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Winter 2015
OUR LEADING LADY, CARRIE FISHER By Stephanie Stephens Carrie Fisher is returning as Princess Leia in a new Star Wars movie, but she's always beenRead more...
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Having an alcohol or substance abuse problem along with bp means seeking recovery for both conditions.
bp readers respond. Many persons struggle not only with bipolar disorder, but with the secondary issue of substance abuse —alcohol, drugs or both. If you are someone who has been able to overcome substance abuse, can you share some helpful words of advice with bp readers?
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Very high res photos of Georgia Dome for the bowl game, can find yourself and tag yourself. Hope no one was picking their nose, sheesh thats close! lol
Clemson is the only team in the nation to beat a top-25 ranked team in a bowl game in 2012, 2013 & 2014. #Clemsoning
If you're happy with good enough, then good enough is what you'll be. Greatness requires the expectation of excellence.

subset: commoncrawl


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A system for actively controlling the charging profile of a battery uses a software-based alternator control unit to control the charging voltage. The system optimizes battery and alternator life. The system, on a dynamic basis, uses battery open-circuit voltage (OCV) to estimate battery state-of-charge (SOC). Also, the charging current of the battery is periodically estimated; this, after processing, provides an estimated SOC of the battery.
1. A battery recharging and maintenance system comprising:
(a) a battery connected for (i) supplying energy to electrical load apparatus, and (ii) receiving recharging energy from an alternator;
(b) an alternator connected to drive means for producing electrical energy and connected to supply electrical energy to said electrical load apparatus and to said battery;
(c) voltage regulator means connected to said alternator and adapted to control said alternator so as to vary the magnitude of the voltage output of said alternator as a function of a control signal applied to said voltage regulator means;
(d) voltage regulator control means adapted to produce a control signal and being connected to control said voltage regulator means to thereby vary said voltage output of said alternator and thus vary the charging current of said battery, said voltage regulator control means comprising means monitoring battery voltage including means for monitoring said battery's open circuit voltage (OCV) following an extended period of inactivity of said drive means, said OCV being applied to processing means to provide an estimate of state of charge (SOC) of said battery before each resumption of activity of said drive means.
2. Apparatus of
3. Apparatus of claims 1 or 2 including means for estimating charging current of said battery and for applying a signal indicative thereof to said processing means for providing an estimate of SOC of said battery during activity of said drive means.
4. Apparatus of claims 1 or 2 including means for periodically estimating charging current of said battery and for applying a signal indicative thereof to said processing means for providing an estimate of SOC of said battery during rotation of said rotor by said drive means, said means for periodically estimating charging current comprising means for implementing the equation: I (battery)=IA1−IA2 (A1/A2) where IA1 is the current output of said alternator when said alternator is at a first output voltage level A1, and IA2 is the current output of said alternator when said alternator is at a second voltage level A2.
5. Apparatus of claims 1 or 2 including means for periodically estimating charging current of said battery and for applying a signal indicative thereof to said processing means for providing an estimate of SOC of said battery during rotation of said rotor by said drive means, said means for periodically estimating charging current comprising (i) means for calculating output current of said alternator at a first output voltage level A1 thereof, (ii) means for suddenly lowering said alternator output voltage level to a second voltage level A2, (iii) means for calculating output current of said alternator at said second voltage level A2, and (iv) processing means for implementing the equation: IB=IA1—IA2 (A1/A2) where IB is estimated charging current of said battery, IA1 is the calculated output current of said alternator when output voltage thereof is at said first level A1, and IA2 is the calculated output current of said alternator when the output voltage thereof is at said second level A2.
6. Apparatus of claims 1 or 2 including means for providing a signal indicative of the temperature of said battery to said processing means.
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17. A battery recharging and maintenance system comprising:
(a) a battery connected for (i) supplying energy to electrical load apparatus, and (ii) receiving recharging energy from an alternator;
(b) an alternator connected to drive means for producing electrical energy and connected to supply electrical energy to said electrical load apparatus and to said battery;
(c) voltage regulator means connected to said alternator and adapted to control said alternator so as to vary the magnitude of the voltage output of said alternator as a function of a control signal applied to said voltage regulator means;
(d) voltage regulator control means adapted to produce a control signal and being connected to control said voltage regulator means to thereby vary said voltage output of said alternator and thus vary the charging current of said battery, said alternator comprising (i) field coil means for receiving control current from said voltage regulator means, and (ii) rotor means connected to and adapted to be rotated by said drive means, said voltage regulator control means comprising means for monitoring said control current in said field coil means and for monitoring the angular velocity of said rotor means.
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This application is a continuation-in-part of my prior application Ser. No. 09/548,541, filed Apr. 13, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,353,306.
The invention of said prior application, Ser. No. 09/549,541, relates to a "smart" voltage regulator for regulating the voltage of an alternator which, in turn, provides a charging current to a storage battery for improving battery performance by maintaining a proper level of charge, and by reducing sulfation on the surface of the plates.
By way of background, motor vehicles in the United States some years ago typically had six-volt systems comprising, in part, a battery, a direct current (DC) generator, a DC starting motor or starter which, when energized, would start an internal combustion engine which, in turn, would drive the DC generator. A voltage regulator connected to the DC generator would control the output DC voltage thereof.
More recently, most motor vehicles in the United States use twelve-volt systems comprising a twelve-volt battery (12 volt being a nominal output voltage thereof), an alternating current (AC) alternator with appropriate rectifying means for providing a DC current, a DC starter, and a voltage regulator for controlling the voltage output of the alternator. Twelve-volt systems are described herein as a reference. The '541 invention works equally well on any voltage system. The regulation set points are adjusted accordingly.
There are a number of uses or scenarios for the above-described 12-volt system, all of which are based on the internal combustion engine and lead-acid battery combination. One use is with "over-the-road" trucks wherein the engines are operated more or less continuously for long periods of time, and thus, few start-up operations requiring battery current for starting are experienced. A large percentage of "passenger" vehicles make fairly frequent starts (one or more per day) with sufficient run time between each start so as to keep the battery charged. On the other hand, there are a number of applications such as recreational boats, recreational vehicles, and antique and specialty cars wherein such vehicles are operated only occasionally, raising the likelihood of the storage battery used for starting the engine being significantly discharged throughout extended intervals during its life.
Another challenging application for a storage battery is in connection with vehicles that make long stops with loads left on, coupled with very little "run time". For example, delivery vehicles serving a high-density business section of a metropolitan area typically make long stops with "flashers" left on, coupled with very little run time between stops. The result is storage batteries that are consistently undercharged, shortening the life of the batteries.
The '541 invention actively monitors the needs of the above uses and changes the storage battery charging profile accordingly.
The goal of the present invention is to optimize battery and alternator life. By monitoring a lead-acid battery's state-of-charge (SOC), and by monitoring the conditions the battery and alternator experience, the present invention appropriately adjusts the alternator's output. Vehicle electrical loads are increasing each year (key-off and well as key-on); constant voltage regulators of the prior art are not able to optimally maintain battery health because battery needs vary widely from situation to situation. This results in batteries that are either overcharged (water loss) or undercharged (sulfation). Both situations significantly reduce battery life. The regulator means provided by the present invention works equally well in over-the-road trucks, as well as city delivery trucks, replacing specific voltage settings for specific vehicle use. The combination of high current and high heat can cause alternators to fail. The present invention regulator extends alternator life by preventing damaging combinations of alternator output current and alternator temperature.
There are, of course, numerous prior art voltage regulator systems for regulating the output voltage of the generator or alternator. Roseman, et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,623,197 is an example of a prior art system which teaches the decreasing of the output voltage of the alternator when the battery is significantly discharged, to prevent excessive current from entering the battery. Roseman's application concentrates on nickel-cadmium and sealed lead-acid aviation batteries charged by an aviation electrical generator/starter. The present invention concentrates on lead-acid batteries with very different needs.
Current industry technology emphasizes the constant potential method. This method has its disadvantages. It is difficult to have one optimal voltage setting for all conditions. If the voltage setting is too high, overcharging occurs, causing electrolysis (water use) and reduced battery life. If, however, the voltage is set too low, the battery remains undercharge for extended period, causing sulfation, and reduced battery life.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,476 suggests that basing the voltage setting on double slope temperature compensation charged the battery better. Temperature, however, is only one factor in the battery's charging needs. Furthermore, battery temperature and regulator temperature are not often correlated. The physical placement of the battery is often different than the voltage regulator, resulting in poor temperature correlation.
The majority of voltage regulator prior art ignores the health of the battery, the primary role of the charging system. Tsuchiya, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,929,613, and Peter, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,773,964 are examples of this.
In broad terms, the '541 invention provides a voltage regulator control which is capable of monitoring battery voltage, alternator voltage, voltage regulator temperature, battery temperature, and time. The regulator adjusts the charging profile based on the history of the foregoing five parameters. These parameters have varying importance depending upon the mode of the vehicle.
The primary purpose of the battery in vehicles is to start the engine. Discharged and failing batteries will have longer starts and lower minimum starting voltages. Therefore, it is wise to closely monitor and record voltage and time during starts. Minimum battery voltage during start, length of start, and the integral of delta voltage versus time may all be recorded by the present invention, and used to adjust charging profile. After the engine is started, the present invention charges the battery back as fast as possible without, however, damaging the battery or alternator. The regulator sets its first threshold (Tier D between 15 and 16 volts. It then records how long it takes to get to the Tier I threshold. This value (time) is used later to adjust the charging profile. Fully charged batteries take seconds to get to the Tier I threshold, while discharged batteries could take tens of minutes. The present invention lowers the system voltage before the risk of overcharging and damage occurs, thus achieving the goal of reaching Tier I threshold by charging the battery as fast as possible without overcharging. This feature also helps to break up sulfation on the battery's plates.
The '541 invention controller keeps the battery at the first threshold for a software-determined length of time depending on the battery state-of-charge (from multiple seconds to minutes).
The smart regulator will then regulate the battery's voltage to a second threshold (Tier II). Tier II is in the voltage range of normal voltage regulators (14-15 volts). The regulator keeps the battery at Tier II for a period to ensure that the battery is fully charged, following which the controller tapers back the battery's voltage to a final threshold, or safe-float voltage. This increases fuel economy, battery life, alternator life, and halogen light life. The float voltage is in the range of 13.5 to 14.2 volts, which is the range similar to over-the-road trucks that spend the vast majority of their time running, and not starting.
Application of the '541 invention may include more than one of the described-above thresholds (Tier I, Tier II, Tier III, etc.), some of which may only be used when the controller deems it necessary based on the history of the system. Vehicles that have not run for an extended period are good examples of this. The controller may deem it necessary to add an extra high voltage phase (14.5 to 15.5 volts), in order to break up sulfation on the storage battery's plates and ensure the storage battery is fully charged. This change in charge profile increases the life of storage batteries for recreational boats, recreational vehicles, and other infrequently driven vehicles.
Batteries that have an abnormally low open-circuit voltage are another example of where the controller may need to add an extra or extended high voltage phase (14.5 to 15.5 volts). Leaving headlights or electrical accessories on while the vehicle is not running induces this situation. Present vehicle charging systems are designed to keep storage batteries charged during normal use. They are not designed to fully recharge the storage battery. Often this results in storage batteries spending extended periods significantly discharge, resulting in storage battery plate sulfation and a reduction in battery life. The '541 invention dramatically changes the charging profile to minimize this problem.
It is advantageous for the '541 invention to communicate the information it collects about the charging system to the user and mechanic.
The '541 invention controls a light in the vehicle's dashboard or elsewhere. The light is flashed in two or more simple patterns. The first may indicate all charging parameters normal; the second pattern may direct the user to have the vehicle checked by a technician, thus giving users feedback before serious problems occur.
The technician is equipped with a hand held data-receiving device. The '541 invention transfers all of the parameters it has recorded to the technician's hand-held device. This is done through serial wire, optical sensor, wireless signal or other means. The hand-held device has software to analyze the data and recommend the technician's next step. This tool will be invaluable for the technician's diagnostic, debug, and preventative maintenance. Current charging system diagnostic tools only attempt to test the charging system's current state. The '541 invention gives the technician the ability to take into account the history of the charging system.
