain box office is generally open 90 minutes before each performance in McCain Auditorium.
Gift certificates
Gift certificates are available in any amount for McCain Performance Series events and are available at the McCain box office or by calling 785-532-6428. Gift certificates are only valid for McCain Performance Series events.


text:
Stock Photo:
Almudaina palace in Palma de Mallorca from Majorca island from Spain
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- Copyright: holbox
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Celebrate Def Jam's 30th anniversary with Rolling Stone Films.
Teyana gets down to business.
The new Kanye is here.
It's just "Jeezy," OK?
Now, who didn't see this coming?
Jhené lives for your love.
TJ spends most of his time safely indoors for this one.
Y'all know the legendary Roots crew.


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BMW 528i is where sport meets comfort. This 528i is equipped with a cold weather package and premium package. As you sit down you're... More
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1987 BWM E24 M6 two-door coupe. 3.5 liter, 256 hp fuel injected 24-valve DOHC 6-cyl motor. Getrag 5-speed manual transmission. 4-wheel power disc brakes. BMW... More
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This 1988 BMW M3 is in Zinnoberrot with Black leather. The E30 M3 is among the most recognizable and sought after BMW amongst the collector... More
1959 BMW Isetta 600 Limo. Finished in Bavarian blue paint with a clean gray interior. This micro car is powered by an original style... More
Spend some time with this 2011 BMW 128i and you'll find it has an irrepressible, playful character that brings sheer joy to the driving... More
This 1960 BMW 2600 Sedan is a very original car that's been sitting in storage waiting to be restored. Silver with blue interior. Quite... More
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Collaboration tools are so pervasive in the workplace that it's no longer a question of if companies will enable web working, but how. Jacob Morgan, a principal with the Chess Media Group, wrote the book The Collaborative Organization, which he hopes will be a guide for corporations looking to utilize a mix of internal messaging, email, wikis and other communication tools in their enterprise. Morgan talked with us about what the evolution of collaboration platforms, what collaboration resources young workers entering companies will expect, and how to get people to actually use the tools provided.
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Bray Air Display Traffic Management Plan
In consultation with the event organisers the following traffic plan will be put in place to avoid traffic congestion on Strand Road, Bray during and after the Bray Air Display.
Road Closures
On Sunday 19th July 2015 Strand Road, Bray will be closed to vehicles from 12 noon to 7.00pm from the junction of Quinnsboro Road to Albert Avenue.
Traffic Restrictions
From 12 noon to 7pm on Sunday the 19th July 2015 entry by vehicles to an area east of Main St and Vevay Road from Seapoint Road to Newcourt Road will be restricted to residents and persons having business in the area. Access to Quinnsboro Road will be restricted to local residents and to those using the car park at Florence Road / Quinnsboro Road. Access to the car park at St Thomas's School will be available via Novara Avenue. An Order under Section 21 of the Criminal Justice (Public Order) Act 1994 by Superintendent, Garda Siochana, Bray Co Wicklow will give effect to the above restrictions.
Visitors are encouraged to use available public transport, including DART, Dublin Bus and Finnegan's Bray services. Plan your journey on www.transportforireland.ie.
We want you to enjoy the Bray Summerfest Air Display. Please co-operate with event stewards, An Garda Siochana, emergency service personnel and officials.
Car Parking
Free parking to the general public attending the air display will be provided at the following locations:
- Florence Road Car Park
- Presentation School, Putland Rd
- St Thomas School on Novara Avenue
- Holy Redeemer Church Car Park on Herbert Rd
- Old Dell Site at Boghall Road / Vevay Road
When the Dell site is full cars will be allowed to park on the bus lane inbound on Southern Cross Road.
You are required to download a Parking Permit and have it displayed on the dashboard of the your car. This will be available soon!
Shuttle Bus Service
Finnegan's Buses will operate a free shuttle service using four buses from car parks at Southern Cross Road, the Dell site and Presentation School on Putland Road. Buses will drop passengers off at Convent Avenue and will operate on a circuit from Southern Cross Road, Vevay Road, Putland Road, Meath Road, Convent Avenue, Sidmonton Road, Putland Road Vevay Road and Southern Cross Road. Pick up points after the event will be at Meath Road.
Access Routes
To avoid traffic congestion at the northern end of the town before the event traffic approaching Bray from the M50 will be directed by signage to use the Bray South (Southern Cross Road) exit. (Junction No 7) Such traffic will then be directed to the car parks listed above.
Traffic approaching Bray from the Greystones and Southern Cross Road will be directed via signage and barriers to park in the Presentation College on Putland Rd. Access down Newcourt Rd and Putland Road will be restricted to residents only.
Traffic coming into Bray town centre from Killarney Rd will be directed to car parks at the back of the Holy Redeemer Church Herbert Rd and at St Thomas's School Novara Avenue.
Traffic coming into Bray for the air show from Castle Street will be directed to turn left on to Novara Avenue and park in St Thomas School.
Parking Restrictions
From 7am on the 20th July 2014 parking will be restricted in the following areas:
- Seapoint Road (Emergency Route)
- Putland Road from Strand road to Sidmonton Road. (Emergency Route)
- Meath Road (West Side from Putland Road to Convent Avenue))
- Convent Avenue (East Side) from Sidmonton Road to Meath Road.
For the latest traffic & travel news see East Coast FM, Radio Nova, AA Roadwatch or follow @aaroadwatch
Our event location map on Google Maps
Follow @braysummerfest for all the latest news


