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[[caption-width-right:350: [[BoxOfficeBomb Also her last.]]]]
The 1984 film ''Supergirl'' followed ''Film/SupermanIII''; it was produced largely due to Creator/ChristopherReeve's lack of interest in portraying the Man of Steel a fourth time. Series producers Alexander and Ilya Salkind wanted to milk more money out of the franchise, and since they owned the film rights to Supergirl, they appeared to have found a way to continue the franchise despite no longer having its star actor.
After considering many other actresses for the title role, Helen Slater was cast as Kara/Supergirl (marking her film debut), while Faye Dunaway played the movie's primary villain (the witch Selena) and Creator/PeterOToole portrayed Kara's Kryptonian mentor Zaltar. In an attempt to offer continuity with the Superman films, Marc [=McClure=] reprised his role as ComicBook/JimmyOlsen, and ComicBook/LoisLane's sister Lucy (Maureen Teefy) appears as the roommate of Linda Lee (Supergirl's secret identity).
The film's running time was slashed by its North American distributor for the American theatrical release -- from 125 minutes to 105 minutes -- and slashed further (to 92 minutes) for broadcast networks and syndication. Scenes cut from the film include a "flying ballet" in which Kara discovers her powers after arriving on Earth. The film was eventually released on DVD with both the 125-minute International Cut and a 138-minute DirectorsCut present (the latter basically being the rough cut before any scenes were deleted).
Oh, yes, almost forgot one thing: the plot. Argo City is a part of Krypton that survived the planet's destruction and thrives in another dimension, but is dependent on the tiny-but-powerful device known as the Omegahedron. Zaltar has been secretly fooling with it and when he hides it with innocent Kara (cousin of a certain Kal-El), her own foolishness causes it to "escape" the city. Everyone will be doomed in a few days without it, so she heads out into our dimension to retrieve it; following it to Earth, she gains her own superpowers from its yellow sun. Supergirl tracks the Omegahedron to the small town of Midvale and learns it has fallen into the clutches of Selena, who is using its powers in service of her witchcraft to TakeOverTheWorld (of course!).
!!''Supergirl'' contains examples of the following tropes:
* AmusementParkOfDoom: Selena lives in a closed-down amusement park, in the old HauntedHouse attraction to be precise. Her first face-to-face confrontation with Supergirl has her menace the heroine and Ethan by magically controlling the rides.
* AntiHero: Zaltar took the Omegahedron in the first place.
* AscendedFridgeHorror: The Phantom Zone is shown in all its infamy, complete with an endless void, a craggy surface, and all-encompassing darkness. Supergirl is trapped there briefly. Zaltar voluntarily went there. Both tried to escape; he never made it out...
* AttemptedRape: Two truckers Kara encounters after her arrival have this on their mind.[[note]]One is Matt Frewer in a pre-''MaxHeadroom'' role![[/note]]
* BigBraToFill: While often (but [[DependingOnTheArtist not invariably]]) buxom in the comic books, Slater's Supergirl (even after a bit of help from the costuming department) is modestly endowed.
* BlackMagic: Selena's weapon of choice. According to canon, that and Kryptonite are surefire ways to sideline or kill a Kryptonian.
* BroughtDownToNormal: Supergirl loses her superpowers when Selena banishes her to the Phantom Zone; she gets them back once she escapes.
* ButNowIMustGo: Supergirl retrieves the Omegahedron and returns home to Argo City at the end of the movie -- saving the city, but leaving no obvious SequelHook.
* CanonDiscontinuity: ''Supergirl'' is ignored by ''Film/SupermanReturns'' (as are ''FilM/SupermanIII'' and ''[[Film/SupermanIVTheQuestForPeace IV]]'').
* CanonForeigner: Selena, Zaltar, and every other character besides Supergirl, her parents, Jimmy Olsen, and Lucy Lane fall under this trope.
* CanonImmigrant: The headband Supergirl began wearing in 1984 (and was wearing when she died in ''CrisisOnInfiniteEarths'') was added at the request of the film's producers, who wanted DC's Supergirl to look like the movie version. DC agreed to the change -- and then the producers changed their minds. Screen test images of Helen Slater wearing the headband can be seen [[http://www.oocities.org/supergirl_helenslater/test-pilot.htm here]].
* ClarkKenting: Kara disguises herself as "Linda Lee" on Earth. She's less convincing than her cousin but then [[JustifiedTrope he has a lifetime at being Clark Kent while she made up "Linda" on the spot.]]
* DeusExitMachina: A radio news report mentions Superman's departure from Earth on an intergalactic peacekeeping mission, which explains why he isn't around to handle Serena.
* DistaffCounterpart: This is noticed InUniverse by Selena's sidekick, Bianca:
-->'''Bianca:''' You know, I think I recognize the costume.
** Bianca herself can be seen as this to Otis, Lex Luthor's sidekick in the first two films of the main series.
* DistressedDude: Selena frequently puts Ethan in danger, forcing Supergirl to save him.
* EverythingsSparklyWithJewelry: Selena and Bianca are bedecked in gems, spoils of their conquest of Midvale, as they plot their next moves.
* EvilCounterpart: Nigel to Zaltar -- both are mentor figures, but to the villainess and heroine respectively.
* EvilRedhead: Selena.
* EvilSorcerer: Selena is a female example; her ambition is to become a SorcerousOverlord.
* {{Fireballs}}: As the depowered Supergirl and Zaltar climb towards the portal that leads out of the Phantom Zone, Selena sends these through her MagicMirror to stop them.
* [[ForgotAboutHisPowers Forgot About Her Powers]]: At one point in the climax, the floor is swaying around and Supergirl forgets about the flight power she's been using for the entire movie.
* [[Main/HoistByHisOwnPetard Hoist By Her Own Petard]]: Once Supergirl literally escapes the clutches of the giant demon Serena summons, she takes Nigel's advice to turn the witch's powers against her. Supergirl creates a cyclone that traps Serena and the demon together, and since it now has nothing else to go after...
* InSeriesNickname: Before she realizes they're one and the same, Selena coins one nickname each for Linda Lee and Supergirl -- "The Wimp" and "Bluebird".
* InvisibleMonsters: Selena sends an invisible demon to fight the superpowered Supergirl (and reduce the movie's special effects budget, though it's briefly visible at the end of the fight and foreshadows the demon she summons in the climactic battle).
* LargeHam: Faye Dunaway
* LovePotion: Selena uses this on the handsome young Ethan, but her plan goes awry fast. She's supposed to be the first woman he sees after he drinks it, but he wanders off and she tries to get him back by enchanting some heavy machinery. Havoc ensues, and Supergirl saves the day -- but this means that, as Linda, ''she's'' the person Ethan sees and falls for. Eventually he's freed from the spell's influence and comes to like the heroine on his own.
* MagicMirror: Selena has one. Not only is it useful for spying on others, but it can also serve as a portal to and from the Phantom Zone!
* MostCommonSuperpower: This was definitely averted. Helen Slater, whose bra size is reportedly 32A, said the following in an interview about the film: "In the comics, Supergirl is quite, um, buxom...so I hope people won't come to the film expecting that."
* MuggingTheMonster: The two truckers who accost Supergirl soon after her arrival on Earth fall under this trope.
* NewPowersAsThePlotDemands: Given the extreme liberties taken with her cousin's powers, such as [[SupermanII telekinesis]] and [[Film/SupermanIVTheQuestForPeace "Rebuild-the-Great-Wall-of-China Vision"]], ''Supergirl'' surprisingly averts this, as Kara has all of her powers from the comics with no "extras" pulled out of thin air specifically for the movie.
* NiceJobBreakingItHero: If Zaltar hadn't "borrowed" the Omegahedron, there'd be no movie. Same for Kara toying with things she couldn't understand.
* NoSocialSkills: Inconsistently applied with Kara; unlike her cousin, she arrives on Earth as a teenager instead of being raised amongst humans as a young child. She speaks fluent English, but doesn't understand certain customs (such as handshakes). She doesn't realize the function of a brassiere, either -- though considering her modest chest size and her mother being played by Mia Farrow, this may be justified. Perhaps Krypton is a PlanetOfHats where the Hat is UsefulNotes/{{Pettanko}} sized?
** Most people assume from that scene where Kara puts one of Lucy Lane's discarded bra on over her school uniform that she is doing so because she doesn't know what it is. But its equally plausible that she is simply trying it on to see whether it fits and then getting embarrassed when Lucy finds her trying to pad it out cause its too big. By this point she has been sharing a room with Lucy for a few days getting dressed and undressed in front of each other and even taking communal showers with the rest of the class. Kara is presented throughout the movie as a curious girl unafraid to ask questions. If she really didnt know what a bra was she would have asked Lucy before now and even if she didnt Lucy, and the rest of the class, would have certainly noticed that Kara wasnt wearing one.
* PhantomZone: The title character is thrown into the Phantom Zone by her nemesis Selena using the power of the Omegahedron, which strips her of her powers in the process. Zaltar, who came to the Phantom Zone as a self-imposed exile for losing the Omegahedron in the first place, pulls a HeroicSacrifice to allow her to escape and regain her powers.
* PortalPool: Inverted; a lake on Earth turns out to serve as this between Supergirl's dimension and our mundane one.
* ProductPlacement: Even by 1984's standards, this movie's blatant about it. One of the biggest action scenes takes place in and around a Popeyes Fried Chicken franchise. Popeyes is even prominent in the background of some of the most memorable stills from the movie of Helen Slater as Supergirl. (This does ''not'' lead to a teamup of the Maid of Steel and a [[{{ComicStrip/Popeye}} certain sailor man]], though[[note]]Who didn't provide the restaurant's name, incidentally. According to the company, it was named for the protagonist of ''another'' film, ''Film/TheFrenchConnection'' - played by none other than Lex Luthor[[/note]].
* SupervillainLair: After channeling the Omegahedron's powers through the Burundiwand, a device of "pure evil", one of Selena's first acts is to create this -- a mountain crowned with her new, Gothic castle materializes at the edge of Midvale. Soon she conquers the town, puts the authorities under her command, and has the heroine's friends caged up within as she and Bianca plot to extend her reach further and further. Her magic allows her to create traps on the fly to stymie the heroine.
* UpUpAndAway: This was averted; director Jeannot Szwarc deliberately tried to avoid making the flight scenes similar to those in the Superman film by opting instead for a more "feminine" ballet-inspired take.
* WrittenInAbsence: The producers failed to secure a cameo from Christopher Reeve; during the movie, a radio news report mentions Superman's departure from Earth on an intergalactic peacekeeping mission. Reeve's Superman does appear once in the movie, but only on a poster in Lucy Lane's dorm room.


