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Flooding: A National Trend?
May 09, 2011
As mentioned in the last post, flooding along the Mississippi River continues to be the major domestic news story of the day. Residents of low-lying areas of Memphis have been asked to evacuate, as the river rises to 48 feet, just shy of the record set in the terrible flood of 1927, the most destructive in American history. Workers are building temporary levees throughout Mississippi and Louisiana, where the Mississippi is expected to exceed levels reached in that infamous flood in 1927.
The Mississippi River Floods: Is Climate Change to Blame?
May 09, 2011
The Mississippi River has continued to rise through the weekend, flooding thousands of acres in the region. Forecasters expect the river to crest in Memphis on Monday night, earlier than previously expected, and farther downstream, Louisiana officials are bracing for a potential flooding disaster. To lessen the chances of flooding in Baton Rouge, New Orleans, and other Louisiana cities, the Army Corps of Engineers is expected to open the Morganza Spillway later this week, after already opening the Bonnet Carre Spillway this morning.
Is Donald Trump a Demagogue?
May 07, 2011
Unless you live under a rock, you know Donald Trump is thinking about running for president. His sensational public endeavors—pushing the White House to release President Obama's long-form birth certificate and, most recently, questioning the authenticity of the president's academic record—have met with astonishment, outrage, and dismay.
When The Mississippi River Floods A Lake
May 04, 2011
As the Mississippi River continues to rise higher and higher, the Army Corps of Engineers has been forced to blast levies along the river in an attempt to lower the water level. Unfortunately, while the destruction of levees has protected cities along the river, it has also led to the flooding of thousands of acres of farmland.
Leprosy: Can It Be Eliminated?
April 28, 2011
For years, about 150 Americans acquired leprosy annually, but doctors had no idea where about one-third of the cases came from. (Two-thirds were acquired overseas.) In a bizarre twist (bizarre, at least, for those of us who do not follow current events in leprosy), today in the New England Journal of Medicine American and Swiss researchers concluded that these leprosy cases, most occurring in Texas and Louisiana, were transferred from wild armadillos. (Researchers say mere contact with an armadillo is unlikely to transfer the disease.
Why Do Ethics Stories Still Quote CREW's Melanie Sloan?
March 04, 2011
[Guest post by James Downie] Kudos to the New York Times for a well-done investigation, published yesterday, on how companies operating in Louisiana are donating large amounts of money to Bobby Jindal's wife's charity. Of course, that does not immediately prove something unethical has actually taken place, but, well, I'll let a quote from the Times piece sum it up: "The motives might be good," said Melanie Sloan, director of Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics [in Washington], which has also examined public records detailing the operations of Mrs. Jindal's charity.
Discovering Equality
January 13, 2011
The Fiery Trial: Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery By Eric Foner (W.W. Norton, 426 pp., $29.95) I. As we begin a raft of sesquicentennials that will carry us through at least the next half-decade—the secession of Southern states, the formation of the Confederacy, the Civil War, the Emancipation Proclamation, Appomattox, and so on—I confess to feeling a mixture of excitement and trepidation. These are all signal events in our history, the roadblocks and thoroughfares in the making of modern America, and at a time of general crisis they are especially important to revisit.
The GOP's Strange Ideas About Helping the Poor
December 17, 2010
My latest column for Kaiser Health News: Rep. Bill Cassidy of Louisiana is not just a Republican. He's also a doctor. And that means he has not one but two reasons to dislike Medicaid. Not only does it cost the government a lot of money. It also serves a lot of its beneficiaries poorly. Cassidy explained in a Dec. 16 column for Politico that Medicaid is the stingiest payer in our health care system. For most services, it reimburses less than both Medicare and private insurance.
Why Don't Novelists Care about Katrina?
September 10, 2010
Since 2001, fiction based on September 11 has become almost de rigueur among major novelists writing in English. In the aftermath of the attacks on the Word Trade Center, many of the most famous authors of our time have weighed in on the attacks, depicting the ways large and small in which they altered people's lives. Some hypothesized possible motivations behind the terrorists' actions: John Updike in Terrorist (2006) and Martin Amis in the short story "The Last Days of Muhammad Atta" (2006).
A New Oil Rig Explosion—and a Familiar Lesson
September 02, 2010
(Updated at 6:00 p.m.) As Brad Plumer reported earlier, another oil rig exploded off the coast of Louisiana today, forcing workers to jump into the water while the rig was on fire. The Coast Guard says it has rescued all 13 workers and, so far, it looks like we're not in for a repeat of the Deepwater Horizon disaster, according to New Orleans Times-Picayune. This rig, which is owned by Mariner Energy, was in much shallower waters--340 feet deep rather than a mile. And while the well was producing oil, Mariner officials say that workers shut down the operation before evacuating.


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Viewers: in countries Watching now:
Color is a powerful signal in video; it can subtly project emotion, mood, time of day, and location. Learn to manipulate these visual elements in a variety of shots, from interior spaces to outside landscapes, with color grading. Filmmaker, colorist, and experienced editor Simon Walker shows how to simulate a light source and different types of light, and choose an evocative color for your footage to tell the story of a particular location. Plus, learn techniques to change the time of day, the type of room, and the overall mood of a location.
Simon works with Adobe Premiere Pro and the Magic Bullet Colorista II and Looks plugins, but these lessons can be applied to any color correction workflow.
One of the nice thing about Magic Bullet Looks is it's extra tools that allow you to do fake depth of field. So, I'm going to choose the Magic Bullet Looks sequence here, and apply it to this clip. I'll just grab the Looks from the set of effects filters and I'll click Edit Look to bring up the Looks builder. Over in the Lens section, we've got a vignette tool. And the Vignette tool with its screen controls, lowers the luma values of the edge of the image to allow us to focus on the subject in the center. Here's the before and after.
But next to it, there is also in the Lens section, an Edge Softness tool. The Edge Softness tool is used in a very similar way as the Vignette. You can change the aspect, and you can move it around the screen. And everything inside the center area of this tool, is not blurred, and everything outside is blurred according to the blur quality amount in the settings. I've always found that the blur size of three is a little too much for this effect, so I tend to reduce it down to one or one and a half.
And the idea is to isolate our individual and just subtly to make the background less interesting to look at and so we're looking at him. Here's the before and after. I'll turn off the Vignette so we can just see the effect. And that's very subtle. You'll can see on the line here that this is without the effect applied. And if I apply it there's a very subtle blur so perhaps I need to increase the amount of blur there to maybe right about two for after.
And deselect the tool so I don't get the onscreen controls. Now I can turn the tool chain off and on. And that's a bit less subtle, but it's easier to see the effect. We'll probably go for somewhere in between one and a half and two say one point seven. But the thing to remember about this effect is that it's not as technically accurate as shooting depth of field in your camera. You can see here that his shoulder is on a similar plane to the side of his face but it's still not in focus here whilst his face is.
And I see this effect all the time on TV shows. Whether it had to work on a budget and work quickly, and this is the trade-off. Somewhere in the line between the most perfect elegant workflow and actually getting the job done in time to transmit the program. When you're on a deadline, every second is precious. So, having access to easy subtle methods like this, of exaggerating depth and focusing interest is extremely useful.
Find answers to the most frequently asked questions about The Art of Color Correction: Color Grading for Locations and Times of Day .
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subset: commoncrawl


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continued Village Attorney Michael Byrne wondered if the chamber understood the enormity of the proposed project, stating that they will need to get assurance, in writing, from the City of Syracuse, which owns the actual property. He said when the concrete pier was built years ago, that issue went all the way to the desk of the mayor of Syracuse.
"This is a big deal. I think it's bigger than they expect," Byrne said.
Trustee Sue Jones said the chamber also needs to get local support for the project, and without that, everything else could be a "waste of time."
Jason Emerson is editor of the Skaneateles Press. He can be reached at email@example.com.
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Frank Charles Kristufek
Position: T
Height: 6-0 Weight: 209 lbs.
Born: December 12, 1915 in McKees Rocks, PA
Died: June 16, 1998 in Torrance, CA
High School: Mckeesport
College: Pittsburgh (school history)
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (14760th overall since 1950)
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Why is The Big Year rated PG?
Official MPAA Rating: The Big Year is rated PG for for language and some sensuality.
