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Deep Magic (PFRPG)
Mini-Dungeon #016: The Halls of Hellfire (PFRPG) PDF
Pathfinder Society Scenario #6–23: The Darkest Abduction (PFRPG) PDF
Pathfinder Module: We Be Goblins Free! (PFRPG)
Varakt's Halo: The Great Pubo Hunt (1 of 3) (PFRPG) PDF
Font puns. We literally cannot get any lower. We're in the lowest Circle of Hell, inside the Devil King's barrel, scraping the bottom.
I laughed anyway.
Fighter or Gunslinger with appropriate archetypes/feats to get lots of AoOs with ranged weapons. X-laser. Your AoO hits a nearly-half-mile line. You're welcome. Prepare to flee any town you take your Snap Shots in, as you will no longer be welcome there after you incinerate lots of innocent citizens.
I recommend a way to get a much bigger clip or reduce the charge usage of the X-laser if you can find one.
During a prison break, the players knifed a guard. Mending and Prestidigitation fixed the uniform so a player could Disguise... a few room-clears later, the entire party is in uniform, complaining that their wardens made sub-optimal weapon and armor choices while outfitting their guards.
So, I see a lot of people going "Vital Strike for 1 act is OP, but Vital Strike for 2 acts is useless." How about Vital Strike costs 1 act, can only be done once per turn?
So, if you're "full attacking", it's Vital Strike / attack -5 / attack -10; if you moved once, you still get Vital Strike / attack -5, which isn't bad.
You can also customize Vital Strike to taste, whether you rule it to be 1 or 2 acts, by deciding it doesn't count as an attack for your iterative penalty. So maybe the right power level for your table is 2 acts, Vital Strike at -0 / attack at -0. Or possibly, Vital Strike / attack -0 / attack -5.
Another possible customization is allowing the Vital Strike chain to step down over iteratives.
So if you've taken the whole feat chain and find yourself in a position to full attack, you could Greater / Improved -5 / Vital Strike - 10. Or, depending on your table, you might be able to choose a normal attack at -0 instead of that last Vital Strike at -10....
and most of those 13 are rather unusual choices. If you're looking for Medium-Humanoid-doesn't look like a monster-not kill on sight for normal villages, your picks are Elf, Human, or Half-n-half.
The reason for that line is to make the book much shorter, so that "choose one of the following effects" didn't have to be lengthened to "choose one of the following effects at the time you cast (not when you learn or prepare) this spell" :D
Once upon a time, ADnD had a thing called reversible spells. Clerics were OP. :D
Lamontius wrote:
oh holy God. brown recluse bite was so much worse than murder clown. I'm not even beginning to joke. I hurt all over just from the sympathy pains.
It's probably nothing, but my order 3432827 (that said everything was in stock and expected to ship) is still Pending. I ordered last week really, really hoping to have these in my greedy little hands by this weekend, and now that it's just barely past the deadline thought I'd give you a nudge.
After some really serious shipping problems with someone else just before the holidays, this stuff makes me nervous. If I'm not going to have it this weekend, that's fine, I'll live; I just want to make sure it is coming eventually :D
Spring Attack: Since making the attack doesn't end your move, if he movement left he should move up and try again to attack (his first attempt was aborted BEFORE IT WAS STARTED since that's when the PC's readied action went off).
Minions: If BBEG has minions, let them eat the readied actions (assuming a trigger worded like, "If I am attacked, I..." or position to make them sub-optimal BEFORE BBEG attacks. That's what they're there for.
Readied total-defense: This... is a once-per-fight thing that sacrifices initiative for a possible AoO on someone who will now be faster than you for the rest of the fight. And it isn't really likely to pull an AoO, since anyone whose turn doesn't include any visible standard actions is CLEARLY dangerous to approach. Even without the fact that readying an attack means you've drawn and readied your weapon to chop the asdf out of the first thing that gets too close.
Nitpick: Anyone who says "I don't metagame" either doesn't play or doesn't understand the words they're saying. The *degree* to which you metagame is debatable and subjective. That you do is virtually guaranteed in any game system with mechanics. Even just choosing not to attack the down-but-stable PC when playing an evil/mindless/animal-intelligence NPC is metagaming. The GM has to metagame the most, because he has to craft the entire story with the mechanics in mind.
Umbriere Moonwhisper wrote:
Because magic doesn't work inside the field, but it does work outside the field. An evocation cast from outside the field (eg. fireball) would not penetrate the field because magic doesn't work inside the field. However, instant conjurations (eg. acid arrow) cast from outside the field work fine, because they are only magic as they are cast.
Acid arrow magically summons some ordinary acid. By the time it hits the field, it is just acid. You would need an anti-acid field (antacid field) to prevent the acid from damaging someone inside.
The caster inside the field cannot acid arrow out of the field, because he can't summon acid inside the field.
I don't think OP's intent was to spark a detailed analysis of every game reason that his monk might out-damage a ranger with a level of barbarian. I believe he was just bragging a bit and saying it can happen. Not every thread has to be a place where you tell people exactly how they're playing the game wrong.
However, if rage was making the character miss more often, with a very strange archetype, there IS a problem :P I'm 95% sure that the OP meant Power Attack, and/or there's a houserule in play (or maybe just the ranger doing it for flavor) where raging characters MUST use Power Attack if they have it.
CWheezy wrote:
Doesn't it say in the feat that having a cohort that sits at home and crafts will make him abandon you and is not how the feat should work?
If he is a crafting-specialized caster, he probably WANTS to stay home and craft. In this case, you're more like his patron - you've got a live-in court wizard that creates magic items from the safety of your fortress for you to use as you commission them, he takes his cut (even if that's just his room and board) and you're free to adventure while he keeps an eye on your holdings.
I'm personally iffy about him gaining experience from encounters he's not involved in, but RAW is a little open there. It seems to imply he should only get exp from encounters he's in, but then doesn't spell that out explicitly.
My group hasn't used Leadership often, but in two of the three games we're running, we intend to. One is a Ultimate Campaign nation builder, the other an evil campaign complete with criminal organizations, so I'll probably have some notes on it for you eventually. Not sure it'll be in time to help with your research now, though.
andreww wrote:
Not by people inside your AMF ^_^ choose a front-center intersection for the emanation and then close to melee. The caster can't 5-foot out of the field, so they've got to either withdraw - and thus, not cast this round and risk you charging - or else provoke to get out of the range and cast on you. And that's assuming open terrain. Put the field one intersection off the corner of your space and use a cliff/cave wall to cover the other.
Also, remember the field is a 10-foot radius, not diameter. A Huge creature can choose any of the internal intersections as the center and be covered entirely, with one side extending to cover enemies and so leaving a way to disable enemy defensive enchantments still. Even a Gargantuan creature can choose the front-center intersection and have a wall of AMF along the front edge of his space. When he's on the ground, at least. If he's flying , though, a Gargantuan creature just has too many angles of attack to cover them all with a standard AMF.
For Colossal (or flying Gargantuan) creatures that want to shut down a wizard, though, they get the option to grapple. If it's absolutely necessary that they use Anti-magic field, they can grapple the creature whose defenses they need to penetrate and pull them into the field.
Anti-magic field has two main uses. One, all-around superior creatures (main example: dragon) can use it to suffer only minor penalties while shutting down a huge portion of what their opponents can do to them (you can't hit the dragon with 95% of big-damage spells, exploit its vulnerabilities, or use defensive magics against its dive-charge or full-attack). This use is mostly for NPCs. Two, a caster with non-caster allies (main example: a PC wizard) can use it to disable groups of casters by sacrificing only his own capabilities (an adventuring party invading a cabal of infernal summoners and conjurers is the most contrived example, with summoned monsters winking out left and right while the fighter, cleric, and rogue wade into the casters with impunity). This is the use that PCs put it towards.
Additionally, creative uses is where AMF shines. Bypassing magical traps or walking through fields of magical fire, hiding your approach from magical detection then dismissing the spell so the +8 weapons and 15d8 chain lightnings can do their job, the best uses of anti-magic field are too situational to lump together.
Blanketing a city in AMF doesn't protect it from a spell that summons siege engines, or for that matter, entirely mundane siege engines. There is no need to shrink bathtub-sized balls of lava into marbles and drop them from over the city. You can simply fire bathtub-sized pools of flaming oil from your catapult. And probably get a better spread that way. If the citizens flee the burning city and rain of fire and rocks, your soldiers/summoned monsters/area of effect spells can mop them up. If they remain entrenched, burn (or harvest, you evil thief you) their fields and wait for them to starve.
Or if it's absolutely, entirely necessary for you to say you killed people with spells while they were inside antimagic fields, use acid arrow. AMF specifically says it has no effect on instant-duration conjurations. Acid arrow thus can be fired from outside the field to kill people inside.
memorax wrote:
I`m another person that thinks skills while not useless do get eclipsed by spells and items at later levels. Too bad they don`t offer more in game options as one invests points in them.
