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Local features such as cracks in materials are nondestructively characterized by measuring a response with an electromagnetic sensor and converting this response into a selected property using a database. The database is generated prior to data acquisition by using a model to generate a baseline response or field distribution for the sensor and combining these results with another model, which may be simpler than the first model or provide a local representation of the field perturbations around a feature, which is evaluated multiple times over a range of values of the selected property. In addition, the presence of a feature may be detected by converting the sensor response into a reference parameter, such as a lift-off factor that reflects the sensor position relative to a material edge, and using this parameter to determine a reference response that can be compared to the measured response.
1. A method for detecting a local feature in a material comprising:
providing a database of a plurality of reference responses for a sensor and a feature in a test material, a reference parameter value associated with each reference response;
disposing a sensor proximate to a test material, the sensor comprising a drive conductor for imposing a field and at least one sense element for sensing the field;
measuring a sense element response;
converting the sense element response into a sensed reference parameter value;
using the sensed reference parameter value to determine a reference response from the database; and
comparing the measured response and the determined reference response to determine presence of the local feature.
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10. A method for detecting a local feature in a material comprising:
disposing a sensor proximate to a test material, the sensor comprising a drive conductor for imposing a field and at least one sense element for sensing the field;
measuring a sense element response;
converting the sense element response into a sensed reference parameter value;
using the sensed reference parameter value to determine a reference response from the database; and
comparing the measured response and the determined reference response to determine presence of the local feature;
the sensor element response being converted into a lift-off and an effective material property.
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This application claims the benefit of now expired U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/616,963 filed Oct. 8, 2004, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The technical field of this invention is that of nondestructive materials characterization, particularly quantitative, model-based characterization of surface, near-surface, and bulk material condition for flat and curved parts or components. Characterization of bulk material condition includes (1) measurement of changes in material state, i.e., degradation/damage caused by fatigue damage, creep damage, thermal exposure, or plastic deformation; (2) assessment of residual stresses and applied loads; and (3) assessment of processing-related conditions, for example from aggressive grinding, shot peening, roll burnishing, thermal-spray coating, welding or heat treatment. It also includes measurements characterizing the material, such as alloy type, and material states, such as porosity and temperature. Characterization of surface and near-surface conditions includes measurements of surface roughness, displacement or changes in relative position, coating thickness, temperature and coating condition. Each of these includes detection of electromagnetic property changes associated with either microstructural and/or compositional changes, or electronic structure (e.g., Fermi surface) or magnetic structure (e.g., domain orientation) changes, or with single or multiple cracks, cracks or stress variations in magnitude, orientation or distribution. Spatially periodic field eddy-current sensors have been used to measure foil thickness, characterize coatings, and measure porosity, as well as to measure property profiles as a function of depth into a part, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,015,951 and 5,453,689.
Common methods for measuring the material properties use interrogating fields, such as electric, magnetic, thermal or acoustic fields. The type of field to be used depends upon the nominal properties of the test material and the condition of interest, such as the depth and location of any features or defects. For relatively complicated heterogeneous materials, such as layered media, each layer typically has different properties so that multiple methods are used to characterize the entire material. However, when successively applying each method, there is no guarantee that each sensor is placed at the same distance to the surface or that the same material region is being tested with each method without careful registration of each sensor.
A common inspection technique, termed conventional eddy-current sensing involves the excitation of a conducting winding, the primary, with an electric current source of prescribed frequency. This produces a time-varying magnetic field, which in turn is detected with a sensing winding, the secondary. The spatial distribution of the magnetic field and the field measured by the secondary is influenced by the proximity and physical properties (electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability) of nearby materials. When the sensor is intentionally placed in close proximity to a test material, the physical properties of the material can be deduced from measurements of the impedance between the primary and secondary windings. Traditionally, scanning of eddy-current sensors across the material surface is then used to detect flaws, such as cracks. A particular difficulty with eddy current sensors is the effect of material discontinuities, such as edges of the material. These edges can strongly influence the response of the sensor and potentially mask the response of cracks that commonly form at these edges.
Aspects of the methods described herein involve nondestructive evaluation of materials for the detection and characterization of local features or condition monitoring. The local features, such as cracks, are represented with notch-like features and may occur at the edges of the test material. Responses measured with a sensor are converted into effective properties, such as the length or depth of a feature or the temperature on a hidden surface by using a precomputed database of responses generated prior to data acquisition with a combination of models.
In one embodiment, a database for measuring a selected property of a local feature involves first defining the physical and geometric properties of the test material and sensor. This includes defining at least one selected property that is to be determined by measurement with sensor and a range of values for each property. The operating point parameters, such as the excitation frequency, temperature, and other environmental conditions are also defined. These values are then input to a model that neglects the presence of the local feature to determine a baseline interrogation field distribution that would be associated with the sensor. The field distribution is then input to a local model representation for the change in the field due to the presence of the local feature. The change in field values affects the input/output terminal value for the sensor, which are then stored in a database. This database can then be used with sensor measurements to determine a selected property of the evaluating a test material. In embodiments, the local feature is a notch or a crack, with a selected property the depth, length, position of the feature position relative to the sensor, sensor proximity to the test material surface, or a parameter that represents the time-varying evolutions of the feature, such as crack length as a function of the number of load cycles.
In an embodiment, a method for generating a database of sensor responses for measuring a selected property of a local feature is performed. The steps comprises of defining properties of a test material, a sensor, and the local feature in the test material. A model incorporating properties for the sensor and the material without the local feature is analyzed in order to compute an interrogation field. The computed interrogation field is inputted into a local model representing change in field in the vicinity of the feature to compute input/output terminal relation values for the sensor response for multiple values of the selected property of the local feature, and recording the terminal relation values in a database.
In an embodiment, the baseline response is obtained for a material having a complex geometry, such as a material edge, a fastener hole, or a fastener. The interrogating field for this baseline response can be determined by computationally relatively slow generic numerical methods, such as finite element or boundary element techniques. Alternatively, for a layered material geometry quasi-analytical methods can be used. In another embodiment, the geometric properties for the sensor account for a width and thickness of the conducting electrodes or windings. In an embodiment, the dominant interrogating field is an electric or a magnetic field. For an imposed magnetic field, an embodiment of the local model involves providing a parametric description of the charge on the local feature surface and in the vicinity of the feature. The surface charge is then determined from interfacial electromagnetic boundary conditions and used to calculate, in turn, the change in induced electric current caused by the presence of the feature, the change in the total magnetic field, and the sensor response.
In another embodiment, a property of a material having a complex geometry is obtained measuring a response from a sensor disposed proximate to a test material and converting the response into the property using a database of precomputed responses. The database is generated from a computational model that accounts for the complex geometry of the material, such as a material edge or the presence of a fastener, along with a simplified model that can provide a relation between the sensor response and the perturbations in the property of interest. In embodiments, the property of interest is the temperature on a hidden surface of the stress on a material.
In yet another embodiment, cracks or local features in a test material are detected by measuring a response from a sensor disposed proximate to a test material and converting the response into a reference parameter. This reference parameter is then used to obtain a reference response that can be compared to the measured response to determine if a local feature is present. The reference response can be obtained from a database of reference responses that are determined empirically or from models. In an embodiment, the sensor is placed near a material edge and the sense element response is measured at multiple positions along the edge. In another embodiment, the response is converted into a lift-off value and an effective material property, such as an electrical conductivity. In an embodiment, the reference parameter is the lift-off. In another embodiment, when the sensor is near a material edge, the reference parameter represents the sense element position over the edge. As a specific example, this reference parameter is a linear function of the lift-off.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of preferred embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which like reference characters refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention.
A description of preferred embodiments of the invention follows.
This invention is directed toward the detection and characterization of notch-like local features, such as cracks, that may even occur at the edges of a test material. The use of models that can rapidly and accurately predict the sensor response allows measured sensor responses to be converted into estimates of effective properties that can characterize the test material and the feature. Some of the effective properties of the test material, such as electrical conductivity, magnetic permeability, dielectric permittivity, and the thicknesses of material layers, such as a lift-off or sensor proximity, can be used to correct for sensor resporises near material edges or even select appropriate reference scans for filtering sensor responses. Other effective properties can represent the length, width, depth, or shape of the feature.
One of the limiting factors in establishing the response of a sensor to a notch-like feature such as a crack is the computation time required for solving the field distribution. The most accurate approach in estimating the sensor response is to solve for the electromagnetic fields in the total system composed of the sensor and the material under test (MUT) containing the notch. However, since accurate closed form solutions are not available for simplistic cases of a sensor in the presence of a uniform material, the introduction of a notch does not allow for this type of closed form solution either. Indeed, the introduction of the notch converts the two-dimensional problem of the sensor and MUT into a three-dimensional one. The conventional approach for solving this type of problem is the use of three dimensional finite element (FE) or boundary element (BE) methods, which solve Maxwell's Equations by filling the volume or surfaces of the problem with basis functions having local support (reference Strang, 1986). These functions contain unknown coefficients that must then be solved according to the governing differential equations, boundary conditions, and terminal constraints. Generally, the number of unknowns increases dramatically with the model volume in FE methods or model surface areas in BE methods. Then, introducing a feature such as a notch or a crack into the test material can take excessively long to accurately compute the sensor response, either as a scan over the material surface or for different notch sizes. In comparison, methods outlined in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/963,482 filed on Oct. 12, 2004, which published as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0127908, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference, only introduced unknown parameters along a line and provide accurate field solutions and sensor response for layered media. For a local feature or a notch, the perturbation in an imposed field is determined and the numerical discretization is only in the vicinity of the notch. This approach then allows for rapid determinations of the sensor response to a notch since only the perturbation field in the vicinity of the notch needs to be determined as the sensor position is varied.