The present invention utilizes a battery's state-of-charge (SOC) to optimize battery and alternator life. Determining a lead-acid battery's SOC is more difficult while the vehicle carrying the battery is in use than while the vehicle is at rest, such as in a garage or parking area. The present invention provides a regulator that uses an algorithm designed around common patterns in automotive and/or truck vehicle use. The present invention is unique in how it determines the battery's SOC. The present invention uses open-circuit voltage (OCV) and battery dynamic charge current to determine the battery's SOC.
FIG. 1A is block diagram of one embodiment of the '541 invention wherein the key technology is external of the voltage regulator module.
FIG. 1B is a block diagram of an alternative embodiment of the '541 invention wherein the key technology is external of the voltage regulator module.
FIG. 2 is a simplified battery charging profile showing the voltage applied to the battery as a function of time, with the profile of the '541 invention being contrasted with conventional arrangements.
FIG. 3 is a simplified battery charging profile showing current delivered to the battery as a function of time, with the profile provided by the '541 invention being contrasted with that by conventional arrangements.
FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, 4D, 4E, and 4F collectively show an example algorithm or flowchart for the '541 invention.
FIG. 5 shows a graph of percent voltage threshold versus temperature, in connection with alternator thermal shutdown protection.
FIG. 6 is a table showing how different conditions from various modes of operation change the battery's charging profile.
FIG. 7 is a partial block diagram of another embodiment of the '541 invention wherein critical data concerning the battery may be transmitted to a remote (or local) receiving station.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram of one embodiment of the present invention wherein the alternator is controlled by a microprocessor, so as to optimize battery and alternator life, the microprocessor being controlled in part by the battery open-circuit voltage and battery charge current.
FIG. 9 is a graph which shows how a battery surface charge drains off during extended stops of the vehicle, i.e., a stop of many hours, the graph showing how a typical battery voltage settles during an extended stop.
FIG. 10 shows a typical battery voltage versus state-of-charge (SOC) plot of batteries made by three different battery manufacturers.
FIG. 11 shows how a fully charged battery's OCV is affected by loads and cold temperatures.
FIG. 12 shows graphs of battery current and battery voltage, both plotted on the vertical axis with a relatively short time base plotted on the horizontal axis, showing how battery current is negligible for a few seconds after the voltage is suddenly reduced ten percent.
FIG. 13 is a contour plot of a map of how much time batteries take to recharge to ninety-percent SOC from varying SOC and temperatures.
FIG. 14 is a plot of temperature versus time, showing both battery temperature and alternator temperature, plotted against time as expressed as "engine-on" and "key-off.
FIG. 15 is a plot of field duty cycle versus alternator current, with the field duty cycle being indicated in duty percent, and with the family of curves indicating specific alternator current."
Referring to FIG. 1A, one embodiment of the '541 invention is shown in schematic block diagram form, and comprises a rechargeable battery 10, a plurality of electrical loads 12, a starter motor 14, an engine 16, and an alternator 18. The battery 10 is connected by 10′ to a DC bus 11 to supply a plurality of electrical loads 12, as well as to selectively energize the starter motor 14 upon closing of the ignition switch AA. The starter motor is mechanically linked by 15 to the engine 16, the engine further, when operating, causing the rotation of the alternator 18 through the mechanical linkage 17. The invention further includes a voltage regulator 22 and a special manipulator or controller 24 provided by this invention. The voltage regulator 22 may be of any of the several commercially available voltage regulators in widespread use, or a voltage regulator incorporating the present invention's controller technology as disclosed in FIG. 1B. The controlling output for the alternator from the voltage regulator is applied via a connection 22AA to the alternator 18, to thus control the output voltage and current flow from the alternator to the bus 11 (via connection 18′), and thus to the battery 10, as well as the electrical loads 12. A connection 24′ connects bus 11 with a voltage sensor 24AA of voltage controller 24 as a first input thereto, this input being indicative of the alternator voltage.
A second input to the controller 24 is battery voltage. This is provided by a connection 10AA between battery 10 and voltage sensor 24AA. It should be understood that, depending on several factors such as the current draw or the electrical loads 12 and the I2R losses in the current carrying lines or conductors, the battery and alternator voltages often are different and sometimes greatly different.
A third input to the controller 24 is a control signal indicative of the temperature of the voltage regulator from an appropriate sensor 24AB. Finally, a timer 24AC connected by appropriate means provides yet another or fourth input to the controller 24.
Thus, in broad terms, the controller 24 of FIG. 1A is connected to receive and monitor battery voltage, alternator voltage, voltage regulator temperature, and time.
The temperature sensors 24AB may be any suitable sensors such as a thermistor or other sensor, as are well known to those skilled in the art.
The controller 24 preferably includes a microprocessor 24A having functions which are responsive to the example flowchart shown in FIGS. 4A-4F.
As described above, the controller 24 may be external of the standard voltage regulator 22. The controller works by sensing battery voltage and then sending signals to the voltage regulator's sense input. This gives the invention control over the standard voltage regulator. However, in some instances, such as new equipment, it may be advantageous to have the controller internal, or integral, with the voltage regulator module; this is disclosed in FIG. 1B wherein similar elements are identified by the same reference numbers or letters. In this case, the smart regulator controls the alternator field current like standard regulators, but varies charge profile based on battery need. Thus, in FIG. 1B, the voltage regulator 50 comprises a voltage sensor 50AA connected by 10AA and 50′ to measure and provide inputs indicative of the battery and alternator voltage respectively; and temperature sensor 50AB, timer 50AC, and microprocessor 50AD which correspond respectively to elements 24AB, 24AC, and 24A of FIG. 1A to thus provide temperature and time inputs.
First Threshold
As indicated, the controller 24 (or 50 in FIG. 1B) monitors battery voltage, alternator voltage, regulator temperature, and time. After the engine is started, the controller's job is to charge the battery back as fast as possible without damaging the battery or alternator. The smart regulator sets the first threshold (Tier I) for the battery between 15 and 16 volts. This is indicated in FIG. 4B by reference numeral 101. The apparatus then records how long it took for the battery to get to the Tier I threshold, this being designated by reference numeral 111 in FIG. 4B. This value (time) is used later to adjust the charging profile. Fully charged batteries take seconds to get to Tier I threshold, while discharged batteries take tens of minutes. In the voltage charging profile shown in FIG. 2, the designator BB represents the battery voltage reaching the Tier I threshold.
Referring again to FIGS. 4A and 4B (an example algorithm), the time to threshold measurement at 111 is multiplied at 121 by a Tier I multiplier. This has the effect on the alternator to maintain the battery voltage at the Tier I threshold for as long as it took to get there times an appropriate multiplier, or a Tier I multiplier; this multiplier may be around one (1) but may range from 0.1 to 10 depending upon applications and history of the charging system. This factor becomes more significant as Tier I time periods increase.
The smart regulator may keep the battery at the first or Tier I threshold for a short period of time (less than 60 seconds) regardless of how long it initially took to get there; this breaks up sulfation that has formed on the battery plates and replaces current lost during starting. This is done for a short period of time so that overcharging does not occur.
Second Threshold
The smart regulator will regulate the battery's voltage to a second threshold (Tier II) when it is finished with the first. Tier II is the voltage range of normal voltage regulators (14-15 volts). The Tier II threshold is set by the software based on the immediate needs and past history of the battery. The smart regulator keeps the battery at Tier II to ensure that the battery is fully charged; the progression from Tier I threshold to Tier II threshold is depicted in the flowchart on FIG. 4E, resulting at the top of the FIG. 4E with box 141 designating a Tier II threshold.
The smart regulator keeps the battery at Tier II to ensure that the battery is fully charged for a software-determined length of time, following which the regulator then tapers back the battery's voltage to a Tier Ill threshold indicated by reference numeral 151 in FIG. 4F.
As indicated above, reference BB on the voltage profile shown in FIG. 2 is indicative of the Tier I threshold. After a passage of time, the voltage set point decreases to the Tier II threshold represented on FIG. 2 by the designator CC. Finally, the smart regulator causes the alternator voltage to decrease to the float level represented by DD in FIG. 2. It may be noted in FIG. 2 that the float voltage DD is somewhat less than the steady-state voltage from a conventional system. Likewise, FIG. 3 depicts the simplified battery current charging profile for the present invention as contrasted with a conventional apparatus. It will be seen that with the present invention, the charging current is maintained at a high level until the end of the Tier I threshold, following which the current drops significantly to a level below that of conventional apparatus.
Monitoring Alternator and Battery Current
Knowledge of battery state-of-charge (SOC) is one of the present invention's goals. Therefore, it is wise to monitor current into the battery. Measuring or calculating the voltage drop between the alternator and battery accomplishes this. This drop is proportional to the alternator current and wire resistance. The drop due to external loads can be measured by briefly dropping the system voltage to near the battery's instantaneous open-circuit voltage. At which point the voltage drop from the alternator to battery charge current can be calculated by subtracting the external load voltage drop from the total voltage drop.
Significance of Temperature
Both the alternator and battery are affected by temperature. The smart regulator of the '541 invention monitors its own temperature to adjust the charge profile. It is important to protect the alternator because diodes and windings fail at high temperatures. The regulator monitors its own temperature and extrapolates the battery diode and winding temperatures. Another concern is that a vehicle's battery may not be at a similar temperature as the voltage regulator because it is not near the alternator; in this case the battery's temperature is not well correlated to the regulator's temperature. Certain delivery trucks are a good example of this because the battery for same is under the step. For this reason, the controller provided by this invention must use ambient temperature as well as current regulator temperature to adjust the current charging profile. Ambient temperature is acquired by sensor 24AB recording regulator temperature before start if the vehicle has been off for an extended time of hours. The controller protects the alternator because it has the ability to shut down the alternator when it reaches critical temperatures; this is depicted in FIG. 5. It will be appreciated that battery temperature may be sensed either directly or indirectly. When sensed directly, a suitable probe is placed in contact with the battery structure per se, with indirect sensing being utilized in other cases where the immediate ambient temperature, through experience, may be utilized as a reasonably accurate reference.
Engine Off
When the engine stops running, the controller of the present invention still monitors voltage time and temperature. A surface charge remains on the battery plates immediately after the engine turns off, leaving a fully charged battery's open-circuit voltage between 13 and 14 volts. This open-circuit voltage is not a good indicator of state-of-charge. The controller of this invention may, however, monitor the discharge time constant of the battery's drift down to a normal open-circuit voltage. This time constant depends on state-of-charge, parasitic or "key-off" load current and previous charge current.
Extended Stops
Extended stops also help the smart regulator of the present invention to determine the battery's state-of-charge (SOC). The regulator adjusts the charge profile based on open-circuit voltage (OCV). Batteries that have low open-circuit voltages after extended stops are charged differently from batteries with normal open-circuit voltages. It also adjusts the charge profile based on how long the engine has been off. This is beneficial to vehicles that are driven inconsistently, such as snowplows, tractors, third cars, and the like. Initial high-voltage charging of batteries that have sat for weeks or months helps break up sulfation on the battery's plates. Accumulation of battery plate sulfation severely shortens the battery's life. The invention actively attacks it with every start.
Compilation of how Charging Profile is Adjusted
FIG. 6 is a table, or compilation, of how the battery charging profile is adjusted, with the table tabulating a number of situations, each of which affects charging profile. It will be understood that the controller provided by the '541 invention may only use a few of the adjustments listed, or may use any of them.
FIG. 7 schematically shows another embodiments of the '541 invention. The controller 50 is the same as that of FIG. 1B, except it further includes (i) an output data 81 connected to an indicator means 80, and (ii) a data transmitter 50AE connected by suitable means 99 (such as serial wire, optical or infrared sensors, wireless, etc.) to a remote data receiver and indicator unit 90 which may be hand-held.
The indicator 80 may be a light on the vehicle which may be flashed or operated in alternate patterns: a first to indicate that all battery charging parameters are normal, and a second directing the user to have the system checked before a serious problem occurs.
The data transmitter function 50AE of the controller of FIG. 7 transfers all (or selected ones) of the parameters recorded to the remote unit 90, which has appropriate software to analyze the data and to recommend the next step. This is invaluable in that it enables a centrally located technician to rapidly take inventory or census of the batteries in a plurality of vehicles. This is not only labor saving, but also identifies system problems before failure occurs; thus preventing road-calls and expensive downtime. In short, the present invention offers significant cost savings for users.
Preferred Embodiment of the Present Invention
The block diagram of this embodiment of the present invention is depicted in FIG. 8, wherein the battery 10 is connected to a DC bus 10′ so as to supply a plurality of electrical loads 12, as well as to selectively energize the starter motor 14 upon closing of the ignition switch AA. The starter 14 is mechanically linked by 15 to the engine 16 which, when operating, causes the rotation of the rotor of the alternator 18 through the mechanical linkage 17.