I can't say I'm particularly upset that skills (something everyone, even the negative-INT barbarian, gets at least one of every level and can use as often as the situation comes up) eventually become under-powered compared to spells (a class-defining class feature for half the classes in the game and very limited in uses per day, and often in either selection or preparation as well). However, I would point out the 3.5 Epic skill rules, which allowed you to pull off "unrealistic" effects with epic skill ranks (like using Acrobatics to run up a cloud or arrow volley, Stealth to hide behind your own distraction [throw a handful of grass in the air, hide in it], or Disable Device with a thrown marble while blindfolded and 20 ft away). Also, the unlimited use is a huge deal with many skills - sure, you might be making multiple Craft checks in a day, but having the ability to climb or swim could be a serious consideration if the Caster misses you with fly, or it gets dispelled, or he already cast it today, or the instant argument starter AMF (and, against reasonably powerful spellcasters like dragons with minions that could easily use a bow/crossbow, setting up in superior terrain with an AMF is not a contrived tactic, it's probably 'business as usual' for an ancient beast that's survived hundreds of adventuring parties and dragon slayers already).
Also, the very best options combine skills with less mundane uses. Some magic items (and even a few rare spells) either require specific skills to use or else give a benefit to those with those skills. All the magic items needed Spellcraft checks to create in the first place. Rings and wondrous items augment skills to supernatural levels (+10 to Acrobatics to jump is not unheard of) if you're already excellent at them.
I was kind of hoping it would end with the party fighting ANY undead creature and the Cleric "accidentally" (or unable to, owing to not having taken the feat) failing to exclude the horse when he fired his "I win against undead" channel. Please tell me that happened.
Disclaimer: didn't read the entire thread, just the first and last pages.
Last minute second disclaimer: Oh wow this turned into a wall of text, sorry. Feel free to skip it, my feelings aren't fragile :P
Just want to point out that making magical items (besides scrolls, potions, wands, and staves) doesn't take the exact effect of the spells used to create them and make them permanent on an item. In fact, it very specifically says in the item creation examples that it doesn't work that way, using True Strike as the example. (A +1 sword of Permanent True Strike is equated to being a quasi-artifact, though I don't think they use those exact terms, because even the best epic weapons can only add half of True Strike's attack bonus.) A sword "enchanted with" AMF would probably function by giving or improving some feat in the Disruptive/Spellbreaker lines, or giving a limited use effect similar to a scaled-down AMF. I could see 3/day as a swift action generating a 5ft AMF around the wielder until the beginning/end of his next turn, around a +3 equivalent bonus or so, just eyeballing it. Maybe 1/day at +3 and a "greater" version with 3/day at +4.
An interesting take would be one that only works for character with Parry class feature (originally from the Duelist PrC) that permits you to parry spells with the sword's AMF that only barely covers the sword, like a thin skin. Another one might be a sword that specifically only ignores defensive enchantments when you attack with it, since the contact is too short to make the momentary suppression of other effects matter, but it cuts through shield/mage armor/shield of faith like butter.
A final, more boring take on converting AMF to an enchantment might just be to treat it like a more expensive Spell Resistance item that grants the SR in an aura that doesn't discriminate between friend and foe.
Although I could see a custom metamagic feat or higher level version of AMF that could be on an object, the same way light and darkness work now, and then carried/fired toward the enemy caster, assuming you have a friendly caster. Maybe a same-level version that lasts 1 round/level instead of 10 minutes/level and is portable like that. It'd work well enough - down the caster quick.
Apologies for the necro, but I'm looking for a decent mapping tool and rez'ing this thread seemed better than creating a very similar new one.
I have Hexographer, but honestly, while mostly it's far more powerful than I need, it also is missing some key things that are needed for Ultimate Campaign kingdom maps. Putting more than one upgrade in a hex is tough with it, and sharing terrain improvements with a settlement in the same hex looks completely stupid.
I'd strongly prefer something that can export a map easily to a Kindle (Android device), but the GM's laptop will work just as well. Any suggestions?
A lot of the differences between the castes might be resolvable using open-ended traits, like the Human +2 to any ability score. Maybe encourage the player to choose traits with flexibility, then the castes could be common racial archetypes like Worker: Choose +2 Con, Endurance as extra feat. Soldier: Choose +2 Str, Weapon Focus or Power Attack as extra feat. Queen gets +2 Cha and is allowed to spend their extra feat on Leadership, having it activate as soon as they meet the requirements. That's the only stretch I'm seeing - otherwise they could be built with just variations on humans.
Barring that (in case it doesn't give enough wiggle room for the player, if they want things that are drastically different between the castes), you might consider allowing the players to developer alternate racial traits like the core races all have. A dhampir with fangs plays a bit different from the base dhampir, and a Half-Elf with Ancestral Weapon can completely change the game from a Half-Elf with Skill Focus. Maybe even racial feats to allow them to start the same and evolve differently as they gain levels - Soldiers pick up Hivemind Defense (Teamwork, Combat, Racial; +1 to AC and CMD for each ally with Hivemind Defense within 10 feet) earlier than Workers, who get Hivemind Toil (Racial; add a bonus to Craft and Profession checks equal to the number of districts in the nearest settlement, if that settlement is primarily composed of [race] and contains at least one [race] Queen) at first level normally.
Outside of your rather specific circumstances, though, I would normally treat them as different races.
TheDailyLunatic wrote:
I think that extra +20 should still be getting divided by 10 before adding to Fame. Likewise, the "global effect" to your cities' Society should only be +2. So if you have three cities totaling 16 Society together, and two foreign embassies, you have a total +2 Society modifier. It's like you have an extra settlement with just the one Noble Villa or Mansion and a 2 Society rating.
MY question with Kingdom Building is that I cannot find anywhere where cities add to Consumption. It's referenced twice in the rules and once right on the Kingdom sheet, but nothing says how much settlements add to the Consumption cost. Also, just a point of clarification: Since armies and kingdoms pay Consumption at different rates, and Farms and Fisheries reduce Consumption at the kingdom scale, how do they interact? I'm seeing three possible scenarios...
a) Farms and Fisheries do not ever reduce army Consumption. I sincerely hope this is not the case, as my Kingdom is not well-positioned for lots of +BP per turn, only lots of -Consumption, and I'd like to not die from the Kobold and Dwarf nations near me.
b) Farms and Fisheries apply to army Consumption after kingdom Consumption, if kingdom Consumption is reduced to zero, but the reduction only applies once per month. So to get an army to zero Consumption, you have to have enough Farms to cancel out four times the army's Consumption. This is what I think it is - that Farms apply to the armies' monthly Consumption.
c) Farms and Fisheries apply to army Consumption after kingdom Consumption, if kingdom Consumption is reduced to zero, and the reduction applies to each week's Consumption. This is a really nice option for the players, but pretty much means giant armies will be the norm for any reasonably sized city. Stockyard in the middle of seven Plains, with seven Farms = -14 Consumption before you even start building Fisheries or more Farms further out.
So, I hope someone more expert than me comes along at some point to clarify, but the way I understand it is that any object that is linked to an extra-dimensional space when open (bag of holding, handy haversack, et al) is NOT an active portal to that space while closed. This is why your potions don't bounce around and break when you ride a horse or your swords don't poke through the bag when you drop it, for example.
Therefore, the animate creature inside would be unable to leave the haversack under its own power unless the haversack were left open for it to do so (and would then be as easy to steal from or have things fall into, etc, as any other container).
Moreover, the maximum volume of the container (minus about one fourth if the bag is more than half full) would be all the air the creature had, so if it needs to breathe, don't leave it in there for long.
I wouldn't say that the wizard is customizing the outsider, it's more that the wizard has researched a specific outsider that already meets his criteria. Many (not all, of course) GMs already allow customization of feats on summoned monsters normally, especially for summoners and conjurers that by nature summon really often, they summon the same monsters each time and have chosen monsters with particular feats instead of the racial average.
I don't like the power mostly because if that outsider dies, you lose it. No replacement. The fact that you're customizing it makes it even more obvious - this is a single, specific creature that is even more irreplaceable than your own character (at least you can be resurrected).
A few quick reasons I play fighters:
quick to build. As long as I'm starting with what I want them good at in mind, you can slap a fighter together nearly as quickly as you can double check to make sure you added all your bonuses and aren't writing a number that's too low on your sheet. I don't sit down "I'm going to make a fighter", I say "I want a grappler... hmm... monk takes ages to make, grapple-fighter it is!"
no baggage. "I want a two-weapon fighter who..." if the next words are anything besides "LOVES NATURE", Fighter is your best choice. Likewise, "I want a two-hander who..." RAGES and HEALS are the only answers that allow you to choose something besides a fighter.
omg versatility. Sure, I don't have unique class features, but so many feats, and the fighter archetypes give me some unique class features if my fighter fits into one of them. Just a few days ago I had a player have to step outside and calm down when he tried to five-foot away from my fighter so he could cast (Spellbreaker ftw) and died to a scimitar critical (Step Up and Strike ALSO ftw).
Raw DPS, every time. Sure, the fighter isn't going to keep adventuring once the wizard is out of spells... but when does the wizard run out of spells? Half the time the wizard is complaining that there aren't enough targets left after my turn to justify an AoE...
Also, I noticed a lot of assumptions that fighters are melee... Improved Snap Shot anyone? In the game I'm running my bow fighter, I did talk the GM into letting the 'sure shot' class feature (which does the exact same thing as Point Blank Master) count as the Point Blank Master feat, to save me one more feat pick when it was going to be completely worthless, and now my fighter has a 15-foot threatened area and a selection of +1 arrows with different abilities on them and a conserving bow. Spell storing arrows are ridiculous... I've got a few with vampiric touch and one with ray of exhaustion left, hehe.
Slightly off-topic, but my bow fighter is about to get the ranged-defense class features as well, and she's got a buckler of arrow attracting... "if you tank melee for me, I'll make you immune to ranged physical..."
