text:
A method of manufacture of a thermally actuated ink jet printer which ejects ink via the utilization of a thermal actuator device is disclosed comprising the steps of initially providing a silicon and circuitry wafer layer including electrical circuitry necessary for the operation of the thermal actuators on demand; depositing a first sacrificial layer on top of the silicon and circuitry wafer layer; forming a series of heater structure layers comprising the thermal actuator on top of the first sacrificial layer; depositing a second sacrificial layer on top of the heater structure layers, the second sacrificial layer including suitably etched portions for the forming of a nozzle chamber; depositing a nozzle chamber layer forming a nozzle chamber of the ink jet printer having an ink ejection port defined therein on top of the second sacrificial layer; back etching the silicon wafer layer to form an ink supply channel in a region underneath a moveable end of the thermal actuator; and etching the first and second sacrificial layer in addition to relevant portions of the circuitry layer, if any, so as to release the thermal actuator layers to provide for an operational ink jet printer nozzle supplied via the ink supply channel.
1. A method of manufacturing an ink supply print head which ejects ink via the utilization of thermal actuator devices, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a silicon and circuitry wafer layer including electrical circuitry necessary for the operation of thermal actuator devices on demand;
(b) depositing a first sacrificial layer on top of the silicon and circuitry wafer layer;
(c) forming a series of heater structure layers defining the thermal actuator devices on top of the first sacrificial layer;
(d) depositing a second sacrificial layer on top of the heater structure layers, the second sacrificial layer including etched portions suitable for forming nozzle chambers;
(e) depositing a third sacrificial layer to define nozzle chambers, each nozzle chamber having an ink ejection port positioned above the second sacrificial layer;
(f) back etching the silicon wafer layer to form an ink supply channel in a region underneath a moving end of each thermal actuator; and
(g) etching the first and second sacrificial layers in addition to relevant portions of the silicon and circuitry wafer layer, to free the thermal actuator devices.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the back etching of the wafer layer includes forming a single ink supply channel that supplies each of a plurality of nozzle chambers.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the third sacrificial layer is formed so that the nozzle chambers each have side wall portions and a top wall portion, with the side wall portions dividing the ink supply channel into multiple supply channels.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the heater structure layers are formed by the steps of:
(a) depositing a first expansive material layer having a first coefficient of thermal expansion on the first sacrificial layer;
(b) depositing a conductive heater layer on the first expansive material layer; and
(c) depositing a second expansive material layer having a second coefficient of thermal expansion on the conductive heater layer, the first coefficient of thermal expansion being greater than the second coefficient of thermal expansion.
5. A method as claimed in claim 4 wherein the conductive heater layer is formed by the steps of:
(a) forming suitable trenches in the first expansive material layer;
(b) depositing a conductive material over substantially the whole of the first expansive material layer;
(c) chemically and mechanically planarizing the conductive material so that the conductive heater layer remains.
6. A method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the conductive heater layer is formed from substantially pure gold.
7. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein metal conductive lines are incorporated into the wafer layer to form a barrier to protect the wafer layer from unwanted etching by any sacrificial etchant utilized in etching the sacrificial layers.
8. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the back etching step is deep silicon trench etching of the wafer layer.
9. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the wafer layer is first passivated by depositing a passivation material on the wafer layer.
10. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the third sacrificial layer is formed to define a series of small etchant holes used in the etching of the other sacrificial layers.
11. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the third sacrificial layer is comprised substantially entirely of Silicon Nitride.
12. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the third sacrificial layer is formed to incorporate portions positioned on the heater structure layers to firmly clamp the heater structure layers to lower layers.
13. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the wafer layer comprises a double-sided polished CMOS wafer.
14. A method as claimed in claim 1 which includes a further step of separating the wafer layer into separate printhead chips.
The following Australian provisional patent applications are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. For the purposes of location and identification, U.S. patent applications identified by their U.S. patent application serial numbers (USSN) are listed alongside the Australian applications from which the U.S. patent applications claim the right of priority.
Not applicable.
The present invention relates to the manufacture of ink jet print heads and, in particular, discloses a method of manufacture of a bend Actuator Direct Ink Supply Ink Jet Printer.
Many ink jet printing mechanisms are known. Unfortunately, in mass production techniques, the production of ink jet heads is quite difficult. For example, often, the orifice or nozzle plate is constructed separately from the ink supply and ink ejection mechanism and bonded to the mechanism at a later stage (Hewlett-Packard Journal, Vol. 36 no 5, pp33-37 (1985)). These separate material processing steps required in handling such precision devices often add a substantial expense in manufacturing.
Additionally, side shooting ink jet technologies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,899,181) are often used but again, this limits the amount of mass production throughput given any particular capital investment.
Additionally, more esoteric techniques are also often utilised. These can include electroforming of nickel stage (Hewlett-Packard Journal, Vol. 36 no 5, pp33-37 (1985)), electro-discharge machining, laser ablation (U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,604), micro-punching, etc.
The utilisation of the above techniques is likely to add substantial expense to the mass production of ink jet print heads and therefore add substantially to their final cost.
It would therefore be desirable if an efficient system for the mass production of ink jet print heads could be developed.
Of course, with any ink jet design, it is important to provide a construction arrangement as compact as possible.
It is an object of the present invention to provide for the manufacture of an efficient compact form of ink jet printer device.
In accordance with the first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of manufacture of a thermally actuated ink jet printer which ejects ink via the utilization of a thermal actuator device comprising the steps of initially providing a silicon and circuitry wafer layer including electrical circuitry necessary for the operation of the thermal actuators on demand; depositing a first sacrificial layer on top of the silicon and circuitry wafer layer; forming a series of heater structure layers comprising the thermal actuator on top of the first sacrificial layer; depositing a second sacrificial layer on top of the heater structure layers, the second sacrificial layer including suitably etched portions for the forming of a nozzle chamber; depositing a nozzle chamber layer forming a nozzle chamber of the ink jet printer having an ink ejection port defined therein on top of the second sacrificial layer; back etching the silicon wafer layer to form an ink supply channel in a region underneath a moveable end of the thermal actuator; and etching the first and second sacrificial layer in addition to relevant portions of the circuitry layer, if any, so as to release the thermal actuator layers to provide for an operational ink jet printer nozzle supplied via the ink supply channel.
Preferably, multiple ink jet nozzles are formed on a single wafer and wherein the back etching includes forming a single ink supply channel supplying multiple different nozzle chambers. Each of the ink supply channels abuts a nitride wall of the nozzle chamber the nitride wall dividing the ink supply channel into multiple supply channels.
The heater structure layers can be formed by the steps of depositing a first expansive material layer on top of the first sacrificial layer; depositing a conductive heater layer on to of the first expansive material layer; and depositing a second expansive material layer on top of the conductive heater layer. The conductive heater layer can be formed from gold utilizing chemical mechanical planarization.
The circuitry layer can preferably include metal conductive lines which are utilized to from a barrier to protect other portions of the circuitry layer from unwarranted etching by any sacrificial etchant utilized in etching of the sacrificial layer.
The nozzle chamber layer can ideally include a series of small etchant holes utilized in the etching of the sacrificial layers and can comprise substantially Silicon Nitride. The nozzle chamber layer can include portions formed directly on the heater structure layers which act to firmly clamp the heater structure layers to lower layers.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of manufacturing a bend actuator direct ink supply print head wherein an array of nozzles are formed on a substrate utilising planar monolithic deposition, lithographic and etching processes.
Multiple ink jet heads are preferably formed simultaneously on a single silicon wafer planar substrate.
The print heads are preferably formed utilising standard vlsi/ulsi processing with the integrated drive electronics preferably formed on the same substrate. The integrated drive electronics may be formed utilising a CMOS fabrication process.
Ink can be ejected from the substrate substantially normal to the substrate.