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Minko's Mewsings
(Page 7 of 31: Viewing Diary Entry 61 to 70)
[First 10 Diary Entries] Page Links: 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 [Last 10 Diary Entries]
I Was Tasting Pawppy!February 3rd 2012 6:13 pm
[ Leave A Comment | 4 people already have ]
Meowmy got brave today, and took out the hated vacuum cleaner...well Pipo & I had to endure its noise a lot longer than usual, because meowmy was being furry clumsy with it, and so we sort of giggled from a safe distance, because she was doing this with only one paw...um, I mean arm, because of the ouchie on the other one...which is still furry sore my pals...she is keeping the ibuprofen factory in business, and the muscle rub/liniment one too...MOL! Meowmy is just as stubborn and tenacious as that terrier dog-guy that lives here with us...
Meowmy's RainbowJanuary 25th 2012 9:51 pm
[ Leave A Comment | 9 people already have ]
Meowmy is wearing a rainbow these last few days...an arm of many colors, green, blue, purple, yellow, pink, and so on...and now she is able to spend longer hours with us, at least for another week...Yippee!
I Steal The Dog-Guy's Tennis Balls!January 17th 2012 8:54 pm
[ Leave A Comment | 4 people already have ]
Yup, I do this all the time...MOL! I roll it along the floor like a teeny soccer ball, then I grab it and give it a bunch of bunny kicks, and hug it and bite it, and roll it along to the next hugging stop.
The Best Nip Evfur!January 11th 2012 7:09 pm
[ Leave A Comment | 20 people already have ]
I smelled the bestest nip today! Pipo got a package, and inside was a catnip cigar from River's Happy Dance Catnip Company...and Pipo was savoring the wonderfur aroma...and ...and...I snitched it right from under his paws! MOL! He said I was a thief, but I saw he wasn't really digging it yet, so of course catnip being involved, I got ahold of it to do it 'justice' furst! MOL! I just had to have my fix!
Well, Will You Look At That!January 5th 2012 8:48 am
[ Leave A Comment | 12 people already have ]
Well, well!
Thanks In A Wee Verse!December 29th 2011 10:40 pm
[ Leave A Comment | 10 people already have ]
Meowmy came home late from her work, so I had to sit patiently and await her fingers to help me get on here... at least I had pawppy's lap to enjoy...
Thankfur Mews!December 28th 2011 9:53 pm
[ Leave A Comment | 4 people already have ]
Thanks fur all my Christmas cards, purrsents, comments and pics/mementos!! Snail cards, Ecards and comment cards right in my page. I love all of you fur taking the time and thought to send them!
Christmas Accomplishments!December 27th 2011 9:52 pm
[ Leave A Comment | 5 people already have ]
Christmas has come and gone...I hope that all of my furends had a lovely time. I do know that some of their peeps have been sick, so I wish them well!
Disaster For Meowmy To Find Upon Her Return...December 8th 2011 10:38 pm
[ Leave A Comment | 11 people already have ]
Well...Meowmy went to her work today.
How To Help A Busy MeowmyDecember 4th 2011 6:23 pm
[ Leave A Comment | 2 people already have ]
Meowmy got out a box of cards today...snail mail versions...and I helped her get them ready to mail out to some of our elderly furmily and furends who do not have these confusers like we do. (Maybe that is a good way to stay in a less stress zone?!)
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subset: commoncrawl


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It was an outrage. NASA was planning on reviving an old experiment on squirrel monkeys. They were to be given harmful amounts of radiation and then forced to live the life of a laboratory animal — caged for years — and endure countless experiments.
The reason given was to test the effects of radiation on astronauts. Experiments to measure brain damage, loss of motor control, cataracts, and cancerous tumors were expected to result in early death.
The obvious question that needed to be asked was: why?
What sort of information would these experiments give NASA regarding radiation exposure to astronauts in space? The same tests had been done years before. The results already gave enough scientific proof that radiation is dangerous.
So many people protested that NASA has quietly abandoned the experiments. PETA, HSUS and a multitude of individuals wrote, called, signed petitions and spread the word. There is power in numbers and NASA's removal of primate research at Brookhaven National Laboratory is proof of that power.
Aside from the numerous celebrities that protested – Sir Paul McCartney, Alicia Silverstone, Bob Barker – a NASA engineer, April Evans, resigned over it. She recognized the futility and stood up for her beliefs.
Thanks to the many who took action, NASA has cancelled these useless experiments. At least eighteen squirrel monkeys are safe for the time being.
Related Stories:
NASA Engineer Resigns Over Monkey Tests
Animal Experimentation Attitudes are Changing
Read more: animal experiments, animal testing, animal welfare, experiments, monkeys, nasa, radiation experiments, squirrel monkeys, success stories, success story
Photo credit: New Jersey Birds via flickr
Great news, should be more of stopping using animals for any experiments.
Good news!
Who are the 2% (right now)?
Does this mean they'll be 'replacing' the primates with dogs or mice or some other animal victims? Sorry to be pessimistic but it seems too good to be true.
Great news!
I wish i can green star every single care2er because-once again-they did it :'D
May God reward you greatly and guide you to always do the right thing. *cyber hug*
Disclaimer: The views expressed above are solely those of the author and may
not reflect those of
Care2, Inc., its employees or advertisers.
Agree with Kamia and Darren
cool indeed!


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Ok, DD has BM issues. We are on Mira-lax, but it still causes some pain, plus she knows it can hurt. She wont tell me if she goes, she will just run around dirty ( not that you can miss the smell- yuck!). I can usually tell when she goes as she gets he PooPoo face, but if I ask her if she wants to go in the potty, she gets so upset and says "NOOOO!" ( she also tells me she is not poopooing). I even tried a bride of M&Ms... no luck. We are not really potty training yet. She gets to sit on it, but she has never peed in it. Every time I think "this weekend we will start bare bottom" my MS goes into overdrive and I am too sick ( DH works 2 out of 4 weekends). I am getting really nervous about her BM in the toilet, though... If you had this problem how did you handle it?
Painful poops and potty training...
DD- April 2011
Oct. 29 - a beautiful GIRL- Going team pink again!
Comments (3)
I'd be interested in answers on this one too. I haven't started potty training but my lo has constipation issues. She has been on Miralax for a while. I've recently started giving her Beneful and am going to try to get her off Miralax. But if she doesn't have enough Miralax in her to help her go, she screams her head off. So I know potty training is going be hard when it comes to pooping in the potty.
Lisa B.
Baby Girl Born 4/18/11 - Sydney Evelyn
DD has constipation and hard BM issues. To get her started I put petroleum jelly on her anus, to help things slide out a little easier and also to protect her a little bit. The first few times she #2'd on the potty she would scream and cry. I just held her tight and encouraged her. Seems a little mean, but I knew if I could just show her that she would survive, she would be fine.
She has been PT since Jan, without issues. She still has "ouch poops," but she tells me when they are happening and I just pick her up and put PJ on her. Works great for us!
Me+Him= EKJ (4/11), ECJ (7/14), and 2 angels
My blogging adventure: Keeping it Salty


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Do you have any friends who claim they're your friends, but only use you instead and then once they have what they want out of you, then you're useless?
Yep, that's my life.
*sigh* always...
That's pretty much my life too, especially of someone in particular I know.
Yes....*points and random kid down the street*
Something I truly hate so damn much is people that say they care so much about you but don't have the actions to back it up.
It especially bothers me when you make an appointment so to speak with someone and then they don't bother showing up and instead are doing their self indulgent things. Then they wonder why you're mad at them. Duh! It's freakin not hard to understand why you're upset after being stood up for the millionth time.
That is my life too....
I'm "popular" at my school(as my REAL friend says) and this other girl who was my friend still thinks we are friends. she ONLY talks to me when none of her "friends" are here and she is a lying backstabbing -*****
It's the story of my freaking life.
That's what I feel like happened with one of my friendships. We were friends. I always offered support. He barely did. Then, when I asked for it, he got mad. He realized he didn't need me anymore, because he had another friend. So he basically dumped me as a friend. Now, I want to be friends with him, but he's trying to get rid of me. Asshole.