Darkvision as a PC power is nearly unnoticable for anyone that sticks with the party. Assuming your party has at least one person without darkvision, your party STILL carries a light source. It might be good for the rogue if he's going to sneak away from the group though, since the concealment granted by darkness is good enough to make Stealth checks with....
I'm curious, when someone said Summoners don't fit in the Golarion lore... what happens when a Conjurer hits level 20 and gets his permanent summon? Because to me, it sounds a lot like you're saying "permanent summons don't belong in the world"... Let's also not forget the original "permanent summon", a certain re-summonable panther that faithfully served his dual-wielding master as a friend and front-line for a limited number of hours per day.
Which brings up an awesome point - Eidolons need to have "character" crafted for them, too, not simply be ignored by the party as just one of the Summoner's class features. Face it - other PCs are more likely to interact with the wizard's familiar or the cav/pal's mount than spend any time talking to the melee-bunny or wolf-made-of-blood that Summoners are likely to dream up.
At this point, it seems like your best bet is to ask the player if they'd mind playing something (ANYTHING) different that actually fits in the game, killing the barbarian, and having the GM allow your players to stumble on a raise dead scroll for when the final showdown that all the original characters will be needed to win. They made a character that simply doesn't work at all with the game you're playing. They might as well as have run a Space Marine with levels in Sith Lord and a few skill ranks in Pilot(Giant Mecha).
The OP is looking at fireballing ONE monster in his examples.... that's not the point of fireball. My dragon hunter party closes in with our group Fire Resist 10 and lets the caster lay down the fury. He pings his team for around a total 15-20 between the four of us in melee, sure, but he puts out 150+ against good sized groups of minions and gets them out of the way, while hurting the lieutenants to reduce the damage we have to get on them before they drop as well. Lightning bolt is better for when your team doesn't all have Fire Resist, though, since you can angle it to blast through a few baddies without hitting teammates.
Actually, I wish our caster had opted to be resurrected instead of rerolling when he got eaten (we were ready for a dragon... not a half-dragon dire crocodile. Charge-bite-grab-death roll, followed by death roll-swallow whole... he didn't stand a chance).
That is what I was thinking, even though it seems... odd. Roll it every round and take the roll if it's higher than the static.
My problem with that, though, is that if that works that way, then why shouldn't multiple applications of dice bleed also work that way? If I can inflict 2d6 bleed 3 times, should we 2d6 three times a round and take the highest? My group might honestly just stick with the static-dice (roll once and use that) for simplicity, even though we're usually pretty solid on following RAW w/ errata.
James Jacobs wrote:
How does this work with the fact that multiple sources of hp bleed don't stack?
For example, the rogue in my party lands a Bleeding Strike that causes 7 bleed, on a target I've landed a Bleeding Critical against for 2d6 bleed. Do we roll the 2d6 each round and take it if it's higher than 7? Does the 7 bleed overwrite the 2d6 because 2d6 averages 6.5? Maybe they count as "different types of damage" since one is dice and the other solid, and now he bleeds for 2d6+7?
I always thought you just rolled the bleed dice once and kept that, and so my 2d6 bleed would have a single number on it - so it would be, say, 9 bleed and would make the 7 redundant. Now that I know you reroll the dice every round, I don't get how they work together.
True, but the ability states that it works just like a full attack and the FAQ answer clarifies that it does so. It's slightly less "activating a supernatural ability" at this point and simply "using a weapon other classes don't have". It even provokes attacks of opportunity (making it act more like a ranged weapon than a supernatural ability). If the supernatural ability in question specifically says to treat it as a full attack, and the official answer from the developers is that it works fully with two-weapon fighting, taking the two together makes a pretty solid case for treating bombs in a full attack as just another potential weapon choice.
Going back to the OP, your question about using a hand crossbow seems like it would work once between reloads, faster with the Rapid Reload feat (after all, your hand is empty between bomb throws). If you only take the first TWF feat (or don't take it at all) you only get one off-hand attack anyway. Nice for adding a little extra damage to one full attack during a combat anyway.
That said, an official answer on using other weapons during a Fast Bombs full attack would be nice. I always prefer offical errata to attempting to divine the intent of the devs - even when I'm GM'ing, I prefer players and GM alike know they can rely on the rules to determine what's going on.
I've heard it compared to a shooter, but no one can ever explain how it's like a shooter. The spells don't recharge until you rest, and rests inside a dungeon on higher difficulties are limited. Combat is almost entirely roll-based, although positioning does play a part. Tumble is nice for moving quickly through a combat (it reduces the collision you get with other models, making it easier for a tumbler to get past enemies) but it only helps you "avoid" hits if you get out of an AoE before it lands - and fireballs fly too fast for you to have predicted where the AoE was going to be and dodged it intentionally. Active shield defense gives DR, doesn't negate hits, and you can't attack during it (I don't normally play sword-and-board or actively block on my healer, so I can't recall whether you can abort an attack-in-progress and block an incoming attack or not).
Most of all, rule #1 of a shooter is not to sit still in combat so as to present a harder target. Movement during your attack animation in DDO gives you a -4 penalty to your attack rolls - unless you have the Spring Attack feat.
The only time I feel it's like a shooter or action game is in PvP - it's actually likely that you can get out of the attack animation of your opponent with well-timed dodges or strafes, or that you can get behind a caster (breaking line of sight) if he's throwing slow spells or you're a tumbler. However... PvP has absolutely no point in the game. There is no reward, not XP, not drops, not even a ranking system I'm aware of, and is always 100% voluntary with no lasting consequences (unless you use up consumables during the fight, those don't get replaced).
I'm not saying the alchemist is a terrible class at all, simply providing a few answers to the OP's question. I like the alchemist as well. I think that in most cases having EVERY melee-type splash a level in a given class is just stupid - not for rules reasons, but for flavor. It could work, but I imagine that table feels a lot more like min/max central than a storytelling station right now. Even the barbarian spends a few hours a day carefully measuring reagents and applying heat for precisely measured minutes.
Being able to drink the high-level alchie's mutagens is... impressive. The costs on Infuse Mutagen are a bit high to mass-produce them, but I could totally see major battles being decided by the entire party producing Grand Persistent Infused Mutagens from under their cloaks and totally "hulking out".
Thanks for doing the footwork on Mutagen AoOs. I might consider houseruling that - it is literally the exact same action as drinking a potion, after all - but it's a bit too late for that in the OP's game (waiting until after everyone has taken a level in alchemist and then changing how the mechanics work is simply dirty), so that's not an answer.
If you're not using an already existing city as your campaign area, if it's taking place in an area that's being defined by you instead of out of a canon book, you might consider having certain types of alchemy banned in some areas or for a time period. That hurts your main alchemist, though. I'd make sure to limit it - only mutagens is specific enough that your main alchie still has options without breaking the law every time he acts. There's all kinds of rationale you could use - maybe a Master Chemyst attacked the mayor's house in his transformed state, or some other alchemist archetype was doing experiments he maybe shouldn't have and something horrible happened. Maybe a mage guild simply managed to draw together some support to have mutagens banned through political clout. Getting them unbanned could become a storyline (mostly non-combat, even) - or your players might prefer to live as outlaws, always carrying a black market substance under their cloaks and having to make tough decisions on whether or not to risk using them.
As long as you and your players are having fun ^_^
given the official FAQ answer, I can't see any way that using whatever combination of one-handed weapons you wanted wouldn't be ok with TWF. Mix and matching thrown weapons, using a one-handed melee weapon (bombs presumably count as light weapons), or using a one-handed ranged weapon (which are few and far between - I could see a single round from a crossbow, but you can't really use a longbow one-handed). Of course, you found a way around that with the revolver... and I might point out that you can get an extra arm as an alchemist. You could reasonably TWF/Rapid Shot bombs with bows for tons of fun. Suddenly I'm thinking of what cannot possibly be an optimized build... but dual-wielding bows with an alchemist seems like too much fun. Maybe I'll focus Mutagen-side and make him dual-wield greatswords instead...
that's... excellent. I knew you could attack from prone, and have used it on both sides of the screen, but for some reason I thought prone creatures no longer threatened. Threatening with reach from prone is hilarious to me. I'm going to have fun with this. Thanks all.
well, if the first thing they do in any fight is use their mutagen, there are a few easy foils. First, they are wasting a standard action on it. If the enemy surprises them or is able to quickly close, or is effective at range, then they're giving away a free turn of combat to the enemy who will use it to damage them. Second, it doesn't seem to say in the alchemist class description whether using a mutagen provokes attacks of opportunity. I'm sure a little searching whether or not it does, but my guess is that it does, since it's basically a potion. Again, enemies who surprise them or manage to close before their first move get more free shots.
Attacks of opportunity or readied actions can be used to attack the mutagen as well, breaking it so it can't be drunk. If they're using the Dexterity boosting mutagen, they're taking a Wisdom hit, so Will-targeted spells or SLAs are good. Finally, they need an hour to make a new mutagen after using one. In a dungeon, they might not have that much uninterrupted time - unless they retreat from the dungeon entirely between every battle.
You might consider whether or not to use any of these ideas, though, as you say it's not really a bad thing. Also, they're depriving themselves of benefits from their levels in their main classes. If you want to be really mean about it, design encounters where a class ability they'll get next level would be really useful - a class ability they'd have if they hadn't splashed alchie.