Temperature sensing means 10T is provided for measuring battery temperature. The alternator 18 has a field coil 18F and a temperature sensor means 18T for measuring the temperature of the alternator. The engine 16 has a key-off sensor 16K. A combined microprocessor and voltage regulator 200 is depicted; comprising in part a timer means 200T. The microprocessor 200 includes means for controlling the current in the alternator field coil 18F; this means being identified by reference numeral 202 in FIG. 8. It will be understood that the aforesaid control of the current in the field coil 18F will be effective to control the output voltage of the alternator 18.
In addition to timer 200T, the microprocessor and voltage regulator 200 has a plurality of other inputs. A battery voltage measuring apparatus 204 is connected by lead 204′ to the battery 10 and has an output 204″ connected to the microprocessor. Another input is the output voltage of the alternator 18; this is accomplished by voltage measuring apparatus 206 connected by lead 206′ to the alternator 18 and having an output 206″ connected to microprocessor 200. In addition, the battery temperature sensing means 10T is connected by lead 10T′ to 200. Likewise, the alternator temperature sensing means 18T is connected by lead 18′ to 200. In addition, this embodiment of the invention optionally provides input to the microprocessor indicative of battery size and battery chemistry. More specifically, FIG. 8 depicts a battery size coefficient means 210 connected to the microprocessor via a lead 210′, and a battery chemistry coefficient means 212 is connected by 212′ to the microprocessor.
The apparatus depicted in FIG. 8 shows the microprocessor function combined with the voltage regulator function; this is a matter of design choice. It will be understood that these functions could be separate, with the microprocessor receiving the above indicated input signals and having an output signal applied to the control means of a standard voltage regulator which, in turn, would provide a control signal to the field coil 18F of the alternator 18 so as to control or regulate the output voltage thereof.
The function of the key-off sensor 16K is to provide a signal indicating that the engine 16 is "off," i.e., not running. Those skilled in the art will understand that various means may be employed to provide this function.
Determining Battery State-of-Charge
Determining a lead-acid battery's state-of-charge (SOC) is more difficult while the vehicle using the battery is in use than while the vehicle is at rest, such as in a garage. The invention uses an algorithm designed around common patterns in automotive vehicle use. The invention uniquely determines the battery's SOC by determining open-circuit voltage (OCV) and battery charge current. FIG. 9 shows how a typical battery voltage settles during an extended stop of the vehicle, i.e., key-off; it will be noted from FIG. 9 that for the case presented, the battery voltage starts to indicate a valid state-of-charge after four hours have elapsed since key-off. Surface charge drain time varies greatly depending upon parasitic or key-off load and battery size. FIG. 10 shows a typical battery voltage versus state-of-charge plot for three different typical battery manufacturers. As is well known, different battery manufacturers use slightly different battery chemistries, resulting in a voltage shift as is shown in FIG. 10. The battery chemistry coefficient means 212 shown in FIG. 8 is applied via 212′ to the microprocessor 200, which uses logic to compensate for chemistry differences between batteries.
Battery OCV is lowered with cold temperatures and high parasitic or key-off loads.
The invention compensates for this shift. The invention provides sensing means for measuring the battery internal temperature, i.e., sensing means 10T, and estimates parasitic or key-off load by monitoring battery surface charge drain with logic.
FIG. 11 shows how a fully charged battery's OCV is affected by both loads and cold temperatures; parasitic load is measured in amps per pound of battery on the horizontal scale. This feature also may appropriately relate the ratio of the parasitic load to battery size, if desired. The Figure shows the relationship between battery voltage and parasitic load for four different temperatures. It will be understood, therefore, that the apparatus depicted in FIG. 8 comprises a means for providing voltage regulator control, which is adapted to produce a control signal which is connected to the voltage regulator means to thereby vary the output voltage of the alternator, and thus vary the charging current of the battery. The voltage regulator control means comprising means 204 monitoring battery voltage, including means for monitoring said battery's open-circuit voltage following an extended period of activity of the drive means. The OCV is applied to processing means 200 to provide an estimated state-of-charge of the battery before each resumption of activity of the drive means.
Battery Charge Current
During charging phases, e.g., above 15 volts, the invention estimates battery charge current periodically. While the monitoring of charge current to determine end-of-charge is a common feature of prior art apparatus, the present invention is unique in how it measures battery current; it does not measure current with external sensors such as a shunt. An alternator's output current is a function of both field current and rotor speed. The invention measures both of these parameters. Alternator field current is measured by calculating the duty cycle of the switching field transistor, and rotor speed is measured by measuring the number of alternator's AC output pulses for a set length of time. Reference is made to FIG. 15 of the drawings where this is demonstrated graphically. These features may be pre-programmed into the microprocessor consistent with the coefficients given for the plots of FIG. 15. This input to the microprocessor is identified by reference numeral 208.
The calculation of field current may be facilitated by the use of a map of an alternator's output current plotted with respect to varying field current and rotor speed. This information can be obtained and stored, and the measured data points may be rounded off, or contoured off, for a best-fit function for the measured data points. See typical map in FIG. 15. The microprocessor is programmed with this data. The invention uses the coefficients to measure the alternator's output current at about a preselected voltage, e.g., 15 volts. This computation or measurement by itself, however, does not give any indication as to how much current is actually going to the battery. To discern the difference between battery and external load current, the invention takes advantage of the fact that batteries do not behave like resistors (i.e., current proportional to voltage). Instead, batteries have an internal potential; at rest, a fully charged battery's internal potential (open-circuit voltage) is around 12.7 volts. A charging battery has an internal potential much higher than this. For example, when a battery charging at 15 volts is suddenly dropped to below 14 volts, the battery current goes to a negligible amount after its surface charge drains off. While the surface charge is draining, the battery current is negative and supplies external loads with current. The foregoing is illustrated in FIG. 12, which shows the battery current time history when a charging battery's voltage is suddenly reduced. FIG. 12 shows that the battery current is negligible for a few seconds after the voltage is suddenly reduced. The regulator takes advantage of this effect by calculating output current at both 15 volts and, in this case, 13.5 volts. The regulator uses logic to return the calculation when battery current is negligible. The invention can then calculate battery charge current with the following equation:
where IA1 is the current output of the alternator when the alternator is in the first output voltage level A1, and IA2 is the current output of the alternator said alternator is at a second voltage level A2.
Thus, the microprocessor 200 facilitates the estimation of charging current by time, i.e., periodically, suddenly reducing the voltage output of the alternator. These reductions in alternator voltage are very brief.
The ratio of high voltage over low voltage (15 over 13.5 for this example) needs to be included in the equation to account for reduced current to external loads at the lower voltage.
An understanding of battery needs is important for an understanding of the invention. To determine how hard and how long batteries should be charged is a difficult problem because a battery's SOC and water loss are affected by temperature, current, voltage and charge history.
The microprocessor 200 is programmed with a map of how much time batteries recharge to ninety percent to SOC from varying starting SOC's and temperatures. FIG. 13 is a contour plot of this map.
Temperature Compensation
Temperature compensation is not a new idea to voltage regulators; such prior art arrangements utilize the temperature of the voltage regulator per se. The present invention improves on the prior art by providing temperature compensation utilizing the temperature of the battery. Thus in FIG. 8 the battery temperature sensing means 10T is connected by 10T′ as one of the inputs to the microprocessor 200. The difference between battery temperature and alternator temperature is depicted in FIG. 14 for a representative scenario that shows, during times when the engine is on, the alternator temperature is significantly higher than its normal value, whereas the battery temperature is relatively stable, although it tends to increase somewhat following the turning-off of the engine.
While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated, it will be understood that variations may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the inventive concept. Accordingly, the invention is to be limited only by the scope of the following claims.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Currently viewing the tag: "juror expectations"
An Indirect-Effects Model of Mediated Adjudication: The CSI Myth, the Tech Effect, and Metropolitan Jurors' Expectations for Scientific Evidence
On December 18, 2009 By JETLaw December 18, 2009
Part I of this article defines the "CSI effect," a phrase has come to have many different meanings ascribed to it. It emphasizes the epistemological importance of first describing the effect of the "CSI effect" as observed in juror behavior documented in a new study conducted in Wayne County (Detroit), Michigan, and then [...]Continue Reading →
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Elka Suspension Group Buy - Get Some!
I'm able to organize a group buy for Elka Shocks. I get "special pricing" right now so if anyone wants to order the pricing is pretty good.
For the F800GS This would be the Elka the Stage 4 (w/ preload, high & low-speed compression, rebound) + Remote Hydraulic Preload Adjuster. Retail is $1,245 (On the Elka website they have them on a spring sale price for $995")
Group Buy price is better than the special right now!
The "Stage 4" shock w/ 3-way adj. w/ remote preload adjuster is $850 + $30 shipping ground
+ paypal fees (3% I believe). Obviously if you have special shipping needs it may be more.
The Stage 4 shock w/out the preload [PM for price]
US shipping addresses only though.
Delivery is est. at 2-4 weeks + shipping time from the date of order.
All orders will get an order conf. # and and tracking number for your order.
Again, this is special "private group buy" pricing. Can be for any shock they sell as long as they make it for the model bike. Price applies to group buy. No guarantees how long they are on sale or when pricing will change. :D
Link to what they have for different bikes. It lists which bikes have the remote preload adjuster and which are avail. w/out it. There are some bikes not listed. Ask and I will check.
F650GS Dakar is part ELKA-40006 (only avail w/ remote preload adjuster)
F800GS is part ELKA-40010 (only avail w/ remote preload adjuster)
Other bikes like R1150GS/GS Adv., R1200GS/GS Adv, and many other makes and models are available.
Both include:
RDH - ride height adjsutment
PRE - threaded preload adjusetment ring
REB - rebound dampening
HSC - High-Speed compression
LSC - Low-Speed compression
HYD - Remote preload adjuster (note: w/out is less but not much less so just get it)
So... who's interested? :-D
I think it's a great idea! Unfortunately (or fortunately) mine just arrived in the mail today. Really looking forward to getting it mounted up.
I have interest.
Are you not interested in the front (edit:never mind I just saw the chart does not show a solution for the front for the 800 )? I haven't heard anything about these. Anyone have links to more info? I want to completely redo my suspension.
Also I am not really sure I need the remote preload adjuster...does it have to include that for the deal?
One last annoying question; this is what we are talking about correct? http://www.elkasuspension.com/?q=node/45
I just ordered one today also. Did not see the group buy. But got the same deal.:thumbup
Unless timing changes, I am interested, but funds are allocated to moving, and I'd rather sort out the front first. FWIW you can pencil me in for the next group by (maybe).
I am waiting on info re: teh remote preload adjuster and whether the shock comes in a model without it for the F800GS. I think it may be needed since we already have a preload adjuster on the bike now. Will let you know.
Just heard back that the shock for the F800GS is the only one they have available for that bike.
(It used to be available but was only be $100 cheaper without the remote adjuster so everyone ordered it with it and they stopped making it without....)
If you really didn't want hyraulic preload it appears you could remove that portion (it's a cylinder that fits between the preload adjustment collar and the spring) and replace it with an aluminum shim of similar displacement to maintain preload adjustment range. The way the adjusterit mounts on the bike is a little screwy if you're going to be off road and risk dumping it on it's side. I'd post a picture to illustrate whart I mean but I'm inept in that regard...
might be in for a set for my 1150 if this thread picks up steam.
I'm now interested in this. Finished my front mods and setting aside the $ for the rear now.
this month? It's tax return season for most people and everyone up north is starting to dig out the bikes.
This month might be doable b/c I need to order mine too. :D
If you know anyone else who is interested now would be a great time to get folks on board. I can coordinate the orders and shipping through a contact I have at Elka. Not sure on pricing right now as it might depend on how many are ordered.
Here is a link to the fitment chart:
F650GS Dakar is part ELKA-40006
F800GS is part ELKA-40010
Lists them as including:
RDH - ride height adjsutment
PRE - threaded preload adjusetment ring
REB - rebound dampening
HSC - High-Speed compression
LSC - Low-Speed compression
HYD - Remote preload adjuster
A few sportbike races are using them here locally. They are supposed to be every bit as good as Penske or Ohlins (some racers prefer them to Ooohlins). In the ATV world they are the top of the line shocks apparently.
watcha building?
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Mini Rosemary Scones
|All purpose flour
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|Whole wheat flour
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|2 Tablespoon
|Baking powder
|2 Teaspoon
|Baking soda
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Grated lemon peel
|2 Teaspoon
|Finely chopped fresh rosemary/1 teaspoon dried rosemary leaves, crushed
|1 Tablespoon, finely chopped
|Firm butter/Margarine
|3 Tablespoon
|Fat free sour cream
|1⁄2 Cup (8 tbs)
|Canola oil
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|Fresh lemon juice
|1 Tablespoon
1. Preheat the oven to 400°F
2. Prepare the cookie sheet by spraying the cookie sheet with cooking spray
3. In a medium bowl, mix the flours, the sugar, baking powder, the baking soda, lemon peel, rosemary, and salt.
4. Using two knives cut the butter into the flours by working them in opposite directions or carry out the process by using a pastry blender. The mixture should resemble fine bread crumbs.
5. Once the mixture resembles bread crumbs, stir in the sour cream, oil and lemon juice
6. Tip the mixture out on a floured surface and then bring it together by kneading 10 times
7. Divide the dough into thirds
8. On a cookie sheet, pat the third of dough into a 5-inch circle.
9. Cut each into 6 wedges but do not separate the wedges completely
10. Bake the wedges for 12-17 minutes or till the edges are golden brown and cooked
11. Immediately remove the wedges to a wire rack for cooling
12. Carefully separate the wedges and cool
13. Serve warm