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Health & Nutrition A - Z
A commercially produced kitten formula is a good source of the extra nutrients required both during gestation and for some weeks after the birth. The additional calories and higher levels of other key nutrients are just what the mother needs. Kitten foods also have an added advantage during weaning: the litter will already have tried some of their growing-up food by copying Mum. If your cat suffers from mild food sensitivities and is fed a 'delicate' formula food, there are a variety of sensitive and delicate formula kitten foods available. However, if your cat is on a specific diet for health reasons, consult your vet before making any changes.
Gestation in cats takes approximately 9 weeks. From mating, your pregnant cat's food intake will gradually rise - reaching about 50% above normal by the end of the pregnancy (although it's not unusual for levels to reach twice her regular intake). Fortunately, pregnant cats are sensible eaters. As long as you provide enough food, most cats should regulate their daily intake to suit their needs. However, adequate nutrition during pregnancy is vital for the health of the cat and her kittens so consult your vet immediately if her appetite drops, she loses weight, or you feel she isn't eating enough.
To achieve the necessary energy boost, and due to the pressure of the unborn kittens on her stomach, it is best to give her lots of smaller meals throughout the day, and to ensure that food is generally available on a continuous basis, day and night. Don't forget she also needs a plenty of fresh water, particularly if she is eating dry food.
There should be a steady increase in body weight concurrent with increased food intake. Some of this weight is the fat she's laying down to help feed her kittens during nursing. This weight gain is completely normal and you can expect to see an overall gain of 40-50% during pregnancy when compared to her pre-mating weight. She will lose the excess during her 3-4 week nursing period.
A certain loss of appetite can occur pre-delivery, although food and water should still be available. However, if she appears at all unwell or distressed, or if you have any other worries at this time, consult your vet.
Nursing newborn kittens is one of the most nutritionally demanding tasks in a mother's life. During milk production, feeding requirements typically double, and may even quadruple, compared to pre-mating needs. Nursing cats require the highest quality nutrition to provide energy to help them through this period of physical stress, and ensure the quality of their milk. As during pregnancy, it is advisable to continue feeding kitten food throughout nursing; the additional calories and higher levels of other key nutrients are just what she needs.
Ideally, give her the extra food she needs by increasing the number of meals served each day while maintaining the quantity of food offered at each meal, with fresh water always available. Dry food may be offered moistened during lactation to encourage the kittens to take an interest in their mother's solid food. The mother's water intake may be encouraged by offering wet food, with a little water added.
From six to eight weeks post-birth, a gradual weaning transition should see the mother reducing, then stopping, her milk production. Her food intake can be reduced gradually over the same period, back to pre-pregnancy levels, depending on her body condition.
Once the mother has stopped milk production, typically 8-9 weeks after birth, she should be returned to the appropriate diet, food quantity and frequency for her lifestyle. You may need to manage this transition gradually, over 7-10 days, to avoid stomach upsets. If you are concerned that your cat has lost too much weight following nursing (Body Condition Scores 1-4), seek veterinary advice; your vet may recommend you continue to feed a kitten food for a few more weeks until her weight and body condition are restored to ideal (Body Condition Score 5).
Several leading Purina brands offer high-energy kitten diets appropriate for feeding during pregnancy and nursing, each the result of the very latest scientific advances in quality, taste and nutrition.
Find out more about PURINA® cat foods.
Learn why it is good for your cat to play and get ideas for games.
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Everyone's heard of FELIX®, the tasty cat food for loveable little rascals. There is loads of variety in the FELIX range, from As Good as it Looks to Sensations. And they're all delicious! Choose from a wide range of tasty flavours, textures and formats, with something for every cat from kittens to seniors. It's hardly surprising that clever cats get FELIX.
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The UK's Number One complete dry dog food is packed full of irresistible meaty chunks and wholesome crunchy kibbles. Available in a wide range of life-stage and lifestyle varieties, each BAKERS® pack is bursting with flavour to really satisfy your dog's appetite.
PURINA ONE® is a 100% complete dry cat food offering advanced nutrition in a wide variety of life-stage and lifestyle formulas. Rich in essential nutrients and made with high quality ingredients for high nutrient absorption, PURINA ONE® is formulated to help support your pet's health today and for years to come.
Delicious, wholesome, and traditional, oven-baked BONIO® biscuits have been the tastiest way to show your dog your affection for more than 80 years. Every dog is catered for with different sizes and shapes of crunchy biscuits to support healthy teeth and gums, all enriched with vitamins and minerals. It's no wonder BONIO® is still the Nation's favourite dog biscuit.
The GOURMET® range is made to the highest standards of taste and enjoyment to appeal to cats with a taste for the finer things in life. Created to provide a wide variety of flavours and textures across six ranges - Gold, Perle, Solitaire, A La Carte, Fisherman's Delights and Mon Petit - all prepared in convenient single serve portions.
Launched over 30 years ago, GO-CAT® was the first complete dry cat food, and today it is still the UK's number one. GO-CAT® comes in a range of flavours and recipes tailor-made for cats of different ages and lifestyles. Made with quality meat and fish, GO-CAT® provides your cat with a 100% complete and balanced meal, with all he needs nutritionally to help keep him healthy, happy and full of vitality.
Purina Pro Plan®
The PRO PLAN® range of advanced, complete formulas is the result of many years of cutting-edge PURINA® research. Each product is made with selected pieces of meat or fish as the main ingredient and contains a complete balance of vitamins, minerals and functional nutrients beyond the standard requirements for the life-stage and lifestyle of your dog. PRO PLAN® is available from specialist pet stores and veterinary surgeries.
BETA® is the UK's No.1 specialist-exclusive premium dry dog food. Each recipe is 100% complete and contains chicory, a natural source of prebiotics, which has been proven to help improve digestive health. Available in specialist pet stores nationwide, BETA® offers a wide range of life-stage and lifestyle varieties and is the natural choice that dogs instinctively prefer.
Purina Veterinary Diets®
PURINA VETERINARY DIETS® have been clinically developed to help veterinarians nutritionally manage pets with specific medical conditions (such as skin sensitivities or kidney problems) and do not preclude appropriate medical management. Available following veterinary recommendation, PURINA VETERINARY DIETS® are available for cats and dogs in both dry and wet food formulations.
Purina ONE® My Dog Is...
It's not just their size that sets them apart from their larger friends - small dogs have different nutritional needs too. Which is why we created PURINA ONE® My Dog Is..., a delicious range of 100% complete and balanced dry recipes, specially formulated to meet the needs of small dogs.
There's nothing quite like freshly-baked treats, straight from the oven. And we believe that dogs should be able to experience the same delight we do from delicious home cooking. So we created PURINA® DELIBAKIE® - an irresistible range of crispy, crunchy oven-baked treats, just for dogs.
Like any member of the family, your dog requires a meal that provides all the nourishment he needs, including vitamins and minerals to help keep him fit, healthy and full of life. That's why Winalot has been helping Britain's dogs play an active part in family life for generations, with a range of tasty, nutritionally balanced canned meals made from only the highest quality ingredients and packed with iron for vitality and protein for muscles.
® Reg. Trademark of Société des Produits Nestlé S.A.