EDIT: GM Hands of Fate reply wasn't up when I posted this, it was intended to go after TarkXT's post.
yeah, I failed to address that point. An ill omen from the god? No, as the god mostly doesn't seem to care (although the small settlement bit, as well as it being hearsay that the creatures deserved it, might deserve attention). I got distracted by the thread and thought we were discussing an alignment hit. A warning that he's approaching an alignment change is perfectly appropriate, but power loss of some sort isn't called for in this situation unless you want to go from the "small settlement" angle, and even then probably only if at least a few of the murdered had never participated in raiding other villages and such. And I'd still go with a warning first.
EDIT again: To GM HoF, I'd strongly remind you that if the cleric is NE and his god is true neutral, that is not a situation where he should lose his cleric abilities. He does lose the ability to cast spells with the Good descriptor (and if he currently channeled positive energy, he'd have to switch to negative, but that's moot here). As long remains neutral on one axis or the other, he's good as far as alignment is concerned. He can't go to any of the four extreme alignments (CG, CE, LG, or LE) without losing his powers, though.
Hrm... Lurk3r, this just totally destroyed a character I just made. On looking it up, it seems it was ISWG/UC that nerfed it, as the APG doesn't mention it anywhere. I suppose I can live without, but only because the character has a ton of survivability. I withdraw my advice to the OP, as my weapon of choice seems to no longer be reach.
that really depends on how sure they are that the people they're killing deserve it. If they're so much weaker than the party that one channel is killing more than half of them, the party should probably be talking to them and giving them the chance to stop looting/raiding/whatever. I mean, they're really like children compared to the party at this point. Your player is throwing hand grenades through elementary school windows because he heard that the kids like to kick stray dogs.
If you try to talk and they attack you, fine. Self-defense is far more neutral than wholesale slaughter, even if it's not necessary (a single entangle, which he's probably getting from a Domain, would likely also solve the issue). At least this way they have a chance to defend themselves.
I'd personally definitely warn that player that he's risking moving to Neutral Evil if he continues slaughtering unarmed, unaware sentient humanoids because he's heard rumors they might be violent. Not that moving to NE would really affect him - a cleric can be one step removed from their deity, if I recall correctly. As long he doesn't ALSO move on the law/chaos axis he should fine. He can continue enforcing his god's will via brute force all he wants.
(However, if you as the GM want to be evil, you might consider... his god protects small settlements? If the creatures lived in those locations for a while, they could count as small settlements. Directly opposing your deity is a much worse choice than not exactly matching their alignment.)
um... can anyone point me to a place that specifies that prone creatures don't threaten squares / can't make AoOs? The fact they keep their reach made me go look... and I can't find one anywhere. The thought of a sleeping dragon landing AoOs (after someone wakes it up, but before it stands up) makes me giggle.
oddly enough, it doesn't seem to say in the description what happens to summoned creatures already within the area of the circle when the spell is cast. Does it shunt them out or do they get the benefit of the protection spell as well? Both? I was hoping to provide some kind of RAW justification one way or the other, but I can't find anything to grasp onto that hasn't already been mentioned. *marks as FAQ candidate*
Per my previous post - I was wrong. Every poison that lists 2 saves for its cure indicates 2 consecutive saves. It is possible to create poisons or other afflictions which don't require consecutive saves, but the guideline in the book and which every poison and disease in the book follows is always that the saves must be made consecutively.
To the OP's question about flanking - According to what I can find in the rules as written, it seems to be impossible to flank a creature sharing your space. They're still assumed to be "everywhere" in the square they inhabit, and so if you're sharing your space with the creature you can draw no flanking line that passes through opposite sides of their square.
---non RAW---
Do note that creatures that take more than one space can still easily flank a creature sharing one of their spaces, as they may choose to draw their flanking lines from their own center or the center of any of the squares they inhabit. A Tiny creature inhabiting one of those squares could be flanked by the larger creature drawing a line from any of the squares around it (and would have a large number of options for doing so - more than most creatures can be flanked from. Typically, for one given flanker, the flanked creature can only be flanked from one specific other square - a Large creature sharing one corner of its area can flank with creatures in three other squares).
I should also like to point out that there is no "amulet" category of items, ergo, the text in the Bonded Object rules is useless here. By the strictest literal interpretation of RAW, an Amulet of Natural Armor cannot be used as a Bonded Object, because it's magic item category is wondrous item.
That said, in my own games (and likely any reasonable GM's games), I'd allow any neck slot item that was either a necklace or something suspended from a necklace to work. I might even go so far as to allow anything that took the neck slot by assuming that was the writers' intent when stating an amulet category, but that's veering out of rules forum territory easily.
I've always read it as "the new spell dispels the old AND still applies to the target normally", although this thread makes me wonder. I too will nominate the OP for inclusion in an FAQ (not that my opinion is a huge deal on these boards, but one more voice can't hurt). I'm also not sure whether I'd apply the dispel effect of slow (against haste) regardless of the save/SR of the target.... I can't find rules that say it definitely works one way or the other, but my interpretation of the opposite effects rules still makes me lean to my original interpretation.
Outlined creatures do not benefit from the concealment normally provided by darkness (though a 2nd-level or higher magical darkness effect functions normally)
This is annoying the life out of me. The exact intent of the line isn't clear - does this mean that the creature no longer appears outlined (let's assume the area is NOT "supernaturally dark" - only reduced to dim light or darkness) in the area of any darkness effect? Or only that it doesn't shed the light - the creature is still outlined, but doesn't provide the candlelight effect?
Drow stand to play a fairly large role in a story arc or two in the campaign I'm in, and they get both darkness and faerie fire as spell-like abilities.
Callarek - I'm not looking at the PFRPG at the moment, but I seem to recall some poisons specifying consecutive saves and others not - I believe only the ones that specify such require consecutive saves. I'll come back with support (or an apology, depending) when I get out my book.
the Urumi (also called the Flying Talon in some of the splat books). To my knowledge, it's appeared 3 times in official Paizo stuff, so you don't have to go to 3rd party material (one of the pathfinder world setting guides, the Adventurer's Armory, and the APG I think). The description seems to vary from source to source, but it's a bladed weapon that does slashing damage and can be used one-handed to attack melee OR reach (it doesn't have the spear's drawback) and has a very nice crit range. It's Exotic, of course, it's a bit tough to be a martial weapon, and if your GM likes to use critical fumble rules expect him/her to be VERY harsh if you ever fumble one (it's the kind of weapon that asks for it - excellent stats and a description that always implies it would be nasty to mess up with).
It should be on the PFSRD, I believe.
I often like to throw away XP systems, but I should mention one important thing you should consider before you do: Parties where members aren't the same level. As Pathfinder doesn't currently have a RAW way (I know of) to handle PCs that need some kind of level adjustment, the XP system can be used to automatically handle it. In the game I'm in, the party consists of one character each at level 7, 8, 9, and 10 - created at those levels. The 10th level is a human, the 9th a tengu, the 8th a natural werewolf, and the 7th a half-dragon drow noble. They're all about equal in power for now, but the race benefits will start to mean a lot less at the higher levels (we expect this game to go to 20th, if not to epic), so just saying "now everyone level up" will leave the drow permanently 3 levels behind the human and he will start to be seriously handicapped later on. The XP system automatically handles this by letting him level more often - by 20th he'll probably be the same level, but at that point most of his abilities won't be too unbalanced compared to other 20th level characters. And he'll still always be the last to level up...
Sorry for the thread necromancy here, but I was hunting rules for this myself and didn't know it had been errata'd until I found this thread.
Just my opinion, the reason for the change is probably so that a Vampire can't control several Vamp Spawn and command them to make enslaved Wight Spawn as well, controlled by the Vampire through the Vamp Spawn. Especially since Wights seem to have no limit to the number of spawn they can control.
A lone vampire of only 5 HD could still end up controlling entire armies that way - especially if one (like myself) doesn't own Classic Horrors and is playing by the RAW, since nowhere in the Vampire entry does it say they need to or feel discomfort when they don't feed. I was trying to come up with a reason vampires would feed besides already being in the middle of a fight and needing to augment their fast healing - much easier to energy drain the pesky adventurers out.
Vampires are a ruling class in the world I'm making, so their mechanics are important to me. I'll see about obtaining Classic Horrors for myself...
Charender wrote:
Just a quick Create Undead Thread spell here...
It can't be size-based specifically, because Reds (and likely some others) get it at an age category where they don't get a size increase..
Red Dragon
I couldn't find where to find WHEN they got it either, I just totally didn't notice the charts at all, so thanks to the person who answered the OP (and thanks OP for asking).


text:
The Royal Wedding: A Day in Photos
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Royal Wedding: A Day in Photos
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LONDON, ENGLAND - APRIL 29: Catherine Middleton with her Father Michael Middleton and Bridesmaids arrive in Westminster Abbey for her Royal Wedding to Prince William at Westminster Abbey on April 29, 2011 in London, England. The marriage of the second in line to the British throne is to be led by the Archbishop of Canterbury and will be attended by 1900 guests, including foreign Royal family members and heads of state. Thousands of well-wishers from around the world have also flocked to London to witness the spectacle and pageantry of the Royal Wedding. (Photo by Richard Pohle - WPA Pool/Getty Images)
Tags: Royal Wedding

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Part I. Shakespeare and The Tempest
Shakespeare's Life and a Note on the Text of The Tempest The Text of The Tempest
Part II. A Case Study in Critical Controversy
Why Study Critical Controversies? Literary Study, Politics, and Shakespeare: A Debate George Will, The Tempest? It's "Really" about Imperialism Stephen Greenblatt, The Best Way to Kill Our Literary Heritage Is to Turn It into Decorous Celebration of the New World Order?