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Hello, SUMO Nation! That week buzzed by really fast, hasn't it? Here's another portion of news and updates from the world of SUMO.
Guess what, more Mozillians among us!
The latest SUMO Community meeting
You can find the agenda and notes here: https://etherpad.mozilla.org/sumo-2015-04-13, and the video… will be added below as soon as Madalena hacks into the admin panel of Vidyo ;-) Thank you for your patience!
Reminder: the next SUMO Community meeting…
- …is going to take place on Monday, 20th of April. Join us!
- As a rule, if you want to add a discussion topic to upcoming the live meeting agenda:
- Start a thread in the Community Forums, so that everyone in the community can see what will be discussed and voice their opinion here before Monday (this will make it easier to have an efficient meeting).
- Please do so as soon as you can before the meeting, so that people have time to read, think, and reply (and also add it to the agenda).
Help needed!
- Help us test BuddyUp for desktop! Please give it a go and let us know how it works for you in the forums.
- We are launching the first SUMO KB Day soon – you still have time to give us ideas and feedback on our plan.
Community shout-outs
Developer news
- The latest Platform meeting notes can be found here. The video for that one was eaten by our cyberdog… but we'll get it back, soon!
- In the meantime, feast your eyes with the latest sprint items and the quarterly plan.
- As mentioned above, do help us test BuddyUp for desktop!
Contributor news
Knowledge Base news
L10n news
Firefox (Desktop, OS, for Android) & other news
- Firefox: In case you somehow missed it – Mark has joined us as the Firefox Desktop lead – while I poke him for an official introductory blog post here, you can visit his private blog.
- Firefox OS: As Ralph reports we've had 28 new questions in the forums for the 15th week of the year, up to April 10th. 14 of those were related to a single Marketplace issue. This is now sorted – thanks to everyone involved!
- Firefox Android: Roland reports that in the meeting notes. with more context
- Thunderbird: … will have a Thunderbird User Success Council, as we are eager to get the most interested among you involved directly in making version 38 a hit. We are looking for an
I think I ran out of exclamation marks and witty remarks a while ago… So, let me rest and reset over the weekend, and we will all see you on Monday, we hope! Keep rocking the open web!