Violence: Animal hunting practices are briefly discussed and old footage is shown of a bird hunt. The threat of nuclear plant fallout is discussed. Characters are involved in an accident after falling asleep at the wheel of their car. A man is threatened briefly with a knife. Some characters argue.
Sexual Content: A couple discusses fertility treatments. Later a woman attends a clinic for a medical procedure involving conception. A couple kisses and talks about sexual activity in a fairly veiled manner. A man suspects his wife of being unfaithful.
Language: The script includes over a dozen mild profanities, some terms of Deity, a couple of moderate swear words and a rude hand gesture.
Alcohol / Drug Use: Characters drink in several settings including home, parties and in restaurants or bars. A man makes a reference to illegal drugs. A woman injects herself with prescribed fertility hormones.


text: The wiki last edited by Roekon on 07/26/14 04:50PM View full history Unlocking the magic spell book has brought the Wicked Witch to life and now she plans on staying that way.The only way to put her back in her book is to reverse the spell, and that's just what Sela plans to do. The only problem is the book and the key to its lock have been sucked into the portals and living worlds of other books. In order to get them back, Sela will have to venture into a world full of monsters and her brother will have to take a trip into one of the greatest adventure stories ever told. Classic tales, monsters, villains and heroes come to life in this epic Grimm Fairy Tales spinoff!


text: Join Eastman Nature Center staff at the Elm Creek Picnic Area, Deer Shelter, for a day of family fun Tuesday, July 2, from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. in Elm Creek Park Reserve in Maple Grove. Become a detective on a camouflage insect safari. Catch and release land bugs with a jar. Race minnows, scoop [...]...Read More


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text:
Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
June 2, 1964 T. J. CONNELLEY, JR
SURGICAL INSTRUMENT POSITIONING DEVICE Filed Oct. 5, 1960 Hy. A
s Sheets-Shee t 1 Isuzu-run:
T J, Car-Maui, J R.
June'Z, 1964 T. J. CONNELLEY, JR
SURGICAL INSTRUMENT POSITIONING DEVICE 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Oct. 5, 1960 June 2, 1964 T. J. CONNELLEY, JR 3,135,263
SURGICAL INSTRUMENT POSITIONING DEVICE Filed Oct. 5, 1960 3 Sheets-Sheet C5 India-mun T, L Qanuauifil JR- United States Patent Ofi ice 3,135,263 Patented June 2, 1964 3,135,263 SURGICAL INSTRUMENT POSITIONING DEVICE Thomas Joseph Connelley, Jr., London, England, assignor to Smiths America Corporation, a corporation of Florida Filed Oct. 5, 1960, Ser. No. 60,621 3 Claims. (Cl. 128-303) This invention relates to surgical instruments and has an important application in brain surgery, facilitating the positioning of an operating or other instrument at a precise location in the brain of the patient.
According to this invention there is provided a surgical instrument comprising a frame, a carrier or guide for an operating or other implement so mounted on the frame as to have components of arcuate movement about two axes which intersect one another at right angles and the longitudinal axis of which implement carrier or guide passes through the point of intersection of said axes.
In one construction said frame affords a first arcuate guideway which constitutes a part of said frame, a first guided member in said guideway and constituting a second arcuate guideway, a second guided member in the latter guideway and which second guided member constitutes a third guideway for an operating or other implement and which arcuate guideways are struck respectively about two axes which intersect one another at right angles and the longitudinal axis of the third guideway intersects the point of intersection of the first said two axes.
Preferably graduated scales are provided along the length of the first and second said guideways and the guided members are provided with marks respectively cooperating with the scales. Preferably means is also provided for clamping the guided members in desired positions along their scales.
In one arrangement, the frame is provided with means for universally mounting the guideway for the operating or other instrument pivotally about the point of intersections of the aforesaid axes.
In one preferred arrangement the first guideway is duplicated so as to provide similar and parallel arcuate guideways and the first guided member bridges the gap between these guideways parallel and has parts slidingly engaging therein.
The frame may comprise a plate member having a pair of upstanding flanges in which said parallel guideways are respectively formed and having secured thereto detachable means for engagement with a member for cating the instrument as a whole relative to the part of the body to be operated on. The member for locating the instrument may comprise an annular threaded hollow tapered plug through which the said operating or other instrument can extend, and the plug may have one or more pairs of holes for insertion of a removable rod which slides through aligned pairs of holes to provide a positioning lever for rotating the plug and is known as a tommy-bar.
There may be associated with said radially extending third guideway a reference gauge formed with two marks spaced apart a predetermined distance along the axis of the guideway and of such a character as to show in an X-ray photograph when the instrument is on the head of the patient.
One embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example as applied in a surgical instrument for use in operations on the brain, and the description makes reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIGURE 1 is a part-sectional front element of the in strument;
FIGURE 2 is a similar view to FIGURE 1 but showing a different type of guide tube and omitting the universally mounted focalising unit;
FIGURE 3 is a section on the line 3- -3 of FIGURE 2;
FIGURE 4 is a plan view of the instrument shown in FIGURE 3;
' FIGURE 5 shows a reference gauge for use in the instrument;
FIGURE 6 shows a depth gauge for use in the instrument; and
FIGURES 7 and 8 are diagrammatic representations of X-ray photographs taken of the reference gauge in position in the skull.
Referring to the drawings the instrument comprises a super-structure made up of a plate 10 provided with upstanding end flanges 11 in which are cut parallel arcuate slots affording guideways 12. An arcuate guided member in the form of a part circular bridge 13 spans the gap between the flanges 11 and has parts mounted in the guideways 12 and affords along its length a second arcuate guideway 8 in which slides a carrier or guide 19 for an operating or other instrument, the arrangement being such that the arcuate slots 12 and the arcuate guideway 8 are struck respectively about two axes which intersect one another at right angles at a focal point 15 which is located within a plug 27a on which the plate 10 is supported.
The part circular bridge 13 is provided with lugs 14 at its extremities which lugs overlie the flanges 11. Between the lugs 14 at each end of the bridge, a bight is cut away as shown in FIGURE 4 so that a scale marked in degrees on the part circular upper surface of the flanges 11 can be seen, and a mark to co-operate with the scale is provided in the bight at each end of the bridge and on the lengthwise line of symmetry of the bridge piece.
The part circular bridge 13 is substantially of T-section bent in an arc of a circle which is centred at the focal point 15. The part circular bridge can be clamped in any desired position relative to the guideways 12 by knurled wheels 16 which are engaged on studs 17 screwed into the ends of the part circular bridge piece 13. The wheels 16 are provided with frusto-conical end portions 18 which engage in correspondingly chamfered outer edge portions 12a of the slots 12.
The part circular bridge 13 is formed with a central slot along its length extending through the leg of the T section which slot forms the second guideway 8 and mounted in the slot is a guided member constituting a carrier 19 for the operating or other instrument. The carrier comprises a T-shaped saddle piece 20 as viewed in side elevation, the cross piece of the T extending lengthwise of the guideway 8 and being provided with lugs 21 which contact the top surface of the bridge piece, and a zero mark 20a (FIGURE 4) is provided on one side face of the saddle piece to co-operate with a scale marked in degrees on the top surface of the bridge piece. Part 20b of the leg of the T-piece 20 lies in the guideway 8 and is provided with flats on its sides preventing rotation of the T-piece in the guideway, and the lower end 200 of the T-piece extends below the lower edge of the guideway, is of reduced diameter and is screw threaded to receive a clamping nut 22 provided with a knurled head which nut engages the end of the leg of the T-section part bridge 13. The saddle piece 20 is provided with a central drilling along its length and in the arrangement shown in FIGURE 1 a continuation of the drilling is provided by a tubular locating element 24 which is held in abutment with the end 200 by a collar 23 threaded on the lower end 20c and having an internal shoulder 3a engaging a peripheral flange 25a on the upper end of the tube 24 and pressing it against the end of the part 200. The lower end of the locating element 24 is held in a uni- 3 versally pivoted mounting 25 which permits universal pivoting of the tube 24 about the point 15. The point lies on the point of intersection of the axes about whichthe arcuate slots 12 and guideway'8 are struck.
In the arrangement shown in FIGURES 2 to 4 a guide tube 47 replaces the tube 24 and is inserted through the saddle piece and the extension 20c of the saddle piece 20. Guide tube 47 is provided with a flange 43 at its upper end which abuts against the saddle piece. A number of such guide tubes 24 or 47 may be provided having appropriate internal diameters for implements to be passed through them such as the depth gauge and cannula hereinafter referred to.