Notwithstanding any other forms which may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIGS. 1-3 illustrate basic operation of the preferred embodiments;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the preferred embodiment;
FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of the preferred embodiment;
FIGS. 6-15 are cross-sectional views illustrating various steps in the construction of the preferred embodiment; and
FIG. 16 illustrates a top view of an array of ink jet nozzles constructed in accordance with the principles of the present invention.
FIG. 17 provides a legend of the materials indicated in FIGS. 18 to 29; and
FIG. 18 to FIG. 29 illustrate sectional views of the manufacturing steps in one form of construction of an ink jet printhead nozzle.
In the preferred embodiment, a drop on demand ink jet printer is provided which allows for the ejection of ink on demand by means of a thermal actuator which operates to eject the ink from a nozzle chamber. The nozzle chamber is formed directly over an ink supply channel thereby allowing for an extremely compact form of nozzle chamber. The extremely compact form of nozzle chamber allows for minimal area to be taken up by the printer head device thereby resulting in an improved economics fabrication.
Turning initially to FIGS. 1-3, the operation of the preferred embodiments is described. In FIG. 1, there is illustrated a sectional view of two ink jet nozzles 10, 11 which are formed on a silicon wafer eg. 12 which includes a series of through wafer ink supply channels eg. 13.
Located over a portion of the wafer 12 and over the ink supply channel 13 is a nozzle actuator device 14 which is actuated so as to eject ink from the corresponding nozzle chamber eg. 11. The actuator 14 is placed substantially over the ink supply channel 13. In the quiescent position, the ink fills the nozzle chamber 11 and an ink meniscus 15 forms across the output nozzle of the chamber 11.
When it is desired to eject a drop from the chamber 11, the thermal actuator 14 is activated by means of passing a current through the actuator. The actuation causes the actuator 14 to rapidly bend upwards as indicated in FIG. 2. The movement of the actuator 14 results in an increase in the ink pressure around the nozzle of the chamber 11 which in turn causes a significant bulging of the meniscus 15 and the flow of ink out of the nozzle chamber 11. The actuator 14 can be constructed so as to impart sufficient momentum to the ink to cause the direct ejection of a drop. Alternatively, as indicated in FIG. 3, the activation of actuator 14 can be timed so as to turn the actuation current off at a predetermined point so as to cause the return of the actuator 14 to its original position thereby resulting in a consequential backflow of ink 17 into the chamber 11 thereby causing a necking and separation of a body of ink 18 which has a continuing momentum and continues towards the output media, such as paper, for printing thereof. Subsequently, the actuator 14 returns to its quiescent position and surface tension effects result in a refilling of the nozzle chamber 11 via ink supply channel 13 as a consequence of surface tension effects on the meniscus 15. In time, the arrangement returns to that depicted in FIG. 1.
Turning now to FIGS. 4 and 5, there is illustrated the structure of a single nozzle chamber 10 in more detail. FIG. 4 illustrates partly in section with FIG. 5 showing a corresponding exploded perspective. Ink jet nozzles can be formed, many print heads at a time, on a selected wafer base 12 utilising standard semiconductor processing techniques in addition to micro machining and micro fabrication process technology and a full familiarity with these technologies is hereinafter assumed.
On top of the silicon wafer layer 12 is formed a CMOS layer 20. The CMOS layer 20 can, in accordance with standard techniques, include multi-level metal layers sandwiched between oxide layers and preferably at least a two level metal process is utilised. In order to reduce the number of necessary processing steps, the masks utilised include areas which provide for a build up of an aluminum barrier 21 which can be constructed from a first 22 and second 23 level aluminum layer. Additionally, aluminum portions eg. 24 are provided for providing electrical contacts to a subsequent heater layer. The aluminum barrier portion 21 is important in providing an effective barrier to the possible subsequent etching of the oxide within the CMOS layer 20 when a sacrificial etchant is utilised in the construction of a nozzle chamber 10 with the etchable material preferably being glass layers.
On top of the CMOS layer 20 is formed a nitride passivation layer 26 which is formed to protect the lower CMOS layers from sacrificial etchants and ink erosion. Above the nitride layer 26 there is formed a gap 28 in which an air bubble forms during operation. The gap 28 can be constructed by a means of laying down a sacrificial layer and subsequently etching the gap as will be explained hereinafter.
On top of the air gap 28 is constructed a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) heater layer 29 which really comprises two PTFE layers that sandwich a gold serpentine heater layer 30. The gold heater 30 is constructed in a serpentine form to allow it to expand on heating. The heater layer 30 and PTFE layer 29 together comprise the thermal actuator 14 of FIG. 1.
The outer PTFE layer 29 has an extremely high coefficient of thermal expansion (approximately 770�10−6, or around 380 times that of silicon). The PTFE layer 29 is also normally highly hydrophobic which results in an air bubble being formed under the actuator in the region 28 due to out-gassing etc. The top PTFE surface layer is treated so as to make it hydrophilic in addition to those areas around ink supply channel 13. This can be achieved with a plasma etch in an ammonia atmosphere. The heater layer 30 is also formed within the lower portion of the PTFE layer.
The heater layer 30 is connected at ends eg. 31 to the lower CMOS drive layer 20 which contains the drive circuitry (not shown). For the purposes of actuation, a current is passed through the gold heater element 30 which heats the bottom surface of the actuator 14. The bottom surface of the actuator 14, in contact with air bubble 28, remains heated while any top surface heating is carried away by the exposure of the top surface of the actuator 14 to the ink within the chamber 32. Hence, the bottom PTFE layer expands more rapidly resulting in a general rapid bending upwards of actuator 14 (as illustrated in FIG. 2) which consequentially causes the ejection of ink from ink ejection port 35.
The actuator 14 can be deactivated by turning off the current to the heater element 30. This results in a return of the actuator 14 to its rest position.
A nozzle plate comprising side wall portions 33 and top portion 34 is formed on top of the actuator. The nozzle plate can be formed via a dual damascene process utilising a sacrificial layer. The top portion 34 is etched to have nozzle ink ejection hole 35 in addition to a series of etchant holes eg. 36 which are of a relatively small diameter and allow for effective etching of lower sacrificial layers when utilising a sacrificial etchant. The etchant holes 36 are made small enough such that surface tension effects restrict the possibilities of ink being ejected from the chamber 32 via the etchant holes 36 rather than the nozzle hole 35.
Turning now to FIGS. 6-15, there are set out the various steps involved in the construction of an array of ink jet nozzles:
1. Turning initially to FIG. 6, the starting position comprises a silicon wafer 12 including a CMOS layer 20 which is passivated by the nitride layer 26 and surface finished with a chemical-mechanical planarisation process.
2. The nitride layer 26 is masked and etched as illustrated in FIG. 7 so as to define portions of the nozzle chamber 32 and areas for interconnection between any subsequent heater layer and a lower CMOS layer.
3. Next, a sacrificial oxide layer 40 is deposited, masked and etched as indicated in FIG. 8 with the oxide layer being etched in those areas where a subsequent heater layer electronically contacts the lower layers.
4. As illustrated in FIG. 9, next a 1 micron thick layer of PTFE 41 is then deposited and firstly masked and etched for the heater contacts to the lower CMOS layer and secondly masked and etched for the heater shape.
5. Next, as illustrated in FIG. 10, the gold heater layer 30, 31 is deposited. Due to the fact that it is difficult to etch gold, the layer can be conformally deposited and portions of the layer subsequently removed utilising chemical mechanical planarisation so as to leave those portions associated with the heater element. The processing steps 4 and 5 basically generate a dual damascene.
6. Next, a top PTFE layer 42 is deposited and masked and etched down to the sacrificial layer as illustrated in FIG. 11 so as to define the heater shape. Subsequently, the surface of the PTFE layer 42 is plasma processed so as to make it hydrophilic. Suitable processing can including plasma damage in an ammonia atmosphere. Alternatively, the surface can be coated with a hydrophilic material.
7. A further sacrificial oxide layer 43 is then deposited and etched as illustrated in FIG. 12 so as to form a structure for a nozzle chamber 32. The sacrificial layer 43 is masked and etched in order to define the nozzle chamber walls.
8. Next, as illustrated in FIG. 13, the nozzle chamber is formed by conformally depositing three microns of nitride to form the nitride nozzle plate. A mask nozzle rim is etched to a depth of one micron for the nozzle rim (the etched depth not being overly time critical). Subsequently, a mask is utilised to etch the nozzle holes 35 in addition to the sacrificial layer etchant holes 36.
9. Next, as illustrated in FIG. 14, a back of the wafer is masked for the ink channels 13 and plasma etched through the wafer. A suitable plasma etching process can include a deep anisotropic trench etching system such as that available from SDS Systems Limited (See) "Advanced Silicon Etching Using High Density Plasmas" by J. K. Bhardwaj, H. Ashraf, page 224 of Volume 2639 of the SPIE Proceedings in Micro Machining and Micro Fabrication Process Technology).
10. Next, as illustrated in FIG. 15, the sacrificial layers are etched away utilising a sacrificial etchant such as hydrofluoric acid. Subsequently, the portion underneath the actuator which is around the ink channel is plasma processed through the back of the wafer to make that position hydrophilic.