An example magnetic field based sensor that operates in the magnetoquasistatic regime and is well-suited to this approach is shown in
The MWM-Arrays typically have one or more drive windings, possibly a single rectangle, and multiple sensing elements for inspecting the test material. Some of the motivation for the use of multiple sensing elements is to increase the spatial resolution of the material being characterized without loss of coverage, to add additional information for use in the estimation of multiple unknown material properties, and to cover large inspection areas in a faster time. These arrays can be used in both permanently mounted or scanning applications.
The dimensions for the sensor array geometry and the placement of the sensing elements can be adjusted to improve sensitivity for a specific inspection. For example, the effective spatial wavelength or four times the distance 80 between the central conductors 71 and the sensing elements 72 can be altered to adjust the sensitivity of a measurement for a particular inspection. For the sensor array of
The number of conductors used in the primary winding can be reduced further so that a single rectangular drive is used. As shown in
An efficient method for converting the response of the MWM sensor into material or geometric properties is to use grid measurement methods. These methods map two known values, such as the magnitude and phase or real and imaginary parts of the sensor impedance, into the properties to be determined and provide for a real-time measurement capability. The measurement grids are two-dimensional databases that can be visualized as "grid" that relate two measured parameters to two unknowns, such as the magnetic permeability (or electrical conductivity) and lift-off (where lift-off is defined as the proximity of the MUT to the plane of the MWM windings). For the characterization of coatings or surface layer properties, three- (or more)-dimensional versions of the measurement grids called lattices and hypercubes, respectively, can be used. Alternatively, the surface layer parameters can be determined from numerical algorithms that minimize the least-squares error between the measurements and the predicted responses from the sensor, or by intelligent interpolation search methods within the grids, lattices or hypercubes.
An advantage of the measurement grid method is that it allows for near real-time measurements of the absolute electrical properties of the material and geometric parameters of interest. The database of the sensor responses can be generated prior to the data acquisition on the part itself, so that only table lookup and interpolation operations, which are relatively fast, needs to be performed after measurement data is acquired. Furthermore, grids can be generated for the individual elements in an array so that each individual element can be lift-off compensated to provide absolute property measurements, such as the electrical conductivity. This again reduces the need for extensive calibration standards. In contrast, conventional eddy-current methods that use empirical correlation tables that relate the amplitude and phase of a lift-off compensated signal to parameters or properties of interest, such as crack size or hardness, require extensive calibrations using standards and instrument preparation.
For ferromagnetic materials, such as most steels, a measurement grid can provide a conversion of raw data to magnetic permeability and lift-off. A representative measurement grid for ferromagnetic materials is illustrated in
In addition to inductive coils, other types of sensing elements, such as Hall effect sensors, magnetoresistive sensors, SQUIDS, Barkhausen noise sensors, and giant magnetoresistive (GMR) devices, can also be used for the measurements. The use of GMR sensors for characterization of materials is described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/045,650, filed Nov. 8, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,992,482, the entire teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference. Conventional eddy-current sensors are effective at examining near surface properties of materials but have a limited capability to examine deep material property variations. GMR sensors respond to magnetic fields directly, rather than through an induced response on sensing coils, which permits operation at low frequencies, even DC, and deeper penetration of the magnetic fields into the test material. The GMR sensors can be used in place of sensing coils, conventional eddy-current drive coils, or sensor arrays. Thus, the GMR-based sensors can be considered an extension of conventional eddy-current technology that provides a greater depth of sensitivity to hidden features and are not deleteriously affected by the presence of hidden air gaps or delaminations.
For insulating or weakly conducting materials such as fiberglass composites, capacitive or dielectric sensors can be used. The sensors are the electromagnetic dual to the inductive sensors, with electric fields taking the place of magnetic fields for inspecting the materials and can be used to monitor stress or temperature, moisture content or contamination or overload of fatigue in adhesives, epoxies, glass, oil, plastics and in single or multiple layered media. Here the conductivity and dielectric constant or complex permittivity and layer thicknesses are measured using the same methods as for magnetic field sensing, except that the sensors operate in the electroquasistatic regime. In one such electric field method multiple layers of material are added to a base material with each layer sensitive to different chemicals or biological materials. These different layers may be sensitive to contaminants, biological agents, reagents, or chemical threats and can provide a change in dielectric properties to any of these other materials. By exposing such selective or sensitive material layers to a test environment, such as a gas, liquid, or fluid, the property change in the material layer can be monitored and use to assess the presence of unhealthy cells, particulate matter, or other agents. The sensitivity of the material layer may also be altered by adding other reagents.
A representative single sided sensor geometry is shown in
In this example, the model is applied to notches having a simple rectangular box shape oriented such that the faces are either parallel or perpendicular to the MUT surface to which the sensor is parallel. The material within the notch is assumed to have the properties of free space. The notch is located in one of three possible locations: surface breaking at the surface near the sensor, buried inside the MUT surfaces, or surface breaking at a MUT surface opposite the MUT surface near the sensor. For the first two cases the material may be infinitely thick, in which case only the single surface near the sensor is considered.
With the unperturbed field and currents in the MUT determined by other methods, the perturbing affect of the notch on the sensor's terminal response is to be considered. The response of the notch as detected by the sensor is due to the notch's alteration of the currents flowing in the material and therefore the magnetic flux coupled at the sensor's secondary sensing elements. The fact that the notch is nonconducting requires that no currents flow within the volume of the notch and therefore the coupling to the sensing elements by the magnetic fields produced by these currents must be subtracted. It is being assumed that the direct perturbing effect caused by the absence of these currents on the fields and currents within the volume outside of the notch will be negligible, such that at this part of the analysis the external fields and currents are assumed equivalent to those of the unperturbed system. Since the current density within the notch is treated as zero, the current density at the surface of the notch is no longer continuous and therefore conservation of charge at the surface requires:
Charge must accumulate on the surfaces of the notch such that this equation of charge conservation is obeyed. Since the system is composed of highly conducting metals and free space, only free charge will be significant (i.e., polarization charge need not be considered such that ε=ε0). The accumulated surface charge will produce an electric field which must be superimposed on the unperturbed field in enforcing (2). The MUT is assumed to have homogenous electrical properties which does not allow for volume charge accumulation to result from the perturbation field. However, the field caused by the surface charge on the notch will generally have components normal to the other MUT surfaces. In order for charge conservation to be obeyed at these surfaces, surface charge contributing to the perturbation electric field must be allowed on these surfaces also.
If the surface charge can be evaluated such that charge conservation boundary conditions can be met then the perturbation of the volume currents can also be obtained from the charge distribution. The magnetic fields created by these perturbation currents and coupled to the sensing elements can then be added to the total sensor response.
An assumption has been made here that the total electric field is simply the initial field superimposed with the field from charge sources. However, an exact solution would also account for contribution to the electric field made by the perturbation magnetic fields. Of course a complete solution would simultaneously handle the coupling of electric and magnetic fields and not necessarily approach it as an iterative perturbation. Accounting for the coupling of electric and magnetic fields is equivalent to including magnetic diffusion effects in the notch's perturbation of the initial fields. By making these simplifying assumptions, the unknowns which must be determined are reduced from vector quantities over the complete volume in a FEM approach to the scalar surface charge density quantities over a limited surface area.
The modeling method is summarized in the following steps: (1) Allow for surface charge distributions on notch and MUT surfaces in terms of unknown parameters. (2) Determine total electric field at surfaces in terms of initial electric field and perturbation electric fields from accumulated charge. (3) Impose charge conservation at surface boundaries and solve for charge distribution parameters. (4) Use charge distribution parameters to evaluate perturbation electric fields and thereby perturbation currents in the volume of the MUT surrounding the notch. (5) Calculate the magnetic flux produced by perturbation currents and coupled to sensing elements. (6) Add perturbation in sensing element terminal voltage resulting from coupled magnetic flux to total sensing element terminal voltage as calculated using layered models. (7) Subtract perturbation in sensing element terminal voltage resulting from the absence of layered model currents within the volume of the notch.