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When the Ground Turns in Its Sleep
By Sylvia Sellers-Garcia
(Riverhead Hardcover, Hardcover, 9781594489549, 336pp.)
Publication Date: December 27, 2007
List Price: $24.95*
* Individual store prices may vary.
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Nítido Amán knows he was born in Guatemala, but he doesn't know where, or why his family left. Raised in the United States by his immigrant parents, he never asked them about his homeland as a child-and they never talked about it. When Nítido loses his father to Alzheimer's disease, his despondent mother grows increasingly silent. Realizing that his only links to the past are disappearing, he travels to Guatemala, against his mother's wishes, to see what he can uncover for himself.
He arrives in the tiny town of Río Roto, where he suspects his family came from, prepared to ask questions, and perhaps find work teaching there. But when he is mistaken for the new local priest, Nítido decides to play the part, thinking that the confessional confidences of the townspeople will prove more fruitful than ordinary conversation in leading him to the answers he seeks. What he finds in Río Roto, though, is a place shrouded in silence and secrets, a place that can neither escape nor give voice to the unnamed horrors it has survived. Nítido is at once determined and frightened to unearth these horrors-even as they force him to reevaluate his own haunted past.
In elegant, hypnotic prose, Sylvia Sellers-García delivers a story of divergent cultures and divided identities, of conflicts between generations and civilizations, of mourning, and, finally, of healing. When the Ground Turns in Its Sleep marks her arrival as a distinctive and powerful new voice.


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Discover a selection of top forums eficiton platinum on the internet. Come to share your passion on forums eficiton platinum and meet other fans of eficiton platinum. Then, why don't you create your own forum of eficiton platinum ?
This forum is for discussing anything that has to do with Coba Platinum. It can be used to discuss games, software, and much much more!
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1 item from 2009
15 June 2009 9:26 AM, PDT | MovieWeb | See recent MovieWeb news »
You can bring one of the greatest spoof bands of all time home in 1080p this July. This Is Spinal Tap will be released in Blu-ray on July 28. The new Bd disc will be priced at $34.99 Srp and you can take a look at the cover art and special features below. The film stars Christopher Guest, Michael McKean, Harry Shearer and Rob Reiner.
In 1982 legendary British heavy metal band Spinal Tap attempt an American comeback tour accompanied by a fan who is also a film-maker. The resulting documentary, combined with powerful performances of Spinal Tap's pivotal music and profound lyrics, candidly follows a rock group heading towards crisis, culminating in the infamous affair of the 18-inch-high Stonehenge stage prop surrounded by dancing midgets.
Special Features:
- Over 1 Hour of Deleted Scenes and Outtakes
- Audio Commentary by the Members of Spinal Tap
- Catching Up With Marty Dibergi Featurette »
1 item from 2009
IMDb.com, Inc. takes no responsibility for the content or accuracy of the above news articles, Tweets, or blog posts. This content is published for the entertainment of our users only. The news articles, Tweets, and blog posts do not represent IMDb's opinions nor can we guarantee that the reporting therein is completely factual. Please visit the source responsible for the item in question to report any concerns you may have regarding content or accuracy.See our NewsDesk partners