Subsequently, the wafer contains a number of the ink jet printer heads that can be separated into separate print head chips with each print head chip bonded into an injection molded ink supply channel. The electrical signals to the chips can be tape automated bonded (TAB) to the print head for subsequent testing. FIG. 16 illustrates a top view of jet nozzles constructed on a wafer so as to provide for page width multicolor output.
One form of detailed manufacturing process which can be used to fabricate monolithic ink jet print heads operating in accordance with the principles taught by the present embodiment can proceed utilizing the following steps:
1. Using a double sided polished wafer 12, provide complete drive transistors, data distribution, and timing circuits using a 0.5 micron, one poly, 2 metal CMOS processor 20. This step is shown in FIG. 18. For clarity, these diagrams may not be to scale, and may not represent a cross section though any single plane of the nozzle. FIG. 17 is a key to representations of various materials in these manufacturing diagrams, and those of other cross referenced ink jet configurations.
2. Deposit 1 micron of low stress nitride 50. This acts as a barrier to prevent ink diffusion through the silicon dioxide of the chip surface.
3. Deposit 3 micron of sacrificial material 51 (e.g. polyimide).
4. Etch the sacrificial layer using 51 Mask 1. This mask defines the actuator anchor point. This step is shown in FIG. 19.
5. Deposit 0.5 microns of PTFE 52.
6. Etch the PTFE, nitride, and CMOS passivation down to second level metal using Mask 2. This mask defines the heater vias 31. This step is shown in FIG. 20.
7. Deposit and pattern resist using Mask 3. This mask defines the heater.
8. Deposit 0.5 microns of gold 30 (or other heater material with a low Young's modulus) and strip the resist. Steps 7 and 8 form a lift-off process. This step is shown in FIG. 21.
9. Deposit 1.5 microns of PTFE 53.
10. Etch the PTFE 53 down to the sacrificial layer 51 using Mask 4. This mask defines the actuator paddle 14 and the bond pads. This step is shown in FIG. 22.
11. Wafer probe. All electrical connections are complete at this point, and the chips are not yet separated.
12. Plasma process the PTFE 53 to make the top and side surfaces of the paddle hydrophilic. This allows the nozzle chamber to fill by capillarity.
13. Deposit 10 microns of sacrificial material 54.
14. Etch the sacrificial material 54 down to nitride 50 using Mask 5. This mask defines the nozzle chamber. This step is shown in FIG. 23.
15. Deposit 3 microns of PECVD glass 55. This step is shown in FIG. 24.
16. Etch to a depth of 1 micron using Mask 6. This mask defines the nozzle rim 56. This step is shown in FIG. 25.
17. Etch down to the sacrificial layer 54 using Mask 7. This mask defines the nozzle 35 and the sacrificial etch access holes 36. This step is shown in FIG. 26.
18. Back-etch completely through the silicon wafer (with, for example, an ASE Advanced Silicon Etcher from Surface Technology Systems) using Mask 8. This mask defines the ink inlets 13 which are etched through the wafer. The wafer is also diced by this etch. This step is shown in FIG. 27.
19. Back-etch the CMOS oxide layers and subsequently deposited nitride layers 50 and sacrificial layer 51 through to PTFE 53 using the back-etched silicon as a mask.
20. Plasma process the PTFE 53 through the back-etched holes to make the bottom surface of the paddle 14 hydrophilic. This allows the nozzle chamber 11 to fill by capillarity, but maintains a hydrophobic surface underneath the actuator portion of the paddle 14. This hydrophobic surface causes an air bubble 28 to be trapped under the paddle 14 when the nozzle chamber 32 is filled with a water based ink. This bubble 28 serves two purposes: to increase the efficiency of the heater by decreasing thermal conduction away from the heated side of the PTFE, and to reduce the negative pressure on the back of the actuator section of the paddle 14.
21. Etch the sacrificial material. The nozzle chambers 32 are cleared, the actuators freed, and the chips are separated by this etch. This step is shown in FIG. 28.
22. Mount the print heads in their packaging, which may be a molded plastic former incorporating ink channels which supply the appropriate color ink 57 to the ink inlets at the back of the wafer.
23. Connect the print heads to their interconnect systems. For a low profile connection with minimum disruption of airflow, TAB may be used. Wire bonding may also be used if the printer is to be operated with sufficient clearance to the paper.
24. Hydrophobize the front surface of the print heads.
25. Fill the completed print heads with ink 57 and test them. A filled nozzle is shown in FIG. 29.
It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiments are, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.
The presently disclosed ink jet printing technology is potentially suited to a wide range of printing system including: color and monochrome office printers, short run digital printers, high speed digital printers, offset press supplemental printers, low cost scanning printers high speed pagewidth printers, notebook computers with in-built pagewidth printers, portable color and monochrome printers, color and monochrome copiers, color and monochrome facsimile machines, combined printer, facsimile and copying machines, label printers, large format plotters, photograph copiers, printers for digital photographic "minilabs", video printers, PHOTO CD (PHOTO CD is a registered trade mark of the Eastman Kodak Company) printers, portable printers for PDAs, wallpaper printers, indoor sign printers, billboard printers, fabric printers, camera printers and fault tolerant commercial printer arrays.
The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.
The most significant problem with thermal ink jet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble which expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal ink jet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.
The most significant problem with piezoelectric ink jet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per print head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewidth print heads with 19,200 nozzles.
Ideally, the ink jet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new ink jet technologies have been created. The target features include:
low power (less than 10 Watts)
high resolution capability (1,600 dpi or more)
photographic quality output
low manufacturing cost
small size (pagewidth times minimum cross section)
high speed (<2 seconds per page).
All of these features can be met or exceeded by the ink jet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. Forty-five different ink jet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table above under the heading Cross References to Related Applications.
The ink jet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems
For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the print head is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the print head is 100 mm long, with a width which depends upon the ink jet type. The smallest print head designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The print heads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.
Ink is supplied to the back of the print head by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The print head is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.
Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual ink jet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.
The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of ink jet types.
Actuator mechanism (18 types)
Basic operation mode (7 types)
Auxiliary mechanism (8 types)
Actuator amplification or modification method (17 types)
Actuator motion (19 types)
Nozzle refill method (4 types)
Method of restricting back-flow through inlet (10 types)
Nozzle clearing method (9 types)
Nozzle plate construction (9 types)
Drop ejection direction (5 types)
Ink type (7 types)
The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of ink jet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable ink jet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain ink jet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 which matches the docket numbers in the table under the heading Cross References to Related Applications.
Other ink jet configurations can readily be derived from these forty-five examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into ink jet print heads with characteristics superior to any currently available ink jet technology.
Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, a printer may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.
Suitable applications for the ink jet technologies include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.
The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Updated 10/13/2014
This Mediterranean-style, waterside resort—tucked behind a secure gate and impeccably appointed with tropical landscaping, rich rococo fabrics, and stained glass—is fit for dignitaries (and hosted them during the 2004 G8 Summit). In 1928 Calvin Coolidge kicked off The Cloister's presidential tradition of planting a commemorative oak tree and was followed by presidents Eisenhower, Ford, Carter, both Bushes, and Bill Clinton. The resort has all the luxuries you would expect, such as a sprawling two-story spa and five-star dining at The Georgian Room, as well as those that are a wonderful surprise, like the bi-level water atrium. Try the salmon BLT at Southern Tide, or grab a cone at Wonderland, an ice-cream parlor and sweet shop. The resort sits on nearly 5 mi of private beach and offers everything from fishing and sailing to beach cabanas and nature tours, and the list goes on. Families are welcome, and on-site kids' programs abound.
100 Cloister Dr., Sea Island, Georgia, 31561, United States
912-638–3611; 800-732–4732
Website: www.seaisland.com
Hotel Details:
Updated 10/13/2014
Jan 31, 2014
While The Cloister at Sea Island may receive high marks for its accommodations and service, potential guests need to know about how its planned expansion endangers the local wildlife, including more than 100 species of birds and nesting areas for sea turtles. Sea Island has a little "Spit" of land just off the end of the island where these developers plan to build without any regard for the wildlife or the environment. Think carefully if this
is the type of developer you want to support with your vacation dollars. It is a shame what they plan to do to this beautiful, natural area.
No Thanks