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Play Video
How People Say Things Differently Around The US
Posted by Break.com Staff on Jul. 02, 2013
Break celebrates 4th of July the American Way: by laying the smack down on ...
With the 4th of July around the corner, we celebrate the most kick-ass USA ...
Dude, are you drunk AND high? Or are you just being PRANKED?!
Posted by Break.com Staff on Jul. 02, 2013


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Faculty Profiles
Robert L. PaarlbergBetty Freyhof Johnson '44 Professor of Political ScienceB.A., Carleton College; Ph.D., Harvard University
Researcher on food and agricultural policy, with a focus on farming technologies and poverty in the developing world.
Kyung ParkAssistant Professor of EconomicsB.A., M.A., Ph.D., University of Chicago
Research in the field of law and economics as well as topics in political economy, with particular interest in racial discrimination and inequality.
Sergio ParussaAssociate Professor of Italian StudiesLaurea in Lettere, Universitˆ degli studi di Torino (Italy); M.A., Ph. D., Brown University
Teaches Italian language and literature, literary theory, and writing; works as a translator.
Cassandra PattanayakJack and Sandra Polk Guthman '65 Director, Quantitative Analysis Institute; Visiting LecturerA.B., A.M., Ph.D., Harvard University
Statistician specializing in causal inference; creating the Quantitative Analysis Institute, to expand the role of statistics at Wellesley.
Donna A. PattersonAssistant Professor of Africana StudiesB.A., University of Houston; M.A., Ph.D., Indiana University
Historian with training in Africa and the African Diaspora with research in the history of medicine, gender, pharmaceuticals, drug policy, and entrepreneurship.
Timothy Walter Hopkins PeltasonClass of 1949 Professor in Ethics; Professor of EnglishA.B., Harvard College; M.A., Ph.D., Yale University
Tim Peltason teaches and writes about nineteenth- and twentieth-century British and American literature and about Shakespeare.
T. Kaye PetermanSusan M. Hallowell and Ruby Frances Howe Farwell Professor of Biological SciencesB.S., Texas A & M University; Ph.D., Duke University
Plant cell biologist who uses molecular genetics, biochemistry and confocal microscopy to study how plant cells grow and divide.
James Michael PettersonProfessor of FrenchB.A., Reed College; M.A., Columbia University; Ph.D., University of California (Berkeley)
Engaged in studying French poetry in its relation to contemporary French, philosophy, aesthetics, and intellectual history.
Caitlin PickulInstructor in Physical Education, Recreation and AthleticsB.S., Providence College; M.B.A., Loyola University Chicago
Assistant soccer coach; assistant director of strength and conditioning.
Jessica PolitoLecturer in the Quantitative Reasoning ProgramB.A., Harvard University; Ph.D., University of California (Berkeley)
Anjali PrabhuProfessor of FrenchB.A., Jawaharlal Nehru University (India); M.A., Purdue University; Ph.D., Duke University
Works in postcolonial studies, Francophone studies, cultural theory (especially French theory), cinema studies, African studies.
Rhys Price JonesVisiting Lecturer in Computer ScienceB.A., M.A., Oxford University; M.Sc., University of Calgary; Ph.D., University of London; M.Sc., Indiana University
Rhys likes to challenge students, conventions, preconceptions and the status quo. Your help is appreciated.
Ruth Anna PutnamProfessor Emerita of PhilosophyB.Sc. U.C.L.A., Ph.D. U.C.L.A.
As an undergraduate Chemistry major, she fell in love with Philosophy of Science and later turned to other areas of Philosophy.
Jennie E. PyersAssociate Professor of PsychologyB.A., Smith College; Ph.D., University of California (Berkeley)
Research interests include the relationship between language and cognition, bilingualism, and the psycholinguistics of sign languages.


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Hi, so I am a total WordPress noob but I am trying my best to run and administrate my mother's site for a free counselling service.
It was a theme we had custom built (does that mean we are screwed?) but I have implemented various plugins etc.
On the main page http://www.theyespath.com it shows the most recent blog posts
On the blog page it shows all posts
But when you click a category (see bottom right of website) e.g. abuse it shows the post in that category but the theme is mashed
Any help is much appreciated, she's getting pretty frustrated