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Growth potential seen in steadily maturing iPod marketThough growth in Apple's iPod unit shipments has been declining since the end of 2006, price cuts like those applied to the iPod shuffle on Tuesday and cheaper Internet-capable models down the line should help the company reverse course and maintain a steady rate of growth through 2009, says one Wall Street analyst.
In a note to clients on Wednesday, Piper Jaffray analyst Gene Munster noted that Apple was able to maintain the price of its third-generation iPod shuffle players for over 500 days, more than twice as long as the previous price levels which lasted only about 200 days.
The price cut (38 percent) on the 1GB model (to $49) and introduction of a 2GB model at $69 will result in the average selling price (ASP) of the shuffle line falling from $67 to $55, Munster estimated. Assuming no change in his shuffle unit estimate for the current March quarter, the analyst believes segment revenue would increase 12 percent year-over-year compared to his current estimate of 15 percent.
"However, we believe unit numbers will see a modest uptick due to the price decrease," he wrote. "As a result, we are increasingly confident in our estimate of 11.3 million iPods in the March quarter."
Additionally, Munster said he believes that even a modest uptick in shuffle units would neutralize the impact of the price cut on iPod ASPs and overall iPod revenues. Apple's iPod business should also see help from "cheaper, innovative iPods with Wi-Fi and multi-touch technology" in the not too distant future.
These assumptions and others lead the analyst to remain bullish on shares of the Cupertino-based electronics maker, which he rates a Buy with a $250 price target. He's now modeling Apple to sustain an average iPod unit shipment growth rate of 15 percent through fiscal 2009, compared to the 5 percent reported for the most recent December quarter and an estimated 7 percent for the current quarter.
On Topic: iPod
- iPod's disappearance from top of Apple website signals further slide into obscurity
- Apple's dwindling iPod lineup to see long-awaited refresh this year
- Chess grandmaster hid an iPod touch in the bathroom to cheat during tournaments
- iPod shuffle shortages caused by supplier changes, Apple has no plans to ax its cheapest media player
- Apple's discontinued iPod classic commands hefty premium on the secondary market