text:
Other Days
Posted: August 18, 2014 at 3:12 a.m.
100 years ago
This story is only available from our archives.
« Previous Story
Police beat
Police make arrest in rape at restaurant Read »
Next Story »
2 dead in separate highway accidents
Two Arkansas men died in separate car accidents Saturday, according to Arkansas State Police. Read »


text:
Seems I've never posted in this thread. I've listed some of my favorites below and linked the name of each artist to a song on YouTube (embedding this many videos would have taken quite a lot of space) so those not familiar with the singer can have some kind of reference. I tried to pick videos with good sound quality, but couldn't find anything in a couple of cases.
Also, if Vocaloids and such are allowed, then these ones as well:
I love Tarja Turunen!


text:
1804 $10 Crosslet 4 MS61 NGC. Breen-6847, Taraszka-31, BD-1, High R.4....
2011 April Rosemont CSNS Signature & Platinum Night US Coin Auction #1154
|Sold for:
|Sign-in or Join (free & quick)
|Claim Item:
|Sign-in or Join (free & quick)
|Auction Ended On:
|Apr 28, 2011
|Item Activity:
7 Internet/mail/phone bidders
1,270 page views
Donald E. Stephens Convention Center
5555 N. River Road
Rosemont, IL 60018
|Printable auction results for all items in the 2011 April Rosemont CSNS Signature & Platinum Night US Coin Auction.
Historic 1804 Crosslet 4 Eagle, BD-1, MS611804 $10 Crosslet 4 MS61 NGC. Breen-6847, Taraszka-31, BD-1, High R.4. Bass-Dannreuther Die State b/b. The 1804 Crosslet 4 eagles are the last circulating issue of this largest U.S. gold denomination until 1838, as President Thomas Jefferson would discontinue it by executive order in this year; its intrinsic value had exceeded its nominal value. The BD-1 issue is justly celebrated not only as the last of the type, but also due to its (loose) association with the proof-only 1804 Plain 4 eagles (BD-2) and the celebrated 1804 silver dollars, for example as found in the King of Siam proof set.
Last Circulating Issue of the Denomination
Last Circulating Issue of the Denomination
The Crosslet 4 is sufficient to identify the BD-1 variety. The reverse die is a "carryover" from the BD-6 of 1803, although Bass-Dannreuther note that the 1803 BD-6, based on die state evidence, was actually struck after the 1804 BD-1. The obverse here shows a die crack from star 1 to the 18 of the date. The reverse displays one crack through the tops of UNITED, and a second crack from the top left of the U, through the eagle's tail, and thence to the top of the last A in AMERICA.
Die polishing has created moderate brightness in the obverse fields of this MS61 specimen. That side also displays pronounced planchet adjustment marks from stars 11-13 upward through the upper portion of Liberty's profile. More adjustment marks appear on the lower bust and the lower hair curls, running into the left field. The strike on the reverse is a trifle irregular, fully defined on the eagle's breast but soft on the right (facing) wing tip and head. There is no evidence of reflectivity on the reverse. Both sides exhibit light, consistent orange-gold coloration, with minimal abrasions. We suspect that the extensive planchet adjustment marks account for much of the grade, yet they fail to detract from the appeal and historic importance of this early gold type example. Census: 13 in 61, 12 finer (2/11).(Registry values: P4) (NGC ID# 262C, PCGS# 8566)
View large image(s) of this item
Service and Handling Description: Coins & Currency (view shipping information)
Sales Tax information | NGC Coin Grading Guarantee | Terms and Conditions
Guides and Pricing Information:
Previous Prices from Heritage Auctions
|Sign-in or Join (free & quick)
Price Guide
|Sign-in or Join (free & quick)
Population Guide
|Sign-in or Join (free & quick)
Find Auction Prices for Comparable Items:
Sign-in or Join (free & quick) to see the full image


text:
Gov. Chris Christie Friday signed what is described as landmark legislation designed to protect New Jerseyans with development disabilities from abuse by caregivers.
The legislation creates a Central Registry of Offenders Against Individuals with Developmental Disabilities within the state Department of Human Services (DHS).
New Jersey is among a growing number of states to use this type of registry in order to better protect individuals with development disabilities and relying on assistance from caregivers. Other states that have enacted similar legislation are Delaware, Louisiana, Ohio, Missouri, New Mexico and Tennessee.
"Abuse at the hands of a caregiver is a reprehensible action," Christie said as he signed the legislation in Westville. "The legislation that I am signing today is an important tool to help safeguard those with developmental disabilities from harmful caregivers taking advantage of their position. Equally important, this new law will prevent these custodians from gaining re-employment or continuing participation in human services funded programs."
The legislation requires the Department of Human Service to maintain a confidential registry of paid caregivers and volunteers who have been determined to have abused, neglected, or exploited any service recipient of the department's Division of Developmental Disabilities. This includes those employed as caregivers in facilities licensed, contracted or regulated by the department.
The law calls for the department's Special Response Unit to investigate allegations of abuse, neglect, or exploitation. If the unit substantiates the allegations against a caregiver, it would forward the findings to the Human Services commissioner to be considered for inclusion on the registry.
"We owe it to our most vulnerable residents to ensure they are given every protection from being unknowingly placed in the care of an abuser," Senate President Stephen Sweeney (D-Gloucester) said. "This registry will give New Jersey families of individuals with developmental disabilities peace of mind that they don't have to worry about whether the person caring for their loved one truly has their best interests at heart."
"Governor Christie and state legislators have taken action that this department has advocated for and supports," Human Services Commissioner Jennifer Velez said. "People with developmental disabilities, family members, advocates and service providers agree that this registry will provide a fair and formal way to reduce the risk of potentially re-hiring, individuals who have been found to have neglected, abused or exploited individuals who had been entrusted to their care."
Currently, caregivers that work in state administered developmental centers, licensed community agencies, and licensed community care residences are, by law, fingerprinted and undergo criminal history background checks that vary according to the type of facility.
Caregivers that are contracted to provide services at programs such as day programs or visiting nurses are not fingerprinted by the department and may or may not have undergone a background check, depending upon their employers' protocols or professional licensing requirements.
"This registry will help root out abusive caregivers who may currently be flying under the radar," Assemblywoman Valerie Vainieri Huttle (D-Bergen) said. "We must send a clear, strong message that abuse of these individuals will not be tolerated in New Jersey."
This new law becomes effective in 180 days and requires the Human Services commissioner to report to the governor and Legislature in two years on the effectiveness of the registry.
The main sponsors of the legislation are Sweeney, Sen. Jennifer Beck (R-Monmouth), Assemblyman Angel Fuentes (D-Camden) Huttle, Assemblyman Ruben J. Ramos, Jr. (D-Hudson), Assemblyman Frederick Scalera (D-Essex), and Assemblywoman Linda R. Greenstein (D-Mercer).