The scales marked on the flanges 11 and on the bridge piece 13 enable the angular position of an instrument carried by the guide tube 24 or 47 to be defined in two planes at right angles to one another and the position of the tip of the instrument to be defined uniquely by the readings of the two scales.
The frame 10 affords in the base portion between the two flanges 11 a central boss 26 in which is detachably secured means for locating the instrument as a whole relative to the skull of the patient. The locating means comprises an annular member 27 comprising a tapered plug portion 27a the outer surface of which has cut into it a .screw thread 27c which is interrupted by grooves 27d extending at right angles to the thread in the manner of a screw cutting tap. The threaded plug is integral with a flange portion 2712 which is of greater diameter than the plug and which is secured to the boss 26 as set out below. The flange is provided with a peripheral slot 28 the upper surface 28a of which is chamfered and is engaged by the conical ends of a pair of set screws 29 engaged in threaded holes in the boss 26, so that by screwing the set screws inwards the flange 27b is urged firmly into engagement with a shoulder 30 formed in the boss 26. Set screws 29 provide an adjustment through 360 between boss 26 and annular member 27 together with the sub-assemblies mounted thereon. The shoulder 30 and flange 27b present a relatively large area of contact and provide a firm, smoothly adjustable mounting with great stability and accuracy for positioning the cannula 44. Annular chamfered surface 28a and set screws 29 allow a nice angular adjustment by providing the desired amount of friction between shoulder 30 and flange 27b during the final stages of angular adjustment before the flange 27b is seated firmly against shoulder 30 by further tightening of set screws 29 against chamfered annular surface 28a on flange 27b. Four radial holes 31 are drilled in the bottom of the groove 28 to provide two alternative positions for a tomrny-bar. The internal surface of the threaded plug 27a is conical, and the internal surfaces of .the flange 27b and the boss 26 are chamfered at 32 and 33 so as to provide a clearance for the guide tube 47 when the member 19 and the bridge piece 13 are at their respective limits of travel.
FIGURE 5 shows a neutral reference gauge 34 comprising a frusto-conical portion 35 and a reference rod portion 36. The portion 35 is provided with an identical taper to that of the internal surface of the plug 27 and the point 37 on the gauge 34 is at the same level as the focal point 15 when the gauge is positioned in the threaded plug 27a. The rod portion of the gauge 34 is provided with two reference holes 38, 39 which are disposed at a distance apart equal to the distance of the hole 38 from the point 37 which is located at the focal point 15.
FIGURE 5 shows a depth gauge comprising a cannula 44 of which is insertable through the carrier 19 and guide tube 24 or 47 and is of known length according to the position of the target so that it can not quite reach the target and has a head 45 which is arrested by the saddle piece 20 of the carrier. A small hole 46 is drilled through the cannula at 2 cms. from its tip 43. g
The operation of the invention is as follows:
In use a burr hole of suitable size (1648 mm. burr) is made at an appropriate site in the skull (say on the coronal suture 5 ems. from the midline). Ventricular detail is visualised by lumbar encephalography or by direct tap of the frontal horn through the burr hole. When suflicient detail has been obtained the threaded plug 27a is inserted into the burr hole and the tommy-bar is inserted into two of the aligned holes 31 in the flange 27b and the plug is rotated by means of the tommy-bar until the thread is securely anchored in the skull, if necessary with the assistance of the aforesaid tommy-bar which is introduced into one of the holes 31. This however, is seldom necessary. While the threaded plug 27a is being screwed into position it is advisable to keep the flange portion 27b tangential to the curvature of the head. The reference gauge (FIGURE 4) is then inserted into the threaded plug, the mating of the coned surfaces making this joint stable while the patient is positioned for X-rays. Stability, accuracy and ease of nice adjustment by small increments form important advantages of the invention. Shoulder 30 is fitted over" annular member 27 with its tapered plug portion 27a now firmly positioned on the patients skull where it is threaded in place. Set screws 29 are advanced until they bear against annular chamfered surface 28a and cause flange 27b to engage shoulder 30 with enough friction that although they may be moved relatively with ease, they tend to maintain a given relative position pending final fine adjustment. When the exact relative angular position of shoulder 30 plus the guideway superstructure carried thereby is achieved, set screws 29 are tightened and clamp shoulder 30 and flange 27b firmly together. This clamping action is achieved without any angular displacement. It will be appreciated that in operations requiring the delicacy of brain surgery, smooth operation ofthe structure is vital to achieving the required accuracy of positioning the cannula 44. Once positioned, stability becomes a prime requisite to the maintenance of the necessary accuracy. This above adjustment may be repeated and rechecked many times to achieve the desired results.
The patient is placed supine, with the sagittal plane of the head as close to the vertical as can be achieved by the eye. Lateral and antero-posterior films (X-ray) are taken, using the longest tube-film distance that can be obtained conveniently. These films are developed and dried. Diagrammatic reproduction of such films are shown in FIGURES 7 and8. Taking each X-ray film individually the target point 49 is plotted from the usual landmarks. The reference rod 36 shows on the films and its direction is continued down as a fine pencil or scratch line 41 into the skull space. The two holes 39 and 38, drilled into the rod are visible on the films, and the distance between these is measured with calipers. An equal distance from the lower hole 38, downwards along the line of the reference rod will determine the aforesaid focal point 15. If a short tube-film distance has been used a correction will have to be made for magnification error. By drawing a line 42 from the target point 49 to the point 15 an angle of correction 43 can be measured between this line and the line of the reference rod 36. A similar angular nieasurement 44 is made from the X-ray film in the other p ane.
When the angles have been determined the reference gauge 34 is removed from the member 27 and the superstructure is set up on an adjacent table. By moving the carrier 19 to an appropriate position one of the angles e.g. the angle 43 is. set on the bridge piece 13 taking care that the angle is made in the. correct direction, i.e. either towards or away from the midline of the head. The bridge piece 13 itself is then moved along the guideways 12 to a setting corresponding to the angle of correction 44 obtained from the other X-ray film, with the same precautions as to direction. .The super-structure is now ready, and is placed in contact with the threaded plug 27a rotating on the flange portion 27b until each angle is in what is judged to be the correct plane appropriate to the directions from which the X-ray photographs were taken. The thumb screws 16 are then tightened. Thus one of the arcs, say the bridging arc, should be set parallel to the sagittal plane of the head, the other being parallel to the coronal plane.
In order to check the correctness of the setting and to determine the length of the cannula to be used in the operation the depth gauge 44 (FIGURE 6) with its guide tube 24 or 47 is fitted into the carrier 19 and passed on into the brain; it will be in the direction of the target point 49 but will fall somewhat short of that point, usually by 2-3 cms. Further X-ray photographs in the two planes are required at this stage, both as a check on the direction and to show the position of the hole 46 which is drilled 2 ems. from the end of the gauge. Good quality X-rays are necessary and it is advisable to rotate the depth gauge before each film is exposed, until the hole 46 is so aligned that it will most clearly show. When these films are developed the accuracy of the siting of the carrier can be checked. If no further cor I rections are necessary the distance from the end of the depth gauge to the target point is measured from the films. The reduction factor, to discount magnification error is obtained by measuring from the films the distance between the hole 46 and the end of the gauge, a distance which is known in fact to be exactly 2 cms. By this means there can be calculated how much longer than the depth gauge a cannula would have to be to just reach the target point.
The depth gauge and its guide tube 47 is removed from the carrier and a cannula, or electrode with its guide tube areinserted so that the former may be passed the required distance into the brain. Then the lesion is made by whatever method is favoured.
While there have been described above what are presently believed to be the preferred forms of the invention, variations thereof will be obvious to those skilled in the art and all such changes and variations which fall within the spirit of the invention are intended to be covered by the generic terms in the appended claims, which are variably worded to that end.