As mentioned in the preceding steps, the surface charge density on the surfaces of the notch and the MUT needs to be defined in terms of unknown parameters. Due to the rectangular geometries involved (i.e., rectangular notch faces and perimeter of notch on the MUT surfaces), a bilinear interpolation method is applied in which the charge density within a rectangular region can be determined in terms of the corner values. The charge within these rectangular cells is described by:
Larger rectangular surfaces regions can be formed by locating equally sized bilinear regions on a regular grid (with grid spacing-equivalent to cell dimensions), such that adjacent edges of the smaller bilinear regions share corner points. The result is a surface region with a surface charge density that is continuous. This method is sufficient to cover the surfaces involved, which include the faces of the notch that border the conductive MUT and a rectangular perimeter around the notch on the MUT surfaces. Surface breaking notches are handled by choosing an appropriate cell size for the MUT surface such that the cells on the surface breaking face of the notch can be omitted in a way that allows the immediate perimeter of the notch face to remain completely covered by cells. The MUT surfaces do not require coverage of infinite extent since the surface charge accumulated on these surfaces will decay with distance from the notch to a point where the surface charge density can be assumed as zero with minimal error. It should also be noted that there is no requirement that the surface charge density be continuous at edges of non-coplanar surfaces that intersect, such as along edges of the notch where the faces intersect.
Although it is sufficient to use a single rectangular cell size and a single large rectangular region of cells per surface, it is not optimal in terms of the number of unknowns that will ultimately need to be determined. Therefore it is desired to use multiple rectangular regions of cells, each possibly using a different cell size to cover the required region of a surface. The lack of a requirement that charge be continuous on meeting edges of non-coplanar sides does not apply here since the surface that will contain these multiple larger rectangular regions is indeed coplanar with itself. Moreover, one expects the surface charge on a planar surface to be continuous in the absence of any geometric or electric property discontinuities. This means that the surface charge density along the edge of two larger rectangular regions should be continuous. However, the desire to allow different cell sizes within these rectangular regions will not allow a strict continuity to be achieved. Fortunately no derivatives of the surface charge functions will be taken in calculations, but rather the charge functions will be used in integration (summation) reducing any errors created by a discontinuity.
However, for the purposes of numerical stability, a pseudo-continuity is still required. This becomes an issue when boundary conditions on charge conservation are applied. If the surface charge density at the meeting edges of these rectangular regions are not coupled in some way, boundary conditions imposed along the edge may be met numerically as the result of two large oppositely signed charge density values, one from each region, in the vicinity of the point at which the boundary condition is imposed. This type of behavior would produce non-physical solutions and a poor predicted sensor response.
To impose this pseudo-continuity, one of the meeting edges is designated as the driving edge, typically the one with a large cell size, while the other is designated as the driven edge. Edges of a rectangular region meeting with multiple other rectangular regions may have its edge segmented into driving and driven pieces. The cell corner values from the driven edge are determined in terms of the cell corner values of the driving edge by applying (3).
An example for the location of cells and corner points can be seen in
Choosing the optimal size and distribution of cells and rectangular regions is a balance between accuracy and speed. FE and BE methods typically employ methods of evaluating the size and location of errors and refine the mesh to improve accuracy to a specified level. Although these types of methods could be employed, a more simplistic approach of investigating the effects of increasing the number of cells on the terminal response was employed.
The electric field can now be determined as the superposition of the electric field from the non-perturbed problem Ē0({right arrow over (r)}) and the electric field due to the accumulated surface charge Ē1({right arrow over (r)}), such that the total electric field is:
Equation (3) provides an expression for the surface charge within each cell in terms of the four corner charge density values. One approach is to carry out the integration of (6) after substituting the surface charge expression. Since the charge density values at the corners are constants with position, this would result in an expression for Ē1({right arrow over (r)}) that is linear in terms of these corner values. However, the analytic expression for this integration is rather complex and therefore a numerical approach to evaluating (6) is pursued.
A numerical approach may seem less attractive with the possibility of an analytic expression, but in this case the numerical integration may generally be performed rapidly. This is due to the specifics of the charge distribution {circumflex over (ρ)}fs({right arrow over (r)}′) within a cell having less of an impact on the integral than the total charge contained within the cell, as the distance from the cell to the point where the electric field is being evaluated is increased. Therefore when |{right arrow over (r)}−{right arrow over (r)}′| is sufficiently large, all of the charge within the cell can be located at a single point and the simple expression for the field from a point charge can be employed. The total charge within the cell is easily evaluated, due to the bilinear interpolation scheme used, as:
By breaking these cells down into sufficiently small sub-cells, it is generally possible to make the electric field at {right arrow over (r)} dependent only on net charge in the sub-cell and not on its specific distribution. In this case the electric field contribution from the charge within a cell can be determined as the summation over the sub-cells by again using the expression for a point charge. The net charge in the sub-cells is then determined from the bilinear interpolation expression for the charge density within the cell and the sub-cell dimensions as:
With the surface charge density defined in terms of unknown parameters (charge density at cell corners) and a method for calculating the perturbation electric field, the boundary condition on charge conservation can now be enforced at the surfaces. The electric field on the conducting side of a surface �s in (2) is now replaced with the total electric field such that:
In the true solution this equation would be exact at every point, however with a finite number of parameters defining the charge distribution there is no guarantee that the available charge distributions will fall exactly into the true solution space. Therefore the best one can hope for is that the error in (10) is generally small, such that the solution is approximately true (note that here true refers the solution to the perturbation problem with its assumptions which is usually not equal to the true full solution to the notch problem). Numeric techniques often handle the problem of not having solutions covering the complete solution space by integrating (10) over a finite number of areas usually equal to the number of unknowns and imposing the resulting set of equations in lieu of the original boundary condition equation. In FE techniques the integration is normally accompanied by weighting functions, which under special conditions can guarantee the solution found is the closest of the available solutions to the actual solution in the norm sense.
The method of collocation chooses the weighting functions as impulses, which does not guarantee the closest solution, but allows for the rapid generation of the set of equations defining the solution. This method is equivalent to enforcing (10) at a number of locations equal to the number of unknown. Therefore the surface locations of enforcement are chosen to coincide with the cell corners that are free parameters (i.e., corners not being interpolated from another cell's edge).
The final difficulty that lies in building the set of equations to be solved pertains to the evaluation of Ē1({right arrow over (r)}) with {right arrow over (r)} positioned an incremental distance from the surface at the locations where (10) is being enforced. The issue can be observed in equation (6) when the summations reaches the cells near the point at which Ē1({right arrow over (r)}) is being evaluated. Here the quantity |{right arrow over (r)}−{right arrow over (r)}′| will approach zero and subdividing the cells into more and more sub-cells will only result in values of |{right arrow over (r)}−{right arrow over (r)}′b| becoming closer to zero. Numerically this will result in a summation of large values that will not have an appropriate convergence to a finite value.
Since the boundary condition only requires the normal component of the field, the contributions from the coplanar cells can be handled in a numerically stable way. The continuity (jump) condition relating the electric field to the surface charge is:
Although it may appear that a sufficient number of equations can be created from (13) to match the number of unknowns, these equations are not completely independent and one additional equation is required. In the unperturbed state (i.e., the MUT with no notch) the current in the MUT has no divergence and there is also no accumulated charge. Since perturbation from the notch decays with the distance from the notch, the limit of the closed surface integral of the current will approach zero as the surface is moved away from the notch. This indicates no net charge should be enclosed in the volume that this surface surrounds. Since all the charge in the system has been located on the bilinear interpolation cells, the integral of the charge over all cells must be zero also. Since the net charge in each cell can be determined by (7) this constraint can be expressed as:
It is useful to note that in forming the matrix M, no specific information was included about the unperturbed electric field Ē0({right arrow over (r)}) (although the matrix does contain information about the frequency ω). This is significant with respect to computational efficiency because the matrix M can be factored once into an LU form (lower triangular times an upper triangular matrix), which can then be used to rapidly solve for ρ with different RHS vectors E0 by back substitution (strictly, M is a rectangular matrix due to the additional equation on total charge, since it is known that this is an independent equation it can be added to any of the other equations to preserve M as square). In practice, this allows for the sensor position to be translated with respect to the MUT or rotated parallel to the MUT surface with no computational effort spent on recalculating matrix coefficients or factoring the matrix. In these cases the majority of the computation will result from the remaining task of computing volume perturbation currents and their affect on terminal voltages.
The approximate perturbation in the sensing element voltage can now be calculated by the application of Faraday's Integral Law to the mean contour of the winding by assuming that the winding forming the element has zero perturbation current density and therefore a zero electric field inside. The resulting expression for the perturbation voltage is:
The perturbation current
The unperturbed electric fields are determined from the chosen description method of Ē0({right arrow over (r)}) in the problem specification, while the perturbation field is evaluated at any position not coincident with charged surfaces by using the solution vector ρ and (9).
In order to avoid a complex expression involving the integration of the terms of the sum found in (9) along with the issues associated with incremental distances from charged surfaces and the likely numerical representation of Ē0({right arrow over (r)}), the integral of (18) will be evaluated numerically. The volume of integration will be divided up into volumetric cells. The integral has the behavior that as the distance |{right arrow over (r)}−{right arrow over (r)}′| becomes large compared to the cell size, the actual distribution of
A second approximation is now made in evaluating
The structure of the volume cell layout used is shown in
The remaining position vector {right arrow over (r)} can then be represented parametrically in s for the segment starting with the gth node as:
For which the integral can be solved analytically giving the expression for the perturbation in the terminal voltage of a sensing element:
Thus far it has been assumed that the unperturbed electric field Ē0({right arrow over (r)}), used in forming the vector E0 for the system matrix equation, can be simply calculated at will; depending on the modeling techniques utilized, their evaluation may be computational expensive. When simulations are being performed where, for example, a notch is being translated across the MUT surface or rotated in the plane of the MUT this would often result in repetitive computation of unperturbed fields at similar locations. Therefore, in practice, it is often useful to evaluate the unperturbed fields in the region of interest on regular grid intervals before starting notch perturbation simulations. Assuming that a sufficient density of points can be included in the region, the unperturbed electric field can be calculated at the specific points required from the regular grid using linear or other higher order interpolation schemes with sufficiently small error. In addition to the reduction in redundant computation, this method of evaluating the electric field simplifies the required dynamic interaction between implementations of the perturbed and unperturbed models.