text:
Add this chart to your site:
Copy and paste this HTML:
Add this chart to your site:
Copy and paste this HTML:
A prep cook works for a restaurant, caterer, or a similar food-service establishment. A prep cook works under a chef in an entry-level job that is often occupied by an individual who is also currently in culinary school. A prep cook's main tasks include performing preparatory work for the head chef. This includes such tasks as chopping vegetables, peeling potatoes, washing food items, and slicing and dicing food items needed by the head chef. In this way, the prep cook helps ensure the head chef can have prepared food items ready and at hand without needing to stop to prepare anything. A prep cook may also have the duty of preparing salads and breads, as well as salad dressings and sauces. Other responsibilities may include taking items from the freezer or refrigerator, as well as storing foods that need to be covered and properly put away. Prep cooks in general do not do dishwashing or substantial kitchen cleaning.Read More...
A prep cook usually works with the goal of becoming a junior chef. They must possess good listening skills and work well under pressure. A prep cook needs to be able to work at a fast pace and follow instruction, as well as take constructive criticism well.
Olive Garden Restaurants offers the best pay with a median salary of $22K, though salaries there don't seem that varied, bottoming out near $18K and maxing out at just $30K.
Median of all compensation (including tips, bonus, and overtime) by years of experience.
For many Prep Cooks, extensive experience does not lead to significantly more money. Although individuals who have less than five years' experience earn $20K on average, people with five to 10 years benefit from a notably larger average of $22K. After working for 10 to 20 years, Prep Cooks make a median salary of $23K. Individuals who report more than two decades of experience seem to make only slightly more than folks in the 10-to-20 year range; the more senior group sees median earnings in the comparatively modest ballpark of $24K.
|Highly satisfied
Rated 4 out of 5
based on 170 votes.
46 %
54 %
|Medical: 28%
|Dental: 21%
|Vision: 17%
|None: 71%


text:
The Mighty 1090 eschews interviews for a dog-and-pony show of on-air auditions
• The Lakers are still a national TV draw. The team's game Sunday with Dallas on ABC did a 2.7 rating with 2.1 million viewers. By contrast, the Grizzlies-Nets game Sunday on ESPN did a 1.1 rating with 847,000 viewers.
• No Tiger, no Rory, no Phil for the WGC Accenture Match Play Championship was bad news for NBC. Sunday's final between Hunter Mahan and Matt Kuchar did a 1.9 rating with 1.5 million viewers. That's down 24 percent from last year's Mahan-Rory McIlroy final.
Hoops scoop
• Saturday's men's college schedule is highlighted by No. 5 Miami at No. 3 Duke at 3 p.m. on ESPN and No. 10 Louisville-No. 12 Syracuse (9 a.m., CBS). Other games involving top-25 teams are Alabama-No., 8 Florida (9 a.m., ESPN), No. 20 Butler-Virginia Commonwealth (9 a.m., ESPN2), No. 21 Notre Dame-No. 22 Marquette (11 a.m., ESPN), Texas-No. 15 Oklahoma (1 p.m., ESPN), No. 13 Kansas State-Baylor (4 p.m., ESPN2), No. 11 Arizona-UCLA (6 p.m., ESPN) and Rutgers-No. 7 Georgetown (6 p.m., ESPNU).
• ABC has an NBA doubleheader Sunday — Heat-Knicks at 10 a.m. and Thunder-Clippers at 12:30 p.m. ESPN
has the Bulls-Pacers at 5 p.m.
Around the dial
• Lacrosse fans can see No. 1-ranked Maryland at No. 19 Duke at 8 a.m. Saturday on ESPNU.


text:
Family circus
Making memories on the road to New Orleans
Posted: July 27, 2014 at 2:06 a.m.
We had not planned a vacation this year. With our oldest child heading off to college, we thought it best to hold tight to every dollar. But the lure of the open road tugged at us.
This story is only available from our archives.
« Previous Story
The emoji in the death camp
If you are one of those reasonable souls who doesn't spend a lot of time with social media channels, then you might not have heard about the teenage girl from Alabama who b... Read »
Next Story »
Pick your historic day
Alert Reader, in this case a history professor here in Arkansas, noted a considerable gap--78 years--in my regularly revised July the Fourth column, which lists memorable d... Read »