I claim:
1. An instrument for use in brain surgery comprising a threaded hollow plug having a flange portion for assemblage in a hole formed in the skull of a patient, said threaded plug being the sole support for the instrument holder on the patients head and serving to establish a first axis passing through the center of said hollow plug longitudinally thereof, first and second guideways extending at a selected angle with respect to each other in accordance with a selected set of coordinates, means for detachably securing said first guideway on said flange portion so that said first guideway is rotatably adjustable with respect to said hollow plug about said first axis, said first guideway establishing a second axis and constructed to constrain said second guideway to swing about said second axis, said second guideway establishing a third axis, an instrument holder movably mounted on said second guideway, said second guideway being constructed to constrain said instrument holder for movement about said third axis, said second and said third axes intersecting each other and said first axis, said instrument holder being constructed to direct an instrument through said hollow plug along a line passing through the skull of a patient and the direction of which in space relative to said axes can be definitely determined and maintained with precision, said means for detachably securing said guideways on said flange portion for rotatable adjustment through substantially 360 degrees, comprising surface means having a large area contact with said flange portion and means varying the frictional engagement between said surface means and said flange portion and for clamping said surface means and said flange portion together without relative angular displacement thereof to provide smooth, accurate, incremental, highly stable adjustment of said instrument holder in space relative to said selected set of coordinates.
2. A surgical instrument according to claim 1 wherein the first guideway fixed to said hollow plug is arcuate and said second guideway comprises a part which engages and slides around the first arcuate guideway and is itself formed with a second arcuate portion and wherein the implement holder is provided with a part which engages and slides around the second arcuate guideway and is also formed with a rectilinear guide for said instrument.
3. A surgical instrument according to claim 1 wherein the first guideway fixed to said hollow plug is arcuate and said second guideway comprises a part which engages and slides around the first arcuate guideway and is itself formed with a second arcuate portion and wherein the implement-holder is provided with a part which engages and slides around the second arcuate guideway and is also formed with a rectilinear guide for said instrument and wherein graduated scales are provided along the length of the first and second said arcuate guideways and the guided parts are provided with marks respectively cooperating with the scales, said surface means comprising a boss having shoulder means recessed for receiving said flange portion and bearing there against, said means for varying the frictional engagement and clamping comprising an annular chamfered surface on the under side of said flange portion and a plurality of set screws mounted in the periphery of said boss for forcing said flange portion against said shoulder means whereby the frictional engagement therebetween is nicely controlled and said boss and said flange portion can be clamped together in a precise positioned relation.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,093,112 Clarke Apr. 14, 1914 2,697,433 Zehnder Dec. 21, 1954 3,016,899 Stenvall Jan. 16, 1962 3,017,887 Heyer Jan. 23, 1962 3,053,256 Cooper et al Sept. 11, 1962 3,055,370 McKinney et a1. Sept. 25, 1962 3,061,936 De Dobbeleer Nov. 6, 1962 FOREIGN PATENTS 240,542 Switzerland Apr. 16, 1946 OTHER REFERENCES Text, Neurological Alleviation of Parkinsonism, by Irving S. Cooper, 1956, pages 70, 71 and 72 relied upon.
The Lancet, August 23, 1958, page 401 required.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
Spiritual Sight
It meant that I should or would have the ability to look at things not from a physical perspective but from a spiritual perspective also. As Christians we need to practice looking at things in that w…More
A Hole in Someone's Heart
The home in the dream belongs to a family who loves the sea. They spent most of their lives earning a living with the sea. The kitchen in my dream has no food on the table or that inviting look for t…More
Birthing Twins
Okay my dream meant to me that it is a possibility that I might be pregnant or what..But in my dream my water broke at school and they rushed me to the hospital. The hospital was full of nothing but …More
Giving Birth Dream
My dream left me perplexed and confused. Trying to have a baby in real life but unable to so far. I felt helpless as I was unable to feed or get a hold of my doctor. The baby was so small but would s…More
Recurring Burning at Stake Dream
I'm finding myself in the top of dry grass and wood with back tied and in the center of a crowded mass of people. They want to look at me, I feel naked in the scene. The people who upholds the laws h…More
I Dreamed I Had Twins
I don't know what it means. Reading the definition of what these types of dreams mean I guess I will be stepping into a new aspect of my life. What I do know is that I feel a mixture of joy and sadne…More
Recurring End Days Dream
This dream scares the crap out of me, first of all I have no idea what to think. I'm a "if you can't see it, it isn't there" type of girl. I'm not into sci-fi, and wouldn't believe a ufo youtube tapi…More
Dreamed I Gave Birth to a Baby Boy
I really don't know but I felt so sad for my cat baby. I'm very confused ATM my life is a bit of a mess I suppose that would explain the T-Rex, lol, but the rest I'm not sure. I'm often dreaming of g…More
Recurring Alien Dream
The last dream told me there was great danger hidden in the black objects which I'd always been happy to see previously. My initial feeling was happiness. Fear crept in and I knew these were very bad…More
I Love the Feeling of Flying
It feels as if I'm recalling my talents which I'd forgotten due to the hardships of life. I love the feeling of flying and am very surprised that I'd forgotten how to do it. It's as if I must fly out…More
Mother and Mother Mary - Dream Stories
In the dream, the presence of this information and disease was something I actually dreamed of recently. I mentioned to my mother in the dream I knew about this. Because I've not been well for a long…More
A Needed Message - Dream Stories
I feel like it was a needed message, and the theme of washing away these things that I think I am continually learning how to deal with. The water was symbolic of a healing, I think, and the teacher …More
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I am going through changes that will make Shawna land in a much happier place. A spiritual/mental remodeling and landscaping project. The fish are my talents, hobbies, and things I want to keep in tr…More
Work Related Dreams - Dream Stories
It seems to me that I have a sincere desire to find a job that combines the best of both workplaces. While that's odd to me considering that I hate everything about my current job, I can think of no …More
Recurring Falling Dream - Dream Stories
I had this dream about three times on different occasions, standing on stool and fallen from a great height afterwards. The meaning of the dream came years shortly because afterwards,I traveled abroa…More


text:
Pelosi has caught flak for her taut skin, remarkably smooth and lineless for a 70-year-old grandmother.
As New York magazine noted, the "taut sexual chemistry [between Mosshart and Hince] is key to their appeal."
He smiles frequently and with joyful sincerity, and his raven-colored skin is unblemished and taut.
early 14c., tohte, possibly from tog-, past participle stem of Old English teon "to pull, drag," from Proto-Germanic *tugn, from PIE *deuk- "to lead" (see duke (n.)).


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4 Used E. German Military Surplus Packs, Rain Camo
Item # WX2-206178
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4 used East German Military Surplus Combat Packs
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Condition: used, army surplus, in like-new shape. Bag a quad set ONLINE right now!
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4 Used E. German Military Surplus Packs, Rain Camo is rated out of 5 by 24.Rated 4 out of 5 by STUART from great pack,but 1 harness missingDate published: 2014-04-20Rated 5 out of 5 by DAVID from These packs arrived quickly and they are BRAND NEW, unopened! Great deal! They have all the straps and suspension originally issued with the pack..... perfect!Date published: 2014-04-18Rated 5 out of 5 by STEVEN H. from Unissued condition Great DealDate published: 2014-04-11Rated 5 out of 5 by RANDY from The service was great and the shipping was fast. The packs were a terrific bargain. Like new! I cut out the rain liner on two. Much roomier for a nice day pack. Love the purchase.Date published: 2014-04-07Rated 5 out of 5 by BENJAMIN from These rucksacks are great! They are over the top durable. They are practically brand new and are made out of sturdy canvas with a waterproof lining. Great day pack for any outdoors-man.Date published: 2014-03-05Rated 5 out of 5 by MARK from These have never been used! New old stock.Date published: 2014-03-02Rated 5 out of 5 by WILLIAM from quality bags, have no idea how to wear them, but they would easily attach to another pack.Date published: 2014-02-27Rated 5 out of 5 by CHRISTOPHER from High quality, heavy duty bags. Suspender straps are awkward but can modify without much effort. Very useful and great value.Date published: 2014-02-00
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The Giant Beastcast: Episode 06
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Her Story is a bold and largely successful experiment in interactive crime fiction.
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Abjuration is the school of magic that deals with protective spells (buffs) and counter magic.
Achievements are extra challenges added into video games that sometimes carry a point value or unlock bonus material, and are sometimes solely for bragging rights.
The practice in which a character blends seamlessly with crowds in order to maintain a low profile while on the move
When fighting is no longer relegated to the ground, but can also take place in the air.