It is worth commenting on some of the possible issues surrounding the application of a perturbation model for a notch as described. The chosen perturbing effects of the notch have been introduced to resolve two basic conflicts with the unperturbed model, created by its presence. These conflicts consist of the nonzero current density of the unperturbed model in the nonconducting region of the notch and the divergent current density at the notch surfaces which results from subtracting these currents. The divergence of the current at the other MUT surfaces, which arises as a result of addressing the two preceeding conflicts, is also accounted for. However, in a system in which the MUT is magnetically permeable, the presence of the notch also creates a conflict in the relation between the magnetic field intensity
As a simple illustration of the use of this method, a uniform magnetic field, tangential to the surface, is assumed. This results in a current density of the form
Simulations were conducted for current distributions with three different skin depths equal to one third, one, and three times the notch depth. This range of skin depth is sufficient to allow the determination of current distribution regimes where the perturbation model may become inaccurate by the observation of unexpected field behavior. To better observe the behavior of the current distributions, two types of plots have been included for each unperturbed skin depth.
The first type of plot only includes information about the magnitude of the time-harmonic representation of the surface charge density and current density. Since the surface charge is a scalar quantity located on the notch and MUT surfaces only, it is directly indicated. To avoid obstructing the sides of the notch, the surface charge density on the MUT surface has been partially cut away. In comparison to the surface charge density, the current density is a vector quantity located throughout the volume and therefore is only indicated on two planes. One plane is positioned away from the notch such that the current density is equivalent to the unperturbed quantity, while the other cuts through the center of the notch; both planes are oriented normal to the unperturbed current direction. The component of the current density normal to these planes is indicated in each plot, however, due to the symmetry of the problem and the chosen plane locations, the current density is normal to these planes and therefore no vector information is lost.
The second type of plot includes information on the instantaneous values of current and charge density for a chosen phase of the sinusoidal cycle. The electric field lines or equivalently the lines of current flow are generally changing with time, due to the phase dependence of the unperturbed current density as a function of depth and therefore must be visualized at a specific instance of time within the periodic cycle. Each plot contains six field lines labeled a through with starting coordinates: a—(125, 300, −δ/2), b—(75, 300, −δ/2 ), c—(25, 300, −δ/2), d—(−25, 300, −δ/5), e—(−75, 300, −δ/5), and f—(−125, 300, −δ/5). The instantaneous charge density is also shown on the notch surfaces in addition to the MUT surface. However, the charge density on the MUT surface has been plotted, such that its transparency is inversely related to its intensity, to keep it from visually obscuring the field lines. In addition, the current density normal to a plane is displayed in a region away from the notch where the current density is approximately that of the unperturbed density.
An important characteristic of the unperturbed field with respect to the instantaneous phase is the location of planes parallel to the surface where the current density is exactly zero. The location of these planes can be calculated from the expression for the current density as:
The zero current planes, which are located near the MUT surface and intersect the notch, will be relevant in understanding field line behavior in later discussion.
Consider the case where the skin depth is three times as large as the notch depth. Since the skin depth is significantly larger than the notch depth, this case starts to approach the case of a notch in an infinitely long homogeneous conductor where the skin effect is neglected.
The representative instantaneous plot of
The reduction of the skin depth so that it is equal to that of the notch depth produces the plot of quantity magnitudes shown in
It is again emphasized that this rotation of the unperturbed current does not require the reformulation or re-factoring of the matrix used to evaluate the surface charge density and therefore the surface charge density can be rapidly calculated for any rotation. The simulation results for a skin depth of 375 μm and a rotation angle of 45 degrees are similar to those shown in
The perturbation modeling technique was also tested by comparison with measurement data provided by an MWM array. Measurements were performed on metals containing surface breaking notches created through EDM methods and actual surface breaking cracks produced by cyclic fatigue. The EDM notches provide measurement data for which the actual notch shape and dimensions are known to a sufficient accuracy. In contrast to the notches, the subsurface structure of an actual crack is of much less certain and is often inferred from surface characteristics such as length. The measurement of these cracks demonstrates the practical use of the modeling approach for use in the estimation of crack size when a rectangular shape is assumed in place of the complex and unknown morphology of an actual crack. The prediction of the impedance response, as the sensor is scanned over a notch, results from the combination of the layered-media modeling techniques described in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/963,482 filed on Oct. 12, 2004, which published as U.S. Patent Application Publication 2005/0127908, and the perturbation model. In the absence of either feature, the MUT can typically be approximated as having electrical properties which are constant over an area of the MUT surface having dimensions similar to the features of interest. Since the impedance data generated by scanning the sensor over the feature will be primarily influenced by its presence at the point when the sensor's windings are in close proximity to the feature, impedance data on the perimeter of that affected can be used to estimate electrical properties. These electrical properties can then be used in the layered models to evaluate the current distribution within the material in the absence of a notch, which serves as the unperturbed current distribution required by the perturbation model. By translating this current distribution relative to the modeled notch and simultaneously translating the paths of(27), which correspond to the locations of the secondary sensing elements, the perturbation of the secondary voltage as a function of position is calculated. The resulting impedance response in the vicinity of the notch is calculated by:
The array used for measurements was similar in construction to that shown in
Since the greatest response is expected when the feature interrupts the greatest amount of current, the long dimension of the notch or crack was oriented perpendicular to the main direction of induced eddy currents within the material. Although the perturbation analysis technique allows for the arbitrary positioning of the notch relative to the sensor, the feature was positioned such that it would fall directly below a single sensing element in order to simplify comparisons. This was accomplished by locating the sensing elements within the measured data which indicated a response to the feature, adjusting the position of the sensor in a direction orthogonal to the scan direction, and repeating the scan until the response was primarily contained within the measurements of a single sensing element.
Measurements were made on three EDM notches of differing sizes located within a stainless steel material with a thickness of 0.050 in. (1.27 mm). Each of the notches had an approximate width of 0.005 in.(0.127 mm) and a depth equal to one half the length, such that the cross-section was semicircular in shape. The three notches measured were 0.030, 0.050, and 0.090 in. (0.762, 1.27, and 2.29 mm) in length. Although the notches were semicircular in geometry, the existing numerical implementation of the perturbation model required a rectangular notch geometry which was the geometry used in all simulated responses.
Since the thickness of the material is known, the conductivity of the material and lift-off of the sensor can be determined from a single frequency measurement of the impedance in areas away from the notch. These values are readily determined from two-dimensional measurement grids.
In order to compare the predicted impedance response and the measured impedance response, the measured data was first shifted along the scan direction to provide good agreement between the shapes of the responses. This was necessary due to the difficulty in accurately adjusting the position of the sensor relative to position of the notch to a known distance during data acquisition. Initial comparisons between the measured impedance response and those produced by (30) revealed that although the structure of the theoretical response was in good agreement, the magnitude of the response varied from that predicted by more than a factor of 2. Several possible sources of this discrepancy exist including: the semicircular nature of the notch as compared to the rectangular model, non-canceling numerical errors resulting from the use of one model for the predicting the unperturbed current density and a different for evaluating the perturbation response, approximation errors resulting from ignoring diffusion effects in the perturbation currents, mathematical errors, and implementation errors. Due to the difficulty in resolving the source of this type of error and the good response shape agreement, a frequency dependent complex correction factor was chosen to scale the perturbation in the impedance response such that the impedance response is determined by:
The quantity {circumflex over (Z)}0 is subtracted from the measured response due to the fact that the correction factor effects only the deviation in the predicted response from this value. Since both measured and theoretical responses are known only numerically, the best fit correction factor which minimizes the error can be determined from:
Based on the responses observed for each of the three notches, the correction factor was determined using a scan range of −0.150 in. to +0.150 in. The best fit correction factors calculated for each notch size and measurement frequency are listed in Table 1. The errors presented reflect an "energy" error as a fraction of the "energy" in the corrected response, which is described by:
The averages of the complex factors from each notch are also indicated in the table along with the errors associated with using the average factor rather than that producing the best fit response. The "Best Fit Error Density" is associated with the "Best Fit Scale Factor" which provides the best fit for a specific notch, while the "Average Error Density" for each notch is based on the use of the average scale factor for the particular measurement frequency. The corrected theoretical response and the measured response of the 0.050�0.005�0.025 in. notch at 316 kHz are shown in
Comparisons of measured and corrected theoretical response were also made for an excitation frequency of 3.16 MHz. As indicated by the tabulated errors, the match between experiment and simulations are not as good as those at 316 kHz. However, they do contain a majority of the significant features of the response structure. For example, the change in shape of the response from a clear double peak to a mostly single peaked response as the length of the notch increases from 0.030 in. to 0.090 in. is captured. In addition, the overall amplitudes of the responses generally track the change in notch size.