text:
Wed & Thu, Sep 12-13: Reception issues related to antenna maintenance work
All of our television stations are operating on auxilliary power due to maintenance work being done on our antenna. Normal operation should be restored by 4pm on Thu, Sep 13.
Thurs 8/02: KQEH & KQET audio issue resolved
Our engineers were able to resolve the Over the Air audio problem for our KQEH transmitter (DT54s) around 3:30pm this afternoon, and for our KQET transmitter (DT25s) by 3:45pm. Most receivers/converter boxes should automatically restore the audio, since they never lost our actual signal.
However, if anyone is still experiencing a lack of audio Over the Air, doing a rescan should solve the problem.
Thurs 8/02: audio issue for OTA 54s & 25s
We are aware that Over the Air (OTA) viewers are receiving video but no audio from our KQEH transmitter (DT54.1 through DT54.5) and from our KQET transmitter (DT25.1 through DT25.3). Engineers are working on the problem, but a repair time is not yet known.
Thurs 6/28: KQED Plus (KQEH) transmitter back on air
Repairs have been done to our transmitter atop Monument Peak, and our DT54.1 through DT54.5 channels are once again available Over The Air. Many receivers will automatically restore our signal within a few minutes of our return. However, if your receiver has not yet restored the signal, you may need to manually delete and re-add our channel, or perform a rescan, to reacquire our signal.
Thurs 6/28: DT54 transmitter off air
Our KQED Plus (KQEH) transmitter atop Monument Peak northeast of San Jose has gone off air. This affects Over the Air reception of DT54.1 through DT54.5. Engineers are working to resolve the problem, but we do not have an estimated time of repair at this time.
Comcast Cable viewers are not affected by this outage.
Tues 6/26: Monument Peak Transmitter maintenance
Our transmitter on Monument Peak, northeast of San Jose, will be off air for apx 25-30 minutes early this afternoon, for maintenance. This will affect over the air channels DT54.1 through DT54.5.
Most receivers should reacquire the signal automatically after an outage of such short duration, but a few viewers may need to manually re-add the channel or do a rescan to restore it.
Tues 5/01: KQED Life programming returns
(Comcast 189, DT54.3 Over the Air)
As of today, Tuesday 5/01, the daytime programming for KQED Life has returned to its own independent scheduling. We thank you for your patience during our program files rebuilding cycle.
KQED Plus (DT54s) short interruptions Thu 4/19 & Fri 4/20
PG&E is planning two all-day outages on Monument Peak Thursday 4/19 and Friday 4/20 from apx 7:30am to apx 5pm each day.
Over the Air (OTA) transmission from our DT54 transmitter should experience very short interruptions for only a couple minutes each as we switch to the back-up generator in the morning, and back to the main power when PG&E concludes their work.
Most OTA receivers should automatically restore the signals after outages of such short duration, but some viewers, particularly those at quite a distance from the transmitter, may need to manually re-add the channel, or do a rescan, to restore their tuner's lock on our signal.
KQED Life update
(Comcast 189, DT54.3)
Monday 4/16 Update: Our recovery process for the deleted program files is now well underway, and we believe we are on target to return KQED Life to its normal programming schedule effective May 1st. If that target date changes, this page will be updated. We thank you for your patience.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Tuesday 4/10: As noted in the original post below, KQED Life will continue to "mirror" KQED TV9 6am-7pm and midnight-1am through the month of April. We are actively working on rebuilding the content inventory and solving the technical issues which caused the orginal malfunction in late March. We currently do not have a target date for KQED Life to resume its own schedule during non-prime hours, but hope to have a firmer timeline for the recovery by April 17th or so. Please keep an eye on this page for further updates. Thank you for your patience.
Due to a technical malfunction March 25-26, the computer which archives our copies of television programs started deleting program files, resulting in a loss of thousands of episodes. Since it began with shows in position #1 and worked forward, it means the loss is primarily of older programs and series, which generally air on KQED Life. Since these are older shows, most are not currently being fed out to stations, so it will take awhile for us to rebuild the inventory.
This means a significant change to the "non-prime" KQED Life schedule for the next 4-5 weeks at least, starting Thursday 3/29. From 6am to 7pm, plus midnight-1am, KQED Life will be a "mirror" of KQED TV9. Since 7pm-midnight is generally filled with newer programs, KQED Life will be able to maintain its own schedule for those 5 hours, plus maintain their early morning repeats the next morning 1am-6am.
We currently do not know how long the program recovery process will take, so will be working with this revised schedule at least through April. We are leaving the currently posted May 2012 schedule on the website for now, in hopes that we'll be back to normal by then. Please keep an eye on this page for further updates.
Planned outages: KQET (DT25) 4/10, KQED Plus (DT54) 4/12
We will be shutting down the KQET (DT25) transmitter on Fremont Peak on Tuesday, April 10th, from about 11am to 11:30am, for planned maintenance work.
We will also be doing maintenance for KQED Plus (KQEH DT54 transmitter on Monument Peak) on Thursday, April 12th, also around 11am to 11:30am.
Comcast Cable customers will not be affected by these outages. Most Over the Air (OTA) TV tuners will restore the signals automatically at the end of an outage this short, but a few OTA viewers may need to manually re-add the channel.


text:
6 months ago
18. from Portugal. 14.10.2012 I met Joe Jonas :') I draw. I LOVE music. I like dreaming big. I'm just myself, don't ever try to change me ;)
Now available in your language!Use in your language! Go back to English
Sign in with Facebook or Twitter to start your gallery.
Sign in with Facebook Sign in with TwitterDon't have Twitter or Facebook? Skip this step!
Have a We Heart It account?Log in now
© All images are copyrighted by their respective authors.


text:
Originally Posted by Kilgallb
I agree with JBrunner. I have managed to aleviate the effect somewhat by suspending a rock from the middle column of the tripod. I put a rock in a mesh bag ditty bag like you get at the camping store and tie the pull string to the column. It adds mass to the system so the tripod will not move.
But if you have to carry a rock around, what's the point of having a carbon fiber tripod?
Charles Hohenstein


text:
Alright, just let me know what all you want in return, and I'll get to work on it.
Alright, just let me know what all you want in return, and I'll get to work on it.
Did you change your FC since last time? I'm not seeing you.
About to update it.
@Iron Defense; Sweet, see you in a bit then! :'D
@A_Fire_Hazard; The Pokemon I need are in my first post. oAo I don't know what you have access to trade with.
Cleffa, Wooper, Snubbull, Granbull, Slugma, Smoochum, Nincada, Ninjask, Gulpin, Swalot, Numel, Camerupt, Barboach, Whiscash, Corphish, Crawdaunt, Baltoy, Lileep, Cradily, Anorith, Armaldo
I'll do these for you then :)
@FairyRed; You're sure you have my FC right?
@Iron Defense; Oops, I'm trading with someone else real quick. 8D; I'll get to you afterwords! I'm sorry about the wait, eheh!
EDIT: Knowing me, I might have gotten it wrong. 8D; Gimme a sec, I'll go double-check it.
@A_Fire_Hazard; Oh goodness! ALLA does there? Dude that would be awesome! 8D
Yep, I should easily have them all ready for you by Wednesday. What time would you say?
@A_Fire_Hazard; Sweet, thank you! Don't forget nicknames. oAo I can come up with them if need be. On Wednesday...maybe starting at 1PM my time.
@Iron Defense; Huh strange, I have it written correctly. D8; I hope it's not my internet...
Alright, it's a deal
@FairyRed; That sucks, I got the FC right, got all three bars on my connection and I know it can connect to the Pokemon server because I sent a pokemon to sleep so I could do the Dream World before you got here. Maybe something's wrong with the trade server, I hope it's not permanent.
Sorry, it's probably my current hotspot. D8; Sometimes it has issues, and it hates me sometimes. I so wish the other wi-fi hotspot was working! Dammit this is so frustrating. "OTL Gimme a sec here, I'll try it again.
My new FC is here. This is the one you added, right?
Name: White
Code: 3912-4264-5187
Yep, that's the one. I've checked 5 times now, so I'm really sure.
Hmm....All right, I'll try adding yours again. D8; I'm truly sorry for all this trouble.
Blaaaaaugh, still nothing. D8; I added each number one at a time! It's all correct! Why aren't we able to see each other? fffffff what do we do about this? D8; I hope it's not because I'm on a 3DS...but that can't be it since I traded with 3 other people today without a problem! Augh, I am REALLY really sorry about this...
Don't worry, it's not like it's your fault or anything, just some bad luck.
@Iron Defense; D8; Waugh, nothing seems to be working... I added your code correctly, you added my code correctly...our DSes just hate each other or something. "OTL Should we try an indirect GTS trade?


text:
"Smaller body size increases the proportional exposure to food contaminants," Katz said. "For this reason, organic baby food is a good idea, as is organic food for young children when possible."
"The greatest threat is to fetal brain development," Landrigan said.
He says studies demonstrate that unborn babies whose mothers are exposed to certain pesticides have a higher risk of low birth weight and reduced brain growth, leading to learning problems and conditions similar to autism.
Not everyone believes pesticides pose a risk -- at least not in the levels in which they appear in produce.
Despite concerns over pesticides and other chemicals, experts say there are other dietary issues that have more of an impact on public health than the organic debate.
"In general, we know that the more fruits and vegetables people eat -- organic or not -- the healthier they tend to be," Katz said. "Thus, the adverse health effects of such chemicals are more than offset by the benefits of eating produce."
"Put another way, not eating fruits and vegetables is more toxic than eating fruits and vegetables with some traces of pesticide."
"The big point to be made here is that you are far more likely to be placing your health at risk by avoiding fruits and vegetables just because you can't afford or obtain organic ones than by consuming the conventionally grown versions," said Keith-Thomas Ayoob, associate professor at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine's department of pediatrics in the Bronx, N.Y.
"The mountain of studies that have extolled the virtues of eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables -- a lower risk of many cancers and heart disease, for example -- were done by looking at conventionally grown foods, not organic."
When it comes to consumers who want to buy organic, Katz says smart shopping is key.
In other words, spend on organic produce only when it is worth the higher price tag.
"Since there are costs and inconveniences involved in shopping organic, knowing where to find the most 'bang for the buck' should be useful to most consumers," Katz said.
Shoppers should also exercise common sense.
"When you see 'organic' on things like potato chips, canned soup and frozen burritos, I think it's time to ask, 'What is the point?'" Flipse said.