A practitioner of alchemy; the brewing and making of substances with unusual properties.
In game terms alchemy is typically an item creation system. Centuries ago it was the pursuit of changing normal metals into gold, unsuccessfully.
Characters either begin with multiple outfits, unlock them through play, or purchase them as in-game items. These costumes are sometimes integral to play.
Artificial Intelligence, or AI, commonly refers to the programmed behaviors of NPCs in a game, whether it's the fact that a soldier takes cover behind a wall in Gears of War, or that townspeople cheer upon your arrival to their village in Fable.
Real world information improved in some way by the inclusion of computer generated data. Typically done using a virtual overlay on a real image.
Auto-aiming (or Auto-targeting) allows for a character to attack or interact with an object or enemy that's very near to the player or within their field of vision.
The game automatically saves for you when you reach certain points. Implemented in order to reduce frustration for forgetful savers.
These are games based on toys or toy franchises.
Basilisks are large reptilian creatures that can kill adventurers with a single glance or turn them into stone.
A mechanic used mainly in Japanese RPGs of both the action and turn-based variety.
Black Magic is one of the key types of magic in Final Fantasy games. Spells include those that deal damage, such a Blizzard and Thunder.
The ability to stop or reduce the damage from an oncoming attack.
Video game bosses are usually the main antagonist, and arch nemesis of the main protagonist. In most cases the end of a game is when the main character defeats the final boss.
A path that is displayed on screen to help guide the player to certain objectives.
Brewing is the production of alcoholic beverages through the process of fermentation. It is most closely associated with beer, but can also include wine, tea, cider, mead and other liquids.
A 'British Accent' is a catch-all term for one who speaks with an English, Scottish or Welsh accent. Though it is most commonly associated with English accents.
Button Mashing is a concept used to describe any game or gameplay wherein skill is an aside to how fast a player can hit the buttons on the controller.
Many games have had collectible cards as a part of the gameplay.
Centaurs have the upper half of a man, and the lower half of a horse. Typically they are hunters.
Character Creation refers to characters created by players themselves, rather than developers.
Chest-High Walls appear regularly in video games, particularly in third-person-shooters with cover mechanics.
A character who is destined to save or destroy the world. Often seen in RPGs.
Cider a Windows compatibility layer optimized for gaming which is a proprietary extension of WINE that enables PC games to run on Intel powered Macs with little or no modification.
Climbing is a common tradition in games, particularly platformers. There is often a particular type of surface that can be climbed, and it has a recognizably different look than other surfaces in the game. Climbing ladders or stairs doesn't count.
Cloaking is to become invisible, or become close to invisible depending on strength of the ability or item.
Collectibles are items such as coins, rings, gems, packages etc. that can be gathered, usually for some kind of reward, or sometimes to simply beat a level. Often (almost too often) the source of earning achievements and trophies on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3.
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- Father and son share a love of life on the road, even if it makes visits rare
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text:
Dermalogica Daily Microfoliant
781 reviews
76% would repurchase
Package Quality: 3.6
Price: $$$
Package Quality: 3.6
Price: $$$
Not tested on animals
INGREDIENTSMicrocrystalline Cellulose, Magnesium Oxide, Sodium Cocoyl Isethionate, Sodium Lauroyl Glutamate, Colloidal Oatmeal, Disodium Lauryl Sulfosuccinate, Oryza Sativa (Rice) Bran, Oryza Sativa (Rice) Starch, Allantoin, Papain, Salicylic Acid, Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract, Camellia Sinensis Leaf Extract, Glycyrrhiza Glabra (Licorice) Root Extract, PCA, Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein, Populus Tremuloides Bark Extract, Cyclodextrin, Lauryl Methacrylate/Glycol Dimethacrylate Crosspolymer, Melaleuca Alternifolia (Tea Tree) Leaf Oil, Limonene, Citrus Grandis (Grapefruit) Peel Oil, Titanium Dioxide (CI 77891).
on 7/1/2013 6:01:00 PM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Blue
I know that Dermalogica has some sort of cult following and all their products are supposed to be super popular, but I have to say after receiving a sample of this daily exfoliant I don't really see why. After using this product, which I didn't think did much in terms of exfoliation, also left my skin feeling really dry–even after moisturising. I couldn't even use it three times, I just gave up as on the second day my skin was overly dry feeling and started to flake. I can't say I would recommend this to anyone after my experience–and it doesn't inspire me to try any of their other products.
on 6/23/2013 5:12:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Brown
I bought this from my local dermatologist when it first came out quite some time ago, In my opinion it was ok. I used it for a few months and couldn't say I noticed any difference in my skin. I have sensitive / dry skin & I will say I had no irritations or break out from using this product but at the same time I just didn't see any differences either.
on 6/23/2013 1:06:00 AM
Age: 25-29
Skin: Combination, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Brunette, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I thoroughly enjoy this product and have used it for over a year. The only thing I don't like is the packaging as I find the product gets out and puffs about into the lid too easily; I feel like I lose too much! The product has a nice feel on my skin and I feel gently exfoliated afterwards. I use this product twice or three times a week, not daily.
on 6/19/2013 7:18:00 AM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Black, Wavy, Medium
Eyes: Brown
Rating is very much influenced by price, which is way high (66EUR in Belgium)
I used to be a fan of the Clinique 7day scrub but than learned that scrubbing is damaging to the skin and skipped to exfoliation because my skin needs a take-the-dull-layer-away action now & then. I love the effect of this exfoliator, and have repurchased before, despite the totally steep price. Aside from the exfoliating effect due to enzymatic action, it also contains salicylic acid to deep cleanse pores (a must ingredient for when my skin acts weird).
However I hated how much product I spill e-v-e-r-y time. I find it difficult to turn the powder into a "cream" without any grid (to avoid the scrub effect) within the limited space of my hand palm, sometimes I just slather it on my moist face in the shower, anyway I always end up with half of the expensive powder in the bath tub or sink - so I gave up on regular use.
Now I really want to share my new secret of how I re-started to use this recently.
I'm already using the Shiseido Cleasing Massage brush with my cleansing cream for a while and - on a desperate bad skin day/week - grabbed for it while my eye caught the Microfoliant catching dust in my closet and thought : "Hey!"
Tadaaaaa! A match was made in heaven. Here's how I do it:
- wet brush and face
- dry hands
- put some powder in palm of your hand
- work up to a lather with the brush and apply to face
Since the Shiseido brush is super gentle and soft, it's safe to use this with the Microfoliant I guess - anyway no irritation so far (haven't tried this with Dermalogica's brush thought, which seems like no good idea since their brush is exfoliating on its own).
So: Dermalogica Microfoliant + Shiseido Skincare Massage brush = clear, exfoliated skin without spills! I hope you read it here first, otherwise I'm afraid I'm poaching about a discovery of a very unhidden treasure ...
You can also read my review about the Shiseido Skincare Cleansing Massage Brush on MUA.
on 6/19/2013 12:22:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Sensitive, Fair, Neutral
Hair: Black, Wavy, Fine
Eyes: Hazel
In my college course we used exclusively Dermalogica products, and I can honestly say im not impressed. I never purchased the daily microfoliant, but I had it used on me (and I on others) on a weekly basis for facial class and we all hated this stuff! First of all it is honestly a hassle to use since you have to mix it with water, annoying this number one. Second it SMELLS. God I can just remember the weird indescribable scent of this stuff.
It does a fair job of exfoliating- but nothing to make a dramatic difference (usually after exfoliation your skin feels softer, and looks brighter) All this did to me and many others was dry out our skin. I personally have combination skin and I would become uncomfortably tight after rinsing daily microfoliant off. I found my skin to be more dehydrated and dry looking every time I used this, and I had to over compensate with more cream than I would usually use. ALSO this stuff gets stuck on your face. Im talking stuck in your eyebrows, and hairline....no matter how much you rinse or wipe it just wont go away! Having to mix this product to activate it, and taking forever to remove it is a bit of a hassle to do regularly.