Measurements were also performed on samples having real cracks. In this case, there were three cracks of different sizes located in thick titanium plates. Although the true dimensions of these cracks were not exactly known, values exist based on the observable surface length and the use of this length to determine depth values from empirical correlation charts obtained through destructive testing of other samples. The goal here was to compare the impedance response of the measured cracks with the response from the perturbation model using a rectangular representation of the notch. The expected dimensions are initially considered in simulations and errors between measured and theoretical responses are evaluated in order to find alternate crack dimensions which produce a better match in response.
The crack specimens obtained were produced in a laboratory environment by applying a cyclic load to the titanium plates. However, in order to cause crack initiation to occur in a desirable location and to decrease the possibility of multiple initiation sites, EDM notches were created in the plates before loads were applied. The notches have the effect of locally concentrating stresses in their vicinity and therefore promoting the formation of a crack during cyclic fatigue. Since the presence of the notch will in itself produce a significant sensor response, metal is removed from the surface after the fatigue process is complete so that only the crack remains. A variety of crack sizes were produced by the intrinsic variability of the material and by altering parameters of the cyclic loading such as the number of cycles. Since only the surface of the material can be directly observed without a destructive analysis of the material containing the crack, crack size and morphology can only be estimated for intact cracks. This estimation is typically made by performing a destructive analysis on a representative portion of a population of cracks. The resulting data can be used to provide a statistical relation between the directly measurable surface length of a crack and the depth of the crack. However, due to the complex geometry of a typical crack and the degree of randomness in crack growth, it may be difficult to always predict what lies below the surface with accuracy using this method.
Although the actual width of the crack was not directly measured, it may be significantly smaller than either the length or the depth since no material is removed as in the case of an EDM notch. The width is primarily dependent on residual stresses within the material which may either cause the crack to be closed in a local area of compression or pulled open in a local area of tension. Due to the fact that extreme relative dimensions in geometry may lead to errors and excessive computations in reaching a numerical solution, a notch width of 0.002 in. was used for all notch simulations. It is expected that the impedance response will be somewhat independent of width as long as both actual crack and simulated notch width values are small compared to both sensor dimensions and the skin depth. The simulated responses of this section also utilize the correction factors obtained from the EDM notches of the preceding section.
In comparing the measured impedance response of each crack to notches with various dimensions, the degree of match is expressed in terms of an energy error. However, unlike the comparisons of the previous section which used (35), the energy error was expressed relative to the energy of the measured response by:
The error was again evaluated over the scan range of −0.150 in. to 0.150 in. for each comparison.
Table 2 presents comparisons for a crack with expected dimensions of 0.034�0.012 in. The comparisons are presented in terms of an energy error relative to the energy of the measured response. The minimal error appears in bold for each measurement frequency and shows reasonable agreement between the predicted and measured responses.
This approach of combining the results of a relatively slow model for determining a nominal field distribution along with a local model for rapidly computing response variations can also be applied to material with complex geometries. An example application is health monitoring of thermal protection systems. Typically the sensor cannot be placed directly in the area of interest and measurements must be performed through or around adjacent materials that may not be exposed to the extreme conditions of the protection system. For example,
Another example application is stress management during assembly. Fasteners are commonly used to join material layers and considerable effort goes into ensuring that they are tightened to a proper torque setting. Furthermore, manufacturing and cold forming processes commonly result in significant residual stresses that require heat treatment for removal. Mounting of sensors in the vicinity of complex geometries, such as fastener holes, can permit the monitoring of the stresses in the fastener or material layers.
Another desirable attribute for the characterization of local features such as cracks or notches is to be able to compensate or account for deterministic variables in the measurement, such as the location of a sense element over the edge of a test material or even the lift-off variation associated, for example, with varying paint layer thicknesses. This can be achieved by a using measurement information away from the local feature, for example to determine the sensor lift-off, or the response of the sense element itself where part of the sense element is hanging off of the part. One such example is shown in
The appropriate signature scan for filtering the response data is determined through a lift-off factor. The lift-off factor is a linear function of the mean effective lift-off h in a short section of the scan preceding the EDM-notch response and defined by
The constant ho is chosen so that the lift-off factor is zero for the position of the sensing element relative to the edge that produces the largest EDM-notch response. The constant a is chosen so that the lift-off factor varies from approximately −1 to 1 over the range of positions of a sensing element relative to the edge for which it is the member of the array most sensitive to the EDM-notch. Note that a lift-off factor can be calculated for each sensing element independently. In
Note that the procedure for determining the lift-off factor involved performing a series of scans over a notch along the edge of a test material. This allowed a signature response database to be obtained, so that measurements on test parts could use the lift-off factor to determine the appropriate reference scan for filtering of the data. The shape filtering of data is described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,784,662 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/345,883, filed Jan. 15, 2003, now abandoned, and which published as U.S. Patent Application Publication 2003/0164700, and pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/229,844, filed Sep. 19, 2005, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. This filtering allows the measurement data to be compared to the reference response to highlight the presence of a crack. Note that the signature responses can be determined empirically or through numerical methods. Furthermore interpolation between reference scans can be used to create the final reference scan compared to the measurement data. This lift-off factor can also be used to correct the response of adjacent sense elements in a sensor array. For example, this reference parameter could be used to select the appropriate response signature for the adjacent element, assuming a notch or crack at the edge, which should provide complementary information about any indicated flaws and may help to reduce the false call rate.
While the inventions have been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.
The following references are also incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
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Spotify Inks Universal Music Deal, Really Close Now To U.S. Launch
There may soon be even more competition in the cloud music streaming arena as Spotify has just signed on Universal Music Group, bringing it one more label closer to a U.S. launch. Spotify has already signed EMI and Sony Music, leaving now just Warner Music to coaxed on board. The service has been incredibly popular in Europe with an almost cult following, but it's uncertain if that will translate to success across the Atlantic.

subset: commoncrawl


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Sunday, June 7th through September
The Village of Page will be sprayed for mosquitoes every Sunday evening through September starting on June 7.
Summer Reading at the Spencer Library
Summer Reading at the Spencer Library on July 6th, the 13th, 20th & the 22nd at 1 p.m. On the 13th of July The Teacher Rangers will present an outreach program for libraries.
There will be a Royal Q125 meeting on Monday, July 6th at the Royal Gym. They will be finalizing all the plans for the celebration on July 17th, 18th & 19th.
DW's Pub in Ewing will be closed on Monday, July 6th.
A car seat inspection station will be held on Tuesday, July 7th from 10:30 a.m. to 6 p.m. Please call 402-336-5122 to make an appointment and be sure to bring your child with you! 95% of Holt County's children are NOT correctly secured and are traveling at risk. Don't risk the life of your child, have trained technicians assist you with your child's car seat!
There will be a Boating Safety Class at the Atkinson Fire Hall on July 8th & 9th starting at 7 p.m. both nights. There is a $20 fee to cover the cost of materials. You must attend both nights to successfully complete the course. Please pre register so we have the correct number of materials on hand by calling 402-340-0359. Anyone born after December 31, 1985 must complete this course to be able to legally operate a boat or a jet ski.
The O'Neill Country Club Ladies League will host their annual Women's 9-Hole Scramble on Wednesday, July 8th. Tee-off begins at 5:30 PM. This scramble is open to the public. Teams of two for $30/person, which includes a team mulligan, prizes and supper. To sign up, please call the OCC at (402) 336-1676. Any additional questions can be directed to Tracy Dennis at
The 35th Annual North Star ABATE Poker Run will be held Saturday, July 11th. They will leave North Star in Dixon SD between noon and 1 p.m. If you have any questions or would like more information please call 605-830-1535
Dance Camp is coming to O'Neill July 13th through July 17th from 5:45 p.m. to 7:45 p.m. Learn different steps with fun combinations of Jazz, Hip-Hop and Ballet. It's for both boys and girls ages 7 to 17! For more information contact Tiffani at 402-340-1146
There will be a Red Cross Blood Drive at the O'Neill Community Center on Saturday, July 18th during the Summerfest Vendor Fair. The blood drive will run 9-3 and if you would like to donate you can call 402-340-4990 to make an appointment. Walk ins are welcome
The Orchard Glow Run will be held Friday, July 24th with a start time of 9:30 p.m. Meet at Hammer Insurance at 8:30 p.m. for glow sticks, t-shirt and instructions. Proceeds benefit OC Cyclones Booster Club and OC Girls Basketball team. Sponsored by Hammer Insurance and Antelope Memorial Hospital. If pre-registered by July 17th cost is $15 without a t-shirt and $20 with a t-shirt. Glow sticks are included in the price. Registration after July 18th is $20 T-shirts not included. There will be a prize awarded for best dressed. Contact Hammer Insurance 402-893-2050 or email email@example.com
Everest Conquering Challenges with God's Mighty Power Vacation Bible School will be Sunday, July 26th through Thursday, July 30th at First United Methodist Church in O'Neill. Each day begins with supper at 5:45 p.m. and the day ends at 8:30 p.m. For more information please call 402-336-1883
Boating Safety Course offered on July 31st from 6 to 9 p.m. at the Holt County Annex meeting room at 128 N 6th in O'Neill. State law requires this class for anyone born after December 31, 1985 that is at least 14 years old. The requirement is for those that will be operating a motorized water craft (boats, personel watercraft or any motorized watercrafts) on any Nebraska waters. The cost is $10 for a life time license. This is a pre-study class. To study for the 3 hour review/test out session you will need to go to http;//outdoornebraska.ne.gov/boating/guides/boating/bgeducate.asp Get the study materials and study before the class to be able to test out. You will also need to call Donna Robinson at 402-416-3139 and register for this class. If you are unable to download the material, please contact Donna to mail a book to you.