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Bass Pro Shops Mesh Back Hunting Cap for Babies or Toddler Girls
This cap features an embroidered Bass Pro Shops® logo at front, a mesh back and an adjustable hook-and-loop closure. Made of 70% polyester/30% cotton. Hand wash, tumble dry no heat. One size fits most. Color: Realtree APC™ Pink. Imported.
- Embroidered Bass Pro Shops logo
- Adjustable hook-and-loop closure
- Mesh back
- Made of a polyester/cotton blend
Need Help? 7 days a week: 7am to 10pm CT or call 1.800.227.7776 anytime


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Charcoal Grilled Shrimp
17 Apr 2010
|Large shrimp
|2 Pound, shelled and deveined (Fresh / Frozen)
|Olive oil/Cooking oil
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Finely chopped onion
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Dry white wine
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Lemon juice
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Finely snipped parsley
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Worcestershire sauce
|1 Tablespoon
|Dill weed
|1 Teaspoon
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
Thaw shrimp, if frozen.
Combine oil, onion, wine, lemon juice, parsley, Worcestershire, dillweed, and salt.
Place shrimp in plastic bag set in deep bowl.
Pour marinade mixture over shrimp.
Close bag.
Marinate 3 to 4 hours in the refrigerator.
Drain shrimp, reserving marinade.
Place shrimp in well-greased wire grill basket or on 24x18-inch piece of heavy-duty foil.
Grill over hot coals for 15 to 20 minutes, turning basket or individual shrimp often and basting with marinade.
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Charcoal Grilled Shrimp Recipe