For the price, I don't believe that this is worth it. I mean if you have access to it, and some money to blow and you want to try it out, go for it, it may work for you. But after what I went through in class im sure me, and all my classmates want to stay far away from this stuff!
on 6/17/2013 7:35:00 AM
Age: 30-35
Skin: Normal, Olive, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I have been using this for years. I love it! Always end up with some up my nose ;). Gentle enough to use everyday and always gets purchased as soon as I run out!
on 6/11/2013 6:56:00 PM
Age: 56 & Over
Skin: Combination, Fair-Medium, Not Sure
Hair: Brown, Other, Other
Eyes: Brown
I absolutely love this product. It's truly gentle enough for me to use every day and I feel it's made some difference in my aging (OK, aged!) skin's brightness. What I really like about it is that I can use a creamy cleanser to take off my makeup and the microfoliant gets rid of the excess along with the dead stuff that I presume it's getting rid of. I hate that it's so expensive -- in fact, I have yet to buy the full size because I got a generous sample on Birchbox and swapped right here on MUA for another one -- but a little does go a long way.
on 6/10/2013 3:52:00 PM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Acne-prone, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Blond, Straight, Fine
Eyes: Green
I really do not see any grand results with this exfoliant. I know it is gentle and I know it is supposed to be for sensitive skin, but I still felt like my face needed exfoliating afterwards. That coupled with the exorbitant price of this warrants a two-star rating.
on 6/9/2013 8:05:00 AM
Age: 19-24
Skin: Combination, Fair, Not Sure
Hair: Other, Other, Other
Eyes: Green
This is an exxelent product. Microfoliant is a product I can't live without. I just bought a second bottle. Exfoliation is a must procedure to keep skin beautiful and glowing. My skin type is kind of problematic because I have a problem with flaking and a proper hydration doesn't help, I need to exfoliate daily . This product is a life saver :
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on 5/25/2013 3:02:00 PM
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I bought this scrub because of the rice-based powder and it's ease of accessibility.
My sister uses a scrub with this ingredient and it's excellent but she gets this imported from America, so it is very expensive.
Daily Microfoliant is a white powder which should be mixed with some water to turn it into a paste. You rub this in your face and massage it in for about a minute. Then wash it off. I found it made my skin soft and removed my dry patches from the first use. I have eczema also, but this did not irritate it or bring it out. Bonus.
PROs: It works!
CONs: Pricey and I received staff discount of my friend!
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text:
Helsinki commuter rail
JKOY Class Sm5 train in Riihimäki
|Uusimaa, Tavastia Proper, Päijänne Tavastia
|Transit type
|Commuter rail
|Number of lines
|14 (4 track sections)
|Number of stations
|Daily ridership
|152,000 (2012 daily average)[1]
|Began operation
|VR Group
|System length
|235 km (146 mi)
|Track gauge
|1,524 mm (60.0 in)
|25 kV / 50 Hz
|Top speed
|120 to 160 km/h
Helsinki commuter rail (Finnish: Pääkaupunkiseudun lähiliikenne, Swedish: Huvudstadsregionens närtrafik, proper translation Capital local traffic) is the commuter rail system serving Greater Helsinki, Finland. The network is operated by VR, the Finnish national railway company. Together with the Helsinki Metro and trams, the network forms the heart of Helsinki's public transportation infrastructure.
Trains run above ground in the Helsinki metropolitan area. Within the municipalities of Espoo, Helsinki, Kauniainen, Kerava, Kirkkonummi and Vantaa, the system uses tickets that are interchangeable with the bus, metro and tram networks managed by the Helsinki Region Transport, which was formed in 2010 by merging transport section of Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council and Helsinki City Transport. Traveling beyond Kerava and Kirkkonummi uses VR commuter tickets, which are sold in zones from A (Helsinki) to H (Lahti). The HRT-zone is completely within VR zones A, B and C.
The network is composed of 14 separate services, pictured in the network map below. They operate on all four branches of the railway lines that begin at the Helsinki Central railway station, which is where they all terminate. The system has a total of 60 stations, 14 of which are within the city of Helsinki. There are about 850 departures on weekdays. The commuter rail services carried a total 55.1 million passengers in 2011.[2]
- 1 History
- 2 Future extensions
- 3 Routes
- 4 Rolling stock
- 5 References
- 6 External links
In the Helsinki region, local train services have existed since the 1880s. At first, it was offered on the Main Line up to Rekola railway station.
The Coastal Line was finished in 1903. This line was built mostly with commuter traffic in mind, so immediately, housing began to develop near the stations.
During the steam era local traffic was handled with steam locomotives like Pr1 and wooden carriages with extra wide doors for rapid loading of passengers. Amount of trips increased vastly after Finland gained independence in 1917, with 4 million trips in 1920 and 9 million in 1924. Depression in 1930s hit the commuter travelling and there was only 3 million trips at lowest. By 1939 amount of trips had risen to 4 million.[3]
During the short diesel era from the end of the 1950s to the beginning of the 1970s, commuter services used DMUs of classes Dm7, Dm8 and Dm9.
The tracks were not upgraded significantly during steam or diesel eras. Both Main Line and beginning of Coastal Line up to Kirkkonummi had only dual tracks to accommodate long-distance, freight and commuter trains. The Coastal Line is still only single track between Kirkkonummi and Turku.
Current operation started to get its shape in 1969 when the first stretch, between Helsinki and Kirkkonummi, was electrified. Route designation letters were introduced on 28 May 1972. In the same year then existing commuter routes were completely electrified and a third track was added between Helsinki and Tikkurila. The third track was extended to Kerava in 1981.
The railway branch from Huopalahti to Martinlaakso, opened in 1975, was built exclusively for commuter trains, being first such line in Finland. It was later further extended to Vantaankoski.
Currently on the track sections between Helsinki and Leppävaara and Helsinki and Kerava, the commuter services use rails parallel to, but separate from those used by long-distance trains, following the S-Bahn principle. The fourth track, which enabled separate "city track traffic", was ready up to Tikkurila in 1996 and to Kerava in 2004. On the Coastal Line the section between Pasila and Leppävaara was upgraded directly from dual track to four tracks in 2001.
The railway branch from Kerava to Lahti, opened in 2006, was built as a shortcut for long-distance services, and also for the use of the new commuter service Z.
Future extensions[edit]
A new Ring Rail Line is under construction and slated for completion in July 2015. It will extend the Vantaankoski branch via Aviapolis and Helsinki-Vantaa airport to the Main Line just north of Tikkurila station. The extension is to introduce five new stations with reservations for three more. Unlike other tracks, a section of Ring Line beneath the airport will run in tunnel with tunnel stations for the airport and Aviapolis. Planning and construction of Ring Line has been done so that it will be possible to construct a branch line to Klaukkala in the future.
There are existing plans to extend the four track line to Espoo from Leppävaara. This would enable enhanced service interval to Kauklahti and also benefit long-distance traffic to Turku, which is now hampered by commuter trains on the same tracks in the section between Kirkkonummi and Leppävaara.
A major increase in capacity of Helsinki Central station has been planned as no new services can be introduced since rail capacity at Helsinki station is fully used at peak hours. The Helsinki City Rail Loop would feature an underground, drop-shaped railway starting just south of Pasila railway station and coming back from tunnel at almost same location after travelling in a loop around under Helsinki city centre. There would be three underground stations at Hakaniemi metro station, the Central railway station and Opera House. The extension is expensive and not likely to be completed before 2020.
Rantarata (The Coastal/Turku Line)[edit]
The Y line is the longest line on the Coastal Line. It operates between Helsinki and Karis with very few intermediate stops. The services run quite infrequently, with three to seven daily departures in each direction, depending on the day of the week. The train has scheduled stops at Pasila, Leppävaara and Masala and at every station between Kirkkonummi and Karis.
When Finland's first electrified line (from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi) was opened, the first service was Y. In 1987 the former Y train service ended and was replaced by S and U trains in 1988. In 2002 the route designation Y was introduced again, as after Leppävaara city tracks were finished, there was a possibility to add a fast commuter train connection to Karis. Before this a few of the S and U services continued from Kirkkonummi to Karis.
Train S runs from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi. It runs hourly in each direction. Of the two daytime trains running between Helsinki and Kirkkonummi the S trains are faster. Between Helsinki and Leppävaara, S services stop at Pasila and Huopalahti. Between Leppävaara and Kauklahti it stops at every station. Between Kauklahti and Kirkkonummi it stops only at Masala. From 28 May 1972 to 25 May 1974 the S trains were running between Helsinki and Kauniainen. The route was continued to Kirkkonummi on 27 September 1987.