Atkinson Head Start 2015/2016 School Year
The Atkinson Head Start Center is taking applications for the 2015/2016 school year. Clients must bring copy of income verification documents (most current income tax form, or a year's worth of paycheck stubs etc.) to attach to the completed application form.
Children must be 3-4 years old to be eligible. Children with disabilities are also encouraged to apply. It is not necessary for children to be present for the application process.
Your cooperation in coming to the Head Start Center to put in your application will be appreciated. For more information call the Head Start Staff at 402-925-2058 or stop in at 406 East 2nd Street Monday through Thursday 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. Head Start is a comprehensive child development program sponsored by Central Nebraska Community Services, Loup City, NE.
Call KBRX at (402) 336-1612
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To make wadis or squares, Grease a plate with some ghee.
Take a heavy bottom pan and heat it.
Add jaggery to it. Let it melt.
Now add ghee and mix thoroughly.
Make sure heat is on low.
Add sesame seeds and mix nicely.
Turn off the heat. And mix it thoroughly.
Now pour it in the greased plate. Flatten it with a bowl greased at the bottom.
Form a thin layer. Make squares with a knife.
When it cools separate the sqaures and store or serve.


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Dan Bongino
Landmark Supreme Court Decisions; MD Congressional Candidate Dan Bongino.; Tightening up DC Voter RollsComment
On today's NewsTalk
Dan Bongino to announce run for Maryland's 6th districtComment
Former U.S. Secret Service agent Dan Bongino has scheduled a news conference for Tuesday in Frederick at the American Legion. He is also set to attend a meet and greet at Smokey Glen Farms in Gaithersburg on Tuesday evening.
Dan Bongino eyeing Maryland's 6th District seatComment
Dan Bongino says he is eyeing the 6th District seat that Democratic Rep. John Delaney won from former Rep. Roscoe Bartlett last year.
Rob Sobhani renews calls for inclusion into Cardin, Bongino debateComment
Independent candidate Rob Sobhani is citing recent poll results that show he is as competitive as Bongino to show he should be included in Maryland senate debates.
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|All my favorites are fantastic
Better Than Kalteen Bars: SPN vore fanficWarning: This story and its following parts all contain vore. If you are unfamiliar with vore, I would highly advise not reading this. Otherwise, read at your own risk.Better Than Kalteen Bars: SPN vore fanfic by Stefani6268
Weird. The practically alien piece of gun-shaped machinery reflected the moonlight as Dean gazed down at it. It was a beautiful night out, so why not spend it outside? After all, Sam was sleeping inside the motel, and he hadn't been shown the weird device yet. Wait. Perhaps another time would work. He didn't want Sam to know... what the thing was capable of just yet.
The older Winchester brother let out a sigh as he rocked back and forth on the swinging bench. The pond it faced, located behind the hotel, sparkled from moonlight in the same way as the gun. It was quite a calming setting, that is, until the paper bag that rested on Dean's lap began to fidget again. He grunted. "You going to shut up in there or what?"
A tiny, feminine voice answered, somewhat faint due to the bag. "This makes no sense! There
Frozen: The First Time In Forever (Part III)Warning: This story and its previous parts all contain vore. If you are unfamiliar with vore, I would highly advise not reading this. Otherwise, read at your own risk.Frozen: The First Time In Forever (Part III) by Stefani6268
The sunlight shining through a stained glass window caught the multiple pieces of fine ice that made up Elsa's gown. The radiant dress acted as a prism as the light collided with it, causing a million faint, tiny rainbows to dance around the periphery of the room. The woman looked absolutely stunning, which must've emphasized the fact that she was about to be stunned by what Kristoff would soon explain to her. He gulped silently as he rose from the chair and approached the ice queen.
Who knew what she would do to him? Anna was pretty positive that Arendelle's queen would never hurt anyone on purpose, but he still felt as though we was about to be transformed into a fancy life-sized ice sculpture. Then again, why would she do that if she knew her sister was inside of him? 'Well, she's going to have to know eventu
Frozen: The First Time In Forever (Part II)Warning: This story and its following parts all contain vore. If you are unfamiliar with vore, I would highly advise not reading this. Otherwise, read at your own risk.Frozen: The First Time In Forever (Part II) by Stefani6268
A million perturbed thoughts rapidly swarmed like angry hornets locked away in the confines of Kristoff's brain as the blond man raced down the paved road on his reindeer companion. Despite the high velocity Sven was running at, as well as the occasional jerks as he narrowly avoided obstacles planted on the narrow street, Kristoff didn't dare open his mouth, for the last thing he needed was for Anna to come plummeting out and end up lost in the oblivion. Fortunately, he seemed to have her firmly secured in place, so accidentally swallowing his fiancée was currently the least of his worries. However, the frantic uproar within his mind didn't help to calm him down in any way possible.
'What if we don't get to the palace in time? What if Anna freezes before we can do anything about it? What will
Frozen: The First Time In Forever (Part I)Warning: This story and its following parts all contain vore. If you are unfamiliar with vore, I would highly advise not reading this. Otherwise, read at your own risk.Frozen: The First Time In Forever (Part I) by Stefani6268
"How did you even get here!? I thought I sent you back to Weasel Town where you belong!"
"Weselton! It's called Weselton! Not Weasel Town!"
"I don't care if it's called Bikini Bottom! You were supposed to go back and stay back. Now get out of my kingdom!!
The sound of Elsa's booming voice sent Anna tumbling head over feet towards the grand entrance to where she could see her sister howling at the wretched old Duke. After slipping on the polished floor two times in a row, Anna had failed to hear the old man's reasons for slithering back to Arendelle. At this point, she wondered if she should even get involved in the matters. Elsa seemed to have everything under control... or so she thought.
"You icy monster! If you'd just give me what I want then maybe-"
"What you want is unreasona
Hey My names Stephanie, but I prefer to spell it the way I did in my username. ^.^ I'm really into music and stuff like that. Also, as you can probably see, I'm a huge fan of Lady Gaga I used to submit a lot of crazy deviations, but I've been sticking to literature, lately.
I don't really share that much information about myself with other people unless I trust them with it But I'm a really friendly person and I definitely like talking to people. I'm not a mean person, and I don't like fighting with others.
As mentioned above, I used to submit a lot of stuff, though now the central focus is literature. Some literature is somewhat inappropriate for others, so I'm sorry for anyone with curious eyes I'm also into poetry and song lyrics!
That being said, a few things in my gallery contain something called vore. If you know what it is, keep this in mind: If you don't know what it is, please don't look it up -.- Even though I like the stuff, it isn't my fetish. I don't even have a fetish, unless liking guys who are muscular and taller than me counts... Anyway, I hope you enjoy my page! Have a nice day
|Just curious to see if I can get enough points for a premium and I noticed a lot of people do this. Make a donation and I'll love you forever! I'll also comment on something.


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Factory Girl Gallery
The turbulent life of New York It girl and mid-60s fashion icon Edie Sedgwick (played by Sienna Miller) forms the basis of Factory Girl, an intriguing look at the darker side of celebrity and fame. Check out photos of Sienna in action…
Roll your mouse over the left and right-hand sides of the image and then click to view more pictures.
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Read our review of Factory Girl our interview with Sienna Miller
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- Batman V Superman: Dawn of Justice - Teaser Poster Gallery
- Jurassic World (Chris Pratt/Bryce Dallas Howard) Poster Gallery
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Have you stopped watching either of the big companies b/c of the Indy ones if so which one. And what would they have to do to win u back?
Andy: Nope. I'm a fan of wrestling, pure wrestling, but I enjoy the entertainment aspect significantly more.
Chris: Does NXT count as an indy show? lol NXT is one of the biggest reasons why I have stopped watching TNA for reasons I have already mentioned above. Even their Divas division....YES!
Bryan: Well if TNA counts as an Indy company than I did stop watching WWE for a while when they were 3 hours and starting watching TNA with the Aces & Eights. If that counts
Bsal: One of the coolest inventions in television is the DVR. And what makes that so cool is that if you're not home or forgrt about a show, it will record it! You can watch it anytime you want, re watch segments, fast forward thru commercials..or some Divas matches, and the shows still get their ratings. Now with this amazing invention and my busy schedule, I don't miss outnon WWE or TNA. Now for the Indy shows, I only get the local promotion Lucha Xtreme. There's your free plug Raging Bull Manny Fernandez. Now if I had access to ROH, Dragon Gate or Chikara, just to name a few, I'd do the exact same thing that I do with WWE and TNA....set the DVR. So to get right to the point, neither company has turned me off of it and no Indy show had made me watch them instead. I'm a fan of wrestling so to watch either show will entertain me. Oh by the way, I'll even put on some CMLL on sometimes.