text:
A sputtering deposition wherein high aspect ratio apertures are coated with conductive films exhibiting low bulk resistivity, low impurity concentrations, and regular morphologies. A collimator is used having an aspect ratio that approximates the aspect ratio of the apertures. The resulting film thickness at the bottom of the aperture is at least 2× what can be achieved using conventional sputtering methods. The amount of material deposited at the bottom of the apertures can be further enhanced by elevating the temperature of the substrate (e.g. 450° C.) during the deposition process.
1. In a process for depositing a titanium or titanium alloy from a deposition source onto an integrated circuit substrate, the substrate having a surface topography that includes at least one depression having an aspect ratio of approximately 1:1 or greater, the improvement comprising interposing a collimator and heating the substrate to at least approximately 450° to 500° C. during the deposition to enhance the thickness of said titanium or titanium alloy film as deposited at the bottom of said depression.
2. The process as recited in claim 1, wherein said alloy of titanium comprises titanium nitride.
3. The process as recited in claim 1, wherein the temperature of the substrate during the deposition is approximately 500° C.
4. The process as recited in claim 1, wherein apertures in said collimator have an aspect ratio of 2:1.
5. A process for depositing a layer of titanium or titanium alloy on a substrate having a surface topography that includes at least one horizontal surface and at least one depression having an aspect ratio of approximately 1:1 or greater, comprising:
causing atoms of said titanium or titanium alloy to pass through a collimator having apertures there-through with an aspect ratio of approximately 1:1 or greater before being deposited on the substrate,
the substrate being at a temperature of at least 450° to 500° C. during said deposition, whereby the thickness of the deposited layer at the bottom of the depression is enhanced relative to the thickness of the deposited layer at the horizontal surface of the substrate.
6. The process as recited in claim 5, wherein said alloy of titanium comprises titanium nitride.
7. The process as recited in claim 5, wherein the temperature of the substrate is at least 500° C. during the deposition.
8. A process for sputtering a titanium or titanium alloy barrier layer onto a substrate having high aspect ratio apertures formed therein, comprising:
passing atoms of said titanium or titanium alloy from a sputtering source through a collimator having apertures therethrough with aspect ratios of approximately 1:1 or greater prior to deposition on the substrate,
the substrate being at a temperature of approximately 450° to 500° C., to enhance the relative thickness of the titanium or titanium alloy deposited at the bottom of said apertures while maintaining substantially uniform sidewall thickness.
9. The process recited in claim 8, wherein the substrate temperature is approximately 500° C. during said deposition.
10. In a process of sputtering titanium into a contact hole in a passivation layer disposed on a substrate, the contact hole having an aspect ratio of at least 1:1, the improvement comprising heating the substrate to approximately 450°-500° C. while depositing said titanium through a collimator having an aspect ratio of at least 1:1 disposed between a titanium sputter source and the substrate.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/914,660 filed on Jul. 15, 1992 abandoned which is a continuation of 07/688,020, abandoned, filed Apr. 19, 1991.
1. Technical Field
The invention relates generally to the interconnection of integrated circuit structures, and more particularly to the formation of conductors within high aspect ratio apertures.
2. Background Art
As integrated circuit structures have become more compact, the need for low resistance metal connections between these structures has increased. Chemically vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten, evaporated aluminum doped with copper or silicon, and titanium or cobalt silicide have been used recently in the industry to provide these interconnections.
It has been found that, in order to preserve the low resistivity of these metals, it is necessary to include some sort of barrier layer between the metal and the conductive structure to be contacted. These barrier layers prevent spiking between the metal and underlaying structures, while also preventing diffusion of nonconductive species that may penetrate into underlaying structures during the deposition of the metal. For example, during the deposition of CVD tungsten, fluorine byproducts of the chemical reduction of tungsten hexafluoride may penetrate lower layers and degrade resistivity characteristics.
Moreover, when the underlaying structures include non-reactive insulators such as silicon oxide, barrier layers provide enhanced adhesion between the metal and the insulator. Finally, some barrier layers such as titanium help reduce interfacial resistance by reacting with, and removing, native oxides and etch residuals from exposed interfaces.
One of the layers that has been used recently in the art is titanium nitride (TIN). Typically, the TiN barrier layer is formed by reactive sputtering from a titanium source in a nitrogen-containing ambient or directly from a titanium nitride source. Examples include U.S. Pat. No. 4,783,248, "Method For The Production Of A Titanium/Titanium Nitride Double Layer," to Kohlhase et al. and assigned to Siemens; U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,753, "Method For Making A W/TiN Contact," to Pintchovski et al. and assigned to Motorola; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,073, "Selective Silicidation Process Using A Titanium Nitride Protective Layer," to Wei et al. and assigned to Texas Instruments.
Conventional sputtering provides satisfactory results when used on a planar surface. Moreover, it also is useful when used to coat the sidewalls and bottom of an aperture (or via) formed through a passivation or other insulating layer to an underlaying structure, where the ratio of the height of the aperture to its width (hereinafter the "aspect ratio" of the via) is less than 1:1. However, as the aspect ratio of the via increases, conventional sputtering does not provide acceptable results. Specifically, far less material is deposited at the bottom portions of the via or hole than at the top, since the walls "shadow" the lower exposed surface. As a result, deposited material at the upper surfaces increasingly accentuates the shadowing effect, thereby prematurely closing the upper section of the structure to be filled and preventing effective fill of the lower section.
This problem is illustrated in FIG. 5 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,709, "Titanium Nitride Film In Contact Hole With Large Aspect Ratio," to Yokoyama et al. and assigned to Hitachi. The sputtered titanium nitride is 135 nm thick on the upper surface of the passivation layer and only 40 nm thick at the bottom of the contact. Also, note that portions of the titanium nitride on the upper surface of the passivation layer extend into the contact hole to form rounded deposits on the upper sidewalls of the contact hole. This deposit will tend to close off the contact hole before it is completely filled by either sputtered or CVD deposited conductor films.
The solution disclosed by Yokoyama et al. is to deposit the titanium nitride in a plasma CVD reaction. By its very nature, CVD tends to be more conformal, such that the amount of material at the bottom of the contact hole will be similar to the amount on the upper horizontal surfaces. This will also prevent the formation of the aforementioned rounded deposits. Unfortunately, the deposition is carried out using chlorinated titanium species such as titanium tetrachloride. During the titanium reduction reaction, chlorinated reaction products may be incorporated into the titanium nitride, substantially reducing the low contact resistance benefits afforded by titanium nitride. Further, the omission of a pure Ti layer from the structure means that native oxides or other nonconductive residuals will not be removed from the bottom of the contact hole.
It is thus an object of the present invention to form a layer (s) of conductive material within high aspect ratio apertures.
It is another object of the invention to provide a barrier layer material(s) that provide high conductivity, low impurity concentrations, high gettering properties, and regular surface morphology, without introducing reactive products that may substantially degrade these properties.
It is yet another object of the invention to form such a barrier layer material by a process that enhances the amount of material at the bottom of a high aspect ratio aperture without introducing reactive byproducts that may substantially degrade contact resistance and other properties of the deposited material or of underlying layers or structures.
The above and other objects of the present invention are realized by depositing conductive materials by sputtering through a collimator under high temperature conditions. The collimator enhances the amount of material formed at the bottom of the aperture relative to the amount on the upper surface of the insulator. Moreover, the resulting material provides good resistivity and other properties without introducing reaction products that could degrade these properties. Depositing the films under high temperature conditions enhances film thickness at the bottom of the aperture. This effect increases increases with the aspect ratio of the collimator.
The foregoing and other structures and teachings of the present invention will become more apparent upon review of the description of the best mode for carrying out the invention as rendered below. In the description to follow, reference will be made to the accompanying Drawing, in which:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an integrated circuit having the conductive material of the invention formed thereon, by deposition through a collimator;
FIG. 2 is a table of the bulk resistivities of layers of titanium nitride formed in accordance with the teachings of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph of titanium thickness at the bottom of a high aspect ratio via versus sputter pressure in accordance with the teachings of the invention; and
FIG. 4 is a bar chart of titanium deposition rate as a function of collimation aspect ratio.
With reference to FIG. 1, a substrate 10 is shown having an diffusion region 20 formed thereon, wherein the conductor of the invention 40 is deposited through an aperture 50 in passivation 30. Passivation Layer 30 of borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) or phosphosilicate glass (PSG) is deposited at thickness H of approximately 11 k angstroms. A contact hole 50 is formed through the BPSG or PSG 30 to expose the diffusion region 20. The width W of the contact hole 50 is approximately 5000 angstroms, such that the aspect ratio H:W of the diffusion contact is on the order of 2:1.
In the invention, layer 40 is formed by reactive sputtering from a sputter target 70 through a collimator 60. The collimator 60 is disposed on a plane normal to the plane of the contact holes. Preferably, it is also parallel to the sputter target 70. The collimator 60 consists of a series of adjacent apertures formed in a 1 cm thick plate of steel or other material that will not melt or deform under the sputtering conditions discussed below. The apertures are arranged in a honeycomb pattern. An example of the use of a collimator to deposit sputtered material (copper) is given in a presentation Dy S. M. Rossnagel et al., "Lift-Off Magnetron Sputter Deposition," American Vacuum Society 36th National Symposium, Boston Mass., Oct. 23-27 1989, Final Program p. 286 (copper deposited on lift-off structures to eliminate sidewall depositions); see also Rossnagel's U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,544.
The effect of the collimator is to restrict the paths of sputtered species to near-normal angles of incidence at the substrate surface. Species at other than near-normal angles deposit at the collimator surface, or within the collimator apertures. This is shown by lines SA-SE in the FIG. 1, which represent the sputter paths of atoms from target 50. Notice that sputter atoms with paths SA, SB, and SM pass through the collimator apertures and are deposited on the substrate. Atoms along paths SC and SD, which vary off a non-normal angle of incidence, are not passed through the collimator.
In general, the result of sputtering though the collimator is to form a layer 40 in which the thickness of the portions 40C at the bottom of the contact hole is a nigher percentage of the thickness of portions 40A on the upper surface of the passivation layer than would nave been obtained without a collimator. Also, as will be discussed in more detail below, the resulting films exhibit morphology, contact resistance, and other properties that are superior in some respects to properties achieved using conventional sputtering. Finally, note that the material 40B deposited on the sidewalls of the contact hole is of fairly uniform thickness; there is no buildup on upper portions of the contact hole sidewalls as there would be if deposited using conventional sputtering techniques.
The results of various experiments carried out using sputtered titanium, titanium nitride, and a sputtered Tl/TiN bilayer stack will now be discussed below.
In one group of experiments, a blanket layer of titanium nitride was deposited on silicon dioxide at 150° C. in an N2 ambient by sputtering, where the only variable was the use of a collimator. Profiles of oxygen concentration in the films in depth were measured using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). The TiN sputtered through a collimator had a surface oxygen content of approximately 30%. This was due to initial adsorption of ambient oxygen upon removal of the sample from the deposition unit. This oxygen percentage dropped to under 1% within the first 1/10 of the TiN thickness, and remained there throughout the rest of the film. For TiN layers sputtered without a collimator, the oxygen content started out at the same 30%, but it declined to approximately 6-8% within the same 1/10 thickness that the Tin through the collimator dropped to under 1%. Moreover, the TiN without collimated sputtering had on the order of 3-6% oxygen content throughout. These results indicate that the film deposited using collimation is more dense and less porous to post deposition oxygen contamination than is the film deposited without collimation. Note that low oxygen content is important since it minimizes the formation of Ti Oxide, which degrades the electrical resistivity and adhesive properties of the film.
This improvement was confirmed in another series of experiments in which bulk resistivities of the collimated versus non-collimated deposits were measured. FIG. 2 presents a table showing the results for a layer of TiN of given thickness formed on a 125 or 200 mm diameter silicon wafer, at the stated deposition temperature and ambient (equal amounts argon and nitrogen indicated as "Ar/N2," and alternatively a pure nitrogen ambient indicated as "N2"). The words "center" and "edge" refer to the vicinity of the wafer (the center versus the edge) from which readings were taken. Whether the wafers are 125 vs 200 mm does not have a bearing on the results. The results indicate that all else being equal, collimation reduces bulk resistivity by at least 3 times (102 uohms-cm versus 305 for depositions at 150° C. in N2 with measurements taken at the wafer edge; 124 versus 1180 (almost 10× less) with measurements taken at the wafer center; and 90 versus 640 (6× Less) for approximately 500° C. in N2 only, with measurements from the wafer center). This large reduction in bulk resistivity was greater than could be reasonably accounted for by less oxygen content and is attributed to a more dense microstructure of the film (i.e., fewer non-conducting voids).
In another group of experiments, TiN was deposited by sputtering techniques, again with collimation being the only variable, and the films were cleaved and analyzed from SEM micrographs. It was found that in general, the collimated TiN exhibits a very dense morphology, in the sense of less intergranular voiding than is present in sputtered TiN without collimation. Moreover, the film had a highly columnar grain structure. This more dense morphology may play an important role in the reduced bulk resistance noted above; moreover, the reduced intergranular voids may reduce oxygen penetration in the film and provide a more impervious barrier to penetration by reactive by-products of the CVD process.
Similar results were achieved for titanium deposited using the collimator. That is, collimated titanium tended to exhibit lower oxygen impurity concentrations, lower bulk resistivity, and more regular morphology.
Additional studies illustrate the increase in the amount of material at the bottom of the contact hole. FIG. 3 is a plot of the thickness of titanium at the bottom of a contact hole having an aspect ratio of approximately 2:1, as a percentage of the thickness of titanium at the upper surface of the passivation layer, against sputter pressure. Note that the thickness of the uncollimated film at the bottom of the contact hole is only approximately 5% of the thickness of the layer at the upper surface of the passivation layer, over the entire range of sputter pressures studied.
Note that the thickness ratio increases as a collimator is used; as the deposition temperature is raised; and as the aspect ratio of the collimator is increased. The temperature at which titanium deposition is carried out plays a great role in film thickness at the bottom. At a collimator aspect ratio of 1, raising the deposition temperature above 150° C. to 500° C. increases the fractional deposit by 7%. At a collimator aspect ratio of 2:1, increasing the temperature from 150° to 500° C. doubles the film thickness at low pressures, and increases the percentage by 10% at higher sputter pressures. This phenomenon was not observed for titanium sputtered without a collimator; increasing the temperature did not increase the film thickness at the bottom of the contact hole by more than a few percent. Also, this phenomenon was not observed for uncollimated titanium nitride; again, carrying out TiN deposition at higher temperatures did not increase film thickness at the bottom of the contact hole by more than a few percent.
There is a direct relationship between increasing the aspect ratio of the collimator and increasing the fraction of deposited material at the bottom of the contact holes with respect to the top. Omitting the variations due to temperature (that is, considering only the 150° C. depositions shown in FIG. 3), and considering the data at a sputter pressure of 0.9 mTorr, note that the percentage is around 4% for the uncollimated case, 11% for the collimator at a 1:1 aspect ratio, and 17% for the collimator at a 2:1 aspect ratio, which is four times greater than the non-collimated case. Similar results are expected for titanium nitride since the sputtered titanium behaves similarly in N2 or N2/AR ambient.
The inventors have found that this increase in aspect ratio decreases the amount of material deposited in unit time by roughly the same 4× factor. As shown in FIG. 4, the deposition rate decreases markedly when a 1:1 collimator is used, and decreases by a factor of four from a 1:1 collimator to a 2:1 collimator. With reference to FIG. 1, as the aspect ratio of the collimator increases, the percentage of sputter atoms that follow a path SC will increase, such that less atoms are available for deposit. At the same time, the atoms that do make it through the collimator will be on a lower angle of incidence relative to the plane of the contact hole. In other words, the percentage of atoms following paths such as SB, SE will increase, thus increasing the percentage of atoms that make it to the bottom of the contact hole.
The inventors also found that the increased fractional deposit and not follow for contact holes having lower aspect ratios. A 2:1 collimator did not provide enhanced results over the results achieved using a 1:1 collimator for low aspect ratio features. Thus, the inventors postulate that the optimal trade-off between deposition rates and increased deposit at the bottom of the contact hole is provided where the aspect ratio of the collimator apertures is no greater than the aspect ratio of the contact holes.
Increased Ti at the bottom of high aspect ratio apertures has also been found to reduce the resistance of TiSi2 silicided electrodes. A collimated deposit (aspect ratio of 1.5:1) of titanium in a 0.8 um deep aperture greatly reduced ultimate silicide resistance is compared to the non-collimated case. The resistance decrease/stabilization increased with the aspect ratio of the aperture.
The results discussed above for Ti and TiN singularly appear to provide a synergistic effect in combination. Experiments were carried out in which 600 angstroms of Ti and 400 angstroms of TiN were successively sputtered through contact holes having 2:1 aspect ratios and greater, to contact separate n and p diffusion regions. The contact hole was then filled with blanket CVD tungsten, tungsten studs were formed by standard planarization processes and the filled contacts were interconnected by an aluminum wiring level. For non-collimated Ti/TiN, the mean contact resistance was 71 ohms/contact for the N+ contact, and 138 ohms/contact for the P+ contact. For collimated Ti/TiN, the contact resistance was approximately 1 ohm/contact for both N+ and P+ contacts. Again, sputtering through a collimator greatly reduces contact resistance when compared to non-collimated depositions. We attribute this reduction in contact resistance to a reaction of the additional titanium deposited at the bottom of the contact. In addition, the more dense nature of the collimated TiN barrier film prevents fluorine penetration under and into titanium during the CVD tungsten deposition process.
Having discussed the various experimental results achieved using collimated sputtering, we will now discuss the specifics of the sputtering process itself. The general process is similar to conventional sputtering methods. A gaseous plasma of an inert atom such as Argon is created that bombards the cathode target, dislodging atoms that are deposited on the electrically decoupled substrate. In the case of titanium nitride, better process control is achieved by eliminating argon from the system, and using N2 gas as both the bombardment source and the recombinant specie that reacts with the titanium atoms to form a titanium nitride deposit.
Plasma (working) gas atoms (e.g. Ar) scatter sputtered atoms, potentially knocking them "off-line" after the sputtered atoms pass through the collimator. Therefore, it is important that low working gas pressures (less than 1.0 mTorr) are used when depositing through a collimator in order to lessen scattering. Working gas composition also affects scattering. Argon atoms tend to cause greater deflection of sputtered atoms than would a lighter working gas such as nitrogen. Pure nitrogen is the preferred working gas to deposit TiN using a collimator. The use of pure nitrogen assures that, even at the low pressures required with collimation, sufficient nitrogen is present to form TiN. The tradeoff here is that the lighter N2 atoms are not as efficient in dislodging titanium atoms from the sputter source, such that the cathode power has to be increased from 3-6 kW for the usual argon ambient to 6-9 kW of the N2 ambient.
These experiences with TiN deposition lead to several conclusions as to how to minimize gas scattering. One conclusion is to use lighter inert atoms even when sputtering titanium. Another conclusion is to use lower sputter pressures (less than the conventional 3-4 mTorr; in the general range of less than -1.0 mTorr), even if argon is used as the inert sputtering specie.
Having generally discussed various aspects of the invention, a specific Example will now be discussed with reference to filling the contact hole shown in FIG. 1. The diffusion region 20 and passivation layer 30 are defined and deposited using conventional techniques. Then a photoresist mask is defined on the passivation layer 30 to define the contact hole 50, and the contact hole is etched using reactive ion techniques in a ambient CF4+O2. Note that the photoresist mask is fairly thick, such that the image will still be in place at the end of the etch process.
Then 600 angstroms of titanium and 400 angstroms of TiN are sputter deposited through a 1:1 collimator, at 0.7-1.0 mTorr pressure. During the titanium deposition the substrate temperature is maintained at 450° C., and argon is used as the inert bombardment atom. During the TiN deposition, the ambient is changed to N2. The resulting composite film has portion 40C that is on the order of 260 angstroms (or roughly 25%) of the thickness of portions 40A. Moreover, the sidewall portions 40B of the composite film have substantially uniform thickness along the entire contact hole sidewall, enhancing adhesion of subsequently-applied films. As previously discussed, the resulting film presents low bulk resistivity, low contact resistance, low oxygen concentration, and enhanced surface morphology as compared to similar films deposited without collimation. Also, the collimated TiN provides an improved barrier to fluorine penetration of the underlying films at the bottom of the contact hole. Fluorine contamination of underlying titanium films and silicides is known to cause failure by a number of mechanisms including loss of adhesion of CVD tungsten and high contact resistance. For some applications, the fluorine barrier properties of the layers can be further enhanced by carrying out an anneal step at 500°-600° C. in a N2 ambient to complete the conversion of any remaining Ti sidewall components to Ti nitride.
It is to be understood that various modifications can be made to the structures and teachings discussed above without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, while the invention has been discussed with reference to titanium and titanium nitride, it can be utilized in conjunction with any other sputtered, reactively sputtered or evaporated barrier material such as chromium, tungsten and TlW, as well as with materials such as tungsten and aluminum that would be used to fill such high aspect ratio apertures. Moreover, while the invention has been illustrated with reference to a particular contact embodiment, it can be applied to a broad range of applications in which high aspect ratio apertures are to be coated or filled. Finally, the specific times, temperatures pressures, ambients, etc. discussed can be optimized for a given application.
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Fakhoury, W.K.H.; (1994) A comparison of service and non-service determinants of carers' satisfaction with palliative care services. Doctoral thesis, University of London.
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The association between carers' satisfaction with services delivered by district nurses (DNs), general practitioners (GPs), hospital doctors (HDs), and the health and social services in general (HSS), and various service and non-service variables was examined to assess whether satisfaction is more a reflection of the service characteristics, the non-service related factors, or attributable equally to both. Analysis was undertaken on a sub-sample of the 'Regional Study of Care for the Dying', a retrospective survey assessing the perceptions of 3696 carers of services delivered to deceased in their last year of life. The sub-sample consisted of 1858 carers of deceased who were relatives or close friends/neighbours, whose deceased died from cancer, and whose death was not sudden. Satisfaction variables were derived from questions recorded in the survey. In bivariate and multivariate analysis, larger odds ratio were found in association with service than non-service variables. For example, high satisfaction with DNs was strongly associated with visiting the patient very frequently (OR= 10.8, 95% CI= 4.5-25.9); and the GP visiting 20 times or more (OR= 5.5, 95% CI= 3.6-8.5), and informing the carer of the diagnosis (0R= 3.3, 95% CI= 2.3-4.7) were associated with high satisfaction with GPs. Examples of non-service factor associations included, for example, good postbereavement psychological state positively associated with high satisfaction with DNs (OR 2.3, 95% CI= 1.6-3.4) and GPs (OR= 2.0, 95% CI= 1.4-2.8); while perceiving caring as rewarding as opposed to a burden was positively associated with high satisfaction with DNs (OR= 3.7, 95% CI= 1.8-7.5) and negatively associated with high satisfaction with hospital doctors (OR= 0.46, 95% CI= 0.24- 0.86). The fmdings reflect, in part, the literature on satisfaction in other areas of health care, but there are some differences, for example sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, religious denomination, and housing tenure were found to have no role in predicting satisfaction with DNs, GPs, and HDs. In post-bereavement surveys evaluating palliative care, carers' satisfaction reflects service characteristics but it is also partly determined by important patient and carer characteristics.
|Thesis (Doctoral)
|A comparison of service and non-service determinants of carers' satisfaction with palliative care services
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|An open access version is available from UCL Discovery
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|Thesis digitised by British Library EThOS
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|UCL > School of Life and Medical Sciences > Faculty of Population Health Sciences > Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care > Epidemiology and Public Health
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Pronunciation: Giulio Cesare
Added on: 2008-04-08 Listened: 6.9K timesin: history
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Silver Ring Thing promotes the message of purity and waiting until marriage centered in a relationship with Jesus Christ through two methods: a Live Event and a small group resource called Bare Essentials. Since 1995, SRT has hosted 1,100+ events, reaching more than 635,000 people. We are excited to partner and impact the students and families in YOUR community with the truth of God's plan.