Sources of and Contexts for The Tempest William Strachey, et al, from The Bermuda Pamphlets Michel de Montaigne, from Of the Cannibals Bartolome de la Casas, from Letter to Prince Philip of Spain Ronald Takaki, The Tempest in the Wilderness
Shakespeare and the Power of Order Frank Kermode, The Tempest Reuben A. Brower, from The Mirror of Analogy
The Postcolonial Challenge Paul Brown, "This Thing of Darkness I Acknowledge Mine": The Tempest and the Discourse of Colonialism Francis Barker and Peter Hulme, Nymphs and Reapers Heavily Vanish: The Discursive Con-Texts of The Tempest Aime Cesaire, A Tempest, Scene 2
Responding to the Challenge Deborah Willis, Shakespeare's Tempest and the Discourse of Colonialism David Scott Kastan, "The Duke of Milan/And His Brave Son": Dynastic Politics in The Tempest Meredith Anne Skura, Discourse and the Individual: The Case of Colonialism in The Tempest
The Feminist Challenge Ania Loomba, from Gender, Race, Renaissance Drama Ann Thompson, "Miranda, Where's Your Sister? Reading Shakespeare's Tempest
Tempest: Case Study in Critical Controversy - 2 edition
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The particular embodiment described herein as illustrative of one form of the invention utilizes a device for detecting the angular position and directional orientation of a housing within a wellbore and for generating a signal indicative of such information for transmission to the earth's surface.
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
I Umted States Patent [191 (111 3,771,118 Lichte, Jr. et al. Nov. 6, 1973 BOREHOLE ORIENTATION TOOL 2,305,999 12/1944 Boucher 33/205 2,438,293 3/l948 Livingston [75] lnvmmrs- Hen"? meme 3,180,034 4/1965 McDonnell 33 205 Lindsey, both of Houston, Tex.
[ Assigncci p y- Surveying Primary ExaminerBenjarnin A. Borchelt Comp y, S g a Tex. Assistant Examiner-H. A. Birmiel Aztarne -Geor e L. Church Donald R. Johnson 22 F l J g l 1 led Nov 1969 Wilmer E. McCorquodale, Jr. and John E. Holder [2i] Appl. No.: 879,009
[57] ABSTRACT [52] [1.8. CI. 340/18 R, 33/308, 33/312 51 Int. Cl. 1521b 47/022, GOlc 9/00 The P embdlmem Embed as [58] Field 0 Search 340/18 33/205 trative of one form of the invention utilizes a device for 33/304 308 detecting the angular position and directional orientation of a housing within a wellbore and for generating {56] References Cited a signal indicative of such information for transmission to the earth s surface.
10 Chims, 4 Drawing Figures PATENTEW 6 I91: 3771.118 SHEET 1 BF 2 PULSE GENERATOR T l 4 s l a W a 10 0 E 0 1* PENDULUM PENDULUM T '3 I g FLIP-FLOP I09 \07 GATE l4 IGVI 1 E PENDULUM PENDULUM v 2 2 FLIP-FLOP GATE 2 '8 T H GYRO GYRO A FLIP- FLOP l9 GATE 3 23A DATA DATA COUNTER a E PROCESSING STORAGE 24% UNIT G PROCESSED DATA FIG 4 RECORDTNG INVENTORS HENRY P LICHTE, JR JAMES M, LINDSEY ATTORNEY PMENTEUHUY 6 ms 3.771.118
MES M. LINDSEY ATTORNEY BOREI'IOLE ORIENTATION TOOL BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a position sensing device, and more particularly, to an apparatus for sensing the position of an object and providing an electrical signal indicative of the attitude of such object. During the drilling of boreholes in the earth formation, it is often desirable to determine the attitude of the hole, not only at the bottom of the hole, but throughout its traverse of earth formations. It is for this reason that various apparatus and methods have been devised for making such determinations of borehole attitude. Normally such systems consist of apparatus for measuring the angular disposition of the hole with respect to some reference such as a horizontal reference plane, and in addition, means for determining the direction of the hole with respect to a reference such as Magnetic North. A typical apparatus for making such determinations of a borehole position consists of an instrument unit, including a compass or a gyro, together with an angular unit having a plumb-bob arrangement, and a photographic device of some sort for making a photographic recording of the instruments in the wellbore. In the past, these instruments have been run on wirelines or godeviled into the drill pipe, where they are subsequently retrieved as in the latter case, by removing the drill pipe from the borehole. Upon retrieval of the instrument to the surface, the photographic equipment is removed and the exposed film record of the instrument recordings is then removed to a suitable location for developing the film. Thereafter, if calculations are to be made regarding the orientation of the borehole, such information derived from the film can then be utilized in computation equipment for making such determinations. In any event, the procedure outlined above is time consuming, and if decisions for continuing drilling or for making changes in the orientation of the wellbore are required, then such decisions must be held in abeyance until the film is developed and computations can be made from the indicated parameters of the well borehole.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved apparatus for determining the positional orientation of an object.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION With this and other objects in view, the present invention contemplates an instrument for use in a borehole within the earth for detecting and sending signals to the surface indicative of the orientation of the apparatus within the borehole.
The device may be comprised of separate units for detecting different parameters of orientation. The units are comprised of a scanning device and means actuable in response to the scanning device for sending a first signal to an electronic section indicative of a reference position on the apparatus relative to the apparatus housing. A second signal is sent to the electronic section and is indicative of the position of a member within the aparatus housing in turn which is determinative of a positional parameter of the housing within the borehole. The scanning means is time pulsed so that it may be determined, by counting such pulses between the first and second signals, what the angular difference is between the first and second signals. This angular difference may be translated into terms of degrees of direction or degrees of angular deviation. A signal is transmitted from the electronic section to the surface, which signal carries information indicative of direction and angular deviation.
A complete understanding of this invention may be had by reference to the following detailed description, when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings illustrating embodiments thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a wellbore tool including instruments for measuring angular and azimuthal parametrs of the tool position;
FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of a wellbore instrument for measuring the angular orientation of the instrument within the wellbore;
FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of a wellbore instrument for measuring the directional orientation of the instrument within the wellbore; and
FIG. 4 is a schematic drawing of a system for transmitting wellbore instrument data to the surface.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The apparatus described herein is provided in a borehole tool for detecting positional parameters of an instrument within a borehole, and transmitting such data to the surface where it is processed and recorded in a form permitting a direct read-out of borehole orientation date. The apparatus forming this invention includes the downhole units for detecting such positional orientation and for providing data to the surface indicative of such information.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic of such a wellbore tool which includes an angle detecting section 12 having first and second angle detecting units 13 and 14 mounted therein to measure the angular disposition of planes in section 12 which are to one another. A synchronous motor 16 is positioned between the units to provide a source of power for driving scanning systems within the units to thereby monitor parameters of the detecting units which are indicative of their angular disposition. The motor 16 has output shafts extending upwardly and downwardly therefrom to drive the respective scanning systems for the first and second units 13 and 14. A directional section 17 is positioned below the angle detecting section and includes mechanisms for measuring the directional orientation of the housing relative to the earth's surface. The directional section 17 incorporates a gyroscope 18, a gyro motor 19, and an encoder 21 for providing a reference signal to the detecting units. A lower section 22 houses a gyro torque motor 23 and a torque motor circuit 24 for controlling precessing of the gyro. An upper electronic section 26 of the tool houses an electronic scanner circuit and data counter and storage units.
An angle detecting unit 13, 14 for generating signals indicative of the angular position of the instrument within the borehole is shown in detail in FIG. 2 of the drawings. The angle unit includes a partially enclosed housing 27, having the synchronous motor 16 mounted at its upper end. The motor has an output shaft driven at 3600 rpm. Between the synchronous motor and housing is mounted a transmission or gear reduction section 29 which has two stages of pinion gears connected with the output shaft 28 of the synchronous motor for reducing the output revolution thereof. The
output of the gear reduction section is fed through a shaft 31 which extends longitudinally from the upper to the lower end of the instrument housing. At the lower end of the output shaft, a worm gear 32 is rotated therewith for driving a spiroid gear 33, which in turn drives a scanning system within the instrument. The total gear reduction between the output of the synchronous motor and the rotation of the spiroid gear within the instrument housing is from 3600 rpm of the motor to rpm of the spiroid gear 33.
The angle detector and scanning system are located within the housing and include a horizontal shaft 36 extending transversely across the housing midway between its ends. A scanner assembly is rotatably mounted about the left side of the shaft as viewed in FIG. 2, and is provided with bearings 37, 38 for rotatably supporting the assembly about the shaft. The scanner assembly is comprised of a large diameter vertical disc 39 upon one side of which is mounted the circular spiroid gear section 33. The spiroid gear is arranged to mesh with the worn gear 32 on the shaft 31 extending vertically through the housing. A sleeve 41 extends outwardly from the vertical disc 39, and is positioned about the horizontal shaft 36. An insulating cylinder 42 is positioned about the sleeve. Grooved commutator rings 43 are positioned about the insulator. The grooved commutators are electrically insulated from one another to provide separate electrical flow paths between the stationary portion of the instrument housing and the rotating scanner section. An insulating post 44 is positioned above the commutators and is connected to the side wall of the housing. Brushes 46 extend downwardly from the post into contact with the commutators. The upper ends of the brushes are connected to terminal posts 47 to provide a means for electrically connecting the brushes with conductor wires (not shown) within the instrument housing.