text:
Easy and Consistent increase to Virtue Stat
Donating when you have at least 25 florins and 10 pfennings (6010 pfennings) to a "well-known church" in towns and a religion stat above 30-60-90 will increase your virtue stat by 1-2-3 (religion/30) per character. The donation is 10% of the money you have and increases the virtue as long as you have more than 6010 pfs and a religion stat of at least 30, so the most economical practice would be to donate when you have that much - although it is a bit slower than donating two or three times between visits to the market.
Faster and FREE recovery.
Instead of camping or staying in the main towns, stay at a village instead. Choose the rest for 8-hours option in a village, instead of taking up residence there. The cost that is shown is never taken from you like it is in other cases. Choosing the 8-hour option also allows you to regain strength every 8 hours instead of 24 with the other options, allowing you to triple your recovery speed when your healing stat is low.
Quick and Free Endurance Recovery
While endurance is always fully recovered in normal ways like camping or resting at the inn, choosing the "catch up on local news and rumors" option at the inn will also recover endurance fully, is free, and doesn't pass as much time as the normal ways. This doesn't work when checking at the political center or to recover strength.
Know Something We Don't?
You can submit new cheat codes for this game using our Cheat Submission Form.
Have We Been Fooled?
If you see a non-working or fake code in the list above, let us know by using our Problem Submission Form.


text:
Berlusconi Survives Confidence Vote
Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi sat in the lower chamber during today's confidence vote.Gregorio Borgia/AP
Breaking news from The Associated Press:
"Italian Premier Silvio Berlusconi survives confidence vote in Parliament."
The BBC says "Berlusconi won the vote by 316 to 301, the bare minimum he needed." That, it adds, "presages trouble ahead. ... If Mr Berlusconi has to get a vote of confidence on every issue, he will find it very difficult to govern."
As NPR's Silvia Poggioli reported for Morning Edition this week, the Italian leader's latest brush with rejection "was triggered by the government's embarrassing defeat Tuesday on a vote to approve government spending this year. An angry Berlusconi rushed out of the chamber as opposition lawmakers shouted demands that he resign, a suggestion he has repeatedly and disdainfully dismissed."
And as she added:
"Italy is not in as bad a situation as Greece, but its debt has reached 120 percent of GDP. Growth is at 0.3 percent and has been stagnant for a decade. The country is spiraling into recession. Its reputation has been severely damaged by Berlusconi's personal scandals. He's facing three trials on charges of tax fraud, corruption and paying for sex with a minor."
You must be signed in to leave a comment. Sign In / Register
Please keep your community civil. All comments must follow the NPR.org Community rules and terms of use, and will be moderated prior to posting. NPR reserves the right to use the comments we receive, in whole or in part, and to use the commenter's name and location, in any medium. See also the Terms of Use, Privacy Policy and Community FAQ.


text:
Thanks for redeeming.{{else}}
Success! Thanks for repurchasing.{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if Expired}}
Increase my visibility!{{else}} {{#if IsMultiPack}}
{{#if HasMultiPack}} You have {{MultiPackCount}} top spot(s) left. Now loading you into the search listings... {{else}} You have used all top spots. Now loading you into the search listings... {{/if}}{{else}}
We are loading you into the search listing pages...{{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
{{Current}} just saw you!{{/if}} {{#if LastTopSpotPurchaseIsMulti }} {{#if HasAnyTopSpot}}
{{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} {{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Free {{/if}} {{#if HasPaidTopSpot }} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }} & {{/if}} {{ MultiPackCount }} {{/if}} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{else}}
0 Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasFreeTopSpot }}
{{ UnclaimedTopSpotFree }} Top Spot{{#if Plural}}s{{/if}} Left{{/if}} {{/if}} {{else}} {{#if HasResults}}
{{Current}} see you now!{{else}} {{/if}} {{/if}}
You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
Limited-time feature
39 year old man | Cutler Bay, FL, USA | Seeking women 24-38 within 100 miles of Miami, FL
Life is good, nothing wrong with great!
None of us truly know what we will feel about someone until sharing real conversation. I enjoy spending the day on my boat whenever I can. Motorcycles, cars, sports, playing pool, fine dining, cooking, grilling for friends, fishing, snorkeling, mountain biking, traveling and the beach! I'm quite the movie buff and I'm very big on quoting my favorite scenes. I love my family and they will always be important to me. I'm career minded and it is important to me. I'm a good guy, with a good heart and I'm looking for the same in a woman. If you would like to know more just ask. Hope to hear from you! Good luck on your adventures.
Camping , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Fishing/Hunting , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Playing cards , Playing sports , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Baseball, Basketball, Dancing, Football, Swimming, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I like Dogs
Calixta (R.I.P.)
Some other viewpoint
Cabo, Bahamas, Cancun and anywhere on the ocean!
Boating, motorcycles, grilling out with friends, beach, mountain biking, cold beer on a hot day
Fishing, snorkeling and just about anything on the ocean! Taking a long bicycle ride. Grilling out and hanging by the pool.
Stepping Stones to Success by Dr. O
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What he is looking for
|5'5" (165cms)
|4'0" (121cms) to 6'0" (182cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Silver, Dark blonde, Grey, Platinum, Bald
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally, Daily, Yes, but trying to quit
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker
|Executive / Management
|No preference
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home, No, Yes, and they live away from home, Yes, and they live at home
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure, Probably not, No
|White / Caucasian
|Asian, Black / African descent, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian
|High school
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


text:
Diane Oestreich's Profile
FREE Travel Newsletter
Login To Your Account
Currency (USD $)
Diane Oestreich's Profile
Bird's Underwater, Inc.
Florida, United States
Bird's Underwater is owned and operated by Captains Bill "Bird" and Diane Oestreich. We have been operating as guides in Crystal River since 1989. We offer personal attention, supervision and education to our customers. We love the manatees and have learned to balance your desire to see them with a respect for the animal, the laws and the local environment.
Our tours are intended to be educational, as well as enjoyable. We are devoted to educating the public about the plight of the manatees and helping to protect the manatees from boat propellers and other manmade hazards.
Bird's Underwater is a proud sponsor of the Manatee Fund under the guidance of the Friends of the Chassohowitzka Wildlife Refuge. Please visit their website and consider a donation to our local manatees. Free manatee literature is available upon request.
My Listings
Snorkeling with Manatees in Crystal River
Snorkel with Florida Manatees in their natural environment. Crystal River Florida is 70 miles from Orlando. Waterfront vacation rental houses also available through Bird's Underwater Dive Center. Kayaks available for rent. Winter has best conditions
Crystal River, Florida Eco Tours
Starting At:
$45 Per Person
Recently Viewed Listings
Snorkeling with Manatees in Crystal River
Crystal River, Florida Eco Tours
Free Travel Ideas Newsletter
Get your free
Travel Ideas Newsletter
full of great travel deals, destinations and adventures.
Your Name:
Your E-Mail Address
Great Destinations
Unique Vacations
Travel Services
Hot Deals
Advertise On RealAdventures
Advertising Overview
Update Your Listing
Listing Rates
Travel Deals
About RealAdventures
About Us
DMCA Policy
Feedback & Support
About Us
Feedback & Support
Copyright © 1998-2015
, All Rights Reserved.
Information provided through RealAdventures website, newsletters, emails or other services has been provided directly by the companies and/or individuals owning or offering the products/services. RealAdventures does not guarantee or warranty the accuracy of the information contained herein. It is the sole responsibility of the user to ensure the accuracy and clarity of any posted material and to determine the suitability of any service for their particular needs or requirements. Likewise, it is the responsibility of advertisers to determine the suitability and credit worthiness of potential customers prior to any transaction.
Listing # RA-1187469