@LevelsofWrestling: No I haven't. I think it's great that there are alternatives to the major products such as WWE and TNA but I have never found one that makes me turn away from the main shows.
Next week will be the last question so I hope you enjoyed this series. Also at the end of this series next week I will be sharing my opinions on the same questions so stayed tuned for that in the next week or so. As always you can visit: Levelsofwrestling.blogspot.com & Feel Free to visit: http://evolutionofwrestling.blogspot.com/


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Pumpkin Tea Bread
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Ground cinnamon
|3⁄4 Teaspoon
|Ground nutmeg
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Ground cloves
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Cooked pumpkin
|1 Cup (16 tbs), pureed (Or Canned)
|All-purpose flour
|2 Cup (32 tbs), sifted
|Baking powder
|1 1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Baking soda
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1 Tablespoon
1) Lightly coat a 7-cup bread mold with butter.
2) In a bowl, beat together sugar, butter, eggs, spices, and salt, until light and fluffy.
3) Stir the pumpkin in the sugar mixture.
4) In another bowl sift together flour, baking powder and baking soda.
5) Slowly beat the flour mixture into the sugar mixture.
6) Transfer the flour mixture into the bread mold.
7) Lightly cover the mold with foil.
8) Place in a slow cooker on high heat.
9) Cook for 2 to 3 hours or until a wooden skewer inserted in the center of the bread, comes out clean.
10) While cooking do not open the lid.
11) Remove the bread tin from the cooker and allow to cool for 30 minutes in the mold.
12) Turn the mold upside down to remove the bread.
13) Place the bread on a wire rack and leave it to cool completely.
14) Slice the bread and serve warm with whipped cream if desired.


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Hensley, Rinker help to raise funds for PSL runner
Who: Nathan Bowerman, 26, is a Port St. Lucie High School and Florida State University graduate. He was a two-time first-team Scripps Treasure Coast Newspapers All-Area cross-country runner and received honorable mention on the all-area track team.
What: Bowerman was diagnosed with a form of kidney cancer (renal cell carcinoma) approximately two weeks ago. Marathon runner Matt Hensley (Lincoln Park Academy and University of Florida graduate) and LPGA/Legends Tour professional golfer Laurie Rinker have started a fundraising effort to help offset Bowerman's medical costs.
Website: www.youcaring.com/medical-fundraiser/nathan bowerman/114391
Total: $9,188 as of 6 p.m. Friday
Nathan Bowerman, 26, was diagnosed with kidney cancer
PORT ST. LUCIE — When Matt Hensley, the top marathon runner on the Treasure Coast, was in a critical stage of his training, he said it was Nathan Bowerman who would give him much-needed encouragement and support.
Now that Bowerman, a 26-year-old Port St. Lucie High School graduate and former standout cross country runner, has been diagnosed with kidney cancer, it's Hensley who is there for him.
"When I moved back to Port St. Lucie, I remember being at a point in my running where I was trying to figure out what to do and train for and he helped me keep it going," said Hensley, a Lincoln Park Academy and University of Florida graduate. "He would drive over, bring his bike and do all the workouts and long runs with me.
"When I heard this happened, me and bunch of friends wanted to be there for him."
Hensley and former LPGA and current Legends Tour professional golfer Laurie Rinker, a Stuart native and longtime friend of the Bowerman family, are raising funds for Bowerman on YouCaring.com.
As of Friday afternoon, $9,188 had been raised on the site for Bowerman, whose medical insurance does not go into effect until Jan. 1, 2014.
"This is just something to help," Rinker said. "They're a hard-working family, but they're not financially flush and we're just trying to help them out. No matter what the treatment is that he needs, there's going to be expense.
"If we can help in that area, that's what we want to do."
Bowerman has posted multiple times on his Facebook page how much the support from friends and the community has encouraged him.
"Without YOUR support I would not be able to get the cancer therapy that I need," Bowerman wrote on Facebook Dec. 18. "I want YOU to know that YOUR support is just as important to my healing process as the therapy itself, so for that support I am forever thankful.
"I love you all!"
Bowerman was a two-time, first-team Scripps Treasure Coast Newspapers All-Area Cross-Country selection at Port St. Lucie. After graduating in 2006, he went to Florida State. He recently was the general manager at Hayley's Jet Ski and Boat Rentals and 321 Boat Club in Melbourne when he started feeling pain in his kidney area.
Bowerman had multiple tests performed, but nothing conclusive showed up until blood tests revealed renal cell carcinoma, which is rare form of cancer for a 26-year old.
Bowerman was at the Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville Thursday for more tests and Rinker said doctors have ordered a biopsy of his kidney.
Despite the life-changing news, Hensley said Bowerman has had a positive attitude.
"I think he's doing well," Hensley said. "Initially it was a shock and a blow to him, but seeing how many people are on his side have really lifted his spirits. He's a tough guy. He was always one of the toughest guys to run against. Whenever I knew I was running against him, I knew I had to be in top form. I had to make sure I was on and ready to take him down because he's so tough.
"He'll take same approach here."
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The Night Watch
Riverhead Books, 2006 - Fiction - 450 pages
Moving back through the 1940s, through air raids, blacked-out streets, illicit partying, and sexual adventure, to end with its beginning in 1941, The Night Watch tells the story of four Londoners - three women and a young man with a past - whose lives, and those of their friends and lovers, connect in sometimes surprising ways. In wartime London, the women work - as ambulance drivers, ministry clerks, and building inspectors. There are feats of heroism, epic and quotidian, and tragedies both enormous and personal.
Sarah Waters describes the taut composure of a rescue worker in the aftermath of a bombing, the idle longing of a young woman for her soldier lover, the peculiar thrill of a convict watching the sky ignite through the bars on his window, the hunger of a woman prowling the streets for an encounter, and the panic of another who sees her love affair coming to an end.
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Lovely writing, but so much writing with no real plot. - Goodreads
A great read but the ending was shockingly bad. - Goodreads
The pace of this book is incredibly slow. - Goodreads
I hated the plot as well as the narrative. - Goodreads
Good portrayal of London under the Blitz. - Goodreads
Great story-telling, great plot. - Goodreads
Review: The Night WatchUser Review - Olivia - Goodreads
I loved Fingersmith and I adore Sarah Waters' writing. In this book as well her writing was gorgeous. A few passages even made me feel awfully tense, almost sick because of the author's description ... Read full review
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Review: The Night WatchUser Review - Pam Mezaraups - Goodreads
Having read this after reading Paying Guests...this was a disappointment. The characters were unsympathetic and uninteresting. The development of the plot line was from present time to past time and ... Read full review
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½*/**** Image A Sound A Extras D
starring Liam Neeson, Julianne Moore, Scoot McNairy, Anson Mount
screenplay by John W. Richardson & Chris Roach and Ryan Engle
directed by Jaume Collet-Serra
by Walter Chaw Furthering the all-signs-point-to-yes idea that the greatest threat to national security is an ill-informed white guy with a grudge of some kind, Jaume Collet-Serra's execrable Non-Stop is the latest stop on the Liam Neeson winsome-badass tour. In this one, he plays alcoholic air marshal Bill Marks, grieving the death of his daughter and about to get one last chance to make right with the universe. At this point, it's fair to ask if Neeson is exploiting the tragic loss of wife Natasha Richardson for added gravitas in shit like this or genuinely drawn to these roles from an insensate expression of pain. Whatever the case, as this is not much different in feel and quality from his soon-to-be-completed Taken trilogy, it might be time for him to find a different agent. Lucky for Bill, sharing the fateful flight essayed in the film is an adorable moppet he can pretend is a version of his daughter and save from death, as well as a middle-aged but exactly-attractive-enough woman, Jen (Julianne Moore), he can pretend is the mother of his dead kid and quasi fall in love with. It's all so gratifyingly tidy.
Continue reading "Non-Stop (2014) - Blu-ray + DVD + Digital HD" »


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Bean2Bed turns from beanbag to spare bed
How many times have you crashed a friend's tiny flat and wished that they're sofa was just a bit bigger, softer, and more bed-like.
The makers of Bean2Bed have taken pity on those of us with small spaces by creating a beanbag chair that doubles as a bed.
The cushions, which don't actually contain any beans, transforms itself thanks to its round outer covering.
Simply unzip the cover on the chair and pull out a cushy mattress.
The prices range from £150 for a junior bed to £175 for a double, and £200 for a King.
Hit the link below for buying information.