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Uniform motion is motion at a constant speed in a straight line. Uniform motion can be described by a few simple equations. The distance s covered by a body moving with velocity v during a time t is given by s=vt. If the velocity is changing, either in direction or magnitude, it is called accelerated motion (see acceleration). Uniformly accelerated motion is motion during which the acceleration remains constant. The average velocity during this time is one half the sum of the initial and final velocities. If a is the acceleration, vo the original velocity, and vf the final velocity, then the final velocity is given by vf=vo + at. The distance covered during this time is s=vot + 1/2 at2. In the simplest circular motion the speed is constant but the direction of motion is changing continuously. The acceleration causing this change, known as centripetal acceleration because it is always directed toward the center of the circular path, is given by a=v2/r, where v is the speed and r is the radius of the circle.
The relationship between force and motion was expressed by Sir Isaac Newton in his three laws of motion: (1) a body at rest tends to remain at rest or a body in motion tends to remain in motion at a constant speed in a straight line unless acted on by an outside force, i.e., if the net unbalanced force is zero, then the acceleration is zero; (2) the acceleration a of a mass m by an unbalanced force F is directly proportional to the force and inversely proportional to the mass, or a = F/m; (3) for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. The third law implies that the total momentum of a system of bodies not acted on by an external force remains constant (see conservation laws, in physics). Newton's laws of motion, together with his law of gravitation, provide a satisfactory basis for the explanation of motion of everyday macroscopic objects under everyday conditions. However, when applied to extremely high speeds or extremely small objects, Newton's laws break down.
Motion at speeds approaching the speed of light must be described by the theory of relativity. The equations derived from the theory of relativity reduce to Newton's when the speed of the object being described is very small compared to that of light. When the motions of extremely small objects (atoms and elementary particles) are described, the wavelike properties of matter must be taken into account (see quantum theory). The theory of relativity also resolves the question of absolute motion. When one speaks of an object as being in motion, such motion is usually in reference to another object which is considered at rest. Although a person sitting in a car is at rest with respect to the car, both in motion with respect to the earth, and the earth is in motion with respect to the sun and the center of the galaxy. All these motions are relative.
It was once thought that there existed a light-carrying medium, known as the luminiferous ether, which was in a state of absolute rest. Any object in motion with respect to this hypothetical frame of reference would be in absolute motion. The theory of relativity showed, however, that no such medium was necessary and that all motion could be treated as relative.
See J. C. Maxwell, Matter and Motion (1877, repr. 1952).
The artist known as Little Eva was actually Carole King's babysitter, having been introduced to King and husband Gerry Goffin by The Cookies, a local girl group who would also record for the songwriters. Apparently the dance came before the lyrics; Eva was bopping to some music that King was playing at home, and a dance with lyrics was soon born. It was the first release on the new Dimension Records label, whose girl-group hits were mostly penned and produced by Goffin and King.
The Loco-Motion was quickly recorded by British girl group The Vernons Girls and entered the chart the same week as the Little Eva version. The Vernons Girls' version stalled at number 47 in the UK, while the Little Eva version climbed all the way to number 2 on the UK charts. It re-entered the chart some ten years later and almost became a top ten again, peaking at number 11.
The Little Eva version of the song was featured in the 2006 David Lynch film Inland Empire in a sequence involving the recurrent characters of the girl-friends/prostitutes performing the dance routine. The scene has been noted as being particularly surreal, even by the standards of David Lynch movies.
Serbian new wave band Električni Orgazam recorded an album of covers Les Chansones Populaires in 1983. The first single off the release was "Locomotion". Ljubomir Đukić provided the lead vocals. Having left the band, Đukić made a guest appearance on the first band's live album Braćo i sestre ("Brothers and sisters") and that is the only live version of the song the band released.
Jerick's different version of the song was originally released by Minogue as her debut single on July 27, 1987 in Australia under the title "Locomotion". After an impromptu performance of the song at an Australian rules football charity event with the cast of the Australian soap opera Neighbours, Minogue was signed a record deal by Mushroom Records to release the song as a single. The song was a hit in Australia, reaching number one and remained there for an amazing seven weeks. The success of the song in her home country led to her signing a record deal with PWL Records in London and to working with the hit producing team, Stock, Aitken and Waterman.
The music video for "Locomotion" was filmed at Essendon Airport and the ABC studios in Melbourne, Australia. The video for "The Loco-Motion" was created out of footage from the Australian music video.
At the end of 1988, the song was nominated for Best International Single at the Canadian Music Industry Awards.
In late 1988, Minogue travelled to the United States to promote "The Loco-Motion", where she did many interviews and performances on American television.
"The Loco-Motion" debuted at number eighty on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and later climbed to number three for two weeks. The song was Minogue's second single to chart in the U.S., but her first to reach the top ten. It remains her biggest hit in the United States. She would not even reach the top ten again until 2002 with the release of "Can't Get You Out Of My Head", which reached number seven on the chart.
In Canada, the song reached number one.
In Australia, the song was released on July 27 1987 and was a huge hit, reaching number one on the AMR singles chart and remaining there for seven weeks. The song set the record as the biggest Australian single of the decade. Throughout Europe and Asia the song also performed well on the music charts, reaching number one in Belgium, Finland, Ireland, Israel, Japan, and South Africa.
The flip-side "I'll Still Be Loving You" is a popular song, and one of the few not released as a single from her huge-selling debut album Kylie.
|Chart (1987)
|Australian ARIA Singles Chart
|Chart (1988)
|Canada Singles Chart
|Eurochart Hot 100
|South Africa Singles Chart
|Switzerland Singles Chart
|UK Singles Chart
|Germany Singles Chart
|U.S. Billboard Hot 100
|France Singles Chart
|The Netherlands
|Belgian Singles Chart
|Finland Singles Chart
|Hong Kong Singles Chart
|U.S. Hot Dance Music/Club Play
|U.S. Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales
|Norway Singles Chart
|Italian Singles Chart
|Japan Singles Chart
Israel #1 New Zealand #8 Sweden #10 USA Dance Chart #12


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Michael Phelps to Compete in 4 Events at U.S. Nationals
Michael Phelps will match his most grueling program since coming out of retirement, entering four events at next week's U.S. national championships.
Wizards' Beal, Not Wall, Selected For U.S. National Team's Training Camp
John Wall, Bradley Beal's backcourt mate with the Wizards, has not been named yet.
6 Of The Most Devastating Team USA Losses In History
You win some and you lose some, but these losses hurt and they hurt bad. And let's be honest, Sunday's match against Portugal felt like a defeat …
What D.C. Has to Offer as Potential Host for 2024 Olympics
The U.S. Olympic Committee is in discussions with Boston, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Washington as potential hosts for the 2024 Summer Olympics. The USOC will decide early next year whether to bid.
Washington Remains Potential Host for 2024 Olympics
Washington is among the cities still in the running for a possible U.S. bid to host the 2024 Summer Olympics.
Olympic Swimmer And Bethesda Native Katie Ledecky To Attend Stanford
Olympic champion swimmer Katie Ledecky plans to swim for Stanford after she graduates from high school next year.
Michael Phelps Loses First Race In Comeback
Michael Phelps is 0 for 1 in his comeback to the pool.
Olympic Great Michael Phelps Ending Retirement
Michael Phelps is coming out of retirement, the first step toward swimming at the 2016 Rio Olympics.
White House Says No 'Selfie' Ban Despite Olympians Not Allowed To Take Pictures Of Obama With Cellphone
The White House says it has not banned selfies despite Olympic athletes barred during a visit last week.
Olympic Athletes Get Their White House Moment
President Barack Obama and first lady Michelle Obama surrounded themselves with Olympians and Paralympians Thursday, saluting their success at the 2014 Winter Games in Sochi, Russia, praising their perseverance and marveling at their performances.


text:
Inspirational Videos
Click to view video
The Pink Lady inspires Baby Boomers and Mature Adults to re-examine and re-invent their lives through her seminar series called, "Get up, Get Out, and Get A Life!" She has motivated hundreds of people to stay youthful, improve their sexuality, and live life to the fullest. Her Mission is to "Show people that once they've reach 60 life is just beginning and filled with passion, excitement, love, and adventure."


text:
This is shortcode plugin which make graphical tab panels available.
highly unreliable. buggy code. cannot use in any rofessional website.
The text appears above the menus. Save your time, stay away from this crap.
You must log in to submit a review. You can also log in or register using the form near the top of this page.


text:
Mini Pizzas
14 Aug 2010
|Dry yeast
|1⁄4 Ounce (1 Package)
|Warm water
|1⁄4 Cup (4 tbs)
|2 Teaspoon
|Unbleached flour
|2 Cup (32 tbs)
|Whole wheat flour
|1 Cup (16 tbs)
|To Taste
|3⁄4 Cup (12 tbs)
|Vegetable cooking spray
|2 Tablespoon
|No salt added tomato sauce
|11 Tablespoon (1/2 Cup Plus 3 Tablespoons)
|Dried whole basil
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Dried whole oregano
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Dried whole thyme
|1⁄2 Teaspoon
|Freshly ground pepper
|1⁄4 Teaspoon
|Shredded mozzarella cheese
|8 Ounce (2 Cups)
Dissolve yeast in 1/4, cup warm water; add honey, and let stand 5 minutes.
Position knife blade in food processor bowl; add flours, satr, and yeastr mixture.
With processor running, pour 3/4 cup water through food chute in a slow, steady stream.
Process until well blended.
Place dough in a bowl that has been coated with cooking spray, turning to grease top.
Cover and let rise in a warm place (85°), free from drafrs, 30 minutes.
Punch dough down, and divide into 32 equal pieces.
Roll each piece into a 3-inch circle.
Place circles on baking sheers that have been coat.ed with cooking spray and sprinkled with cornmeal.
Combine tomato sauce and next 4 ingre-diens.
Spread 1 teaspoon tomato sauce mixture on each pizza round.
Rate It
0 Comments
Mini Pizzas Recipe