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You Gotta Admit: That's Way Better than "Good"
Besides, it's easier to spell than "Captain Kirk Luck".
Candace S., you're not wearing the red shirt, are you?
A Cake Wreck is any cake that is unintentionally sad, silly, creepy, inappropriate - you name it. A Wreck is not necessarily a poorly-made cake; it's simply one I find funny, for any of a number of reasons. Anyone who has ever smeared frosting on a baked good has made a Wreck at one time or another, so I'm not here to vilify decorators: Cake Wrecks is just about finding the funny in unexpected, sugar-filled places.
Now, don't you have a photo you want to send me? ;)
Besides, it's easier to spell than "Captain Kirk Luck".
Candace S., you're not wearing the red shirt, are you?
"Say Wally, what did you do to this cake? The airbrushing looks horrible!"
"Really? Rats. Sorry, Willy. I was going for a 'spacey' look."
"'Spacey'? Two big red asterisks on a blue background?"
"Uh, they're supposed to be stars. You know, for Star Wars? See, the mom brought in this Darth Vader plate for reference."
[looking from plate to cake] "Well, we can't give them this - it looks more like a Spider Man or Superman cake."
"Yeah, I guess you're right. So what should I do? The airbrushing seeped into most of the icing, so I can't scrape it off."
"Hmmmm. Lemme see that plate again...and fetch me the scissors, will ya?"
"Oooh, that's MUCH better. Thanks, Willy."
"No problem, Wally. You see, with a little ingenuity, you really can save almost anything."
"You think they'll be Ok with the candles?"
"Of course! They add up to 13, right?"
"Well, yeeesss..."
"Then quit whining! Unless YOU want to go buy more '3's."
Monique R., clearly you already know the powers of the Wrecky side. Good work.
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Originally written on Patriots Life | Last updated 11/22/12
FOXBORO, MA - JANUARY 10: Julian Edelman #11 of the New England Patriots looks on against the Baltimore Ravens during the 2010 AFC wild-card playoff game at Gillette Stadium on January 10, 2010 in Foxboro, Massachusetts. The Ravens won 33-14. (Photo by Elsa/Getty Images)
After a massive helmet to helmet hit, Julian Edelman left the Patriots-Jets game and his return is questionable, per the Patriots, but apparently it's not looking good. Hopefully he will be able to play next week if he doesn't return tonight.Patriots announce Edelman's head injury and call his return "questionable." #PatriotsTalk— Mary Paoletti (@Mary_Paoletti) November 23, 2012#Patriots Edelman is locker-room-bound. Done for tonight, safe to say.— Erik Scalavino (@E_Scal) November 23, 2012
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1879 $1 Goloid Metric Dollar, Judd-1627, Pollock-1823, R.5,...
2004 Orlando, FL (FUN) Signature Sale #336
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Interesting 1879 Goloid Metric Dollar, Judd-16271879 $1 Goloid Metric Dollar, Judd-1627, Pollock-1823, R.5, PR62 PCGS. William Barber's design for the Goloid Metric dollar with a large head of Liberty facing left and LIBERTY on a wide ribbon around her head. The reverse is laid out with the proposed composition of the coin in the center, surrounded by a circle of 38 stars. The G in GLORIA is repunched. Struck in silver with a reeded edge. Apricot and steel-blue hues embrace this nicely struck and lightly abraded example. Population: 4 in 62, 8 finer (10/03).
From the New Millennium Collection, Part II. (#62005) (PCGS# 62005)
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Sent from my SAMSUNG-SGH-I727 using Tapatalk 2
I don't like to flash as much as y'all. Its too much of a hassle for me to restore all my apps, data, and configs, so i normally wait awhile til its got minimal bugs, are i deem it ready (using some proprietary requirements i'm not even sure of lol.
On a side note, i hate the way the new gmail looks, so i posted this in off-topic
|baconstep, doesn't actually, rules, sorry for the grammar mishap
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Ore wa Koi no Haousama MangaI am the champion of love
1-4) Top model Asagi has a tooth ache, but after meeting the single dentist, Yui, it's not just his tooth that aches. But Yui is not interested in a relationship and just wants Asagi to go away. Can Asagi convince Yui that there is more to life than work? Can dental chairs really be used that way? 5) Holding onto Love Hiroyuki is always being compared to his older brother, Kouichi, and he always loses. Even Hiroyuki's crush, Kei sempai confesses to Kouichi. Will Hiroyuki fight for the one he loves? 6) Only You Can When his younger cousin Touya moves in, bored Masayasu decides to have some fun with the strait-laced student. But what starts as a joke becomes much more serious.
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Ore wa Koi no Haousama Chapters
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- 3 years agoOre wa Koi no Haousama 1: I Am The Champion of Love
- Yaoi
- 1999
- Completed
- CHITOSE Piyoko
- CHITOSE Piyoko
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- Watch Ore wa Koi no Haousama Anime Online
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With respect to copyrights, it is well known in the IP biz that Congress will regularly increase the length of copyright protection everytime that Disney's copyright on Mickey Mouse is due to expire. (Disney is dead, but his corporation has lots of living lawyers.)
This conversation on patents reminds me of this: http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radi...patents-attack. As usual with "This American Life," an extremely interesting listen if you have the time and enjoy radio.
Oops, missed the grin.