text:
Gunmetal Black Ep 01
episode 14.26 / 5.00 5,180 Views
Lucina's First Day
A look at the first day of Lucina in Super Smash4.24 / 5.00 17,493 Views
BATMAN v SUPERMAN final showdown
SPOILERS!!4.19 / 5.00 14,936 Views
That just about covers it. While I believe that the main issues concerning violence are parenting and mental health (rather than more gun control, which we don't need), I still HATE it when anyone on either side of the debate tries to pass the blame onto video games. The buck may stop somewhere, but it certainly isn't stopping at my Xbox and PC.
Amen Foamy, amen.
Actually some good points made in this
I think
Kinda hard to understand his squeaky little voice
Everything you said is pretty much spot on!
I don't like the swearing but the rest of this is Great!
Nothing but Foamy truth, and for the ones stating that Foamy puts blame on another group. In this case it's the people not standing up and telling there children right from wrong. Foamy just puts on the ease in which people will find something else to blame than rather themselves. As Foamy says don't want children to f*ck up, than freaking don't get em. I see more than enough children outside today, who aren't running on al cilinders. So the question comes back fault of the child who from birth should have had special care? Or parents who should do more than just say, "Oh I have a lovely child he/she never does wrong. And like my master my EYES are FULLY openend. So I understand his rants. I suggest to anyone thinking he goes to far or places the blame on another group. WAKE UP!
Dark Knight Dragon


text:
|Found 647 Recipes
|Revise this Search New Search
Gen's Swiss Chard Tomato Pastaby Our Little Farm This is a recipe I created one day as I was running out of time to mak..
Dragon Bowlby Our Little Farm This is the recipe for Aux Vivres' (a great vegan restaurant in Montre..
Rainbow Sandwich (beets, carrots, and cabbage)by Our Little Farm A great sandwich inspired by Aux Vivres' (great vegan restaurant in Mo..
Roasted Eggplant, Peppers & Zucchini Sandwichby Our Little Farm Totally inspired by Aux Vivres' (great vegan restaurant in Montreal) S..
Haricots au thym et aux amandesby Our Little Farm EN VEDETTE: Haricot (verts ou jaunes) et ail Voici un autre plat d..
Soupe à la courgette, au basilic et au citronby Our Little Farm EN VEDETTE: Courgette, basilic, oignon et citron. Voici une recette..
Gen's Quick, Fresh and Delicious Tomato Sauceby Our Little Farm FEATURING: Garlic, eggplant, zucchini, and basil (kale and/or carrots ..
Green Beans with Almonds and Thymeby Our Little Farm FEATURING: Beans (green or yellow) and garlic This is a really quic..
Light Lemon Basil Zucchini Soupby Our Little Farm FEATURING: Zucchini, Basil and onions. Here's a zucchini basil soup..
Salade de pommes de terre-betteraves de Genby Our Little Farm EN VEDETTE: Betteraves, pommes de terre, haricots, oignon et basilic. ..
Salade crue aux haricots et tomates de Genby Our Little Farm EN VEDETTE: Haricots (jaunes ou verts), tomates, ail et basilic. Vo..
Gen's Easy Raw Bean Tomato Saladby Our Little Farm FEATURING: Beans (green or yellow), tomatoes, garlic, and basil. 3-..
Gen's Beet-Potato Saladby Our Little Farm FEATURING: Beets, potatoes, onion, beans (green or yellow) and basil. ..
Vichyssoise (Cold Potato-Leek Soup)by Our Little Farm FEATURING: Leeks, onions, potatoes, and kale. There is a bit of a d..
Easy and refreshing uncooked Oatmeal and Fruitby VivaVeganGal Make this the night before and refrigerate for a quick, easy, nutriti..


text:
J.A. Tambayan FM - Radio
Fanatics Chatroom
Respect others. No flooding.
Ayaw kumpyansa sa di kilala.
Ayaw hatag load sa manghatag tip.
Click plus sign + to register.
High speed internet connection needed to view live streaming above. > > > > > > > >Jai Alai Previous Results
|ADVANCE LINE UP (see below)
Best Numbers of the Day
[4] [10]
[5] [6] [8]
[615] [214]
[2109] [1019]
[349] [6109]
[4103] [768]
[6101] [5103]
[9105] [6102]
[1083] [813]
Internal Links:
Tambayan ng mga Jai Alai Fanatics (Jai Alai Tips)
PCSO Lotto Draw (Live @ 11am, 4pm & 9pm)
Jai Alai Live Streaming (12 midnight)
External Links:
PCSO LOTTO (Lotto Tips & Results)
PINOY EXCHANGE (Jai Alai Tips)
BET JAI ALAI (Jai Alai Tips)
Website Disclaimer
The information contained in this website is for general information purposes only. The information is provided by http://jaialai.page4.me and while we endeavour to keep the information up to date and correct, we make no representations or warranties of any kind, express or implied, about the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability or availability with respect to the website. Any reliance you place on such information is therefore strictly at your own risk... Remember: SUGAL ITO!
In no event will we be liable for any loss or damage including without limitation, indirect or consequential loss or damage, or any loss or damage whatsoever arising from loss of data or profits arising out of, or in connection with, the use of this website.
Copyright © 2011 - 2015. All rights reserved.


text:
Can tickets for tours and local attractions be purchased at the hotel?
Can we walk to a shopping center ? Is the pool warm enough for a swim ? We will be without a car most of the time ,,and want to walk to movies/cafes/shopping etc....thank you
Owners and managers, register now to answer these questions from potential guests. Register Now.


text:
Scroll to Previous Item
Scroll to Next Item
Skinny Mini Stripe Duvet Cover + Shams
No longer available
The reversible Skinny Mini Stripe Duvet Cover + Shams mixes light and dark stripes. Pair with crisp white sheets and solid accent pillows for a classic look.
60% cotton, 40% polyester.
Duvet Cover: Shell button closure; four interior corner ties keep it in place.
Shams: Envelope closure.
Select sizes are online/catalog only.


text:
Pasta Sauce With Meatballs
|Shortening/Olive oil
|4 Tablespoon
|Chopped onion
|2 Cup (32 tbs)
|Chopped green pepper
|2 1⁄2 Cup (40 tbs)
|12 Ounce
|Sausage links
|5 Ounce (1 Package, Little Links)
|Canned tomato paste
|48 Ounce (4 Cans Of 12 Ounce Each)
|Tomato paste
|4 Can (40 oz)
|Garlic powder
|1 Teaspoon
|Dried parsley flakes
|1 Tablespoon
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Grated romano cheese
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
In large skillet, heat shortening to 1/2 inch depth.
Brown onion and green pepper together.
Remove with slotted spoon and place in crock pot.
Brown meatballs in shortening remaining in skillet.
Turn carefully to brown all sides.
Remove browned meatballs with slotted spoon, draining excess grease.
Place in crock pot.
Brown sausages in same skillet; drain on absorbent towels.
Place in crock pot.
Drain grease from skillet, leaving only enough to coat the bottom.
Add tomato paste and cook over low heat to brown (bright red color will become dull red).
Stir constantly to prevent burning.
Add 2 cans water, 1 can at a time, thoroughly rinsing each can; stir to blend.
Pour over meatballs and sausages in crock pot.
Add remaining cans water to crock pot.
Add remaining ingredients; blend carefully so as not to tear meatballs.
Cover and cook on high setting for 4 to 6 hours, stirring occasionally (or on low setting for 8 to 12 hours).