Train U runs from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi. It runs once in an hour. It stops between Helsinki and Leppävaara only at Pasila and Huopalahti. Between Leppävaara and Kirkkonummi it stops on every station.
Train L runs from Helsinki to Kirkkonummi. The service runs only at nights and on weekend mornings. There is one departure from Karis on Sunday mornings. It has more stops than any other train in this system as it calls on every station between Karis and Helsinki. Before inauguration of Leppävaara city tracks and A-train in 2002, L-train was running also on daytime.
Train E runs from Helsinki to Kauklahti. It stops between Helsinki and Leppävaara only at Pasila and Huopalahti and between Leppävaara and Kauklahti at every station. It runs once in half an hour, except on Sundays, when there is no service. The route was continued in August 2007 to Kauklahti from former terminus at Espoo station. If city tracks extension from Leppävaara to Espoo station is constructed, E-train will form backbone of commuter traffic on the Coastal Line, calling at every station between Helsinki and Kauklahti.
Train A runs from Helsinki to Leppävaara. It stops at every station. It runs at 10-minute intervals during rush hours, otherwise at 20-minute intervals on working days and at 30-min intervals on weekends. The route designation A was originally used from 28 May 1972 to 25 May 1974 for Kirkkonummi service, and it was re-introduced in June 2002.
Vantaankoski Line[edit]
Train M runs from Helsinki to Vantaankoski. It runs once every 10–30 minutes and stops at every station. The service has run continuously since the track to Martinlaakso was completed in 1975. In 1991 the line was continued one stop further to Vantaankoski. In 2014 extension from Vantaankoski via Helsinki-Vantaa Airport to the Main Line will be finished, completing a circular route Helsinki-Vantaankoski-Airport-Tikkurila-Helsinki (Kehärata).
The letter M stands for Martinlaakso. When the track was continued from Martinlaakso to Vantaankoski in 1991, the route designation stayed as M. Changing the designation has been discussed from time to time, because some believe M can be confused with the logo for the metro. It is likely that route designation changes when Ring Line is completed, as it will merge routes I and M.
The Main/Riihimäki Line[edit]
Train I runs from Helsinki to Tikkurila. It runs at 10-minute intervals during rush hours and 30-minute intervals on weekend nights, stopping at every station. The I service does not run around noon or evenings on weekdays. The service was started in the mid-1990s as a rush-hour extra and its frequency was increased when the P-train was discontinued. In 2011 I-train was reduced to rush hour service. I-train in its current form will be discontinued when Ring Line is completed in 2014.
Train K runs from Helsinki to Kerava. It runs once in every 10 minutes during rush hours. The K service does not run on weekends, around noon or evenings on weekdays. It stops between Helsinki and Tikkurila at Pasila, Oulunkylä, Malmi and Puistola. Between Tikkurila and Kerava it stops at every station. An extension of the line to Nikkilä in Sipoo has been planned using a part of existing branch to Kilpilahti oil refinery. K is an original letter designation from 1972. In the 1970s and early 1980s K-trains did not stop at Puistola, Malmi and Oulunkylä. Oulunkylä was added only after completion of city tracks to Kerava in 2004.
Train N runs from Helsinki to Kerava. It stops at every station. The service runs when I and K services don't, basically at any other time of the day than rush hours. Service is provided on a steady 10 minute interval on weekdays and Saturdays and on a 15 minute interval on Sundays. Last departures at night and on mornings are run as T-trains. N is an original route dating from 1972, but until 2010 it used to be in a minor role running only on low-volume hours in early morning and in late evening.
Train T runs at night once in an hour from Helsinki to Riihimäki. There is a several hour gap in late night with no service. T stops at every station and has been doing so since 1972.
Train H runs from Helsinki to Riihimäki. It runs once in an hour. There is demand for more frequent H-train service, but this cannot be offered before a third track from Kerava to Riihimäki is constructed. The service stops between Helsinki and Kerava at Pasila and Tikkurila and between Kerava and Riihimäki at every station. Letter H is an original designation from 1972. Before 1990-1998 H-train had stops at Monni, Palopuro, Takoja, Huikko, Ristinummi and Kytömaa. These stops were cut because of low passenger numbers and H-train was disturbing other traffic by being too slow. Stops were discontinued and structures completely dismantled between 1990-1998.
Train R runs from Helsinki to Riihimäki. It runs once in an hour. All R-trains have low floor fleet and timetable requires trains to be capable of 160 km/h speed. The trains stop between Helsinki and Riihimäki at Pasila, Tikkurila, Kerava, Järvenpää, Jokela and Hyvinkää. R is an original letter from 1972 and has been running on same stop scheme since the inception with one exception which was adding Tikkurila stop in the 80s. Some of the R-trains continue to Tampere or Kouvola. A few peak hour R-train departures are run with electric locomotive and special commuter cars instead of EMUs.
The Lahti Line[edit]
Train Z runs from Helsinki to Lahti. It runs once in an hour. All Z-trains have low floors and timetable requires trains to be capable of 160 km/h speed. The service stops between Helsinki and Lahti at Pasila, Tikkurila, Kerava, Haarajoki and Mäntsälä. During the rush hours, the Z service is often crowded between Helsinki and Kerava and therefore it is run with longer trains. Two Z-trains departure from Kouvola in the morning and return there in the evening rush hour. It is run with electric locomotive and commuter cars. Also the last Z-train on the evening continues to Kouvola.
Services without letter designations[edit]
There are few rush hour departures from Riihimäki in the morning and from Helsinki in the evening rush hour, which lack letter designation, since they don't conform to any of the letter routes stop schemes. They also have only 1 or 2 daily departures per route variant. All of these are between Helsinki and Riihimäki. There used to be one of this type of train on the Coastal Line at the turn of the 21st century, but it was discontinued as the number of passengers was low.
Former services[edit]
Train P ran from Helsinki to Hiekkaharju, stopping at every station. The service was started in 1972 and stopped in August 2004. There have been plans restart the P service again on the future Ring Rail Line (Kehärata) from Helsinki via Tikkurila, Helsinki-Vantaa Airport and Huopalahti back to Helsinki.
Train G ran from Helsinki to Saunakallio. It ran six times a day in both directions and it was the only train with letter designation on the Helsinki-Riihimäki route that did not stop at Tikkurila. The service was started on 4 June 2007. It was discontinued in 2011 in order to improve management of traffic and timetable keeping on the Main Line especially during winter conditions. It used to stop at Helsinki, Pasila, Kyrölä, Järvenpää and Saunakallio.
Lengths of the lines[edit]
- Helsinki-Riihimäki 71 km (44 mi) (54 min)
- Helsinki-Lahti 104 km (65 mi) (60 min)
- Helsinki-Kerava 29 km (18 mi) (23 min)
- Helsinki-Tikkurila 16 km (10 mi) (14 min)
- Helsinki-Karis 87 km (54 mi) (1 h 7 min)
- Helsinki-Kirkkonummi 38 km (24 mi) (30 min)
- Helsinki-Kauklahti 24 km (15 mi) (29 min)
- Helsinki-Leppävaara 11 km (7 mi) (12 min)
- Helsinki-Vantaankoski 15 km (9 mi) (22 min)
Schematic of the lines[edit]
Rolling stock[edit]
Electric multiple units:
- Sm1, 50 units delivered in 1969–1973 (Valmet/Strömberg), to be phased out by Sm5 fleet
- Sm2, 50 units delivered in 1975–1981 (Valmet/Strömberg)
- Sm4, 30 units delivered in 1999–2005 (Fiat Ferroviaria/CAF/Alstom)
- Sm5, 30 units delivered in 2008–2013 (Stadler, model FLIRT). These trains are run by VR but owned by Pääkaupunkiseudun Junakalusto Oy. The first Sm5 unit started commercial operations in November 2009. A total of 42 units have been ordered and the series will replace aging Sm1-units.
- Sr1 (NEVZ) or Sr2 (SLM/ABB) locomotives and Eil/Eilf commuter traffic cars, 57 cars delivered in 1982–87 (so-called "red cars").