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Intel continues to aim Atom at the smartphone market. The big plan for 2013 is to target emerging markets.
Christy Wyatt takes over as Good Technology CEO. She held positions at Citi, Motorola Mobility and Apple.
No more idle chit-chat, Gigabit Wi-Fi, thanks to 802.11ac, is on its way to your home and corporate networks.
Samsung, Toshiba, Sharp, Panasonic -- we've heard from several of the heavy hitters at CES already, and they say consumers want smart TV tech. Really?
Netgear has rolled out a slew of announcements at CES, with a big focus on the smarter home thanks to partnerships with Google TV and Sling Media.
While market research firms are forecasting a PC sales growth of between 7 and 9 percent during 2013, one analyst thinks that this is too high and is likely to end up being closer to 2 percent.
The second Technical Preview of the next version of Windows Server concentrates on tools to improve how we use servers today, with hints of the microservices and containers that future cloud techniques...
The consumer electronics industry will ship more than 1 billion (!) smartphones this year, accounting firm Deloitte says. But what is a "smartphone," exactly?
Sharp debuts nearly two dozen 60-inch plus class TV models at the start of CES 2013.
Reuters cited a letter dated Nov. 5 noting that the lab replaced gear made by H3C Technologies, a Chinese company that used to be a joint venture between Huawei and 3Com.
Cisco has teamed up with AT&T on a new home security platform for wirelessly monitoring and managing everything from smoke detectors to door locks.
The Indian IT sector is set to grow because of stronger global IT spending, according to a leading investment bank.
Infusionsoft is getting $54 million in growth capital to accelerate development of its software, which combines sales, marketing and CRM functions.
There are plenty of text input methods for Android devices and developers keep pushing to make text entry efficient and simple for the end user.
Americans still dominate the upper reaches of the Twittersphere, but techies and bloggers now represent only a small proportion of the user base. Pop stars such as Lady Gaga and Justin Bieber now lead the way, but they are not far ahead of Chinese stars on Sina Weibo.
Nvidia's CES 2013 press conference was clunky. That's what happens when you try to explain a transition to the cloud when you're used to more pizazz.
Lenovo has retooled some of its existing ultrabook and laptop models in time for CES to include a touchscreen display, so they can take advantage of some of Windows 8's features.
The head of Google's Polish R&D facility spills the beans on why education and a healthy ecosystem of tech rivals saw it pick the country's second city to set up shop.
MTN Uganda is deploying LTE as part of an $70m investment in the country during 2013.


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'Hundreds' of fish killed by pollution in Stour Brook, Haverhill
Posted: August 06, 2014|
A stretch of the Stour Brook has been polluted and "hundreds of fish" have been killed.
The Environment Agency has confirmed that a stretch of the brook, which runs through East Town Park, Haverhill, is being aerated after fish have died from lack of oxygen, caused by pollution.
A spokeswoman said: "We are investigating the cause of the pollution and carrying out a survey of live fish to see if they need to be rescued from the water.
"The local authority has been notified and dog owners are being advised to keep their animals from the water. Abstractors downstream have also been informed."
Cllr Tony Brown, whose ward includes East Town Park, has hailed the situation as "disgusting".
A number of years ago the river was too polluted for wildlife, he said, but up until this incident it was "thriving" with shoals of fish – and an otter had even been spotted there.
"I took my dog down there just the other day and it was thriving with fish. This is absolutely gutting news," he said.
"I hope they can find out exactly what happened. This is the best park in town and a lot of children go down there to play."
The contamination is believed to have affected a 4km stretch of the water leading up to the River Stour at Sturmer, Cllr Brown added.
Homefield Road Vets have also issued a warning via the Facebook Page, urging pet owners not to let their dogs swim in the river.
It said: "Please please please don't let your dogs or children in the river down at East Town Park, there is something in the water that is proving fatal if ingested."