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La Rioja Things to Do
Great wine cellars tour
La Rioja is a heaven for people who like traveling and tasting the local cuisine and wines at the same time.we spent a fortnight in La Rioja and it was the best experience ever. Everything is nearby. Car rides to interesting spot are never longer than an hour. People are extremely friendly. We strongly recommend a visit to this amazing region!!!!We...more
There are many cellars that can be visited . There you will be shown the whole wine process. There some cellars that offer a visit together with a typical Rioja lunch. In most of them you can buy wine directly at a good price.It is important to take into account that autum is the time of the harvest and cellars are very busy, but if you are lucky...more
Leza River Canyon
Leza River is a tributary of the Ebro that flows along the Camero Viejo, at La Rioja Media.The river flowe in an impressive canyon which forms landscapes of a great beauty. The Leza river flows into the Ebro at Agoncillo. Following the river upstream you will find villages such as Murillo de Río Leza, Ribafrecha, Leza del Río Leza, Soto en Cameros...more
If you are a person who appreciates art, I would suggest you to be in or around Logroño as this is one of the best and well known wine producing regions of the World. There are a lots of cellars designed by very famous world class architects such as Santiago Calatrava who designed Bodegas Ysios...more
La Sonsierra
La Sonsierra is the only part of La Rioja placed on the north Ebro riverbank. San Vicente de la Sonsierra is the main town. The church of Santa María la Mayor, in the fortress, dominates the city and offers a unique view of the Rioja Alta.Other villages in Sonsierra are Abalos and Peciña, both with interesting monuments.more
Torrecilla en Cameros
Torrecilla en Cameros, in the Iregua valley, is a place to rest and start trekking routes in the nearby mountains.Torrecilla flourished in the 17th century due to the sheep livestock and the wool production. Some of the masonry houses in the village are from that period.Places of interes are San Marcos church, Iglesia Parroquial de San Martín,...more
Ortigosa de Cameros
Ortigosa de Cameros is divided in two parts by river Alberco. A concrete bridge connects both neighbourhoods, called San Miguel and San Martin. Another bridge, of iron, connects the village with some caves. The iron bridge is 54 m over the Iregua river.more
Monastery of Valvanera
This monastery is on Sierra de la Demanda, near Anguiano, at an elevation of 1026 m, surrounded by forests and ruled by a benedictine community. There is a guesthouse in the monastery.The monastery is dedicated to Our Lady of Valvanera, the patron saint of La Rioja. It is a place of pilgrimage for people from all the region. The carving of Our Lady...more
Stilt dancers of Anguiano
Anguiano is a village of La Rioja, 44 km from Logroño.Every 22nd July, eight young men from this village perform a traditional dance. They descend the street from the church to the square, twirling on a pair of stilts and playing castanets, while a band plays pipes and drums. They wear colorful waistcoats and damask skirts, and the most important,...more
La Rioja is the most famous wine producing region in Spain, but apart from the quality of the red elixir from its valleys, little is known about this small region in Northern Spain. And even less about the small provincial capital, Logroño, with a population of app. 130.000.It is however a historical city, one of the most important along the way of...more
Ask a QuestionGot a question about La Rioja? Get an answer from our Location locals and frequent travelers
Write a ReviewHave you been to La Rioja? Write about La Rioja to help travelers.
La Rioja Hotels
Parador de Santo Domingo de la Calzada
Plaza Del Santo 3, Santo Domingo de la Calzada, La Rioja, 26250, Spain
Satisfaction: Excellent
Good for: Business
Portales Hotel Logrono
The location of the hotel couldn't be better, in the pedestrian area of Logroño. Our stay was really...more
San Fernando
PSO. SAN JULIAN, 1, NAJERA, Spain, 26300, ES
Satisfaction: Excellent
Good for: Families
Los Agustinos
Arrived at Los Augustinos after a short walk from the bus stop thru a lovely town! The hotel is...more
San Camilo
CRTRA FUENMAYOR 4, Navarrete, LA 26370
Parador de Calahorra
The parador in Calahorra is a very pleasant hotel, but given its location the hotel is surely...more
Victoria Hotel
Constitucion 97, Arnedo, LA 26580
Hotel Palacios
Ctra Zaragoza s/n, Alfaro, La Rioja, 26540, Spain
Satisfaction: Excellent
Good for: Solo
Monasterio De San Millan
Monasterio De Yuso, San Millan De La Cogolla 26226
Satisfaction: Very Good
Good for: Business
Top La Rioja Hotels
- Logroño Hotels
- 38 Reviews - 109 Photos
- Haro Hotels
- 6 Reviews - 17 Photos
- Alfaro Hotels
- 1 Hotel
- Albelda de Iregua Hotels
- 1 Hotel
- Santo Domingo de la Calzada Hotels
- 49 Reviews - 229 Photos
- San Millán de la Cogolla Hotels
- 1 Hotel
- Navarrete Hotels
- 4 Reviews - 19 Photos
- Nájera Hotels
- 25 Reviews - 111 Photos
- Ezcaray Hotels
- 1 Hotel
- Cenicero Hotels
- 1 Hotel
- Calahorra Hotels
- 4 Hotels
- Badarán Hotels
- 1 Hotel
- Azofra Hotels
- 1 Hotel
- Arnedo Hotels
- 1 Hotel
Instant Answers: La Rioja
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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
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33 year old woman | Valley Stream, NY, USA | Seeking men 25-35 within 20 miles
If you want to play a game, don't waste my time.
It is what it is. I tend to be laid back, and grounded, but can be stubborn from time to time. When the weather is warm and sunny, I enjoy going for long jogs in the park to relax and clear my head. I'm a beach bum in the summer and am up for any type of watersports. I'm a NY Mets, NY Giants and NY Islanders fan. I'm also a music junkie. It keeps me sane, especially when I'm driving around. I love going to concerts, but haven't been to any in over a year. I also enjoy traveling. Each time I visit a different state, or country, I feel like I gain more wisdom. I can be sarcastic and blunt at times. Oh yea I'm very random as well! I outgrew the bar/club scene. I rather go out to dinner and have a few drinks, or hibernate in the cold weather. I enjoy cooking and Nutrition. I always read the food labels. I come from a good Italian family. Aside from my parents and siblings, the rest of my family is overseas. I try to visit them every summer. I'm looking for someone with similar interests and values, and who wants to learn from one another and grow together.
Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Nightclubs/Dancing , Playing sports , Religion/Spiritual , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Baseball, Running, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Cats
I like Birds, Dogs, Exotic Pets, Fish, Horses
I love Sicily, Rome, and Florence. Atlantic City/Jersey Shore esp in the summer. Anywhere tropical, especially when it's freezing in NY!
Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus, Brookville, NY
I enjoy seafood, spicy food, and Italian. There's nothing better than going to a nice restaurant on the water. My favorite colors are green and pink. I mostly listen to rock music. I'm also a big fan of the 80s hairbands! I also like dance music.
I enjoy traveling. I try to plan 2 big trips a year. I visit Italy every summer. I like going to sporting events. Spring Training every Spring. Wineries, Movies, Broadway Shows, etc.
Z{{Cta}} {{#if HasMoreInfo}} ?{{CtaSecondary}} {{/if}}
|What she is looking for
|5'2" (157cms)
|5'8" (172cms) to 6'2" (187cms)
|Body type:
|About average, Athletic and toned, Stocky
|No preference
|Dark brown
|Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Dark blonde
|No Way
|No preference
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Administrative / Secretarial
|No preference
Billing Coordinator
|I'll tell you later
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Not sure
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure
|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
100% Italian/Sicilian. Some of these "stereo types" that seam to fit me are Temperamental, Passionate, I can cook well, I talk with my hands, and tend to project my voice. (it's not yelling)
|Christian / Catholic
|Christian / Catholic, Christian / Protestant
I don't go to church regularly, but I do pray and believe in God. I wear a cross almost every day.
|English, Italian
|Bachelors degree
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree
I have a Bachelor in Business Administration. I also have CPR Certification and Personal Training Certification.


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Registrar/Switchboard Operator, Access Svcs, Per Diem
Southwestern VT Medical Cntr, Access Services
Per Diem
This position is responsible for registration and verification of demographic information for all SVMC patients. In addition, this position is responsible for operating the SVMC switchboard.
High School Diploma or equivalent required. One year of experience in a customer oriented position required. Prior experience as a Registrar/ Switchboard Operator, Medical Office Receptionist or related field preferred.
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text:
YIELD: Makes 4 servings
Preheat oven to 350°F. Whisk lime juice, fish sauce, sugar, and 2 tablespoons water in a small bowl until sugar is dissolved. Set lime juice mixture aside.
Heat 2 tablespoons oil in a large ovenproof skillet over medium-high heat. Season fish with salt and cook, skin side down, until skin is golden brown and crisp, 5–8 minutes. Transfer skillet to oven and roast until fish is just opaque in the center, 5–10 minutes longer, depending on thickness. Transfer fish to a plate.
While fish is roasting, heat remaining 2 tablespoons oil in another large skillet over medium-high heat. Add shallots, ginger, scallions, and chiles and cook, stirring often, until beginning to brown, about 3 minutes. Add garlic and cook, stirring, until golden brown, about 30 seconds. Add reserved lime juice mixture to skillet and cook, stirring, until slightly reduced, about 1 minute. Remove from heat and mix in herbs and peanuts. Serve fish topped with sauce and dill.