Commuter traffic was the last commercial traffic with wooden-bodied cars on Finnish railways. They were retired in the late 1980s when the Eil cars replaced them.
|Rolling stock of the Helsinki commuter rail services
- ^ http://www.vrgroupraportti.fi/passenger-services-1
- ^ "VR Group Vuosiraportti 2011". VR Group. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ Herranen, Timo (1988) Från hästomnibussar till metro. Helsingfors stads publikationer nr 39
External links[edit]


text:
Isn't the Left supposed to be full of compassionate people? Meet Eleanor Clift, a liberal columnist who wants everyone to know U.S. Ambassador Chris Stevens wasn't "murdered" (she used finger quotes when she said the word murdered during an appearance with The McLaughlin group last week) in Benghazi but instead died of smoke inhalation in a safe room. Also, she's still blaming the video. More from RCP:
ELEANOR CLIFT: I would like to point out Ambassador Stevens was not murdered. He died of smoke inhalation in the safe room in that CIA installation.
SUSAN FERRECHIO: I don't think that's a fact, Eleanor.
CLIFT: I think that is a fact.
FERRECHIO: I've heard a drastically different story from people who are also in the know about that. So, I don't think it is --
PAT BUCHANAN: It was a terrorist attack, Eleanor. He was murdered in a terrorist attack.
CLIFT: It was an opportunistic terrorist attack that grew out of that video.
BUCHANAN: The video had nothing to do with it.
If you're wondering why Democrats aren't interested in investigating Benghazi, it's because they just don't give a damn.
H/T The Right Scoop
|Katie Pavlich is the Editor at Townhall.com. Follow her on Twitter @katiepavlich. She is a New York Times Best Selling author. Her new book Assault and Flattery: The Truth About the Left and Their War on Women, will be published on July 8, 2014.
"Mamas, don't let your babies grow up to be brainwashed government dependents. Buy this book!" says Michelle Malkin.
"This is a thorough and gutsy book that should help set history straight." - Mark Levin
Buy Katie's book today and help us keep the pressure on the Left.
Author Photo credit: Jensen Sutta Photography
PA Senate: Toomey Launches First TV Ad, While Sestak Runs Over Children At 4th Of July Event | Matt Vespa
Democrat Tammy Baldwin: The First Amendment doesn't extend 'far beyond' 'institutions of faith' | Matt Vespa


text:
suse ftp install on Shuttle sn41g2 -- which NIC driver?
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Join Date: May 2003
Posts: 3
I had a bit of a frustrating time installing the nvnet drivers onto my new Shuttle (sn41g2) this weekend. I got it to work though after a bit of hair-pulling. SuSE 8.2 Personal edition.
Note that this is from memory, and I don't have access to my machine right now. Forgive my spelling or if something is slightly off.
The rpm from nVidia's site didn't work because it is compiled for 8.1, and also I have the -athlon version of the kernel installed. So I downloaded the source for the drivers. Problem was that the kernel source didn't install to my machine, and as far as I can tell, those sources aren't included in the personal version of 8.2. So I downloaded and installed the kernel source from SuSE's ftp site.
I tried to follow the instructions that came with nVidia's drivers, but ran into some problems. It looks like they try to instruct you on how to rebuild your entire kernel, but I think that is more for the 7.1 and 7.2 people who are upgrading. So I just tried running the makefile in the nForce (nvidia?) directory that the driver source rpm created. That resulted in a lot of error messages that gave further (incomplete) instruction. If you get this error, do what it says with some additional modifications.
* make a link to your kernel source directory as the error messages indicate
* You have to copy two files from your boot directory into the include directory of the kernel sources. The first one they tell you about, which is vmlinux.version.h. The second file you have to copy is something like vmlinux.modules.h ... I forget the exact name but it is another .h file.
* I had to change a line in one of the source files of the driver. It couldn't find modversions.h to #include, so I commented that line out (and the one above it I think which defined _set_ver() ), and then added #include <linux/makesetver.h> instead. I think that's the right path.. it's the same as the commented out line.
Then I was able to compile the nvnet driver without problem. I made the appropriate changes to modules.conf as well, by adding "alias eth0 nvnet", etc. Actually when I had tried installing the binary rpms it had made those changes for me, and so I left them there.
I did get some warnings about trying to compile the nvaudio driver, and it never did compile all the way. Something about patches being applied. I didn't really look into the problem, since I was just happy to have the ethernet working! Also sound had been working on my system even before I tried installing the nForce drivers, so I figure why mess with it if it isn't broken.
Anyways, hope this info helps others out there. And if you notice something I did horribly wrong, please let me know. (^_^)
Michael Duffy
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text: One of the most amusing things a person can experience is that in certain parts of the world a still car on neutral going uphill when its brakes are released. Such occurrences are even broadcast on TV. Can this really happen or is it a bad eyesight? How can you verify if a road is really uphill or downhill?


text:
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text:
Book your room at Coast Inn and Spa Fort Bragg
Standard Room, 1 Queen BedMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Standard Room, 1 King BedMax Occupancy: 2 guests (up to 1 child, 1 infant)
Standard Room, 2 Queen BedsMax Occupancy: 4 guests (up to 3 children, 3 infants)
Standard Room, 1 King Bed, Jetted TubMax Occupancy: 2 guests
Get an overview of this hotelMotel in Fort Bragg with full-service spa and restaurant
Situated near the beach, this spa motel is within 1 mi (2 km) of Mendocino Coast Botanical Gardens, Sea Glass Museum, and Pomo Bluffs Park. Guest House Museum and Triangle Tattoo Museum are also within 3 mi (5 km).
Property Features
Along with a full-service spa, this smoke-free motel has a restaurant and a steam room. Self parking is free. Additionally, massage/treatment rooms, spa services, and laundry facilities are onsite.
Room Amenities
All rooms are individually decorated and offer free bottled water and hair dryers. Kitchens with refrigerators and microwaves are standard, and guests will also find coffee makers and flat-screen TVs.Information missing or incorrect? Tell us!
Hotel Amenities
Hotel Amenities
The motel offers a restaurant. Coast Inn and Spa Fort Bragg features a full-service spa and a steam room. This Fort Bragg motel also offers spa services, tour/ticket assistance, and barbecue grills. Complimentary self parking is available on site.
Coast Inn and Spa Fort Bragg is a smoke-free property.
- 24-hour front desk
- Number of floors - 2
- Barbecue grill(s)
- Full-service spa
- Tours/ticket assistance
- Laundry facilities
- Spa treatment room(s)
- Picnic area
- Restaurant
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Free self parking
- Smoke-free property
- Spa services on site
- Steam room
Family Friendly Amenities
- Kitchen
- Laundry facilities
- Refrigerator
- Microwave
Free self parking
Room Amenities
- Coffee/tea maker
- Free bottled water
- Microwave
- Kitchen
- Refrigerator
- Private bathroom
- Hair dryer
- Bathtub or shower
- Flat-panel TV
- Connecting/adjoining rooms available
- Individually decorated
Where to Eat
Onsite venue - café.
Nearby Things to Do
The recreational activities listed below are available either on site or nearby; fees may apply.
- Golfing nearby
- Surfing/boogie boarding nearby
- Kayaking nearby
- Scuba diving nearby
- Hiking/biking trails nearby
- Ecotours nearby
- Boat tours nearby
Spa Services
The onsite spa has massage/treatment rooms and couples treatment room(s). Services include massages, facials, body scrubs, and body treatments. The spa is equipped with a sauna. A variety of treatment therapies are provided, including aromatherapy and hydrotherapy.
- Couples treatment rooms
- Body scrubs
- Aromatherapy treatments
- Hydrotherapy treatments
- Sauna in spa
- Massages
- Body treatments
- Facial treatments
Hotel Policies
Payment types
Children and extra beds
- Children are welcome.
Pets allowed, Maximum number of pets per room 2, Pet maximum weight in lb is 60
You need to know
Extra-person charges may apply and vary depending on hotel policy.
Government-issued photo identification and a credit card or cash deposit are required at check-in for incidental charges.
Special requests are subject to availability upon check-in and may incur additional charges. Special requests cannot be guaranteed.
- Pet fee: USD 20 per pet, per night
We should mention
Reservations are required for massage services and spa treatments. Reservations can be made by contacting the motel prior to arrival, using the contact information on the booking confirmation. The property has connecting/adjoining rooms, which are subject to availability and can be requested by contacting the property using the number on the booking confirmation. This property allows pets in specific rooms only (surcharges apply and can be found in the Fees section). Guests can request one of these rooms by contacting the property directly, using the contact information on the booking confirmation.