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Halloween party ideas and decorations
There's clearly something about Halloween which inspires Mumsnetters to heights of creepy ingenuity on the party front. So here are a few tried-and-tested children's Halloween party ideas for maximum squelch and squeals.
Devilish decorations
Watch our how-to videos for three simply spooky craft ideas: ghostly party garlands, a last-minute pumpkin mask and creepy spider lollies.
More DIY ideas to give your home that Hammer House of Horror feel without going overboard on plastic tat...
- Make monster hands by stuffing clear plastic disposable gloves with popcorn that's been shaken in green food colouring. Califrau
- Buy a plastic brain from a toy/joke shop then put it in a clear plastic tub and fill it up with green jelly. It will look like one of those medical specimens. If you cant find toy brain you could always use a cauliflower. hisgirlfriday
- Make a ghost and bat mobile. You need two long strips of strong card, coloured black. Arrange them in a cross with glue or sellotape. Make two ghosts and two bats to hang on the mobile. The ghosts are the very cheapest white cups that you get in office water coolers. Turn upside down. Drape a mansize tissue over the cup, thread some ordinary black sewing thread through the bottom of the cup to tie onto the cardboard cross and use black felt pen to draw on a scary ghost face. The bats are simply a bat shape cut out of black paper. The clever bit is that you must use three threads to get the bat to hang correctly - one at the end of each wing and one in the middle. Pacific
- Make floating ghosts: balloons draped in crepe paper, suspended from the ceiling on invisible thread. Purpleduck
- Be careful buying 'spooky sounds' CDs. I bought one once that sounded like the soundtrack to a snuff movie. It reduced my hard-nut Goth of a daughter to tears and totally creeped me out, too. GrumpyOldHorsewoman
- When the time comes to carve your pumpkin, draw the pattern on the pumpkin first, then stab along the lines - in a dot-to-dot fashion - with something pointy. Then carve. Califrau
More pumpkin carving tips
- How about pom-pom spiders? All you need is two rings of cardboard and some black wool to make the pom-poms & black pipecleaners or wool to make the legs.Stick on 2 white bits of cardboard for eyes & there you go. If the mobile is hung above a radiator the rising heat makes the bat wings flap and the tissues on the ghosts flutter. Mirage
- Spooks Punch - it's basically a blood red punch (mainly cranberry juice) with ice hands floating in it. Freeze water or lemonade in surgical gloves tied at the end. They look really effective. Bamboo
Ghoulish games
Apple-bobbing? Meh. This is a time to embrace one's inner-zombie. As long as Halloween party games have a high-squelch quotient, they'll go down a treat.
- Pin the Witch on the Broom. We also made 10 broomsticks using long wrapping paper tubes with strips of cardboard taped round the end. We then had broom-racing around the garden. CJinSussex
- One of our best games is Make a Mummy - teams of two have a loo roll each and have to mummify a team member in 60 seconds. Thefoxsbrush
- Buy some rubbery worms and put them in some green jelly for a Catch the Worm game - if you're brave enough to retrieve one, you get a prize. FlipFloppinRubyRioja
- Blindfold jelly eating is hysterical - two children at a time trying to feed each other with jelly. fortyplus
- Use teeth only to get marshmallows from a plate of icing sugar. janeite
- Ghost hunting - turn lights off, children have to sneak about finding a) each other b) adults c) some sort of prop. S1ur
- Guess the body part - you need to prepare a number of items and place them on a table either hidden inside shoe boxes (with a hand-hole cut in the side) or simply under separate tea towels. All the party guests stand outside the door and are brought into the (darkened) room one-by-one to feel the items on the table and guess what they could be:
- 2 hard boiled and shelled eggs (these will feel like eyeballs)
- 1 rubber glove (preferably the thin transparent kind) filled with flour and secured at the arm end with a rubber band
- 1 old wig (feels horrible in the dark)
- Plate of cold cooked spaghetti
- Piece of pumpkin cut into the shape of an ear
- 1 raw sausage (you'll obviously need to wash your hands after this)
The best way to play this game is by encouraging the most hysterical guest to play first. Their shrieks only add to the tension felt by those waiting outside the door! ChippyMinton
- Halloween party food ideas
- Halloween costume ideas for kids
- Scary (and funny) family films
- Find activities near you
Last updated: 1 day ago


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Slot car tracks in minneapolis
Posted 04 March 2014 - 04:11 AM
Posted 04 March 2014 - 05:07 AM
I have not been home in a long time sir, but last time i was home there was a store in the burnsville center mall that did slot cars and had a neat raceway setup in the store and i want to say they let folks brink their own slotcars and run em on the track layout, worth chicking into or asking around if its still there or not
i find most places in malls now days don't seem to stick around much nowadays
Posted 04 March 2014 - 10:02 AM
Heres one close to you in St. Paul. Website would indicate they are still open.
458 Lexington Pkwy N
Saint Paul, MN 55104
(651) 646-7781
Drag strip
1) Carries HO, 1/32, and 1/24 slot cars and parts
2) A full-line hobby shop specializing in model railroading
Posted 04 March 2014 - 10:03 AM
Scale Model Supplies in St. Paul has several tracks set up. They are original 60s commercial tracks and they run them on certain nights. I think they are 1/32 and 1/24. They also have a dragstrip.
Posted 04 March 2014 - 06:18 PM
Posted 06 March 2014 - 02:27 AM
Posted 04 April 2014 - 04:00 AM
Edited by Toast, 04 April 2014 - 04:01 AM.
Posted 05 April 2014 - 01:59 PM
I was in there today (04/05) and it was open so it looks like Saturdays are good.


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Blue eyed Blonde 25 year old Former Division 1 Athlete who loves to laugh. Wanna know more? Just ask :)
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Below is the poem entitled Wicked Gift which was written by poet
Boleyn. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Katanna Boleyn
I don't know what I'm meant to say,
To make this feeling go away,
This aching pain and lonely love,
For my daughter and son above.
There little faces I can see,
In my mind so vividly,
Smeared with blood and crying loud,
But this pain I can't say aloud.
I wish they could be at peace,
Seated up in heavens feast,
Not condemned to wonder on,
For something they have not done.
It seems to me that God is cruel,
And there for He's not fit to rule,
To let my babes burn to dust,
Because of their parents lust.
I will save them if I can,
Even if I'm asking Pan,
To take my babes and make them sleep,
Even if this makes me weep.
A comment has not been posted for this poem. Encourage a poet by being the first to comment.


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RICHMOND, Calif., Sept. 23, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Sangamo BioSciences, Inc. (Nasdaq: SGMO) today announced the closing of its previously announced underwritten public offering of 6,100,000 shares of its common stock, as well as 915,000 additional shares of its common stock pursuant to the full exercise of the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters.
(Logo: http://photos.prnewswire.com/prnh/20130102/SF35903LOGO)
The shares were sold at the public offering price of $10.58 per share, the last closing price of the stock on the date immediately prior to pricing. This brings the aggregate gross proceeds from the offering to approximately $74.2 million, before deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses.
Lazard Capital Markets LLC, JMP Securities LLC and Piper Jaffray & Co. acted as joint book-running managers and Cowen and Company, LLC acted as co-lead manager for the offering.
The shares described above were issued pursuant to a prospectus supplement and accompanying prospectus, all as filed as part of a shelf registration statement on Form S-3 previously filed with and declared effective by the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The company filed a final prospectus supplement relating to the offering with the SEC on September 19, 2013, which is available along with the accompanying prospectus filed with the SEC in connection with the shelf registration, on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov. Copies of the final prospectus supplement and the accompanying prospectus may be obtained by sending a request to: Lazard Capital Markets LLC, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, 60th Floor, New York, NY 10020, or via telephone at 80
|SOURCE Sangamo BioSciences, Inc.
Copyright©2012 PR Newswire.
All rights reserved


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text:
Right! Those two graphs are very similar. The difference between them is the slight bias towards a "lighter" print for what I would call the black and white preferred print study. How much "lighter"? The difference you pointed out by drawing a 45-degree line in red.
Here I am guessing the newer study of color reveals a preference for higher correlation to reality (in the mid-to-near-highlights), than in black and white which several authors have said should be "lighter". It makes sense to me that people would need "color" to be more accurate.
I also know people prefer my lighter prints, though I occasionally choose darker for my own artistic reasons (as an artist, each of us is entitled to break the rules any way we want).


text: |This folding pocket knife features a 440 stainless steel blade measuring 2.5 inches long. With a distinctive hinged handcuff design and an overall length of 6 inches, this folding pocket knife provides great balance and unique style. Before purchasing this product, please familiarize yourself with the appropriate state and local regulations by contacting your local police dept., legal counsel and/or attorney general's office. You, as the buyer, not Overstock.com, are responsible to understand your local, state, and federal laws before placing an order.


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Pop culture cuts deep
Korean TV, music fuel plastic surgery wave
Posted: August 31, 2014 at 5:49 a.m.
All around the southern Seoul district of Gangnam -- the area of conspicuous consumption made famous by the hit song "Gangnam Style" -- Chinese women walk down the street with bandages over their faces and around their heads.
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text: Excellent post.I would rather have something more original to be honest. If they did ever make an Oz land I would rather have it be a small add-on land to Fantasyland. Similar to that of the Fantasy Faire, but themed to Glinda's Castle maybe? IF they did put Oz in the Frontierland area then they could do a carnival similar to the opening of the movie and behind the berm could be Oz? But I would love to see the Emerald City and/or Glinda's Castle added to Storybookland. (they could also throw in Rapunzal's tower while their at it.)