Referring again to the vertical disc 39 of the scanner section, a lamp 48 and lamp housing 49 are shown extending outwardly from the outer rim of disc 39 toward the center of the housing. A first slit 51 is formed in the outer wall of the lamp housing and is perpendicular to the shaft 36. A second slit 52 is formed along the bottom portion of the lamp housing 49 and is parallel with the shaft 36. A detector photocell 53 and housing 54 are mounted on the disc 39 and extend outwardly from the disc on the same side as the lamp 48 and housing 49. Wires (no shown) extend from the photocell through the disc and into contact with the commutator rings. The photocell housing has a slit or opening 56 in its upper side wall and parallel to the shaft 36 to permit light emanating from lamp 48 to project into the housing for activating the photocell. Conductor wires are also provided to the lamp housing from the commutator rings to provide an electrical power source to the lamp.
A pendulum assembly is also mounted on the horizontal shaft 36 opposite the scanner assembly. The pendulum assembly is comprised of an annular sleeve 57 positioned about the shaft and rotatably supported thereon by means of bearings at each end of the annular sleeve. A circular shield 58 extends outwardly from the sleeve and includes an L-shaped end portion 59 extending inwardly therefrom toward the circular disc 39 of the scanner section. The inwardly extending portion 59 of the shield approaches contact with the vertically mounted disc 36, but does not contact the disc, so that the pendulum assembly is free to move independently with respect to the scanner assembly. The shield and its inwardly extending portion are arranged to pass over and about the detector photocell 53 and housing 54. The inwardly extending portion of the shield passes between the bottom of the lamp housing 49 and the upper side of the photocell detector housing 54. A slit 61 is formed in the inwardly extending portion of the sleeve in parallel relationship with the slit 52 formed in the lower side of the lamp housing. A weighted pendulum member 63 is connected to the shield 58 and covers a partial segment of the shield. This weighted pendulum member maintains the shield in an oriented position relative to gravity, regardless of the position of the housing with respect to gravity, since the pendulum assembly is freely mounted for rotation upon the horizontal shaft 36. The slit 61 is in the inwardly extending portion 59 of the shield is positioned at a point thereon corresponding to a point on the periphery of the weighted pendulum member 63 directly below the center of gravity of the weighted member when the member is at free rest relative to gravity.
Also mounted within the interior of the housing is a second or reference photocell or other such light sensitive device 64, which is positioned at the upper end of the interior portion of the instrument housing opposite a point on the path of movement of the lamp 48. A vertical slit 66 is provided within the outer wall of a photocell housing 67, which slit is arranged to be oppositely disposed and parallel to the slit 51 in the lamp housing 49. Conductor wires (not shown) provide an electrical power source for the photocell 64.
In the operation of the apparatus justdescribed, the synchronous motor 16 is continuously driving the gear reducing mechamism to rotate the spiroid gear 33 and scanner disc at a rate of 20 resolutions per minute or 1 revolution every 3 seconds. This means that the lamp 48 on the scanner disc 39 will pass in front of the reference photocell 64 on the interior wall of the housing, once every three seconds. The lamp 48 is continuously energized. As a result, the reference photocell will be activated to generate a signal once every three seconds for purposes to be hereinafter described.
As the scanner disc and lamp continue to rotate during each revolution, a second signal is generated when the lamp 48 passes the slit 61 in the inwardly extending portion of the pendulum shield. The slit 61 permits light from the lamp to impinge upon the detector photocell 53 which is positioned on the scanner disc 39 next to the lamp 48. The shield normally prevents the lamp from activating the photocell 53, except when the lamp and photocell pass the slit 61 in the pendulum once during each revolution of the disc. The slit in the shield is positioned relative to the gravitational pull of the weighted pendulum member, so that even though the housing is tilted at an angle with respect to the vertical, the shield will remain in a constant position determined by the force of gravity. Therefore, the slit 61 in the shield will always remain at the bottom (relative to earth's gravity) of the pendulous shield. As the lamp 48 and photo detector cell 53, which are mounted on the scanner disc move past the slit 61 in the pendulum shield at its lower side, the light emanating from the lamp will pass through the slit and be projected upon the detector photocell, which in turn generates a signal that is picked up from the commutator rings and brushes for purposes to be hereinafter described.
It is readily seen that as the scanning disc 39 rotates, a pulse is generated once every three seconds by the case reference photocell 64, and that a second pulse is generated at some time lapse after the first case reference photocell pulse is generated, depending upon the position of the slit 61 in the pendulum shield relative to the case reference photocell. If, for example, the instrument housing were lying in a horizontal position with respect to the surface of the earth, the scanner, if operating in a clockwise direction, (as viewed from the right side as shown in FIG. 2) would generate a first signal when the lamp 48 passes the slit 66 in the case reference photocell housing. 90 rotational degrees thereafter, the scanner would generate a second signal when the lamp 48 passes the slit 61 in the pendulum shield to activate photocell 53. If the time rate of rotation of the scanning disc 39 is known, then the actual number of degrees transgressed by the scanning mechanism between such first and second signals may be calculated.
In order to provide completely accurate information as to the angular position of the instrument housing with respect to a vertical reference plane, it is desirable to utilize a second angle detecting unit 14, which is mounted so that the scanning disc and pendulum shield of the second instrument are in a vertical plane perpendicular to that of the plane of the shield and disc in the first instance. As will be described hereinafter, the data outputs of each of the pendulum instrument sections is fed to a data processing unit where a vector summation of the outputs provides a true calculation of the angular disposition of the instrument housing.
Referring now to FIG. 3 of the drawings, details of the directional unit 17 (FIG. 1) are shown. Directional unit 17 provides information relative to the directional or azimuthal orientation of the instrument housing. The unit shown in FIG. 3 is very similar to that of FIG. 2 in that a scanning section is rotated relative to a shield, which instead of being oriented by a pendulum, is driven by the rotation of the vertical shaft 71 of the directional gyroscope 18. The vertical or output shaft 71 of the gyroscope is shown connected to a vertical sleeve 73, which is press fitted onto the output shaft of the gyro. The sleeve has an outwardly extending shield portion 74 which in turn has an upwardly extending circular shield wall 76. The gyro instrument housing 77 has synchronous motor 19 and gear reduction section 79 mounted on its upper side, with the output shaft 81 of the gear section extending through the top of the instrument housing 77 and downwardly into the instrument. Bearings are provided in the top of the instrument housing to rotatably support the motor driven output shaft. A scanning section is mounted on the motor driven output shaft for rotation within the instrument housing. The scanner section is comprised of a vertical sleeve 82 attached to the lower end of the shaft. The sleeve has an insulated cylinder 83 about its outer walls upon which are mounted commutator rings 84 which are electrically insulated from one another. At the lower end of the scanner sleeve, a horizontally disposed circular disc or plate 86 is shown extending outwardly therefrom. A scanning lamp 87 is attached to the lower side of the circular disc near its outer rim and extends downwardly therefrom. A detector photo- I cell 88 is also attached to the under side of the disc and i of the housing, and a second vertical slit 93 on the inner wall of the lamp housing. The upwardly extending vertical wall 76 of the shield is positioned between the scanning lamp 87 and detector photocell 88 mounted on the scanning disc. A slit 95 is formed in the vertical wall of the shields. A case reference photo cell 94 is mounted within a housing 96 upon the inner wall of the instrument housing in a spaced relation with the outer rim of the scanner disc and the lamp 87. Clearance is provided between the reference photocell housing 96 and the lamp housing 91. A slit 97 is provided in the top side of the case reference photocell housing to permit light emanating from the lamp housing to impinge upon the photocell 94.
An insulating block 98 is shown extending downwardly from the upper end of the instrument housing. The block holds horizontally disposed brushes 99 therein for contacting commutator rings 100 on the scanning sleeve. Terminals 101 are connected to the brushes to provide electrical contact with conducting wires (not shown) for supplying electrical power to the lamp and for transmitting a signal from the detector photocell to electrical circuitry within the instrument. Likewise, suitable conductor wires are connected with the case reference photocell to provide a means for transmitting a signal therefrom to such electrical circuitry within the instrument housing.
A shaft 102 also extends upwardly from the motor 19 of the instrument for driving an encoder 21. The output shaft from the motor is rotated at 3,600 rpm, or 60 revolutions per second. The encoder is arranged to be run from the output shaft of the motor and to multiply such rotation of the output shaft as to provide 12,000 pulses per second from the encoder.
The gear reduction section 79 is placed between the output shaft of the motor and the scanning device in the instrument housing so that the scanner is operated at 20 rpm or I revolution every 3 seconds. Therefore, when the scanning mechanism has made I revolution within the instrument housing, in three seconds, the encoder or pulse generator has produced 36,000 pulses. As will be described later, this relationship between the encoder pulses and the scanner rotation readily permits a determination of degrees of scanner rotation between signals from the first and second photocells to an accuracy of 0.01. It is also seen that synchronization between the scanning mechanism in the instrument and the pulses generated by the encoder prevents any variation in the power supply from effecting the readout. Any variation in the operation of the motor from its intended 3,600 rpm will provide a proportional relationship between the rotational speed of the scanner and the output pulses from the pulse generator. The motor driving the angle detecting units is driven synchronously with motor 19 and encoder pulses from encoder 121 are also provided to circuitry for reading the angle units.