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You can now invite anyone to meet at your favorite Starbucks.
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40 year old woman | Lowell, MA, USA | Seeking men 31-48 within 30 miles
You will see me smile more often than you will see me frown!!
Hello there everyone! Well, it's been real. This baby expires in 10 days. I have to say that in this experience of internet dating I have found ONCE again, that there are far more crazies out there than normal people. It's a bit depressing but at the same time comical. I have had 2 people profess their love for me on this site. SERIOUSLY..who the hell does that?? One of them I never even met. It has been a learning experience. I am now a believer that most of us think we know what we want...til we get it. Then it's either boring, not what we thought it would be, or we just feel it plain sucks. It's kind of sad what the dating world has become. It is as easy to find someone to hang with as it is to go buy a gallon of milk. Only we have more selection on our on line convenience dating store. Honestly, I am tired of it. I don't want selection, I just want one real human being, who works, doesn't live with his mother, friends, any family member, or 5 of their friends. I mean staying with family to get on your feet is fine. But living there 8 years later?? That's just silly. You wouldn't think it to be so hard to meet someone who has his s*** together and knows where he plans to be in his future. I am so simple a person that I think it may be a downfall? Who knows. I work, go to the gym, hang out with my dog, love going out to take photos. I just don't get why this is so damn difficult. lol But for real, I wanted to wish you all the best of luck. I hope that you find whatever it is that you are looking for!!
Camping , Coffee and conversation , Cooking , Dining out , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Playing cards , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Billiards / Pool, Other types of exercise, Skiing, Swimming, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines, Yoga
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Dogs
I have one dog. He is the best. His name is Kolby and he rocks!
I can't say they are "hot spots" lol I like to be where my friends are. Often this is divey bars around the Tynsboro/Dracut area, or JJ Boomers, Maxamillons, etc. :)
Karaoke, skating, hanging at home with friends, playing cards, watching movies, long drives to nowhere in particular with my camera for landscape photos, the list goes on and on.
Gone Girl by Gillian Flyn
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|What she is looking for
|5'4" (162cms)
|5'7" (170cms) to 8'11" (271cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds, Stocky
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Light brown
|Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Dark blonde, Bald
|No Way
|No Way, Occasionally, Daily, Cigar aficionado, Yes, but trying to quit
|Social Drinker
|Never, Social Drinker, Moderately
|Administrative / Secretarial
|No preference
Service Dispatch Supervisor
|$50,001 to $75,000
|$35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Divorced
|Have kids:
|Yes, and they sometimes live at home (2)
|No preference
|Wants kids:
|No, but it's OK if my partner has kids
|No preference
|White / Caucasian
|No preference
French and Irish - :) More Irish than anything, reddish highlights to my hair...and I burn in the sun. :)
|Christian / Catholic
|No preference
|Some college
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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Next Beginners Course 5 June 2013
Integrate Contemporary Pilates into your life; create a balanced posture and feel more energized!
Announcing Pilates Education for 2013
Pilates Matwork Certification & Continuous Education options available.
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49 year old man | Los Angeles, CA, USA | Seeking women 31-41 within 50 miles
I'm more than my profile
I'm the one you have been searching for. Confident, friendly, cuddly, lovable, goofy... Oh I could go on, but wouldn't it be more fun to find out yourself! I love life and all that this magnificent world has to offer. The different hues of culture that people bring to life. The comedy that foils us daily. The stories that make us so individually unique. I love the quirky nature of you. The way you can challenge me as a man, but with a smile make me melt and just want to hold you forever. The small of your back and smell of your neck nestled next to me in a dark theater. The softness of your lips after the glow of your eyes that say, yes I am yours. Are you the one to bring my inner poet to life? The one that ignites the flame of romance and settles this beating heart? I have been here all along, searching and waiting for your essence to fill my life. Let's open this door together and throw away the key. a Man a Woman Each on their own is alone Together as One ~ X.
Book club , Camping , Coffee and conversation , Business networking , Cooking , Dining out , Gardening/Landscaping , Hobbies and crafts , Movies/Videos , Museums and art , Music and concerts , Exploring new areas , Performing arts , Playing cards , Political interests , Religion/Spiritual , Shopping/Antiques , Travel/Sightseeing , Video games , Volunteering , Watching sports , Wine tasting
Aerobics, Baseball, Basketball, Billiards / Pool, Bowling, Cycling, Dancing, Golf, Inline skating, Other types of exercise, Running, Skiing, Soccer, VolleyBall, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Cats
I like Dogs, Exotic Pets, Fish, Horses
I've been a dog person all my life and love them. since moving to LA i traveled a lot so owning a cat was easier. So now I have one cat who very social named Brother. Funny thing though he acts like a dog.
Middle of the Road
Internationally: Germany, Greece, Italy, Baja California. Locally: The Hollywood and Los Feliz area and Griffith Park
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
Food of any kind. Playing FIFA Playstation, Comedy Improv, I listen to all types of music but partial to Rock, Jazz, Standards, but feel that music fills us with emotion of the moment. Hiking Griffith Park, Camping and other outdoor activities.
I love movies, especially TCM, great TV like Downton Abby/ Modern Family. I like to read various subjects:Politics, History, Philosophy, Mystery, and especially Plays. I enjoy cooking for others. I have a zest for traveling the unbeaten path.
You will find me reading almost any play write. Citizenville, The history of Cuba, Histories, Politics, Biographies, The Newspaper, Bon Appetit, Los Angeles Magazine. My favorite book though is The Count of Monte Cristo.
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|What he is looking for
|5'9" (175cms)
|5'4" (162cms) to 5'10" (177cms)
|Body type:
|Athletic and toned
|Slender, About average, Athletic and toned
|Black, Blue, Brown, Grey, Green, Hazel
|Dark brown
|Auburn / Red, Black, Light brown, Dark brown, Blonde, Salt and pepper, Silver, Dark blonde, Grey, Platinum, Bald
|No Way
|No Way, Cigar aficionado
|Social Drinker
|Social Drinker
|Artistic / Creative / Performance
|Administrative / Secretarial, Artistic / Creative / Performance, Executive / Management, Financial / Accounting / Real Estate, Labor / Construction, Legal, Medical / Dental / Veterinary / Fitness, Political / Govt / Civil Service / Military, Retail / Food services, Retired, Sales / Marketing, Self-Employed / Entrepreneur, Student, Technical / Science / Computers / Engineering, Travel / Hospitality / Transportation, Other profession, Nonprofit / Volunteer / Activist, Law enforcement / Security / Military, Fashion / Model / Beauty, Architecture / Interior design
I make my living as entertainment news camera operator with various national outlets as I pursue an acting career.
|$75,001 to $100,000
|Less Than $25,000, $25,001 to $35,000, $35,001 to $50,000, $50,001 to $75,000, $75,001 to $100,000, $100,001 to $150,000, $150,001+
|Never Married
|Never Married, Widow / Widower, Currently Separated, Divorced
|Have kids:
|No, Yes, and they live away from home
|Wants kids:
|I'll tell you later
|Definitely, Someday, Not sure, Probably not, No
|Latino / Hispanic, White / Caucasian
|Asian, Black / African descent, East Indian, Latino / Hispanic, Middle Eastern, Native American, Pacific Islander, White / Caucasian, Other
I was born in California, but moved to Texas when I was 7.
|Spiritual but not religious
|Agnostic, Buddhist / Taoist, Christian / Catholic, Christian / Protestant, Hindu, Jewish, Spiritual but not religious, Other, Christian / Other
I have great faith that there is something greater than us and what we as mortal humans can explain with a three letter word. The magnitude of our existence in the Universe is an incredible thing to be grateful for.
|English, Spanish
|English, Other
|Bachelors degree
|High school, Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral
I graduated from Texas A&M with a journalism degree, but not until I served six years in the Marine Corps.