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I am Ismine. I am Ivy.
Princess Ismine Delacrux is the heir to her kingdom's throne, is 16 years of age, and has recently been...
Heyo~! Lana, or Akarui, here! Umm.....I don't have a lot to say, I feel that I'm pretty random, half tomboy, half quiet-half hyper, I LOVE to read and write, and I have purple hair! :D
I love anime and manga too! They are SOOO funny! x3 I mainly write fanfiction, but I have some of my own story idea's in my head...Uhh....I sometimes wanna learn Japanese. I know some basic words, like 'Hai!' or 'Gomen', 'Ohayo', 'Minna'. And one of my FAVORITE words in Japanese is 'Kawaii' it means cute! ^.^
Many people say I'm weird, and I always say thank you! Because I also always have a book people like to make cracks at me, but I just stare at them until they look away. It's kinda fun! x3
Uhhh I guess that's it!
-Akarui(Lana) Nightshade
Description: "It's all falling down! No! I can't have a mate, I can't!" I screamed, my head in my hands. I heard him stand and walk across the room. Stopping in front of me, he growled. "You do! I am your mate! You're not leaving!" "Oh, yes I am! I am...
Princess Ismine Delacrux is the heir to her kingdom's throne, is 16 years of age, and has recently been...
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Imagine a place where the bright and graphic mix with the industrial and worn, all in an atmosphere of good humor and cheer. That place might just be Los Angeles-based Henry Road, where every seat deserves a makeover. From footstools to sofas, an array of vintage furnishings happily wears their new cotton fashions. This is the kind of armchair you would hope to find in your grandfather's study: squishy, wide and begging to host a nap. Perhaps it's not his color of choice, but then again, this isn't your grandfather's armchair.
This vintage item has been refurbished and enhanced for everyday use.
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Camarillo, Calif., Sept. 19, 2012 – The OSHER Lifelong Learning Institute (OLLI) at CSU Channel Islands (CI) will kick off its 2012/2013 Lecture Series at the Camarillo Public Library on Sunday, Oct. 7, at 2 p.m. with "The Magic of Georges Melies."
The free, two-hour lecture and discussion led by film expert and OLLI instructor Bob Koster will examine the life and work of French illusionist and film pioneer Georges Melies. Widely considered the "father of special effects," Melies built the first movie studio in Europe and was the first filmmaker to use production sketches and storyboards. Though his silent films entertained audiences more than a century ago, he has recaptured public interest after being portrayed in the 2011 Martin Scorsese Oscar-Award-winning film "Hugo."
With more than 40 years' experience working in film and television production, Bob Koster now shares his passion for film and TV through teaching. He has taught production at UCLA, USC, Art Center College and AFI, lectured internationally, and authored three books on film production. As an instructor at OLLI, he teaches such popular courses as "From Hitler to Hollywood," "Movie Musicals," and "A History of Propaganda Films."
OLLI brings the excitement and stimulation of college learning to area seniors ages 50 and over – without the hassle of tests, grades or degree requirements. OLLI members can select from a broad array of eight-week, university-quality courses taught by CI faculty as well as qualified faculty from other institutions. Classes are offered at the main CI campus, CI Thousand Oaks campus, Leisure Village in Camarillo, the Ventura Adult and Continuing Education Center (VACE), and Little House in Ojai.
The OLLI Lecture Series at the Camarillo Public Library is a partnership between the two institutions that brings "a taste of OLLI" for free to the public in a series of two-hour lectures presented by OLLI educators. For the 2012/2013 academic year, six lectures are planned. All are free and open to the public.
"These free lectures are a wonderful way for people to experience some of OLLI's most popular instructors and the style and quality of our education," said Nick Fuentes, OLLI Program Director and Operations Director for Extended University at CI. "OLLI offers a variety of courses driven by members' interests, an extensive social network, and the opportunity to continue learning simply for the joy of learning."
The Camarillo Public Library is located at 4101 Las Posas Road in Camarillo. For more information on the Lecture Series, visit camarillolibrary.org or call 805-388-5275. For more information on OLLI, visit http://ext.csuci.edu/community-ed/osher/ or call 805-437-2748.
# # #
About California State University Channel Islands
CSU Channel Islands (CI) is the only four-year, public university in Ventura County and is known for its interdisciplinary, multicultural and international perspectives, and its emphasis on experiential and service learning. CI's strong academic programs focus on business, sciences, liberal studies, teaching credentials, and innovative master's degrees. Students benefit from individual attention, up-to-date technology, and classroom instruction augmented by outstanding faculty research. CI has been designated by the U.S. Department of Education as a Hispanic-Serving Institution and is committed to serving students of all backgrounds from the region and beyond. Connect with and learn more about CI by visiting CI's Social Media.
The California State University (CSU) will reach a significant milestone of 3 million alumni during commencement in spring 2015 and has launched the world's largest yearbook. The Class of 3 Million online yearbook is an interactive platform where alumni can create a profile and connect with the millions of other alumni from the 23 CSU campuses across the state. Alumni who sign up for the yearbook will also be entered into a special contest to win one of three $10,000 scholarships for a current or future student, sponsored by Herff Jones. For more information about the yearbook and the Class of 3 Million, visit https://classof3million.calstate.edu/


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This might be the most badass iPad holder we've ever seen. Made from Swedish tent bags from the '40s, military webbing from the '70s and patched with a vintage U.S. military gun holster, the iPad Gunslinger slings on with a vintage leather strap (dating back as far back as the '30s), and is lined with Korean war frieze from the 1950s. Talk about military-chic, this utilitarian bag is a unique melding of history—and, it'll make you the coolest tech-kid on the block.
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So I just got my 650 for a month now and my question is would the SRAM power link work for the type of chain it came with? I just like the thought of the chain coming off for cleaning purposes. To think that you can't avoid the spills and splash on the bike while cleaning. Thanks.
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text: My uncle has been working at Disneyland as a chef since the 90's and a guy was talking about having gone. My teacher asked him did your aunt pass you guys in for free even for the event and he said yes. So it got me wondering would my uncle be able to pass me in. I don't pay him to get in because me and my cousin (his daughter are really close and we always go to Disneyland) So I wanted to know if that was possible.