Referring next to FIG. 4 of the drawings, a schematic representation of an electrical system for utilizing the information derived from the angle and azimuth units is shown. The pendulum l and 2 angle detecting units 13, 14 respectively and the gyro instrument section are shown having output lines leading to respective flip flop circuits. For example, the first output 104 of the pendulum 1 unit represents the scanning signal derived from the case reference photocell. This case reference signal places a pendulum I flip flop circuit 106 in condition to conduct and thus privide an output signal 107 through a conductor to an associated AND gate circuit 108, which is labeled Gate 1. A second signal output 109 from the pendulum l scanning section represents a signal derived from the detector photocell 53. The circuit is arranged so that this detector signal causes the pendulum l flip flop 106 to cease operation which in turn stops the flip flop output signal 107 to Gate 1.
During operation of the flip flop by the scanning signals, pulses from the pulse generator or encoder 21 are fed at the rate of 12,000 pulses per second to the Gates 1, 2, and 3 of pendulum l, 2, and the gyro respectively. When the respective flip flops are operating, pulses from the pulse generator will be counted or passed by the gate to a data counter and storage unit 1 l 1. When the flip flop ceases to operate, the gate discontinues passage of the pulses from the pulse generator to the date counter. Therefore, the duration of the signals from the flip flops will determine the time that such pulses are passed through the gate circuits to the data counter.
Referring again to the pendulum l instrument, when the scanning lamp passes the case reference photocell, the pendulum I flip flop is activated, which in turn sends the output signal 107 to Gate 1. This output 107 opens Gate 1 to permit the passage of pulses generated by the pulse generator to the data counter and storage unit. Such a signal from the flip flop will continue until the lamp 48 on the scanner passes the slit 61 in the pendulum shield to generate signal output 109 from the detector photocell 53. The output 109 will cause operation of flip flop 106 to cease and thereby close Gate 108. The Gate will thus cease passing the pulses generated by the pulse generator to the date counter. For example, if the scanner lamp 48 takes 1 A seconds to move from the reference photocell to the detector photocell, the flip flop will be outputting a signal for 1 A seconds. During this time span, 18,000 pulses from the pulse generator will be passed by the pendulum l gate to the data counter. Since the scanner rotates at a rate of one revolution every three seconds, the scanner will have moved in the 1 Va seconds over an arc of 180.00", thus the detector photocell is located 180 from the reference photocell. This indicates that the detector housing is in a vertical position, and that therefore the wellbore is in a vertically oriented position, since the slit 66 in the reference photocell, which is at the top of the housing is, in fact, 180 away from the slit 61 in the pendulum shield which is located at the bottom center of the pendulum.
Operation of the gyro unit in the instrument is similar to that described above with respect to the pendulum units. The reference photocell on the azimuth unit is photocell 88. The slit 95 which permits light from lamp 87 to impinge upon photocell 88 is oriented with respect to the tool housing and one of the pendulum units which in turn is oriented with respect to magnetic North at the earth's surface. While the gyro unit housing turns in the wellbore, the gyro and slit 95 remain oriented with respect to magnetic North. Thusq when Thus, scanner lamp 87 passes the slit 95 the associated flip flop begins to conduct until the scanner lamp passes slit 97 to operate photocell 94. Ths pulses passed by gate 3 during this time span are likewise indicative of azimuthal degrees of difference between magnetic North and the reference photocell 94 on the gyro unit housing. Since the gyro unit is referenced to the pendulum units and magnetic North, the readings from these units may be combined to give a true angular and azimuthal orientation of the tool housing. First the outputs of the angle units are summed vectorially to provide an angle of inclination of the housing. Then, if the gyro unit output indicates that the housing has rotated X degrees from North, the pendulums have moved the same amount and the vector summation is likewise rotated X degrees. The resultant computation gives the angular disposition of the housing relative to magnetic North or similar surface reference.
The pulses which are supplied to the data counter from the surface units are stored in the counter and storage unit in binary form. After the information is read out of the pendulum l gate into the counter and storage unit, a switch causes information from the pendulum 2 gate to pass into the data counter and storage unit in the same manner, and likewise with the gyro unit. This information in turn is fed into the data processing unit at the surface, where the information relative to the pendulum l and pendulum 2 positions is used to calculate the angular disposition of the pendulums by performing a vector summation of the values supplied by each of the units which are located to one another in the instrument housing. The gyro information is then combined with such angular information to provide data which will be indicative of the orientation of the tool, and therefore the borehole. This information may then be printed out in any wellknown manner or recorded for future use.
The data counter and storage unit consists of three sixteen bit, count and store units. By using counting and storage units, or "clock gated flip flops" as they are called, information may be read out from the storage units, while new information is gathered from the scanning systems into the counting units. Thus, the information in the storage units is continuously up dated, and is always available for immediate read out. The pendulum and gyro units are continuously scanned at a onesecond scan rate, and the information stored in individual storage racks. These storage racks are scanned electronically by using a 16 bit ring counter driven by an oscillator or line frequency. A second three bit ring counter is driven from the sixteen bit ring, and is used as a gateing programmer to select the storage register to be read out. The 48 bits of information from the three storage registers is read out in straight serial binary form, in one-second intervals, and sent to the surface on a single conductor line. The power to the in strument is fed over the same conductor and may be either AC or DC voltage.
Alternatively, a multiple conductor cable may be used to pass signals from the gates l, 2, and 3 directly to the surface where they may be stored and processed in much the same manner as described above. Although described with respect to surface recording, it is readily seen that the apparatus described herein would be compatible for use with downhole recording equipment.
While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it is apparent that changes and modifications may be made without departing from this invention in its broader aspects, and the aim in the above description is to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.
What is claimed is:
l. A wellbore apparatus including a housing and having means for measuring a parameter of the positional attitude of the housing in the wellbore, which means comprises: a surface oriented member mounted for movement in said housing; means on said surface oriented member for providing a first reference marker indicative of the position of said member; means on said housing for providing a second reference marker indicative of a parameter of the attitude of said housing; means for cyclically scanning said first and second reference markers and for generating periodic signals indicative of the relative positions of said first and second reference markers, said reference markers and scanning means including a light source, light admitting means, and light sensitive means for providing an electrical signal in response to movement to said light source past said light admitting means; and a pulse source and a pulse counter wherein said light sensitive means provides a first gate signal in response to the movement of said light source past said first reference marker for starting the pulse counter and a second gate signal in response to the movement of said light source past said second reference marker for stopping the pulse counter.
2. A system for detecting and indicating the positional attitude of an apparatus within a wellbore comprising: a housing having first and second instrument means for detecting the angular attitude of said housing; said first and second instrument means each having a pendulous member oriented with the earth's surface and a reference marker on said housing; cyclic scanning means for detecting the position of said pendulous member and said reference marker during each scanning cycle; and means for providing electrical gate signals in timed proportion to the angular distance between the pendulous member and said reference marker.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said scanning means includes light source means, and light sensitive means for detecting changes in the position of said pendulous member.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 and further including a third instrument means having an azimuth oriented member and an azimuth reference marker, cyclic scanning means for detecting the position of said azimuth oriented member and said azimuth reference marker during each scanning cycle, and means for providing electrical gate signals in timed proportion to the angular distance between the azimuth oriented member and the azimuth reference marker.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 and further including means for counting the timed relation between said gate signals and for storing information indicative of such timed relation.
6. The apparatus of claim 5 and further including means for providing pulses in multiples of 36 for each scanning cycle wherein said gate signals start and stop the passage of said pulses to said counting means.
7. The apparatus of claim 5 and further including means for combining the information derived from said instrument means for providing accurate measurements of the attitude of said housing with respect to the earth's surface.
8. In a position sensing and indicating system for determining the orientation of a borehole: a housing arranged for suspension in a borehole on a cable; a first angle detecting unit in said housing for detecting the angular disposition of said housing in a first plane; a second angle detecting unit in said housing for detecting the angular disposition of said housing in a second plane perpendicular to said first plane; electrical means for scanning each of said units to determine the angular disposition of such respective units relative to a fixed reference and for generating output signals indicative of the angular relationship between the disposition of such units and the fixed reference; and means for electrically receiving and storing said output signals to make subsequent calculations based thereon determinative of the orientation of said housing and borehole in relation to the earths surface.
9. A method of determining the positional attitude of a borehole comprising the steps of: passing an instrument housing into the borehole on a single conductor cable; measuring a parameter of the inclination of such housing in a first plane; measuring a parameter of the inclination of such housing in a second plane; detecting a parameter of the direction of inclination of such housing in a borehole; providing signals indicative of such parameters to the earth's surface over the single conductor cable; combining the parameters of inclina tion in relation to the planes of measurement; and applying such parameter of direction to the combined parameters of inclination to determine the true positional attitude of such borehole.
10. The method of claim 9 and further including the steps of providing pulses in timed proportion to the measured parameters. counting such pulses, storing data indicative of such counted pulses, and transmitting such stored data to the surface prior to combining and applying such parameters.
t t i t t
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Name resolution problem on office VPN
I have two small peer-to-peer LANs (Windows 2000 and Windows XP Pro mixed) connected by two Netgear FVS318 VPN...
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firewall routers. The VPN connection works fine and I can see all the computers on the system via Network Neighborhood. I can then click on any of those computers and see all their drives.
The problem is that if I click on any drive listed, the system hangs for three or four minutes and then reports back the "the specified network name is no longer available." If I browse from office 2 to office 1, all is OK. If I browse from office 1 to office 2, I get that message on every machine there. Anything you can suggest would be VERY appreciated.