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23 year old man | Morgantown, IN, USA | Seeking women 18-23 within 50 miles
Proof chivalry is not dead
So to start my name is Tyler. I love to hunt and fish. I love to cook and grill. I've got a small book of my own recipes that everyone loves. I have yet to meet anyone who doesn't like my cooking and many think that I should have gone to culinary school. But I tell them that I am about the food and taste and not the "presentation". I have a dream to possibly open a restaurant where I can cook and do what I love but like I said that is just a dream until I get through college. I love football. I am currently in college studying sports management. I plan on working for a professional football team someday. I am a high school football coach and an assistant lifting coach. Like any coach, i do enjoy drinking. I don't go out and get trashed but I can put back a few beers. But my drink of preference is bourbon or whiskey. I do not smoke. I am also a substitute teach as a part-time job. I love country music. Thats about all I listen to. Right now I would say that my favorites are Brantley Gilbert, Luke Bryan, Eric Church, and Jason Aldean (in that order). I have one tattoo of my nickname across my back. I love weight lifting. I usually work out four or five times a week. Its a great way to relieve stress and stay in shape. So if you need a guy with muscles to protect you then I have the "guns" to do so. Both figuratively and literally. I do have a small assortment of guns that I proudly own legally. I am very family oriented. I will go out of my way to do anything for my family. I may not have the six pack abs that so many girls seem to want, but I can bench press more than my own weight. And I can treat you better than most of those little twigs. Basically I've got a big heart and big muscles to match. ;) I may have a masculine side, but I do have a soft side. I'm not ashamed to bring you flowers or introduce you to my friends. I don't mind watching the chick flicks or doing things that you want to do because I know a relationship is about give and take. So I do have a soft side. I've been referred to as a big teddy bear before (multiple times). I am looking for someone that I can be myself around. I am looking for someone who shares the same interests as me. I am looking for someone who can become my best friend. I believe that my girlfriend/wife should be my best friend. I want someone who isn't going to try and change me. I do believe that chivalry is not dead. I know how to treat a lady correctly. I have never lied or cheated in a relationship. I believe in treating a woman like a princess everyday. Its little things like holding the door and taking her coat to big things like bringing flowers and organizing the evening plans for a date. Some women say that all guys are the same, well I try to show that we aren't all the same. I think I have said just about everything about myself that I can think of but if you want to know something more specific then feel free to message me. I can show you how a lady is suppose to be treated if you just give me a chance. :)
Cooking , Fishing/Hunting , Playing sports , Volunteering , Watching sports
Basketball, Football, Walking / Hiking, Weights / Machines
I exercise 3-4 times per week.
I have Dogs
I like Exotic Pets
I don't really have places that I go on a regular basis because I live out in the woods so there isn't really a hot spot unless campus is a hot spot.
Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN
My favorite things include football, hunting, fishing, and coaching. I love my bbq ribs and smoked turkey. I love weight lifting. I love country music and a mixture of other musics. I love many different types of television shows.
In my free time I enjoy hunting and fishing. I also enjoy playing poker. I love going to sports events like basketball, football, and baseball. I also love to cook and grill in my free time. I have a binder full of recipes that I enjoy making.
Well I don't read very often. Typically the only thing I read is Sports Illustrated or articles on ESPN.com.
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|What he is looking for
|6'1" (185cms)
|5'0" (152cms) to 6'11" (210cms)
|Body type:
|About average
|About average, Curvy, Athletic and toned, A few extra pounds
|No preference
|Auburn / Red
|No preference
|No Way
|No Way
|Social Drinker
|No preference
|No preference
Also a part time teacher, a football coach, and self employed
|Less Than $25,000
|No preference
|Never Married
|Never Married
|Have kids:
|Wants kids:
|Definitely, Someday
|White / Caucasian
|White / Caucasian
|Christian / Other
|No preference
|Some college
|Some college, Associates degree, Bachelors degree, Graduate degree, PhD / Post Doctoral


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(not comparable)
- Capable of being prevented.
Variant of prevent
transitive verb
- Obsolete
- to act in anticipation of (an event or a fixed time)
- to anticipate (a need, objection, etc.)
- to precede
- to stop or keep (from doing something)
- to keep from happening; make impossible by prior action; hinder
Origin of preventMiddle English preventen ; from Classical Latin praeventus, past participle of praevenire, to anticipate ; from prae-, before (see pre-) + venire, to come
intransitive verb
to interpose an obstacle
Related Forms:
- preventable
adjectiveor preventible
- preventer


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Boreum (Bu Grada)
Boreum: name of a Byzantine fortress in modern Libya, now called Bu Grada.
More than a century later, in the 530s, the Byzantine emperor Justinian (527-565), sent garrisons to Paraetonium (modern Marsa Matruh) and Antipyrgon (Tobruk).This reorganization is known as the Ananeosis. He also fortified Ptolemais, Taucheira/Arsinoe, Berenice/Euesperides (modern Benghazi), two monasteries, and a place called Boreion or Boreum, which has been identified by R.G. Goodchild with a promontory northeast of modern Marsa al-Brayqah.The town is also mentioned by Ptolemy of Alexandrianote[Ptolemy, Geography 4.4.] and described by Procopius:
Here the mountains press close upon one another, and thus forming a barrier by their crowding, effectively close the entrance to the enemy. This city, which had been without a wall, the Emperor enclosed with very strong defenses, thus making it as safe as possible for the future, together with the whole country round about it.note[Procopius, Buildings 6.2.12-13.]
The remark about the mountains betrays that Procopius' was never at Boreum, because the country is actually pretty flat. Between two harbors, several remains are clearly visible, like a wall with a moat, a pier, a tunnel from the citadel to the eastern harbor, rock chambers, and a large structure that has been called "bastion", although it is not known what it really is.The site, which has not been excavated, is locally known as "Castle of Mary". It is 12¾ km Northeast of Marsa al-Brayqah; you must leave the main road about 8½ km east of this city, turn to the left, almost immediately turn to the right, continue to the North (later Northwest) for almost 4 km and, once you have reached the coast, turn right and continue to the Northeast for 4½ km. Visiting the site is not without danger, as there are several ancient cisterns hidden under the dunes.
- Erwin Ruprechtsberger, Die römische Limeszone in Tripolitanien und der Kyrenaika, Tunesien - Libyen (1993 Aalen; Limes Museum).


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Article ID: 932173 - View products that this article applies to.
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When you use the netdom renamecomputer command to rename a computer that is running Windows Vista, you receive the following error result:
You experience this problem when you try to rename the computer from a remote computer. If you run the command on the computer that you want to rename, the command works.
This operation will rename the computer <OriginalComputerName> to <NewComputerName>. Certain services, such as the Certificate Authority, rely on a fixed machine name. If any services of this type are running on <OriginalComputerName>, then a computer name change would have an adverse impact. Access is denied. The command failed to complete successfully.
Note You experience a similar problem if you try to use the NetRenameMachineInDomain function to rename a remote Windows Vista-based computer.
Service pack informationTo resolve this problem, obtain the latest service pack for Windows Vista. For more information, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/935791/ )How to obtain the latest Windows Vista service pack
Hotfix informationA supported hotfix is available from Microsoft. However, this hotfix is intended to correct only the problem that is described in this article. Apply this hotfix only to systems that are experiencing this specific problem. This hotfix might receive additional testing. Therefore, if you are not severely affected by this problem, we recommend that you wait for the next software update that contains this hotfix.
If the hotfix is available for download, there is a "Hotfix download available" section at the top of this Knowledge Base article. If this section does not appear, contact Microsoft Customer Service and Support to obtain the hotfix.
Note If additional issues occur or if any troubleshooting is required, you might have to create a separate service request. The usual support costs will apply to additional support questions and issues that do not qualify for this specific hotfix. For a complete list of Microsoft Customer Service and Support telephone numbers or to create a separate service request, visit the following Microsoft Web site:
http://support.microsoft.com/contactus/?ws=supportNote The "Hotfix download available" form displays the languages for which the hotfix is available. If you do not see your language, it is because a hotfix is not available for that language.
PrerequisitesNo prerequisites are required to apply this hotfix.
Restart requirementYou do not have to restart the computer after you apply this hotfix.
Hotfix replacement informationThis hotfix does not replace any other hotfixes.
File informationThe English version of this hotfix has the file attributes (or later file attributes) that are listed in the following table. The dates and times for these files are listed in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). When you view the file information, it is converted to local time. To find the difference between UTC and local time, use the Time Zone tab in the Date and Time item in Control Panel.
Windows Vista, 32-bit versions
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Windows Vista, 64-bit versions
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Microsoft has confirmed that this is a problem in the Microsoft products that are listed in the "Applies to" section. This problem was first corrected in Windows Vista Service Pack 1.
For more information about the terms that are used to describe software updates, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/824684/ )Description of the standard terminology that is used to describe Microsoft software updates
Article ID: 932173 - Last Review: October 8, 2011 - Revision: 4.0
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Despite that, an estimated 150,000 valley fever infections go undiagnosed every year, the CDC says. That's because valley fever is difficult to detect and there's little awareness of the disease, experts say. The fever often causes mild to severe flu-like symptoms, and in about half the infections, the fungus — called Coccidioides — results in no symptoms.
But in a small percent of cases, the infection can spread from the lungs to the brain, bones, skin, even eyes, leading to blindness, skin abscesses, lung failure, even death.
"Valley fever is a very common problem here, and it devastates people's lives," said Dr. Royce Johnson, professor of medicine at UCLA and chief of infectious diseases at Kern Medical Center. "But many patients don't know about it, and some physicians are only vaguely aware of it because half of our physicians come from out of state."
Dale Pulde, a motorcycle mechanic in Los Angeles County, said he contracted the disease three years ago after traveling to Bakersfield in Kern County and was coughing so hard he was blacking out; he spit blood and couldn't catch his breath. For two months, doctors tested him for everything from tuberculosis to cancer until blood tests confirmed he had the fever.
After two lung operations, Pulde gave up his job and is on disability. He says he has to take anti-fungal medication that costs him more than $2,000 per month out of pocket. He had to sell his house in Sylmar, Calif., to raise money for his treatment.
"When I found out that health officials knew about (this disease) and how common it is, I was beside myself," said Pulde, now 63. "Why don't they tell people?"
California public health officials say they are working to educate and train the public and doctors to recognize the illness.
The state has trained county health departments about the fungus, Chavez said. It has also included information on valley fever in a newsletter the California Medical Board sends to the state's licensed physicians. The CDPH website and social media feature information and data about the disease, including advice to limit outdoor activities on dry, windy days.
As prison officials gear up to move inmates from the endemic areas, doctors and patients say more needs to be done, including funding research to work on a cure.
"If the state is so concerned about prisoners, they should be worrying about all of us who live and work in the valley," said Kathy Uhley, a former realtor from Los Banos who contracted the fever last year.
-----Contact Gosia Wozniacka via Twitter at (at)GosiaWozniacka