This sounds like a name resolution issue. On your VPN clients in office 1, verify that all DNS and WINS (if you use it) have been correctly identified under <Connection Name>-- Properties, Networking tab, TCP/IP properties.
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Gas station has people pumped up
Kentucky town ventures into fuel business to lower prices
Posted: July 20, 2014 at 3:31 a.m.
SOMERSET, Ky. -- Somerset's City Hall ventured into the retail gas business Saturday, opening a municipal-run filling station that supporters call a benefit for motorists and critics denounce as a taxpayer-supported swipe at the free market.
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Archive | April 2012
Something about Maryborough
The Mary River meanders in a half-loop around the historic town of Maryborough, Queensland. House boats and yachts are moored up along the riverbanks in the shade of big eucalypts. Up on Wharf Street there are museums and pubs and one old weatherboard house where I am staying for a few weeks. Sometimes, in the early hours, the locals spill out of the Criterion Hotel onto the street and stagger off into the darkness. Then the place is deserted. Only the Mary River is moving—rolling by, silently, out to the bay.
Perhaps I'll write more about this town before departing.
A few more photos:


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New Works, Performers and Pre-Concert Events Added to Lincoln Center's 2014 Mostly Mozart Festival, Running 7/25-8/23
Jane Moss, Ehrenkranz Artistic Director, today announced program updates for the 48th season of Lincoln Center's Mostly Mozart Festival, New York's acclaimed annual summer celebration of classical music, which runs from July 25 - August 23, 2014. The changes and updates include new singers, additional works to be performed, as well as artists and programs for pre-concert events. This information updates details announced on April 9, 2014.
July 25-26: The complete list of artists performing the world premiere of John Luther Adams's Sila: The Breath of the World, commissioned by Lincoln Center for Lincoln Center Out of Doors and Mostly Mozart Festival, include: Doug Perkins (musical director), Mark DeChiazza (choreographer), and featuring members of Contemporaneous, The Crossing, eighth blackbird, Face The Music, Grand Valley State University New Music Ensemble, Hotel Elefant, JACK Quartet, Meehan/Perkins Duo, Stony Brook Contemporary Chamber Players, TIGUE, and TILT Brass. Each of these artists are making their Mostly Mozart Festival debut.
August 12-13: The Amphion String Quartet will perform Barber's String Quartet, Op. 11, in pre-concert recitals immediately prior to the Mostly Mozart Festival Orchestra concerts on August 12 and 13 at Avery Fisher Hall.
August 12-13: Tenor Russell Thomas replaces tenor Gregory Kunde in Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 with the Mostly Mozart Festival Orchestra on August 12 and 13 at Avery Fisher Hall.
August 17: The pre-concert lecture before the 3:00 p.m. performance of Handel's Teseo by the Philharmonia Baroque Orchestra at Alice Tully Hall will be given by Ellen Rosand, an American musicologist who specializes in Baroque era music. The lecture takes place at 1:45 p.m. in the Stanley H. Kaplan Penthouse.
About Author
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- CONSTELLATIONS' Jake Gyllenhaal and Ruth Wilson Set for THEATER TALK This Weekend


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Average Rating
User Reviews
Romance mixed with coffee and misunderstandingsThis is one of the best kdramas ever. I love this show mostly because they actually show things working out before the end of the series that way you get more romantic moments instead of only suspense. Anyways, enjoy watching XD
One of my favorite kdramasI love the Coffee Prince. My husband used to ask me, "What's new on Coffee Prince" after I'd seen a new episode and then listen with interest. Which is saying something, since he doesn't like dramas. Really great, don't miss this one.
2 out of 8 people found this review helpful:Terrible- bad acting, ugly female lead, grown men trying to act cute with stupid facial expressionsI watched a couple episodes based on all the 5 star reviews and can not understand why people thought this show was so great. The acting was soooo bad- complete with over-exaggerated expressions, lack of chemistry, the entire time I was watching I felt like the actors were more interested in posing and making cute faces rather than act. The plot was pretty boring as well. I think the reason all ...Read more
I loved it!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!The female lead was kind of annoying at the end but i still liked it. i think when she was so headstrong and stubborn it got annoying but it was cute. There were parts at the beginning that made it hard at first but as it got more into the drama the characters flowed better and werent as awkward
It might just be your cup of tea (or coffee)Please don't let the rather blasé description fool you: This is one engaging k-drama, with both comedic and romantic themes that will keep you watching until the very end. Every character has something going on that makes you care about them, too, and not just the "main three". I lost a lot of sleep at night as I would promise myself "one more episode!". I finished the entire series over about ...Read more
0 out of 2 people found this review helpful:I like Coffee and I like Dramas but.....The only redeeming part of this drama was the adorable antics and interaction between the shop workers.
The way the romantic relationships evolved in it seemed a bit unhealthy and made me uncomfortable when it was obviously intended to be cute.
0 out of 2 people found this review helpful:A Sub Par Series OverallThis show is more comedy than drama. Too many slow boring parts, but the comedy parts were funny. I recommend you only watch this show if you are a very patient person.
Deff drama u should watchI would highly recommend this one. It's fun, hilarious and barely any drama. Just how we like it right? lol 8/10
0 out of 1 people found this review helpful:Love Coffee Prince but.......I love the soundtrack even more! This show has introduced me to a lot of great Korean music. I find myself listening to the OST more instead of rewatching episodes, and each time I hear a particular song, I know what scene it correlates with. Didn't care much for Yoo-joo though and the storyline about Han-gyul and his father.
2 out of 2 people found this review helpful:The chill that only Coffee Prince bringsI was amazed on how Coffee Prince would turn out. At first I thought that Eun-Chan really WAS a boy. (no offense to the actor) But like they said, she really was a very cute man. It's really amazing and hypnotizing on how a man could have so much love to another man it's very weird. But to be honest and i dunno why, but i kinda did want them to be together. This piece of art could not have been ...Read more


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Stabenow Joins Protests Over USPS Mail Center Closings
The U.S. Postal Service has announced plans to close dozens of centers nationwide, including those in the Lansing, Gaylord, Saginaw and Iron Mountain areas.
MEDC Sets Virtual Career Fair For 60,000+ Jobs
The state employment Web site MiTalent.org has more than 60,000 open positions. State officials hope to fill at least a few of them in a MiVirtualCareerFair event Wednesday, Nov. 13 from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. at the Tim Horton's restaurants in Troy, Gaylord, Grand Rapids and Saginaw.
AT&T Adds Faster Mobile Web In Thumb, Northern Michigan
AT&T Inc. Tuesday announced the availability of its mobile Internet service to more than 50 communities across northern Lower Michigan, the eastern Upper Peninsula and the Thumb, extending access for advanced mobile services, devices and applications to customers in the area.
AT&T Expands High Speed Wireless Internet Across Michigan
AT&T last week announced wireless Internet capacity improvements in several areas across Michigan.
Verizon Expands 4G LTE Network In Northern Michigan
Verizon Wireless has expanded its 4G LTE network to Montmorency and Otsego counties in northern Lower Michigan.
Merit Network Lights REACH-3MC II Network from Cadillac to Mio, Gaylord to Mackinaw City, Grayling to Kalkaska
Merit Network Inc. announced Friday the completion of three key segments of its Round II REACH-3MC network build-out: Cadillac to Mio, Gaylord to Mackinaw City, and Grayling to Kalkaska.
Event Notices From February 5
The latset event and meeting notices from Michigan's technology-focused companies, institutions and groups
Community Financial Credit Union Goes Mobile
Community Financial Credit Union members can now access their accounts at any time from just about anywhere with the credit union's recently unveiled mobile banking, including downloadable apps for iPhone and Android phones.
Masked Men Rob Gaylord Medical Marijuana Site
Police in northern Michigan say several masked men brandishing handguns attacked and robbed operators of the Compassionate Caregivers medical marijuana dispensary.
DNR: 4 Nabbed In Elk Death, Probe On In 2nd Case
The state says its agents arrested four people for illegally killing a bull elk in the northern Lower Peninsula.


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My Unforgettable Past I' be venting here about my past, hopefully i can let it go after. Here it goes........ Born Arad. Romania EU. I was malnourished & as well double case of phenomena. Only way... [more]


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MMMMMM. Roaches.
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Current Game
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MMMMMM. Roaches.
Wouldn't you just *love* to eat some roaches? This guy did...
MIAMI - A Florida man choked to death after downing dozens of live roaches during a contest earlier this year in which the grand prize was a python, an autopsy released Monday concluded.
Edward Archbold, 32, of West Palm Beach died as a result of "asphyxia due to choking and aspiration of gastric contents," according to the report released by the Broward County medical examiner's office.
Lab tests for drugs came back negative. The death has been ruled an accident.
Archbold died after downing the bugs as well as worms in October for the contest at Ben Siegel Reptile Store in Deerfield Beach, about 40 miles north of Miami.
Messages left with the store's owner and his attorney were not immediately returned.
Archbold became ill shortly after the contest and collapsed in front of the store. He was taken to the hospital where he was pronounced dead.
About 30 contestants ate the insects, but authorities said none of the other contestants became ill.
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Choking to death on your own puke. Yeah. I
want to be remembered for that.
We'll murder them all, amid laughter and merriment...except for the few we take home to experiment!
"I cant see S***! --YOU GO TO HELL!" --Tourettes guy
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